query: Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to "the evaporation of our Great Lakes."

positive: Great Lakes The Great Lakes ( les Grands-Lacs ) , also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America , are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America , on the Canada -- United States border , which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River . Consisting of Lakes Superior , Michigan , Huron ( or Michigan -- Huron ) , Erie , and Ontario , they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area , and second largest by total volume containing 21 % of the world 's surface fresh water by volume . The total surface is 94250 sqmi , and the total volume ( measured at the low water datum ) is 5439 cumi . Due to their sea-like characteristics ( rolling waves , sustained winds , strong currents , great depths , and distant horizons ) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas . Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area , and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country . The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis .   The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the last glacial period around 14,000 years ago , as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land which then filled with meltwater . The lakes have been a major highway for transportation , migration and trade , and they are home to a large number of aquatic species . Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade , and some threaten the region 's biodiversity .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Honey Lake Honey Lake is an endorheic sink within the Honey Lake Valley located in northeastern California , near the Nevada border . Summer evaporation reduces the lake to a lower level of 12 km2 and creates an alkali flat .   Honey Lake recreational activities include bird-watching , picnicking , hiking , camping , warm-water fishing , and waterfowl hunting . The lake is part of the Honey-Eagle Lakes watershed of 2770 sqmi which includes the Honey Lake Basin of 2201 sqmi .

negative: Great Central Lake Great Central Lake is one of the premier recreational lakes on Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada . Great Central Lake is 35 kilometers long , with an area of 49 square kilometers , and 333 meters deep . The lake is long and narrow , with the exception of Trestle Bay located on the east end of the lake . The lake is beautifully nestled beneath low mountains , with majestic second growth forest hugging nearly the entire shoreline . The relatively steep shoreline has kept Great Central Lake relatively undeveloped . The water level is controlled by a dam on the east side of the lake .   The warm water lake is a popular place to enjoy fishing , boating , skiing , wakeboarding , swimming , hiking , camping , and ATVing . Notable features of Great Central Lake and the area immediately surrounding the lake include natural waterslides at Dorothy Creek and Della Falls . Great Central Lake is also the headwaters of the Stamp River which offers excellent steelhead fishing .

negative: Great Salt Lake The Great Salt Lake , located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Utah , is the largest salt water lake in the Western Hemisphere , and the eighth-largest terminal lake in the world . In an average year the lake covers an area of around 1700 sqmi , but the lake 's size fluctuates substantially due to its shallowness . For instance , in 1963 it reached its lowest recorded size at 950 square miles ( 2,460 km ² ) , but in 1988 the surface area was at the historic high of 3300 sqmi . In terms of surface area , it is the largest lake in the United States that is not part of the Great Lakes region .   The lake is the largest remnant of Lake Bonneville , a prehistoric pluvial lake that once covered much of western Utah . The three major tributaries to the lake , the Jordan , Weber , and Bear rivers together deposit around 1.1 million tons of minerals in the lake each year . As it is endorheic ( has no outlet besides evaporation ) , it has very high salinity , far saltier than seawater , which makes swimming similar to floating , and its mineral content is steadily increasing . Its shallow , warm waters cause frequent , sometimes heavy lake-effect snows from late fall through spring .   Although it has been called `` America 's Dead Sea '' , the lake provides habitat for millions of native birds , brine shrimp , shorebirds , and waterfowl , including the largest staging population of Wilson 's phalarope in the world .

negative: Water in Michigan Michigan has about 242 streams ( rivers and creeks ) with a combined length of 36350 mile and about 11,000 lakes and ponds . Michigan borders four of the five Great Lakes and is a signatory to the Great Lakes Compact . The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality is responsible for the management of Michigan 's water resources .

negative: Lake Michigan–Huron Lake Michigan -- Huron ( also Huron -- Michigan ) is the combined waters of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron , which are joined through the 5 mi wide , 20-fathom ( 120 ft ; 37 m ) deep , open-water Straits of Mackinac . Huron and Michigan are hydrologically a single lake because the flow of water through the straits keeps their water levels in near-equilibrium . ( Although the flow is generally eastward , the water moves in either direction depending on local conditions . ) Combined , Lake Michigan -- Huron is the largest fresh water lake by area in the world . If Lake Huron and Lake Michigan are considered two separate lakes , Lake Superior is larger than either .

negative: Newfoundland Evaporation Basin The Newfoundland Evaporation Basin is a dry Great Basin watershed located in northwestern Utah . It was created in June 1986 by the State of Utah to harbor excess water from the Great Salt Lake . A pumping station at Hogup Ridge , canals , nearly twenty-five miles of dikes , a thirty-seven-mile-long natural gas pipeline , and an access road were constructed . Pumping of water into the basin continued until June 1989 , after 6 feet of water level decline in the Great Salt Lake .

negative: Illinois Waterway The Illinois Waterway system consists of 336 mi of water from the mouth of the Calumet River to the mouth of the Illinois River at Grafton , Illinois . It is a system of rivers , lakes , and canals which provide a shipping connection from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois and Mississippi rivers . The Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1849 . In 1900 , the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal replaced it and reversed the flow of the Chicago River so it no longer flowed into Lake Michigan . The United States Army Corps of Engineers maintains a 9 ft navigation channel in the waterway . The waterway 's complex northern section is referred to in various contexts for study and management as the Chicago Area Waterway System ( CAWS ) .   A series of eight locks , managed by the Army Corps of Engineers , control water flow from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River system . The upper lock , T.J. O'Brien , is 7 miles from Lake Michigan on the Calumet River and the last lock is 90 mi upstream from the Mississippi River at the LaGrange lock and dam . The amount of water released into the Illinois often is a sore point among lake and river interests . When Lake Michigan water levels are high , lake interests want to increase the flow , and when lake levels are low , they want to restrict the flow . That is why an international treaty regulates the flow , as Canada also has an interest in Lake Michigan levels which eventually flow into the Lakes Erie , Huron , and Ontario .   Primary cargoes are coal to powerplants , chemicals and petroleum upstream and corn and soybeans downstream primarily for export through New Orleans .   Some winters ice floes , especially around the locks and dams , occasionally prevent towboats and barges from navigating the Illinois .

negative: Crystal Lake (Benzie County, Michigan) Crystal Lake , the largest lake of this name in Michigan , is located near Lake Michigan in Benzie County about 25 miles ( 40 km ) southwest of Traverse City and about 2 miles ( 3 km ) northeast of Frankfort at . It measures approximately 2.5 by 8 miles ( 4 by 13 km ) , and has a maximum depth of 165 feet ( 50 m ) . At 9854 acre , it is Michigan 's ninth largest inland lake . Up to and through the American Civil War years Crystal Lake was known as `` Cap Lake '' due to the frequent whitecaps visible on its surface . Crystal Lake is adjacent to the southern reaches of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore .   In 1873 , an effort was made to connect Crystal Lake with Lake Michigan via a channel . The lake level of Crystal Lake was higher than that of Lake Michigan and when the channel was opened , the water level in Crystal Lake dropped about 20 ft. Although the project was a failure , the lowering of the lake level uncovered sandy beaches , including the current public beach at Beulah .   The watershed that feeds Crystal Lake is very small , and fertilizer and sewage outflows are minimal , leading to the exceptionally clear and beautiful water that gives it its current name . The surface area of the lake is 35 % of the total area of the drainage basin ( land and water combined ) .

negative: Great Lakes Water Authority The Great Lakes Water Authority ( GLWA ) is a regional water authority in the U.S. state of Michigan . It provides water and sewer services for the Southeast Michigan communities , including Wayne , Oakland , and Macomb counties , among others .

negative: Europe Lake Europe Lake , is a lake near Gills Rock in Door County , Wisconsin . It is the northeastern most lake in Wisconsin . The lake is mainly a shallow lowland marsh , similar to nearby Kangaroo Lake . It is suspected that the lake was once part of Lake Michigan until a drop in Lake Michigan 's water levels closed off the bay and made it a lake .

negative: Lake Tonawanda Lake Tonawanda was a prehistoric lake that existed approximately 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age , in Western New York , United States .   The lake existed on the southern ( upper ) side of the Niagara Escarpment east of the present course of the Niagara River between Early Lake Erie to the south and Glacial Lake Iroquois ( the ancestor of Lake Ontario ) to the north . During the retreat of the glaciers , the water levels of the Great Lakes were higher . Lake Tonawanda was created and fed by the elevated waters of Lake Erie . Lake Tonawanda itself was drained into Lake Ontario by a series of falls over the escarpment , including one at present day Lockport , New York .   The lake evaporated when the waters of Lake Erie dropped below the level of the feeder streams to the lake . Subsequently Lake Erie drained over the escarpment entirely through Niagara Falls , which marks roughly the western terminus of the former lake bed .   The remains of the previous falls , which rivaled Niagara Falls in grandeur , can be seen along the escarpment . The sinking of homes in the lakebed has been an ongoing problem in communities such as Amherst , New York .

negative: Sawa lake Sawa lake is an Endorheic basin located in the Iraqi governorate of Muthanna near to the Euphrates River , some 23 km to the west of Al-Samawa city . This lake has no inlet or outlet but , its feeds water from Euphrates through a system of joint cracks and fissures which transport water to aquifers beneath it . water 's level fluctuates during dry and wet seasons . Water does not dry up because of the equilibrium state between water feed and evaporation .

negative: Brine lake Brine lakes consist of water that has reached salt saturation or near saturation ( brine ) , and may also be heavily saturated with other materials .   Most brine lakes develop as a result of high evaporation rates in an arid climate with a lack of an outlet to the ocean . The high salt content in these bodies of water may come from minerals deposited from the surrounding land . Another source for the salt may be that the body of water was formerly connected to the ocean . While the water evaporates from the lake , the salt remains . Eventually , the body of water will become brine .   Because of the density of brine , swimmers are more buoyant in brine than in fresh or ordinary salt water . Examples of such brine lakes are the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake .   Bodies of brine may also form on the ocean floor at cold seeps . These are sometimes called brine lakes , but are more frequently referred to as brine pools . It is possible to observe waves on the surface of these bodies .   Man-made bodies of brine are created for edible salt production . These can be referred to as brine ponds .

negative: Sink (geography) A geographic sink is a depression within an endorheic basin where water collects with no visible outlet . Instead of discharging , the collected water is lost due to evaporation and/or penetration ( water sinking underground , e.g. , to become groundwater in an aquifer ) . If the sink has karstic terrain , water will sink at a higher rate than the surface evaporation , and conversely if the lakebed or sink bed has a layer of soil that is largely impervious to water ( hardpan ) , evaporation will predominate . Since dry lakes in sinks with hardpan have little penetration , they require more severe aridity/heat to eliminate collected water at a comparable rate as for a similar sink with appreciable penetration .   Depending on losses , precipitation , and inflow ( e.g. , a spring , a tributary , or flooding ) ; the temporal result of a lake in a sink may be a persistent lake , an intermittent lake , a playa lake ( temporarily covered with water ) , or an ephemeral lake .

negative: Lake Ojibway Lake Ojibway was a prehistoric lake in what is now northern Ontario and Quebec in Canada . Ojibway was the last of the great proglacial lakes of the last ice age . Comparable in size to Lake Agassiz ( to which it is likely to be linked ) , and north of the Great Lakes , it was at its greatest extent c. 8,500 years BP . The former lakebed forms the modern Clay Belt , an area of fertile land .   Lake Ojibway was relatively short-lived . The lake drained in what must have been a catastrophic and dramatic manner around 8,200 years BP . One hypothesis is that a weakening ice dam separating it from Hudson Bay broke , as the lake was roughly 250 m above sea level . A comparable mechanism produced the Missoula floods that created the channeled scablands of the Columbia River basin .   A recent analysis states it has not been conclusively determined whether the lake drained by a breach of the ice dam , by water spilling over the glacier , or by a flood under the glacier . It is also not conclusively known whether there were one or more pulses , and the route the water took to reach Hudson 's Bay has not been determined .   The draining of Lake Ojibway is a possible cause of the 8.2 kiloyear event , a major global cooling that occurred 8,200 years BP .

negative: Our Lady of the Lakes Catholic School (Michigan) Our Lady of the Lakes Catholic School is a private , Roman Catholic school in Waterford Township , Michigan , United States . It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit .   The high school was established in 1960 and shares its Waterford campus with Our Lady of the Lakes Elementary School and Middle School . Also sharing the campus is Our Lady of the Lakes parish church . Our Lady of the Lakes parish school was established in 1956 as an elementary school .   Our Lady of the Lakes is accredited by the Michigan Association of Non-Public Schools

negative: Lake Nar Lake Nar ( Turkish : Nar or Narlı Gölü ) is a brackish lake in the Aksaray Province of central Turkey ( altitude : 1363 m AMSL ) . It is around 21 metres deep and 0.7 square kilometres in area . The lake basin formed as a result of volcanic activity ; specifically it is classed as a maar lake . There is still geothermal activity in the area , which has given rise to hot springs around the lake . In recent years , the geothermal waters have been pumped up to nearby hotels for use in their hot baths .   Lake Nar is particularly known for its scientific importance . It is home to a newly-described species of microscopic diatom algae called Clipeoparvus anatolicus . Nar lake waters undergo a remarkable change between different seasons . In winter , the lake water is cold from top to bottom . As the temperature increases in the spring , the lake water divides into an upper half which is warm ( epilimnion ) , while the lower half ( hypolimnion ) stays cold and lacking in oxygen . An abundance of planktonic algae ( or plankton bloom ) in early summer changes the water chemistry and leads to the precipitation of calcium carbonate . As a result , the mud at the bottom of the lake is made of alternating black and white layers ( or varves ) representing different seasons of the year . Like tree rings , they create a natural geological clock . The best known other example of a varve-forming lake in Turkey is Lake Van .   Work has been carried out on its sediments and waters by a team of British , Turkish and French researchers . Since 1997 , water samples have been taken from the lake to monitor how the lake level and chemistry has changed with climate . Over this period , central Turkey experience a shift to drier conditions ( especially hotter summers with more evaporation ) , which was seen in Lake Nar as a lake level fall and a change in the chemistry of the lake .   Sediment cores taken from Nar lake have been dated by counting individual layers back thousands of years . Laboratory analysis of these sediment cores has enabled the history of climate and human activities to be reconstructed in great detail . For example , pollen analysis has shown how the Arab invasions of central Anatolia during the 8th and 9th centuries destroyed Cappadocia 's late antique rural economy based on tree crops and cereal cultivation , the so-called Beyşehir Occupation phase . In 2010 , new core samples were taken from the lake sediments , extending from the present lake bed at around 21 metres water depth to over 21 metres below the lake bed . This sediment record extends from the present day back to around 14,000 years ago , and by analysing the changes in the chemistry of the sediments it has been possible to reconstruct how the lake level , and hence how the climate of central Turkey , has changed over time . After a dry period at the time of the northern European Younger Dryas cold period , there was a rapid shift to wetter conditions ~ 11,700 years ago . It stayed wet for several thousand years , and then gradually got drier , reaching a peak around 4,000-2 ,000 years ago .

negative: Paint Creek (Oakland County, Michigan) Paint Creek is a 16.8 mi stream in the U.S. state of Michigan , located in northern Oakland County and rising in Brandon Township in the northern part of the county . The creek drains through a series of lakes that lead into Lake Orion . Paint Creek continues as the outflow from the east end of Lake Orion in downtown Lake Orion . It flows southeastward through Oakland Township and Rochester Hills into the Clinton River in Rochester .   The damming of Paint Creek in the village of Lake Orion in 1839 resulted in the expansion of Lake Canadaigua . The newly created larger lake was renamed Lake Orion ( or Orion Lake ) after the village .   It is one of two designated trout streams in Oakland County , the other being Trout Creek . The water level of the creek is dependent upon rainfall , and can vary from very shallow to deep and rapid depending on recent weather conditions . Fishermen can expect to catch brown trout and rainbow trout , as well as creek chubs .   There are two other streams of the same name in Michigan , Paint Creek in Washtenaw County and Paint Creek in Iron County in the Upper Peninsula .

negative: Great Lakes Compact The Great Lakes -- St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact is a legally binding interstate compact among the U.S. states of Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania and Wisconsin . The compact details how the states manage the use of the Great Lakes Basin 's water supply and builds on the 1985 Great Lakes Charter and its 2001 Annex . The compact is the means by which the states implement the governors ' commitments under the Great Lakes -- St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement that also includes the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec .   The Council of Great Lakes Governors , which guided the negotiations that resulted in the Compact , now serves as secretariat to the Governors ' Compact Council created by the Compact , and now operates as the Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers .

negative: Maharloo Lake Maharloo Lake , also known as Daryache-ye-Namak is a seasonal salt lake in the highlands of the area of Shiraz , Iran . 27.0 km southeast of Shiraz , the lake salt is rich in potassium and other salts .   Rudkhane-ye-Khoshk , a seasonal river flowing through the city of Shiraz , brings most of the flood water to the lake bed during intensive precipitation events . The lake water typically evaporates by the end of summer and exposes the white lake bed . By mid-summer and due to high evaporation rates and salt concentrations , the lake water turns pinkish red as a result of the red tide within the lake .

negative: Lake Ubinskoye Lake Ubinskoye is a freshwater lake located on the Baraba steppe in Novosibirsk Oblast , Russia , where it is divided between Ubinsky District in the west and Kargatsky District in the east . The name of the lake derives from Siberian Tatar ubu , meaning swamp or marsh .   During spring melt Lake Ubinskoye covers a maximum area of 440 km2 and is 2.0 -- 2.8 m deep ; during periods of low water it is only 0.6 -- 1.0 m deep , and in October 2013 it was estimated from aerial imagery to cover 350 km2 . The lake drains an area of 2990 km2 . Lake Ubinskoye is mainly fed by melting snow and usually has no outlet , but in the spring of some years it overflows into the Ubinke River , a tributary of the Om River .   Lake Ubinskoye is an oval-shaped lake with gently sloping banks . The lake bottom consists of clayey sand covered by a thick layer of gray fine-grained silt . There are several islands in the lake , the largest of which is called Medyakovsky . The western part of the Ubinskoye basin also contains a number of other small lakes .   Lake Ubinskoye freezes over from November to late May . The ice on the lake is 0.7 -- 1.0 m thick . In summer the water warms up to 20 -- 24 ° C . The temperature is uniform throughout the water column due to good mixing . The water pH is between 7.6 and 9.0 . Ubinskoye is a mesotrophic lake whose plankton is dominated by green and blue-green algae .   The shores of the lake are overgrown with reeds and sedges . In the mid-20th century Lake Ubinskoye was well-known for its abundance of fish : bream ( introduced in 1929 ) , roach , pike , ide , carp , and peled were exploited commercially . Fish stocks crashed in the 1990s , likely due to the lowering of the water level ; currently only small crucian carp remain . Attempts to restock the lake have failed , but a recent increase in water levels gives hope for future efforts . The lake and its surrounding wetlands continue to host a great variety of bird life .   Lake Ubinskoye is surrounded by several villages , the largest of which is Chernyy Mys on the north shore . According to legend , Kuchum , the last Khan of Sibir , flooded his treasure in the lake while fleeing from the Russians .

negative: Lacustuary A lacustuary is a freshwater estuary where river and lake waters mix , especially near large bodies of fresh water such as the Great Lakes . These lacustuaries are slack water that can ebb and flow as lake seiches affect water levels .

negative: Lake Puma Yumco Lake Puma Yumco ( Chinese : 普莫雍錯 ) is a lake located at 5,030 metres ( 16,503 ft ) above mean sea level on the southern Tibetan Plateau . It is 32 km long , 14 km wide , and covers an area of . Streams of water from the snow-capped surrounding mountains feed the lake , but the lake has no outlet . Some sediment can be seen entering the lake at its western end .   Puma Yumco literally means The Blue Jewel which is floating in the sky . The lake freezes in winter and is crossed by shepherds with their sheep . Since the climate is warming , the ice is becoming thinner and thus creates a problem for the 120 people living off and around the lake .   The lake is considered ultraoligotrophic , meaning that nutrient concentrations in both the water column and lake sediments are extremely low . Water in such lakes tends to be blue to blue-green and to have high clarity due to low levels of photosynthesizing organisms such as phytoplankton .   During the winter , the lake develops intricate ice block patterns on the surface , ranging from less than ten to hundreds of metres in diameter . The ice pattern is caused by repeated cycles of freezing , fracturing , and refreezing of the ice due to variations in temperature and wind-induced ice motion .

negative: Great Lakes Loons The Great Lakes Loons , based in Midland , Michigan , is a Low Class A minor league baseball team , affiliated with the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team plays in the Midwest League and their home park is Dow Diamond , which opened in April 2007 .

negative: Qattara Depression Project The Qattara Depression Project , or shortly the Qattara Project , is a concept for a large civil engineering project in Egypt , rivaling the Aswan High Dam , intended to develop the Qattara Depression by flooding it . The depression is a region that lies below sea level and is currently a vast desert . By connecting the region and the Mediterranean Sea with tunnels and/or canals , water could be let into the area . The inflowing water would then evaporate quickly because of the desert climate . This way a continuous flow of water could be created if inflow and evaporation were balanced out . With this continuously flowing water hydroelectricity could be generated . Eventually this would result in a hypersaline lake or a salt pan as the water evaporates and leaves the salt it contains behind .   The proposals call for a large canal or tunnel being excavated of about 55 to depending on the route chosen to the Mediterranean Sea to bring seawater into the area . Or otherwise a 320 kilometre ( 200 mile ) pipeline north-east to the freshwater Nile River at Rosetta . For comparison , the nearby Suez Canal is currently 193 kilometres in length . By balancing the inflow and evaporation the lake level can be held constant . Several proposed lake levels are -70 , -60 , -50 and -20 m. Flooding the depression to -20 m would lower the height of the world ocean by 2.16 millimeters .

negative: Pyramid Lake (Nevada) Pyramid Lake is the geographic sink of the Truckee River Basin , 40 mi northeast of Reno .   Pyramid Lake is fed by the Truckee River , which is mostly the outflow from Lake Tahoe . The Truckee River enters Pyramid Lake at its southern end . Pyramid Lake has no outlet , with water leaving only by evaporation , or sub-surface seepage ( an endorheic lake ) . The lake has about 10 % of the area of the Great Salt Lake , but it has about 25 % more volume . The salinity is approximately 1/6 that of sea water . Although clear Lake Tahoe forms the headwaters that drain to Pyramid Lake , the Truckee River delivers more turbid waters to Pyramid Lake after traversing the steep Sierra terrain and collecting moderately high silt-loaded surface runoff .

negative: Allen Lake (New York) Allen Lake is a natural lake but a low earthen dam and concrete spillway were installed to raise the lake level . Allen Lake is near Richfield Springs , New York . Allen Lake is the water supply for Richfield Springs , New York .

negative: Kamloops Lake Kamloops Lake in British Columbia , Canada is situated on the Thompson River just west of Kamloops . The lake is 1.6 km wide , 29 km long , and up to 152 m deep . The community of Savona is located at the west end of the lake on the Thompson River . The city of Kamloops is located a few miles east of the head of the lake , at the confluence of the North and South Thompson Rivers .   The lake is bounded on all sides by steep embankments , with level areas found only near creek deltas and around the inlet and outlet . The surrounding land is mostly uninhabited . It is classified as dry belt interior grasslands , composed of bunchgrass and sagebrush with pockets of Douglas fir , Ponderosa pine and spruce .   Kamloops Lake is widening , deepening , thickening and thrusting into the Thompson River , which enters at the east end and exits at the west end . The limnology of the lake is controlled by the thick tip of the Thompson River , which has thic fluctuations in annual flow , with over 60 % occurring in the early summer during freshet ( May to July ) . Lake levels rise naturally as much as 30 ft from high season in June compared to low season . Conversely , beach areas expand by as much as 200 ft in the summer as lake levels recede after freshet .   Bulk residence times are very short ( the time it takes for the water in the lake to be replaced with new water ) , ranging from 20 days to 340 days , with a mean of 60 days . Because Kamloops Lake is fed by both the North and South Thompson rivers ( the South Thompson drains from the very warm Shuswap Lakes ) , Kamloops Lake is a very warm lake . Since the late twentieth century , it has become an increasingly popular boating and recreational area . On the north side of the lake is Fredrick , and on the south side of the lake are residential subdivisions such as Cherry Creek and the Tobiano resort community . A boat launch , trestle and gas dock have been built at Tobiano ; it is the only location on Kamloops Lake with these facilities . Both Savona and Kamloops also have boat launches , but their use is limited in the later summer months of low water .

negative: Fairford River The Fairford River is a river of Manitoba , Canada . It flows out of the North end of Lake Manitoba into Lake Pineimuta and Lake St. Martin . Regulation of Lake Manitoba dates back to the late 1890s and in 1961 the dam on the river , the Fairford River Water Control Structure ( FRWCS ) was completed to control outflows . The 1961 works also included widening and deepening of the channel , particularly between Lake Manitoba and the dam , more than tripling the capacity when the lake is at a level of 813 ft above sea level . In times of low water , outflows from Lake Manitoba into the Fairford River are reduced , while during high water levels the gates of the control structure are open to allow water to run down the river and into Lake Pinemuta and Lake St. Martin before eventually ending up in Lake Winnipeg via the Dauphin River . Using the Fairford Dam , the water levels are to be regulated between 810.5 and above sea level . The average annual outflow from Lake Manitoba into the Fairford River between 1972 and 2001 was 2029198 acre.ft . During the 2011 Assiniboine River flood , at the peak , the Fairford River took on record flows of about 22000 cuft/s .

negative: Trekanten (Stockholm) Trekanten ( The Triangle ) is a small lake in southern-central Stockholm , Sweden .   With a small drainage area with no major feeders and originally lacking natural beauty , Trekanten is today located in a park furnished with an artificial bathing beach and various planted-out fish species . As such it is considered as of great recreational value and is popular for bathing and fishing . In the early 1980s , potable water was begun to be poured into the lake while water from the bottom of the lake was pumped out , operations resulting in a significant reduction in levels of phosphorus but which failed to affect levels of nutrients and oxygen depletion in bottom layers . Levels of lead and copper are among the highest documented in any lake in Stockholm . Whilst the lake flora and fauna is roughly representative for Stockholm , the lake forms an important natural link between the bays Årstaviken and Vinterviken .

negative: Brown Lake (Stradbroke Island) Brown Lake is a lake on North Stradbroke Island , in Queensland , Australia . There are no native fish in the lake .   Known as a perched lake like other lakes on the sandy islands in the regions of South-East Queensland and Wide Bay-Burnett , it retains its water due to a layer of leaves lining the lake floor . This is particularly apparent in the Brown Lake as tannin is exuded from the leaves , dropped from surrounding Paperbark Melaleuca and Tea-trees Leptospermum , stains the water to a rich brown colour not dissimilar to that of tea .   Because of the high levels of organic material in the lake 's waters it is considered to be warm monomictic .

negative: Lake capture In geology , lake capture is the process of capture ( see Stream capture ) of the waters collected in a lake by a neighbor river basin .   The occurrence of a lake capture is mainly controlled by the water balance at the lake 's basin and the changes in topography due to erosion , sedimentation , and tectonism . If evaporation at the surface of a lake , plus the water losses through underground infiltration and plant evapotranspiration are high enough to account for all precipitation water collected by the lake , then the lake becomes endorheic , closed , or internally drained . This situation prevails until the water balance changes again and the lake overburdens the limits of its basin or until the lake capture occurs . Opening the drainage of an endorheic lacustrine basin by fluvial erosion generally implies a lake capture .   Lake captures are therefore very sensitive to the preexisting topography as well as to climatic and lithological factors . A climatic change towards more humid conditions can result in a higher water level in the internally drained basin , eventually causing overflow , this . In a longer time-scale , sediment colmatation of the lacustrine basin can also lead to overflow . Both can hinder the relative importance of the capture process carried out by erosion .   Examples include the Late Neogen capture of the endorheic Ebro Basin ( capture ) or the Pleistocene Lake Bonneville .


query: "the cascading effects" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.

positive: Trophic cascade Trophic cascades occur when predators in a food web suppress the abundance or alter the behavior of their prey , thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation ( or herbivory if the intermediate trophic level is a herbivore ) . For example , if the abundance of large piscivorous fish is increased in a lake , the abundance of their prey , smaller fish that eat zooplankton , should decrease . The resulting increase in zooplankton should , in turn , cause the biomass of its prey , phytoplankton , to decrease .   The trophic cascade is an ecological concept which has stimulated new research in many areas of ecology . For example , it can be important for understanding the knock-on effects of removing top predators from food webs , as humans have done in many places through hunting and fishing .   A top-down cascade is a trophic cascade where the food chain or food web is disrupted by the removal of a top predator , or a third or fourth level consumer . On the other hand , a bottom-up cascade occurs when a primary producer , or primary consumer is removed , and there is a reduction of population size through the community .

positive: Isis Isis ( -LSB- ˈaɪsɪs -RSB- Ἶσις -LSB- îː.sis -RSB- ; original Egyptian pronunciation more likely `` Aset '' or `` Iset '' ) is a goddess from the polytheistic pantheon of Egypt . She was first worshiped in ancient Egyptian religion , and later her worship spread throughout the Roman Empire and the greater Greco-Roman world . Isis is still widely worshiped by many pagans today in diverse religious contexts ; including a number of distinct pagan religions , the modern Goddess movement , and interfaith organizations such as the Fellowship of Isis .   Isis was worshipped as the ideal mother and wife as well as the patroness of nature and magic . She was the friend of slaves , sinners , artisans and the downtrodden , but she also listened to the prayers of the wealthy , maidens , aristocrats and rulers . Isis is often depicted as the mother of Horus , the falcon-headed deity associated with king and kingship ( although in some traditions Horus 's mother was Hathor ) . Isis is also known as protector of the dead and goddess of children .   The name Isis means `` Throne '' . Her headdress is a throne . As the personification of the throne , she was an important representation of the pharaoh 's power . The pharaoh was depicted as her child , who sat on the throne she provided . Her cult was popular throughout Egypt , but her most important temples were at Behbeit El Hagar in the Nile delta , and , beginning in the reign with Nectanebo I ( 380 -- 362 BCE ) , on the island of Philae in Upper Egypt .   In the typical form of her myth , Isis was the first daughter of Geb , god of the Earth , and Nut , goddess of the Sky , and she was born on the fourth intercalary day . She married her brother , Osiris , and she conceived Horus with him . Isis was instrumental in the resurrection of Osiris when he was murdered by Set . Using her magical skills , she restored his body to life after having gathered the body parts that had been strewn about the earth by Set .   This myth became very important during the Greco-Roman period . For example , it was believed that the Nile River flooded every year because of the tears of sorrow which Isis wept for Osiris . Osiris 's death and rebirth was relived each year through rituals . The worship of Isis eventually spread throughout the Greco-Roman world , continuing until the suppression of paganism in the Christian era . The popular motif of Isis suckling her son Horus , however , lived on in a Christianized context as the popular image of Mary suckling her infant son Jesus from the fifth century onward .

positive: Tipping points in the climate system A tipping point in the climate system is a threshold that, when exceeded, can lead to large changes in the state of the system. Potential tipping points have been identified in the physical climate system, in impacted ecosystems, and sometimes in both. For instance, feedback from the global carbon cycle is a driver for the transition between glacial and interglacial periods, with orbital forcing providing the initial trigger. Earth's geologic temperature record includes many more examples of geologically rapid transitions between different climate states.Climate tipping points are of particular interest in reference to concerns about global warming in the modern era. Possible tipping point behaviour has been identified for the global mean surface temperature by studying self-reinforcing feedbacks and the past behavior of Earth's climate system. Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.Large-scale components of the Earth system that may pass a tipping point have been referred to as tipping elements. Tipping elements are found in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, possibly causing tens of meters of sea level rise. These tipping points are not always abrupt. For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries. Some tipping elements, like the collapse of ecosystems, are irreversible.

positive: Climate change in Washington Climate change in the US state of Washington is a subject of study and projection today .

positive: Effects of global warming The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused ( directly or indirectly ) by human emissions of greenhouse gases . There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring , and that human activities are the primary driver . Many impacts of climate change have already been observed , including glacier retreat , changes in the timing of seasonal events ( e.g. , earlier flowering of plants ) , and changes in agricultural productivity .   Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development . The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) and adapting to the impacts of climate change . Geoengineering is another policy option .   Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts . Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming ( in 2100 ) to around 2 ° C or below , relative to pre-industrial levels . Without mitigation , increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 ° C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to , and would increase the risk of negative impacts .

negative: Fisheries and climate change Rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification are radically altering aquatic ecosystems . Climate change is modifying fish distribution and the productivity of marine and freshwater species . This has impacts on the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture , on the livelihoods of the communities that depend on fisheries , and on the ability of the oceans to capture and store carbon ( biological pump ) . The effect of sea level rise means that coastal fishing communities are in the front line of climate change , while changing rainfall patterns and water use impact on inland ( freshwater ) fisheries and aquaculture .

negative: Climate change feedback Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing , and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state . Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity , and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first . Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it .   The term `` forcing '' means a change which may `` push '' the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling . An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases . By definition , forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal ; in essence , feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system . Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system ; others may be tightly coupled ; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes . Forcings , feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes . The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere , which in turn leads to further warming . The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan -- Boltzmann law , the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth 's surface and atmosphere .   Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks , which contribute directly to further global warming . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's ( IPCC ) Fourth Assessment Report states that `` Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible , depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change . ''

negative: Climate change and agriculture -RSB-   Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes , both of which take place on a global scale . Climate change affects agriculture in a number of ways , including through changes in average temperatures , rainfall , and climate extremes ( e.g. , heat waves ) ; changes in pests and diseases ; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations ; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods ; and changes in sea level .   Climate change is already affecting agriculture , with effects unevenly distributed across the world . Future climate change will likely negatively affect crop production in low latitude countries , while effects in northern latitudes may be positive or negative . Climate change will probably increase the risk of food insecurity for some vulnerable groups , such as the poor .   Agriculture contributes to climate change by ( 1 ) anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) , and ( 2 ) by the conversion of non-agricultural land ( e.g. , forests ) into agricultural land . Agriculture , forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25 % to global annual emissions in 2010 .   There are a range of policies that can reduce the risk of negative climate change impacts on agriculture , and to reduce GHG emissions from the agriculture sector .

negative: Effects of climate change on wine production Climate change in recent times has become a major issue and talking point globally because of its effects on the environment and the repercussions this could be having or possibly have . The effects of climate change on Viniculture ( wine production ) are described in this article .

negative: Women in climate change The contributions of women in climate change have received increasing attention in the early 21st century . Feedback from women and the issues faced by women have been described as `` imperative '' by the United Nations and `` critical '' by the Population Reference Bureau . A report by the World Health Organization concluded that incorporating gender-based analysis would `` provide more effective climate change mitigation . ''

negative: Climate inertia Climate inertia describes the widespread inherent characteristic of the climate , ecological , and socio-economic systems . Inertia from anthropogenic impacts may be slow to become apparent , or could be irreversible if climate change crosses associated thresholds . Melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica take time to respond to the emissions of fossil fuel carbon in the climate system . The global warming also causes thermal inertia , thermal expansion of the oceans , which contributes to sea level rise . It has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 meters for each degree of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years .

negative: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Climate change in Germany Climate change in Europe describes the climate change related issues in Europe . This includes the climate politics , contribution in the global warming and the influence of the global warming in Europe .

negative: Durban Industry Climate Change Partnership Project Durban Industry Climate Change Partnership Project ( DICCPP ) is a project aimed at facilitating industry response to climate change in the eThekwini Municipality ( Durban ) , South Africa . The project is being implemented through a partnership between the United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO ) , the Durban Investment Promotion Agency ( DIPA ) , the eThekwini Municipality and the Durban Chamber of Commerce and Industry ( DCCI ) .   The purpose of the project is to sensitise industry in Durban to the risks and opportunities associated with climate change by creating a platform through which learning and communication between industry and government can take place . The project aims to establish a sustained partnership between the various industries organisations in Durban and the eThekwini Municipality . The partnership is seen as fundamental to responding to climate change and effectively contributing towards climate change mitigation and adaptation within the Durban metropolitan area .

negative: Effects of climate change on island nations Climate change is producing drastic changes to Earth processes and changing Earth 's environmental status quo . Especially pertinent to human development is the threat of climate change on island nations . As sea levels continue to rise , island peoples and cultures are being threatened . As the former President of the Republic of the Marshall Islands , Christopher Loeak , noted `` In the last year alone , my country has suffered through unprecedented droughts in the north , and the biggest ever king tides in the south ; and we have watched the most devastating typhoons in history leave a trail of death and destruction across the region . '' Efforts to combat theses environmental changes are ongoing and multinational . Particularly notable is the adoption of the Paris agreement at the UN Climate Summit in Paris in 2015 , which by no means an unqualified success , is certainly a step in the right direction in regards to fighting the effects of climate by aiming to slow the pace of global warming .

negative: List of climate change books This is a list of climate change books that describe , as a major theme , the effects of human activity on climate change .

negative: Kirk R. Smith Kirk R. Smith is an expert on the health and climate effects of household energy use in developing nations . He is currently a professor of Global Environmental Health at the University of California , Berkeley , where his research focuses on the relationships among environmental quality , health , resource use , climate , development , and policy in developing countries . Smith contributed a great deal to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , and the work of the IPCC ( including the contributions of many scientists ) was recognised by the joint award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize . Smith is a recipient of the 2012 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement for his work with cookstoves , health , and climate . He is also credited with designing and implementing the first randomized controlled trial of the health effects of indoor air pollution ( IAP ) from cookstoves .

negative: Climate governance In political ecology and environmental policy , climate governance is the diplomacy , mechanisms and response measures `` aimed at steering social systems towards preventing , mitigating or adapting to the risks posed by climate change '' . A definitive interpretation is complicated by the wide range of political and social science traditions ( including comparative politics , political economy and multilevel governance ) that are engaged in conceiving and analysing climate governance at different levels and across different arenas . In academia , climate governance has become the concern of geographers , anthropologists , economists and business studies scholars .   In the past two decades a paradox has arisen between rising awareness about the causes and consequences of climate change and an increasing concern that the issues that surround it represent an intractable problem .  Initially , climate change was approached as a global issue , and climate governance sought to address it on the international stage . This took the form of Multilateral Environmental Agreements ( MEAs ) , beginning with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCC ) in 1992 . With the exception of the Kyoto Protocol , international agreements between nations have been largely ineffective in achieving legally binding emissions cuts and with the end of the Kyoto Protocol 's first commitment period in 2012 , starting from 2013 there is no legally binding Global climate regime . This inertia on the international political stage contributed to alternative political narratives that called for more flexible , cost effective and participatory approaches to addressing the multifarious problems of climate change . These narratives relate to the increasing diversity of methods that are being developed and deployed across the field of climate governance .

negative: Economic impacts of climate change This article describes the economic impacts of climate change . Given the inherent nature of economic forecasting , which involves significant degrees of uncertainty , estimates of the results of global warming over the 21st century have varied widely . Many analyses , such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government , have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises . Other studies by independent economists looking at the effects of climate change have found more ambiguous results around the range of net-neutral changes when all aspects of the issue are evaluated , though the issue remains intensely debated .

negative: Climate change in Montana The US state of Montana has taken legislative steps towards reducing the possible effects of climate change .

negative: Climate change in Europe Climate change in Europe describes the climate change related issues in Europe . This includes the climate politics , contribution in the global warming and the influence of the global warming in Europe .  According to international climate experts global temperature rise should not exceed 2 ° C to prevent the most dangerous consequences of the climate change . It is estimated to demand at least 80-85 % emission reductions in the EU during 2008-2050 with reductions as soon as technically possible . It is estimated that from the now living persons alive are 70 % in the year 2050 . Emission reduction means development and implementation of new energy technology solutions . Some people consider that the technology revolution has already started in Europe since the markets of the renewable technology have annually grown .   European Union climate chief is Connie Hedegaard since 10 February 2010 .

negative: Climate Connections Climate Connections was the 2008-09 FIRST Lego League competition . Its theme centered on understanding the effects of climate and climate change .

negative: Effects of global warming on marine mammals The effect of global warming on marine mammals is a growing concern . Many of the effects of climate change are currently unknown due to its unpredictability , but many are becoming increasingly evident today . Some effects are very direct such as loss of habitat , temperature stress , and exposure to severe weather . Other effects are more indirect such as changes in host pathogen associations , changes in body condition because of predator -- prey interaction , changed in exposure to toxins , and increased human interactions . These are just a few examples of what marine mammals are dealing with as a result of rapid climate change . There are a number of marine mammals that have been affected by climate change including walruses , seals , penguins , and polar bears .

negative: South Cascade Glacier South Cascade Glacier is a large alpine glacier in the North Cascades of Washington , USA . It is bordered on the east by 8261 ft Sentinel Peak , and is about 17 mi north of Glacier Peak in the Glacier Peak Wilderness . Meltwater from the glacier flows directly into South Cascade Lake , which feeds the South Fork Cascade River , which is a tributary of the Skagit River .   The South Cascade Glacier has been closely monitored by glaciologists studying the effects of climate on glaciers . Between 1958 and 2009 South Cascade Glacier lost nearly a half of its volume .

negative: Executive Order 13653 Executive Order 13653 Preparing the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change was issued by President Barack Obama on November 1 , 2013 . EO 13653 is the Federal Government 's response to the rising issue of climate change . It was issued in order to prepare the Nation for the impending impacts on the environment brought by climate change and to implement risk management strategies to lessen the harm done by these impacts on the Nation .   EO 13653 mandates that the Federal Government , as well stakeholders , must manage these risks with deliberate preparation , cooperation , and coordination in order to effectively improve climate preparedness and resilience . With preparedness and resilience come a safer economy , infrastructure , environment , and supply of natural resources - allowing the continuation of department and agency operations , services , and programs . Agencies are called on to promote open lines of sharing and communication throughout all levels of government , make both informed and strategic decisions , quickly adapt and adjust future plans when needed , and to effectively prepare for the future by planning .   The order was rescinded by President Donald Trump on March 28 , 2017 .   The previous Order attempted to plan for the following Environmental Impacts :  High Temperatures  Heavy Downpours  Permafrost Thawing  Ocean Acidification  Sea Level Rise

negative: Physical impacts of climate change This article is about the physical impacts of climate change . For some of these physical impacts , their effect on social and economic systems are also described .   This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC . In their usage , `` climate change '' refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties , and that persists for extended periods , typically decades or longer ( IPCC , 2007d :30 ) . The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes and/or the result of human activity .

negative: Roger A. Pielke Roger A. Pielke Sr. ( born October 22 , 1946 ) is an American meteorologist with interests in climate variability and climate change , environmental vulnerability , numerical modeling , atmospheric dynamics , land/ocean -- atmosphere interactions , and large eddy/turbulent boundary layer modeling . He particularly focuses on mesoscale weather and climate processes but also investigates on the global , regional , and microscale . Pielke is an ISI Highly Cited Researcher .

negative: Climate change in California California has taken legislative steps towards reducing the possible effects of climate change by incentives and plans for clean cars , renewable energy , and stringent caps on big polluting industries .

negative: Climate change in Saskatchewan The effects of climate change in Saskatchewan are now being observed in parts of the province . There is evidence of reduction of biomass in Saskatchewan 's boreal forests ( as with those of other Canadian prairie provinces ) that is linked by researchers to drought-related water stress stemming from global warming , most likely caused by greenhouse gas emissions . While studies , as early as 1988 ( Williams , et al. , 1988 ) have shown that climate change will affect agriculture , whether the effects can be mitigated through adaptations of cultivars , or crops , is less clear . Resiliency of ecosystems may decline with large changes in temperature . The provincial government has responded to the threat of climate change by introducing a plan to reduce carbon emissions , `` The Saskatchewan Energy and Climate Change Plan '' , in June 2007 .

negative: Climate justice Climate justice is a term used for framing global warming as an ethical and political issue , rather than one that is purely environmental or physical in nature . This is done by relating the effects of climate change to concepts of justice , particularly environmental justice and social justice and by examining issues such as equality , human rights , collective rights , and the historical responsibilities for climate change . A fundamental proposition of climate justice is that those who are least responsible for climate change suffer its gravest consequences .  Occasionally , the term is also used to mean actual legal action on climate change issues .

negative: Effects of global warming on Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is an equatorial island of 65,610 km2 which hosts many diverse endemic species , and is considered to be a biodiversity hotspot . It has 400 bird species , 26 are endemic , and 105 amphibian species , 85 % are endemic . Sri Lanka also has a declining marine ecosystem , with ongoing threats to the coastal coral reef environments . If climate change proceeds unchecked , Sri Lanka will undergo widespread effects , such as climate variability and sea-level rise , which will directly affect the overall abundance and security of endemic species . Local and global policy changes are crucial in reducing CO2 emissions so islands located near the equator will not be as drastically affected .

negative: Inside ISIS: The Brutal Rise of a Terrorist Army Inside ISIS : The Brutal Rise of a Terrorist Army is a book by journalist Benjamin Hall .

negative: Dennis Tirpak Dennis Tirpak is an expert on Climate Change . He is a Senior Fellow at the World Resources Institute .   He was the director of Global Climate Change Policy at the United States Environmental Protection Agency for ten years . He was the Coordinator of Science and Technology at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for nine years . He was the head of the climate change unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) for three years . He has also worked on the Montreal Protocol and held positions in industry with Texaco and Alcoa .   He is one of the coordinating lead authors of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former US Vice President Al Gore . He advises national governments and industry as an associate with the International Institute for Sustainable Development in Canada and a senior fellow at the World Resources Institute in Washington , D.C.   He was the Chairman of The International Scientific Steering Committee for Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations which took place at the invitation of the British Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2005 .   In 1989 he co-authored the first report to Congress , The Potential Effects Of Global Climate Change on the United States , and has written a scientific and policy history on climate change and contributed to many publications including the New York Times in an op-ed titled `` How Green is My Taxi '' .

negative: Land surface effects on climate Land surface effects on climate are wide-ranging and vary by region . Deforestation and exploitation of natural landscapes play a significant role . Some of these environmental changes are similar to those caused by the effects of global warming .

negative: Jonathan M. Gregory Jonathan M. Gregory FRS is a climate modeller working on mechanisms of global and large-scale change in climate and sea level on multidecadal and longer timescales . He is currently a senior scientist in the Climate Division of NERC 's National Centre for Atmospheric Science ( NCAS-Climate ) , located in the Department of Meteorology at the University of Reading ; and a Research Fellow in climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre .   A 2004 study , led by Gregory and published in the journal Nature , predicted that the Greenland ice sheet is likely to be eliminated as a consequence of global warming , resulting in a rise in global sea-levels by 7 meters over the next 1000 years or more .   He was a co-ordinating Lead Author of the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report chapter 11 Changes in Sea Level , and a contributing author to the sea level chapter in the IPCC Second Assessment Report '' . Gregory was also a co-Lead Author of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report chapter 5 Observations : Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level , and chapter 10 Global Climate Projections . IPCC was a co-recipient ( with Al Gore ) of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for its work on climate change .   In 2010 Jonathan Gregory was awarded an Advanced Grant by the European Research Council to carry out research on sea level change .   In 2017 Jonathan Gregory was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society .

negative: Scientific opinion on climate change The scientific opinion on climate change is the overall judgment among scientists regarding the extent to which global warming is occurring , its causes , and its probable consequences . The scientific consensus is that the Earth 's climate system is unequivocally warming , and that it is extremely likely ( meaning 95 % probability or higher ) that this warming is predominantly caused by humans . It is likely that this mainly arises from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere , such as from deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels , partially offset by human caused increases in aerosols ; natural changes had little effect .   This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports , by scientific bodies of national or international standing , and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists . Individual scientists , universities , and laboratories contribute to the overall scientific opinion via their peer-reviewed publications , and the areas of collective agreement and relative certainty are summarised in these respected reports and surveys .   National and international science academies and scientific societies have assessed current scientific opinion on global warming . These assessments are generally consistent with the conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that :  Warming of the climate system is unequivocal , as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures , the widespread melting of snow and ice , and rising global average sea level .  Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities .  Benefits and costs of climate change for -LSB- human -RSB- society will vary widely by location and scale . Some of the effects in temperate and polar regions will be positive and others elsewhere will be negative . Overall , net effects are more likely to be strongly negative with larger or more rapid warming .  The range of published evidence indicates that the net damage costs of climate change are likely to be significant and to increase over time .  The resilience of many ecosystems is likely to be exceeded this century by an unprecedented combination of climate change , associated disturbances ( e.g. flooding , drought , wildfire , insects , ocean acidification ) and other global change drivers ( e.g. land-use change , pollution , fragmentation of natural systems , over-exploitation of resources ) .   Some scientific bodies have recommended specific policies to governments , and science can play a role in informing an effective response to climate change . Policy decisions , however , may require value judgements and so are not included in the scientific opinion .   No scientific body of national or international standing maintains a formal opinion dissenting from any of these main points . The last national or international scientific body to drop dissent was the American Association of Petroleum Geologists , which in 2007 updated its statement to its current non-committal position . Some other organizations , primarily those focusing on geology , also hold non-committal positions .

negative: Climate Vulnerability Monitor The Climate Vulnerability Monitor ( CVM ) is an independent global assessment of the effect of climate change on the world 's populations brought together by panels of key international authorities . The Monitor was launched in December 2010 in London and Cancun to coincide with the UN Cancun Summit on climate change ( COP-16 ) .   Developed by DARA and the Climate Vulnerable Forum , the report is meant to serve as a new tool to assess global vulnerability to various effects of climate change within different nations .   The report distills leading science and research for a clearer explanation of how and where populations are being affected by climate change today ( 2010 ) and in the near future ( 2030 ) , while pointing to key actions that reduce these impacts .   DARA and the Climate Vulnerable Forum launched the 2nd edition of the Climate Vulnerability Monitor on 26 September 2012 at the Asia Society , New York .