query: President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.

positive: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign The 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump was formally launched on June 16, 2015, at Trump Tower in New York City. Trump was the Republican nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election, having won the most state primaries, caucuses, and delegates at the 2016 Republican National Convention. He chose Mike Pence, the sitting Governor of Indiana, as his vice presidential running mate. On November 8, 2016, Trump and Pence were elected president and vice president of the United States. Trump's populist positions in opposition to illegal immigration and various trade agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, earned him support especially among voters who were male, white, blue-collar, working class, and those without college degrees.Many of Trump's remarks were controversial and helped his campaign garner extensive coverage by the mainstream media, trending topics, and social media. Trump's campaign rallies attracted large crowds as well as public controversy. Some of the events were marked by incidents of violence between Trump supporters and protesters, mistreatment of some journalists, and disruption by a large group of protesters who effectively shut down a major rally in Chicago. Trump himself was accused of inciting violence at his rallies.Trump's disdain for political correctness was a staple theme of his campaign and proved popular among his supporters. Many, including some mainstream commentators and some prominent Republicans, viewed him as appealing to racism, a charge that Trump has repeatedly denied. Trump's most polarizing and widely reported proposals were about issues of immigration and border security, especially his proposed deportation of all illegal immigrants, the proposed construction of a substantial wall on the Mexico–United States border at Mexican expense, his characterizations of many illegal Mexican immigrants as "criminals, drug dealers, rapists, etc", and a temporary ban on foreign Muslims entering the U.S. (which he later modified to apply to people originating from countries which he described as having a history of terrorism against the United States or its allies).Opposition to Trump grew during his campaign among both Republicans (who viewed Trump as irrevocably damaging to the party and its chances of winning elections during and after 2016, leading to the coalescence of the Stop Trump movement) and Democrats (who decried Trump's anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim policies, his behavior toward critics, his treatment of the media, and his support from the ethno-nationalist alt-right). Although some prominent Republican leaders declined to endorse Trump after he won the Republican nomination, many Republican congress-members showed support for Trump and his policy positions despite major personal or political conflicts with him. Some such supporters of Trump's campaign were accused, by both conservatives and liberals, of prioritizing party loyalty and avoiding alienation of Trump supporters to ensure re-election, thereby refraining from condemning Trump's actions.On January 6, 2017, the United States government's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections against the campaign of Hillary Clinton and in support of Trump. As president, Trump has repeatedly rejected the conclusions of the U.S. intelligence agencies.

positive: Mike Pence Michael Richard Pence ( born June 7 , 1959 ) is an American politician , lawyer , and the 48th and current Vice President of the United States . He previously served as the 50th Governor of Indiana from 2013 to 2017 .   Born and raised in Columbus , Indiana , Pence graduated from Hanover College and earned a law degree from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law before entering private practice . After losing two bids for a U.S. congressional seat in 1988 and 1990 , he became a conservative radio and television talk show host from 1994 to 1999 . Pence was elected to the United States Congress in 2000 and represented and in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2013 . He served as the chairman of the House Republican Conference from 2009 to 2011 . Pence positioned himself as a principled ideologue and supporter of the Tea Party movement , noting he was `` a Christian , a conservative , and a Republican , in that order . ''   Upon becoming Governor of Indiana in January 2013 , Pence initiated the largest tax cut in Indiana 's history , pushed for more funding for education initiatives , and continued to increase the state 's budget surplus . Pence signed bills intended to restrict abortions , including one that prohibited abortions if the reason for the procedure was the fetus 's race , gender , or disability . Pence stirred several high-profile controversies , including with his signature of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act , for which he encountered fierce resistance from moderate members of his party , the business community , and LGBT advocates . He later signed an additional bill acting as an amendment intended to protect LGBT people .   On November 8 , 2016 , Pence was elected as Vice President , after he dropped out of his gubernatorial re-election campaign in July to become the vice presidential running mate for Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump , who went on to win the presidential election .

positive: Scott Pruitt Edward Scott Pruitt ( born May 9 , 1968 ) is an American lawyer and Republican politician from the state of Oklahoma who is currently the 14th Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency . Nominated by President Donald Trump in December 2016 , Pruitt was confirmed by the Senate to lead the EPA on February 17 , 2017 .   Pruitt represented Tulsa and Wagoner Counties in the Oklahoma Senate from 1998 until 2006 . In 2006 , Pruitt narrowly lost to Oklahoma Speaker of the House Todd Hiett in a bid for the Republican nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma . In 2010 , Pruitt was elected Attorney General of Oklahoma . In that role , he was viewed as a proponent of federalism , supporting religious freedom laws and opposing abortion rights , same-sex marriage , the Affordable Care Act , and environmental regulations as a self-described `` leading advocate against the EPA 's activist agenda '' . He fought the agency 's efforts on climate and clear air in several lawsuits , often closely coordinating with the fossil fuel industry , which supported him with almost $ 300,000 in campaign contributions . In 2012 , Pruitt was elected as chairman of the Republican Attorneys General Association , and re-elected for a second term in February 2013 .   Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human activities are a primary contributor to climate change . He specifically rejects the stance of the scientific community , including US agencies NASA and NOAA , that carbon dioxide is the primary contributor .

negative: Trump Tower wiretapping allegations On March 4 , 2017 , U.S. President Donald Trump wrote a series of posts on his Twitter account that accused former President Barack Obama of wiretapping the phones of his Trump Tower office late in the 2016 presidential campaign . Trump presented no evidence for his claim but called for a congressional investigation . The Trump administration later stated that reports from various news sources supported Trump 's claim , although none of these reports explicitly gave credence to Trump 's allegation .   Representative Devin Nunes , who chairs the House Intelligence Committee , vowed to investigate the claim , later stating that the committee had found no evidence for Trump 's statement . At a House Intelligence Committee open hearing on March 20 , 2017 , FBI Director James Comey stated that neither the FBI nor the Department of Justice possessed any information to support Donald Trump 's wiretapping allegations . On March 23 , it was announced that , according to Nunes , the Trump administration 's communications might have been legally monitored during the transition period as part of an `` incidental collection '' , though officials for the Obama administration denied involvement .   On April 5 , 2017 , Trump made accusations without evidence related to the wiretapping allegations , saying that Obama 's former National Security Adviser Susan Rice had committed a crime by attempting to unmask the identities of Trump associates collected during surveillance by US intelligence agencies related to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections .   On April 12 , sources from both the Republican and Democratic parties said that the original documents cited by Nunes do not support claims that the Obama administration acted illegally or unusually .

negative: Don Benton Donald Mark Benton ( born April 8 , 1957 ) is an American politician of the Republican Party . He is originally from Santa Clarita , California and was a member of the Washington State Senate from 1997 until 2017 , where he represented Washington 's 17th legislative district . He served as campaign director for Donald Trump in Washington state in 2016 . After that he was appointed as a `` senior White House adviser '' at the US Environmental Protection Agency for a few weeks , but reportedly did not work well with newly-appointed agency head Scott Pruitt . In April of 2017 Benton was named by President Trump as the 13th Director of the Selective Service System .

negative: Trump–Tsai call The Trump -- Tsai call is a telephone conversation between the U.S President-elect Donald Trump and the President of the Republic of China ( commonly known as Taiwan ) Tsai Ing-wen which took place on December 2 , 2016 . This event marked the first time since 1979 that a U.S. President or President-elect had directly spoken with a ROC President . In the call , Tsai congratulated Trump for his victory in the presidential election . The two leaders spoke for around 10 minutes , focusing on politics , economy , and security in Asia-Pacific . Following the call , Trump publicized this on Twitter and Facebook and said thank you to `` the President of Taiwan '' . After Trump 's transition team confirmed the event , the Presidential Office of Taiwan released a statement about the content of the call .   Several prominent Republicans have praised the call between the democratically elected leaders , saying that the United States needs no more pressure from the government of the People 's Republic of China ( commonly called `` China '' ) , which does n't recognize the ROC government and claims Taiwan is part of its territory . Some U.S. media outlets expressed that the call has humiliated Beijing as it seems a violation of a diplomatic practice . Other media and comments points out the weird status quo and believe Trump 's move is moral right and strategically correct for American interests . Wang Yi , the Foreign Minister of the People 's Republic of China subsequently responded that this event is only a `` small trick '' played by Taiwan and will not change the One China Policy . A spokesperson for the Presidential Office in Taipei expressed that there is no conflict between the Cross-Strait relations and the Taiwan -- U.S. relations . The Obama administration has also expressed that the U.S. will uphold the One China Policy . Trump later responded by saying that the U.S. does not have to be bound by that policy .

negative: Timeline of the Trump presidency, 2017 Q1 The following is a timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump during the first quarter of 2017 .   Other articles relating to Donald Trump 's post-election activities are :  Presidential transition of Donald Trump  First 100 days of Donald Trump 's presidency  List of executive actions by Donald Trump  List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump ( international trips )

negative: Keith Kellogg Joseph Keith Kellogg Jr. ( born May 12 , 1944 ) , known as Keith Kellogg , is a retired Lieutenant General in the United States Army who is currently serving as the Chief of Staff of the United States National Security Council in the Trump administration . Notably , he served as National Security Advisor on an acting basis following the resignation of Michael T. Flynn .   President Donald Trump put Kellogg in charge of the presidential transition agency action team for defense . He was named a foreign policy advisor to then-presidential candidate Trump in March 2016 .

negative: Rogue Twitter accounts Following the election of Donald Trump as the 45th President of United States a ` Resist ' movement began for those in opposition to his presidency . Employees within government organisations and departments took to Twitter to anonymously voice their opposition using accounts that are typically prefixed with either Rogue or Alt . Alice Stollmeyer has dubbed this Twitter resistance movement '' #twistance '' . It 's thought that the Badlands Park Service were the first to create a ` rogue account ' in opposition to President Trump 's assertion that Climate Change was n't real .

negative: Donald Trump presidential campaign There have been three presidential campaigns waged by Donald Trump for President of the United States . He has additionally mused about running on several other occasions .   Donald Trump presidential campaign may refer to :  Donald Trump presidential campaign , 2000 ( Trump 2000 ) -LSB- unsuccessful -RSB-  Donald Trump presidential campaign , 2016 ( Trump 2016 ) -LSB- successful -RSB- Donald Trump becomes the 45th U.S. President  Donald Trump presidential campaign , 2020 ( Trump 2020 ) -LSB- underway -RSB- Donald Trump bids to become re-elected as U.S. President

negative: Donald Trump in music Donald Trump in music refers to songs , albums and bands that refer to Donald Trump and his various brands , including Trump Tower , his TV show , his hotel chain , and his casinos . Though recent songs refer to Trump 's campaign and subsequent election as president of the United States , more than 200 songs refer to Trump prior to his successful presidential campaign between 1989 and 2013 . With his victory in the 2016 presidential election , Trump 's prominence in hip-hop music has been liked to that of Ronald Reagan 's in hardcore punk during the 1980s .

negative: Timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump Donald Trump was elected President of the United States on November 8 , 2016 and was inaugurated on January 20 , 2017 . He is currently serving his day in office . A daily chronicle of his presidency is available for each quarter :  Timeline of the Trump presidency , 2017 Q1  Timeline of the Trump presidency , 2017 Q2   *  Presidency of Donald Trump  Trump  Trump

negative: David M. Friedman David Melech Friedman ( born 1958 or 1959 ) is an American bankruptcy lawyer and the United States Ambassador to Israel . He joined the law firm Kasowitz , Benson , Torres & Friedman ( then known as Kasowitz , Hoff , Benson & Torres ) in 1994 , where he met and represented Donald Trump , then chairman and president of The Trump Organization . He served as an advisor to Trump during his successful presidential campaign . In December 2016 , President-elect Trump 's transition team announced that Friedman was Trump 's nominee for ambassador . His nomination was met with support from conservative Israeli and Jewish American activist groups , and opposition from liberal advocacy organizations , particularly J Street . He was confirmed by the full Senate on March 23 , 2017 , with a 52 -- 46 vote , officially sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on March 29 and presented his credentials on May 15 .

negative: Anthony Senecal Anthony Senecal is the ex-butler of Donald Trump , and is currently employed as the `` in house historian '' and tour leader at Trump 's private club and part-time residence , Mar-a-Lago . He entered the public spotlight in 2016 when numerous Facebook posts he made were exposed by Mother Jones . They included calls for executing Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton . Senecal endorsed Donald Trump for president . Trump called Senecal 's remarks `` disgusting '' , adding that `` Mr. Senecal is obviously a very troubled man . '' Trump 's campaign also disavowed Senecal 's views when they were made public , but Senecal was allowed to continue conducting tours at the Trump property in Florida .

negative: Data rescue Data Rescue is a name for both a movement among scientists , researchers and others and the processes they use to preserve primarily government-hosted data sets , often scientific in nature , to ward off their removal from publicly available websites . While the concept of preserving federal data existed before , it gained new impetus with the election in 2016 of U.S. President Donald Trump .   The concept of harvesting and preserving federal web pages began as early as 2008 , at the conclusion of President George W. Bush 's second term , under the name `` End of Term Presidential Harvest . ''   Soon after Trump 's election , scientists , librarians and others in the U.S. and Canada -- fearing that the administration of Trump ( who had expressed doubts about the validity of the scientific consensus on the existence of climate change ) would act to remove scientific data from government websites -- began working to preserve that data .   In quick order , the concept of Data Rescue became a grassroots movement , with organized `` hackathon '' events at cities across the U.S. and elsewhere , often hosted at universities and other institutions of higher education . Among the projects involved are the DataRefuge Project and the Environmental Data and Governance Initiative .

negative: Michigan v. EPA Michigan v. Environmental Protection Agency , , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court analyzed whether the Environmental Protection Agency must consider costs when deciding to regulate , rather than later in the process of issuing the regulation . Writing for a 5 -- 4 majority , Justice Antonin Scalia held that the EPA must consider costs and that it interpreted the Clean Air Act unreasonably when it determined that it did not need to consider costs when it issued a `` finding '' that it was `` necessary and appropriate '' to regulate . Critics of the Environmental Protection Agency praised the Court 's decision , while other commentators criticized Justice Scalia 's decision to ignore health impacts in his opinion . Some commentators suggested that the decision may derail President Barack Obama 's climate change agenda entirely .

negative: David Urban David Urban is a Republican operative and lobbyist . Urban joined Donald Trump 's team during the 2016 GOP primaries . In November 2016 President-elect Donald Trump was considering Dave Urban as the next chair of the Republican National Committee .

negative: Trump fragrances Businessman Donald Trump has produced several lines of fragrances , including Donald Trump , The Fragrance ; Success ; and Empire . The Success line was discontinued in 2015 following Trump 's negative comments on the 2016 presidential campaign trail . According to the Environmental Working Group in 2016 , the fragrances contained ingredients that were linked to various health conditions . As of November 8 , 2016 , all of Trump 's fragrances are reported to be in the process of being discontinued .

negative: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections United States intelligence agencies have concluded that there was Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections . In January 2017 , a published U.S. intelligence community assessment expressed `` high confidence '' that the Russian government favored Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton and that Russian President Vladimir Putin personally ordered an `` influence campaign '' to denigrate Clinton and to harm her electoral chances and potential presidency . The report concluded that Russia used disinformation , data thefts , leaks , and social media `` trolls '' in an effort to give an advantage to Trump over Clinton but did not target or compromise vote tallying . These conclusions were reaffirmed by the lead intelligence officials in the Trump administration in May 2017 . Intelligence allies of the U.S. in Europe had found communications between suspected Russian agents and the Trump campaign as early as 2015 . Some media organizations have referred to this interference as `` Kremlingate '' .   On October 7 , 2016 , the Office of the Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) and the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) jointly stated that Russia hacked the Democratic National Committee ( DNC ) servers and Clinton campaign chairman John Podesta 's personal email account and leaked their documents to WikiLeaks .  Several cybersecurity firms stated that the cyberattacks were committed by Russian intelligence groups Fancy Bear and Cozy Bear . In October 2016 , U.S. President Barack Obama directly warned Putin to stop interfering or face `` serious consequences '' . Russian officials initially issued categorical denials of any Russian involvement in any DNC hacks or leaks . In June 2017 , however , in a shift from Russia 's previous blanket denials , Putin suggested that private `` patriotically minded '' Russian hackers could have been responsible for cyberattacks , while continuing to deny government involvement . In January 2017 , Director of National Intelligence James Clapper testified that Russia 's alleged meddling in the 2016 presidential campaign went beyond hacking , and included disinformation such as the dissemination of fake news often promoted on social media . President-elect Trump initially rejected the reports of Russian interference and criticized the intelligence agencies , saying that Democrats were simply reacting to their election loss .   Investigations on Russian influence , including potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials , were started by the FBI , the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee . Six federal agencies have also been investigating possible links and financial ties between the Kremlin and Trump 's associates , including his son-in-law Jared Kushner and advisers Carter Page , Paul Manafort and Roger Stone . In December 2016 , Obama ordered a report on hacking efforts aimed at U.S. elections since 2008 . On December 29 , 2016 , the U.S. expelled 35 Russian diplomats , denied access to two Russia-owned compounds , and broadened existing sanctions on Russian entities and individuals . Russia did not retaliate .   On March 20 , 2017 , FBI director James Comey testified to the House Intelligence Committee that the FBI had been conducting a counter-intelligence investigation about Russian interference since July 2016 , including possible coordination between associates of Trump and Russia . On May 9 , 2017 , in a move that was widely criticized as an attempt to curtail the Russian investigation by the FBI , Trump dismissed Comey . On May 17 , 2017 , Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed former FBI Director Robert Mueller as special counsel in the FBI 's Russian investigation .

negative: Residences of Donald Trump U.S. President Donald Trump currently has seven residences .   During his time at the New York Military Academy , he lived on campus ; he later rented row houses in college . In 1971 , Trump moved to a studio on 75th Street in Manhattan . Since the completion of Trump Tower in 1983 , Trump has lived in a three-level penthouse on the top floors . He purchased the Seven Springs mansion in Bedford , New York in 1995 . Upon Trump 's election to the US presidency , he moved into the White House in Washington , D.C. while First Lady Melania and their son will stay at Trump Tower in Manhattan until the end of the school year before moving to the White House as well .

negative: Donald Trump–Russia dossier The Donald Trump -- Russia dossier is a private intelligence dossier that was written by Christopher Steele , a former British MI6 intelligence officer . It contains unverified allegations of misconduct and ties between Donald Trump , then President-elect , and the Russian government during the 2016 U.S. presidential election and the period preceding the election . The existence of the dossier was first reported on January 10 , 2017 . Steele went into hiding after the release of the dossier , but reappeared on March 7 , 2017 .   The dossier alleges that the Russian Federal Security Service ( FSB ) has kompromat on Trump -- damaging or embarrassing material which could be used to blackmail him , including allegations about Trump 's sexual and financial activities in Russia . The dossier also states that the Russian government promoted Trump 's candidacy to create divisions in Western alliances , and that during his presidential campaign , at the heat of the Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election , there was exchange of information and collusion between Russian officials and people associated with Trump 's campaign .   The media and the intelligence community have stressed that accusations in the dossier have not been verified . Most experts have treated the dossier with caution , but in February , it was reported that some details related to conversations between foreign nationals had been independently corroborated , giving U.S. intelligence and law enforcement greater confidence in some aspects of the dossier as investigations continued . Trump himself has denounced the report , calling it `` fake news '' and `` phony . '' A Russian government spokesman dismissed the dossier , saying its allegations were false . Steele 's former colleagues came out in defense of his character and expertise .   The dossier was produced as part of opposition research during the 2016 U.S. presidential election . The research was initially funded by Republicans who did not want Trump to be the Republican Party nominee for president . After Trump won the primaries , a Democratic client took over the funding ; and , following Trump 's election , Steele continued working on the report pro bono and passed on the information to British and American intelligence services .

negative: Immigration policy of Donald Trump Illegal immigration was a signature issue of US President Donald Trump 's presidential campaign , and his proposed reforms and remarks about this issue generated much publicity . A hallmark promise of his campaign was to build a substantial wall on the United States-Mexico border . Trump has also expressed support for a variety of `` limits on legal immigration and guest-worker visas '' , including a `` pause '' on granting green cards , which Trump says will `` allow record immigration levels to subside to more moderate historical averages '' . Trump 's proposals regarding H-1B visas frequently changed throughout his presidential campaign , but as of late July 2016 , he appears to oppose the H-1B visa program . Trump has questioned official estimates of the number of undocumented immigrants in the United States ( between 11 and 12 million ) , insisting the number is much higher ( between 30 and 34 million ) .

negative: Trump orb The Trump orb is a 2017 internet meme , based on a photograph of American president Donald Trump and other heads of state touching a glowing orb .

negative: Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland) Queensland 's Environmental Protection Agency ( abbreviated to EPA ) was for some time a separate department of the Queensland Government , and , following 2009 State elections , became a part of the Government 's larger Department of Environment and Resource Management .   This part of the Department of Environment and Resource Management 's role is to manage climate change and protect the environment on behalf of the Queensland Government .   To achieve this the section aims to provide Conservation and Environmental Services : including a Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service to manage the Queensland 's protected area estate ; plus Environmental Services to assist manage development , business , and industry . It aims to promote Sustainable futures : including planning for climate change ; encouraging environmental sustainability , supporting environmental innovation , and developing strategies and policies to achieve an environmentally sustainable future ; and achieve organisational performance and capability : including building a `` robust '' scientific base to government policy and decision making , and valuing people and accumulating knowledge within the organisation .

negative: List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016 This is a list of notable Republicans and conservatives who announced their opposition to the election of Donald Trump , the 2016 Republican Party nominee and eventual winner of the election , as the President of the United States . It also includes former Republicans who opposed Trump 's campaign and who left the Republican Party during the 2016 presidential election , as well as Republicans who endorsed a different candidate . It does not include Republicans who opposed Trump during the primaries but never announced opposition to Trump as the nominee .

negative: Donald Trump on social media Donald Trump 's use of social media has attracted attention worldwide since Trump joined Twitter in March 2009 . He has frequently used Twitter to comment on politicians and celebrities , and he relied on Twitter significantly to communicate during the 2016 United States presidential election . The attention on Trump 's Twitter activity has significantly increased since he was sworn in as the 45th president of the United States and continued to post controversial opinions and statements .   In May 2017 , Newsweek reported that nearly half of Trump 's 31 million followers on Twitter appear to be fake accounts or bots .

negative: Executive Order 13775 Executive Order 13775 is the eleventh executive order signed by U.S. President Donald Trump . Signed on February 9 , 2017 , the order changes the line of succession for the Department of Justice ( DOJ ) . This order specifically reverses changes made to the DOJ line of succession that former President Barack Obama made in executive order 13762 .

negative: Trump Ice Trump Ice , also known as Trump Natural Spring Water , is a bottled water brand owned by American businessman , investor , and President of the United States , Donald Trump .   Trump Ice was initially sold in national grocery chains and at specialty food stores through the United States ; the water brand is now exclusively available at Trump-branded hotels , restaurants and golf clubs . According to Trump 's 2016 Financial Disclosure Form , which was filed with the Federal Elections Commission , his personal earnings from Trump Ice in the previous year amounted to $ 413,339 .   Kelly Perdew , the winner of The Apprentice 2 , was privately appointed as Executive Vice President of Trump Ice as part of his contractual extension with The Trump Organization . Trump Ice was distributed by Mountain Spring Waters of America in the New York and New Jersey area .

negative: Rising Star (book) Rising Star : The Making of Barack Obama is a 2017 biography of Barack Obama by David Garrow . One section in the book is an unpublished 1991 essay cowritten by Obama and Robert Fisher that argued that black Americans should `` shift away from rights rhetoric and towards the language of opportunity . '' The essay also mentioned businessman and future president Donald Trump ; `` I may not be Donald Trump now , but just you wait ; if I do n't make it , my children will . ''

negative: Ben Garrison Ben Garrison is an American political cartoonist who lives in Lakeside , Montana . His political views have been described as libertarian , and his cartoons often portray President Donald Trump in a favorable light . In a 2015 interview with Breitbart News , he said he did not support any presidential candidate in the 2016 election , but also said he admires Trump for `` shaking up the neocon-controlled Republican Party . '' In May 2016 , a cartoon of his comparing Michelle Obama and Melania Trump drew national attention .

negative: GrabYourWallet #GrabYourWallet ( also , Grab Your Wallet ) is an organization and social media campaign that is an umbrella term for economic boycotts against companies that have any connections to President Donald Trump in response to the leak of a lewd conversation between Donald Trump and Billy Bush on the set of Access Hollywood where he infamously said `` grab them by the pussy '' . The movement has particularly targeted the ride-sharing app Uber and President Trump 's daughter Ivanka Trump 's clothing and shoe line that was notably carried by Nordstrom before being indefinitely discontinued due to poor sales as a result of the boycott .

negative: United States presidential election in Iowa, 2016 The 2016 United States presidential election in Iowa was held on November 8 , 2016 , as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated . Iowa voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting the Republican Party 's nominee , businessman Donald Trump , and running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee , former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and her running mate , Virginia Senator Tim Kaine .   Both parties ' caucuses were held on February 1 , 2016 .   Donald Trump won the election in Iowa with 51.1 % of the vote . Hillary Clinton received 41.9 % of the vote . Trump carried Iowa by the largest margin of any Republican candidate since Ronald Reagan in 1984 . Trump enjoyed the support of working-class whites in the agricultural industry , as well as the endorsements of Iowa 's GOP establishment . A state that voted Democratic for Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012 , the difference of 9.4 % points was the largest winning margin for Trump in a state that had voted for Barack Obama .

negative: Trump's Razor Trump 's Razor is an aphorism or heuristic coined to help explain President Donald Trump 's seemingly inexplicable behavior . Inspired by Occam 's razor , Trump 's Razor advises us to explain President Trump 's actions by `` ascertaining the stupidest possible scenario that can be reconciled with the available facts and that answer is likely correct . ''

negative: Family of Donald Trump The family of Donald Trump , the President of the United States , is a prominent American family active in real estate , entertainment , business , and politics . Donald Trump 's immediate family circle is the First Family of the United States . They are part of the broader Trump family originating from Germany . Donald Trump has children from three different women ; Ivana Trump , Marla Maples , and Melania Trump .

negative: Trump Model Management Trump Model Management is a New York City-based modeling agency owned by Donald Trump . Originally known as `` T Models '' , it was founded by Trump in 1999 .   In August 2016 , former Trump models alleged that they had worked for the agency without the company having obtained proper work visas on their behalf .  In April 2017 , it was announced that the agency will be closed down .


query: Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.

positive: Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun , orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days . It has the longest rotation period ( 243 days ) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets . It has no natural satellites . It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty . It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon , reaching an apparent magnitude of − 4.6 , bright enough to cast shadows at night and , though rare , occasionally be visible in broad daylight . Because Venus orbits within Earth 's orbit it is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun ; its maximum angular distance from the Sun ( elongation ) is 47.8 ° .   Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth 's `` sister planet '' because of their similar size , mass , proximity to the Sun , and bulk composition . It is radically different from Earth in other respects . It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets , consisting of more than 96 % carbon dioxide . The atmospheric pressure at the planet 's surface is 92 times that of Earth , or roughly the pressure found 900 m underwater on Earth . Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System , with a mean surface temperature of 735 K , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun . Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid , preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light . It may have had water oceans in the past , but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect . The water has probably photodissociated , and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field . Venus 's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by volcanism .   As one of the brightest objects in the sky , Venus has been a major fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed . It has been made sacred to gods of many cultures , and has been a prime inspiration for writers and poets as the `` morning star '' and `` evening star '' . Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky , as early as the second millennium BC .   As the closest planet to Earth , Venus has been a prime target for early interplanetary exploration . It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft ( Mariner 2 in 1962 ) , and the first to be successfully landed on ( by Venera 7 in 1970 ) . Venus 's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light , and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991 . Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions , but they are hindered by Venus 's hostile surface conditions .

positive: Greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet 's atmosphere warms the planet 's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere .   If a planet 's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases ( i.e. , greenhouse gases ) the atmosphere will radiate energy in all directions . Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface , warming it . The downward component of this radiation -- that is , the strength of the greenhouse effect -- will depend on the atmosphere 's temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains .   On Earth , the atmosphere is warmed by absorption of infrared thermal radiation from the underlying surface ( heated by the sun ) , absorption of shorter wavelength radiant energy from the sun , and convective heat fluxes from the surface . Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere radiate energy , some of which is directed to the surface and lower atmosphere . The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect .   Earth 's natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life . Human activities , primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests , have intensified the natural greenhouse effect , causing global warming .   The mechanism is named after a faulty analogy with the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse . The way a greenhouse retains heat is fundamentally different , as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow and retaining warm air inside the structure .

negative: Überbrettl Überbrettl ( -LSB- ˈʔyːbɐˌbʁɛtl̩ -RSB- super-cabaret ) was the first venue in Germany for literary cabaret , or Kabarett , founded 1901 in Berlin by Ernst von Wolzogen . The German Kabarett concept was imported from French venues like Le Chat Noir in Paris , from which it kept the characteristic atmosphere of intimacy . But the German type developed its own peculiarities , most prominently its characteristic gallows humour .

negative: Atmosphere of Venus The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus . It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth . The temperature at the surface is 740 K ( 467 ° C , 872 ° F ) , and the pressure is 93 bar ( 9.3 MPa ) , roughly the pressure found 900 m underwater on Earth . The Venusian atmosphere supports opaque clouds made of sulfuric acid , making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible . Information about the topography has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging . Aside from carbon dioxide , the other main component is nitrogen . Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts .   Mikhail Lomonosov was the first person to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Saint Petersburg , Russia .   Aside from the very surface layers , the atmosphere is in a state of vigorous circulation . The upper layer of troposphere exhibits a phenomenon of super-rotation , in which the atmosphere circles the planet in just four Earth days , much faster than the planet 's sidereal day of 243 days . The winds supporting super-rotation blow at a speed of 100 m/s ( ~ 360 km/h or 220 mph ) or more . Winds move at up to 60 times the speed of the planet 's rotation , while Earth 's fastest winds are only 10 % to 20 % rotation speed . On the other hand , the wind speed becomes increasingly slower as the elevation from the surface decreases , with the breeze barely reaching the speed of 10 km/h ( 2.8 m/s ) on the surface . Near the poles are anticyclonic structures called polar vortices . Each vortex is double-eyed and shows a characteristic S-shaped pattern of clouds . Above there is an intermediate layer of mesosphere which separates the troposphere from the thermosphere . The thermosphere is also characterized by strong circulation , but very different in its nature - the gases heated and partially ionized by sunlight in the sunlit hemisphere migrate to the dark hemisphere where they recombine and downwell .   Unlike Earth , Venus lacks a magnetic field . Its ionosphere separates the atmosphere from outer space and the solar wind . This ionised layer excludes the solar magnetic field , giving Venus a distinct magnetic environment . This is considered Venus 's induced magnetosphere . Lighter gases , including water vapour , are continuously blown away by the solar wind through the induced magnetotail . It is speculated that the atmosphere of Venus up to around 4 billion years ago was more like that of the Earth with liquid water on the surface . A runaway greenhouse effect may have been caused by the evaporation of the surface water and subsequent rise of the levels of other greenhouse gases .   Despite the harsh conditions on the surface , the atmospheric pressure and temperature at about 50 km to 65 km above the surface of the planet is nearly the same as that of the Earth , making its upper atmosphere the most Earth-like area in the Solar System , even more so than the surface of Mars . Due to the similarity in pressure and temperature and the fact that breathable air ( 21 % oxygen , 78 % nitrogen ) is a lifting gas on Venus in the same way that helium is a lifting gas on Earth , the upper atmosphere has been proposed as a location for both exploration and colonization .   On January 29 , 2013 , ESA scientists reported that the ionosphere of the planet Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to `` the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions . ''

negative: Carbon diet A carbon diet refers to reducing the impact on climate change by reducing greenhouse gas production specifically , CO2 production . In today 's society , we produce CO2 in every day activities such as driving , heating , deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels such as coal , oil and gas . It has been found that carbon dioxide from the burning of coal , natural gas , and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions . For years , governments and corporations have been attempting to balance out their emissions by participating in carbon-offsetting -- the practice in which they invest in renewable energy to compensate for the global-warming pollution that they produce . Despite these efforts the results are still far off and we continue to see growth in CO2 concentration . Now , a growing number of individuals are trying to make a reduction in the amount of CO2 that is being produced by participating in low carbon dieting . This small adjustment in household CO2 production has the potential to reduce emissions much more quickly than other kinds of changes and it deserves explicit consideration as part of climate policy . It can potentially help avoid `` overshoot '' of greenhouse gas concentration targets ; provide a demonstration effect ; reduce emissions at low cost ; and buy time to develop new technologies , policies , and institutions to reach long-term greenhouse gas emission targets and to develop adaptation strategies .

negative: CERINA-Plan CERINA Plan is the abbreviation for `` CO2 Emissions and Renewable Investment Action Plan '' . It is a CO2 reduction concept developed by the German renewable energy institute IWR . The CERINA Plan proposes a technical investment approach linking a country 's CO2 emissions to its investment in renewable energy technology . Therefore , it is an alternative model to approaches like the Kyoto idea of mere cuts in greenhouse gas emissions . The model is meant to be flexible and to adapt to the special national circumstances of each country .

negative: Low-carbon emission The main components of automobile exhaust are carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) and water vapor ( H2O ) . Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas ( GHG ) and the most significant Greenhouse Gas emitted in the U.S. ( with 82-84 % of all U.S. emissions ) . Increases in carbon dioxide concentration are due primarily to fossil fuel use and land-use change .   The CO2 emission standards can be referred to the fuel or to the vehicle :   The European Union is moving towards fuel mandatory CO2 standards and USA has reflected it in the Greenhouse Gas Score .  There are information , but no mandatory , standards for CO2 limits in vehicle ( engine ) emissions , excepting some state regulations ( i.e. California ) . See hybrid vehicles .   CO2 mass emission in vehicles is measured in g/km ( g/mi * 0.621371192 = g/km ) .

negative: Kepler-186e Kepler-186e ( also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-571 .04 ) is a confirmed exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf star Kepler-186 , approximately 558 light years away from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus . It is near the optimistic habitable zone but probably not in it , possibly making it have a runaway greenhouse effect , like Venus . The exoplanet was found by using the transit method , in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured . Four additional planets orbiting the star ( all modestly larger than Earth ) were also discovered .

negative: Venera 5 Venera 5 ( Венера-5 meaning Venus 5 ) ( manufacturer 's designation : 2V ( V-69 ) ) was a space probe in the Soviet space program Venera for the exploration of Venus .   Venera 5 was launched towards Venus to obtain atmospheric data . The spacecraft was very similar to Venera 4 although it was of a stronger design . The launch was conducted using a Molniya-M rocket , flying from the Baikonur Cosmodrome .   When the atmosphere of Venus was approached , a capsule weighing 405 kg and containing scientific instruments was jettisoned from the main spacecraft . During satellite descent towards the surface of Venus , a parachute opened to slow the rate of descent . For 53 minutes on May 16 , 1969 , while the capsule was suspended from the parachute , data from the Venusian atmosphere were returned . It landed at . The spacecraft also carried a medallion bearing the State Coat of Arms of the USSR and a bas-relief of V. I. Lenin to the night side of Venus .   Given the results from Venera 4 , the Venera 5 and Venera 6 landers contained new chemical analysis experiments tuned to provide more precise measurements of the atmosphere 's components . Knowing the atmosphere was extremely dense , the parachutes were also made smaller so the capsule would reach its full crush depth before running out of power ( as Venera 4 had done ) .

negative: Antarctic oscillation The Antarctic oscillation ( AAO , to distinguish it from the Arctic oscillation or AO ) is a low-frequency mode of atmospheric variability of the southern hemisphere . It is also known as the Southern Annular Mode ( SAM ) . It is defined as a belt of westerly winds or low pressure surrounding Antarctica which moves north or south as its mode of variability . In its positive phase , the westerly wind belt contracts towards Antarctica , while its negative phase involves this belt moving towards the Equator .   In 2014 , Dr Nerilie Abram used a network of temperature-sensitive ice core and tree growth records to reconstruct a 1000-year history of the Southern Annular Mode . This work suggests that the Southern Annular Mode is currently in its most extreme positive phase over at least the last 1000 years , and that recent positive trends in the SAM are attributed to increasing greenhouse gas levels and later stratospheric ozone depletion .

negative: Olympia Theater (Miami) The Olympia Theater is a theater located in Miami , Florida . Designed by John Eberson in his famed atmospheric style , the theater opened in 1926 . Throughout its history , the venue has served as a movie theater , concert venue and performing arts center . In 1984 , it received historical designation by the NHRP . The Olympia Theater and its sister venue , the Tampa Theatre are the only remaining atmospheric theaters in Florida .

negative: Kombayashi–Ingersoll limit In planetary science , the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit represents the maximum solar flux a planet can handle without a runaway greenhouse effect setting in .   For planets with temperature-dependent sources of greenhouse gases such as liquid water and optically thin atmospheres the outgoing longwave radiation curve ( which indicates how fast energy can be radiated away by the planet ) flattens at high temperatures , reaching a horizontal asymptote -- the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit itself . Since the equilibrium temperature is the intersection of this curve and a horizontal line representing solar flux , for fluxes above this point the planet heats up indefinitely . Kasting estimated the limit for Earth to be 320 watts per square meter .   The limit is relevant for estimating the inner edge of the circumstellar habitable zone . However , the limit also depends on the surface gravity of the planet , making heavy worlds somewhat more resistant to the runaway effect .

negative: Atmospheric methane Atmospheric methane is the methane present in Earth 's atmosphere . Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere . The 100-year global warming potential of methane is 28 . That is , over a 100-year period , it traps 28 times more heat per mass unit than carbon dioxide and 32 times the effect when accounted for aerosol interactions . Global methane levels , had risen to 1800 parts per billion ( ppb ) by 2011 , an increase by a factor of 2.5 since pre-industrial times , from 722 ppb , the highest value in at least 800,000 years . Its concentration is higher in the Northern Hemisphere since most sources ( both natural and human ) are located on land and the Northern Hemisphere has more land mass . The concentrations vary seasonally , with , for example , a minimum in the northern tropics during April − May mainly due to removal by the hydroxyl radical .   Early in the Earth 's history carbon dioxide and methane likely produced a greenhouse effect . The carbon dioxide would have been produced by volcanoes and the methane by early microbes . During this time , Earth 's earliest life appeared . These first , ancient bacteria added to the methane concentration by converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane and water . Oxygen did not become a major part of the atmosphere until photosynthetic organisms evolved later in Earth 's history . With no oxygen , methane stayed in the atmosphere longer and at higher concentrations than it does today .   Methane is created near the surface , and it is carried into the stratosphere by rising air in the tropics . Uncontrolled build-up of methane in Earth 's atmosphere is naturally checked -- although human influence can upset this natural regulation -- by methane 's reaction with hydroxyl radicals formed from singlet oxygen atoms and with water vapor .

negative: David Archer (scientist) David Archer is a computational ocean chemist , and has been a professor at the Geophysical Sciences department at the University of Chicago since 1993 . He has published research on the carbon cycle of the ocean and the sea floor . He has worked on the history of atmospheric CO2 concentration , the expectation of fossil fuel CO2 over geologic time scales in the future , and the impact of CO2 on future ice age cycles , ocean methane hydrate decomposition , and coral reefs .   He is a contributor to the RealClimate blog .

negative: Carbonate–silicate cycle The carbonate -- silicate geochemical cycle describes the transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate rocks by weathering and sedimentation at Earth 's surface and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicates by metamorphism and magmatism . It plays a large part in the carbon cycle , since the equilibrium point of the carbonate-silicate cycle dictates the pace of carbon release from the lithosphere .   The carbonate-silicate cycle involves several chemical reactions that occur in different environments . In the atmosphere , gaseous carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) dissolves in rainwater , forming natural carbonic acid ( H2CO3 ) . This weak acid weathers silicate rocks on continents , slowly dissolving the rock and releasing aqueous minerals through the chemical reaction CaSiO3 ( s ) ( wollastonite ) + 2CO2 ( g ) + H2O ( l ) → Ca + 2HCO ( aq ) ( bicarbonate ) + SiO2 ( aq ) ( dissolved silica ) . These dissolved minerals are eventually carried by water to the ocean , where they are used by living organisms such as foraminifera , radiolarians , coccolithopores , and diatoms to create shells of CaCO3 ( calcite ) or SiO2 ( opal ) through the reactions Ca2 + ( aq ) + 2HCO3 → CaCO3 ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) + H2O ( l ) ( for calcite precipitation ) and SiO2 ( aq ) → SiO2 ( s ) ( for opal precipitation ) . When these organisms die , many shells are remineralized but some shells fall all the way to the sea floor and are buried . The cycle is completed when the sea floor is subducted and carbonate minerals recombine with silicate minerals under temperatures above 300 ° C to reform calcium silicates and release gaseous CO2 through volcanism ( CaCO3 ( s ) + SiO2 ( s ) → CaSiO3 ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) ) .   The carbonate-silicate cycle impacts the global carbon cycle , as carbon dioxide is removed from the Earth 's surface through the burial of weathered minerals in deep ocean sediments and returned to the atmosphere through metamorphism and volcanism . However , this process is far from being a closed loop . In Earth history generally the formation of carbonates significantly outpaces the formation of silicates , effectively removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Because carbon dioxide is a potent greenhouse gas , the carbonate-silicate cycle is suspected to initiate ice ages by creating a negative feedback on the global temperature with a typical time scale of a few million years that is capable of countering water vapor and carbon dioxide short-term positive feedback on global temperature .   The carbonate-silicate cycle equilibrium point is shifted on Venus due to surface temperatures above 300 ° C , which favor the formation of calcium silicates over weathering . Thus , Venus has a high-density carbon-dioxide atmosphere .

negative: Solar radiation management Solar radiation management ( SRM ) projects are a type of climate engineering which seek to reflect sunlight and thus reduce global warming . Proposed examples include the creation of stratospheric sulfate aerosols . Their principal advantages as an approach to climate engineering is the speed with which they can be deployed and become fully active , their potential low financial cost , and the reversibility of their direct climatic effects . Solar radiation management projects could , for example , be used as a temporary response while levels of greenhouse gases can be brought under control by mitigation and greenhouse gas removal techniques . They would not reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere , and thus do not address problems such as ocean acidification caused by excess carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) .

negative: Ice divide An ice divide is the boundary on an ice sheet , ice cap or glacier separating opposing flow directions of ice , analogous to a water divide . Such ice divides are important for geochronology investigations using ice cores , because such coring is typically made on top of a dome of an ice sheet to avoid interference caused by horizontal ice movement . Ice divides are used for looking at what the atmosphere was like in history . The ice is very accurate because instead of shifting horizontally like normal ice , it moves vertically downward with time trapping gases into its layers . Scientist find these ice divides and take ice cores from them , which are typically long cylinder poles of ice , and evaluate them . Once they have these ice cores , they are able to look through it and find elements that the snow and ice carried down with it during that time period such as sulfate , nitrate , and other ions . These ice cores are important in determining how our atmosphere has changed for the better or worse , and how we can fix it such as the greenhouse effect which discovered when scientist found how much more greenhouse gasses was in our atmosphere than there was in the past .   Scientists from around the United States came together to find the perfect ice divide in order to go the furthest into the past . They formed the WAIS project . This project is funded by the United States National Foundation , and is run by scientists from many organizations such as National Ice Core Laboratory , Ice Drilling Design and Operations ( IDDO ) , and over fifty Universities . The WAIS project is located in West Antarctica , and the goal is to look into the past 100,000 years . WAIS is better than other ice divides because of the amount of snow it gets . This large amount of snow causes there to be a very small off-set from the ages of the ice to the air and gases trapped inside . This gives the scientists to give much more precise predictions of what the atmosphere was like in history . If the WAIS project is a success it will educate scientists around the world how the atmosphere of Earth has changed completely over 100,000 years .

negative: CO2 rocket CO2 rockets are a very safe and simple way to experiment with model rockets . Most CO2 rockets are very small and do not travel very high or fast . The common method of construction for a CO2 rocket is to take a CO2 canister and use it as the motor to propel the projectile , or load into the air .

negative: Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event , or the Cenomanian-Turonian extinction event , the Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event ( OAE 2 ) , and referred to in Europe as the Bonarelli Event , was one of two anoxic extinction events in the Cretaceous period . ( The other being the earlier Selli Event , or OAE 1a , in the Aptian . ) The OAE 2 occurred approximately 91.5 ± 8.6 Ma , though other estimates are given as 93-94 Ma .   The event brought about the extinction of the Spinosauridae , Pliosauridae , and possibly Ichthyosauria ; although coracoids of Maastrichtian age may belong to ichthyosaurs , indicating the survival of the group until the latest Cretaceous . Other animals lost some diversity as well . Although the cause is still uncertain , the result starved the Earth 's oceans of oxygen for nearly half a million years , causing the extinction of approximately 27 percent of marine invertebrates . This global environmental disturbance increased atmospheric and oceanic temperatures . Boundary sediments show an enrichment of trace elements , and contain elevated δ13C values .   One possible cause was sub-oceanic volcanism , possibly the Caribbean large igneous province , with increased activity approximately 500,000 years earlier . During that period , the rate of crustal production reached its highest level for 100 million years . This was largely caused by the widespread melting of hot mantle plumes under the oceans at the base of the lithosphere . This resulted in the thickening of the oceanic crust in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . This volcanism would have sent large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere , leading to global warming . Within the oceans , the emission of SO2 , H2S , CO2 , and halogens would have increased the acidity of the water , causing the dissolution of carbonate , and a further release of carbon dioxide . When the volcanic activity declined , this run-away greenhouse effect would have likely been put into reverse . The increased CO2 content of the oceans could have increased organic productivity in the ocean surface waters . The consumption of this newly abundant organic life by aerobic bacteria would produce anoxia and mass extinction . The resulting elevated levels of carbon burial would account for the black shale deposition in the ocean basins .

negative: Adivar (crater) Adivar is an impact crater on Venus , named in honor of Turkish writer and pilot Halide Edip Adıvar . The crater is located just north of the western Aphrodite highland ( 9 degrees north latitude , 76 degrees east longitude ) . Surrounding the crater rim is ejected material which appears bright in the radar image due to the presence of rough fractured rock . A much broader area has also been affected by the impact , particularly to the west of the crater . Radar-bright materials , including a jet-like streak just west of the crater , extend for over 500 km across the surrounding plains . A darker streak , in a horseshoe or paraboloidal shape , surrounds the bright area . Radar-dark ( i.e. , smooth ) paraboloidal streaks were observed around craters in earlier Magellan images , but this is a rare bright crater streak . These unusual streaks , seen only on Venus , are believed to result from the interaction of crater materials ( the meteoroid , ejecta , or both ) and high-speed winds in the upper atmosphere . The precise mechanism that produces the streaks is poorly understood , but it is clear that the dense atmosphere of Venus plays an important role in the distribution of the ejected material .

negative: Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative ` The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative ( RGGI , pronounced `` Reggie '' ) is the first mandatory market based program in the United States to reduce greenhouse gas emissions . RGGI is a cooperative effort among the states of Connecticut , Delaware , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New York , Rhode Island , and Vermont to cap and reduce CO2 emissions from the power sector . RGGI compliance obligations apply to fossil-fueled power plants 25MW and larger within the nine-state region .   RGGI establishes a regional cap on the amount of CO2 pollution that power plants can emit by issuing a limited number of tradable CO2 allowances . Each allowance represents an authorization for a regulated power plant to emit one short ton of CO2 . Individual CO2 budget trading programs in each RGGI state together create a regional market for CO2 allowances .   The RGGI states distribute over 90 percent of allowances through quarterly auctions . These allowance auctions generate proceeds , which participating states are able to invest in strategic energy and consumer benefit programs . Programs funded through RGGI have included energy efficiency , clean and renewable energy , greenhouse gas abatement , and direct bill assistance .   An initial milestone program 's development occurred in 2005 , when seven states signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) announcing an agreement to implement RGGI . The RGGI states then established individual CO2 budget trading programs , based on the RGGI Model Rule . The first pre-compliance RGGI auction took place in September 2008 , and the program became effective on January 1 , 2009 . The RGGI program is currently in its third three-year compliance period , which began January 1 , 2015 .

negative: The World Set Free (Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey) `` The World Set Free '' is the twelfth episode of the American documentary television series Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey . It premiered on June 1 , 2014 , on Fox , and aired on June 2 , 2014 , on National Geographic Channel . The episode was written by Ann Druyan and Steven Soter , and directed by Brannon Braga . The episode explores global warming , humanity 's effect on the Earth 's atmosphere , and what we can do to mitigate it , including a look at alternative energy technologies . The episode also examines the planet Venus to inspect the runaway greenhouse effect . The episode 's title alludes to H.G. Wells ' novel published in 1914 , The World Set Free , where Wells predicts that humanity will develop destructive nuclear weapons , perpetuating a devastating global war and forcing the world to come to its senses to create a peaceful society that harnesses the power of atomic energy .

negative: Runaway 2: The Dream of the Turtle Runaway 2 : The Dream of the Turtle ( or Runaway : The Dream of the Turtle ) is a point and click adventure game released by Pendulo Studios in 2006 . It 's a sequel to Runaway : A Road Adventure .   The French version of the game was the first available for purchase , followed shortly by the German version , both published in fall 2006 . Other versions like the original Spanish version and the English localizations were kept on hold until 2007 due to publishing issues , most notably with its homeland , Spain , where a special collector 's edition was released in order to please fans .   Runaway 2 was first released on Microsoft Windows and then subsequently ported to the Nintendo DS in 2007 and Wii in 2009 . The sequel and third installment of the series is Runaway 3 : A Twist of Fate and was released on November 26 , 2009 .   On October 17 , 2013 French publisher and developer Bulkypix released Runaway : The Dream of the Turtle Part 1 for iOS ( iPhone , iPod touch , iPad ) .

negative: FUTBOLIN FUTBOLIN ( FUll Transfer By Optimized LINe-by-line methods ) : Multi-level multiple scattering radiative transfer model for the calculation of line-by-line atmospheric emission/transmission spectra in planetary atmospheres . It has been developed by Javier Martin-Torres ( AS&M . Inc , NASA/Langley Research Center , Hampton , VA , USA ; Jet Propulsion Laboratory , Pasadena , CA ; Now at IACT ( CSIC-URG ) , Granada , SPAIN ) . It allows generating high-resolution synthetic spectra in the 0.3-1000 micrometre spectral range .   The code can handle spherical or plane-parallel atmospheres . It reads spectral lines in HITRAN or GEISA format and can handle CO2 line mixing and continuum absorption from H2O , O2 , N2 and CO2 . It also takes into account the Non Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium ( NLTE ) effects on the rotational , electronic and vibrational populations of the atmospheric species and allows to specify any combinations of clouds , coverage and spectral albedo . It has been used to model the Earth 's atmosphere , and the atmospheres of Mars , Venus , and Titan .   The code can calculate reflection , transmission , absorption , infrared cooling rate , and flux spectra .

negative: Sustainable automotive air conditioning Sustainable automotive air conditioning is the subject of a debate -- nicknamed the Cool War -- about the next-generation refrigerant in car air conditioning . The Alliance for CO2 Solutions supports the uptake of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) as a refrigerant in passenger cars , and the chemical industry is developing new chemical blends .   The Alliance and its supporters -- scientists , NGOs and business leaders -- urge the car industry to replace high global warming chemical substances with the natural refrigerant carbon dioxide ( CO2 , R744 / R-744 ) in car cooling and heating . This , they argue , would lead to 10 % less car emissions , and knock out 1 % of total greenhouse gas emissions worldwide . If CO2 Technology is applied in other sectors , such as commercial and industrial refrigeration , heat pumps for water heating etc. , it may even save up to 3 % of the world 's greenhouse gases .   Opponents of the Alliance claim that CO2 Technology is not cost-efficient and safe , hence seeking to postpone the global industry decision to be taken to develop new chemical blends instead .

negative: Gliese 1132 b Gliese 1132 b ( often shortened to GJ 1132 b ) is an exoplanet orbiting a red dwarf star ( Gliese 1132 ) 39 light years ( 12 parsecs ) from Earth , in the constellation Vela . The planet is considered uninhabitable but cool enough to possess an atmosphere . Gliese 1132 b was discovered by the MEarth-South array in Chile .   It has been called `` one of the most important planets ever discovered beyond the Solar System '' : Due to its relative proximity to Earth , telescopes should be able to determine the composition of its atmosphere , the speed of its winds and the color of its sunsets . This is due in part to the small diameter of its parent star ( 21 % that of the Sun ) , which increases the effect on the star 's light of its transits . The planet 's diameter is approximately 20 % larger than that of the Earth and its mass is estimated at 1.6 times that of Earth , implying that it has an Earth-like rocky composition . Gliese 1132 b orbits its star every 1.6 days at a distance of 1.4 million miles .   The planet receives 19 times more stellar radiation than Earth . The temperature of the top of its atmosphere is estimated at 500 F . The planet is estimated to be hotter than Venus , as higher temperatures may prevail near the surface . ( cf. Atmosphere of Venus , Colonization of Venus ) It is possible that one side of the planet is cooler , because it is presumed to be tidally locked due to its proximity to its star ; however , under most circumstances where an atmosphere is thick , it would be able to transfer heat to the far side .   In April 2017 , an atmosphere was confirmed around Gliese 1132 b . It is the most Earth-like exoplanet to date that is known to have an atmosphere .

negative: Carbon neutrality Carbon neutrality , or having a net zero carbon footprint , refers to achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount sequestered or offset , or buying enough carbon credits to make up the difference . It is used in the context of carbon dioxide releasing processes associated with transportation , energy production , and industrial processes such as production of carbon neutral fuel .   The carbon neutrality concept may be extended to include other greenhouse gases ( GHG ) measured in terms of their carbon dioxide equivalence ( e ) -- the impact a GHG has on the atmosphere expressed in the equivalent amount of CO2 . The term `` climate neutral '' reflects the broader inclusiveness of other greenhouse gases in climate change , even if CO2 is the most abundant , encompassing other greenhouse gases regulated by the Kyoto Protocol , namely : methane ( CH4 ) , nitrous oxide ( N2O ) , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFC ) , perfluorocarbons ( PFC ) , and sulphur hexafluoride ( SF6 ) . Both terms are used interchangeably throughout this article .   The best practice for organizations and individuals seeking carbon neutral status entails reducing and/or avoiding carbon emissions first so that only unavoidable emissions are offset . Carbon neutral status is commonly achieved in two ways :  Balancing carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels , with renewable energy that creates a similar amount of useful energy , so that the carbon emissions are compensated , or alternatively using only renewable energies that do n't produce any carbon dioxide ( also called a post-carbon economy ) .  Carbon offsetting by paying others to remove or sequester 100 % of the carbon dioxide emitted from the atmosphere -- for example by planting trees -- or by funding ` carbon projects ' that should lead to the prevention of future greenhouse gas emissions , or by buying carbon credits to remove ( or ` retire ' ) them through carbon trading . While carbon offsetting is often used alongside energy conservation measures to minimize energy use , the practice is criticized by some .   The concept may be extended to include other greenhouse gases measured in terms of their carbon dioxide equivalence . The phrase was the New Oxford American Dictionary 's Word Of The Year for 2006 .

negative: Mesopause The mesopause is the temperature minimum at the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere atmospheric regions . Due to the lack of solar heating and very strong radiative cooling from carbon dioxide , the mesosphere is the coldest region on Earth with temperatures as low as -100 ° C ( -148 ° F or 173 K ) . The altitude of the mesopause for many years was assumed to be at around 85 km ( 53 mi . ) , but observations to higher altitudes and modeling studies in the last 10 years have shown that in fact the mesopause consists of two minima - one at about 85 km and a stronger minimum at about 100 km . ( 62 mi . )   Another feature is that the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter ( sometimes referred to as the mesopause anomaly ) . It is due to a summer-to-winter circulation giving rise to upwelling at the summer pole and downwelling at the winter pole . Air rising will expand and cool resulting in a cold summer mesopause and conversely downwelling air results in compression and associated increase in temperature at the winter mesopause . In the mesosphere the summer-to-winter circulation is due to gravity wave dissipation , which deposits momentum against the mean east-west flow , resulting in a small north-south circulation .   In recent years the mesopause has also been the focus of studies on global climate change associated with increases in CO2 . Unlike the troposphere , where greenhouse gases result in the atmosphere heating up , increased CO2 in the mesosphere acts to cool the atmosphere due to increased radiative emission . This results in a measurable effect - the mesopause should become cooler with increased CO2 . Observations do show a decrease of temperature of the mesopause , though the magnitude of this decrease varies and is subject to further study . Modeling studies of this phenomenon have also been carried out .

negative: Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage ( BECCS ) is a future greenhouse gas mitigation technology which produces negative carbon dioxide emissions by combining bioenergy ( energy from biomass ) use with geologic carbon capture and storage . The concept of BECCS is drawn from the integration of trees and crops , which extract carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) from the atmosphere as they grow , the use of this biomass in processing industries or power plants , and the application of carbon capture and storage via CO2 injection into geological formations . There are other non-BECCS forms of carbon dioxide removal and storage that include technologies such as biochar , carbon dioxide air capture and biomass burial .   According to a recent Biorecro report , there is 550 000 tonnes CO2/year in total BECCS capacity currently operating , divided between three different facilities ( as of January 2012 ) .   In the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , BECCS was indicated as a key technology for reaching low carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration targets . The negative emissions that can be produced by BECCS has been estimated by the Royal Society to be equivalent to a 50 to 150 ppm decrease in global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and according to the International Energy Agency , the BLUE map climate change mitigation scenario calls for more than 2 gigatonnes of negative CO2 emissions per year with BECCS in 2050 . According to Stanford University , 10 gigatonnes is achievable by this date .   The Imperial College London , the UK Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research , the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research , the Walker Institute for Climate System Research , and the Grantham Institute for Climate Change issued a joint report on carbon dioxide removal technologies as part of the AVOID : Avoiding dangerous climate change research program , stating that `` Overall , of the technologies studied in this report , BECCS has the greatest maturity and there are no major practical barriers to its introduction into today 's energy system . The presence of a primary product will support early deployment . ''   According to the OECD , `` Achieving lower concentration targets ( 450 ppm ) depends significantly on the use of BECCS '' .

negative: Wetland methane emissions As one of the most significant natural sources of atmospheric methane , wetlands remain a major area of concern with respect to climate change . Wetlands are characterized by water-logged soils and distinctive communities of plant and animal species that have evolved and adapted to the constant presence of water . Due to this high level of water saturation as well as warm weather , wetlands are one of the most significant natural sources of atmospheric methane .   Most methanogenesis , or methane production , occurs in oxygen-poor environments . Because the microbes that live in warm , moist environments consume oxygen more rapidly than it can diffuse in from the atmosphere , wetlands are the ideal anaerobic , or oxygen poor , environments for fermentation .   Fermentation is a process used by certain kinds of microorganisms to break down essential nutrients . In a process called acetoclastic methanogenesis , microorganisms from the classification domain archaea produce methane by fermenting acetate and H2-CO2 into methane and carbon dioxide .   H3C-COOH → CH4 + CO2   Depending on the wetland and type of archaea , hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis , another process that yields methane , can also occur . This process occurs as a result of archaea oxidizing hydrogen with carbon dioxide to yield methane and water .   4H2 + CO2 → CH4 + 2H2O

negative: Metallic hydrogen Metallic hydrogen is a kind of degenerate matter , a phase of hydrogen in which it behaves like an electrical conductor . This phase was predicted in 1935 on theoretical grounds by Eugene Wigner and Hillard Bell Huntington .   At high pressure and temperatures , metallic hydrogen might exist as a liquid rather than a solid , and researchers think it is present in large amounts in the hot and gravitationally compressed interiors of Jupiter , Saturn , and in some extrasolar planets .   In October 2016 , there were claims that metallic hydrogen had been observed in the laboratory at a pressure of around 495 GPa . In January 2017 , scientists at Harvard University reported the first creation of metallic hydrogen in a laboratory , using a diamond anvil cell . However , several researchers in the field doubt this claim . Some observations consistent with metallic behavior had been reported earlier , such as the observation of new phases of solid hydrogen under static conditions and , in dense liquid deuterium , electrical insulator-to-conductor transitions associated with an increase in optical reflectivity .

negative: Atmospheric carbon cycle The atmosphere is one of the Earth 's major carbon reservoirs and an important component of the global carbon cycle , holding approximately 720 gigatons of carbon . Atmospheric carbon plays an important role in the greenhouse effect . The most important carbon compound in this respect is the gas carbon dioxide . Although it is a small percentage of the atmosphere ( approximately 0.04 % on a molar basis ) , it plays a vital role in retaining heat in the atmosphere and thus in the greenhouse effect . Other gases with effects on the climate containing carbon in the atmosphere are methane and chlorofluorocarbons ( the latter is entirely anthropogenic ) . Emissions by humans in the past 200 years have almost doubled the amount carbon dioxide in the atmosphere .

negative: Carbon dioxide accumulation in Earth's atmosphere The following articles relate to Carbon dioxide accumulation in Earth 's atmosphere :   Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere  Global warming  Greenhouse effect

negative: Runaway electrons The term runaway electrons ( RE ) is used to denote electrons that undergo free fall acceleration into the realm of relativistic particles . REs may be classified as thermal ( lower energy ) or relativistic . The study of runaway electrons is thought to be fundamental to our understanding of High-Energy Atmospheric Physics .