query: allegedly caused World War I

positive: Aftermath of World War I The aftermath of World War I saw drastic political, cultural, and social change across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.

positive: Allies of World War I The Allies of World War I, also known as the Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers during the First World War.The members of the original Entente Alliance of 1907 were the French Republic, the British Empire and the Russian Empire; Italy ended its alliance with the Central Powers and entered the war on the side of the Entente in 1915. Japan was another important member.

positive: Balkan Wars The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913.  Four Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire in the first war; one of the four, Bulgaria, was defeated in the second war. The Ottoman Empire lost nearly all of its holdings in Europe. Austria-Hungary, although not a combatant, was weakened as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples.

positive: Causes of World War I The underlying causes of World War I, which began in The Balkans in late July 1914, are several. Among these causes were political, territorial, and economic conflicts among the great European powers in the four decades leading up to the war.  Additional causes were militarism,  a complex web of alliances,  imperialism, and nationalism.

positive: German strategic bombing during World War I The best-known German strategic bombing campaign during World War I was the campaign against England, although strategic bombing raids were carried out or attempted on other fronts.  The main campaign against England started in January 1915 using airships. From then until the end of World War I the German Navy and Army Air Services mounted over 50 bombing raids on the United Kingdom.

positive: Ireland and World War I During World War I (or the Great War) (1914–1918), Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which entered the war in August 1914 as one of the Entente Powers, along with France and the Russian Empire.

positive: Lists of World War I topics This is a list of World War I-related topics: List of Australian corps in World War I List of Australian divisions in WWI List of British armies in WWI List of British corps in WWI List of British divisions in WWI List of Canadian soldiers executed during World War I List of German weapons of World War I List of Indian divisions in World War I List of Irish people in World War I List of Medal of Honor recipients: World War I List of New Zealand soldiers executed during World War I List of Polish divisions in World War I List of Welsh Victoria Cross recipients of World War I List of World War I books List of World War I flying aces List of World War I video games List of ambulance drivers during World War I List of armoured fighting vehicles of World War I List of books on military executions in World War I List of military engagements of World War I List of national border changes since the twentieth century List of people associated with World War I List of last surviving World War I veterans by country

positive: Military operations in North Africa during World War I Conflicts took place in North Africa during World War I (1914–1918), between the Entente and the Central powers. The Senussi of Libya sided with the Ottoman Empire against the British Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. On 14 November 1914, the Ottoman Sultan proclaimed Jihad and sought to create a diversion to draw British troops from the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The Italian state wished to preserve the gains made in the Italo-Turkish War.

positive: Outline of World War I The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to World War I:World War I – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy).

positive: World War I World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war centered in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. More than 9 million combatants and 7 million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and tactical stalemate.

negative: Aerial bombing of cities The aerial bombing of cities in warfare is an optional element of strategic bombing which was first seen in 1915 during World War I. The bombing of cities grew to a vast scale in World War II, and is still practiced today. The development of aerial bombardment marked an increased capacity of armed forces to deliver ordnance from the air against combatants, military installations, and factories, with a greatly reduced risk to its ground forces.

negative: Allied Subjects' Medal The Allied Subjects' Medal was a British decoration instituted in 1922, and awarded to those who helped British and Commonwealth soldiers behind enemy lines between 1914-1918.The medal was awarded in silver and bronze. 134 medals were awarded in silver and 574 in bronze, most of them to Belgian and French citizens. Half of the recipients were female. In the Second World War the King's Medal for Courage in the Cause of Freedom took its place.

negative: American entry into World War I The United States' entry into World War I came in April 1917, after two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States neutral during World War I. Americans had no idea that war was imminent in Europe in the summer of 1914, and tens of thousands of tourists were caught by surprise. The U.S. government, under Wilson's firm control, called for neutrality "in thought and deed".

negative: Anti-imperialism Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is a term used in a variety of contexts, usually by nationalist movements, who want to secede from a larger polity (usually in the form of an empire, but also in a multi-ethnic sovereign state) or as a specific theory opposed to capitalism in Marxist–Leninist discourse, derived from Vladimir Lenin's work Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism.

negative: Anzac spirit The Anzac spirit or Anzac legend is a concept which suggests that Australian and New Zealand soldiers possess shared characteristics, specifically the qualities those soldiers allegedly exemplified on the battlefields of World War I.  These qualities cluster around six ideas: endurance, courage, ingenuity, good humour, larrikinism, and mateship.

negative: Armenian casualties during World War I Armenian casualties during World War I covers the Armenian casualties beginning with 1914 to 1922 when the Democratic Republic of Armenia becomes part of Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. There is no direct estimate on how many Armenians lived before 1914. The main causes can be classified as:

negative: Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles Article 231, often known as the War Guilt Clause, was the opening article of the reparations section of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War between the German Empire and the Allied and Associated Powers. The article did not use the word "guilt" but it served as a legal basis to compel Germany to pay reparations.Article 231 was one of the most controversial points of the treaty.

negative: Assassination Assassination is the murder of a prominent person, often but not always a political leader or ruler, usually for political reasons or payment.An assassination may be prompted by religious, political, or military motives; it is an act that may be done for financial gain, to avenge a grievance, from a desire to acquire fame or notoriety, or because of a military, security or insurgent group's command to carry out the homicide.

negative: Astorre I Manfredi Astorre Manfredi (c. 1345 – November 28, 1405) was an Italian condottiero. He was the son of Giovanni Manfredi, who had been lord of Faenza (today's Emilia-Romagna) and other castles in the area before the Papal reconquest.

negative: Bamboo (elephant) Bamboo is an Asian elephant residing at the Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle, Washington that has been at the center of controversy for several years. Her reputation as a troubled elephant, allegedly due to past abuse and an inadequate life at the Zoo, has caused animal rights activists such as Friends of Woodland Park Zoo Elephants to fight for the release of the Zoo's elephants to a sanctuary.

negative: Blockade of Germany The Blockade of Germany, or the Blockade of Europe, occurred from 1914 to 1919. It was a prolonged naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers during and after World War I in an effort to restrict the maritime supply of raw materials and foodstuffs to the Central Powers, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. It is considered one of the key elements in the eventual Allied victory in the war.

negative: British Expeditionary Force (World War I) The British Expeditionary Force or BEF was the British Army sent to the Western Front during the First World War. Planning for a British Expeditionary Force began with the Haldane reforms of the British Army carried out by the Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane following the Second Boer War (1899–1902).The term "British Expeditionary Force" is often used to refer only to the forces present in France prior to the end of the First Battle of Ypres on 22 November 1914.

negative: Casus belli Casus belli is a Latin expression meaning "An act or event that provokes or is used to justify war". Casus is a 4th declension masculine noun. Related to the English word "case", casus can mean "case", "incident", or "rupture". Belli is the genitive singular case of bellum, belli, a neuter noun of the 2nd declension. Belli means of war.

negative: Causes of World War II Among the main long-term causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasions of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy.

negative: Causes of the Franco-Prussian War The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the German unification. In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War (1866), Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna (1815) after the Napoleonic Wars. Prussia then turned its attention towards the south of Germany, where it sought to expand its influence.

negative: Chemical weapons in World War I Chemical weapons in World War I were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders, against whom the indiscriminate and generally slow-moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective. The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals, such as tear gas and the severe mustard gas, to lethal agents like phosgene and chlorine. This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century.

negative: Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance (December 1, 1890 – March 20, 1932), born Sylvester Clark Long, was an American journalist, writer and actor from Winston-Salem, North Carolina who became internationally prominent as a spokesman for Indian causes. He became famous following publication of his bestselling autobiography, purportedly based on his experience as the son of a Blackfoot chief. He was the first presumed American Indian admitted to the Explorers Club in New York City.

negative: Conscription Crisis of 1917 The Conscription Crisis of 1917 (French: Crise de la conscription de 1917) was a political and military crisis in Canada during World War I. It was mainly caused by disagreement on whether men should be conscripted to fight in WWI. It also brought out many issues regarding relations between French Canadians and English Canadians and motivated many revolutionary acts.

negative: Cult of the offensive The cult of the offensive refers to a strategic military dilemma, where leaders believe that offensive advantages are so great that a defending force would have no hope of repelling the attack; consequently, all states choose to attack.

negative: Curse of the pharaohs The curse of the pharaohs refers to an alleged curse believed by some to be cast upon any person who disturbs the mummy of an Ancient Egyptian person, especially a pharaoh. This curse, which does not differentiate between thieves and archaeologists, allegedly can cause bad luck, illness or death. Since the mid-20th century, many authors and documentaries have argued that the curse is 'real' in the sense of being caused by scientifically explicable causes such as bacteria or radiation.

negative: Dietrich Kraiß Dietrich Kraiß (16 November 1889 – 6 August 1944) was a German Generalleutnant during World War II, awarded the German Cross in Gold and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub). The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.

negative: Eastern Front (World War I) During World War I, the Eastern Front (Russian: Восточный фронт, sometimes called the "Second Fatherland War" or "Second Patriotic War" (Russian: Вторая Отечественная война) in Russian sources) was a theatre of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Germany on the other.

negative: French Army Mutinies The French Army Mutinies of 1917 took place amongst the French troops on the Western Front in Northern France during World War I. They started just after the disastrous Second Battle of the Aisne, the main action in the Nivelle Offensive in April 1917. General Robert Nivelle had promised a decisive war-ending victory over the Germans in 48 hours; the men were euphoric on entering the battle. The shock of failure soured their mood overnight.

negative: Fritz Fischer Fritz Fischer (5 March 1908 – 1 December 1999) was a German historian best known for his analysis of the causes of World War I. In the early 1960s Fischer put forward the controversial thesis that responsibility for the outbreak of the war rested solely on Imperial Germany. He has been described by The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing as the most important German historian of the 20th century.

negative: Gas attacks at Hulluch The Gas Attacks at Hulluch were two German cloud gas attacks on British troops during World War I, from 27–29 April 1916, near the village of Hulluch, 1-mile (1.6 km) north of Loos in northern France. The gas attacks were part of an engagement between divisions of the II Bavarian Corps and divisions of the British I Corps.Just before dawn on 27 April, the 16th Division and part of the 15th Division were subjected to a cloud gas attack near Hulluch.

negative: Gas attacks at Wulverghem The Gas attacks at Wulverghem in the municipality of Heuvelland were two German cloud gas attacks during World War I on British troops near Ypres in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The first gas discharge took place on 30 April 1916 and was followed by another attack on 17 June.The gas attacks at Wulverghem were part of the sporadic fighting, which took place between battles in the Ypres Salient on the Western Front.

negative: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип, pronounced [ɡǎʋrilo prǐntsip]; 25 July [O.S. 13 July] 1894 – 28 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.  Princip and his accomplices were arrested and implicated by several members of the Serbian military, leading Austria-Hungary to issue a démarche to Serbia known as the July Ultimatum.

negative:
German Corpse Factory The German Corpse Factory or Kadaververwertungsanstalt (literally "Corpse-Utilization Factory"), also sometimes called the "German Corpse-Rendering Works" or "Tallow Factory" was one of the most notorious anti-German atrocity propaganda stories circulated in World War I.According to the story, the Kadaververwertungsanstalten was a special installation supposedly operated by the Germans in which, because fats were so scarce in Germany due to the British naval blockade, German battlefield corpses were rendered down for fat, which was then used to manufacture nitroglycerine, candles, lubricants, and even boot dubbing. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Corpse_Factory?oldid=670400143> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Ligne_Roset> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Ligne Roset is a French modern furniture company that has over 200 stores and more than 1,000 retail distributors worldwide. The company was founded by Antoine Roset in 1860 in Montagnieu, France as a small business manufacturing bentwood walking sticks.

negative: German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912 The German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912 was an informal conference of some of the highest military leaders of the German Empire. Meeting at the Stadtschloss in Berlin, they discussed and debated the tense military and diplomatic situation in Europe at the time.

negative: Germany's Aims in the First World War Germany's Aims in the First World War (German title: Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegzielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914–1918) is a book by German Historian Fritz Fischer. It is one of the leading contributions to historical analysis of the Causes of World War I, and along with this work War of Illusions (Krieg der Illusionen) gave rise to the "Fischer Thesis" on the causes of the war. The title translates as "Grab for World Power". or "Bid for World Power".

negative: Ghost Stories (2009 TV series) Ghost Stories is an American paranormal television series that premiered on October 16, 2009 on the Travel Channel. The program is produced by MY Tupelo Entertainment. As its title implies, the series features ghost stories. Each episode showcases stories, legends and tales of different reportedly haunted locations in the United States.

negative: Goguryeo–Sui War The Goguryeo–Sui War were a series of campaigns launched by the Sui dynasty of China against Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, between AD 598 and AD 614. It resulted in the defeat of the Sui and was one of the pivotal factors in the collapse of the dynasty, which led to its overthrow by the Tang dynasty in AD 618.

negative: Hedvig Malina Hedvig Malina (Slovak: Hedviga Malinová) (born 1983) is an ethnic Hungarian woman from Horné Mýto (Hungarian: Felsővámos), Slovakia, who gained notoriety in 2006 for claiming that she was physically assaulted allegedly in a hate crime incident. The incident caused a media sensation and her case has ever since represented a highly controversial and debated issue of Hungary-Slovakia relations.On 4 April 2014, Slovak attorney general charged Malina with perjury.

negative: Henry Hadley (died 1914) Henry Hadley (June 1863 – 5 August 1914) was an English civilian who was fatally shot in Germany, allegedly while resisting arrest, on 3 August 1914, the day before the United Kingdom's entry into World War I. He is sometimes described as the "first British casualty" of the Great War.  He was a great-grandson of Erasmus Darwin.

negative: History of Germany during World War I During World War I, the German Empire was one of the Central Powers that lost the war. It began participation with the conflict after the declaration of war against Serbia by its ally, Austria-Hungary. German forces fought the Allies on both the eastern and western fronts, although German territory itself remained relatively safe from widespread invasion for most of the war, except for a brief period in 1914 when East Prussia was invaded.

negative: History of the United Kingdom during World War I See also: Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War IThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland—then consisting of England, Scotland, Wales, and the whole of Ireland—was one of the Allied Powers during the First World War of 1914–1918, fighting against the Central Powers (the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria).

negative: Hungary in World War I At the outbreak of World War I, Hungary was part of the dualist monarchy, Austria-Hungary. Although there are no significant battles connected to Hungarian regiments, the troops fought faithfully and intrepidly, which was one of the causes of high losses.

negative: Indian Army during World War I The Indian Army during World War I contributed a large number of divisions and independent brigades to the European, Mediterranean and the Middle East theatres of war in World War I. Over one million Indian troops served overseas, of whom 62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded. In total at least 74,187 Indian soldiers died during the war.In World War I the Indian Army fought against the German Empire in German East Africa and on the Western Front.

negative: Interwar period In the context of the history of the twentieth century, the interwar period or interbellum (Latin: inter-, "between" + bellum, "war") was the period between the end of World War I and the beginning of World War II—the period beginning with the Armistice with Germany that concluded World War I in 1918 and the following Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and ending in 1939 with the invasion of Poland and the start of World War II.

negative: Italian Front (World War I) The Italian Front (Italian: Fronte italiano; in German: Gebirgskrieg, "Mountain war") was a series of battles at the border between Austria-Hungary and Italy, fought between 1915 and 1918 in World War I. Following the secret promises made by Allies in the Treaty of London, Italy entered the war in order to annex the Austrian Littoral and northern Dalmatia, and the territories of present-day Trentino and South Tyrol.

negative: Killed in action Killed in action (KIA) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces. The United States Department of Defense, for example, says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack. KIAs do not come from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes and other "non-hostile" events or terrorism.

negative: Kurt Wissemann Leutnant Kurt Wissemann was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories.Born in Elberfeld, Wissemann trained at Jastaschule 1 before being posted to Jasta 3 on 28 May 1917. He claimed 5 victories during 1917, one of which was reputed to be top French ace Georges Guynemer on 11 September. He was killed in action over Westroosbeke, allegedly versus Capt.

negative: Lists of World War I flying aces The following are lists of World War I flying aces. Historically, a flying ace was defined as a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The term was first used by French newspapers, describing Adolphe Pégoud as l'as (the ace), after he downed five German aircraft.

negative: Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–19) The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (LSSR) was a short-lived Soviet republic declared on December 16, 1918 by a provisional revolutionary government led by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas. It ceased to exist on February 27, 1919 when it was merged with the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia to form the Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (\Litbel\")."

negative: Manuel Negrete (shooting) Manuel Estanislao Negrete Hernández (1946 – October 10, 1973), was a Chilean man who was allegedly killed by policemen serving Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet.Negrete was a farm worker who worked on plantation fields and had experience with plants, fruits and vegetables. He married a local girl in his town, the city of Curico.In a case that would later on make headline news in Chile, Negrete was killed and two others were injured during a shooting on September 19 of that year.

negative: Margaret Fredkulla Margaret Fredkulla of Sweden (1080s – 4 November 1130) was a medieval Scandinavian queen, Princess of Sweden and Queen consort of Denmark and Norway, married to King Magnus III of Norway and King Niels of Denmark, and regent de facto of Denmark. She is known as Margareta Fredkulla in Sweden, Margret Fredskolla in Norway and Margrete Fredkulla in Denmark. An English exonym is Margaret Colleen-of-Peace.

negative: Margaret Jones (Puritan midwife) Margaret Jones (1613 – June 15, 1648) was the first person to be executed for witchcraft in Massachusetts Bay Colony  during a witch-hunt that lasted from 1648 to 1663. About eighty people throughout New England were accused of practicing witchcraft during that period. Thirteen women and two men were executed.Jones, who resided in the Charlestown section of Boston, was a midwife and practiced medicine. Some of what caused her to be accused of witchcraft had to do with these practices.

negative: Megarian decree The Megarian Decree was a set of economic sanctions levied upon Megara c. 432 BC by the Athenian Empire shortly before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. The ostensible reason for the Decree was the Megarians' supposed trespass on land sacred to Demeter (known as the Hiera Orgas) and the killing of the Athenian herald who was sent to their city to reproach them. In all likelihood, it was an act of revenge by the Athenians for the treacherous behaviour of the Megarians some years earlier.

negative: Novi Sad raid The Novi Sad raid (Serbian: Новосадска рација / Novosadska racija) or the Újvidék massacre was a series of attacks by Hungarian troops against civilians in Hungarian occupied Bačka on January 1942, after the Axis invasion and partition of Yugoslavia. The raids were conducted in several places in southern Bačka region, including Novi Sad, villages and towns in Šajkaška, as well as the towns of Temerin, Srbobran and Bečej.

negative: Operation Web Tryp Operation Web Tryp was a United States Drug Enforcement Administration operation that ended on July 21, 2004 with the arrests of 10 persons. Its purpose was to investigate web sites suspected of distribution of unscheduled, unregulated tryptamines and phenethylamines of questionable legality.

negative: Opposition to World War I The main Opposition to World War I in Europe and America was by anarchist, syndicalist, and Marxist groups, but there was also opposition by Christian pacifists, Canadian and Irish nationalists, women's groups and intellectuals.The trade union and socialist movements had declared before the war their determined opposition to a war which they said could only mean workers killing each other in the millions in the interests of their bosses.

negative: Ottoman casualties of World War I Ottoman casualties of World War I covers the civilian and military casualties of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Empire's casualties were enormous regardless of the method used in the calculations. The military casualties were published in the book Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, but the post-war partitioning of the Ottoman Empire made the estimation of the total civilian casualties harder.

negative: Pascal's barrel Pascal's barrel is the name of a hydrostatics experiment allegedly performed by Blaise Pascal in 1646.  In the experiment, Pascal inserted a 10-m long (32.8 ft) vertical tube into a barrel filled with water.

negative: Peter Hurkos Peter Hurkos (born Pieter van der Hurk on 21 May 1911 in Dordrecht, the Netherlands; died 1 June 1988 in Los Angeles, California) was a Dutchman who allegedly manifested extrasensory perception (ESP) after recovering from a head injury and coma caused by a fall from a ladder when aged 30. During World War II, he was a member of the Dutch Resistance and was imprisoned in Buchenwald.

negative: Pig War (1906–08) The Pig War (Serbian: Свињски рат/Svinjski rat) or Customs War (Царински рат/Carinski rat) was a trade war between Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbia in 1906–08 in which the Habsburgs unsuccessfully imposed a customs blockade on Serbian pork, turning the countries openly hostile to each other.

negative: Polish National Committee (1914–17) Polish National Committee (Polish: Komitet Narodowy Polski) was formed in Russian partition during World War I, and grouped Polish politicians who wanted to advance the Polish cause by supporting Russia in World War I.

negative: Portugal during World War I Portugal did not initially form part of the system of alliances involved in World War I and thus initially kept its neutrality. However, tensions between Germany and Portugal arose due to German U-boat warfare which sought to blockade the United Kingdom — at the time the most important market for Portuguese products.

negative: Powder keg of Europe The "Powder keg of Europe", sometimes alternately known as the "Balkan Powder Keg", refers to the Balkans in the early part of the 20th century preceding World War I. In this time period there were a number of overlapping claims to territories and spheres of influence between the major European powers such as Russia, Austria-Hungary, Imperial Germany, and to a lesser degree, the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, and Italy.

negative: Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War At the beginning of 1914 the British Army had a reported strength of 710,000 men including reserves, of which around 80,000 were regular troops ready for war. By the end of World War I almost 1 in 4 of the total male population of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland had joined up, over five million men.

negative: Robert Borsak Robert Borsak (born 14 August 1953) is representative of the Shooters and Fishers Party in the New South Wales Legislative Council.  He was chosen by the Shooters and Fishers Party to fill the New South Wales Legislative Council vacancy caused by the death of Roy Smith on 30 July 2010.On a hunting trip to Zimbabwe he is reported to have culled several elephants under the Government sanctioned management program.

negative: Romania during World War I The Romanian campaign was part of the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied against the armies of the Central Powers.

negative: Russian Legion The Russian Legion were a group of Russians from the Russian Expeditionary Force in France who continued fighting for the Allied cause in the First World War after the Bolshevik Revolution.

negative: Sahan Dosova Sahan Dosova, or Sakhan Dosova (Kazakh: Сaxaн Дocoвa; claimed 27 March 1879 – 9 May 2009) was a Kazakhstani woman reputed by some to have been the oldest woman who ever lived.

negative: Saskatoon freezing deaths The Saskatoon freezing deaths were a series of deaths amongst Canadian aboriginal people in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. These deaths may have been caused by members of the Saskatoon Police Service, officers of which allegedly arrested aboriginal men (usually for drunkenness and/or disorderly behavior), drove them out of the city in the dead of winter, and abandoned them.

negative: Shai Dromi Shai Dromi is an Israeli farmer who, in an act of self-defense, shot and killed a intruder and wounded another on 13 January 2007 at 3 am after discovering his dog had been poisoned, allegedly by four intruders. On 15 July 2009, he was acquitted of manslaughter but convicted on charges of illegal possession of weapons. The rifle he had used belonged to his father and not registered in Dromi's name.Dromi's farm is near Meitar in southern Israel, an area plagued by property theft.

negative: Shell Canada lawsuit The Shell Canada Lawsuit was a class action suit filed against Shell Canada Limited on July 18, 2003, on behalf of customers who purchased "Bronze" (regular-grade) gasoline products, to which Shell Canada added an "additive", between March 1, 2001 and April 15, 2002. This additive allegedly caused damage to the fuel supply system of many cars, most commonly of Acura, Chrysler, Dodge, Ford, General Motors, Hyundai and Volvo brands.

negative: Shell Crisis of 1915 The Shell Crisis of 1915 was a shortage of artillery shells on the front lines of World War I that led to a political crisis in Britain. Military historian Hew Strachan argues that strategic plans caused an over-reliance on shrapnel to attack infantry in the open, which caused a shortage of high explosive shells in most major armies. At the start of the war there was a revolution in doctrine.

negative: Skirmish at Joncherey The Skirmish at Joncherey was the first military action on the Western Front during World War I. It occurred in the village of Joncherey which, at the time, was located on the French border with German Alsace-Lorraine. The skirmish took place before war had officially been declared by Germany on France, on August 3.

negative: Spacetown Spacetown is a fictional Spacer colony in Isaac Asimov's Robot series, established just outside New York City, on Earth, in the year 4991 AD to monitor and influence terrestrial political activity, which was considered dangerous to the Spacer worlds in the event of a second wave of Galactic colonisation because of terrestrial overpopulation and diseases allegedly spread by Earth people.

negative: Special Organization (Ottoman Empire) The Special Organization (Ottoman Turkish: تشکیلات مخصوصه, Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa) was an Ottoman imperial government special forces unit under the War Department and was allegedly used to suppress Arab separatism and Western imperialism under Ottoman Empire. Many members of this organization had also played special roles during the Armenian Genocide. The main aim of the Special Organization was to re-open the Ottoman parliament.

negative: Sune Sik Sune Sik, (born c. 1154), was allegedly a Swedish prince. According to Olaus Petri, he would have been a younger son of King Sverker I of Sweden and father of Ingrid Ylva.In surviving contemporary documents one Sune Sik can be found who lived much later. That Sune Sik made a donation to Vreta Abbey as late as in 1297. He might have ordered a restoration of a chapel in which he eventually was interred, and later Cistercian tradition may then have turned him into a prince.

negative: Susannah Sheldon (Salem witch trials) Susannah Sheldon, a refugee from Maine,  was eighteen years of age during the time of Salem witch trials. As one of the core group of allegedly afflicted girls, Sheldon made claims of afflictions for the first time during the last week of April 1692. Four days following the accusation that Minister George Burroughs was the leader of the suspected witches, Sheldon allegedly began experiencing “strange spectral encounters\."

negative: Tactical development on the Western Front in 1917 In 1917 the armies on the Western Front continued to change their fighting methods, due to the consequences of increases in fire-power, greater numbers of automatic weapons, the decentralisation of authority and the integration of specialised branches, equipment and techniques into the traditional structures of infantry, artillery and cavalry.

negative: The Guns of August The Guns of August (1962), also published as August 1914, is a volume of history by Barbara Tuchman. It is centered on the first month of World War I. After introductory chapters, Tuchman describes in great detail the opening events of the conflict.

negative: The Road Back The Road Back (German: Der Weg zurück) is a novel by German author Erich Maria Remarque. The novel was first serialized in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung between December 1930 and January 1931, and published in book form in April 1931. It details the experience of young men in Germany who have returned from the trenches of World War I and are trying to integrate back into society.

negative: The Ugly American The Ugly American is a 1958 political novel by Eugene Burdick and William Lederer.  The book depicts the failures of the U.S. diplomatic corps, whose insensitivity to local language and customs was in marked contrast to the polished abilities of East bloc (primarily Soviet) diplomacy and led to Communist diplomatic success overseas. The book caused a sensation in diplomatic circles. John F.

negative: The War of the Worlds (radio drama) "The War of the Worlds" is an episode of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air. It was performed as a Halloween episode of the series on October 30, 1938, and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network. Directed and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles, the episode was an adaptation of H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds (1898).

negative: The Will of Peter the Great The Will of Peter the Great is a political forgery which purported to be the testament of Peter I of Russia, which was allegedly a plan of the subjugation of Europe. For many years it influences political attitudes in Great Britain and France towards the Russian Empire. Forged at the break of 19th century, it resurfaced during the Crimean War, during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, during the World War I and in the immediate post-World War II times.

negative: Threatening the President of the United States Threatening the President of the United States is a class E felony under United States Code Title 18, Section 871. It consists of knowingly and willfully mailing or otherwise making "any threat to take the life of, to kidnap, or to inflict bodily harm upon the President of the United States". The United States Secret Service investigates suspected violations of this law and monitors those who have a history of threatening the President.

negative: Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.

negative: Trench foot Trench foot  is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to damp, unsanitary, and cold conditions. It is one of many immersion foot syndromes. The use of the word trench in the name of this condition is a reference to trench warfare, mainly associated with World War I which started in 1914.

negative: Triple Entente The Triple Entente (from French entente [ɑ̃tɑ̃t] "friendship, understanding, agreement") was the alliance linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907.

negative: Turpinite Turpinite, also caused Turpenite, is a fictional war gas allegedly developed by the French chemist Eugène Turpin and deployed against the attacking German army during the first months of World War I. According to contemporary accounts, Turpinite, delivered by artillery shells, silently and suddenly killed any person within 400 yards (370 m) of impact with its fumes. Survivors of Turpinite barrages reported a strong chemical smell after an attack.

negative: U-boat Campaign (World War I) The U-boat Campaign from 1914 to 1918 was the World War I naval campaign fought by German U-boats against the trade routes of the Allies.

negative: Union Pacific Railway Co. v. Botsford Union Pacific Railway Company v. Botsford, 141 U.S. 250 (1891) was a case before the United States Supreme Court.A railroad passenger sustained permanent injuries to her brain and spinal cord.  She sued the railroad for negligence in the construction of the railroad car which allegedly caused her injuries.

negative: United States in World War I The United States declared war on the German Empire on April 6, 1917. The U.S. was an independent power and did not officially join the Allies. It closely cooperated with them militarily but acted alone in diplomacy. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money starting in 1917. American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived in large numbers on the Western Front in summer 1918.

negative: War War is a state of armed conflict between societies. It is generally characterized by extreme collective aggression, destruction, and usually high mortality. The set of techniques and actions used to conduct war is known as warfare. An absence of war is usually called \peace\"."

negative: World War III World War III (WWIII, WW3 or the Third World War) is a hypothetical worldwide military conflict following World War II. Because of the development and use of nuclear weapons near the end of World War II and their subsequent acquisition and deployment by several countries, it is feared that a third world war could cause massive global destruction and could even cause the end of human civilization and most or all human life on Earth.

negative: World War I Victory Medal (United States) The World War I Victory Medal is a service medal of the United States military which was first created in 1919, designed by James Earle Fraser.  The medal was originally intended to be created due to an act of the United States Congress, however the bill authorizing the medal never passed, leaving the service departments to create the award through general orders. The United States Army published orders authorizing the World War I Victory Medal in April 1919 and the U.S.

negative: World War I casualties The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was over 37 million: over 17 million deaths and 20 million wounded, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.The total number of deaths includes about 10 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians. The Triple Entente (also known as the Allies) lost about 6 million military personnel while the Central Powers lost about 4 million.

negative: World War I film propaganda Nations were new to cinema and its capability to spread and influence mass sentiment at the start of World War I. The early years of the war were experimental in regard to using films as a propaganda tool, but eventually became a central instrument for what George Mosse has called the "nationalization of the masses" as nations learned to manipulate emotions to mobilize the people for a national cause against the imagined or real enemy.

negative: World War I reparations World War I reparations were compensation imposed during the Paris Peace Conference upon the Central Powers following their defeat in the First World War by the Allied and Associate Powers. Each of the defeated powers was required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation Austria, Hungary, and Turkey found themselves in after the war, few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled.

negative: World war A world war is a war involving some of the world's most powerful and populous countries.

negative: Yoga foot drop Yoga foot drop is a kind of drop foot, a gait abnormality. It is caused by a prolonged sitting on heels, a common yoga position of vajrasana. The name was suggested by Joseph Chusid, MD, in 1971, who reported a case of foot drop in a student who complained  about increasing difficulty to walk, run, or climb stairs.