query: Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.

positive: Earth Earth ( from Eorðe -LSB- Γαῖα , Gaia -RSB- Terra ) , otherwise known as the World or the Globe , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets .   According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . During one orbit around the Sun , Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times ; thus , an Earth year is about 365.26 days long . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted , producing seasonal variations on the planet 's surface . The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes the Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation .   Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by its oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics .   Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states .

positive: Paleocene The Paleocene ( -LSB- pronˈpæliəˌsiːn , _ ˈpæ - , _ - lioʊ - -RSB- ) or Palaeocene , the `` old recent '' , is a geologic epoch that lasted from about . It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era . As with many geologic periods , the strata that define the epoch 's beginning and end are well identified , but the exact ages remain uncertain .   The Paleocene Epoch brackets two major events in Earth 's history . It started with the mass extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous , known as the Cretaceous -- Paleogene ( K -- Pg ) boundary . This was a time marked by the demise of non-avian dinosaurs , giant marine reptiles and much other fauna and flora . The die-off of the dinosaurs left unfilled ecological niches worldwide . The Paleocene ended with the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum , a geologically brief ( ~ 0.2 million year ) interval characterized by extreme changes in climate and carbon cycling .   The name `` Paleocene '' comes from Ancient Greek and refers to the `` old ( er ) '' ( παλαιός , palaios ) `` new '' ( καινός , kainos ) fauna that arose during the epoch .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Temperature record of the past 1000 years For information on the description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in various IPCC reports see MWP and LIA in IPCC reportsThe temperature record of the past 1,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale . Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional : the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that `` Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely '' the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . '' The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century . As of 2010 this broad pattern was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th-century `` shaft '' appears . Sparseness of proxy records results in considerable uncertainty for earlier periods .   Individual proxy records , such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology , are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap . Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions : tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures ( within the tropics trees do not form rings ) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean . Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions , incorporating proxies such as lake sediments , ice cores and corals which are found in different regions , and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records . The `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures ; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction ( CFR ) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas , making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models .   During the 1,900 years before the 20th century , it is likely that the next warmest period was from 950 to 1100 , with peaks at different times in different regions . This has been called the Medieval Warm Period , and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age . In the hockey stick controversy , contrarians have asserted that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than at present , and have disputed the data and methods of climate reconstructions .

negative: 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves The 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves included severe heat waves that impacted most of the United States , Kazakhstan , Mongolia , China , Hong Kong , North Africa and the European continent as a whole , along with parts of Canada , Russia , Indochina , South Korea and Japan during May , June , July , and August 2010 . The first phase of the global heatwaves was caused by a moderate El Niño event , which lasted from June 2009 to May 2010 . The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010 , and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected . But it also set new record high temperatures for most of the area affected , in the Northern Hemisphere . The second phase ( the main , and most devastating phase ) was caused by a very strong La Niña event , which lasted from June 2010 to June 2011 . According to meteorologists , the 2010 -- 11 La Niña event was one of the strongest La Niña events ever observed . That same La Niña event also had devastating effects in the Eastern states of Australia . The second phase lasted from June 2010 to October 2010 , caused severe heat waves , and multiple record-breaking temperatures . The heatwaves began on April 2010 , when strong anticyclones began to develop , over most of the affected regions , in the Northern Hemisphere . The heatwaves ended in October 2010 , when the powerful anticyclones over most of the affected areas dissipated .   The heat wave during the summer of 2010 was at its worst in June , over the Eastern United States , Middle East , Eastern Europe and European Russia , and over Northeastern China and southeastern Russia . June 2010 marked the fourth consecutive warmest month on record globally , at 0.66 ° C ( 1.22 ° F ) above average , while the period April -- June was the warmest ever recorded for land areas in the Northern Hemisphere , at 1.25 ° C ( 2.25 ° F ) above average . The previous record for the global average temperature in June was set in 2005 at 0.66 ° C ( 1.19 ° F ) , and the previous warm record for April -- June over Northern Hemisphere land areas was 1.16 ° C ( 2.09 ° F ) , set in 2007 . Sometime during June 2010 , the highest recorded temperature caused by the heatwave was 53.5 ° C , in Southeastern Russia , just north of Kazakhstan . The strongest of the anticyclones , the one situated over Siberia , registered a maximum high pressure of 1040 millibars . The weather caused forest fires in China , where three in a team of 300 died fighting a fire that broke out in the Binchuan County of Dali , as Yunnan suffered the worst drought in 60 years by February 17 . A major drought was reported across the Sahel as early as January . In August , a section of the Petermann Glacier tongue connecting northern Greenland , the Nares Strait and the Arctic Ocean broke off , the biggest ice shelf in the Arctic to detach in 48 years . By the time the heatwaves had ended in late October 2010 , about $ 500 billion ( 2011 USD ) of damage was done , in the Northern Hemisphere alone .   The World Meteorological Organization stated that the heat waves , droughts and flooding events fit with predictions based on global warming for the 21st century , include those based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's 2007 4th Assessment Report . Some climatologists argue that these weather events would not have happened if the atmospheric carbon dioxide was at pre-industrial levels .

negative: Climate of Miami Miami has a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification Am ) with hot and humid summers and short , warm winters , with a marked drier season in the winter . Köppen climate classification Its sea-level elevation , coastal location , position just above the Tropic of Cancer , and proximity to the Gulf Stream shape its climate .   With January averaging 69.2 F , winter features warm temperatures ; cool air usually settles after the passage of a cold front , which produces much of the little amount of rainfall . Lows sometimes fall to or below 50 F , with an average 3 such occurrences annually , but very rarely 40 F ; from 1981 to 2010 , temperatures reached that level in only eight calendar years . Highs generally reach 70 F or higher , and fail to do so on only an average of 12 days annually .   The wet season usually begins during the month of May and continues through mid-October . During this period , temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s ( 29 -- 35 ° C ) , accompanied by high humidity , though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean , which then allow lower temperatures , but conditions still remain very muggy . Much of the year 's 61.9 in of rainfall occurs during this period .   Extreme temperatures range from 26.5 ° F ( recorded as 27 in the almanac ) on February 3 , 1917 , to 100 ° F on July 21 , 1942 , ( − 2.8 to 38 ° C ) , the triple-digit ( ° F ) reading on record ; the more recent freezing temperature seen at Miami International Airport was on December 25 , 1989 . The highest daily minimum temperature is 84 ° F on August 4 , 1993 and September 7 , 1897 ( although the corresponding record for Miami Beach is 90 ° F on July 17 , 2001 ) , and conversely , the lowest daily maximum temperature is 45 ° F on February 19 , 1900 .   While Miami has never officially recorded any accumulating snowfall since records have been kept , there were dubious claims of snow flurries on January 19 , 1977 during the cold wave of January 1977 . Weather conditions for the area around Miami were recorded sporadically from 1839 until 1900 , with many years-long gaps . A cooperative temperature and rainfall recording site was established in what is now Downtown in December 1900 . An official Weather Bureau Office opened in Miami in June 1911 . Heavy snow squalls with accumulations that lasted for a few hours after the snow had stopped falling in February 1899 were reported , but these are not official since there is no written record of it .   Miami receives abundant rainfall , one of the highest among major cities in the United States . Most of this rainfall occurs from mid-May through early October . Miami has an average annual rainfall of 61.9 in , whereas nearby Fort Lauderdale and Miami Beach receive 66.5 in and 51.7 in , respectively , which demonstrates the high local variability in rainfall rates .   Miami reports more thunderstorms than most US cities , with about eighty days per year having thunder reported . These storms are often strong , with frequent lightning and very heavy rain . Occasionally , they can be severe with damaging straight line winds and large hail . Tornadoes and waterspouts sometimes occur , although violent tornadoes of the type seen in other parts of the United States are rare in Florida .   During El Niño events , Miami becomes cooler than normal during the dry season with above average precipitation . During La Niña , Miami becomes warmer and drier than normal .   A record setting 12-day cold snap in January 2010 was the coldest period since at least the 1940s . During the cold wave of January 1977 that saw snowfall over the majority of the state , isolated flurries have been observed on the outskirts of Miami , which is the only recorded snowfall in the history of the region .   The climate for much of the state is humid subtropical ( Köppen Cfa ) , South Florida , as well as all of the Florida Keys , qualify as one of several tropical classifications ( Köppen Aw , Am , or Af ) . Köppen climate classification Southeastern Florida falls into USDA zone 10b for plant hardiness , where annual extreme low temperatures range from 30 to , versus zone 9 in Central Florida , and zone 8 in northern Florida . With global warming , the urban heat island effect , as well as Biscayne Bay as a buffer , the waterside downtown area and the barrier islands including Miami Beach made it into hardiness zone 11a by 2012 . Miami Beach has virtually no freezing weather in its history and very few sub - 40 F weather . Roughly 115 mi north of Miami , Jensen Beach is at the threshold of Florida 's tropical climate designation , with January having an average about 64 F. Southeastern Florida is also the only area in the continental United States to be in Zone 1 for Energy Star recommended insulation levels , with Hawaii , Puerto Rico , and the US Virgin Islands .

negative: 1C Company 1C Company ( Russian : Фирма `` 1С '' ) is an independent Russian software developers and publishers . Its headquarters are in Moscow , Russia . It is best known outside Russia as a video game developer whose presence has come to dominate events like the KRI , and whose products have begun to show up for international platforms like the Xbox . On the internal Russian market , 1C is considered a leader in business software as well .   1C 's comprehensive business software suite 1C : Предприятие ( 1C : Predpriyatiye , 1C : Enterprise ) has held an overwhelming market share for over a decade . 1C is also a leader in localizing and publishing Russian-language versions of international software . For instance , more than half of popular Western video games are licensed and published by 1C . The company has over 700 employees , 10,000 business partners , 4,500 authorized retailers , 1,200 training centers , 200 authorized certification locations and over 280 stores in 100 cities .

negative: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum The Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum ( PETM ) , alternatively ( ETM1 ) , and formerly known as the `` Initial Eocene '' or '' '' was a time period with more than 8 ° C warmer global average temperature than today . This climate event began at the time boundary between the Paleocene and Eocene geological epochs . The exact age and duration of the event is uncertain but it is estimated to have occurred around 55.5 million years ago .   The associated period of massive carbon injection into the atmosphere has been estimated to have lasted no longer than 20,000 years . The entire warm period lasted for about 200,000 years . Global temperatures increased by 5 -- 8 ° C . The carbon dioxide was likely released in two pulses , the first lasting less than 2,000 years . Such a repeated carbon release is in line with current global warming . A main difference is that during the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum , the planet was essentially ice-free .   The onset of the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum has been linked to an initial 5 ° C temperature rise and to extreme changes in Earth 's carbon cycle . The period is marked by a prominent negative excursion in carbon stable isotope records from around the globe ; more specifically , there was a large decrease in 13C/12C ratio of marine and terrestrial carbonates and organic carbon .   Stratigraphic sections of rock from this period reveal numerous other changes . Fossil records for many organisms show major turnovers . For example , in the marine realm , a mass extinction of benthic foraminifera , a global expansion of subtropical dinoflagellates , and an appearance of excursion , planktic foraminifera and calcareous nanofossils all occurred during the beginning stages of PETM . On land , modern mammal orders ( including primates ) suddenly appear in Europe and in North America . Sediment deposition changed significantly at many outcrops and in many drill cores spanning this time interval .   At least since 1997 , the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum has become a focal point of considerable geoscience research because it probably provides the best past analog by which to understand impacts of global climate warming and of massive carbon input to the ocean and atmosphere , including ocean acidification . Although it is now widely accepted that the PETM represents a `` case study '' for global warming and massive carbon input to Earth 's surface , the cause , details and overall significance of the event remain perplexing .

negative: Climate of Sindh The province of Sindh is situated in a subtropical region ; it is hot in the summer and cold in winter . Temperatures frequently rise above 46 ° C between May and August , and the minimum average temperature of 2 ° C occurs during December and January . The annual rainfall averages about seven inches , falling mainly during July and August . The southwesterly monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-February and continues until the end of September , whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January .   Sindh lies between the two monsoons -- the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon , deflected towards it by the Himalayan mountains -- and escapes the influence of both . The average rainfall in Sindh is only 6 - per year . The region 's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year , caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season . These natural patterns have recently changed somewhat with the construction of dams and barrages on the Indus River . Parts of southeastern Sindh receive rainfall of up to 36 in and some cities have received very heavy rainfall on occasion . In 2005 , Hyderabad received 14.4 in in just 11 hours .   Sindh is divided into three climatic regions : Siro ( the upper region , centred on Jacobabad ) , Wicholo ( the middle region , centred on Hyderabad ) , and Lar ( the lower region , centred on Karachi ) .   The thermal equator passes through upper Sindh , where the air is generally very dry . The highest temperature ever recorded in Sindh was 53.5 C , which was recorded in Mohenjo-daro on 26 May 2010 . It was not only the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded in the continent of Asia and the fourth highest temperature ever recorded on earth . The previous record for Sindh and Pakistan , and for all of Asia , had been 52.8 C , reached on 12 June 1919 .   In the winters , frost is common . Central Sindh 's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh . Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer . Central Sindh 's maximum temperature typically reaches 43 - . Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter , with lower rainfall than Central Sindh . Lower Sindh 's maximum temperature reaches about 35 - . In the Kirthar range at 1800 m and higher at Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District , temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters.In gorakh temperatures in winter nights can sour down to -15 .   The highest temperatures each year in Pakistan , typically rising to above 48 ° C , are usually recorded in Shaheed Benazeerabad District ( previously called Nawabshah District ) and Sibbi from May to August . Sometimes the temperature falls to 0 ° C ; on rare occasions ( once every 25 years or so ) it has fallen to below -7 ° C in December or January .

negative: Stream Global Services Stream Global Services ( formerly known as Global BPO Services Corp. ) , was a BPO company acquired by Convergys through a definitive merger , with more than 37,000 employees in 22 countries in 50 contact centers ; it managed more than 100 million voice , e-mail , and chat contacts a year .  The footprint of the company included countries across North America , Europe , Asia Pacific , Latin America , Middle East and Africa delivering service in over 35 languages .

negative: Phil Popham Phil Popham was Global Operations Director for the global Jaguar Land Rover business , responsible for the fortunes of the companies worldwide . Having spent almost his entire career with Land Rover ( he joined in 1988 ) , he took up his current position in December 2010 . He presided over a period of rapid growth for the company , leading to record sales of more than 200,000 vehicles . Jaguar Land Rover announced his resignation on 28 November 2014 to take up the position of CEO , Sunseeker International .

negative: Climate of Brazil The climate of Brazil varies considerably mostly from tropical north ( the equator traverses the mouth of the Amazon ) to temperate zones south of the Tropic of Capricorn ( 23 ° 26 ' S latitude ) . Temperatures below the equator are high , averaging above 25 ° C , but not reaching the summer extremes of up to 40 ° C in the temperate zones . There is little seasonal variation near the equator , although at times it can get cool enough to need to wear a jacket , especially in the rain . Average temperatures below the Tropic of Capricorn are mild , ranging from 13 ° C to 22 ° C.   At the country 's other extreme , there are frosts south of the Tropic of Capricorn and during the winter ( June -- September ) , and in some years there are snowfalls on the high plateau and mountainous areas of some regions . Snow falls in the mountains of the states of Rio Grande do Sul , Santa Catarina , and Paraná and it is possible but very rare in the states of São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro , Minas Gerais , and Espírito Santo . The cities of Belo Horizonte and Brasília have moderate temperatures , usually between 15 and , because of their elevation of approximately 1000 m. Rio de Janeiro , Recife , and Salvador on the coast have warm climates , with average temperatures of each month ranging from 23 to , but enjoy constant trade winds . The cities of São Paulo , Curitiba , Florianópolis and Porto Alegre have a subtropical climate similar to that of southern United States , and temperatures can fall below freezing in winter .   Precipitation levels vary widely . Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between 1000 and a year , with most of the rain falling in the summer ( between December and April ) south of the Equator . The Amazon region is notoriously humid , with rainfall generally more than 2000 mm per year and reaching as high as 3000 mm in parts of the western Amazon and near Belém . It is less widely known that , despite high annual precipitation , the Amazon rain forest has a three - to five-month dry season , the timing of which varies according to location north or south of the equator .   High and relatively regular levels of precipitation in the Amazon contrast sharply with the dryness of the semiarid Northeast , where rainfall is highly erratic and there are severe droughts in cycles averaging seven years . The Northeast is the driest part of the country . The region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil , where during the dry season between May and November , temperatures of more than 38 ° C have been recorded . However , the sertão , a region of semidesert vegetation used primarily for low-density ranching , turns green when there is rain . Most of the Center-West has 1500 to of rain per year , with a pronounced dry season in the middle of the year , while the South and most of the East is without a distinct dry season .   Because the South Atlantic basin is generally not a favorable environment for their development , Brazil has only rarely experienced tropical cyclones . The country 's coastal population centers are therefore not as burdened with the need to prepare for cyclones , as are cities at similar latitudes in the United States and Asia .

negative: Megachurch A megachurch is a Christian church having 2,000 or more people in average weekend attendance .   In 2010 , the Hartford Institute 's database listed more than 1,300 such Protestant churches in the United States ; according to that data , approximately 50 churches on the list had average attendance exceeding 10,000 , with the highest recorded at 47,000 in average attendance . On one weekend in November 2015 , around one in ten Protestant churchgoers in the US , or about 5 million people , attended service in a megachurch . While 3,000 individual Catholic parishes have 2,000 or more attendants for an average Sunday Mass , these Catholic churches are not seen as part of the megachurch movement , because -- by definition -- megachurches are a part of Protestantism .   Globally , these large congregations are a significant development in Protestant Christianity . In the United States , the phenomenon has more than quadrupled in the past two decades . It has since spread worldwide . In 2007 , five of the ten largest Protestant churches were in South Korea . The largest megachurch in the United States is Lakewood Church in Houston , Texas with more than 40,000 members every weekend and the current largest megachurch in the world is South Korea 's Yoido Full Gospel Church , an Assemblies of God church , with more than 830,000 members as of 2007 .

negative: List of scientists opposing the mainstream scientific assessment of global warming This is a list of scientists who have made statements that conflict with the scientific consensus on global warming as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and endorsed by other scientific bodies . As approximately 97 % of publishing climate scientists support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change , this list represents a minority viewpoint .   The scientific consensus is that the global average surface temperature has risen over the last century . Scientific opinion on climate change was summarized in the 2001 Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . The main conclusions on global warming at that time were as follows :  The global average surface temperature has risen 0.6 ± 0.2 ° C since the late 19th century , and 0.17 ° C per decade in the last 30 years .  `` There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities '' , in particular emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane .  If greenhouse gas emissions continue the warming will also continue , with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4 ° C to 5.8 ° C between 1990 and 2100 . Accompanying this temperature increase will be increases in some types of extreme weather and a projected sea level rise . The balance of impacts of global warming become significantly negative at larger values of warming .   These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized nations ; the consensus has strengthened over time and is now virtually unanimous . The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science .   There have been several efforts to compile lists of dissenting scientists , including a 2008 US senate minority report , the Oregon Petition , and a 2007 list by the Heartland Institute , all three of which have been criticized on a number of grounds .   For the purpose of this list , a `` scientist '' is defined as an individual who has published at least one peer-reviewed research article in the broad field of natural sciences , although not necessarily in a field relevant to climatology . Since the publication of the IPCC Third Assessment Report , each has made a clear statement in his or her own words ( as opposed to the name being found on a petition , etc. ) disagreeing with one or more of the report 's three main conclusions . Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles . Few of the statements in the references for this list are part of the peer-reviewed scientific literature ; most are from other sources such as interviews , opinion pieces , online essays and presentations .   NB : Only individuals who have their own Wikipedia article may be included in the list .

negative: March 2012 North American heat wave In March 2012 , one of the greatest heat waves was observed in many regions of North America . Very warm air pushed northward west of the Great Lakes region , and subsequently spread eastward . The intense poleward air mass movement was propelled by an unusually intense low level southerly jet that stretched from Louisiana to western Wisconsin . Once this warm surge inundated the area , a remarkably prolonged period of record setting temperatures ensued .   NOAA 's National Climate Data Center reported that over 7,000 daily record high temperatures were tied or broken from 1 March through 27 March . In some places the temperature exceeded 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . For instance , in Grand Rapids , Michigan , the highest temperature recorded was 87 ° F on March 21 ; in Chicago a high of 87 ° F was also recorded on that same day . Records were broken in unusual ways . Chicago , for example , saw temperatures above 80 ° F every day between March 14 -- 18 , breaking records on all five days . Chicago would go on to record eight days at or above 80 ° F during the month , with many suburban areas recording an additional day in the 80s on March 19 ( that day , the city only tied its record high of 78 ° F ) . In context , the National Weather Service 's Chicago branch noted that Chicago typically averages only one day in the 80 's in April . And only once in 140 years of weather observations has April produced as many 80 ° F days as this March . In Traverse City , Michigan one day began with a low temperature ( 67 ° F ) higher than the previous record high for the day .   Temperature records across much of southern Canada also were shattered . Some of the most impressive readings came from Nova Scotia on March 22 , when the mercury climbed to 30.0 C at a climate station in Lake Major , making it the highest March temperature recorded in Nova Scotia , and the third highest March temperature recorded in Canada . That same day , the temperature hit 29.2 C at Western Head , Nova Scotia . The heat reached as far east as Cape Breton Island , with the temperature climbing to 24.0 C at Sydney , Nova Scotia on March 22 , a place historically surrounded by ice-jammed waters , frigid winds , and snow in March . The week of March 18 also set record temperatures in Manitoba and much of Ontario as well as into the Maritime Provinces . Non-severe thunderstorms were reported on the evening hours of March 21 , through to the early morning hours March 22 into northern Ontario .   In addition , NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data show that the atmospheric pattern was so persistent that much of the Midwest and Northeast , and up into Ontario , had temperature departures over periods of several days to a week or more of magnitudes which would be unusual even for a single day . Averaged over the seven-day period from March 16 to March 22 inclusive , nearly the entire area of the Midwest and Northeast U.S. and most of Ontario and Quebec had temperatures 10 ° C ( 18 ° F ) or more above the 1981-2010 average . Even more dramatically , most of Iowa and Minnesota , all of Wisconsin and Michigan , and most of southeastern Ontario had seven-day mean temperatures more than 15 ° C ( 27 ° F ) above the climatological average for the same period .   An 84 ° F high at Madison , WI in early March was 43 ° F above average and followed an overnight low of 60 ° F , 35 degrees above normal the daily high being more than seven standard deviations above the mean . The absolute temperature and departure statistically would be equivalent to a mid-July high at that station in excess of 125 ° F or more ; the highest temperature recorded there was 107 ° at least once during the heat waves of the middle 1930s .   This mild warm spell brought out spring peepers in northern Ontario on 23 March , which are usually not heard until mid-to-late April , or sometimes early May .   The warm weather was also responsible for several early-season tornado touchdowns , such as the EF3 that struck Dexter , Michigan , near Ann Arbor .

negative: Public Relations Global Network The Public Relations Global Network ( PRGN ) is globally one of the 4 biggest PR networks of independent agencies . PRGN is made up of almost 50 partnering agencies operating in more than 80 markets around the world and provides public relations services to more than 1,000 clients . The network started in 1992 in Phoenix , Arizona ( United States ) and is registered in Delaware since 2003 .

negative: Eudora, Missouri Eudora is an unincorporated community in southwestern Polk County , Missouri , United States . It is located at the intersection of Route 123 and Route 215 about twenty miles northwest of Springfield .   Eudora is part of the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area .   The average temperature is 58.25 ° F , 3.75 ° F higher than the nationwide average ( 54.50 ° F ) , and 3 % higher than the Missouri average of 56.55 ° F.  In the summer , temperatures rise to 75.7 ° F on average . The winter average is 43.5 ° F . It is collected over the last 32 years .   Category : Unincorporated communities in Polk County , Missouri  Category : Springfield , Missouri metropolitan area  Category : Unincorporated communities in Missouri

negative: Gandhi (bookstore) Gandhi Bookstores were created in the year of 1971 ; they are now one of the biggest bookstores chains in Mexico . After 40 years and more than 36 stores all over the country , besides being one of the biggest chains , it is also the most known .

negative: Gross national income in the European Union Gross national income at market prices in the European Union of 27 Member States ( GNI ) amounted to EUR 25000 per inhabitant in 2008 . In 2009 GNI in EU-27 fell by -5.5 % over the year 2008 .   In 2007 , the highest per capita GNI measured in purchasing power standards ( PPS ) was recorded for Luxembourg ( more than twice of the EU-27 average ) and the lowest was recorded for Bulgaria ( less than half of the EU-27 average ) . Estonia , Ireland , Latvia and Lithuania were the Member States that in 2009 suffered the most from the recession experiencing declines of more than 10 % in GNI ( measured in PPS ) over 2008 .

negative: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: Fundy Geological Museum The Fundy Geological Museum is a geological museum in Parrsboro , Nova Scotia , Canada . It first opened in 1993 . It has received over 300,000 visitors since it opened , averaging more than 21,000 per year . The museum is part of the Nova Scotia Museum system .

negative: List of Connecticut tornadoes Although historically the U.S. state of Connecticut is not typically known to fall casualty to tornadoes , more than 100 of these powerful storms have affected the state in modern history , resulting in at least 48 deaths , 780 injuries , and more than $ 500 million in damage . This list of tornadoes in the state is likely incomplete , as official records date back only to 1950 for tornadoes in the United States .   As with most of the northeastern United States , the number of tornadoes peaks in the summer months , normally in July or August . Hartford County has had the most tornadoes in the state , although since 1950 Litchfield County has reported the most tornadoes . Several areas have been struck more than once , and Waterbury has been struck by no less than four tornadoes since 1955 .   From 1953 to 1991 , Connecticut recorded an average of about 1.3 tornadoes per year , ranked 43rd in the United States . Although Connecticut tornadoes are typically weak , isolated events can be violent . Three tornadoes of F4 intensity have affected the state in its history , as well as at least 27 tornadoes of F2 intensity or greater . Outbreaks of three or more tornadoes in a single day occurred in 1786 , 1787 , 1878 , 1973 , 1989 , 1998 , and 2001 . The year 1973 was particularly active ; eight tornadoes occurred on six separate days . The 1878 Wallingford tornado killed at least 29 and likely 34 people in Wallingford , the most by any tornado event in Connecticut history .

negative: Hulton family of Hulton The Hulton family of Hulton lived and owned land in Lancashire for more than eight hundred years from the late-12th to the late-20th centuries . The family took its name from the three townships surrounding their Hulton Park Estate , Over , Middle and Little Hulton .

negative: Highest temperature recorded on Earth The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air , 1.5 meters above the ground , and shielded from direct sunlight . The highest confirmed temperature on Earth recorded according to these measures was 56.7 C in Furnace Creek Ranch , California , located in the Death Valley desert in the United States , on July 10 , 1913 .   The former highest official temperature on Earth , held for 90 years by ` Aziziya , Libya , was de-certified by the WMO ( World Meteorological Organization ) in January 2012 as the record for the world 's highest surface temperature ( this temperature of 57.8 ° C ( 136 ° F ) , registered on 13 September 1922 , is currently considered to have been a recorder 's error ) . Christopher C. Burt , the weather historian writing for Weather Underground who shepherded the Libya reading 's 2012 disqualification , believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is `` a myth '' , and is at least four or five degrees Fahrenheit too high , as do other weather historians Dr. Arnold Court and William Taylor Reid . Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth is still at Death Valley , but is instead 53.9 C recorded five times : 20 July 1960 , 18 July 1998 , 20 July 2005 , 7 July 2007 , and 30 June 2013 .   Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 ° C . A ground temperature of 84 ° C ( 183.2 ° F ) has been recorded in Port Sudan , Sudan . A ground temperature of 93.9 ° C ( 201 ° F ) was recorded also in Furnace Creek Ranch on 15 July 1972 ; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded . The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 ° C for dry , darkish soils of low thermal conductivity .   Temperature measurements via satellite also tend to capture occurrence of higher records but are considered less reliable than ground-positioned thermometers . There is a satellite record of 66.8 C measured in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008 . Other satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009 , taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite , found a maximum temperature of 70.7 ° C ( 159.3 ° F ) , which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert , Iran . The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 and 2009 ) . These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature .

negative: GlobalGiving GlobalGiving is 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization based in the United States that provides a global crowdfunding platform for grassroots charitable projects . Since 2002 , more than 560,000 donors on GlobalGiving have raised more than $ 245 million to support more than 15,000 projects in 165 countries .

negative: Demographics of Switzerland This article is about the demographic features of the population of Switzerland , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   Switzerland had a population of 8.02 million as of 2012 . Its population quadrupled over the period 1800 to 1990 ( average doubling time 95 years ) . Population growth was steepest in the period after World War II ( 1.4 % per annum during 1950-1970 , doubling time 50 years ) , it slowed down during the 1970s to 1980s and has since again picked up to 1 % during the 2000s ( doubling time 70 years ) .   More than 75 % of the population live in the central plain , which stretches between the Alps and the Jura Mountains and from Geneva in the southwest to the Rhine River and Lake Constance in the northeast . Foreigners with permanent residency ( which does not include temporary foreign workers ) make up about 23 % of the population .

negative: Health in Spain In 2012 , life expectancy at birth in Spain reached 82.5 years , one of the highest among OECD countries and more than two years higher than the OECD average ( 80.2 years ) . Only Japan ( 83.2 years ) , Iceland ( 83.0 years ) and Switzerland ( 82.8 years ) had a higher life expectancy than Spain in 2012 . The top three causes of death since 1970 have been cardiovascular diseases , cancer and respiratory diseases .

negative: Showroomprive.com Showroomprive.com is a French e-commerce company , specialised in online flash sales .   Founded in 2006 , the website offers daily exclusive sales of famous brands , in France and in 8 other European countries . 10 years later , the group has become one of the biggest online retailers in Europe and has reached more than 26 million members .   Since its beginning , the website 's sales and revenue have increased steadily . In 2015 , the net revenue of Showroomprivé reached $ 443M , with an average annual growth rate of 28 % . The company has a net revenue goal of $ 750M by 2018 .

negative: Global Personals Global Personals is an online dating company founded and headquartered in Windsor , UK . Part of the Venntro Media Group , Ross Williams , a UK businessman , started the company in 2003 and it has since grown to have three additional offices located in London , New York , and Melbourne . Global Personals employs more than 150 people around the world and possesses a combined portfolio of more than 12,000 dating websites .

negative: Danish property bubble of 2000s During the Danish property bubble of 2001 through 2006 , Danish property prices rose faster than at any point in history , in some years increasing by more than 25 % . Apartments and homes near the big cities rose especially fast .   Some of the rise can be attributed to falling interest rates , the introduction of new loan types ( such as interest-only mortgages ) , improving economy and increasing urbanisation , higher wages along with other factors . Some observers have also noted increased interest in homes and a dramatic increase in the number of TV programs regarding home decoration , home sales , gardening etc. . The increasing number of parents buying apartments for their children is also an important factor , dramatically increasing the demand on smaller apartments , typically 2 - 3 rooms , thus giving rising prices from the lower segment of apartments .   However , many banks and analysts acknowledge that prices have increased more than can be explained by their models even when taking the economic factors into account and that homes have indeed become less affordable . In particular , it is becoming increasingly difficult for first-time buyers to enter the market , and they now make up a historically low fraction of all buyers .   This has led some observers to speculate that the Danish real estate market may be in a bubble where price increases have been fueled by speculation beyond what can be justified by fundamental economics . Some have warned that the market may be in for a correction , i.e. , major price decreases . Still , as of March 2007 , this has not occurred . Apartments in Copenhagen have fallen 7 % in the first quarter of 2007 and the supply is still rising .   However , there are signs that the market is softening and prices have fallen in some areas . In 2006 , the number of homes for sale increased dramatically , tripling in some areas . It was estimated that 10 % of all apartments in Copenhagen are for sale . The total inventory of homes for sale totaled more than one average year of home sales . In the statistics for the fourth quarter 2006 , some areas experienced a quarter-to-quarter price fall around 4-5 % , the first significant fall in over a decade .   Two of the major real estate agencies claim they are observing price falls , with the biggest agency ( Home ) claiming to have observed falls since July 2006 The softening comes at a time when there has been an explosion in the building of new apartments and homes all around in the country . In Copenhagen alone , as many as 2,000 new apartments are expected to be added to the inventory during 2007 .  Denmark 2007 - -12 %

negative: Whitewater Lake, Manitoba Whitewater Lake is a lake in the Canada province of Manitoba located between Boissevain and Deloraine . It is an endorheic basin and more marsh than lake . Whitewater Lake was previously called White Lake due to its salt flats that were exposed during dry periods . Whitewater Lake covers approximately 22,000 acres on average and only reaches depths of about 2 m . The lake is fed by several small streams which flow into from the Turtle Mountains , though it has no natural outflow .   The alkaline lake was vulnerable to drought having dried up several times including 1857 , 1913-1915 , 1934-1940 and 1989-1992 . In 1989 Ducks Unlimited Canada began partnering with Manitoba Conservation and other partners to enhance the sustainability of the lake , investing more than two million over the following years . Dikes and water control structures were added to the east side of the lake to ensure the permanency of the water even during dry years . As of 2016 , Whitewater Lake is at a peak of 1633 ft which is five feet above the average long-term level . These high levels have seen the lake claim more farm land and resulted in significant erosion of the dike and park space structures on the lake 's southeast side .   The lake has received several important designations due to the diverse and large amount of wildlife that depend on it , particularly avian species . It is labelled a Manitoba Wildlife Management Area , bird habitat of Canadian importance for staging shorebirds and geese , and a globally significant Important Bird Area .

negative: Microthermal In climatology , the term microthermal is used to denote the continental climates of Eurasia and North America .   The word microthermal is derived from two Greek words meaning `` small '' and `` heat '' . This is misleading , however , since the term is intended to describe only the temperature conditions that prevail during the winter months , rather than those of the entire year .   The characteristic feature of the microthermal climate is cold winters -- specifically , winters that are cold enough to ensure that snow will remain on the ground continuously for a fixed period of time every year . Conceptually , an average temperature of 0 ° C or colder is assumed to be necessary to bring this about ; thus the climate of a location where at least one full month is this cold is classified as microthermal ( however , at least one month in the summer must average 10 ° C or higher ; otherwise the climate would be reckoned as polar ) . This definition places all of the world 's microthermal climates in the Northern Hemisphere , as the absence of broad land masses at upper-middle latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere precludes the existence of such temperature conditions there .   Microthermal climates are typically subdivided into three categories based on the temperature characteristics of the summer season . The southernmost of the three is frequently referred to as the temperate continental climate , and has hot summers -- that is to say , at least one month has an average temperature of 22 ° C ( 71.6 ° F ) or above . The middle zone is often labelled hemiboreal , and no summer month there has an average temperature as warm as 22 ° C , but at least four months will average 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) or higher . The northernmost of the three microthermal zones is the subarctic , or boreal zone ; there only one to three months will have average temperatures of at least 10 ° C.   In North America , microthermal climates commence north of Boston along the Atlantic seaboard , this line drifting gradually southward further inland , reaching approximately 38 ° at the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains , then curving dramatically northward near the Pacific coast , reaching the Pacific Ocean just south of Juneau , Alaska . In Asia , the latitude at which these climates begin is several degrees lower due to the pervasive influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone , or high-pressure system , and in continental Europe the line actually runs longitudinally rather than latitudinally , cutting through central Poland after beginning north of the Arctic Circle along the Norwegian coast , thereafter moving diagonally across Scandinavia .   The boundary between the microthermal and polar climate zones is farthest north in western Europe ( actually within the Arctic Circle there ) , and farthest south along the east coast of North America ( at about 56 ° North latitude on the central coast of Labrador ) ; it then trends northward across Canada before dropping south again as it courses through Alaska . Throughout most of Siberia , the boundary tends to follow the Arctic Circle fairly closely .   In addition to having various summer temperature regimes , microthermal climates also differ from one another in how much precipitation they receive -- such climates may be humid , semiarid or arid . Most of the Turkestan-Gobi desert system has an arid microthermal climate , while the best-known example of the semiarid microthermal climate can be found in the `` steppes of Central Asia '' immortalized by Russian classical music composer Alexander Borodin .

negative: Hockey stick graph Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records . These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century , with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures .   The term `` hockey stick graph '' was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman , to describe the pattern shown by the ( MBH99 ) reconstruction , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat with a downward trend to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' followed by a sharp , steady increase corresponding to the `` blade '' portion . The reconstructions have featured in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reports as evidence of global warming . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   Paleoclimatology dates back to the 19th century , and the concept of examining varves in lake beds and tree rings to track local climatic changes was suggested in the 1930s . In the 1960s , Hubert Lamb generalised from historical documents and temperature records of central England to propose a Medieval Warm Period from around 900 to 1300 , followed by Little Ice Age . This was the basis of a `` schematic diagram '' featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global . The use of indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed , and by the late 1990s a number of competing teams of climatologists found indications that recent warming was exceptional . introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large scale reconstructions . Their study was featured in the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995 .   In 1998 Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 with shading emphasising that uncertainties ( to two standard error limits ) were much greater in earlier centuries . independently produced a CPS reconstruction extending back for a thousand years , and ( MBH99 ) used the MBH98 methodology to extend their study back to 1000 .   A version of the MBH99 graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , which also drew on Jones et al. 1998 and three other reconstructions to support the conclusion that , in the Northern Hemisphere , the 1990s was likely to have been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year during the past 1,000 years . The graph became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th century warmth was exceptional . In 2003 , as lobbying over the 1997 Kyoto Protocol intensified , a paper claiming greater medieval warmth was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy . Later in 2003 , Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick published disputing the data used in MBH98 paper . In 2004 Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal components analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . Their analysis was subsequently disputed by published papers including and which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . Political disputes led to the formation of a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council , their North Report in 2006 supported Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , support the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Further reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

negative: Albirex Niigata is a Japanese J1 League association football club based in Niigata In 2003 , while still playing in the second tier of Japanese football ( J2 ) , Albirex attracted the best average crowd in the country of over 30,000 . Since promotion to J1 in 2004 they have recorded an average crowd of over 38,000 , and in 2005 Albirex were the first ever club in Japan to record an average gate of over 40,000 .

negative: Global Student Entrepreneur Awards The Global Student Entrepreneur Awards ( GSEA ) is an international competition series established in 1998 which recognizes excellence among student entrepreneurs who own for-profit businesses while attending a University or college .   The GSEA program is an Entrepreneurs ' Organization program , in partnership with Mercedes-Benz Financial . The GSEA program was founded by the John Cook School of Business at Saint Louis University and was taken over by Entrepreneurs ' Organization ( EO ) in 2006 . EO is a non-profit global network of more than 10,000 business owners in 48 countries . The average EO member sales is $ 52.3 million per year .