query: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

positive: Fertilizer A fertilizer ( American English ) or fertiliser ( British English ; see spelling differences ) is any material of natural or synthetic origin ( other than liming materials ) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues ( usually leaves ) to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants .

negative: Greener Postures Greener Postures was Snakefinger 's second full-length album , released by Ralph Records in 1980 . The record is co-produced with The Residents , who also co-wrote many of the songs .

negative: Persistent vegetative state A persistent vegetative state ( PVS ) is a disorder of consciousness in which patients with severe brain damage are in a state of partial arousal rather than true awareness . After four weeks in a vegetative state ( VS ) , the patient is classified as in a persistent vegetative state . This diagnosis is classified as a permanent vegetative state some months ( 3 in the US and 6 in the UK ) after a non-traumatic brain injury or one year after a traumatic injury . Nowadays , more doctors and neuroscientists prefer to call the state of consciousness an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome , primarily because of ethical questions about whether a patient can be called `` vegetative '' or not .

negative: Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886 The Crofters Holdings ( Scotland ) Act , 1886 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which created legal definitions of crofting parish and crofter , granted security of land tenure to crofters and produced the first Crofters Commission , a land court which ruled on disputes between landlords and crofters . The same court ruled on whether parishes were or were not crofting parishes . In many respects the Act was modelled on the Irish Land Acts of 1870 and 1881 . By granting the crofters security of tenure , the Act put an end to the Highland Clearances .   The Act was largely a result of crofters ' agitation which had become well organised and very persistent in Skye and of growing support , throughout the Highlands , for the Crofters Party , which had gained five members of parliament in the general election of 1885 . Agitation took the form of rent strikes ( withholding rent payments ) and occupying land which the landlords had reserved for hunting or sheep .   The Act itself did not quell the agitation . In particular it was very weak in terms of enabling the Crofters Commission to resolve disputes about access to land . It was enough however to make much more acceptable , politically , the use of troops in confrontations with agitators .   The Act was not fully effective in increasing the equality of land distribution in Scotland ; today , 2/3 of Scotland 's land area is still owned by only 1.252 landowners out of a population of 5 million .

negative: Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent ( also known as the cradle of civilization ) is a crescent-shaped region containing the comparatively moist and fertile land of otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia , the Nile Valley and Nile Delta . Having originated in the study of ancient history , the concept soon developed and today retains meanings in international geopolitics and diplomatic relations .   In current usage , all definitions of the Fertile Crescent include Mesopotamia , the land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers ; and the Levant , the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea . The modern-day countries with significant territory within the Fertile Crescent are Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Cyprus , Jordan , Israel , the State of Palestine , Egypt , as well as the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran .   The region saw the development of some of the earliest human civilizations , which flourished thanks to the water supplies and agricultural resources available in the Fertile Crescent . Technological advances made in the region include the development of writing , glass , the wheel , agriculture , and the use of irrigation .

negative: Štirovača Štirovača is a forest in North Velebit .   Reserve the forest vegetation . Its area is 118.5 acres . Most extends to an altitude of 1100 metres.Stirovaca the rain forest of beech and spruce . Most of it is a rainforest in the secondary stage Klepina duliba . The end was once more covered with forest , and today , of all the towering forests remained a small part in Štirovača . The type the spruce forest ( Aremonio-Piceetum ) , which is a relict boreal vegetation that existed in the ice ages , and which stretched far further south than today 's southern border . The land favors podzolasto soil , elevation , which is required for this type of noise in these latitudes ( 900 -- 1100 m , and Stirovaca is at 1100 m ) and a relief position , and these forests occur in sinkholes , bays and gorges Croatian highlands . This is because in them create a special microclimate conditions . Collects the cold air , so called . frost areas because of the appearance of temperature inversions and thus become more competitive in spruce compared to other wood species .

negative: Zelimxan Zelimkhan ( also spelled Zelim-Khan ) ( January 1872 , Kharachoy , Terek Oblast - 26 September 1913 ) is a Chechen and Ingush hero , who is viewed today as a version of a Chechen Robin Hood . Today the name is given to Chechen and Ingush children .   Zelimkhan was an abrek , a raider of the Cossacks and Russian colonists . He stole mainly to feed Chechens , and because the Cossacks were living on what the Chechens perceived to be their land , which was extremely fertile . Without control of these fertile lands , the Chechens became impoverished . To solve this problem , abreks , such as Zelimkhan and his Ingush comrade-in-arms , Sulom-Beck Sagopshinski , raided the Cossacks , Russian banks , Vladikavkaz mint , the Czar 's post which was transported on the Georgian military highway , in order to restore justice and help the poor .

negative: Standard Fruits and Vegetable Baskets and Containers Act of 1916 In United States federal agricultural legislation , the Standard Fruits and Vegetable Baskets and Containers Act of 1916 dealt with containers for small fruits and vegetables , and prescribed the exact capacity of the containers .   It fixed the cubic contents for dry half-pint , pint , and quart-size containers . It made no reference to the dimensions or form of the container , thus leaving it to the individual states to adopt standards in such respects .   The Act was repealed in 1968 under Public Law 90-628 .

negative: Land tenure in Angola The system of land tenure in Angola was addressed by the 2004 land act . While the land act is a crucial step towards normalization of land ownership in post-war Angola , some problems such as competing land claims , land grabbing and the unresolved status of customary land tenure persist .

negative: Fajã da Maria Pereira The Fajã da Maria Pereira is a permanent debris field , built from the collapsing cliffs on the northern coast of the civil parish of Rosais , in the municipality of Velas , island of São Jorge , in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores .   Name after a former property-owner , the fertile lands of this microclimate are today used to support grazing animals and the cultivation of potatoes and other vegetables , in addition to vineyards ( primarily during the growing season ) . Six homes occupy the fajã , supported by a system of cisterns providing potable water , necessary for a local consumption .

negative: Rem (mythology) Rem ( `` to weep '' ) , also Rem-Rem , Remi , or Remi the Weeper , who lives in Rem-Rem , the realm of weeping was a fish god in Egypt who fertilized the land with his tears , producing both vegetation and the reptiles . He is assumed to be the personification of Ra 's tears .

negative: Vegetative Vegetative describes vegetation . Vegetative may also refer to :   Vegetative reproduction , a type of asexual reproduction for plants  Persistent vegetative state , a condition of people with severe brain damage  Plant community , sometimes called a vegetative community , a collection of plants in a geographic area  Vegetative ( or somatic ) cell , a non-reproductive cell

negative: Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid ( PFBS ) is a chemical compound with a four carbon fluorocarbon chain and a sulfonic acid functional group . As an anion it functions as a stable fluorosurfactant because of the strength of carbon -- fluorine bonds .   Since June 2003 , 3M has used PFBS as a replacement for the persistent , toxic , and bioaccumulative perfluorooctanesulfonic acid ( PFOS ) in its Scotchgard stain repellents .3 M markets surfactant with PFBS in two fluorosurfactants .   PFBS has a much shorter half-life of a little over one month in people than PFOS with 5.4 years . PFBS is persistent in the environment . Studies have not yet been specifically conducted to determine safety in humans .

negative: Ganmodoki is a fried tofu fritter made with vegetables , such as carrots , lotus roots and burdock . It may also contain egg . Ganmodoki means pseudo-goose . This is because ganmodoki is said to taste like goose ; compare mock turtle soup . Ganmodoki is also called ganmo for short .   In the Edo period , ganmodoki was a stir-fried konjac dish . A dish similar to the ganmodoki today was made by wrapping chopped up vegetables in tofu ( much like a manjū ) and deep frying it .   In the Kansai Region , Ganmodoki is called hiryōzu , hiryuzu or hirōsu , from the Portuguese word filhós '' .

negative: Draganovo, Veliko Tarnovo Province Draganovo is a village in Gorna Oryahovitsa Municipality in Veliko Tarnovo Province in Central Bulgaria .   Draganovo is known in the area for its farms and vegetable gardens . Due to the fertile soil around the village it is one of the main producers of cabbage and tomatoes in the central/north eastern regions of Bulgaria .   After World War II gardeners from Draganovo has been dispatched in Hungary and other parts of Europe to help rebuild the land and make it fertile again .   The river Yantra flows through the village . The river contributes for the village 's fertile soils .

negative: Samundri Tehsil Samundri Tehsil ( Urdu/Punjabi : ) is an administrative subdivision , tehsil , of Faisalabad District in Punjab province of Pakistan . The lands of the Tehsil Samundri are irrigated by Gugera Branch Canal and Burala branch canal .   All villages of the tehsil carry G.B. with their Chak numbers and name of village usually follows it for example Chak No . 439 GB MAHALAM , CHAK No. 48 GB Maluwaal , Chak 444 GB Poohla and Chak No. 373 Karamsar etc. . Sugar cane is the major cash crop of the area . Wheat , cotton and vegetables are also grown in the fertile lands of the tehsil . Samundri is one of the old tehsils of Pakistan .

negative: Psamment In USDA soil taxonomy , a psamment is defined as an entisol which consists basically of unconsolidated sand deposits , often found in shifting sand dunes but also in areas of very coarse-textured parent material subject to millions of years of weathering . This latter case is characteristic of the Guiana Highlands of northern South America . A psamment has no distinct soil horizons , and must consist entirely of material of loamy sand or coarser in texture . In the FAO soil classification , psamments are known as arenosols .   Psamments cover 3.4 % of the global land mass . They occur throughout the world , being especially abundant in the deserts of Africa and Australia and on the ancient landforms of eastern South America . Areas dominated by psamments also occur in other humid regions , notably in Florida and Nebraska ( the Sand Hills ) .   Psamments typically have very low water-holding capacities because the sand in the soil is not graded so that sands of varying coarseness are constantly mixed right through the soil . Because most sands are highly siliceous , psamments are also extremely low in all essential nutrients , most especially phosphorus and are highly acidic in all except very arid climates . Psamments formed as a result of glacial erosion ( common in northern Europe ) are typically of rather higher native fertility because of their youth , but are still much less fertile than most soils in the regions they are located in .   The vegetation on psamments varies enormously owing to the variety of climates , but in many cases is remarkably well-adapted to the climate , as with the Fynbos of the Cape region in South Africa - famous for its remarkable biodiversity and the equally species-rich Kwongan of southwestern Western Australia . The campinas and kerangas are healthy forests typical of psamments in South America and Borneo .   Few psamments are farmed , and where they are , the cost is high because of the expense of fertilization . They are always much less productive than other soils in the same region even when fertilized , and require careful management because the sand is very easily eroded .   In USDA soil taxonomy , psamments are divided into :   Cryopsamments : psamments that have a cryic soil temperature regime  Quartzipsamments : other psamments that have , in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction within the particle-size control section , a total of more than 90 percent ( by weighted average ) resistant minerals  Torripsamments : other psamments that have an aridic ( or torric ) moisture regime  Ustipsamments : other psamments that have an ustic moisture regime  Xeropsamments : other psamments that have a xeric moisture regime  Udipsamments : other psamments .

negative: Inaja Land Co. v. Commissioner Inaja Land Co. , Ltd. v. Commissioner , 9 T.C. 727 ( 1947 ) was a United States income tax case which discussed whether , and how much , basis the taxpayer could recover to offset a gain from compensation from the government for an easement on his land .  HELD :  1 . The $ 50,000 that petitioner received from the City -- for a right of way and an easement on taxpayer 's land , and releasing the city from all claims and demands , etc. -- was lost ( present ) capital rather than lost ( future ) profits ; i.e. it should be chargeable to the capital account for land , rather than treated as taxable income under I.R.C. § 22 ( a ) -LSB- today § 61 ( a ) -RSB- .  2 . Since , under the circumstances , it was practically impossible to allocate a basis to the easements granted , entirety of the net amount received will be recovered from that basis .

negative: Huerta A huerta ( -LSB- ˈwerta -RSB- ) or horta ( -LSB- ˈɔɾta -RSB- , -LSB- ˈɔɾtɐ -RSB- ) , from Latin hortus , `` garden '' , is a fertile area , or a field in a fertile area , common in Spain and Portugal , in which a variety of common vegetables and fruit trees are cultivated for family consumption and sale . Typically , huertas belonging to different people are in groups around rivers or other water source because of the amount of irrigation required . It is a kind of market garden .

negative: Los Fresnos, Texas Los Fresnos ( Spanish for `` The Ash Trees '' ) is a city in Cameron County , Texas , United States . The population was 5,542 at the 2010 census , up from 4,512 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Brownsville -- Harlingen -- Raymondville and the Matamoros -- Brownsville metropolitan areas .   Located in south-central Cameron County , the city was named for the fresnos ( Fraxinus berlandieriana ) scattered in the woods and along streams . In 1912 , Lon Hill , an early land owner , formed a company to develop a canal system which would use the Rio Grande to irrigate land for farming . Railroad construction in the early 1900s began to bring settlers to the area , and by 1915 a post office was established . Because of the fertile , irrigated land , farm products increased , and with the long growing season in the Rio Grande Valley , farming flourished . Today the city is still surrounded by fertile farm/ranch land . Major crops are cotton , sugarcane , grains , oranges , and red grapefruit .

negative: Land Transfer Act 1952 The Land Transfer Act 1952 is an Act of Parliament passed in New Zealand in 1952 . It implements the Torrens title system of land registration . Much of it is based on the Land Transfer Act 1885 .

negative: Soil management Soil management concerns all operations , practices , and treatments used to protect soil and enhance its performance ( such as soil fertility or soil mechanics ) . It includes soil conservation , soil amendment , and optimal soil health . In agriculture , some amount of soil management is needed both in nonorganic and organic types to prevent agricultural land from becoming poorly productive over decades . Organic farming in particular stresses optimal soil management , because it uses soil health as the exclusive or nearly exclusive source of its fertilization and pest control .

negative: Bob Greener Robert `` Bob '' Greener ( 17 July 1899 -- February 1970 ) was an English professional footballer who played as a half-back or an inside forward in the Football League for Crystal Palace and York City and in non-League football for Birtley Colliery . After retiring , he worked at Crystal Palace as assistant trainer and later trainer .

negative: Caitlin McDougall Caitlin McDougall is an Australian actress who is best known for her roles in the television series Always Greener and The Alice .   McDougall is married to actor Erik Thomson and they have a daughter called Eilish . Mcdougall co-starred with her husband in the Australian drama series The Alice .   McDougall has appeared in the movies Hey Hey it 's Esther Blueburger , Ned and You Better Watch Out . Her television roles have included Always Greener , The Alice , All Saints , Neighbours , A Country Practice , Ocean Girl , Newlyweds and Xena : Warrior Princess .

negative: Agriculture in Guyana Agriculture was once the chief economic activity in Guyana despite the coastal plain which comprised only about 5 percent of the country 's land area being suitable for cultivation of crops . Much of this fertile area lay more than one meter below the high-tide level of the sea and had to be protected by a system of dikes and dams , making agricultural expansion expensive and difficult . In the 1980s , there were reports that the 200-year-old system of dikes in Guyana was in a serious state of disrepair . Guyana 's remaining land area is divided into a white sand belt , which is forested , and interior highlands consisting of mountains , plateaus , and savanna . 2 % of the land is arable land .   Today , sugar and rice are the most important primary agricultural products , as they had been since the nineteenth century . Sugar was produced primarily for export whereas most rice was consumed domestically . Today in Guyana sugar production generates the most revenue in the primary industry , at around 15 % of the total annual GNP . Other important crops include wheat , bananas , coconuts , coffee , cocoa , citrus fruits , pepper and pumpkin and livestock commodies from the country 's various cattle ranches including beef , pork , poultry , dairy products and fish , notably shrimp . In some areas peanuts are also an important crop . Many of these products including rice are of extreme importance to national food security within the country . Small amounts of vegetables , vegetable oil and tobacco are also produced . During the late 1980s , some farmers succeeded in diversifying into specialty products such as heart-of-palm and asparagus for export to Europe .

negative: Reproductive system of gastropods Gastropods are defined as snails and slugs , belonging to a larger group called Molluscs . Gastropods have a very unique reproductive system , varying significantly from one taxonomic group to another . They can be separated into three categories : marine , freshwater , and land . Reproducing in marine or freshwater environments makes getting sperm to egg much easier for gastropods , while on land it is much more difficult to get sperm to egg . The majority of gastropods have internal fertilization , but there are some prosobranch species that have external fertilization . Gastropods are capable of being either male or female , or hermaphrodites , and this makes their reproduction system unique amongst many other invertebrates . Hermaphroditic gastropods possess both the egg and sperm gametes which gives them the opportunity to self-fertilize .

negative: Krali Marko, Pazardzhik Province Krali Marko is a small village in Pazardzhik Municipality , Pazardzhik Province , southern Bulgaria . the population is 264 . The village is located on the right bank of the Luda Yana river , close to the large village of Chernogorovo . Despite its small population , Krali Marko occupies a relatively large area , because the houses usually have enormous yards where the locals grow flowers , fruit and vegetables . There is no school because of the few inhabitants , so the children attend the schcool in Chernogorovo . In spring and summer the village is all in green with blossoming trees and flowers .   The favourable climate , the fertile soils and the well developed irrigation system in the whole region have determinated intense and productive agriculture . The most important crops include vegetables ( tomatoes , cucumbers , potatoes , pepper , aubergines ) ; fruit ( strawberries , apples , peaches , figs ) ; wheat , maize , barley . The most spread domestic animals are chicken including and a chicken farm .   Category : Villages in Pazardzhik Province

negative: Indian old field Indian Old Field , or simply Old Field , was a common term used in Colonial American times and up until the early nineteenth century United States , by American explorers , surveyors , cartographers and settlers , in reference to land formerly cleared and utilized by Indians for farming ( corn fields or vegetable patches ) or occupation . The term appears in many old maps and land documents , often persisting for many decades . It also remains in a number of present-day place names of the Eastern US .

negative: Greener Greener is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Bob Greener ( 1899 -- 1970 ) , English professional footballer  Christopher Greener ( born 1943 ) , United Kingdom 's tallest human  Matthew Greener , British musician  Richard Theodore Greener ( 1844 -- 1922 ) , American diplomat  William Greener ( 1806 -- 1869 ) , English inventor and gunsmith

negative: Watson Farm Watson Farm in Jamestown , Rhode Island , United States , was established in 1789 . Job Watson purchased a piece of the farmland , and for the next two centuries , five successive generations of the Watson family cultivated the land , changing their crops and practices as needed to adapt to the evolving market .   Today , the property is still a working family farm , and the 1796 house is still used as the farmers ' residence . The farmers raise cattle and sheep for beef , lamb , and wool markets , grow acres of grass for winter hay supplies , make compost for fertilizer , and cultivate a large vegetable garden . The farm , which is owned by Historic New England , holds a CSA farmer 's market each summer .

negative: Green sport event A green sport event is a sporting event that stresses utilizing greener resources . Fans can do their part by riding public transportation to the event . People are being more aware of many things , like using earth friendly paper products , fertilizer and pesticides . Also see sustainable event management or event greening .

negative: Jo Porter Jo Porter is an Australian TV producer and executive , best known for her association with the Seven Network drama department for whom she produced All Saints , Always Greener , Headland and Packed to the Rafters .   In 2011 she became Director of Drama for Fremantlemedia Australia .   She is the co-creator of the TV series Wonderland .

negative: General Land Exchange Act of 1922 The General Land Exchange Act of 1922 ( 16 U.S.C. 485 , 486 ) was signed into law by President of the United States Warren G. Harding on March 20 , 1922  This act allowed the US Forest Service to consolidate its holdings in national forests where a large percentage of private lands were intermingled with forest lands . It made possible the exchange of inholdings within national forests for private lands of equal value and within the same state .   This act also made for better management and administration in accordance with future planning initiatives because the process of a mutually desirable exchange was greatly simplified by this legislation to a matter of just signing papers .   Chief Forester William B. Greeley predicted in 1922 that `` this law would probably be regarded as one of the half-dozen most important laws affecting the National Forests . ''


query: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

positive: Medieval Warm Period The Medieval Warm Period ( MWP ) , Medieval Climate Optimum , or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region that may also have been related to other climate events around the world during that time , including China and other areas , lasting from about 950 to 1250 . It was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age . Some refer to the event as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly as this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were important .   Despite uncertainties , especially for the period prior to 1600 for which data are scarce , the warmest period of the last 2,000 years prior to the 20th century in the Northern Hemisphere very likely occurred between 950 and 1100 . Proxy records show peak warmth occurred at different times for different regions , indicating that the Medieval Warm Period was not a time of globally uniform change . Temperatures in some regions matched or exceeded recent temperatures in these regions , but globally the Medieval Warm Period was cooler than recent global temperatures .   Possible causes of the Medieval Warm Period include increased solar activity , decreased volcanic activity , and changes to ocean circulation .

negative: Planetary equilibrium temperature The planetary equilibrium temperature is a theoretical temperature that a planet would be at when considered simply as if it were a black body being heated only by its parent star . In this model , the presence or absence of an atmosphere ( and therefore any greenhouse effect ) is not considered , and one treats the theoretical black body temperature as if it came from an idealized surface of the planet .   Other authors use different names for this concept , such as equivalent blackbody temperature of a planet , or the effective radiation emission temperature of the planet . Similar concepts include the global mean temperature , global radiative equilibrium , and global-mean surface air temperature , which includes the effects of global warming .

negative: Description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in IPCC reports The description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in IPCC reports has changed since the first report in 1990 as scientific understanding of the temperature record of the past 1000 years has improved . The Medieval Warm Period ( MWP ) and Little Ice Age ( LIA ) are the best-known temperature fluctuations in the last millennium .   Critics of the `` hockey stick graph '' of all subsequent reports have claimed that the record of the MWP and LIA were suppressed in the IPCC Third Assessment Report , although every report has discussed the phenomena .

negative: Regional effects of global warming Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

negative: Roman Warm Period The Roman Warm Period or the Roman climatic optimum has been proposed as a period of unusually warm weather in Europe and the North Atlantic that ran from approximately 250 BC to AD 400 .

negative: Little Ice Age The Little Ice Age ( LIA ) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period . Although it was not a true ice age , the term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939 . It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries , but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850 . Climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of the period , which varied according to local conditions .   The NASA Earth Observatory notes three particularly cold intervals : one beginning about 1650 , another about 1770 , and the last in 1850 , all separated by intervals of slight warming . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report considered the timing and areas affected by the Little Ice Age suggested largely-independent regional climate changes rather than a globally-synchronous increased glaciation . At most , there was modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during the period .   Several causes have been proposed : cyclical lows in solar radiation , heightened volcanic activity , changes in the ocean circulation , variations in Earth 's orbit and axial tilt ( orbital forcing ) , inherent variability in global climate , and decreases in the human population .

negative: Global cooling Global cooling was a conjecture during the 1970s of imminent cooling of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere culminating in a period of extensive glaciation . This hypothesis had little support in the scientific community , but gained temporary popular attention due to a combination of a slight downward trend of temperatures from the 1940s to the early 1970s and press reports that did not accurately reflect the full scope of the scientific climate literature , which showed a larger and faster-growing body of literature projecting future warming due to greenhouse gas emissions . The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth has not durably cooled , but underwent global warming throughout the 20th century .

negative: Polar amplification Polar amplification is the phenomenon that any change in the net radiation balance ( for example greenhouse intensification ) tends to produce a larger change in temperature near the poles than the planetary average . On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict longwave radiation to space ( a greenhouse effect ) , surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict . Where the atmosphere or an extensive ocean is able to convect heat polewards , the poles will be warmer and equatorial regions cooler than their local net radiation balances would predict .   In the extreme , the planet Venus is thought to have experienced a very large increase in greenhouse effect over its lifetime , so much so that its poles have warmed sufficiently to render its surface temperature effectively isothermal ( no difference between poles and equator ) . On Earth , water vapor and trace gasses provide a lesser greenhouse effect , and the atmosphere and extensive oceans provide efficient poleward heat transport . Both palaeoclimate changes and recent global warming changes have exhibited strong polar amplification , as described below .

negative: Greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet 's atmosphere warms the planet 's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere .   If a planet 's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases ( i.e. , greenhouse gases ) the atmosphere will radiate energy in all directions . Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface , warming it . The downward component of this radiation -- that is , the strength of the greenhouse effect -- will depend on the atmosphere 's temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains .   On Earth , the atmosphere is warmed by absorption of infrared thermal radiation from the underlying surface ( heated by the sun ) , absorption of shorter wavelength radiant energy from the sun , and convective heat fluxes from the surface . Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere radiate energy , some of which is directed to the surface and lower atmosphere . The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect .   Earth 's natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life . Human activities , primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests , have intensified the natural greenhouse effect , causing global warming .   The mechanism is named after a faulty analogy with the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse . The way a greenhouse retains heat is fundamentally different , as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow and retaining warm air inside the structure .

negative: Bølling-Allerød warming The Bølling-Allerød interstadial was an abrupt warm and moist interstadial period that occurred during the final stages of the last glacial period . This warm period ran from c. 14,700 to c. 12,700 years before the present ( BP ) . It began with the end of the cold period known as the Oldest Dryas , and ended abruptly with the onset of the Younger Dryas , a cold period that reduced temperatures back to near-glacial levels within a decade .   In some regions , a cold period known as the Older Dryas can be detected in the middle of the Bølling-Allerød interstadial . In these regions the period is divided into the Bølling oscillation , which peaked around 14,500 BP , and the Allerød oscillation , which peaked closer to 13,000 BP .   Estimates of CO2 rise are 20 -- 35 ppmv within 200 years , a rate less than 29 -- 50 % compared to the anthropogenic global warming signal from the past 50 years , and with a radiative forcing of 0.59 -- 0.75 W m − 2 .

negative: Cool tropics paradox The cool tropics paradox refers to an apparent difference between modeled estimates of tropical temperatures during warm , ice-free periods of the Cretaceous and Eocene , and the colder temperatures which proxies suggested were present . The long-standing paradox was resolved when novel proxy derived temperatures showed significantly warmer tropics during past greenhouse climates . The low-gradient problem , i.e. the very warm polar regions with respect to present day , is still an issue for state-of-the-art climate models .

negative: 2014–16 El Niño event The 2014 -- 16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line . These unusually warm waters influenced the world 's weather in a number of ways , which in turn significantly affected various parts of the world . These included drought conditions in Venezuela , Australia and a number of Pacific islands while significant flooding was also recorded . During the event more tropical cyclones than normal occurred within the Pacific Ocean , while fewer than normal occurred in the Atlantic Ocean .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Polar forests of the Cretaceous Cretaceous polar forests were temperate forests that grew at polar latitudes during the final period of the Mesozoic Era , known as the Cretaceous Period 145 -- 66 Ma . During this period , global average temperature was about 10 C-change higher and carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) levels were approximately 1000 parts per million ( ppm ) , 2.5 times the current concentration in Earth 's atmosphere . The abundance of atmospheric carbon dioxide had a very significant impact on global climate and Earth 's natural systems as its concentration is considered one of the main factors in the development of a pronounced greenhouse Earth during the Cretaceous with a very low average global temperature gradient . As a consequence , high paleolatitudes in both hemispheres were much warmer than at present . This temperature gradient was partly responsible for the lack of continental ice sheets in polar regions .   As a response to elevated global temperatures , the Earth 's hydrologic cycle was significantly enhanced due to greater volume of moisture evaporation from the surface of the ocean . In turn , the absolute sea level during this time period stood at elevations much higher than the present level . Continental encroachment of seawater formed widespread shallow seas , including expanses of epeiric seas .   An increase in surface area between shallow , warm epeiric seawater and the atmosphere permits higher evaporation rates and more precipitation at various latitudes , producing a more temperate global climate . A widespread temperate climate also had significant effects on high latitude ecosystems .

negative: Thermal history of the Earth The thermal history of the Earth is the study of the cooling history of Earth 's interior . It is a sub-field of geophysics . Thermal histories are also computed for the internal cooling of other planetary and stellar bodies . The study of the thermal evolution of Earth 's interior is uncertain and controversial in all aspects , from the interpretation of petrologic observations used to infer the temperature of the interior , to the fluid dynamics responsible for heat loss , to material properties that determine the efficiency of heat transport .

negative: Capping inversion A capping inversion is an elevated inversion layer that caps a convective boundary layer .   The boundary layer is the part of the atmosphere which is closest to the ground . Normally , the sun heats the ground , which in turn heats the air just above it . Thermals form when this warm air rises into the cold air ( warm air is less dense than cold air ) , a process described by convection . A convective layer such as this has the potential for cloud formation , since condensation occurs as the warm air rises and cools .   An inversion occurs when the normal temperature ( warm air below , cold air above ) profile is reversed , creating a stable configuration of dense , cold air sitting below lighter , warm air . An elevated inversion layer is thus a region of warm air above a region of cold air , but higher in the atmosphere ( generally not touching the surface ) .   A capping inversion occurs when there is a boundary layer with a normal temperature profile ( warm air rising into cooler air ) and the layer above that is an inversion layer ( cooler air below warm air ) . Cloud formation from the lower layer is `` capped '' by the inversion layer . If the capping inversion layer or `` cap '' is too strong ( too close to the surface ) , it will prevent thunderstorms from developing . A strong cap can result in foggy conditions .   However , if the air at the surface is unstable enough , strong updrafts can be forced through the capping inversion . This selective process of only allowing the strongest updrafts to form thunderstorms often results in outbreaks of severe weather .

negative: Global cooling (disambiguation) Global cooling was a 1970s conjecture about global climate change .   Global cooling may also refer to :  In general , one of the means by which Earth can undergo climate change  Climate change denial , including contrarian views about global warming in the 20th and 21st centuries  Cooling periods on the multimillion-year scale in the geologic temperature record  Geophysical global cooling , a conjecture about the formation of natural features that was made obsolete by the theory of plate tectonics  Little Ice Age , a period from the 16th to 19th centuries characterized by cooling and coincident with below average sunspots frequency

negative: Instrumental temperature record The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth 's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures . Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations , buoys and ships around the globe . The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series , that starts in 1659 . The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850 . In recent decades more extensive sampling of ocean temperatures at various depths have begun allowing estimates of ocean heat content but these do not form part of the global surface temperature datasets .

negative: Temperature record of the past 1000 years For information on the description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in various IPCC reports see MWP and LIA in IPCC reportsThe temperature record of the past 1,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale . Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional : the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that `` Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely '' the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . '' The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century . As of 2010 this broad pattern was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th-century `` shaft '' appears . Sparseness of proxy records results in considerable uncertainty for earlier periods .   Individual proxy records , such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology , are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap . Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions : tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures ( within the tropics trees do not form rings ) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean . Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions , incorporating proxies such as lake sediments , ice cores and corals which are found in different regions , and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records . The `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures ; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction ( CFR ) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas , making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models .   During the 1,900 years before the 20th century , it is likely that the next warmest period was from 950 to 1100 , with peaks at different times in different regions . This has been called the Medieval Warm Period , and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age . In the hockey stick controversy , contrarians have asserted that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than at present , and have disputed the data and methods of climate reconstructions .

negative: Ocean current An ocean current is a continuous , directed movement of seawater generated by forces acting upon this mean flow , such as breaking waves , wind , the Coriolis effect , cabbeling , temperature and salinity differences , while tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon . Depth contours , shoreline configurations , and interactions with other currents influence a current 's direction and strength . Therefore ocean currents are primarily horizontal water movements .   Ocean currents flow for great distances , and together , create the global conveyor belt which plays a dominant role in determining the climate of many of the Earth 's regions . More specifically , ocean currents influence the temperature of the regions through which they travel . For example , warm currents traveling along more temperate coasts increase the temperature of the area by warming the sea breezes that blow over them . Perhaps the most striking example is the Gulf Stream , which makes northwest Europe much more temperate than any other region at the same latitude . Another example is Lima , Peru where the climate is cooler ( sub-tropical ) than the tropical latitudes in which the area is located , due to the effect of the Humboldt Current .

negative: Cool Globes: Hot Ideas for a Cooler Planet Cool Globes : Hot Ideas for a Cooler Planet is a public art project dedicated to increasing awareness of global warming .   A nonprofit corporation , `` Cool Globes : Hot Ideas for a Cooler Planet '' sponsored a Chicago public art exhibit of 125 5 ft globes decorated with solutions to global warming , placed in Grant Park near the Field Museum of Natural History , the Shedd Aquarium , and along the lakefront bike path during the summer of 2007 .   The project is similar to the popular `` Cows on Parade '' exhibit of 1999 , but with a social conscience . The Cool Globes adopts the idea of Berlin 's town mascot ; the entailing United Buddy Bears exhibitions are very different from all other urban events . The bears were created by the German artists Klaus and Eva Herlitz . The idea and the philosophy behind the United Buddy Bears exhibitions are unique : with its international approach and its symbolism , this synthesis of the arts globally promotes tolerance , international understanding and a peaceful coexistence .

negative: Holocene climatic optimum The Holocene Climate Optimum ( HCO ) was a warm period during roughly the interval 9,000 to 5,000 years BP . This event has also been known by many other names , including : Hypsithermal , Altithermal , Climatic Optimum , Holocene Optimum , Holocene Thermal Maximum , and Holocene Megathermal .   This warm period was followed by a gradual decline until about two millennia ago .  For other temperature fluctuations see : Temperature record  For other past climate fluctuation see : Paleoclimatology  For the pollen zone and Blytt-Sernander period associated with the climate optimum , see : Atlantic ( period )

negative: 2013 heatwave in Ireland and the United Kingdom The 2013 heat wave in the United Kingdom and Ireland was a period of unusually hot weather primarily in July 2013 , with isolated warm days in June and August . A prolonged high pressure system over Britain and Ireland caused higher than average temperatures for 19 consecutive days in July , reaching 33.5 ° C at Heathrow and Northolt . Following a brief period of cooler weather at the end of July , temperatures temporarily rose again , peaking at 34.1 ° C on 1 August in the United Kingdom , the warmest the country had seen since July 2006 , and 31.0 ° C in Ireland . At 19 days , the July heatwave was the longest continuous period of hot weather in the UK since August 1997 .   However , in the general sense , Britain did not have an overall exceptional summer ; the country experienced cool low pressure systems brought by an unseasonably low latitude by the jet stream for the 6 summers previous , which made the summer of 2013 more `` welcome '' and feel warmer than other summers . The historical records suggests `` Using the CET record ( for June , July & August ) , the average temperature by that measure was 16.3 degC ( Provisional ) : neither June nor August was exceptionally warm , so this value does not ` rate ' too highly when set against other very warm summer seasons . '' With June being a cool month and August being an Average month , in terms of temperatures the English Central summer temperature ended up being on the average side set up against previous summers since the CET series began in 1659 .

negative: Climate Climate is the statistics of weather , usually over a 30-year interval . It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature , humidity , atmospheric pressure , wind , precipitation , atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time . Climate differs from weather , in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region .   A region 's climate is generated by the climate system , which has five components : atmosphere , hydrosphere , cryosphere , lithosphere , and biosphere .   The climate of a location is affected by its latitude , terrain , and altitude , as well as nearby water bodies and their currents . Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables , most commonly temperature and precipitation . The most commonly used classification scheme was the Köppen climate classification . The Thornthwaite system , in use since 1948 , incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying biological diversity and how climate change affects it . The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region .   Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates . Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century , paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores , and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral . Climate models are mathematical models of past , present and future climates . Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors ; recent warming is discussed in global warming . Global warming results in redistributions . For example , `` a 3 ° C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300 -- 400 km in latitude ( in the temperate zone ) or 500 m in elevation . Therefore , species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in latitude in response to shifting climate zones '' .

negative: Global warming in Antarctica The effects of global warming in Antarctica may include rising temperatures and increasing snow melt .

negative: Subatlantic The Subatlantic is the current climatic age of the Holocene epoch . It started at about 2,500 years BP and is still ongoing . Its average temperatures were slightly lower than during the preceding Subboreal and Atlantic . During its course the temperature underwent several oscillations which had a strong influence on fauna and flora and thus indirectly on the evolution of human civilizations . With intensifying industrialisation , human society started to stress the natural climatic cycles with increased greenhouse gas emissions .

negative: Save the Planet Save the Planet is a minor political party in Australia .   The environmentalist party aims to avoid global warming by returning average global temperatures to pre-industrial levels as quickly as possible . The party also aims to create a world that is environmentally and socially sustainable without inequality .

negative: Global temperature record The global temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time.  The most detailed information exists since 1850, when methodical thermometer-based records began.  There are numerous estimates of temperatures since the end of the Pleistocene glaciation, particularly during the current Holocene epoch.  Older time periods are studied by paleoclimatology.

negative: Global warming (disambiguation) Global warming is one of the common names for the current change in Earth 's climate .   Global warming may also refer to :  Global Warming ( Pitbull album ) , a 2011 music album by Pitbull  Global Warming ( Sonny Rollins album ) , a 1998 music album by Sonny Rollins  Global warming game , several games based on the concept   Not to be confused with the Global warming controversy , which refers to the public debate over scientific conclusions on climate change .

negative: Atlantic (period) The Atlantic in palaeoclimatology was the warmest and moistest Blytt-Sernander period , pollen zone and chronozone of Holocene northern Europe . The climate was generally warmer than today . It was preceded by the Boreal , with a climate similar to today 's , and was followed by the Subboreal , a transition to the modern . Because it was the warmest period of the Holocene , the Atlantic is often referenced more directly as the Holocene climatic optimum , or just climatic optimum .


query: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

positive: Climate change (general concept) Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. In the time since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities that are causing global warming and climate change.The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth\'s energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth\'s energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling.\nThe energy moving through Earth\'s climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region\'s climate. Such changes can be the result of "internal variability", when natural processes inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate variability can also result from external forcing, when events outside of the climate system\'s components nonetheless produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism.\nClimate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies.

positive: Sarah Palin Sarah Louise Palin ( -LSB- ˈpeɪlᵻn -RSB- née Heath ; born February 11 , 1964 ) is an American politician , commentator , and author who served as the ninth Governor of Alaska from 2006 until her resignation in 2009 . As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2008 election alongside presidential nominee , Arizona Senator John McCain , she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major political party and the first Republican woman selected as a vice presidential candidate . Also , her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies .   She was elected to the Wasilla city council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996 . In 2003 , after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor , she was appointed chair of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission , responsible for overseeing the state 's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency . She was the youngest person and the first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska .   Since her resignation as Governor , she has endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement as well as several candidates in multiple election cycles , prominently including Donald Trump for President in 2016 . From 2010 to 2015 , she provided political commentary for Fox News . On April 3 , 2014 , Palin premiered her TV show , Amazing America with Sarah Palin , on the Sportsman Channel , which ran until February 12 , 2015 . On July 27 , 2014 , Palin launched the online news network called the Sarah Palin Channel , which was closed on July 4 , 2015 .

positive: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations , set up at the request of member governments , dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective , scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts . It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations , the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53 . Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP .  The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , which is the main international treaty on climate change . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to `` stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic -LSB- i.e. , human-induced -RSB- interference with the climate system '' . IPCC reports cover `` the scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . ''   The IPCC does not carry out its own original research , nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself . The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature , which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources .   Thousands of scientists and other experts contribute ( on a voluntary basis , without payment from the IPCC ) to writing and reviewing reports , which are then reviewed by governments . IPCC reports contain a `` Summary for Policymakers '' , which is subject to line-by-line approval by delegates from all participating governments . Typically this involves the governments of more than 120 countries .   The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change , producing reports which have the agreement of leading climate scientists and the consensus of participating governments . The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared , in equal parts , between the IPCC and Al Gore .

negative: Christopher C. Horner Christopher C. Horner is an attorney in Washington , D.C. and a Senior Fellow at the Competitive Enterprise Institute who opposes the mainstream view of climate change and has been prominent in promoting climate change denial . He is the author of three books disputing the scientific evidence for man-made global warming . Horner had a financial relationship with coal companies who provided him with funds . Horner has been criticized for hounding climate scientists with frivolous requests for documentation and emails .

negative: Vicky Pope Vicky Pope is head of the climate predictions programme at the Hadley Centre . She spent 6 years as manager of atmospheric climate model development and evaluation . Since October 2004 she has been Head of the Climate Prediction Programme which provides independent scientific advice on climate change . Her research interests include developing and validating climate models .   In an interview for The Guardian newspaper , she said :   `` very few '' scientists disputed the latest IPCC report . `` The consensus on warming since the 1850s is that a large part is due to man 's activities , '' she said . `` That 's the line of the IPCC report and that position is strengthening . It is a very widespread consensus . There are a few very vocal people who are sceptics , only some of whom are actually scientists . Sceptics obviously have a place in the community . '' link

negative: Environmental skepticism Environmental skepticism is the belief that claims by environmentalists , and the environmental scientists who support them , are false or exaggerated . The term is also applied to those who are critical of environmentalism in general . Environmental skepticism is closely linked with anti-environmentalism and climate change denial .   Environmental skeptics have argued that the extent of harm coming from human activities is less certain than some scientists and scientific bodies claim , or that it is too soon to be introducing curbs in these activities on the basis of existing evidence , or that further discussion is needed regarding who should pay for such environmental initiatives . One of the focus themes in the environmental skeptics movement is the idea that environmentalism is a growing threat to social and economic progress and the civil liberties .   The popularity of the term was enhanced by Bjørn Lomborg 's book The Skeptical Environmentalist . Lomborg approached environmental claims from a statistical and economic standpoint , and concluded that often the claims made by environmentalists were overstated . Lomborg argued , on the basis of cost -- benefit analysis , that few environmentalist claims warranted serious concern . However , in 2010 , Lomborg stated that he believes in the need for `` tens of billions of dollars a year to be invested in tackling climate change '' and declared global warming to be `` undoubtedly one of the chief concerns facing the world today '' and `` a challenge humanity must confront '' . He summarized his position , saying `` Global warming is real - it is man-made and it is an important problem . But it is not the end of the world . ''

negative: Climate justice Climate justice is a term used for framing global warming as an ethical and political issue , rather than one that is purely environmental or physical in nature . This is done by relating the effects of climate change to concepts of justice , particularly environmental justice and social justice and by examining issues such as equality , human rights , collective rights , and the historical responsibilities for climate change . A fundamental proposition of climate justice is that those who are least responsible for climate change suffer its gravest consequences .  Occasionally , the term is also used to mean actual legal action on climate change issues .

negative: Somebody Like Me (Silkk the Shocker song) `` Somebody Like Me `` is a single by American rapper Silkk The Shocker and features singer-songwriter Mýa from Silkk 's third album Made Man.The track was produced by The Whole 9 for Miller 's third studio album Made Man . Somebody Like Me was written by Mýa , Vyshonn Miller and The Whole 9 .

negative: 2007 Nobel Peace Prize The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared , in two equal parts , between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) and Al Gore `` for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change , and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change '' .

negative: Déjà Voodoo (Gov't Mule album) Déjà Voodoo is the sixth studio album by southern rock jam band Gov ' t Mule . The album was released on September 14 , 2004 , by ATO Records . It was the first Gov ' t Mule album to feature Andy Hess and Danny Louis as permanent members , and it was also the first album that Gov ' t Mule did not play live before its release . The title is a reference to the fact that the band believes it rocks just like it used to before the death of former bassist Allen Woody .   Beginning in late 2005 , the album was released to include the Mo ' Voodoo EP .

negative: Walt Monegan Walter Carleton `` Walt '' Monegan III ( born May 1951 ) is the former Police Chief of Anchorage , Alaska , and later Commissioner of Public Safety for the state of Alaska . His dismissal in July 2008 by Alaska governor Sarah Palin drew considerable attention , particularly in the wake of Palin 's selection as the Vice-Presidential nominee of the Republican Party the following month . Monegan accused Palin of not telling the truth about the reasons for his dismissal .   In April , 2016 , Alaska Governor Bill Walker reappointed Monegan as the Commissioner of Public Safety .

negative: World Mayors Council on Climate Change The World Mayors Council on Climate Change ( WMCCC ) is an alliance of mayors who have made a commitment to the protection of climate change .  Since 2012 , the Chair is Park Won-soon , Mayor of Seoul , South Korea . The Vice-Chair is Juergen Nimptsch , Mayor of Bonn , Germany .

negative: Steve Cowper Stephen Cambreleng `` Steve '' Cowper ( born August 21 , 1938 ) is an American Democratic politician who was the sixth Governor of Alaska from 1986-90 . He was governor during the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill .

negative: Katie McGinty Kathleen Alana `` Katie '' McGinty ( born May 11 , 1963 ) is an American former state and federal environmental policy official . She served as an environmental advisor to Vice President Al Gore and President Bill Clinton . Later , she served as Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection in the Cabinet of Governor Ed Rendell .   Prior to the nomination of Lisa P. Jackson , she was mentioned as a possible United States Environmental Protection Agency Administrator under President Barack Obama , and as a possible candidate to succeed Ed Rendell as Governor of Pennsylvania , but was not a candidate in the 2010 election .   McGinty was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Pennsylvania in 2014 .   After Democrat Tom Wolf won Pennsylvania 's 2014 gubernatorial election , he appointed McGinty as his Chief of Staff .   On August 4 , 2015 , she officially announced her candidacy for the United States Senate in 2016 . McGinty won the Democratic nomination on April 26 , 2016 , but lost , with 47.2 % of the vote , to incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Pat Toomey in the general election .

negative: Gov. James T. Lewis House The Gov. James T. Lewis House is located in Columbus , Wisconsin , United States . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .

negative: Daylight saving time in Ecuador Ecuador currently doesn ´ t use DST .   President Sixto Durán Ballén imposed daylight saving time in 1992 in an energy-saving effort . It was poorly received by the populace and did not last long .

negative: Climate change Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time ( i.e. , decades to millions of years ) . Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions , or in the time variation of weather around longer-term average conditions ( i.e. , more or fewer extreme weather events ) . Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes , variations in solar radiation received by Earth , plate tectonics , and volcanic eruptions . Certain human activities have been identified as primary causes of ongoing climate change , often referred to as global warming .   Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using observations and theoretical models . A climate record -- extending deep into the Earth 's past -- has been assembled , and continues to be built up , based on geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles , cores removed from deep accumulations of ice , floral and faunal records , glacial and periglacial processes , stable-isotope and other analyses of sediment layers , and records of past sea levels . More recent data are provided by the instrumental record . General circulation models , based on the physical sciences , are often used in theoretical approaches to match past climate data , make future projections , and link causes and effects in climate change .

negative: By a Thread (Gov't Mule album) By a Thread is the ninth studio album by American southern rock jam band Gov ' t Mule . The album was released on October 27 , 2009 , by Evil Teen Records . It is the first album to feature bassist Jorgen Carlsson , who joined the band in 2008 , replacing Andy Hess .   On August 17 , 2009 , the first track of the album , `` Broke Down on the Brazos '' , was made available for listening on Gov ' t Mule 's official website , as well as on the band 's Myspace and Facebook pages . The track features the playing of Billy Gibbons , best known as the singer and guitarist for the American blues rock band ZZ Top .

negative: Climate ethics Climate ethics is an area of research that focuses on the ethical dimensions of climate change ( also known as global warming ) , and concepts such as climate justice .   Human-induced climate change raises many profound ethical questions , yet many believe that these ethical issues have not been addressed adequately in climate change policy debates or in the scientific and economic literature on climate change ; and that , consequently , ethical questions are being overlooked or obscured in climate negotiations , policies and discussions . It has been pointed out that those most responsible for climate change are not the same people as those most vulnerable to its effects .   Terms such as climate justice and ecological justice ( ` eco justice ' ) are used worldwide , and have been adopted by various groups .

negative: Scott Pruitt Edward Scott Pruitt ( born May 9 , 1968 ) is an American lawyer and Republican politician from the state of Oklahoma who is currently the 14th Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency . Nominated by President Donald Trump in December 2016 , Pruitt was confirmed by the Senate to lead the EPA on February 17 , 2017 .   Pruitt represented Tulsa and Wagoner Counties in the Oklahoma Senate from 1998 until 2006 . In 2006 , Pruitt narrowly lost to Oklahoma Speaker of the House Todd Hiett in a bid for the Republican nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma . In 2010 , Pruitt was elected Attorney General of Oklahoma . In that role , he was viewed as a proponent of federalism , supporting religious freedom laws and opposing abortion rights , same-sex marriage , the Affordable Care Act , and environmental regulations as a self-described `` leading advocate against the EPA 's activist agenda '' . He fought the agency 's efforts on climate and clear air in several lawsuits , often closely coordinating with the fossil fuel industry , which supported him with almost $ 300,000 in campaign contributions . In 2012 , Pruitt was elected as chairman of the Republican Attorneys General Association , and re-elected for a second term in February 2013 .   Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human activities are a primary contributor to climate change . He specifically rejects the stance of the scientific community , including US agencies NASA and NOAA , that carbon dioxide is the primary contributor .

negative: Devesh Chauhan Devesh Singh Chauhan ( born 11 December 1981 in Village Silayta , Etawah , Uttar Pradesh ) is a field hockey goalkeeper from India , who made his international debut for the Men 's National Team in early 2000 . Chauhan represented his native country twice at the Summer Olympics , in 2000 ( Sydney , Australia ) and in 2004 ( Athens , Greece ) , where India finished in seventh place on both occasions.chauhan got Arjuna award in 2003 by gov ' t to India and lakshman award in 2001 ; Yash bharti award in 2005 and ahilyabai Hillary award in 2006 by gov ' t to Uttar Pradesh .

negative: Al-Magar Al-Magar is one of the Neolithic civilization that discovered in the Arabian Peninsula , particularly in Najd , Saudi Arabia . The early man had once lived in that area and practiced the art of agriculture and animal husbandry in this area before the desertification had actually begun or during the catastrophic event of climate change that ended with a large spread of desert across the country . The people who settled there lived in stone houses built with dry masonry . It is also proof that the Arabs were the first to tame the horse .

negative: Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow The Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow ( CFACT ) is a Washington , D.C.-based 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization founded in 1985 that advocates for free-market solutions to environmental issues , but has increasingly turned to climate denial . For example , CFACT co-founder Craig Rucker stated that mankind faces a threat `` not from man-made global warming , but from man-made hysteria . '' At the 29 April 2017 Climate March , leaflets distributed by CFACT claimed the scientific consensus that mankind is now driving global changes in the planet 's climate are `` bogus '' , that reports of record-setting temperatures are `` the hottest lie '' being told , and `` CO2 is not the ` control knob ' of the climate '' .

negative: The Masked Avengers' prank on Sarah Palin On November 1 , 2008 , American vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin fell victim to a prank call by the Masked Avengers , a Quebecer radio comedy duo , who tricked Palin into believing she was talking to French President Nicolas Sarkozy . During the conversation , the fake Sarkozy , speaking in English ( the real Sarkozy does not speak English ) , talked to Palin about foreign policy , hunting , and the 2008 U.S. presidential election . After it was revealed to Palin that the call was a prank , she handed the phone to one of her assistants who told the comedy duo `` I have to let you go '' and hung up .   Both the McCain and Obama campaigns released light-hearted statements about the prank . However , a McCain campaign advisor said that behind the scenes , aides and advisors to the campaign were not happy that the pranksters were able to lie their way up to Palin , or with the publicity Palin received because of the call .

negative: Public opinion on climate change Public opinion on climate change is the aggregate of attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population concerning the science , economics , and politics of global warming . It is affected by media coverage of climate change .

negative: An Inconsistent Truth An Inconsistent Truth is a 2012 documentary film written , produced , and featuring , nationally syndicated conservative talk radio host Phil Valentine and directed by Shayne Edwards . Valentine , a skeptic of global warming theory , interviewed scientists about the validity of Al Gore 's film An Inconvenient Truth and the facts presented within . What he is told by the scientists he interviews is that there is no consensus on the issue of global warming or climate change . The film argues that global warming proponents keep changing its label , basing their argument on what Valentine says is shaky scientific ground .

negative: Martin Eisenstadt The Martin Eisenstadt hoax is an elaborate scheme of filmmakers Dan Mirvish and Eitan Gorlin that involved the creation of a fictional `` talking head '' , Martin Eisenstadt , who was quoted by numerous major news outlets ( such as the Los Angeles Times and MSNBC ) , as well as countless blogs , all of which failed to verify his actual existence . `` Eisenstadt '' claimed to be the source of commentary about Sarah Palin in the wake of John McCain 's 2008 Presidential Campaign . Mirvish and Gorlin have since written a satirical novel called I Am Martin Eisenstadt : One Man 's ( Wildly Inappropriate ) Adventures with the Last Republicans for Farrar , Straus and Giroux ISBN 978-0-86547-914-2 . The book was written under Eisenstadt 's pseudonym and purports to be a first-person memoir of Eisenstadt 's experience with the McCain/Palin campaign , including buying Palin 's wardrobe . In the book , the Eisenstadt character denies rumors that he does not exist .

negative: United Kingdom environmental law United Kingdom environmental law concerns the protection of the environment in the United Kingdom . Environmental law is increasingly a European and an international issue , due to the cross border issues of air and water pollution , and man made climate change .

negative: Be Somebody... or Be Somebody's Fool! Be Somebody ... or Be Somebody 's Fool ! is a 1984 motivational video hosted by Mr. T ( from The A-Team ) and distributed by MCA Home Video . The production drew strongly on new wave and R&B culture of the mid-1980s to appeal to children to respect elders , avoid peer pressure , and build self-confidence . It featured a showcase of emerging talent , including Ice-T , Martika , Fergie , Tammy Townsend , Bumper Robinson , Shanice , and New Edition with Bobby Brown . The video has led to a proliferation of video clips that are circulated on the Internet .   The project was produced by Topper Carew , a sitcom writer who had worked alongside Mr. T as a producer and writer on the feature film D.C. Cab . Mr. T returned to motivational roles for the 2006 television series I Pity the Fool .   A companion book by St. Martin 's Press and a soundtrack album by MCA Records were also released in conjunction with the video .

negative: Mo' Voodoo Mo ' Voodoo is an EP by Gov ' t Mule . In May 2005 , Gov ' t Mule released this five song EP of additional material recorded during breaks of their last tour . It is now included as a bonus CD of the Deja Voodoo album .

negative: Gov't Mule Gov ' t Mule ( pronounced Government Mule ) is an American southern rock jam band , formed in 1994 as a side project of The Allman Brothers Band by guitarist Warren Haynes and bassist Allen Woody . Fans often refer to Gov ' t Mule simply as Mule .   The band released their debut album , Gov ' t Mule , in 1995 , and have since released an additional nine studio albums , plus numerous EPs and live releases . Gov ' t Mule has become a staple act at music festivals across North America , with both its members and frequent guests boasting members from other notable bands , adding various funk and blues rock elements to the band 's sound .

negative: Governorship of Sarah Palin In 2006 , Sarah Palin was elected governor of Alaska . Running on a clean-government platform , Palin defeated incumbent Governor Frank Murkowski in the Republican gubernatorial primary election in August . She then went on to win the general election in November , defeating former Governor Tony Knowles 48.3 % to 40.9 % . Her running mate was State Senator Sean Parnell .   During the Republican gubernatorial primary campaign , Palin was endorsed by former Alaska Governor Walter Hickel , and groups such as the Alaska Correctional Officers Association and Alaska Right to Life . Later , in the general election for governor , she was supported by Governor Frank Murkowski . Republican U.S. Senator Ted Stevens made a last-moment endorsement , filming a television commercial with Palin for the gubernatorial campaign .   During her campaign for governor , Palin declared that education , public safety , and transportation would be the three cornerstones of her administration . She won the race despite spending less than her Democratic opponent .   Palin became Alaska 's first female governor and , at 42 , the youngest in state history . She is the first Alaskan governor born after Alaska achieved U.S. statehood and the first governor not inaugurated in Juneau ; she chose to have the ceremony in Fairbanks instead . She took office on December 4 , 2006 , and maintained a high approval rating throughout her term ; .   On July 3 , 2009 , Sarah Palin announced her resignation as governor of Alaska . She stepped down on July 26 , 2009 , being replaced by Governor Sean Parnell .

negative: Sean Parnell Sean R. Parnell ( born November 19 , 1962 ) is an American politician . Parnell , a Republican , succeeded to the office of Governor of Alaska on 26 July 2009 when Governor Sarah Palin resigned . He served as the tenth Governor of Alaska from 2009 to 2014 . Parnell was elected Governor of Alaska in his own right in 2010 by 59.06 % of the vote , as the largest percentage margin of any Alaska governor since statehood . In 2014 , he narrowly lost his bid for re-election and has since returned to work in the private sector .   Born in Hanford , California , Parnell is a graduate from the University of Puget Sound 's School of Law ( now known as Seattle University School of Law ) . He practiced law before being elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1992 and he continued to work in private legal practice while he was a member of the Alaska House and later , the Alaska Senate . He served two terms in the Alaska House from 1993 to 1997 before he was elected to one term in the Alaska Senate from 1997 to 2001 . Parnell continued his legal career in the private sector , working as an attorney and as the state government relations director for Phillips Petroleum ( Alaska ) ( now known as ConocoPhillips Alaska ) and an attorney at the law firm Patton Boggs .   Returning to public service , Parnell won the Republican primary race for lieutenant governor in 2006 and became Sarah Palin 's running mate in her 2006 gubernatorial campaign , where the Palin-Parnell ticket defeated former Democratic Governor Tony Knowles . Parnell was sworn in as Lieutenant Governor of Alaska in December 2006 and later assumed the governorship after Palin resigned in July 2009 . Parnell was elected to a full term as Governor in 2010 , defeating former State Representative Ethan Berkowitz in the general election . Parnell is the first unelected Alaska Governor to be elected in his own right . He was narrowly defeated for a second term in 2014 by the `` unity ticket '' of Republican-turned-Independent Bill Walker and Democrat Byron Mallott .

negative: The Undefeated (2011 film) The Undefeated is an American political documentary on Sarah Palin , who was Governor of Alaska and later the Republican Party nominee for vice president in the 2008 United States presidential election . The documentary is written and directed by Stephen Bannon . The Undefeated was released on , 2011 .

negative: Faith Spotted Eagle Faith Spotted Eagle ( Dakota : Tunkan Inajin Win or Tȟuŋkáŋ Inážiŋ Win -LSB- tˣuŋkáŋ ináʒiŋ win -RSB- `` Standing Stone '' born 1948 ) is a Native American activist and politician . She is a member of the Yankton Sioux Nation who attempted to block development of the Keystone XL pipeline and the Dakota Access Pipeline .   In the 2016 presidential election , she became the first Native American to receive an electoral vote for President of the United States as well as one of the first two women to receive a presidential electoral vote . Spotted Eagle 's single vote came from a faithless elector in Washington , who cast it for her instead of Hillary Clinton .