query: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

positive: Sea level rise A sea level rise is an increase in the volume of water in the world 's oceans , resulting in an increase in global mean sea level . Sea level rise is usually attributed to global climate change by thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting of Ice sheets and glaciers on land . Melting of floating ice shelves or icebergs at sea raises sea levels only slightly .   Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average . Local factors might include tectonic effects , subsidence of the land , tides , currents , storms , etc. .  Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries . Because of the slow inertia , long response time for parts of the climate system , it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 m for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years . IPCC Summary for Policymakers , AR5 , 2014 , indicated that the global mean sea level rise will continue during the 21st century , very likely at a faster rate than observed from 1971 to 2010 . Projected rates and amounts vary . A January 2017 NOAA report suggests a range of GMSL rise of 0.3 -- 2.5 m possible during the 21st century .   Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems .

positive: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations , set up at the request of member governments , dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective , scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts . It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations , the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53 . Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP .  The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , which is the main international treaty on climate change . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to `` stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic -LSB- i.e. , human-induced -RSB- interference with the climate system '' . IPCC reports cover `` the scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . ''   The IPCC does not carry out its own original research , nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself . The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature , which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources .   Thousands of scientists and other experts contribute ( on a voluntary basis , without payment from the IPCC ) to writing and reviewing reports , which are then reviewed by governments . IPCC reports contain a `` Summary for Policymakers '' , which is subject to line-by-line approval by delegates from all participating governments . Typically this involves the governments of more than 120 countries .   The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change , producing reports which have the agreement of leading climate scientists and the consensus of participating governments . The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared , in equal parts , between the IPCC and Al Gore .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: IPCC Second Assessment Report The Second Assessment Report ( SAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , published in 1996 , is an assessment of the then available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change . It was superseded by the Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) in 2001 .

negative: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Climate Change 2007 , the Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific , technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change , its potential effects , and options for adaptation and mitigation . The report is the largest and most detailed summary of the climate change situation ever undertaken , produced by thousands of authors , editors , and reviewers from dozens of countries , citing over 6,000 peer-reviewed scientific studies .   It supersedes the Third Assessment Report ( 2001 ) , and is superseded by the Fifth Assessment Report .   The headline findings of the report were : `` warming of the climate system is unequivocal '' , and `` most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations . ''

negative: Ice2sea Ice2sea is a program of scientific research funded by the European Union 's Framework 7 Programme to study the effects of climate change on glaciation and the melting of ice caps and glaciers on sea level . The ice2sea project , a collaborative of 24 research institutions , which is headed by Prof David Vaughan , aims to reduce the uncertainty in sea-level projections which are of great economic and social importance to the European Union , especially as large areas of coastal area in Europe are below or less than a metre above sea level .   The 2007 fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) report highlighted ice sheets * as the most significant remaining uncertainty in projections of sea-level rise . Understanding about the crucial ice-sheet effects was `` too limited to assess their likelihood or provide a best estimate of an upper bound for sea-level rise '' .   Improved scientific results from ice2sea will feed directly into the fifth IPCC report ( due in 2013 ) to generate more accurate sea-level rise projections .   The initiative recently funded research by scientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Germany , which was published in Nature in 2012 , which predicts the disappearance of the 450000 km2 vast Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in east Antarctica by the end of the century which could add up to 4.4 mm of rise of sea level each year due to its melting alone .

negative: Attribution of recent climate change Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent climate changes on Earth , commonly known as ` global warming ' . The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record , when records are most reliable ; particularly in the last 50 years , when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available . The dominant mechanisms are anthropogenic , i.e. , the result of human activity . They are :  increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases  global changes to land surface , such as deforestation  increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols .   There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations , changes in solar activity , and volcanic activity .   According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , it is `` extremely likely '' that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010 . The IPCC defines `` extremely likely '' as indicating a probability of 95 to 100 % , based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence .   Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities :  A basic physical understanding of the climate system : greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established .  Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual .  Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included .  Natural forces alone ( such as solar and volcanic activity ) can not explain the observed warming .   The IPCC 's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community , and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide ( see also : scientific opinion on climate change ) .

negative: Arctic sea ice decline Arctic sea ice decline is the sea ice loss observed in recent decades in the Arctic Ocean . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fourth Assessment Report states that greenhouse gas forcing is largely , but not wholly , responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice extent . A study from 2011 suggested that internal variability enhanced the greenhouse gas forced sea ice decline over the last decades . A study from 2007 found the decline to be `` faster than forecasted '' by model simulations . The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report concluded with high confidence that sea ice continues to decrease in extent , and that there is robust evidence for the downward trend in Arctic summer sea ice extent since 1979 . It has been established that the region is at its warmest for at least 40,000 years and the Arctic-wide melt season has lengthened at a rate of 5 days per decade ( from 1979 to 2013 ) , dominated by a later autumn freezeup . Sea ice changes have been identified as a mechanism for polar amplification .

negative: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report The Fifth Assessment Report ( AR5 ) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is the fifth in a series of such reports . The IPCC was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) to assess scientific , technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change , its potential effects and options for adaptation and mitigation .   The Fifth Assessment Report was finalized in 2014 . As had been the case in the past , the outline of the AR5 was developed through a scoping process which involved climate change experts from all relevant disciplines and users of IPCC reports ; in particular representatives from governments . Governments and organizations involved in the Fourth Report were asked to submit comments and observations in writing with the submissions analysed by the panel . The report was delivered in stages , starting with Working Group I 's report on the physical science basis , based on 9,200 peer-reviewed studies . The summaries for policy makers were released on 27 September 2013 for the first report , on 31 March 2014 for the second report entitled `` Impacts , Adaptation , and Vulnerability '' , and on 14 April 2014 for the third report entitled `` Mitigation of Climate Change '' . The Synthesis Report was released on 2 November 2014 , in time to pave the way for negotiations on reducing carbon emissions at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris during late 2015 .

negative: Climate risk Climate risk means a risk resulting from climate change and affecting natural and human systems and regions .   In the course of increasing global temperature and extreme weather phenomena  the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) has been founded by the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) and the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) for a better understanding of climate change and meeting concerns of these observations . Its main aim is evaluating climate risks and exploring strategies for the prevention of these risks .

negative: Future sea level The rate of global mean sea-level rise ( ~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR ) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century ( ~ 2 mm/yr ) , but the rate of rise is locally variable . Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean . On Greenland , the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007 . On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75 % . Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about − 1.8 to − 4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about − 12 to − 14 m in the first decade of the 21st century . From 1961 to 2003 , ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming .   The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( 2007 ) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving . Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. ( 2008 ) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 ( favouring the low end of this range ) . Rahmstorf ( 2007 ) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century . Pielke ( 2008 ) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far . These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century . However , sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account .

negative: IPCC supplementary report, 1992 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change supplementary report of 1992 was published to contribute to the debate on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at the 1992 Earth Summit , held in Rio de Janeiro .   The report updated and revised some of the data contained in the IPCC First Assessment Report , and included six new climate change scenarios , including an update of the 1990 reference scenario .   The major conclusion was that research since 1990 did `` not affect our fundamental understanding of the science of the greenhouse effect and either confirm or do not justify alteration of the major conclusions of the first IPCC scientific assessment '' . It noted that transient ( time-dependent ) simulations , which had been very preliminary in the FAR , were now improved , but did not include aerosol or ozone changes .

negative: United States House Science Subcommittee on Energy The Science Subcommittee on Energy is one of six subcommittees of the United States House Committee on Science , Space and Technology .   In 2007 , the subcommittee held the first Congressional hearing on global climate change for the 110th Congress . The Hearing on the State of Climate Change Science 2007 : The Findings of the Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , Working Group I Report , included four climate scientists who authored the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) assessment report and Speaker Nancy Pelosi .

negative: Climate change acronyms The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) use tens of acronyms and initialisms in documents relating to climate change policy .

negative: Anders Levermann Anders Levermann is a climate scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Columbia University . He is a Professor of the Dynamics of the Climate System at Institute for Physics and Astrophysics of the Potsdam University , Germany . He was a lead author of the chapter on sea-level changes of the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC AR5 ) , and contributed to the paleoclimate chapter in the previous report ( IPCC-AR4 ) . Levermann advises political and economic stakeholders on the issue of climate change .

negative: IPCC Summary for Policymakers The Summary for policymakers ( SPM )   is a summary of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reports intended to aid policymakers . The form is approved line by line by governments : `` Negotiations occur over wording to ensure accuracy , balance , clarity of message , and relevance to understanding and policy . ''

negative: Piers Forster Piers Forster is Professor of Physical Climate Change and Director of the Priestley International Centre for Climate at the University of Leeds .  A physicist by training , his research focuses on quantifying the different human causes of climate change and the way the Earth responds . He is best known for his work on radiative forcing , climate sensitivity , contrails and geoengineering . He has contributed heavily to the writing of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports , including acting as a Lead Author for both the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and IPCC Fifth Assessment Report .

negative: Jean Palutikof Jean Palutikof is founding Director of the National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility ( NCCARF ) at Griffith University , Australia . She has held this position since 2008 . Prior to this , Professor Palutikof was based at the UK Met Office during which time she managed the production of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fourth Assessment Report for Working Group II ( Impacts , Adaptation and Vulnerability ) .   Professor Palutikof is among the foremost scholars of climate change adaptation and was lead author and review editor for several assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) and was present in Oslo at the ceremony at which the IPCC received the Nobel Peace Prize .

negative: Arturo Villavicencio Arturo Villavicencio is an Ecuadorian environmental researcher . He was nominated by Denmark in 1995 for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) and contributed to its fourth assessment report ( the work of the IPCC , including the contributions of many scientists , was recognised by the joint award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize ) .

negative: Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) published a special report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation ( SRREN ) on May 9 , 2011 . The report developed under the leadership of Ottmar Edenhofer evaluates the global potential for using renewable energy to mitigate climate change . This IPCC special report provides broader coverage of renewable energy than was included in the IPCC 's 2007 climate change assessment report , as well as stronger renewable energy policy coverage .   Renewable energy can contribute to `` social and economic development , energy access , secure energy supply , climate change mitigation , and the reduction of negative environmental and health impacts '' . Under favourable circumstances , cost savings in comparison to non-renewable energy use exist .

negative: Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018. The report, approved in Incheon, South Korea, includes over 6,000 scientific references, and was prepared by 91 authors from 40 countries. In December 2015, the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference called for the report. The report was delivered at the United Nations' 48th session of the IPCC to "deliver the authoritative, scientific guide for governments" to deal with climate change.Its key finding is that meeting a 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) target is possible but would require "deep emissions reductions" and "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society." Furthermore, the report finds that "limiting global warming to 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C would reduce challenging impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being" and that a 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, coral bleaching, and loss of ecosystems, among other impacts. SR15 also has modelling that shows that, for global warming to be limited to 1.5 °C, "Global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching 'net zero' around 2050." The reduction of emissions by 2030 and its associated changes and challenges, including rapid decarbonisation, was a key focus on much of the reporting which was repeated through the world.

negative: Jonathan M. Gregory Jonathan M. Gregory FRS is a climate modeller working on mechanisms of global and large-scale change in climate and sea level on multidecadal and longer timescales . He is currently a senior scientist in the Climate Division of NERC 's National Centre for Atmospheric Science ( NCAS-Climate ) , located in the Department of Meteorology at the University of Reading ; and a Research Fellow in climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre .   A 2004 study , led by Gregory and published in the journal Nature , predicted that the Greenland ice sheet is likely to be eliminated as a consequence of global warming , resulting in a rise in global sea-levels by 7 meters over the next 1000 years or more .   He was a co-ordinating Lead Author of the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report chapter 11 Changes in Sea Level , and a contributing author to the sea level chapter in the IPCC Second Assessment Report '' . Gregory was also a co-Lead Author of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report chapter 5 Observations : Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level , and chapter 10 Global Climate Projections . IPCC was a co-recipient ( with Al Gore ) of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for its work on climate change .   In 2010 Jonathan Gregory was awarded an Advanced Grant by the European Research Council to carry out research on sea level change .   In 2017 Jonathan Gregory was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society .

negative: 2007 Nobel Peace Prize The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared , in two equal parts , between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) and Al Gore `` for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change , and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change '' .

negative: Vicky Pope Vicky Pope is head of the climate predictions programme at the Hadley Centre . She spent 6 years as manager of atmospheric climate model development and evaluation . Since October 2004 she has been Head of the Climate Prediction Programme which provides independent scientific advice on climate change . Her research interests include developing and validating climate models .   In an interview for The Guardian newspaper , she said :   `` very few '' scientists disputed the latest IPCC report . `` The consensus on warming since the 1850s is that a large part is due to man 's activities , '' she said . `` That 's the line of the IPCC report and that position is strengthening . It is a very widespread consensus . There are a few very vocal people who are sceptics , only some of whom are actually scientists . Sceptics obviously have a place in the community . '' link

negative: Long-term effects of global warming See also Effects of global warming . The focus of this article is on the effects beyond 2100 .   There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming . Most discussion and research , including that by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reports , concentrates on the effects of global warming up to 2100 , with only an outline of the effects beyond this .

negative: Bali Declaration by Climate Scientists The 2007 Bali Declaration by Climate Scientists was a statement signed by over 200 climate scientists advocating specific targets for greenhouse gas emissions for the 21st century . The statement was based on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Article 2 that committed signatories to the '' ... stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system '' and on the science available in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment report ( IPCC AR4 ) . The Bali Declaration was released to coincide with the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference which took place in Bali 3 -- 15 December 2007 .   Category : Climate change policy


query: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.

positive: Florida Florida -LSB- ˈflɒrᵻdə -RSB- ( Spanish for `` land of flowers '' ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the north by Alabama and Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive , the 3rd-most populous , and the 8th-most densely populated of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area . The city of Tallahassee is the state capital .   A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Straits of Florida , it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States , approximately 1350 mi , and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean . Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil . The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south . The American alligator , American crocodile , Florida panther , and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park .   Since the first European contact was made in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León -- who named it La Florida ( -LSB- la floˈɾiða -RSB- `` land of flowers '' ) upon landing there in the Easter season , Pascua Florida -- Florida was a challenge for the European colonial powers before it gained statehood in the United States in 1845 . It was a principal location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans , and racial segregation after the American Civil War .   Today , Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth , as well as for its increasing environmental issues . The state 's economy relies mainly on tourism , agriculture , and transportation , which developed in the late 19th century . Florida is also renowned for amusement parks , orange crops , the Kennedy Space Center , and as a popular destination for retirees .   Florida culture is a reflection of influences and multiple inheritance ; Native American , European American , Hispanic and Latino , and African American heritages can be found in the architecture and cuisine . Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings , Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams , and continues to attract celebrities and athletes . It is internationally known for golf , tennis , auto racing and water sports .

positive: Biodiversity Biodiversity a portmanteau of `` biological diversity , '' generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth . According to the United Nations Environment Programme , biodiversity typically measures variation at the genetic , the species , and the ecosystem level . Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator , which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity . Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth , and is richest in the tropics . These tropical forest ecosystems cover less than 10 per cent of earth 's surface , and contain about 90 percent of the world 's species . Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific , where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans . There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity . Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots , and has been increasing through time , but will be likely to slow in the future .   Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions . More than 99.9 percent of all species , amounting to over five billion species , that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct . Estimates on the number of Earth 's current species range from 10 million to 14 million , of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described . More recently , in May 2016 , scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described . The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037 and weighs 50 billion tonnes . In comparison , the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC ( trillion tons of carbon ) . In July 2016 , scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the Last Universal Common Ancestor ( LUCA ) of all organisms living on Earth .   The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old . The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago , during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon . There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia . Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old meta-sedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland . More recently , in 2015 , `` remains of biotic life '' were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia . According to one of the researchers , `` If life arose relatively quickly on Earth . . then it could be common in the universe . ''   Since life began on Earth , five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity . The Phanerozoic eon ( the last 540 million years ) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion -- a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared . The next 400 million years included repeated , massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events . In the Carboniferous , rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life . The Permian -- Triassic extinction event , 251 million years ago , was the worst ; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years . The most recent , the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs .   The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity . Named the Holocene extinction , the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts , particularly habitat destruction . Conversely , biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways , both positively and negatively .   The United Nations designated 2011 -- 2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity .

positive: Human nutrition Human nutrition refers to the provision of essential nutrients necessary to support human life and health . Generally , people can survive up to 40 days without food , a period largely depending on the amount of water consumed , stored body fat , muscle mass and genetic factors .   Poor nutrition is a chronic problem often linked to poverty , poor nutrition understanding and practices , and deficient sanitation and food security . Malnutrition and its consequences are immense contributors to deaths and disabilities worldwide . Promoting good nutrition helps children grow , promotes human development and eradication of poverty .

positive: Melbourne Melbourne ( -LSB- ˈmɛlbərn -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania . The name `` Melbourne '' refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9900 km2 , which comprises the broader metropolitan area , as well as being the common name for its city centre . The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities . It has a population of 4,641,636 , and its inhabitants are called Melburnians .   Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemen 's Land on 30 August 1835 , in what was then the colony of New South Wales , it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 . It was named `` Melbourne '' by the Governor of New South Wales , Sir Richard Bourke , in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria , to whom Lord Melbourne was close , in 1847 , after which it became the capital of the newly founded colony of Victoria in 1851 . During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s , it was transformed into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest cities . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as the nation 's interim seat of government until 1927 .   Melbourne rates highly in education , entertainment , health care , research and development , tourism and sport , making it the world 's most liveable city -- for the sixth year in a row in 2016 , according to the Economist Intelligence Unit . It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region , and ranks among the top 30 cities in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index . Referred to as Australia 's `` cultural capital '' , it is the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , the Australian film and television industries , and Australian contemporary dance . It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a major centre for street art , music and theatre . It is home to many of Australia 's largest and oldest cultural institutions such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria , the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games .   The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport ( also called Tullamarine Airport ) , the second busiest in Australia . The Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo . Melbourne has an extensive transport network . The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station , and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station . Melbourne is also home to Australia 's most extensive freeway network and has the world 's largest urban tram network .

positive: Hong Kong Hong Kong , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of China . Macau lies across the delta to the west , and the province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north . With a total land area of 1,106 km2 and a population of over 7.3 million of various nationalities , it ranks as the world 's fourth most densely populated sovereign state or territory .   After the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) , Hong Kong became a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island , followed by the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898 . Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945 . In the early 1980s , negotiations between the United Kingdom and China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration , which paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997 , when it became a special administrative region ( SAR ) of the Peoples Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy .   Under the principle of `` one country , two systems '' , Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China . Except in military defence and foreign affairs , Hong Kong maintains its independent executive , legislative and judiciary powers . In addition , Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of `` appropriate fields '' .   Hong Kong is one of the world 's most significant financial centres , with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world 's most competitive and freest economic entity . As the world 's 8th largest trading entity , its legal tender , the Hong Kong dollar , is the world 's 13th most traded currency . It 's also a member of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) . Hong Kong 's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system . However , while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , it suffers from severe income inequality .   Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour , which enables ready access by international cargo ships , and its impressive skyline , with a very high density of skyscrapers ; the territory boasts the second largest number of high rises of any city in the world . It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world 's longest life expectancy . Over 90 % of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation . Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China , which adopts loose emissions standards , has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates .

negative: Prehistoric Irish battles This is a list of battles recorded in the Annals of the Four Masters , written in the 17th century , as taking place in prehistoric Ireland . Many of the battles listed are purely mythological , and none are historically reliable . Other Irish annalistic and chronicle sources differ in their chronologies .

negative: Alternative air source In underwater diving , an alternative air source , or more generally alternative breathing gas source , is a secondary supply of air or other breathing gas for use by the diver in an emergency . Examples include an auxiliary demand valve , a pony bottle and bailout bottle .   An alternative air source may be fully redundant ( completely independent of any part of the main air supply system ) or non-redundant , if it can be compromised by any failure of the main air supply . From the diver 's point of view , air supplied by a buddy or rescue diver is fully redundant , as it is unaffected by the diver 's own air supply in any way , but a second regulator on a double cylinder valve or a secondary demand valve ( octopus ) is not redundant to the diver carrying it , as it is attached to his or her main air supply . Decompression gas can be considered an alternative gas supply only when the risk of breathing it at the current depth is acceptable .   Effective use of any alternate air source requires competence in the associated skill set . The procedures for receiving air from another diver or from one 's own equipment are most effective and least likely to result in a life-threatening incident if well trained to the extent that they do not distract the diver from other essential matters . A major difference from buddy breathing is that the diver using a redundant alternative air source need not alternate breathing with the donor , which can be a substantial advantage in many circumstances . There is a further significant advantage when the alternate air source is carried by the diver using it , in that it is not necessary to locate the buddy before it is available , but this comes at the cost of extra equipment .

negative: Barbados Water Authority Barbados Water Authority Limited ( BWA ) , a government statutory corporation , is the sole provider of water services . Water supplied by the BWA in Barbados is pumped from wells within natural coral aquifers . The geology of Barbados is mostly composed of karst limestone which acts as a filter medium within the aquifers . The water service in Barbados is reliable and the water supply is safe and refreshing to drink , although the water source naturally of high quality ; the BWA treats the potable water supply with chlorine to comply with World Health Organization ( WHO ) standards .

negative: Food Race American environmental author Daniel Quinn coined the term Food Race ( by analogy to the Cold War 's `` nuclear arms race '' ) to describe an understanding of the current overpopulation emergency as a perpetually escalating crisis between growing human population and growing food production , fueled by the latter . Quinn argues that as the worldwide human population increases , the typical international response is to more intensely produce and distribute food to feed these greater numbers of people . However , assuming that population increases according to increased food availability , Quinn argues that this response only ends up leading to an even larger population and thus greater starvation in the end . Therefore , Quinn 's clear solution to the Food Race -- to stop producing so much food -- is not generally a common-sense or intuitive response ; instead , it derives from seemingly counter-intuitive or `` outside-the-box '' thinking .   Quinn bases the Food Race on the premise that the total human population , like that of all other animals , is influenced by food supply . Thus , larger populations are the result of more abundant food supplies , and intensification of food cultivation in response to population growth merely leads to still more population growth . Quinn compared this to the arms race in the Cold War , noting that any increase in food supply is met with a corresponding increase in population . Like Garrett Hardin , then , Quinn sees the only possible conclusions to the Food Race as either abandonment ( of such a `` race '' ) or catastrophe .   The superficial similarities between this concept and a Malthusian catastrophe are obvious , but Quinn himself notes certain key differences . The primary problem in a Malthusian catastrophe is a population growing larger than its food supply can support ; in Quinn 's view , this is impossible , as population is a function of food supply , and not merely some independent variable . The problem for Quinn is not the chaos caused by a scarcity of food during a time of overpopulation , but , rather , the chaos of overpopulation itself . So , in some ways , Quinn 's `` Food Race '' is in fact the opposite of the Malthusian problem , which Quinn characterizes as `` How are we going to FEED all these people ? '' in contrast to the Quinnian problem : `` How are we going to stop PRODUCING all these people ? ''   The idea that human population is tied to food supply is contentious , however . Many biologists disagree with Quinn 's assessment . While food supply certainly imposes an upper limit on population growth , they point out that culture , living standards , human intelligence and free will can impose lower , secondary limits to population growth . Critics also point out that the most significant population growth is occurring in the Third World , where regional food production is lowest . Meanwhile , the First World , where food is most plentiful , is undergoing a decline in birth rates . Quinn has suggested this results from international food distribution and has claimed that the farms of the First World fuel population growth in the Third . United Nations projections that world population will level off sometime in the near future also contradict Quinn 's statements . In November 1998 , Daniel Quinn made a video exploring these topics with Dr. Alan Thornhill of the Society for Conservation Biology , entitled , Food Production And Population Growth . Russell Hopfenberg has written at least two papers attempting to prove Quinn 's ideas , one paper with David Pimentel entitled `` Human Population Numbers as a Function of Food Supply '' and another , `` Human Carrying Capacity is Determined by Food Availability '' . Hopfenberg has also made available a narrated slide show entitled `` World Food and Human Population Growth '' . Jason Godesky wrote an article in 2005 , entitled `` The Opposite of Malthus '' , which attempts to ground Quinn 's work in a more solid , scientific framework .

negative: Logistello Logistello is a computer program that plays the game Othello , also known as Reversi . Logistello was written by Michael Buro and is regarded as a strong player , having beaten the human world champion Takeshi Murakami six games to none in 1997 -- the best Othello programs are now much stronger than any human player . Logistello 's evaluation function is based on disc patterns and features over a million numerical parameters which were tuned using linear regression .

negative: National Agricultural Law Center The National Agricultural Law Center at the University of Arkansas is a federally funded , nonpartisan research and information center that serves as the nation 's leading source of agricultural and food law research and information . The Center is the only institution of its kind in the United States and serves the nation 's vast agricultural community , which includes attorneys , farmers , federal and state policymakers , extension personnel , academics , students , consumers , and others .   The Center operates in conjunction with the United States National Agricultural Library , an entity within the USDA Agricultural Research Service .  In addition , the Center enjoys an institutional cooperative partnership with the Drake Agricultural Law Center directed by Neil D. Hamilton .   The Center 's website is the primary means by which it disseminates its agricultural and food law research and information products . The website is a clearinghouse for legal information that spans nearly four dozen agricultural and food law topics both in the United States and around the world . As such , the website incorporates unique components that can not be found elsewhere and provides an invaluable resource to those needing information on legal issues surrounding food and agriculture .   The Center is a nonpartisan entity and takes no position on the views expressed in any articles or writings published on the website . All such articles and writings are included for their legal or practical discussions of agricultural or food law topics rather than any particular viewpoint . Furthermore , while every effort is made to supply accurate and up-to-date information , the website is not meant as a source of legal advice , nor is it a substitute for a competent legal professional .   To make the vast store of information provided by this website more user-friendly , the site is divided into sections to help focus the researcher on a particular task at hand .

negative: List of highest-grossing Filipino films in 2012 The following are Filipino films that earned at least 50 million pesos in 2012 during their screenings .   Note   Box Office Mojo , a reliable third party box office revenue tracker , does not track any revenues earned during any Metro Manila Film Festival editions . So the official figures by film entries during the festival are only estimates taken from any recent updates from credible and reliable sources such as a film 's production outfit , or from any news agencies . Also , Metro Manila Development Authority ( MMDA ) did not release the official gross sales of each of the films . To verify the figures , see individual sources for the references .   Color key

negative: Children's use of information Children 's use of information is an issue in ethics and child development . Information is learned from many different sources and source monitoring ( see also source-monitoring error ) is important in understanding how people use information and decide which information is credible . Consider the example of a parent whose child has been diagnosed with hyperactivity ; the parent searches the internet for information , reads books , participates in an online chat room with other parents in the same situation , and consults various medical professionals . Some of these sources will be credible ( contain reliable information ) , and others will not . To be well-informed , the parent must filter information according to the reliability of the source .   Children learn about the world in much the same way . They are told things by numerous people ( e.g. , teachers , parents , siblings , and friends ) , see things on the television or internet , and read information in books . Can children be effective consumers of information ? At what age are they able to do this ? How do they deal with ambiguous resources ? This page will detail answers to those questions ( and others ) by drawing on peer-reviewed scientific research .

negative: Translink (U) Ltd Translink ( U ) Ltd , incorporated in 1991 , is today Uganda 's leading Distribution House , representing some of the world 's most distinguished Multinational Companies . With roots in Uganda stretching over 107 years , the company is very much a Ugandan entity . The group 's core business is split into 4 segments :   FMCG - Food and Non-Food  Tyres  Electronics  Mobile Phones

negative: Ballarat, California Ballarat is an unincorporated community in Inyo County , California . It lies at an elevation of 1079 feet ( 329 m ) .   Today , Ballarat is a virtual ghost town . It was founded in 1896 as a supply point for the mines in the canyons of the Panamint Range . A quarter-mile to the south is Post Office Springs , a reliable water source used since the 1850s by prospectors and desert wanderers . George Riggins , a young immigrant from Australia , gave Ballarat its name when he proposed it should be named for Ballarat , Victoria , in the heart of Australia 's gold country .

negative: Regulated power supply A regulated power supply is an embedded circuit ; it converts unregulated AC into a constant DC . With the help of a rectifier it converts AC supply into DC . Its function is to supply a stable voltage ( or less often current ) , to a circuit or device that must be operated within certain power supply limits . The output from the regulated power supply may be alternating or unidirectional , but is nearly always DC ( Direct Current ) .   The type of stabilization used may be restricted to ensuring that the output remains within certain limits under various load conditions , or it may also include compensation for variations in its own supply source . The latter is much more common today .

negative: Plague of Athens The Plague of Athens was an epidemic which devastated the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War ( 430 BC ) when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach . It is believed to have entered Athens through Piraeus , the city 's port and sole source of food and supplies . Much of the eastern Mediterranean also saw outbreak of the disease , albeit with less impact . The plague returned twice more , in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/426 BC . Some 30 pathogens have been suggested as causing the plague .

negative: List of American sandwiches This is a list of American sandwiches . A sandwich is a food item consisting of one or more types of food placed on or between slices of bread , or more generally any dish wherein two or more pieces of bread serve as a container or wrapper for some other food . The sandwich was originally a portable food item or finger food which began its popularity primarily in the Western World , but is now found in various versions in numerous countries worldwide .

negative: Vittoria Coffee Vittoria Coffee is an Australian manufacturer of coffee products . Founded in Sydney in 1947 , the business was established as an importer of Continental European foods .  In 1958 they began roasting small amounts of premium Arabica coffee at their food importing premises in the Sydney 's suburb of Haymarket , initially supplying Sydney 's first ` Italian cafés ' . Today , Vittoria is Australia 's largest and best known coffee company and supplies coffee to many restaurants and cafés around the country in addition to selling its coffee in supermarkets and retail outlets .

negative: Red and White Brand Red & White was the first store brand for grocery merchandise , food products , beverages and household supplies . The brand was first launched on cans of coffee in 1908 by Smith Michael ( S.M. ) Flickinger in Buffalo , New York to compete with A&P and its popular private brand coffee and was named after the color on the store shelves .   The Red & White Wholesale Corporation that grew from S.M. Flickinger 's first store in Buffalo , supplied groceries to independent grocery stores , and during World War I , the pressure on the small stores increased as food was rationed . By this time the company was operating as its own chain of Flickinger 's retail stores , as well as the wholesale operation supplying other retailers .   Today , there are thousands of Red & White products serving as the primary store brand in independent grocery stores across the United States .

negative: Logistics engineering Logistics engineering is a field of engineering dedicated to the scientific organization of the purchase , transport , storage , distribution , and warehousing of materials and finished goods .   Logistics is generally a cost centre service activity , but provides value via improved efficiency and customer satisfaction . It can quickly lose that value if the customer becomes dissatisfied . The end customer can include another process or work center inside of the manufacturing facility , a warehouse where items are stocked or the final customer who will use the product .   Another much more popular derivative and a complete of usage of the logistic term which has appeared in recent years is the supply chain . The supply chain also looks at an efficient chaining of the supply / purchase and distribution sides of an organization . While Logistics looks at single echelons with the immediate supply and distribution linked up , supply chain looks at multiple echelons/stages , right from procurement of the raw materials to the final distribution of finished goods up to the customer . It is based on the basic premise that the supply and distribution activities if integrated with the manufacturing / logistic activities , can result in better profitability for the organization . The local minimum of total cost of the manufacturing operation is getting replaced by the global minimum of total cost of the whole chain , resulting in better profitability for the chain members and hence lower costs for the products .   Logistics engineering as a discipline is also a very important aspect of systems engineering that includes reliability engineering . It is the science and process whereby reliability , maintainability , and availability are designed into products or systems . It includes the supply and physical distribution considerations above as well as more fundamental engineering considerations . For example , if we want to produce a system that is 95 % reliable ( or improve a system to achieve 95 % reliability ) , a logistics engineer understands that total system reliability can be no greater than the least reliable subsystem or component . Therefore our logistics engineer must consider the reliability of all subcomponents or subsystems and modify system design accordingly . If a subsystem is only 50 % reliable , one can concentrate on improving the reliability of that subsystem , design in multiple subsystems in parallel ( 5 in this case would achieve approximately 97 % reliability of that subsystem ) , purchase and store spare subsystems for rapid change out , establish repair capability that would get a failed subsystem back in operation in the required amount of time , and/or choose any combination of those approaches to achieve the optimal cost vs. reliability solution . Then the engineer moves onto the next subsystem .   Logistics engineers work with complex mathematical models that consider elements such as mean time between failures ( MTBF ) , mean time to failure ( MTTF ) , mean time to repair ( MTTR ) , failure mode and effects analysis ( FMEA ) , statistical distributions , queueing theory , and a host of other considerations . Obviously , logistics engineering is a complex science that considers trade-offs in component/system design , repair capability , training , spares inventory , demand history , storage and distribution points , transportation methods , etc. , to ensure the `` thing '' is where it 's needed , when it 's needed , and operating the way it 's needed all at an acceptable cost .

negative: Biological value Biological value ( BV ) is a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into the proteins of the organism 's body . It captures how readily the digested protein can be used in protein synthesis in the cells of the organism . Proteins are the major source of nitrogen in food . BV assumes protein is the only source of nitrogen and measures the proportion of this nitrogen absorbed by the body which is then excreted . The remainder must have been incorporated into the proteins of the organisms body . A ratio of nitrogen incorporated into the body over nitrogen absorbed gives a measure of protein `` usability '' -- the BV .   Unlike some measures of protein usability , biological value does not take into account how readily the protein can be digested and absorbed ( largely by the small intestine ) . This is reflected in the experimental methods used to determine BV .   BV uses two similar scales :  The true percentage utilization ( usually shown with a percent symbol ) .  The percentage utilization relative to a readily utilizable protein source , often egg ( usually shown as unitless ) .  These two values will be similar but not identical .   The BV of a food varies greatly , and depends on a wide variety of factors . In particular the BV value of a food varies depending on its preparation and the recent diet of the organism . This makes reliable determination of BV difficult and of limited use -- fasting prior to testing is universally required in order to ascertain reliable figures .   BV is commonly used in nutrition science in many mammalian organisms , and is a relevant measure in humans . It is a popular guideline in bodybuilding in protein choice .

negative: Kitchen stove A kitchen stove , usually called a gas range ( especially but not only in US English ) , range , cooker , or oven is a kitchen appliance designed for the purpose of cooking food . Kitchen stoves rely on the application of direct heat for the cooking process and may also contain an oven , used for baking .   In the industrialized world , as stoves replaced open fires and braziers as a source of more efficient and reliable heating , models were developed that could also be used for cooking , and these came to be known as kitchen stoves . When homes began to be heated with central heating systems , there was less need for an appliance that served as both heat source and cooker and stand-alone cookers replaced them . Cooker and stove are often used interchangeably .   The fuel-burning stove is the most basic design of kitchen stove . `` Nearly half of the people in the world ( mainly in the developing world ) , burn biomass ( wood , charcoal , crop residues , and dung ) and coal in rudimentary cookstoves or open fires to cook their food . '' More fuel efficient and environmentally sound biomass cook stoves are being developed for use there .   Modern kitchen stoves may use alternative methods for heating food . Natural gas and electric stoves are the most common today in western countries . Both are equally effective and safe , and the choice between the two is largely a matter of personal preference and pre-existing utility outlets : if a house has no gas supply , adding one just to be able to run a gas stove is an expensive endeavor . In particular , professional chefs often prefer gas cooktops , for they allow them to control the heat more finely and more quickly . On the other hand , some chefs often prefer electric stoves because they tend to heat food more evenly . Today 's major brands offer both gas and electric stoves , and many also offer dual-fuel stoves combining gas and electric cooktops .   Modern kitchen stoves have both burners on the top ( also known as the cooktop or stovetop in American English and as the hob in British English ) as well as an oven . A cooktop can refer to the top of a stove or burners built into a countertop . Many newer cooktops are made of glass-ceramic . A drop-in range is a combination stovetop/oven unit that installs in a kitchen 's lower cabinets flush with the countertop . Most modern stoves come in a unit with built-in extractor hoods .

negative: Jade production and trade in Myanmar Most of the jadeite mined in Myanmar is not cut for use in Myanmar ; instead , it is exported to other nations , primarily in Asia , for use in jewelry and other products . The jadeite deposits found in Myanmar 's northern regions are the highest quality jadeite in the world , considered precious by sources in China as far back as the 13th century . Today , it is estimated that Myanmar provides upwards of 70 percent of the world 's supply of high quality jadeite .

negative: Fermentek Fermentek Ltd. is a biotechnological company in the Atarot industrial zone of Jerusalem , Israel . It specializes in the research , development and manufacture of biologically active , natural products isolated from microorganisms as well as from other natural sources such as plants and algae .   The main microorganisms used are nonpathogenic actinomycetes , Nocardia and Streptomycetes . The fungi used are : Penicillium , Aspergillus , Fusarium and the like . None of these is a human pathogen .   Fermentek does not sell to individuals . Most of its products are marketed through major international distributors specializing in chemicals , under their own brand names . Nevertheless , Fermentek has specific impact on the biochemical market , especially in the field of mycotoxins .   Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by molds in human food and farm animal feeds , thus being economically important factors . Fermentek manufactures an extensive line of pure mycotoxins used as standards in food analysis . In some cases , such as Aflatoxin M2 , Fermentek supplies the entire world 's requirements .   In 2009 Fermentek announced a product family of highly standardized calibrant solutions of main mycotoxins . These are marketed under the brand name FermaSol . In 2010 it obtained ISO 13485 accreditation in connection with the production of starting materials for experimental drug production , and with manufacturing of reference standards of food contaminants .   None of Fermentek 's products have been invented by it . Fermentek 's aim is to make known compounds affordable to the scientific community .   Fermentek was founded by Dr Yosef Behrend in 1994 . It moved in 2004 to its new building , quadrupling its working space and greatly enlarging its manufacturing capacities .

negative: Strategic sourcing Strategic sourcing is an institutional procurement process that continuously improves and re-evaluates the purchasing activities of a company . In the services industry , strategic sourcing refers to a service solution , sometimes called a strategic partnership , which is specifically customized to meet the client 's individual needs . In a production environment , it is often considered one component of supply chain management . Modern supply chain management professionals have placed emphasis on defining the distinct differences between strategic sourcing and procurement . Procurement operations support tactical day-to-day transactions such as issuing Purchase Orders to suppliers , whereas strategic sourcing represents to strategic planning , supplier development , contract negotiation , supply chain infrastructure , and outsourcing models . ''

negative: Bacterial fruit blotch Bacterial fruit blotch ( BFB ) affects cucurbit plants around the world and can be a serious threat to farmers because it spreads through contaminated seed . BFB is the result of an infection by Gram-negative Acidovorax citrulli bacteria , which has only been recently studied in detail . Members of A. citrulli are Gram-negative rod shaped bacteria with the dimensions 0.5 × 1.7 μm . They move via polar flagella . No known reliable sources of BFB resistance exist today , so seed hygiene and thorough testing of breeding facilities are the best way to control spreading . No known control methods , however , are extremely reliable for reducing BFB infection .

negative: List of United States Coast Guard people The following is a list of people who served in the United States Coast Guard and have gained fame through previous or subsequent endeavors , infamy , or successes :   Note : When adding a name to this list , please place the same in alphabetical order and provide a reliable verifiable source . Secondary sources such as fansites are not allowed . As a guide please see : sources . Additions that are not in alphabetical order and/or do not provide a primary reliable verifiable source will be removed .

negative: RAMS RAMS is an acronym for Reliability , Availability , Maintainability , and Safety .   Reliability is a product 's or system 's ability to perform a specific function and may be given as design reliability or operational reliability .  Availability is the ability of a system to be kept in a functioning state .  Maintainability is determined by the ease with which the product or system can be repaired or maintained .  Safety is the requirement not to harm people , the environment , or any other assets during a system 's life cycle .

negative: Continual power system A continual power system is a large-scale system for reliably supplying large amounts of uninterrupted power . Examples of a continual power system include uninterruptible power supply and an emergency power system . The need for a continual power system has risen over the last few decades because energy resources in the market are getting less and at a higher price as the industrial revolution progresses . This is due to several reasons such as the growth in global economy , depletion of energy resources , and the environmental impacts of energy production .   The continual power system is one of many power systems that are being funded and used at this time because there is still no standard that exists that clearly defines the roles and responsibilities of the energy provider . As the modern world continues to progress , high-tech users are expected to demand a power supply that is high in security , quality , reliability , and availability . For businesses , reliability and quality is important because they rely on electrical services to provide lighting , general power , computer hardware and communications hardware . The key in reliable power systems is to avoid power disturbances , which are concerned with deviations of the voltage or current from the ideal single-frequency sine wave of constant amplitude and frequency   The desire for continuous and reliable power supply is not just within the business community . On a 2011 study done on Flemish households , the researchers found that only a relatively small share of them would be willing to switch to a lower reliability level if they would be compensated by a not too large bill discount . Computer power supplies have the AC/DC converter in which energy is lost when converted . By relying on a highly efficient dc only converter , instead of AC/DC , to store energy directly from a fuel cell the efficiency can be increased by up to 50 %

negative: Intelligence source and information reliability Intelligence source and information reliability rating systems are used in intelligence analysis .   A system commonly employed rates the reliability of the source as well as the information . The source reliability is rated between A ( history of complete reliability ) to E ( history of invalid information ) , with F for source without sufficient history to establish reliability level . The information content is rated between 1 ( confirmed ) to 5 ( improbable ) , with 6 for information whose reliability can not be evaluated .   For example , a confirmed information from a reliable source has rating A1 , an unknown-validity information from a new source without reputation is rated F6 , an inconsistent illogical information from a known liar is E5 , a confirmed information from a moderately doubtful source is C1 .   The evaluation matrix as described in the Field Manual FM 2-22 .3 ( see also Admiralty code ) :

negative: Go continuous delivery Go or GoCD is an open source tool which is used in software development to achieve continuous delivery ( CD ) of software . It supports automating the entire build-test-release process from code check-in to deployment . It helps to keep producing valuable software in short cycles and ensure that the software can be reliably released at any time .

negative: Cincinnati in the American Civil War During the American Civil War , the Ohio River port city of Cincinnati , Ohio , played a key role as a major source of supplies and troops for the Union Army . It also served as the headquarters for much of the war for the Department of the Ohio , which was charged with the defense of the region , as well as directing the army 's offensives into Kentucky and Tennessee .

negative: Droving Droving is the practice of moving livestock over long distances by walking them `` on the hoof '' .   Droving stock to market , usually on foot and often with the aid of dogs , has a very long history in the Old World . There has been droving since cities found it necessary to source food from distant supplies . Romans are said to have had drovers and their flocks following their armies to feed their soldiers .

negative: Voltage source A voltage source is a two terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage . An ideal voltage source can maintain the fixed voltage independent of the load resistance or the output current . However , a real-world voltage source can not supply unlimited current . A voltage source is the dual of a current source . Real-world sources of electrical energy , such as batteries , generators , and power systems , can be modeled for analysis purposes as a combination of an ideal voltage source and additional combinations of impedance elements .

negative: Pulsatile flow generator This pulsatile flow generator produces a pulsating water flow by using flexible tubes , a collapsible elastic bladder and a fluid supply . This is a rare phenomenon which still is n't fully understood . What makes this phenomenon unique is the fact that it can generate a pulsatile flow without any use of difficult mechanical engines . There are existing pulsatile flow generators but none of them are as frugal and easy to build as this one . They are also expensive and none of them are based on principle of flow limitation occurring in collapsible tubes .

negative: Lardoglyphus zacheri Lardoglyphus zacheri is a species of mite first discovered by Dr. Zacher in a dermestid beetle culture . The genus Lardoglyphus was erected by Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans in 1927 . The species is known to be a pest to institutional as well as private dermestid beetle colonies .   Lardoglyphus zacheri has been less studied than its congener L. konoi , which is occasionally called the `` fish mite '' and has been known to threaten supplies of cured fish . As a food supply threat the latter species is therefore more of a concern . However , much can be inferred about L. zacheri by studying L. konoi , the latter of which is known to thrive in humid environments . Thus Lardoglyphus species can be expected to become pests in many tropical and subtropical situations , especially where ambient conditions are humid . Some researchers have asserted that devastating L. zacheri infestations can occur in any climate when their target is a dermestid beetle colony . The high humidity levels produced in the often enclosed colonies are the likely cause of such infestations , even when said colonies are located in relatively dry climates .   Scientists believe that cured fish infestations of L. zacheri are initiated by dermestid ( carrion ) beetles that carry hypopi to the fish source in the first place . For this reason , researchers interested in studying L. zacheri concomitantly study the Dermestes maculatus carrion beetle .