query: The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time.

positive: Hockey stick controversy In the hockey stick controversy , the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed . Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries , and the name `` hockey stick graph '' was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures . These graphs were publicised to explain the scientific findings of climatology , and in addition to scientific debate over the reconstructions , they have been the topic of political dispute . The issue is part of the global warming controversy and has been one focus of political responses to reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards , and found indications that recent warming was exceptional . The reconstruction introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large-scale reconstructions , and its findings were disputed by Patrick Michaels at the United States House Committee on Science .   In 1998 , Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 . In ( MBH99 ) the methodology was extended back to 1000 . The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry D. Mahlman , to describe the pattern this showed , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' , followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the `` blade '' .  A version of this graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , along with four other reconstructions supporting the same conclusion . The graph was publicised , and became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th-century warmth was exceptional .   Those disputing the graph included Pat Michaels , the George C. Marshall Institute and Fred Singer . A paper by Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas claiming greater medieval warmth was used by the Bush administration chief of staff Philip Cooney to justify altering the first Environmental Protection Agency Report on the Environment . The paper was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy , but on July 28 , Republican Jim Inhofe spoke in the Senate citing it to claim `` that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people '' .   Later in 2003 , a paper by Steve McIntyre and Ross McKitrick disputing the data used in MBH98 paper was publicised by the George C. Marshall Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute . In 2004 , Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 , McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal component analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . The analysis therein was subsequently disputed by published papers , including and , which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . In June 2005 , Rep. Joe Barton launched what Sherwood Boehlert , chairman of the House Science Committee , called a `` misguided and illegitimate investigation '' into the data , methods and personal information of Mann , Bradley and Hughes . At Boehlert 's request , a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council was set up , which reported in 2006 , supporting Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result . Barton and U.S. Rep. Ed Whitfield requested Edward Wegman to set up a team of statisticians to investigate , and they supported McIntyre and McKitrick 's view that there were statistical failings , although they did not quantify whether there was any significant effect . They also produced an extensive network analysis which has been discredited by expert opinion and found to have issues of plagiarism . Arguments against the MBH studies were reintroduced as part of the Climatic Research Unit email controversy , but dismissed by eight independent investigations .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Over a dozen subsequent reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

positive: Temperature record of the past 1000 years For information on the description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in various IPCC reports see MWP and LIA in IPCC reportsThe temperature record of the past 1,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale . Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional : the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that `` Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely '' the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . '' The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century . As of 2010 this broad pattern was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th-century `` shaft '' appears . Sparseness of proxy records results in considerable uncertainty for earlier periods .   Individual proxy records , such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology , are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap . Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions : tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures ( within the tropics trees do not form rings ) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean . Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions , incorporating proxies such as lake sediments , ice cores and corals which are found in different regions , and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records . The `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures ; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction ( CFR ) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas , making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models .   During the 1,900 years before the 20th century , it is likely that the next warmest period was from 950 to 1100 , with peaks at different times in different regions . This has been called the Medieval Warm Period , and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age . In the hockey stick controversy , contrarians have asserted that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than at present , and have disputed the data and methods of climate reconstructions .

positive: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations , set up at the request of member governments , dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective , scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts . It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations , the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53 . Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP .  The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , which is the main international treaty on climate change . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to `` stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic -LSB- i.e. , human-induced -RSB- interference with the climate system '' . IPCC reports cover `` the scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . ''   The IPCC does not carry out its own original research , nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself . The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature , which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources .   Thousands of scientists and other experts contribute ( on a voluntary basis , without payment from the IPCC ) to writing and reviewing reports , which are then reviewed by governments . IPCC reports contain a `` Summary for Policymakers '' , which is subject to line-by-line approval by delegates from all participating governments . Typically this involves the governments of more than 120 countries .   The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change , producing reports which have the agreement of leading climate scientists and the consensus of participating governments . The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared , in equal parts , between the IPCC and Al Gore .

negative: Ergograph An ergograph is a graph that shows a relation between human activities , or agricultural/climate factors , and a seasonal year . The name was coined by Dr. Arthur Geddes of the University of Edinburgh . It can either be a polar coördinate ( circular ) or a cartesian coördinate ( rectangular ) graph , and either a line graph or a bar graph .   In cartesian form , the X axis is marked for the months of the year , and the Y axis is marked with the scale ( s ) of the activity/activities . For example , in the ergograph to the right , the Y axis is marked with both temperature and rainfall/sunshine scales .   In polar form , the months of the year are marked around the circumference , forming 30 ° sectors . Concentric lines display the proportions of time ( in hours per day ) devoted to each of the activities . The time scale , ranging from 0 to 24 hours per day , is along the radius of the circle , and is a square root scale . This form of an ergograph is also known as a polar line graph or ( because the data form `` bands '' on the graph ) a polar strata graph or polar layer graph , the `` polar '' denoting the system of polar coordinates used on the graph .   Ergographs can record human activities or agricultural/climate information , such as rainfall , temperature , humidity , crop types , and crop acreage .

negative: Metamorphic facies A metamorphic facies is a set of metamorphic mineral assemblages that were formed under similar pressures and temperatures . The assemblage is typical of what is formed in conditions corresponding to an area on the two dimensional graph of temperature vs. pressure ( See diagram at right ) . Rocks which contain certain minerals can therefore be linked to certain tectonic settings , times and places in the geological history of the area . The boundaries between facies ( and corresponding areas on the temperature v. pressure graph ) are wide because they are gradational and approximate . The area on the graph corresponding to rock formation at the lowest values of temperature and pressure is the range of formation of sedimentary rocks , as opposed to metamorphic rocks , in a process called diagenesis .

negative: Time temperature indicator A time temperature indicator ( TTI ) is a device or smart label that shows the accumulated time-temperature history of a product . Time temperature indicators are commonly used on food , pharmaceutical , and medical products to indicate exposure to excessive temperature ( and time at temperature ) .   In contrast , a Temperature data logger measures and records the temperatures for a specified time period . The digital data can be downloaded and analyzed .

negative: Hockey stick graph Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records . These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century , with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures .   The term `` hockey stick graph '' was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman , to describe the pattern shown by the ( MBH99 ) reconstruction , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat with a downward trend to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' followed by a sharp , steady increase corresponding to the `` blade '' portion . The reconstructions have featured in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reports as evidence of global warming . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   Paleoclimatology dates back to the 19th century , and the concept of examining varves in lake beds and tree rings to track local climatic changes was suggested in the 1930s . In the 1960s , Hubert Lamb generalised from historical documents and temperature records of central England to propose a Medieval Warm Period from around 900 to 1300 , followed by Little Ice Age . This was the basis of a `` schematic diagram '' featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global . The use of indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed , and by the late 1990s a number of competing teams of climatologists found indications that recent warming was exceptional . introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large scale reconstructions . Their study was featured in the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995 .   In 1998 Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 with shading emphasising that uncertainties ( to two standard error limits ) were much greater in earlier centuries . independently produced a CPS reconstruction extending back for a thousand years , and ( MBH99 ) used the MBH98 methodology to extend their study back to 1000 .   A version of the MBH99 graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , which also drew on Jones et al. 1998 and three other reconstructions to support the conclusion that , in the Northern Hemisphere , the 1990s was likely to have been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year during the past 1,000 years . The graph became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th century warmth was exceptional . In 2003 , as lobbying over the 1997 Kyoto Protocol intensified , a paper claiming greater medieval warmth was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy . Later in 2003 , Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick published disputing the data used in MBH98 paper . In 2004 Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal components analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . Their analysis was subsequently disputed by published papers including and which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . Political disputes led to the formation of a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council , their North Report in 2006 supported Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , support the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Further reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

negative: Hertzsprung–Russell diagram The Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram , abbreviated H -- R diagram or HRD , is a scatter plot of stars showing the relationship between the stars ' absolute magnitudes or luminosities versus their stellar classifications or effective temperatures . More simply , it plots each star on a graph measuring the star 's brightness against its temperature ( color ) . It does not map any locations of stars .   The diagram was created circa 1910 by Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell and represents a major step towards an understanding of stellar evolution or `` the way in which stars undergo sequences of dynamic and radical changes over time '' .

negative: Persistent data Persistent Data denotes information that is infrequently accessed and not likely to be modified .   The opposite of this is dynamic data ( also known as transactional data ) where information is asynchronously changed as further updates to the information become available . Updates to dynamic data may come at any time , with periods of inactivity in between .

negative: Steve McIntyre Steven McIntyre ( born c. 1947 ) is a Canadian mining exploration company director , a former minerals prospector and semi-retired mining consultant whose work has included statistical analysis . He is best known as the founder and editor of Climate Audit , a blog devoted to the analysis and discussion of climate data . He is most prominent as a critic of the temperature record of the past 1000 years and the data quality of NASA 's Goddard Institute for Space Studies . He is known in particular for his statistical critique , with economist Ross McKitrick , of the hockey stick graph which appears to show that the increase in late 20th century global temperatures is unprecedented in the past 1,000 years .

negative: Meurs Challenger Meurs Challenger is an online graph visualization program , with data analysis and browsing .   The software supports several graph layout algorithms , and allows the user to interact with the nodes . The displayed data can be filtered using textual search , node and edge type , or based on the graph distance between nodes . Written in ActionScript , the program runs on Windows , Linux , macOS and other platforms that support the Adobe Flash Player .   Meurs Challenger was the winner at the 2011 edition of the International Symposium on Graph Drawing , in the large graph category .   It is publicly available as a Facebook application , which displays the network graph of the user 's friends .

negative: FlexPro FlexPro is a software package for analysis and presentation of scientific and technical data , produced by Weisang GmbH . It runs on Microsoft Windows and is available in English , German and Japanese languages . FlexPro has its roots in the test and measurement domain and supports different binary file formats of data acquisition instruments and software .   FlexPro has a built-in programming language , FPScript , which is optimized for data analysis and supports direct operations on non-scalar objects such as vectors and matrices as well as composed data structures like signals , signal series or surfaces . All operations can be executed either graphically ( through menus or dialog boxes ) or programmatically . Programmatic access is provided through an Automation Object Model and the built-in Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications Development Environment ( VBA ) .   All data , analyses and presentations are stored in an object database whose size is not limited by the computer 's RAM . The structure of the database is similar to a file system on a hard drive . A whole FlexPro database can be stored in one file . Huge datasets are processed disk-to-disk to prevent memory overruns .   FlexPro provides wizards to create different 2D and 3D graphs as well as tables for data presentation . Typical graphs are line , scatter , bar , contour , waterfall , surface and polar plots .   Data can be analyzed either graphically using cursors in 2D or 3D graphs or mathematically using analysis objects or FPScript formulas . Each analysis object represents one result , e. g. a spectrum of a time series . The underlying algorithm can be parameterized through a property sheet any time . Raw data , analysis objects and presentation objects like graphs , tables and documents form a dynamic network which can be updated after new data has been imported . FlexPro supports time and frequency domain signal analysis , linear and non-linear curve fitting , descriptive and inductive statistics , acoustics , FIR and IIR filtering as well as ( Rainflow ) - counting .   FlexPro can export publication-quality graphs and reports to a number of file formats , including HTML , JPEG , PNG , and WMF .

negative: Thomas Stocker Thomas Stocker ( born 1959 ) is a Swiss climate scientist .   Born in Zürich , Stocker obtained a degree in physics at the ETH Zurich . He was active in research at the University College London , at McGill University in Montreal and at Columbia University in New York . Since 1993 , he is professor and head of the department of Climate and Environmental Physics at the University of Bern .   The focus of Stocker 's research is the development of models of climate change based on , among other , the analysis of ice cores from the polar regions . He significantly contributed to creating the `` hockey stick graph '' that shows a growing increase of global mean temperatures in recent times . Since 1998 , he contributes to the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , and is co-chairman of the IPCC Working Group I ( assessing scientific aspects of the climate system and climate change ) from 2008 to 2015 .   In 1993 , Stocker was awarded the Swiss National Science Foundation 's National Latsis Prize , and 2009 the Hans Oeschger Medal of the European Geosciences Union . He is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and a member of the Academia Europaea and the American Meteorological Society .   Stocker is featured in the film Taking Earth 's Temperature : Delving into Climate 's Past .   On February 18 , 2015 , the Swiss government announced it would nominate Dr. Stocker as a candidate for the next chair of the IPCC to succeed Dr. Pachauri .

negative: DataScene DataScene is a scientific graphing , animation , data analysis , and real-time data monitoring software package . It was developed with the Common Language Infrastructure technology and the GDI + graphics library . With the two Common Language Runtime engines - the . Net and Mono frameworks - DataScene runs on all major operating systems .   With DataScene , the user can plot 39 types 2D & 3D graphs ( e.g. , Area graph , Bar graph , Boxplot graph , Pie graph , Line graph , Histogram graph , Surface graph , Polar graph , Water Fall graph , etc. ) , manipulate , print , and export graphs to various formats ( e.g. , Bitmap , WMF/EMF , JPEG , PNG , GIF , TIFF , PostScript , and PDF ) , analyze data with different mathematical methods ( fitting curves , calculating statics , FFT , etc. ) , create chart animations for presentations ( e.g. with Powerpoint ) , classes , and web pages , and monitor and chart real-time data .

negative: Temperature data logger A temperature data logger , also called temperature monitor , is a portable measurement instrument that is capable of autonomously recording temperature over a defined period of time . The digital data can be retrieved , viewed and evaluated after it has been recorded . A data logger is commonly used to monitor shipments in a cold chain and to gather temperature data from diverse field conditions .

negative: Williams–Landel–Ferry equation The Williams -- Landel -- Ferry Equation ( or WLF Equation ) is an empirical equation associated with time -- temperature superposition .   The WLF equation has the form   where T is the temperature , Tr is a reference temperature chosen to construct the compliance master curve and C1 , C2 are empirical constants adjusted to fit the values of the superposition parameter aT .   The equation can be used to fit ( regress ) discrete values of the shift factor aT vs. temperature . Here , values of shift factor aT are obtained by horizontal shift log ( aT ) of creep compliance data plotted vs. time or frequency in double logarithmic scale so that a data set obtained experimentally at temperature T superposes with the data set at temperature Tr . A minimum of three values of aT are needed to obtain C1 , C2 , and typically more than three are used .   Once constructed , the WLF equation allows for the estimation of the temperature shift factor for temperatures other than those for which the material was tested . In this way , the master curve can be applied to other temperatures . However , when the constants are obtained with data at temperatures above the glass transition temperature ( Tg ) , the WLF equation is applicable to temperatures at or above Tg only ; the constants are positive and represent Arrhenius behavior . Extrapolation to temperatures below Tg is erroneous . When the constants are obtained with data at temperatures below Tg , negative values of C1 , C2 are obtained , which are not applicable above Tg and do not represent Arrhenius behavior . Therefore , the constants obtained above Tg are not useful for predicting the response of the polymer for structural applications , which necessarily must operate at temperatures below Tg .   The WLF equation is a consequence of time -- temperature superposition ( TTSP ) , which mathematically is an application of Boltzmann 's superposition principle . It is TTSP , not WLF , that allows the assembly of a compliance master curve that spans more time , or frequency , than afforded by the time available for experimentation or the frequency range of the instrumentation , such as dynamic mechanical analyzer ( DMA ) .   While the time span of a TTSP master curve is broad , according to Struik , it is valid only if the data sets did not suffer from ageing effects during the test time . Even then , the master curve represents a hypothetical material that does not age . Effective Time Theory . needs to be used to obtain useful prediction for long term time .   Having data above Tg , it is possible to predict the behavior ( compliance , storage modulus , etc. ) of viscoelastic materials for temperatures T > Tg , and/or for times/frequencies longer/slower than the time available for experimentation . With the master curve and associated WLF equation it is possible to predict the mechanical properties of the polymer out of time scale of the machine ( typically to Hz ) , thus extrapolating the results of multi-frequency analysis to a broader range , out of measurement range of machine .

negative: Time domain Time domain is the analysis of mathematical functions , physical signals or time series of economic or environmental data , with respect to time . In the time domain , the signal or function 's value is known for all real numbers , for the case of continuous time , or at various separate instants in the case of discrete time . An oscilloscope is a tool commonly used to visualize real-world signals in the time domain . A time-domain graph shows how a signal changes with time , whereas a frequency-domain graph shows how much of the signal lies within each given frequency band over a range of frequencies .

negative: Online machine learning In computer science , online machine learning is a method of machine learning in which data becomes available in a sequential order and is used to update our best predictor for future data at each step , as opposed to batch learning techniques which generate the best predictor by learning on the entire training data set at once . Online learning is a common technique used in areas of machine learning where it is computationally infeasible to train over the entire dataset , requiring the need of out-of-core algorithms . It is also used in situations where it is necessary for the algorithm to dynamically adapt to new patterns in the data , or when the data itself is generated as a function of time , e.g. stock price prediction .  Online learning algorithms may be prone to catastrophic interference . This problem is tackled by incremental learning approaches .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Load profile In electrical engineering , a load profile is a graph of the variation in the electrical load versus time . A load profile will vary according to customer type ( typical examples include residential , commercial and industrial ) , temperature and holiday seasons . Power producers use this information to plan how much electricity they will need to make available at any given time . Teletraffic engineering uses a similar load curve .

negative: Graph paper Graph paper , coordinate paper , grid paper , or squared paper is writing paper that is printed with fine lines making up a regular grid . The lines are often used as guides for plotting mathematical functions or experimental data and drawing two-dimensional graphs . It is commonly found in mathematics and engineering education settings and in laboratory notebooks . Graph paper is available either as loose leaf paper or bound in notebooks .

negative: Graphical representations of two-way-contest opinion polling data from the United States presidential election, 2008 This article provides line graphs and bar charts of scientific , nationwide public opinion polls that have been conducted relating to the United States presidential election , 2008 . All graph data is taken from Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2008 and Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2008 . This page was last updated on November 8 , 2008 .

negative: Incremental decision tree An incremental decision tree algorithm is an online machine learning algorithm that outputs a decision tree . Many decision tree methods , such as C4 .5 , construct a tree using a complete dataset . Incremental decision tree methods allow an existing tree to be updated using only new individual data instances , without having to re-process past instances . This may be useful in situations where the entire dataset is not available when the tree is updated ( i.e. the data was not stored ) , the original data set is too large to process or the characteristics of the data change over time .

negative: Future Graph Future Graph , Inc. also known as Futuregraph was a publisher of math and science educational software which was used in hundreds of secondary schools and universities . They are best known for f ( g ) Scholar , a data analysis program that featured a scientific calculator , graphing , and spreadsheet .

negative: Misleading graph In statistics , a misleading graph , also known as a distorted graph , is a graph that misrepresents data , constituting a misuse of statistics and with the result that an incorrect conclusion may be derived from it .   Graphs may be misleading through being excessively complex or poorly constructed . Even when constructed to accurately display the characteristics of their data , graphs can be subject to different interpretation .   Misleading graphs may be created intentionally to hinder the proper interpretation of data or accidentally due to unfamiliarity with graphing software , misinterpretation of data , or because data can not be accurately conveyed . Misleading graphs are often used in false advertising . One of the first authors to write about misleading graphs was Darrell Huff , publisher of the 1954 book How to Lie with Statistics .   The field of data visualization describes ways to present information that avoids creating misleading graphs .

negative: PERSIANN PERSIANN , `` Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks '' , is a satellite-based precipitation retrieval algorithm that provides near real-time rainfall information . The algorithm uses infrared ( IR ) satellite data from global geosynchronous satellites as the primary source of precipitation information . Precipitation from IR images is based on statistical relationship between cloud top temperature and precipitation rates . The IR-based precipitation estimates are then calibrated using satellite microwave data available from low Earth orbit satellites ( e.g. , Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager , Special Sensor Microwave Imager , Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐Earth observing system ) . The calibration technique relies on an adaptive training algorithm that updates the retrieval parameters when microwave observations become available ( approximately at 3 hours intervals ) .   The PERSIANN satellite precipitation data sets have been validated with ground-based observations and other satellite data products . The PERSIANN data has been used in a wide variety of studies including hydrologic modeling , drought monitoring , soil moisture analysis , and flood forecasting . The PERSIANN data are freely available to the public .

negative: Earth System Grid The Earth System Grid ( ESG ) is a data distribution portal whose development is funded mainly by the -LSB- United States Department of Energy -RSB- . It is the portal through which the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is distributing data for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and the 2014 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report .

negative: GraphStream GraphStream is a graph handling Java library that focuses on the dynamics aspects of graphs . Its main focus is on the modeling of dynamic interaction networks of various sizes .   The goal of the library is to provide a way to represent graphs and work on it . To this end , GraphStream proposes several graph classes that allow to model directed and undirected graphs , 1-graphs or p-graphs ( a.k.a. multigraphs , that are graphs that can have several edges between two nodes ) .   GraphStream allows to store any kind of data attribute on the graph elements : numbers , strings , or any object .   Moreover , in addition , GraphStream provides a way to handle the graph evolution in time . This means handling the way nodes and edges are added and removed , and the way data attributes may appear , disappear and evolve .

negative: Casio BASIC Casio BASIC is a programming language used in the Casio calculators such as the Classpad , fx-9860G Series , and CFX graphing calculators .   The language is a linear structured , BASIC-based programming language . It was devised to allow users to program in commonly performed calculations , such as the Pythagorean theorem and complex trigonometric calculations .   Output from the program can be in the form of scrolling or located text , graphs , or by writing data to lists in the calculator memory . Casio also makes label printers which can be used with rolls of paper for the Casio BASIC calculators , and programmes , variables , data , and other items can be exchanged from one calculator to another and to and from a computer via the same kind of cable and audio-type plug used by the TI graphing calculators and/or the same type of cable and mini-USB plug used on HP calculators from the HP48 and many cellular telephones ; several models of Casio graphing calculators have both ports   The Casio calculators , as with those of many of the other big three manufacturers ' machines , can acquire data from instruments via a data logger to which probes for temperature , light intensity , pH , sound intensity ( dBA ) , voltage and other electrical parameters , as well as other readings , and custom probes to attach to the data logger can be built and configured for use with the data logger and calculator . Existing instruments can also be modified to interface with the calculator-data logger , in order to collect such data including such things as weather instruments and means of collecting data such as pulse , blood pressure , galvanic skin resistance , EKG and so on .   Numerical data can be stored in the lists and matrices available on Casio calculators . This data can be used to create sprites for non-text programs . In this way , the language can also be used to create games , such as Pong , Monopoly and role-playing games .

negative: Bar chart A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents grouped data with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent . The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally . A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a Line graph .   A bar graph is a chart that uses either horizontal or vertical bars to show comparisons among categories . One axis of the chart shows the specific categories being compared , and the other axis represents a discrete value . Some bar graphs present bars clustered in groups of more than one .

negative: Tree traversal In computer science , tree traversal ( also known as tree search ) is a form of graph traversal and refers to the process of visiting ( checking and/or updating ) each node in a tree data structure , exactly once . Such traversals are classified by the order in which the nodes are visited . The following algorithms are described for a binary tree , but they may be generalized to other trees as well .

negative: CISL Research Data Archive NCAR Research Data Archive archives data for atmospheric and geosciences research . The archive is maintained by the Data Support Section of the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory -RSB- ( CISL ) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research ( NCAR ) in Boulder , Colorado .   The archive acquires , curates , preserves and disseminates an extensive list of over 700 data sets . Registration is free and open to the general public . Nearly all of the datasets are free to all registered users ; a few are restricted to certain users ( e.g. university researchers ) .   In addition , the catalog shows data sets available in these categories : atmospheric , oceanographic , geophysical , hydrology , gridded analysis and MM5 model input data . The archive also maintains climate model output products for use in assessment and impact studies . Model outputs came directly from the modellers or from the IPCC Data Distribution Center The archive also stores a number of source codes for the efficient handling and analysis of data .   NCAR RDA also provides data rescue services for any discipline for a fee .

negative: Graph (abstract data type) In computer science , a graph is an abstract data type that is meant to implement the undirected graph and directed graph concepts from mathematics , specifically the field of graph theory .   A graph data structure consists of a finite ( and possibly mutable ) set of vertices or nodes or points , together with a set of unordered pairs of these vertices for an undirected graph or a set of ordered pairs for a directed graph . These pairs are known as edges , arcs , or lines for an undirected graph and as arrows , directed edges , directed arcs , or directed lines for a directed graph . The vertices may be part of the graph structure , or may be external entities represented by integer indices or references .   A graph data structure may also associate to each edge some edge value , such as a symbolic label or a numeric attribute ( cost , capacity , length , etc. ) .

negative: Temporal Raster Plot A Temporal Raster Plot is a graphic representation of occurrences in a certain temporal relation . Temporal Raster Plots are also sometimes referred to as carpet plots .   Each occurrence is registered in a Cartesian coordinate system , in which both axes show time , have different time resolutions : one axis shows slices of data , the other some sensible interval . A common example would be that one axis shows hours in a day , the other days in a year .   In a 2D plot , the value to be plotted is coded with an intensity or a color . In the 3D variant of the plot , it is often coded as a height . When visualized , particularly the color-coded variant of the plot may easily show a carpet-like pattern .   Temporal Raster Plots make it easy to show time-based relations within a large sets of time-interval data and often make it easy to recognize local maxima and minima . Assuming the chosen time division is related to the events , it is also easy to recognize global and local patterns , such as recurrent events .   In the following example , the data is one year 's worth of measurements of the outdoor temperatures in Augsburg , with four samples taken per hour . In the according carpet diagram , each column represents a day in the year and contains the values for that day ( from 0:00 until 23:45 ) .  Despite the high number of measure points ( about 35000 ) it is easy to distinguish local and global patterns .   Note the similarity to beat graphs as described by Werner Van Belle .

negative: Give Me My Data Give Me My Data was a web application for Facebook users to export their Facebook data to reuse in data visualization , archives , or digital storytelling . Export data formats include comma-separated values ( CSV ) , Extensible Markup Language ( XML ) , and JavaScript Object Notation ( JSON ) and graph drawing formats used in Graphviz and similar applications .   Owen Mundy launched the application in November 2009 . In May 2010 , The New York Times and other technology-oriented news outlets covered its use by Facebook subscribers to retrieve data lost during a Facebook interface update . It has since received international coverage for its technology and as Internet art . The application was discontinued in 2015 after being blocked by Facebook .


query: for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average

positive: Spain Spain ( España -LSB- esˈpaɲa -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( -LSB- Reino de España , links = no -RSB- ) , is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe , with two large archipelagoes , the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast , two cities Ceuta and Melilla in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast . Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . It is the only European country to have a border with an African country ( Morocco ) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5 % of its population , mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla .   With an area of 505990 km2 , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Bilbao and Málaga .   Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Span or Spania . In the Middle Ages , the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors . Spain emerged as a unified country in the 15th century , following the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs and the completion of the eight centuries-long reconquest , or Reconquista from the Moors in 1492 . In the early modern period , Spain became one of history 's first global colonial empires , leaving a vast cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 500 million Spanish speakers , making Spanish the world 's second most spoken first language , after Mandarin Chinese .   Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a parliamentary government under a constitutional monarchy . It is a middle power and a major developed country with the world 's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity . It is a member of the United Nations ( UN ) , the European Union ( EU ) , the Eurozone , the Council of Europe ( CoE ) , the Organization of Ibero-American States ( OEI ) , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and many other international organisations .

positive: California California ( -LSB- kælᵻˈfɔːrnjə , _ - ni.ə -RSB- , ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area . Located on the western ( Pacific Ocean ) coast of the U.S. , California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon , Nevada , and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California . The state capital is Sacramento . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second largest after New York City . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second - and fifth-most populous urban regions , respectively . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County .   California 's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east ; and from the redwood -- Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast . The Central Valley , a major agricultural area , dominates the state 's center . Though California is well-known for its warm Mediterranean climate , the large size of the state means it can vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north , to arid desert in the interior , as well as snowy alpine in the mountains .   What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries . The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony . The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence , but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican -- American War . The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California , and admitted as the 31st state on September 9 , 1850 . The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes , with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom .   If it were a country , California would be the 6th largest economy in the world and the 35th most populous . It is also regarded as a global trendsetter in both popular culture and politics , and is the origin of the film industry , the hippie counterculture , the Internet , and the personal computer , among others . Fifty-eight percent of the state 's economy is centered on finance , government , real estate services , technology , and professional , scientific and technical business services . The San Francisco Bay Area has the nation 's highest median household income by metropolitan area , and is the headquarters of three of the world 's largest 40 firms by revenue , Chevron , Apple , and McKesson . Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the state 's economy , California 's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state .

positive: United States The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions .  Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . Nine time zones are covered . The geography , climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse .   At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth-largest country by total area , third-largest by land area , and the third-most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , and is home to the world 's largest immigrant population . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; nine other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants and the largest having more than 13 million people -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , and San Francisco .   Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , during the course of the American Revolutionary War , the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , representing the first successful war of independence against a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties .   The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations .   The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold nearly 40 % of the total wealth in the world . The United States ranks among the highest in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy , the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world . Accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP and a third of global military spending , the United States is the world 's foremost economic and military power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations .

negative: Unrestricted Hartree–Fock Unrestricted Hartree -- Fock ( UHF ) theory is the most common molecular orbital method for open shell molecules where the number of electrons of each spin are not equal . While restricted Hartree -- Fock theory uses a single molecular orbital twice , one multiplied by the α spin function and the other multiplied by the β spin function in the Slater determinant , unrestricted Hartree -- Fock theory uses different molecular orbitals for the α and β electrons . This has been called a different orbitals for different spins ( DODS ) method . The result is a pair of coupled Roothaan equations , known as the Pople -- Nesbet -- Berthier equations .   Where and are the Fock matrices for the and orbitals , and are the matrices of coefficients for the and orbitals , is the overlap matrix of the basis functions , and and are the ( diagonal , by convention ) matrices of orbital energies for the and orbitals . The pair of equations are coupled because the Fock matrix elements of one spin contains coefficients of both spin as the orbital has to be optimized in the average field of all other electrons . The final result is a set of molecular orbitals and orbital energies for the α spin electrons and a set of molecular orbitals and orbital energies for the β electrons .   This method has one drawback . A single Slater determinant of different orbitals for different spins is not a satisfactory eigenfunction of the total spin operator - . The ground state is contaminated by excited states . If there is one more electron of α spin than β spin , the ground state is a doublet . The average value of , written , should be but will actually be rather more than this value as the doublet state is contaminated by a quadruplet state . A triplet state with two excess α electrons should have = 1 ( 1 + 1 ) = 2 , but it will be larger as the triplet is contaminated by a quintuplet state . When carrying out unrestricted Hartree -- Fock calculations , it is always necessary to check this contamination . For example , with a doublet state , if = 0.8 or less , it is probably satisfactory . If it is 1.0 or so , it is certainly not satisfactory and the calculation should be rejected and a different approach taken . It requires experience to make this judgment . Even singlet states can suffer from spin-contamination , for example the H2 dissociation curve is discontinuous  at the point when spin-contamination states ( known as the Coulson -- Fischer point ) .   Despite this drawback , the unrestricted Hartree -- Fock method is used frequently , and in preference to the restricted open-shell Hartree -- Fock ( ROHF ) method , because UHF is simpler to code , easier to develop post-Hartree -- Fock methods with , and returns unique functions unlike ROHF where different Fock operators can give the same final wave  function .   Unrestricted Hartree -- Fock theory was discovered by Gaston Berthier and subsequently developed by John Pople ; it is found in almost all ab initio programs .

negative: Bildad Bildad ( Bildaḏ , `` Bel has loved '' ) , the Shuhite , was one of Job 's three friends who visited the patriarch in the Hebrew Bible 's Book of Job . He was a descendant of Shuah , son of Abraham and Keturah ( Genesis 25:1 - 25:2 ) , whose family lived in the deserts of Arabia , or a resident of the district . In speaking with Job , his intent was consolation , but he became an accuser , asking Job what he has done to deserve God 's wrath .

negative: HTC One Mini 2 The HTC One Mini 2 is an Android smartphone designed and manufactured by HTC . The One Mini 2 is a mid-range variant of HTC 's 2014 flagship high-end smartphone , the HTC One . As such , the One Mini 2 was designed to provide an overall experience as similar to its high-end counterpart as possible , while still being competitively priced in comparison to other smartphones in its range . Officially unveiled on 15 May 2014 , the One Mini 2 was expected to be released mid-June in Europe , the Middle East and Asia , with no official date for other regions . On Verizon Wireless , the model is branded as the HTC One Remix . The Remix differs from the One Mini 2 in that it has 1.5 GB of RAM .

negative: Takayuki Kishi Takayuki Kishi ( 岸 孝之 , born December 4 , 1984 , in Taihaku-ku , Sendai , Japan ) is a Japanese professional baseball player for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in Japan 's Nippon Professional Baseball . He was the 2008 Japan Series MVP . In his first three seasons as a professional , Kishi has recorded at least 10 wins every season , thrown at least 2 complete games every season , and has multiple shutouts in two of his first three seasons . With an overhand delivery Kishi throws a four-seam fastball in high-80s ( tops out at 93 mph ) , changeup , slider and a solid-average curveball around 70 mph .

negative: Marian Bondrea Marian Bondrea ( born 2 November 1950 in Craiova ) is a Romanian football manager and former footballer . His last managerial job was performed at Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț .

negative: M82 X-2 M82 X-2 is an X-ray pulsar located in the galaxy Messier 82 , approximately 12 million light-years from Earth . It is exceptionally luminous , radiating energy equivalent to approximately ten million Suns . This object is part of a binary system : If the pulsar is of an average size , , then its companion is at least . On average , the pulsar rotates every 1.37 seconds , and revolves around its more massive companion every 2.5 days .   M82 X-2 is an ultraluminous X-ray source ( ULX ) , shining about 100 times brighter than theory suggests something of its mass should be able to . Its brightness is many times higher than the Eddington limit , a basic physics guideline that sets an upper limit on the brightness that an object of a given mass should be able to achieve . Possible explanations for violations of the Eddington limit include geometrical effects arising from the funneling of in-falling material along magnetic field lines .   While M82 X-2 was previously known as an X-ray source , it was not until an observation campaign to study the newly discovered supernova SN 2014J in January 2014 that X-2 's true nature was uncovered . Scientists looking at data from the NuSTAR spacecraft noticed a pulsing in the X-ray spectrum coming from near the supernova in Messier 82 . Data from the Chandra and Swift spacecraft was used to verify the NuSTAR findings and provide the necessary spatial resolution to determine the exact source . After combining the NuSTAR and Chandra data , scientists were able to discern that M82 X-2 emitted both an X-ray beam and continuous broad X-ray radiation .