query: Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.

positive: Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System . It is a giant planet with a mass one-thousandth that of the Sun , but two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined . Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants ; the other two giant planets , Uranus and Neptune are ice giants . Jupiter has been known to astronomers since antiquity . The Romans named it after their god Jupiter . When viewed from Earth , Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of − 2.94 , bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows , and making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus .   Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium , though helium comprises only about a tenth of the number of molecules . It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements , but like the other giant planets , Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface . Because of its rapid rotation , the planet 's shape is that of an oblate spheroid ( it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator ) . The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes , resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries . A prominent result is the Great Red Spot , a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by telescope . Surrounding Jupiter is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere . Jupiter has at least 67 moons , including the four large Galilean moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610 . Ganymede , the largest of these , has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury .   Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by robotic spacecraft , most notably during the early Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions and later by the Galileo orbiter . In late February 2007 , Jupiter was visited by the New Horizons probe , which used Jupiter 's gravity to increase its speed and bend its trajectory en route to Pluto . The latest probe to visit the planet is Juno , which entered into orbit around Jupiter on July 4 , 2016 . Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of its moon Europa .

positive: Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System , after Mercury . Named after the Roman god of war , it is often referred to as the `` Red Planet '' because the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance . Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere , having surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the valleys , deserts , and polar ice caps of Earth .   The rotational period and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar to those of Earth , as is the tilt that produces the seasons . Mars is the site of Olympus Mons , the largest volcano and second-highest known mountain in the Solar System , and of Valles Marineris , one of the largest canyons in the Solar System . The smooth Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere covers 40 % of the planet and may be a giant impact feature . Mars has two moons , Phobos and Deimos , which are small and irregularly shaped . These may be captured asteroids , similar to 5261 Eureka , a Mars trojan .   There are ongoing investigations assessing the past habitability potential of Mars , as well as the possibility of extant life . Future astrobiology missions are planned , including the Mars 2020 and ExoMars rovers . Liquid water can not exist on the surface of Mars due to low atmospheric pressure , which is about that of the Earth 's , except at the lowest elevations for short periods . The two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water . The volume of water ice in the south polar ice cap , if melted , would be sufficient to cover the entire planetary surface to a depth of 11 m . In November 2016 , NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars . The volume of water detected has been estimated to be equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior .   Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye , as can its reddish coloring . Its apparent magnitude reaches − 2.91 , which is surpassed only by Jupiter , Venus , the Moon , and the Sun . Optical ground-based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about 300 km across when Earth and Mars are closest because of Earth 's atmosphere .

negative: Jupiter trojan The Jupiter trojans , commonly called Trojan asteroids or just Trojans , are a large group of asteroids that share the orbit of the planet Jupiter around the Sun . Relative to Jupiter , each Trojan librates around one of Jupiter 's two stable Lagrangian points , , lying 60 ° ahead of the planet in its orbit , and , 60 ° behind . Jupiter trojans are distributed in two elongated , curved regions around these Lagrangian points with an average semi-major axis of about 5.2 AU .   The first Jupiter trojan discovered , 588 Achilles , was spotted in 1906 by German astronomer Max Wolf . A total of 6,178 Jupiter trojans have been found . By convention they are each named after a mythological figure from the Trojan War , hence the name `` Trojan '' . The total number of Jupiter trojans larger than 1 km in diameter is believed to be about , approximately equal to the number of asteroids larger than 1 km in the asteroid belt . Like main-belt asteroids , Jupiter trojans form families .   Jupiter trojans are dark bodies with reddish , featureless spectra . No firm evidence of the presence of water , or any other specific compound on their surface has been obtained , but it is thought that they are coated in tholins , organic polymers formed by the Sun 's radiation . The Jupiter trojans ' densities ( as measured by studying binaries or rotational lightcurves ) vary from 0.8 to 2.5 g · cm − 3 . Jupiter trojans are thought to have been captured into their orbits during the early stages of the Solar System 's formation or slightly later , during the migration of giant planets .   The term `` trojan '' has come to be used more generally to refer to other small Solar System bodies with similar relationships to larger bodies : for example , there are both Mars trojans and Neptune trojans , and Saturn has trojan moons . NASA has announced the discovery of an Earth trojan . The term `` Trojan asteroid '' is normally understood to specifically mean the Jupiter trojans because the first Trojans were discovered near Jupiter 's orbit and Jupiter currently has by far the most known Trojans .

negative: Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism The Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism is an astronomical process that occurs when the surface of a star or a planet cools . The cooling causes the pressure to drop , and the star or planet shrinks as a result . This compression , in turn , heats the core of the star/planet . This mechanism is evident on Jupiter and Saturn and on brown dwarfs whose central temperatures are not high enough to undergo nuclear fusion . It is estimated that Jupiter radiates more energy through this mechanism than it receives from the Sun , but Saturn might not . The latter process causes Jupiter to shrink at a rate of two centimetres each year .   The mechanism was originally proposed by Kelvin and Helmholtz in the late 19th century to explain the source of energy of the Sun . By the mid-19th century , conservation of energy had been accepted , and one consequence of this law of physics is that the Sun must have some energy source to continue to shine . Because nuclear reactions were unknown , the main candidate for the source of solar energy was gravitational contraction .   However , it soon was recognized by Sir Arthur Eddington and others that the total amount of energy available through this mechanism only allowed the Sun to shine for millions of years rather than the billions of years that the geological and biological evidence suggested for the age of the Earth . ( Kelvin himself had argued that the Earth was millions , not billions , of years old . ) The true source of the Sun 's energy remained uncertain until the 1930s , when it was shown by Hans Bethe to be nuclear fusion .

negative: Transit of Mars A transit of Mars across the Sun from another planet takes place when the planet Mars passes between the Sun and the planet .   Transit of Mars from Jupiter  Transit of Mars from Saturn  Transit of Mars from Uranus  Transit of Mars from Neptune

negative: 7 Iris 7 Iris is a large main-belt asteroid orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter . It is the fourth-brightest object in the asteroid belt . It is classified as an S-type asteroid , meaning that it has a stony composition .

negative: 580 Selene 580 Selene is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt . The name Selene is that of an ancient Greek goddess of the Moon .   This body orbits the Sun nearly midway between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . The orbital eccentricity is slightly lower than that of Mars . Based on its light curve , Selene has an estimated rotation period of 0.3947 ± 0.0004 days , or just under 9.5 hours . During each rotation , the apparent magnitude varies by 0.27 . The approximate diameter of this asteroid is 46 km . ( Some sources list a diameter of up to 56 km . ) The albedo is about 7 % , comparable to that of the Earth 's Moon .

negative: HD 191760 HD 191760 is a star system in the constellation Telescopium . It is a yellow subgiant -- a star that is cooling and expanding off the main sequence -- of spectral type G3IV/V . Estimated to be just over four billion years old , it is slightly ( 1.1 to 1.3 times ) as massive as the Sun , and is 2.69 times as luminous and has around 1.62 times its radius . Using the ESO-HARPS instrument , it was found to have a brown dwarf around 38 times as massive as Jupiter orbiting at an average distance of 1.35 AU in a period of 505 days . This is an unusual distance from the star and has been termed the ` brown dwarf desert ' .

negative: HD 65216 b HD 65216 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 116 light-years away in the constellation of Carina , orbiting the star HD 65216 . This planet was discovered by the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Team in 2003 . Like most planet candidates so far , it was detected with the radial velocity method .   The planet has a minimum mass about 20 % more than Jupiter . Since the discovery method gives only the minimum mass , its true mass is probably slightly greater . The planet orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit . The mean distance from the star is slightly less than that of Mars from the Sun , but at periastron the planet is a fifth closer to the star than Earth from the Sun and at apoastron it is over twice as far .

negative: HD 114729 b HD 114729 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 114 light years away in the constellation of Centaurus . This planet is probably slightly less massive than Jupiter . It is an `` eccentric Jupiter '' meaning that it does not orbit very near the star like the famous 51 Pegasi b but further out and its orbit is very oval-shaped . The mean distance from the star is 2.11 AU , about twice the Earth 's distance from the Sun . At periastron , the planet is only 1.43 AU from the star ( comparable to the distance of Mars from the Sun ) , and at apoastron , the orbital distance is 2.72 AU ( inner asteroid belt ) .

negative: HD 162826 HD 162826 ( HR 6669 ) is a star located in the constellation of Hercules and is located about 110 ly from Earth . With an apparent magnitude of 6.46 , the star can be found with binoculars or a low-power telescope by reference to nearby Vega in the constellation Lyra . It is 15 % more massive than the Sun , with a slightly hotter surface temperature . It has no known planets ; the current state of knowledge excludes `` hot Jupiters '' and suggests that a more distant Jupiter is unlikely , but terrestrial planets are possible . The star 's spectra had been under observation previously .   The star is considered to be a stellar sibling of the Sun .  Solar siblings are those stars that formed from the same gas cloud and in the same star cluster ; the term was introduced in 2009 . The Sun is a G2V star with a temperature of 5778 K and is 4.6 billion years old .

negative: Fifth planet Fifth planet may refer to :  Jupiter , the fifth planet from the Sun in the Solar system  Fifth planet ( hypothetical ) , any of various hypothetical planets thought to have existed  Fifth Planet ( novel ) , a science fiction novel by Fred and Geoffrey Hoyle  Planet V , a scientific proposal in 2002 for a destroyed fifth planet  Mars , the fifth planet from Earth in the Ptolemaic geocentric model  Ceres ( dwarf planet ) , the dwarf planet orbiting between Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt

negative: WASP-43 WASP-43 is a K-type star in the Sextans constellation . It is about half the size of the Sun , and has approximately half the mass . WASP-43 has one known planet in orbit , a Hot Jupiter called WASP-43b . At the time of publishing of WASP-43b 's discovery on April 15 , 2011 , the planet was the most closely orbiting Hot Jupiter discovered . The small orbit of WASP-43b is thought to be caused by WASP-43 's unusually low mass . WASP-43 was first observed between January and May 2009 by the SuperWASP project , and was found to be cooler and slightly richer in metals than the Sun . WASP-43 has also been found to be an active star that rotates at a high velocity .

negative: 614 Pia 614 Pia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt .  August Kopff discovered 614 Pia on October 11 , 1906 at Heidelberg , Germany .

negative: Shutdown of thermohaline circulation A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is an effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation .   Data from 2010 NASA suggested that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has not slowed down , but may have actually sped up slightly in the recent past . However , this has been superseded by a 2015 study that suggests ` that the Gulf Stream has weakened by 15-20 % '

negative: HD 205739 HD 205739 is a yellow-white dwarf ( spectral type F7 V ) . It is about 108 parsecs away from the Sun .   A Jupiter-like planet has recently been detected in a Mercury-like eccentric orbit around this star .   There is a trend in the results which may point to an additional companion further from its star .

negative: HD 130322 b HD 130322 b is an exoplanet with a minimum mass slightly more than that of Jupiter . It orbits the star in a very close orbit distance being only a quarter that of Mercury from the Sun . It is thus a so-called `` hot Jupiter '' . The planet orbits the star every 10 days 17 hours in a very circular orbit .

negative: Transit of Earth A transit of Earth across the sun from another planet takes place when the planet Earth passes between the sun and the planet .   Transit of Earth from Mars  Transit of Earth from Jupiter  Transit of Earth from Saturn  Transit of Earth from Uranus  Transit of Earth from Neptune

negative: Peter Taylor (environmentalist) Peter Taylor ( b. 24 Jan 1948 ) is a UK environmentalist with a long track record of public activism and scholarship on issues ranging from nuclear safety , ocean pollution , biodiversity strategies , renewable energy and climate change . His recent work on global warming has been questioned by environmentalists . His 2009 book Chill : a reassessment of global warming theory argued that most of the recent documented warming is caused by peaking natural cycles , that there is also a potential for global cooling and that adaptation not mitigation should be a priority . His views received widespread coverage in the media -- with front page on the Daily Express , and articles in the online versions of The Mail , The Times and an Al Jazeera video .

negative: HD 80606 b HD 80606 b ( also Struve 1341 B b or HIP 45982 b ) is an eccentric and hot Jupiter 190 light-years from the Sun in the constellation of Ursa Major . HD 80606 b was discovered orbiting the star Struve 1341 B in April 2001 by a team led by Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz . With a mass 4 times that of Jupiter , it is a gas giant . Because the planet transits the host star its radius can be determined using the transit method and was found to be slightly smaller than Jupiter 's . Its density is slightly less than Earth 's . It has an extremely eccentric orbit like a comet , with its orbit taking it very close to its star and then back out very far away from it every 111 days .

negative: HD 147513 b HD 147513 b is an exoplanet approximately 42 light-years away in the constellation of Scorpius . It is at least 21 % more massive than Jupiter . But unlike Jupiter , it orbits the star much closer , mean distance being only a third more than Earth 's distance from the Sun . Its orbit is also eccentric ; at periastron , it is closer to itse star than Earth is from the Sun , whereas at apastron , it is further from its star than Mars to the Sun , finding itself on the outer edge of the habitable zone .

negative: Grand tack hypothesis In planetary astronomy , the grand tack hypothesis proposes that after its formation at 3.5 AU , Jupiter migrated inward to 1.5 AU , before reversing course due to capturing Saturn in an orbital resonance , eventually halting near its current orbit at 5.2 AU . The reversal of Jupiter 's migration is likened to the path of a sailboat changing directions ( tacking ) as it travels against the wind .   The planetesimal disk is truncated at 1.0 AU by Jupiter 's migration , limiting the material available to form Mars . Jupiter twice crosses the asteroid belt , scattering asteroids outward then inward . The resulting asteroid belt has a small mass , a wide range of inclinations and eccentricities , and a population originating from both inside and outside Jupiter 's original orbit . Debris produced by collisions among planetesimals swept ahead of Jupiter may have driven an early generation of planets into the sun .

negative: List of asteroids in astrology Asteroids in astrology are used by some astrologers in a similar way to the planets . Asteroids are planetoids that orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter , and are not to be confused with centaurs or trans-Neptunian objects . The asteroids are relatively new to astrology , having only been discovered in the 19th century . However , some of them ( especially the largest of them ) , are believed by some astrologers to influence human affairs . Still though , they are often ignored within mainstream systems of astrology , especially in more traditional astrology systems like Vedic astrology or Hellenistic astrology . Their use has become significant to a few Western astrologers yet still only a minority of astrologers use the asteroids in chart interpretation .

negative: HD 121504 b HD 121504 b is an exoplanet that is likely to be slightly less massive than Jupiter . Although the radial velocity method that was used to detect the planet can only measure the minimum mass of the planet , it is very unlikely that its true mass would be much higher .   HD 121504 b orbits the star at a distance of about one third of Earth 's distance from the Sun , and has a slightly eccentric orbit .

negative: HD 148427 b HD 148427 b is a gas giant extrasolar planet which orbits the K-type subgiant star HD 148427 , located approximately 193 light years away in the constellation Ophiuchus . This planet has a minimum mass slightly less than Jupiter and orbits slightly closer to the star than Earth to the Sun . The orbital revolution takes 331.5 days or 0.9076 years . This planet was discovered on August 12 , 2009 by radial velocity method .

negative: HD 210277 b HD 210277 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 210277 . It was discovered in September 1998 by the California and Carnegie Planet Search team using the highly successful radial velocity method . The planet is at least 24 % more massive than Jupiter . The mean distance of the planet from the star is slightly more than Earth 's distance from the Sun . However , the orbit is very eccentric , so at periastron this distance is almost halved , and at apastron it is as distant as Mars is from the Sun .   In 2000 , a group of scientists proposed , based on preliminary data from the Hipparcos astrometrical satellite , that the planet would have an inclination of 175.8 ° and a true mass of 18 times Jupiter making it a brown dwarf instead of a planet . However these measurements were later proved useful only for upper limits of inclination . If the planet orbits in the same plane as the claimed circumstellar disk , which seems a plausible assumption , it would have an inclination of 40 ° and an absolute mass of 2.2 times Jupiter , however later observations failed to confirm the disk 's existence .

negative: Earth trojan An Earth trojan is an asteroid that orbits the Sun in the vicinity of the Earth -- Sun Lagrangian points ( leading 60 ° ) and ( trailing 60 ° ) , thus having an orbit similar to Earth 's . Only one Earth trojan has so far been discovered . The name trojan was first used in 1906 for the Jupiter trojans , the asteroids that were observed near the Lagrangian points of Jupiter 's orbit .

negative: Cooling down Cooling down ( the prescribed event of which is called a cool down , cooldown , or cool-down ; or warm down , in allusion to use in combination with warm up ) is an easy exercise , done after a more intense activity , to allow the body to gradually transition to a resting or near-resting state . Depending on the intensity of the exercise , cooling down can involve a slow jog or walk . With lower intensities stretching can be used . Cooling down allows the heart rate to return to its resting rate . Anecdotally cooling down may reduce dizziness for professional or serious athletes and vocal performers after strenuous workouts . Studies are currently inconclusive as to whether the process actually reduces delayed-onset muscle soreness and muscle soreness not caused by lactate production during intense exercise . Some have shown a weak correlation : however , the majority of recent studies discount the relationship . One study has shown that athletes who perform an appropriate cool-down are less likely to become injured .

negative: Volcanic winter A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth 's albedo ( increasing the reflection of solar radiation ) after a large particularly explosive volcanic eruption . Long-term cooling effects are primarily dependent upon injection of sulfur gasses into the stratosphere where they undergo a series of reactions to create sulfuric acid which can nucleate and form aerosols . Volcanic stratospheric aerosols cool the surface by reflecting solar radiation and warm the stratosphere by absorbing terrestrial radiation . The volcanic aerosols , resulting from the 1991 Pinatubo eruption and others , have been shown to contribute to anthropogenic ozone depletion . The variations in atmospheric warming and cooling results in changes in tropospheric and stratospheric circulation .

negative: Griqua family The Griqua asteroids are a group of asteroids in the main belt orbiting the Sun between 3.1 and 3.27 AU . Asteroids in this group have eccentricities greater than 0.35 . The group derives its name from the asteroid 1362 Griqua .   These asteroids are at a 2:1 resonance with Jupiter 's orbit . As such , their orbits are unstable ; gradually perturbed over thousands of years until their orbits intersect with that of Mars or Jupiter .

negative: WASP-44 WASP-44 is a G-type star in constellation Cetus that has the Jupiter-size planet WASP-44b in orbit . The star is slightly less massive and slightly smaller than the Sun ; it is also slightly cooler , but is more metal-rich . The star was observed by SuperWASP , an organization in search of planets , starting in 2009 ; manual follow-up observations used WASP-44 's spectrum and measurements of its radial velocity led to the discovery of the transiting planet WASP-44b . The planet and its star were presented along with WASP-45b and WASP-46b on May 17 , 2011 by a team of scientists testing the idea that Hot Jupiters tend to have circular orbits , an assumption that is made when the orbital eccentricity of such planets are not well-constrained .

negative: HD 4208 b The extrasolar planet , designated as HD 4208 b , was discovered by the California and Carnegie Planet Search team using the Keck telescope . The planet is probably somewhat less massive than Jupiter , although only its minimum mass is known . Its orbital distance is 1.67 AU , slightly further than Mars and its eccentricity is low .

negative: Polar climate The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers . Every month in a polar climate has an average temperature of less than 10 C. Regions with polar climate cover more than 20 % of the Earth . The sun shines for long hours in the summer , and for many fewer hours in the winter . A polar climate results in treeless tundra , glaciers , or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice . It has cool summers and very cold winters .

negative: Wolf 424 Wolf 424 is a binary star system comprising two red dwarf stars at a distance of approximately 14.2 light years from the Sun . It is located in the constellation Virgo , between the stars ε Virginis and ο Virginis .   The close binary nature of this star was discovered by Dutch American astronomer Dirk Reuyl in 1941 , based upon an elongation of the star found in photographs . The two stars in the Wolf 424 system orbit about each other with a semi-major axis of 4.1 AU and an eccentricity of 0.3 . The stars have an orbital period of 15.5 years and have a combined apparent magnitude of about 12.5 .   Wolf 424A is a cool main sequence red dwarf star of approximately 0.14 solar masses ( 147 Jupiters ) and a radius of 0.17 solar radii . Its companion , Wolf 424B , is a cool main sequence red dwarf star of approximately 0.13 solar masses ( 136 Jupiters ) and a radius of 0.14 solar radii . They are two of the dimmest known objects within 15 light years of the Sun . In 1967 , it was discovered that both are flare stars that undergo random increases in luminosity . The system has been designated FL Virginis , and may experience sunspot activity . The stars may undergo variation in the level of flare activity over periods lasting several years .


query: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases

positive: Scientific consensus on climate change There is currently a strong scientific consensus that the Earth is warming and that this warming is mainly caused by human activities. This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.  Nearly all actively publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 2% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.

positive: Patrick Michaels Patrick J. ( `` Pat '' ) Michaels ( born February 15 , 1950 ) is an American climatologist . Michaels is a senior fellow in environmental studies at the Cato Institute . Until 2007 he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia , where he had worked from 1980 .   A self-described skeptic on the issue of global warming , he is a past president of the American Association of State Climatologists . He has written a number of books and papers on climate change , including Sound and Fury : The Science and Politics of Global Warming ( 1992 ) , The Satanic Gases ( 2000 ) , and Meltdown : The Predictable Distortion of Global Warming by Scientists , Politicians , and the Media ( 2004 ) . He 's also the co-author of Climate of Extremes : Global Warming Science They Do n't Want You to Know ( 2009 ) . Michaels ' viewpoint , as argued in a 2002 article in the journal Climate Research , is that the planet will see `` a warming range of 1.3 -- 3.0 ° C , with a central value of 1.9 ° C '' for the 1990 to 2100 period ( an analysis far smaller than the IPCC 's average predictions ) .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: GWG GWG is a three letter acronym that can stand for :   Girls with guns  Girls with glasses  Game-winning goal , in sports  Global warming gases ( greenhouse gases )  Games with Gold , an Xbox Live promotion  Goodwill Gang

negative: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: IPCC First Assessment Report The First Assessment Report ( FAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) was completed in 1990 . It served as the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) .   The report was issued in three main sections , corresponding to the three Working Groups of scientists that the IPCC had established .   Working Group I : Scientific Assessment of Climate Change , edited by J.T. Houghton , G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums  Working Group II : Impacts Assessment of Climate Change , edited by W.J. McG . Tegart , G.W. Sheldon and D.C. Griffiths  Working Group III : The IPCC Response Strategies   Each section included a summary for policymakers . This format was followed in subsequent Assessment Reports .   The executive summary of the policymakers ' summary of the WG I report includes :   We are certain of the following : there is a natural greenhouse effect ... ; emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases : CO2 , methane , CFCs and nitrous oxide . These increases will enhance the greenhouse effect , resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth 's surface . The main greenhouse gas , water vapour , will increase in response to global warming and further enhance it .  We calculate with confidence that : ... CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect ; long-lived gases would require immediate reductions in emissions from human activities of over 60 % to stabilise their concentrations at today 's levels ...  Based on current models , we predict : under -LSB- BAU -RSB- increase of global mean temperature during the -LSB- 21st -RSB- century of about 0.3 oC per decade ( with an uncertainty range of 0.2 to 0.5 oC per decade ) ; this is greater than that seen over the past 10,000 years ; under other ... scenarios which assume progressively increasing levels of controls , rates of increase in global mean temperature of about 0.2 oC -LSB- to -RSB- about 0.1 oC per decade .  There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing , magnitude and regional patterns of climate change , due to our incomplete understanding of : sources and sinks of GHGs ; clouds ; oceans ; polar ice sheets .  Our judgement is that : global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 oC over the last 100 years ... ; The size of this warming is broadly consistent with predictions of climate models , but it is also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability . Thus the observed increase could be largely due to this natural variability ; alternatively this variability and other human factors could have offset a still larger human-induced greenhouse warming . The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more .  under the IPCC business as usual emissions scenario , an average rate of global mean sea level rise of about 6 cm per decade over the next century ( with an uncertainty range of 3 -- 10 cm per decade ) , mainly due to thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of some land ice . The predicted rise is about 20 cm ... by 2030 , and 65 cm by the end of the next century .

negative: Greenhouse debt Greenhouse debt or carbon debt is the measure to which an individual person , incorporated association , business enterprise , government instrumentality or geographic community exceeds its permitted greenhouse footprint and contributes greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate change .   The concept makes no sense without a clear numerical value for the permitted greenhouse footprint . It is not clear what this value is .   Friends of the Earth and similar organisations put forward the concept to define specifically the environmental harm caused by developed countries ' past and present policies . Some governments , at least the Australian Labor leadership , have a tendency to accept such a line of reasoning .   The greenhouse debt assessment thus forms an ecological footprint analysis but can be used separately . Taken conjointly with a ` water debt ' analysis and an ecological impact assessment , greenhouse debt analysis is basic to giving individuals , organisations , governments and communities an understanding of the effects they are having on Gaia , life , and global warming .   Ensuring that the greenhouse debt is zero is essential towards achieving ecologically sustainable development or a sustainable retreat . Any greenhouse debt incurred will contribute to making life harder for future generations of humans and non-human lifeforms .   There are three possible consequences that occur as a result of a greenhouse debt .   Mitigation : finding compensatory ways of reducing the greenhouse debt so its effects are neutralised  Adaptation : finding ways of adjusting to the resulting global warming or climate change  Suffering : having one 's quality of life reduced as a result of the consequences

negative: Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite ( GOSat ) , also known as , is an Earth observation satellite and the world 's first satellite dedicated to greenhouse-gas-monitoring . It measures the densities of carbon dioxide and methane from 56,000 locations on the Earth 's atmosphere . The GOSAT was developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) and launched on 23 January 2009 , from the Tanegashima Space Center . Japan 's Ministry of the Environment , and the National Institute for Environmental Studies ( NIES ) use the data to track gases causing the greenhouse effect , and share the data with NASA and other international scientific organizations .

negative: Bell nozzle The Bell-shaped or Contour nozzle is probably the most commonly used shaped rocket engine nozzle . It has a high angle expansion section ( 20 to 50 degrees ) right behind the nozzle throat ; this is followed by a gradual reversal of nozzle contour slope so that the nozzle exit the divergence angle is small , usually less than a 10 degree half angle .   Ideally a nozzle is wished to direct all of the gases generated in the combustion chamber and accelerated by the throat to leave the nozzle traveling straight out the nozzle . That means the momentum of the gases are axial , imparting the maximum thrust to the rocket . In fact , there are some non-axial components to the momentum . In terms of a momentum vector , there is an angle between the axis of the rocket engine and the gas flow . As a result , the thrust is lowered by varying amounts . The Bell or Contour shape is designed to impart a large angle expansion for the gases right after the throat . The nozzle is then curved back in to give a nearly straight flow of gas out the nozzle opening . The contour used is rather complex . The large expansion section near the throat causes expansion shock waves . The reversal of the slope to bring the exit to near zero degrees causes compression shock waves . A properly designed nozzle will have these two sets of shock waves coincide and cancel each other out . In this way , the bell is a compromise between the two extremes of the conical nozzle since it minimizes weight while maximizing performance .   The most important design issue is to contour the nozzle to avoid oblique shocks and maximize performance .   In his classic textbook , George P. Sutton credits Dr. G. V. R. Rao with working out the mathematics of the optimal bell nozzle design in 1955 , while working at Rocketdyne .

negative: Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia ( WAIHA ) is the most common form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia . About half of the cases are of unknown cause , with the other half attributable to a predisposing condition or medications being taken . Contrary to cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia ( e.g. , cold agglutinin disease and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria ) which happens in cold temperature ( 28 -- 31 ° C ) , WAIHA happens in body temperature .

negative: Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference) In 2005, an international conference titled Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change: A Scientific Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases examined the link between atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration and global warming and its effects. The conference name was derived from Article 2 of the charter for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The conference explored the possible impacts at different levels of greenhouse gas emissions and how the climate might be stabilized at a desired level. The conference took place under the United Kingdom's presidency of the G8, with the participation of around 200 "internationally renowned" scientists from 30 countries. It was chaired by Dennis Tirpak and hosted by the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research in Exeter, from 1 February to 3 February. The conference was one of many meetings leading up to the 2015 Paris Agreement, at which the international community agreed to limit global warming to no more than 2C in order to have a 50-50 chance of avoiding dangerous climate change. However, a 2018 published study points at a threshold at which temperatures could rise to 4 or 5 degrees through self-reinforcing feedbacks in the climate system, suggesting it is below the 2 degree temperature target.

negative: Half-normal distribution In probability theory and statistics , the half-normal distribution is a special case of the folded normal distribution .   Let follow an ordinary normal distribution , , then follows a half-normal distribution . Thus , the half-normal distribution is a fold at the mean of an ordinary normal distribution with mean zero .

negative: Solar radiation management Solar radiation management ( SRM ) projects are a type of climate engineering which seek to reflect sunlight and thus reduce global warming . Proposed examples include the creation of stratospheric sulfate aerosols . Their principal advantages as an approach to climate engineering is the speed with which they can be deployed and become fully active , their potential low financial cost , and the reversibility of their direct climatic effects . Solar radiation management projects could , for example , be used as a temporary response while levels of greenhouse gases can be brought under control by mitigation and greenhouse gas removal techniques . They would not reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere , and thus do not address problems such as ocean acidification caused by excess carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) .

negative: The Hype about Hydrogen The Hype about Hydrogen : Fact and Fiction in the Race to Save the Climate is a book by Joseph J. Romm , published in 2004 by Island Press and updated in 2005 . The book has been translated into German as Der Wasserstoff-Boom . Romm is an expert on clean energy , advanced vehicles , energy security , and greenhouse gas mitigation .   Over 200 publications , including Scientific American , Forbes magazine and The New York Times , have cited this book .  The book was named one of the best science and technology books of 2004 by Library Journal .   The thrust of the book is that hydrogen is not economically feasible to use for transportation , nor will its use reduce global warming , because of the cost and greenhouse gases generated during production , the low energy content per volume and weight of the container , the cost of the fuel cells , and the cost of the infrastructure . The author argues that a major effort to introduce hydrogen cars before 2030 would actually undermine efforts to reduce emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide .

negative: Half-transitive graph In the mathematical field of graph theory , a half-transitive graph is a graph that is both vertex-transitive and edge-transitive , but not symmetric . In other words , a graph is half-transitive if its automorphism group acts transitively upon both its vertices and its edges , but not on ordered pairs of linked vertices .   Every connected symmetric graph must be vertex-transitive and edge-transitive , and the converse is true for graphs of odd degree , so that half-transitive graphs of odd degree do not exist . However , there do exist half-transitive graphs of even degree . The smallest half-transitive graph is the Holt graph , with degree 4 and 27 vertices .

negative: Margo T. Oge Margo T. Oge ( born 1949 ) is an American engineer and environmental regulator who served as the Director of the Environmental Protection Agency 's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air from 1990 to 1994 and Director of the Office of Transportation and Air Quality from 1994 to 2012 . Beginning in 2009 , Oge lead the EPA team that authored the 2010-2016 and the 2017-2025 Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards . By 2025 , these rules require automakers to half the greenhouse gas emissions of cars and light duty trucks while doubling fuel economy . These rules were the US federal government 's first regulatory actions to reduce greenhouse gases .

negative: Ogoni languages The Ogoni languages , or Kegboid languages , are the five languages of the Ogoni people of Rivers State , Nigeria .   They fall into two clusters , with a limited degree of mutual intelligibility between members of each cluster . However , the Ogoni think of them as separate languages .   The Eastern languages are Khana and Tẹẹ , with about half a million or so speakers , and Gokana , with about half that number . The Western languages are Eleme , with about 70,000 speakers , and Baan , with about a quarter that number .

negative: Half-truth A partial-truth is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth . The statement might be partly true , the statement may be totally true but only part of the whole truth , or it may use some deceptive element , such as improper punctuation , or double meaning , especially if the intent is to deceive , evade , blame or misrepresent the truth .

negative: Agricultural emissions research levy The agricultural emissions research levy was a controversial tax proposal in New Zealand . It was first proposed in 2003 and would collect an estimated $ 8.4 million annually from livestock farmers ( out of an estimated annual $ 50 -- 125 million in costs to the public which is caused by farm animals ' emissions of greenhouse gases such as methane ) , and which would have been used to fund research on the livestock industry 's emissions of greenhouse gases , to further the nation 's compliance with the Kyoto Protocol .

negative: Greenhouse gas inventory Greenhouse gas inventories are a type of emission inventory that are developed for a variety of reasons . Scientists use inventories of natural and anthropogenic ( human-caused ) emissions as tools when developing atmospheric models . Policy makers use inventories to develop strategies and policies for emissions reductions and to track the progress of those policies . And , regulatory agencies and corporations rely on inventories to establish compliance records with allowable emission rates . Businesses , the public , and other interest groups use inventories to better understand the sources and trends in emissions .   Unlike some other air emission inventories , greenhouse gas inventories include not only emissions from source categories , but also removals by carbon sinks . These removals are typically referred to as carbon sequestration .   Greenhouse gas inventories , typically use Global warming potential ( GWP ) values to combine emissions of various greenhouse gases into a single weighted value of emissions .   Some of the key examples of greenhouse gas inventories include :   All Annex I countries are required to report annual emissions and sinks of greenhouse gases under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC )  National governments that are Parties to the UNFCCC and/or the Kyoto Protocol are required to submit annual inventories of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from sources and removals from sinks .  The Kyoto Protocol includes additional requirements for national inventory systems , inventory reporting , and annual inventory review for determining compliance with Articles 5 and 8 of the Protocol .  Project developers under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol prepare inventories as part of their project baselines .  Corporation and other entities can prepare greenhouse gas inventories to track progress towards meeting an emission reduction goal .  Scientific efforts aimed at understanding detail of total net carbon exchange . Example : Project Vulcan - a comprehensive US inventory of fossil-fuel greenhouse gas emissions .

negative: Vincent R. Gray __ NOTOC __   Vincent Richard Gray ( born 24 March 1922 ) is a New Zealand-based chemist , and a founder of the New Zealand Climate Science Coalition .   Born in London on 24 March 1922 , Gray was awarded a PhD in physical chemistry by the University of Cambridge after studies on incendiary bomb fluids made from aluminium soaps . In New Zealand , he was the first Director of Building Research and later , Chief Chemist of the Coal Research Association .  He has also published many articles and reports , seven in peer-reviewed journals . After retirement , he had four and a half years in China and when he returned became a critic of the claim that climate was harmed by human emissions of greenhouse gases .   He has commented on every publication of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , with 1,898 comments on the 2007 Report . He has published critical studies on all of the reports including a book `` The Greenhouse Delusion : A Critique of ` Climate Change 2001 ' '' . He has published `` Confessions of a Climate Sceptic ''  He is sceptical of the anthropogenic global warming :  `` The two main `` scientific '' claims of the IPCC are the claim that `` the globe is warming '' and `` Increases in carbon dioxide emissions are responsible '' . Evidence for both of these claims is fatally flawed . ''   Gray has called for the IPCC to be abolished , claiming it is `` fundamentally corrupt '' due to his conclusion that for significant parts of the work of the IPCC , the data collection and scientific methods employed are unsound and that the IPCC resists all efforts to try to discuss or rectify these problems .   Gray was featured on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation program Counterpoint in a debate entitled `` Nine Lies about Global Warming '' , and was interviewed in a featured story in the New Zealand Herald as a `` prominent '' global warming skeptic .   In 2002 , Gray also published a book , The Greenhouse Delusion : A Critique of `` Climate Change 2001 '' . In it , Gray argues `` that the quality and reliability of the IPCC 's measurements are poor , the system of determining how much weight should be attributed to different influences on the earth 's temperature is faulty , and the validity of evidence derived from computer modeling is questionable . ''

negative: Wallace rule of nines The Wallace rule of nines is a tool used in pre-hospital and emergency medicine to estimate the total body surface area ( BSA ) affected by a burn . In addition to determining burn severity , the measurement of burn surface area is important for estimating patients ' fluid requirements and determining hospital admission criteria .   The rule of nines was devised by Pulaski and Tennison in 1947 , and published by AB Wallace in 1951 .   To the estimate body surface area of a burn , the rule of nines assigns BSA values to each major body part :   This allows the emergency medical provider to obtain a quick estimate of how much body surface area is burned . For example , if a patient 's entire back ( 18 % ) and entire left leg ( 18 % ) are burned , about 36 % of the patient 's BSA is affected . The BSAs assigned to each body part refer to the entire body part . So , for example , if half of a patient 's left leg were burned , it would be assigned a BSA value of 9 % ( half the total surface area of the leg ) . Thus , if a patient 's entire back ( 18 % ) , but only half of their left leg ( 9 % ) was burned , the amount of BSA affected would be 27 % .

negative: The Greenhouse Conspiracy The Greenhouse Conspiracy is a documentary film broadcast by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 12 August 1990 , as part of the Equinox series , which criticised the theory of global warming and asserted that scientists critical of global warming theory were denied funding . It is one of the earliest instances of the suggestion of a conspiracy to promote false claims supporting global warming . Although the title of the program implied the existence of a conspiracy , when interviewed on the program Patrick Michaels played down the idea , saying , `` It may not quite add up to a conspiracy , but certainly a coalition of interests has promoted the greenhouse theory : scientists have needed funds , the media a story , and governments a worthy cause '' .

negative: Median The median is the value separating the higher half of a data sample , a population , or a probability distribution , from the lower half . In simple terms , it may be thought of as the `` middle '' value of a data set . For example , in the data set -LCB- 1 , 3 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 -RCB- , the median is 6 , the fourth number in the sample . The median is a commonly used measure of the properties of a data set in statistics and probability theory .   The basic advantage of the median in describing data compared to the mean ( often simply described as the `` average '' ) is that it is not skewed so much by extremely large or small values , and so it may give a better idea of a ` typical ' value . For example , in understanding statistics like household income or assets which vary greatly , a mean may be skewed by a small number of extremely high or low values . Median income , for example , may be a better way to suggest what a ` typical ' income is .   Because of this , the median is of central importance in robust statistics , as it is the most resistant statistic , having a breakdown point of 50 % : so long as no more than half the data are contaminated , the median will not give an arbitrarily large or small result .

negative: Half-life of knowledge The half-life of knowledge or half-life of facts is the amount of time that has to elapse before half of the knowledge or facts in a particular area is superseded or shown to be untrue . These coined terms belong to the field of quantitative analysis of science known as scientometrics .   These ideas of half-life applied to different fields differ from the concept of half-life in physics in that there is no guarantee that the knowledge or facts in areas of study are declining exponentially . It is unclear that there is any way to establish what constitutes `` knowledge '' in a particular area , as opposed to mere opinion or theory .   Because scientific knowledge is growing by a factor of ten every 50 years , this means that half of what scientists may have known about a particular subject will be wrong or obsolete in 45 years .   An engineering degree went from having a half life of 35 years in ca. 1930 to about 10 years in 1960 .   Donald Hebb estimated the half-life of psychology to be five years .

negative: North Korea Cold Current The North Korea Cold Current ( NKCC ) is a cold water oceanic current in the Sea of Japan ( East Sea of Korea ) that flows southward from near Vladivostok along the coastline of the eastern Korean Peninsula . It is a branch of the Liman Current from the Sea of Okhotsk and has a flow rate of about a half knot . The NKCC meets the northward flowing East Korean Warm Current at latitude 37 -- 38 ° N , causing the flow to separate from the peninsula . At about latitude 40 ° N , the NKCC meets the Tsushima Warm Current .

negative: Fluorinated gases Fluorinated gases ( F-gases ) are man-made gases that can stay in the atmosphere for centuries and contribute to a global greenhouse effect . There are four types : hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , perfluorocarbons ( PFCs ) , sulfur hexafluoride ( SF6 ) and nitrogen trifluoride ( NF3 ) .

negative: Environment of Malaysia The environment of Malaysia refers to the biotas and geologies that constitute the natural environment of this Southeast Asian nation . Malaysia 's ecology is megadiverse , with a biodiverse range of flora and fauna found in various ecoregions throughout the country . Tropical rainforests encompass between 59 % to 70 % of Malaysia 's total land area , of which 11.6 % is pristine . Malaysia has the world 's fifth largest mangrove area , which totals over a half a million hectares ( over 1.2 million acres ) .   Human intervention poses a significant threat to the natural environment of this country . Agriculture , forestry and urbanisation contribute to the destruction of forests , mangroves and other thriving ecosystems in the country . Ecosystems and landscapes are dramatically altered by human development , including the construction of roads and damming of rivers . Geographical phenomena , such as landslides and flooding in the Klang Valley , along with haze , stem from widespread deforestation . Subtle climate change occurs as a direct result of air pollution and the greenhouse effect , which in turn is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases . Low-lying areas near the coastline of Sabah and Sarawak are under threat from current sea level rise .   The environment is the subject of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment at the federal level . The Department of Wildlife and National Parks is responsible for the preservation of flora and fauna in Malaysia . Several environmental organisations have been established to raise awareness regarding the environmental issues in Malaysia .

negative: Probable error In statistics , probable error defines the half-range of an interval about a central point for the distribution , such that half of the values from the distribution will lie within the interval and half outside .  Thus it is equivalent to half the interquartile range , or the median absolute deviation .  The probable error can also be expressed as a multiple of the standard deviation σ ,  ( where the multiplying factor 0.6745 derives from the normal distribution , see details ) , which requires that at least the second statistical moment of the distribution should exist , whereas the other definition does not .  One use of the term probable error in statistics is as the name for the scale parameter of the Cauchy distribution .

negative: Hemiparesis Hemiparesis is unilateral paresis , that is , weakness of the entire left or right side of the body ( hemi - #Prefix means `` half '' ) . Hemiplegia is , in its most severe form , complete paralysis of half of the body . Hemiparesis and hemiplegia can be caused by different medical conditions , including congenital causes , trauma , tumors , or stroke .

negative: Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases The Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases , created in 1985 , was an advisory body for the review of studies into the greenhouse effect . The group was created by the International Council of Scientific Unions , the United Nations Environment Programme , and the World Meteorological Organization to follow up on the recommendations of the International conference of the Assessment of the role of carbon dioxide and of other greenhouse gases in climate variations and associated impacts , held at Villach , Austria , in October 1985 .   The seven-member panel included Swedish meteorologist Bert Bolin and Canadian climatologist Kenneth Hare .   The group held its last meeting in 1990 . It was gradually replaced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .

negative: Amazon Tall Tower Observatory The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory or ATTO ( in Portuguese : Observatório de Torre Alta da Amazônia ) is a scientific research tower in the Amazon rainforest with a height of 325 m . The site is distant from any human presence , about 150 kilometres northeast of Manaus .   The measurement tower is a joint project between Germany and Brazil coordinated by the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry , the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research , INPA ( Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia ) , and the University of the State of Amazonas , UEA ( Universidade do Estado do Amazonas ) .   The tower , South America 's tallest structure , is used to study the climate in the largely untouched rainforest surrounding it . It measures greenhouse gases , aerosols and weather data and provides information about a roughly 100 square kilometer area around the tower .   The joint project is dedicated to the exploration of the rainforest biosphere and how it responds to global warming . ATTO 's counterpart `` ZOTTO '' ( Zotino Tall Tower Observation Facility ) is located in the Siberian Taiga .   The project was launched in 2009 . Building of the tower began in 2014 and was completed in 2015 . The cost of 8.4 million Euros was shared about equally by the German and Brazil partners .   According to a press release from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) , ATTO will allow `` climate observations at different altitudes of the atmosphere , which will deliver completely new and so far not achievable results of the measurements on the greenhouse gases and the complex interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere . '' German and Brazilian scientists are now able to do research in a forest area `` far from disturbances caused by human influences '' . Furthermore , the measuring tower will contribute to gather and assess `` climate-relevant chemical and physical processes over the Amazon '' and thus create new principles for climate protection '' .

negative: Mitigation of global warming in Australia Mitigation of global warming involves taking actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance sinks aimed at reducing the extent of global warming . This is in distinction to adaptation to global warming , which involves taking action to minimise the effects of global warming . Scientific consensus on global warming , together with the precautionary principle and the fear of non-linear climate transitions , is leading to increased effort to develop new technologies and sciences and carefully manage others in an attempt to mitigate global warming .   Carbon capture and storage ( CCS ) for coal-fired power stations has been put forward as a solution to rising greenhouse gas emissions . However , CCS can not deliver in time to avoid dangerous increases in temperatures , as widespread commercial use of CCS is not expected before 2030 .   Following the introduction of government mandatory renewable energy targets , more opportunities have opened up for renewable energy technologies such as wind power , photovoltaics , and solar thermal technologies . The deployment of these technologies provides opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gases .   A carbon price was introduced on 1 July 2012 by the government of Julia Gillard with the purpose of reducing Australia 's carbon emissions . It requires large businesses ( defined as those with annual carbon dioxide equivalent emissions over 25,000 tonnes annually ) to pay a price for emissions permits . The tax was scrapped by the Abbott government in July 2014 in what was a widely criticised and highly publicised move .

negative: Barani flip A Barani ( barani ) flip is an aerial maneuver consisting of a front flip and a 180 degree turn ( half twist ) . This trick is performed in number of sports including but not limited to dancing , gymnastics , cheerleading , trampoline , cliff diving , aggressive inline skating , and freerunning . A barani is an aerial somersault flip , used as a trick for flyers , dancers and snowboarders . It is used as an official move in gymnastics , tumbling , and freerunning . The 180 degree turn is carried out usually halfway through the frontflip . The reason why it is used in so many sports is that it converts a regular frontflip ( during which one can not see the ground or water for the landing ) into a move in which one turns in time so that the last half of the flip is done in the same way as a backflip ( during which one can see the ground or water ) . It therefore allows for greater control of the landing .   In gymnastics , some coaches describe a Barani as a roundoff without hands or , mostly on beam , a front somersault with a half twist . This is a superficial treatment of the skill , and not the proper way to teach the skill . Many gymnasts twist their round-offs and cartwheels in the direction opposite to their natural twisting direction . When taught as a no-hands round-off , the gymnast has a high probability of learning to twist in the wrong direction while rotating forwards , which will cause trouble with multiple twisting skills later .   It is named after Italian circus acrobat and tumbler Alfonso Baroni , who performed the trick around 1881 .

negative: Latvian constitutional referendum, 2008 A constitutional referendum to amend the constitution of Latvia in order to allow one-tenth of the total registered electorate to initiate a popular referendum to dissolve the Latvian parliament was held in Latvia on 2 August 2008 .   The referendum on this issue was triggered when the Government of Latvia voted against an opposition motion to adopt this change to the constitution , which resulted in a referendum in Latvia by law . President Valdis Zatlers and the left-wing opposition were in favour of the referendum , while the government was against it , arguing that it would cause even more instability in a country which has seen 13 governments in the 18 years since independence . At least half of the total registered electorate ( i.e. more than 757,607 ) had to approve the referendum proposal in order for it to be valid .   Preliminary results indicated that an overwhelming 96 % of voters had voted in favour of the amendment , although only about 40 % of the electorate voted in favour , which means the referendum is invalid . It is expected that the strong result , while failing to directly change the constitution , might press politicians to adopt a similar measure nonetheless .   If passed , the amendment would have represented the first time in an EU country that voters would have been able to dissolve their national parliament - a right traditionally reserved for the head of state .