query: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

positive: Terrestrial television Terrestrial television or broadcast television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial ( Earth based ) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna . The term is more common in Europe , while in North America it is referred to as broadcast television or sometimes over-the-air television ( OTA ) . The term `` terrestrial '' is used to distinguish this type from the newer technologies of satellite television ( direct broadcast satellite or DBS television ) , in which the television signal is transmitted to the receiver from an overhead satellite , and cable television , in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable .   Terrestrial television was the first technology used for television broadcasting , with the first long-distance public television broadcast from Washington , D.C. , on 7 April 1927 . The BBC began broadcasting in 1929 and had a regular schedule of television programmes in 1930 . However , these early experimental systems had insufficient picture quality to attract the public , due to their mechanical scan technology , and television did n't become widespread until after World War II with the advent of electronic scan technology . The television broadcasting business followed the model of radio networks , with local television stations in cities and towns affiliated with television networks , either commercial ( in USA ) or government-controlled ( in Europe ) , which provided content . Television broadcasts were in black and white until the 1960s , when color television broadcasting began .   There was no other method of television delivery until the 1950s with the beginnings of cable television and community antenna television ( CATV ) . CATV was , initially , only a re-broadcast of over-the-air signals . With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 1980s , viewing of terrestrial television broadcasts has been in decline ; in 2013 , it was estimated that about 7 % of US households used an antenna . A slight increase in use began after the 2009 final conversion to digital terrestrial television broadcasts , which offer HDTV image quality as an alternative to CATV for cord cutters .

positive: Digital radio Digital radio is the use of digital technology to transmit and/or receive across the radio spectrum . They may refer to digital transmission by radio waves , including digital broadcasting , and especially to Digital audio radio services .   The term is also applied to radio equipment using digital electronics to process analog radio signals .

positive: Satellite television Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to customers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the customer 's location . The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter .   A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television programme for viewing on a television set . Receivers can be external set-top boxes , or a built-in television tuner . Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services . It is the only television available in many remote geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television service .   Modern systems signals are relayed from a communications satellite on the Ku band frequencies ( 12 -- 18 GHz ) requiring only a small dish less than a meter in diameter . The first satellite TV systems were an obsolete type now known as television receive-only . These systems received weaker analog signals transmitted in the C-band ( 4 -- 8 GHz ) from FSS type satellites , requiring the use of large 2-3 meter dishes . Consequently , these systems were nicknamed `` big dish '' systems , and were more expensive and less popular .   Early systems used analog signals , but modern ones use digital signals which allow transmission of the modern television standard high-definition television .   Different receivers are required for the two types . Some transmissions and channels are unencrypted and therefore free-to-air or free-to-view , while many other channels are transmitted with encryption ( pay television ) , requiring the customer to subscribe and pay a monthly fee to receive the programming .

negative: Satellite subcarrier audio Satellite subcarrier audio is audio transmitted by way of satellite that utilizes a separate analog or digital signal carried on a main radio transmission ( usually video ) on a specific satellite transponder . More technically , it is an already-modulated signal , which is then modulated into another signal of higher frequency and bandwidth . In a more general sense , satellite subcarrier audio is an early form of satellite radio not intended for the consumer market but was initially unencrypted , thus receivable to satellite hobbyists .   Original analog video only has one channel per transponder , with subcarriers for audio and automatic transmission identification service ATIS . Non-multiplexed radio stations can also travel in single channel per carrier ( SCPC ) mode , with multiple carriers ( analog or digital ) per transponder . This allows each station to transmit directly to the satellite , rather than paying for a whole transponder , or using landlines to send it to an earth station for multiplexing with other stations .

negative: Low-rate picture transmission The low-rate picture transmission ( LRPT ) is a digital transmission system , intended to deliver images and data from an orbital weather satellite directly to end users via a VHF radio signal . It is used aboard polar-orbiting , near-Earth weather satellite programs such as MetOp and NPOESS .

negative: Satellite Home Viewer Act The Satellite Home Viewer Act of 1998 comprises a set of regulations which govern the transmissions of television stations in the United States , specifically imposing the restriction of satellite carrier transmissions of a network station 's transmissions only to subscribers who can not receive these broadcasts via antenna and have not subscribed to a cable system providing these broadcasts , and which also concern regularizing satellite carriers ' submission of lists of subscribers to networks , the coordination of broadcasting fees with territorial coverage of transmissions , and the distribution of fees to copyright owners of works included in transmissions .

negative: Single channel per carrier Single channel per carrier ( SCPC ) refers to using a single signal at a given frequency and bandwidth . Most often , this is used on broadcast satellites to indicate that radio stations are not multiplexed as subcarriers onto a single video carrier , but instead independently share a transponder . It may also be used on other communications satellites , or occasionally on non-satellite transmissions .   In an SCPC system , satellite bandwidth is dedicated to a single source . This makes sense if it is being used for something like satellite radio , which broadcasts continuously . Another very common application is voice , where a small amount of fixed bandwidth is required . However , it does not make sense for burst transmissions like satellite internet access or telemetry , since a customer would have to pay for the satellite bandwidth even when they were not using it .   Where multiple access is concerned , SCPC is essentially FDMA . Some applications use SCPC instead of TDMA , because they require guaranteed , unrestricted bandwidth . As satellite TDMA technology improves however , the applications for SCPC are becoming more limited .

negative: Satellite truck A satellite truck is a mobile communications satellite earth station , typically mounted on a truck chassis as a platform . They are used for remote television broadcasts , to transmit the video signal back to the studio or production facility for editing and broadcast . Satellite trucks usually travel with a production truck , which contains the video cameras , sound equipment and crew . A satellite truck has a large satellite dish antenna which is pointed at a communications satellite , which relays the signal back down to the studio . Satellite communication allows transmission from any location that the production truck can reach , provided a line of sight ( direct view ) to the desired satellite is available .

negative: High-resolution picture transmission Weather satellite pictures are often broadcast as high-resolution picture transmissions ( HRPTs ) , color high-resolution picture transmissions ( CHRPTs ) for Chinese weather satellite transmissions , or advanced high-resolution picture transmissions ( AHRPTs ) for EUMETSAT weather satellite transmissions . HRPT transmissions are available around the world and are available from both polar and geostationary weather satellites . The polar satellites rotate in orbits that allow each location on earth to be covered by the weather satellite twice per day while the geostationary satellites remain in one location at the equator taking weather images of the earth from that location over the equator . The sensor on weather satellites that picks up HRPT is referred to as an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer ( AVHRR ) .   Broadcast signal  The working frequency band for HRPT is L Band at 1.670 -- 1.710 GHz and the modulation  types are BPSK and QPSK . On NOAA KLM satellites the transmission power is 6.35 Watts , or 38.03 dBm . The METOP-A satellite broadcasts with a bandwidth of 4.5 MHz .

negative: Automatic picture transmission The Automatic Picture Transmission ( APT ) system is an analog image transmission system developed for use on weather satellites . It was introduced in the 1960s and over four decades has provided image data to relatively low-cost user stations at locations in most countries of the world . A user station anywhere in the world can receive local data at least twice a day from each satellite as it passes nearly overhead .

negative: StarBand StarBand was a two-way satellite broadband Internet service available in the U.S. from 2000 -- 2015 .   StarBand ceased operations effective September 30 , 2015 , citing increased competition from other internet providers .   The StarBand satellite Internet system was a VSAT platform that used Ku band satellites for transmission of data from users ' PCs to the StarBand network operations center . Two-way bandwidth for residential users was up to 1.5 Mbit/s download speed and 256 kbit/s upload speed , with unlimited usage and online hours . A 0.75 meter satellite dish is needed ; the antenna was sufficiently small that homeowner associations could not prohibit its installation .

negative: G Sat G Sat ( Global Satellite ) is a subscription-based direct-to-home ( DTH ) satellite television service commercially available in the Philippines . G Sat is owned by Global Broadcasting and Multimedia Inc. ( GBMI ) and First United Broadcasting Corporation , registered in the Philippines with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) .   It is operated and managed by international and professional management groups engaged in the business of : satellite wireless transmission , WIMAX transmission , landline transmission , satellite internet data transmission , satellite direct-to-home TV operation , terrestrial television operation , broadband data service , head end in the sky operation , content aggregation , production and distribution , consolidation of telecom and broadcasting management .   In August 2016 , G Sat was moved to SES-9 from their former satellite broadcaster NSS 11 due on its system upgrade .

negative: Television receive-only Television receive-only ( TVRO ) is a term used chiefly in North America to refer to the reception of satellite television from FSS-type satellites , generally on C-band analog ; free-to-air and unconnected to a commercial DBS provider . TVRO was the main means of consumer satellite reception in the United States and Canada until the mid-1990s with the arrival of direct-broadcast satellite television services such as PrimeStar , USSB , Bell TV , DirecTV , Dish Network , Sky TV that transmit Ku signals . While these services are at least theoretically based on open standards ( DVB-S , MPEG-2 , MPEG-4 ) , the majority of services are encrypted and require proprietary decoder hardware . TVRO systems relied on feeds being transmitted unencrypted and using open standards , which heavily contrasts to DBS systems in the region .   The term is also used to refer to receiving digital television `` backhaul '' feeds from FSS-type satellites . Reception of free-to-air satellite signals , generally Ku band Digital Video Broadcasting , for home viewing is still common in Europe , India and Australia , although the TVRO nomenclature was never used there . Free-to-air satellite signals are also very common in the People 's Republic of China , as many rural locations can not receive cable television and solely rely on satellites to deliver television signals to individual homes .

negative: Earth observation satellites transmission frequencies The earth is constantly being monitored by a great number satellites operating in the earth exploration-satellite service ( EESS ) or space research service ( SRS ) . These artificial satellites have onboard space radio stations from which they gather data . The data is transmitted back to earth via feeder links . This article lists a number of current active Earth observation satellites and their downlink transmission frequencies .

negative: FTA receiver A free-to-air or FTA Receiver is a satellite television receiver designed to receive unencrypted broadcasts . Modern decoders are typically compliant with the MPEG-2 / DVB-S and more recently the MPEG-4 / DVB-S2 standard for digital television , while older FTA receivers relied on analog satellite transmissions which have declined rapidly in recent years .

negative: Satellite phone A satellite telephone , satellite phone , or satphone is a type of mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell sites . They provide similar functionality to terrestrial mobile telephones ; voice , short messaging service and low-bandwidth internet access are supported through most systems .   Depending on the architecture of a particular system , coverage may include the entire Earth or only specific regions .   The mobile equipment , also known as a terminal , varies widely . Early satellite phone handsets had a size and weight comparable to that of a late-1980s or early-1990s mobile phone , but usually with a large retractable antenna . More recent satellite phones are similar in size to a regular mobile phone while some prototype satellite phones have no distinguishable difference from an ordinary smartphone . Satphones are popular on expeditions into remote areas where terrestrial cellular service is unavailable .   A fixed installation , such as one used aboard a ship , may include large , rugged , rack-mounted electronics , and a steerable microwave antenna on the mast that automatically tracks the overhead satellites . Smaller installations using VoIP over a two-way satellite broadband service such as BGAN or VSAT bring the costs within the reach of leisure vessel owners . Internet service satellite phones have notoriously poor reception indoors , though it may be possible to get a consistent signal near a window or in the top floor of a building if the roof is sufficiently thin . The phones have connectors for external antennas that can be installed in vehicles and buildings . The systems also allow for the use of repeaters , much like terrestrial mobile phone systems .

negative: Amateur radio satellite An amateur radio satellite is an artificial satellite built and used by amateur radio operators for use in the Amateur-satellite service . These satellites use amateur radio frequency allocations to facilitate communication between amateur radio stations .   Many amateur-satellites receive an OSCAR designation , which is an acronym for Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio . The designation is assigned by AMSAT , an organization which promotes the development and launch of amateur radio satellites . Because of the prevalence of this designation , amateur radio satellites are often referred to as OSCARs .   These satellites can be used for free by licensed amateur radio operators for voice ( FM , SSB ) and data communications ( AX .25 , packet radio , APRS ) . Currently , over 5 fully operational amateur-satellites in orbit act as repeaters , linear transponders or store and forward digital relays .   Throughout the years , amateur-satellites have helped make breakthroughs in the science of satellite communications . A few advancements include the launch of the first satellite voice transponder ( OSCAR 3 ) and the development of highly advanced digital `` store-and-forward '' messaging transponder techniques .

negative: Hisaki (satellite) Hisaki , also known as the Spectroscopic Planet Observatory for Recognition of Interaction of Atmosphere ( SPRINT-A ) is a Japanese ultraviolet astronomy satellite operated by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) . The first mission of the Small Scientific Satellite programme , it was launched in September 2013 on the maiden flight of the Epsilon rocket .   Hisaki was named after a cape used by local fishermen to pray for safe travels in the eastern part of Kimotsuki , Kagoshima near the Uchinoura Space Center , but has the additional meaning of `` beyond the Sun '' . An old name for the mission was EXCEED ( Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscope for Exospheric Dynamics ) .

negative: Relay program The Relay program consisted of Relay 1 and Relay 2 , two early American satellites in Low Earth orbit . Both were primarily experimental communications satellites funded by NASA and developed by RCA . As of December 2 , 2016 , both satellites were still in orbit . Relay 1 provided the first American television transmissions across the Pacific Ocean .

negative: Amos-4 AMOS 4 is an Israeli commercial communication satellite , part of the AMOS series of satellites . The satellite is positioned at the 65 ° E longitude in the geostationary belt . It lifted off on 31 August 2013 , 20:05 UTC from Baikonur , Kazakhstan . Transmission and communication services given by this satellite include direct distribution of TV and radio translations , TV and radio translations to communication centers , distribution of internet services and data transmissions to communication networks . It offers coverage across Southeast Asia along with high power coverage beams offering communication links from East Asia to the Middle East .

negative: Shortwave radio Shortwave radio is radio transmission using shortwave frequencies , generally 1.6 -- , just above the medium wave AM broadcast band .   Radio waves in this band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere . Therefore , short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth at great distances , beyond the horizon . This is called skywave or skip propagation . Thus shortwave radio can be used for very long distance communication , in contrast to radio waves of higher frequency which travel in straight lines ( line-of-sight propagation ) and are limited by the visual horizon , about 40 miles . Shortwave radio is used for broadcasting of voice and music to shortwave listeners over very large areas ; sometimes entire continents or beyond . It is also used for military over-the-horizon radar , diplomatic communication , and two-way international communication by amateur radio enthusiasts for hobby , educational and emergency purposes .

negative: SATCOM SATCOM or Satcom may refer to :   Short for Satellite Communications and used frequently in the context of VSAT ( Very Small Aperture Terminal )  Communications satellites or comsats  Satcom ( satellite ) , a fleet of early geostationary communications satellites  Used by some airliners to transmit ACARS messages  Generic term for mobile telephony via satellite ( i.e. , aircraft and watercraft )

negative: SSETI Express Satellite SSETI Express was the first spacecraft to be designed and built by European students and was launched by the European Space Agency .  SSETI Express ( SSETI being the acronym for Student Space Exploration and Technology Initiative ) is a small spacecraft , similar in size and shape to a washing machine . On board the student-built spacecraft were three CubeSat pico-satellites , extremely small satellites weighing around one kg each . These were deployed one hour and forty minutes after launch . 23 university groups , working from locations spread across Europe and with very different cultural backgrounds , worked together via the internet to jointly create the satellite . The expected lifetime of the mission was planned to be 2 months . Express is the fastest developed micro-satellite in history .

negative: Distributed transmission system In North American digital terrestrial television broadcasting , a distributed transmission system ( DTS or DTx ) is a form of single-frequency network in which a single broadcast signal is fed via microwave , landline , or communications satellite to multiple synchronised terrestrial radio transmitter sites . The signal is then simultaneously broadcast on the same frequency in different overlapping portions of the same coverage area , effectively combining many small transmitters to generate a broadcast area rivalling that of one large transmitter or to fill gaps in coverage due to terrain or localised obstacles .

negative: Satellite geolocation Satellite geolocation is the process of locating the origin of a signal appearing on a satellite communication channel . Typically , this process is used to mitigate interference on communication satellites . Usually , these interference signals are caused by human error or equipment failure , but can also be caused by deliberate jamming . Identifying the geographical location of an interfering signal informs the mitigation activity .

negative: Strela (satellite) Strela ( Стрела , arrow ) is a Russian ( previously Soviet ) military communications satellite constellation operating in low Earth orbit .   These satellites operate as mailboxes ( `` store-and-forward '' ) : they remember the received messages and then resend them after scheduled time , or by command from the Earth . Some sources state the satellites are capable of only three months of active operation , but in accordance to others they can serve for about five years . The satellites are used for transmission of encrypted messages and images .

negative: Footprint (satellite) The footprint of a communications satellite is the ground area that its transponders offer coverage , and determines the satellite dish diameter required to receive each transponder 's signal . There is usually a different map for each transponder ( or group of transponders ) , as each may be aimed to cover different areas .   Footprint maps usually show either the estimated minimum satellite dish diameter required or the signal strength in each area measured in dBW .

negative: GPS satellite blocks A GPS satellite is a satellite used by the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System ( GPS ) . The first satellite in the system , Navstar 1 , was launched February 22 , 1978 . The GPS satellite constellation is operated by the 50th Space Wing of the United States Air Force .   The GPS satellites circle the Earth at an altitude of about 20,000 km ( 12,427 miles ) and complete two full orbits every day .

negative: Oreoglanis macronemus Oreoglanis macronemus is a species of sisorid catfish . It is known only from four preserved specimens collected from the Xiangkhoang Plateau , northern Laos , by an expedition led by Jean Théodore Delacour in the mid-1920s and misidentified as Euchiloglanis sp . These specimens are in the Natural History Museum , London .   This is a very small catfish ( the largest specimen , a male , has a standard length of 6.5 cm ) , generally smaller than most other Oreoglanis species ( although the small sample size makes this distinction largely irrelevant ) . The main difference between this species and its congeners is its extremely long nasal barbels , almost half the length of the head .

negative: Satellite flare Satellite flare , also known as satellite glint , is the visible phenomenon caused by the reflective surfaces of passing satellites ( such as antennas , SAR or solar panels ) , reflecting sunlight toward the Earth below and appearing as a brief , bright `` flare '' .   The Iridium constellation with 66 active telecommunication satellites in low Earth orbit are known to cause the brightest flares of all orbiting satellites .

negative: Radio wave Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light . Radio waves have frequencies as high as 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz , though some definitions describe waves above 1 or 3 GHz as microwaves , or include waves of any lower frequency . At 300 GHz , the corresponding wavelength is 1 mm , and at 3 kHz is 100 km . Like all other electromagnetic waves , they travel at the speed of light . Naturally occurring radio waves are generated by lightning , or by astronomical objects .   Artificially generated radio waves are used for fixed and mobile radio communication , broadcasting , radar and other navigation systems , communications satellites , computer networks and innumerable other applications . Radio waves are generated by radio transmitters and received by radio receivers . Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth 's atmosphere ; long waves can diffract around obstacles like mountains and follow the contour of the earth ( ground waves ) , shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere and return to earth beyond the horizon ( skywaves ) , while much shorter wavelengths bend or diffract very little and travel on a line of sight , so their propagation distances are limited to the visual horizon .   To prevent interference between different users , the artificial generation and use of radio waves is strictly regulated by law , coordinated by an international body called the International Telecommunications Union ( ITU ) , which defines radio waves as `` electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3 000 GHz , propagated in space without artificial guide '' . The radio spectrum is divided into a number of radio bands on the basis of frequency , allocated to different uses .

negative: Geo Entertainment Geo Entertainment or Geo Drama is a Pakistani entertainment television channel owned by Geo Television Network was established in May 2002 . Its test transmission started on 14 August 2002 on the PAS 10 digital satellite whereas on 1 October 2002 the regular transmission of Geo Entertainment was started .

negative: Satellite modem A satellite modem or satmodem is a modem used to establish data transfers using a communications satellite as a relay .   There is a wide range of satellite modems from cheap devices for home Internet access to expensive multifunctional equipment for enterprise use .   A `` modem '' stands for `` modulator-demodulator '' . A satellite modem 's main function is to transform an input bitstream to a radio signal and vice versa . There are some devices that include only a demodulator ( and no modulator , thus only allowing data to be downloaded by satellite ) that are also referred to as `` satellite modems . '' These devices are used in satellite Internet access ( in this case uploaded data is transferred through a conventional PSTN modem or an ADSL modem ) .

negative: Small Satellite Conference Internationally recognized as the premier conference on small satellites , the AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites ( also known as the Small Satellite Conference , or Small Sat ) is held each August on the campus of Utah State University ( USU ) in Logan , Utah , USA .   This annual gathering provides a forum for the best minds in the small satellite community to review recent successes , explore new directions , and introduce emerging technologies in small spacecraft development . In addition to creating an excellent environment for networking and speaking with experts in military , science , and academic fields , the Conference offers a program of international relevance , focusing on the key challenges and opportunities facing the small satellite community today .

negative: GPS navigation device A GPS navigation device or GPS receiver , and when used for vehicle navigation commonly referred to simply as a GPS , is a device that is capable of receiving information from GPS satellites and then to accurately calculate its geographical location . The Global Positioning System ( GPS ) is a global navigation satellite system ( GNSS ) made up of a network of a minimum of 24 , but currently 30 , satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense .   The GPS was originally developed for use by the United States military , but in the 1980s , the United States government allowed the system to be used for civilian purposes . Though the GPS satellite data is free and works anywhere in the world , the GPS device and the associated software must be bought or rented .   A GPS device can retrieve from the GPS system location and time information in all weather conditions , anywhere on or near the Earth . A GPS reception requires an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites , and is subject to poor satellite signal conditions . In exceptionally poor signal conditions , for example in urban areas , satellite signals may exhibit multipath propagation where signals skip off structures , or are weakened by meteorological conditions . Obstructed lines of sight may arise from a tree canopy or inside a structure , such as in a building , garage or tunnel . Today , most standalone GPS receivers are used in automobiles . The GPS capability of smartphones may use assisted GPS ( A-GPS ) technology , which can use the base station or cell towers to provide the device location tracking capability , especially when GPS signals are poor or unavailable . However , the mobile network part of the A-GPS technology would not be available when the smartphone is outside the range of the mobile reception network .   The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System ( GLONASS ) was developed contemporaneously with GPS , but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s . GLONASS can be added to GPS devices which makes more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately , to within 2 meters .


query: Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.

positive: Sea level rise A sea level rise is an increase in the volume of water in the world 's oceans , resulting in an increase in global mean sea level . Sea level rise is usually attributed to global climate change by thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting of Ice sheets and glaciers on land . Melting of floating ice shelves or icebergs at sea raises sea levels only slightly .   Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average . Local factors might include tectonic effects , subsidence of the land , tides , currents , storms , etc. .  Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries . Because of the slow inertia , long response time for parts of the climate system , it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 m for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years . IPCC Summary for Policymakers , AR5 , 2014 , indicated that the global mean sea level rise will continue during the 21st century , very likely at a faster rate than observed from 1971 to 2010 . Projected rates and amounts vary . A January 2017 NOAA report suggests a range of GMSL rise of 0.3 -- 2.5 m possible during the 21st century .   Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems .

negative: James O'Brien (oceanographer) James O'Brien ( born August 10 , 1935 , died September 20 , 2016 ) is the emeritus Robert O. Lawton Professor of Meteorology and Oceanography at Florida State University . He believes sea levels are rising but predicts a more modest 18 in rise instead of 6 ft by 2100 targeted by some other scientists . He stated that `` sea level in Florida is going to continue to rise period . Unless we go back into an Ice age , we will continue to rise at over 8 in in 10 year . That 's without any global warming . ''

negative: Raised shoreline A raised shoreline is an ancient shoreline exposed above current water level . These landforms are formed by a relative change in sea level due to global sea level rise , isostatic rebound , and/or tectonic uplift . These surfaces are usually exposed above modern sea level when a heavily glaciated area experiences a glacial retreat , causing water levels to rise . This area will then experience post-glacial rebound , effectively  raising the shoreline surface .  Examples of raised shorelines can be found along the coasts of formerly glaciated areas in Ireland and Scotland , as well as in North America . Raised shorelines are exposed at various locations around the Puget Sound of Washington State .

negative: Marine transgression A marine transgression is a geologic event during which sea level rises relative to the land and the shoreline moves toward higher ground , resulting in flooding . Transgressions can be caused either by the land sinking or the ocean basins filling with water ( or decreasing in capacity ) . Transgressions and regressions may be caused by tectonic events such as orogenies , severe climate change such as ice ages or isostatic adjustments following removal of ice or sediment load .   During the Cretaceous , seafloor spreading created a relatively shallow Atlantic basin at the expense of deeper Pacific basin . This reduced the world 's ocean basin capacity and caused a rise in sea level worldwide . As a result of this sea level rise , the oceans transgressed completely across the central portion of North America and created the Western Interior Seaway from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean .   The opposite of transgression is regression , in which the sea level falls relative to the land and exposes former sea bottom . During the Pleistocene Ice Ages , so much water was removed from the oceans and stored on land as year-round glaciers that the ocean regressed 120 m , exposing the Bering land bridge between Alaska and Asia .

negative: Past sea level Global or eustatic sea level has fluctuated significantly over the Earth 's history . The main factors affecting sea level are the amount and volume of available water and the shape and volume of the ocean basins . The primary influences on water volume are the temperature of the seawater , which affects density , and the amounts of water retained in other reservoirs like rivers , aquifers , lakes , glaciers , polar ice caps and sea ice . Over geological timescales , changes in the shape of the oceanic basins and in land/sea distribution affect sea level . In addition to eustatic changes , local changes in sea level are caused by tectonic uplift and subsidence .   Over geologic time sea level has fluctuated by hundreds of meters . Today 's interglacial level is near historic highs and is 130 meters above the low level reached during the Last Glacial Maximum 19,000 -- 20,000 years ago .   Observational and modeling studies of mass loss from glaciers and ice caps indicate a contribution to sea-level rise of 0.2 to 0.4 mm/yr averaged over the 20th century . Over this last million years , whereas it was higher most of the time before then , sea level was lower than today .

negative: Climate inertia Climate inertia describes the widespread inherent characteristic of the climate , ecological , and socio-economic systems . Inertia from anthropogenic impacts may be slow to become apparent , or could be irreversible if climate change crosses associated thresholds . Melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica take time to respond to the emissions of fossil fuel carbon in the climate system . The global warming also causes thermal inertia , thermal expansion of the oceans , which contributes to sea level rise . It has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 meters for each degree of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years .

negative: Ice2sea Ice2sea is a program of scientific research funded by the European Union 's Framework 7 Programme to study the effects of climate change on glaciation and the melting of ice caps and glaciers on sea level . The ice2sea project , a collaborative of 24 research institutions , which is headed by Prof David Vaughan , aims to reduce the uncertainty in sea-level projections which are of great economic and social importance to the European Union , especially as large areas of coastal area in Europe are below or less than a metre above sea level .   The 2007 fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) report highlighted ice sheets * as the most significant remaining uncertainty in projections of sea-level rise . Understanding about the crucial ice-sheet effects was `` too limited to assess their likelihood or provide a best estimate of an upper bound for sea-level rise '' .   Improved scientific results from ice2sea will feed directly into the fifth IPCC report ( due in 2013 ) to generate more accurate sea-level rise projections .   The initiative recently funded research by scientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Germany , which was published in Nature in 2012 , which predicts the disappearance of the 450000 km2 vast Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in east Antarctica by the end of the century which could add up to 4.4 mm of rise of sea level each year due to its melting alone .

negative: Copenhagen Diagnosis The Copenhagen Diagnosis is a report written by twenty-six climate scientists from eight countries . It was published in 2009 and was a summary of the peer-reviewed literature to date .   The Copenhagen Diagnosis is a follow-up of the previous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's Working Group 1 Report . The studies summarized , which date back to the cutoff point of the Working Group 1 Report , are those that authors viewed most relevant to the discussions at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference . The Copenhagen Diagnosis served as the midpoint between IPCC -- AR4 and IPCC-AR5 .   In total , the Copenhagen Diagnosis contains eight main sections , which are :   Surging Greenhouse gas emissions  Since 1990 , the combined global emission of carbon dioxide from various origins , such as cement production , deforestation , and fossil fuel burning , has increased 27 % .  Human-induced warming  Studies conducted by Lee and Rind show that only 10 % of global warming over the past century was due to the Sun .  Acceleration of melting ice caps  Glaciers and melting ice caps can contribute to about 8/10ths of a meter to global sea level rise .  Rapid Arctic sea-ice decline  According to simulations run by NCAR Climate System Model version 3 , the Arctic summer is expected to be ice-free by 2040 .  Underestimation of changing sea levels  In contrast to previous IPCC , the rate of sea level rise ( 3.4 mm/yr over the past 15 years ) has increased around 80 % faster than previously predicted .  Damage due to inaction  A region of permafrost , called the Yedoma , stores about 500 Gt of CO2 and , once released due to rising global temperatures , will increase global temperatures even more .  Turning point must come soon  The largest climate science conference , held in 2009 , has stated , `` Temperature rises above 2 ° C will be difficult for contemporary societies to cope with , and are likely to cause major societal and environmental disruptions through the rest of the century and beyond . ''  The Future  By 2100 , global mean air-temperature is projected to warm by 2 ° C -- 7 ° C above pre-industrial levels .

negative: Hundred-year wave A hundred-year wave is a statistically projected water wave , the height of which , on average , is met or exceeded once in a hundred years for a given location . The likelihood of this wave height being attained at least once in the hundred-year period is 63 % . As a projection of the most extreme wave which can be expected to occur in a given body of water , the hundred-year wave is a factor commonly taken into consideration by designers of oil platforms and other offshore structures . Periods of time other than a hundred years may also be taken into account , resulting in , for instance , a fifty-year wave .   Various methods are employed to predict the possible steepness and period of these waves , in addition to their height .

negative: Tide Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth .   The times and amplitude of tides at any given locale are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon , by the pattern of tides in the deep ocean , by the amphidromic systems of the oceans , and the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry ( see Timing ) . Some shorelines experience a semi-diurnal tide -- two nearly equal high and low tides each day . Other locations experience a diurnal tide -- only one high and low tide each day . A `` mixed tide '' -- two uneven tides a day , or one high and one low -- is also possible .   Tides vary on timescales ranging from hours to years due to a number of factors . To make accurate records , tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time . Gauges ignore variations caused by waves with periods shorter than minutes . These data are compared to the reference ( or datum ) level usually called mean sea level .   While tides are usually the largest source of short-term sea-level fluctuations , sea levels are also subject to forces such as wind and barometric pressure changes , resulting in storm surges , especially in shallow seas and near coasts .   Tidal phenomena are not limited to the oceans , but can occur in other systems whenever a gravitational field that varies in time and space is present . For example , the solid part of the Earth is affected by tides , though this is not as easily seen as the water tidal movements .

negative: Meltwater pulse 1A Meltwater pulse 1A ( MWP1a ) is the name used by Quaternary geologists , paleoclimatologists , and oceanographers for a period of rapid post-glacial sea level rise during which global sea level rose between 16 m and 25 m in about 400 -- 500 years , giving mean rates of roughly 40 -- 60 mm/yr . Meltwater pulse 1A is also known as catastrophic rise event 1 ( CRE1 ) in the Caribbean Sea . The rates of sea level rise associated with meltwater pulse 1A are the highest known rates of post-glacial , eustatic sea level rise . Meltwater pulse 1A is also the most widely recognized and least disputed of the named , postglacial meltwater pulses . Other named , postglacial meltwater pulses are known most commonly as meltwater pulse 1A0 ( meltwater pulse 19ka ) , meltwater pulse 1B , meltwater pulse 1C , meltwater pulse 1D , and meltwater pulse 2 . It and these other periods of rapid sea level rise are known as meltwater pulses because the inferred cause of them was the rapid release of meltwater into the oceans from the collapse of continental ice sheets .

negative: Climate change Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time ( i.e. , decades to millions of years ) . Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions , or in the time variation of weather around longer-term average conditions ( i.e. , more or fewer extreme weather events ) . Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes , variations in solar radiation received by Earth , plate tectonics , and volcanic eruptions . Certain human activities have been identified as primary causes of ongoing climate change , often referred to as global warming .   Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using observations and theoretical models . A climate record -- extending deep into the Earth 's past -- has been assembled , and continues to be built up , based on geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles , cores removed from deep accumulations of ice , floral and faunal records , glacial and periglacial processes , stable-isotope and other analyses of sediment layers , and records of past sea levels . More recent data are provided by the instrumental record . General circulation models , based on the physical sciences , are often used in theoretical approaches to match past climate data , make future projections , and link causes and effects in climate change .

negative: Kivalina, Alaska Kivalina Kivalliñiq in Iñupiaq ) is a city and village in Northwest Arctic Borough , Alaska , United States . The population was 377 at the 2000 census and 374 as of the 2010 census .   The island on which the village lies is threatened by rising sea levels and coastal erosion . , it is predicted that the island will be inundated by 2025 .

negative: Clinical prediction rule A clinical prediction rule is a type of medical research study in which researchers try to identify the best combination of medical sign , symptoms , and other findings in predicting the probability of a specific disease or outcome .   Physicians have difficulty in estimated risks of diseases ; frequently erring towards overestimation , perhaps due to cognitive biases such as base rate fallacy in which the risk of an adverse outcome is exaggerated .

negative: Surface pressure In atmospheric science , surface pressure is the atmospheric pressure at a location on Earth 's surface . It is directly proportional to the mass of air over that location .   For numerical reasons , atmospheric models such as general circulation models ( GCMs ) usually predict the nondimensional logarithm of surface pressure .   The average value of surface pressure on Earth is 985hPa . This is in contrast to mean sea-level pressure , which involves the extrapolation of pressure to sea-level for locations above or below sea-level . The average pressure at mean sea-level ( MSL ) in the International Standard Atmosphere ( ISA ) is 1013.25 hPa , or 1 atmosphere ( Atm ) , or 29.92 inches of mercury .   Pressure ( P ) , mass ( m ) , and the acceleration due to gravity ( g ) , are related by P = F/A = ( m * g ) / A , where A is surface area . Atmospheric pressure is thus proportional to the weight per unit area of the atmospheric mass above that location .

negative: Taro Island Taro Island is a small island in the Solomon Islands with 507 inhabitants , capital of Choiseul Province and is located in Choiseul Bay off the northwest coast .   Taro Island is home to the Choiseul Bay Airport , served by Solomon Airlines with flights to Gizo and other destinations .   In September 2012 , groundbreaking for the construction of a police housing project began . The project will be supervised by the Choiseul Province police board , and will strengthen police presence on the island .   The island is very vulnerable to sea level rise . In 2016 , John A. Church , Colin Woodroffe , and other Australian researchers from CSIRO predicted that Taro Island would become the first provincial capital globally to relocate residents and services due to the threat of sea level rise .

negative: Hypsometry Hypsometry ( from Greek ὕψος , hupsos , `` height '' and μέτρον , metron , `` measure '' ) is the measurement of land elevation relative to sea level . Bathymetry is the underwater equivalent . A hypsometer is an instrument used in hypsometry , which estimates the elevation by boiling water -- water boils at different temperatures depending on the air pressure , and thus altitude .   On Earth , the elevations can take on either positive or negative ( below sea level ) values , and are bimodal due to the contrast between the continents and oceans . On other planets within this solar system , elevations are typically unimodal , owing to the lack of oceans on those bodies .

negative: Gjesværstappan Gjesværstappan is a group of high , steep-sided , grass-covered islands which are located north of the village of Gjesvær in Nordkapp Municipality in Finnmark county , Norway . The three main islands are Storstappen , Kjerkestappen , and Bukkstappen .   Storstappan rises to a height of 283 m above sea level and has a peninsula called Stauren that rises to 165 m. Kjerkestappen rises to an elevation of 166 m above sea level and Bukkstappen rises to 92 m above sea level . Historically , there were people that lived on the islands and there was a church on Kjerkestappen .

negative: Jonathan M. Gregory Jonathan M. Gregory FRS is a climate modeller working on mechanisms of global and large-scale change in climate and sea level on multidecadal and longer timescales . He is currently a senior scientist in the Climate Division of NERC 's National Centre for Atmospheric Science ( NCAS-Climate ) , located in the Department of Meteorology at the University of Reading ; and a Research Fellow in climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre .   A 2004 study , led by Gregory and published in the journal Nature , predicted that the Greenland ice sheet is likely to be eliminated as a consequence of global warming , resulting in a rise in global sea-levels by 7 meters over the next 1000 years or more .   He was a co-ordinating Lead Author of the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report chapter 11 Changes in Sea Level , and a contributing author to the sea level chapter in the IPCC Second Assessment Report '' . Gregory was also a co-Lead Author of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report chapter 5 Observations : Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level , and chapter 10 Global Climate Projections . IPCC was a co-recipient ( with Al Gore ) of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for its work on climate change .   In 2010 Jonathan Gregory was awarded an Advanced Grant by the European Research Council to carry out research on sea level change .   In 2017 Jonathan Gregory was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society .

negative: CryoSat CryoSat is an ESA programme to monitor variations in the extent and thickness of polar ice through use of a satellite in low Earth orbit . The information provided about the behaviour of coastal glaciers that drain thinning ice sheets will be key to better predictions of future sea level rise . The CryoSat-1 spacecraft was lost in a launch failure in 2005 , however the programme was resumed with the successful launch of a replacement , CryoSat-2 , launched on 8 April 2010 .   CryoSat is operated from the European Space Operations Centre ( ESOC ) in Darmstadt , Germany .

negative: Argyrodes chionus Argyrodes chionus is a species of tangle-web spider that is endemic to Aldabra in the Seychelles . It is found in dry shrubland at sea level . It is threatened by habitat deterioration due to sea level rise .

negative: Annual cycle of sea level height The annual cycle of sea level height ( or seasonal cycle or annual harmonic ) describes the variation of sea level that occurs with a period of one year . Historically , analysis of the annual cycle has been limited by locations with tide gauge records , i.e. , coastlines and some islands in the deep ocean , and by sparse records in the Southern Hemisphere . Since 1992 , satellite-based altimeters have provided near global coverage of sea level variability , allowing for a more thorough understanding of the annual cycle both in the deep ocean and in coastal margins .

negative: Campbell Plateau The Campbell Plateau is a large oceanic plateau south of New Zealand and the Chatham Rise . It originated in the Gondwanan breakup and is part of Zealandia , a largely submerged continent . The above sea level parts of the plateau -- the Bounty Islands , Antipodes Islands , Auckland Islands and Campbell Island -- form part of the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands which were declared a World Heritage Site in 1998 .  Large parts of the Campbell Plateau lies less than 1000 m below sea level . It rises to 500 m at the Pukaki Rise and emerges above sea level at the Auckland and Campbell Islands .   Covering an area of 800000 km2 , the Campbell Plateau has a gently undulating bathymetry with major rises trending east-west : Campbell Island Rise , Pukaki Rise , and Bounty Island Ridge . There are two near-parallel rises on the western margin : Stewart Island -- Snare Island Rise and Auckland Island platform . The continental slopes are steep on western and southern margins while the northern margin slowly falls into the Bounty Trough .

negative: Global warming in Tuvalu Global warming is a concern in Tuvalu since the average height of the islands is less than 2 m above sea level , with the highest point of Niulakita being about 4.6 m above sea level . Tuvalu could be one of the first nations to experience the effects of sea level rise . Not only could parts of the island be flooded but the rising saltwater table could also destroy deep rooted food crops such as coconut , pulaka , and taro .

negative: Future sea level The rate of global mean sea-level rise ( ~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR ) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century ( ~ 2 mm/yr ) , but the rate of rise is locally variable . Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean . On Greenland , the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007 . On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75 % . Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about − 1.8 to − 4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about − 12 to − 14 m in the first decade of the 21st century . From 1961 to 2003 , ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming .   The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( 2007 ) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving . Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. ( 2008 ) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 ( favouring the low end of this range ) . Rahmstorf ( 2007 ) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century . Pielke ( 2008 ) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far . These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century . However , sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account .

negative: National Tidal and Sea Level Facility Established in 2002 , The National Tidal and Sea Level Facility is responsible for monitoring sea levels in the UK .   The NTSLF comprises the UK National Tide Gauge Network , geodetic networks , and gauges in the British Dependent Territories of the South Atlantic and Gibraltar . Data collected is used to create tidal predictions , monitor climate change and determine extreme sea levels for navigation and coastal engineering design .   The Network is funded by the UK Environment Agency . Associated scientific research is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ) and the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) .

negative: Retrogradation Retrogradation is the landward change in position of the front of a river delta with time . This occurs when the mass balance of sediment into the delta is such that the volume of incoming sediment is less than the volume of the delta that is lost through subsidence , sea-level rise , and/or erosion . As a result , retrogradation is most common :  during periods of sea-level rise which results in marine transgression . This can occur during major periods of global warming and the melting of continental ice sheets .  with extremely low sediment input .

negative: Expanding Earth The expanding Earth or growing Earth hypothesis asserts that the position and relative movement of continents is at least partially due to the volume of Earth increasing . Conversely , geophysical global cooling was the hypothesis that various features could be explained by Earth contracting .   Although it was suggested historically , since the recognition of plate tectonics in the 1970s , scientific consensus has rejected any significant expansion or contraction of Earth .

negative: Elevation The elevation of a geographic location is its height above or below a fixed reference point , most commonly a reference geoid , a mathematical model of the Earth 's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface ( see Geodetic system , vertical datum ) .  Elevation , or geometric height , is mainly used when referring to points on the Earth 's surface , while altitude or geopotential height is used for points above the surface , such as an aircraft in flight or a spacecraft in orbit , and depth is used for points below the surface .   Elevation is not to be confused with the distance from the center of the Earth ; due to equatorial bulge , the summits of Mt. Everest and Chimborazo have , respectively , the largest elevation and the largest geocentric distance .

negative: Environmental skepticism Environmental skepticism is the belief that claims by environmentalists , and the environmental scientists who support them , are false or exaggerated . The term is also applied to those who are critical of environmentalism in general . Environmental skepticism is closely linked with anti-environmentalism and climate change denial .   Environmental skeptics have argued that the extent of harm coming from human activities is less certain than some scientists and scientific bodies claim , or that it is too soon to be introducing curbs in these activities on the basis of existing evidence , or that further discussion is needed regarding who should pay for such environmental initiatives . One of the focus themes in the environmental skeptics movement is the idea that environmentalism is a growing threat to social and economic progress and the civil liberties .   The popularity of the term was enhanced by Bjørn Lomborg 's book The Skeptical Environmentalist . Lomborg approached environmental claims from a statistical and economic standpoint , and concluded that often the claims made by environmentalists were overstated . Lomborg argued , on the basis of cost -- benefit analysis , that few environmentalist claims warranted serious concern . However , in 2010 , Lomborg stated that he believes in the need for `` tens of billions of dollars a year to be invested in tackling climate change '' and declared global warming to be `` undoubtedly one of the chief concerns facing the world today '' and `` a challenge humanity must confront '' . He summarized his position , saying `` Global warming is real - it is man-made and it is an important problem . But it is not the end of the world . ''

negative: Climate Climate is the statistics of weather , usually over a 30-year interval . It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature , humidity , atmospheric pressure , wind , precipitation , atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time . Climate differs from weather , in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region .   A region 's climate is generated by the climate system , which has five components : atmosphere , hydrosphere , cryosphere , lithosphere , and biosphere .   The climate of a location is affected by its latitude , terrain , and altitude , as well as nearby water bodies and their currents . Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables , most commonly temperature and precipitation . The most commonly used classification scheme was the Köppen climate classification . The Thornthwaite system , in use since 1948 , incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying biological diversity and how climate change affects it . The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region .   Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates . Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century , paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores , and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral . Climate models are mathematical models of past , present and future climates . Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors ; recent warming is discussed in global warming . Global warming results in redistributions . For example , `` a 3 ° C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300 -- 400 km in latitude ( in the temperate zone ) or 500 m in elevation . Therefore , species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in latitude in response to shifting climate zones '' .

negative: Sea-level curve The sea-level curve is the representation of the changes of the sea level throughout the geological history .   The first such curve is the Vail curve or Exxon curve . The names of the curve refer to the fact that in 1977 a team of Exxon geologists from Esso Production Research headed by Peter Vail published a monograph on global eustatic sea-level changes . Their sea-level curve was based on seismic and biostratigraphic data accumulated during petroleum exploration .   The Vail curve ( and the monograph itself ) was the subject of debate among geologists , because it was based on undisclosed commercially confidential stratigraphic data , and hence not independently verifiable . Because of this , there were later efforts to establish a sea-level curve based on non-commercial data .   In 1987 -- 1988 a revised eustatic sea-level curve for the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras was published , now known as the Haq sea-level curve , in reference to the Pakistani-American Oceanographer Bilal Haq .

negative: Global Sea Level Observing System The Global Sea Level Observing System ( GLOSS ) is an Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission program whose purpose is to measure sea level globally for long-term climate change studies . The program 's purpose has changed since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the program now collects realtime measurements of sea level . The project is currently upgrading the over 290 stations it currently runs , so that they can send realtime data via satellite to newly set up national tsunami centres . They are also fitting the stations with solar panels so they can continue to operate even if the mains power supply is interrupted by severe weather . The Global Sea Level Observing System does not compete with Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis as most GLOSS transducers are located close to land masses while DART 's transducers are far out in the ocean .