query: The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.

positive: Earth Earth ( from Eorðe -LSB- Γαῖα , Gaia -RSB- Terra ) , otherwise known as the World or the Globe , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets .   According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . During one orbit around the Sun , Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times ; thus , an Earth year is about 365.26 days long . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted , producing seasonal variations on the planet 's surface . The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes the Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation .   Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by its oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics .   Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states .

positive: Ordovician The Ordovician ( -LSB- pronɔrdəˈvɪʃən -RSB- ) is a geologic period and system , the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era . The Ordovician spans 41.2 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period million years ago ( Mya ) to the start of the Silurian Period Mya . The Ordovician , named after the Celtic tribe of the Ordovices , was defined by Charles Lapworth in 1879 to resolve a dispute between followers of Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison , who were placing the same rock beds in northern Wales into the Cambrian and Silurian periods , respectively . Lapworth recognized that the fossil fauna in the disputed strata were different from those of either the Cambrian or the Silurian periods , and placed them in a period of their own . It received international sanction in 1960 , when it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic Era by the International Geological Congress .   Life continued to flourish during the Ordovician as it did in the earlier Cambrian period , although the end of the period was marked by the Ordovician -- Silurian extinction event . Invertebrates , namely molluscs and arthropods , dominated the oceans . The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event considerably increased the diversity of life . Fish , the world 's first true vertebrates , continued to evolve , and those with jaws may have first appeared late in the period . Life had yet to diversify on land . About 100 times as many meteorites struck the Earth during the Ordovician compared with today .

positive: Devonian The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic , spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian , million years ago ( Mya ) , to the beginning of the Carboniferous , Mya . It is named after Devon , England , where rocks from this period were first studied .  The first significant adaptive radiation of life on dry land occurred during the Devonian . Free-sporing vascular plants began to spread across dry land , forming extensive forests which covered the continents . By the middle of the Devonian , several groups of plants had evolved leaves and true roots , and by the end of the period the first seed-bearing plants appeared . Various terrestrial arthropods also became well-established . Fish reached substantial diversity during this time , leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the `` Age of Fish '' . The first ray-finned and lobe-finned bony fish appeared , while the placodermi began dominating almost every known aquatic environment .   The ancestors of all four-limbed vertebrates ( tetrapods ) began adapting to walking on land , as their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs . In the oceans , primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and Late Ordovician . The first ammonites , species of molluscs , appeared . Trilobites , the mollusk-like brachiopods and the great coral reefs , were still common . The Late Devonian extinction which started about 375 million years ago severely affected marine life , killing off all placodermi , and all trilobites , save for a few species of the order Proetida .   The palaeogeography was dominated by the supercontinent of Gondwana to the south , the continent of Siberia to the north , and the early formation of the small continent of Euramerica in between .

negative: Future of Earth The biological and geological future of Earth can be extrapolated based upon the estimated effects of several long-term influences . These include the chemistry at Earth 's surface , the rate of cooling of the planet 's interior , the gravitational interactions with other objects in the Solar System , and a steady increase in the Sun 's luminosity . An uncertain factor in this extrapolation is the ongoing influence of technology introduced by humans , such as climate engineering , which could cause significant changes to the planet . The current Holocene extinction is being caused by technology and the effects may last for up to five million years . In turn , technology may result in the extinction of humanity , leaving the planet to gradually return to a slower evolutionary pace resulting solely from long-term natural processes .   Over time intervals of hundreds of millions of years , random celestial events pose a global risk to the biosphere , which can result in mass extinctions . These include impacts by comets or asteroids with diameters of 5 -- or more , and the possibility of a massive stellar explosion , called a supernova , within a 100-light-year radius of the Sun , called a Near-Earth supernova . Other large-scale geological events are more predictable . If the long-term effects of global warming are disregarded , Milankovitch theory predicts that the planet will continue to undergo glacial periods at least until the Quaternary glaciation comes to an end . These periods are caused by variations in eccentricity , axial tilt , and precession of the Earth 's orbit . As part of the ongoing supercontinent cycle , plate tectonics will probably result in a supercontinent in 250 -- 350 million years . Some time in the next 1.5 -- 4.5 billion years , the axial tilt of the Earth may begin to undergo chaotic variations , with changes in the axial tilt of up to 90 ° .   During the next four billion years , the luminosity of the Sun will steadily increase , resulting in a rise in the solar radiation reaching the Earth . This will result in a higher rate of weathering of silicate minerals , which will cause a decrease in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere . In about 600 million years from now , the level of CO2 will fall below the level needed to sustain C3 carbon fixation photosynthesis used by trees . Some plants use the C4 carbon fixation method , allowing them to persist at concentrations as low as 10 parts per million . However , the long-term trend is for plant life to die off altogether . The extinction of plants will be the demise of almost all animal life , since plants are the base of the food chain on Earth .   In about one billion years , the solar luminosity will be 10 % higher than at present . This will cause the atmosphere to become a `` moist greenhouse '' , resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans . As a likely consequence , plate tectonics will come to an end , and with them the entire carbon cycle . Following this event , in about 2 − 3 billion years , the planet 's magnetic dynamo may cease , causing the magnetosphere to decay and leading to an accelerated loss of volatiles from the outer atmosphere . Four billion years from now , the increase in the Earth 's surface temperature will cause a runaway greenhouse effect , heating the surface enough to melt it . By that point , all life on the Earth will be extinct . The most probable fate of the planet is absorption by the Sun in about 7.5 billion years , after the star has entered the red giant phase and expanded to cross the planet 's current orbit .

negative: Antiscia In astrology , the antiscion ( pl . antiscia ) is considered to be the mirror image , or shadow , of a planet based upon a line of reference , which is the axis of 0 Cancer/0 Capricorn . These antiscia are also known as the `` solstice points '' .   The corresponding antiscia sign placements are as follows : -   Aries antiscia is Virgo and vice versa .  Taurus antiscia is Leo and vice versa .  Gemini antiscia is Cancer and vice versa .  Libra antiscia is Pisces and vice versa .  Scorpio antiscia is Aquarius and vice versa .  Sagittarius antiscia is Capricorn and vice versa .   A planet 's antiscion is the shadow of that planet . A planet can receive a transit , progression , or direction from another planet , and this is said to bring about covert kinds of events -- backroom meetings , secret doings , discreet happenings .   In order to calculate an antisca point , one must take the degree of the planet that he wants to locate the antiscia for and subtract it from 30 degrees . For example , if a person 's sun is 10 degrees 51 minutes Aquarius then his antiscia will be as follows : -   29 degrees 60 minutes  minus 10 degrees 51 minutes Aquarius  --------------------------------------  equals 19 degrees 09 minutes Scorpio   Therefore , the antiscia of 10 degrees 51 minutes Aquarius is 19 degrees 9 minutes Scorpio .   Whenever a planet 's antiscion is aspected by transit or progression , it indicates that something that is hidden or working behind the scenes will occur in the life of the native . It is important , therefore , that one should look at the antiscia points whenever reading a horoscope because it will reveal things about the native that will not be readily apparent .   Category : Technical factors of astrology

negative: Legends of Skyfall The Legends of Skyfall was a series of four adventure gamebooks written by David Tant and published by Armada in 1985 . They were written to cash in on the explosive popularity of such books , spawned by Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone 's Fighting Fantasy and later Joe Dever 's Lone Wolf series .   The books allow the reader to become a lone adventurer on a planet called Skyfall which was colonized by humans who were fugitives from a dying planet . Although the population of humans on the planet has grown over an undisclosed period of time ( hinted at being a few hundred years ) to the point where they now outnumber indigenous races , the planet remains largely untamed . The humans themselves are largely hemmed in to a small Kingdom known as Delta .   The series ' major deviation from others of the genre was a unique system for organizing combat . Whereas most gamebooks and Role-Playing Games involve the use of dice to create randomness , the Skyfall series adopted a system of coin tosses .

negative: Yod (astrology) Yod is a rare astrological aspect that involves any three planets or points in the horoscope that form an isosceles triangle . This phenomenon occurs when two planets are sextile ( 60 ° aspect ) to each other , and both are then quincunx ( 150 ° aspect ) to a third . The Yod is formed when the two planets make a sextile aspect and the third planet is opposite their mid-point . That third planet must make angles of 150 degrees with the other two . If you drew lines on the chart connecting the planets , you would get a Y-shaped formation that seems to point to one part of the horoscope .   That 150 degree angle is called a quincunx ,

negative: Ocean An ocean ( , the sea of classical antiquity ) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet 's hydrosphere . On Earth , an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean , which covers almost 71 % of its surface . These are , in descending order by area , the Pacific , Atlantic , Indian , Southern ( Antarctic ) , and Arctic Oceans . The word sea is often used interchangeably with `` ocean '' in American English but , strictly speaking , a sea is a body of saline water ( generally a division of the world ocean ) partly or fully enclosed by land .   Saline water covers approximately 72 % of the planet 's surface ( ~ 3.6 km2 ) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas , with the ocean covering approximately 71 % of Earth 's surface and 90 % of the Earth 's biosphere . The ocean contains 97 % of Earth 's water , and oceanographers have stated that less than 5 % of the World Ocean has been explored . The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers ( 320 million cu mi ) with an average depth of nearly 3700 m.   As the world ocean is the principal component of Earth 's hydrosphere , it is integral to all known life , forms part of the carbon cycle , and influences climate and weather patterns . The world ocean is the habitat of 230,000 known species , but because much of it is unexplored , the number of species that exist is much larger , possibly over two million . The origin of Earth 's oceans remains unknown ; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life .   Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds . The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan , although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System . Early in their geologic histories , Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans . The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water , and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus . Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice . Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites ; notably , the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth . The Solar System 's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions . Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons , including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone . Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid .

negative: Planet of the Drums Founded during the summer of 2000 , the Planet of the Drums is the alliance of four of America 's most popular drum and bass DJ 's : AK1200 ( Dave Minner , Orlando , Florida ) , DJ Dara ( Darragh Guilfoyle , Brooklyn , New York ) , Dieselboy ( Damian Higgins , Brooklyn , New York ) , and MC Messinian ( James Fiorella , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) . The alliance was created to move drum and bass out of siderooms and onto the main stages of electronic dance music events .   In fall 2009 the Planet of the Drums embarked on their Tenth Anniversary Tour . The Planet of the Drums is the longest-running annual national electronic dance music tour of any genre .   In 2010 The Planet of the Drums switched to performing one-offs , the first played at U Street Music Hall in Washington , DC in December 2010 .

negative: Rebel Space Rebel Space was the second play-by-email game offered as part of a major commercial online service . It ran on Prodigy from 1992 to 1995 . The game was developed by Stormfront Studios , designed by Don Daglow and programmed by Mark Buchignani .   Rebel Space was offered by Prodigy online service in the summer of 1992 as a combination PBEM ( play by email ) strategy game and posting board system . Games were numbered with letters and numbers to denote when they began , the first game being AA01 . Prodigy had three game speeds of varying number of required turns per week , the fastest paced being five moves per week ( one each Monday through Friday ) and the slowest being one move per week .   The original tagline in advertisements for the game was `` The Empire fell , now what ? '' The premise being that a galaxy spanning Empire was in terminal decline , and forty commanders of Empire Fleets were the seeds of possible new empires .   Rebel Space was an online community as well as a game . The posting boards were populated by thousands of players and many of them were regulars at such virtual hangouts as `` Wits End '' and `` Top of the Galaxy '' . The social aspect of the game was of great interest to some , and utterly uninteresting to others , but it added a dramatic counterpoint to the game movements to those who got involved there . For several years , groups of friends from Rebel Space had get togethers all over the USA so players could meet .   The game itself was fairly simple :   Each commander had four Starships under his control and these starships could be upgraded with MODS ( modules ) that would increase the ships capabilities . To add a MOD to a ship the ship had to end its turn 's movement on a friendly Starbase , i.e. a Starbase owned by that commander or a Starbase belonging to the same faction as that commander . Every ship started with one Engine Mod and one Scan Mod to give it the minimum movement distance ( four squares ) and minimum scanning range ( the square passed through plus one adjoining square for the flight path of the ship ) .   The list of MODS included :  TLU - Tactical Laser Unit , an offensive weapon .  SHD - Shields or defensive protection for the Starship .  DEF - Defense Mods added to the defensive protection of a planet owned by that commander .  ENV - Environmental Mods added one or more levels to an owned planet 's Environmental Level if the Starship ended its turn there .  TCH - Technological Mods added one or more levels to an owned planet 's Technological Level if the Starship ended its turn there .  SCN - Scan Mods added one additional square of range to the scanning range of a ship . A max of three Scan Mods could be on a ship .  ENG - Engine Mods added two additional squares of range to the ships movement . Ships started with one ENG Mod ( a range of four ) and could have a max of three ENG Mods , so ship range could be four , six , or eight squares of movement .  The game was laid out on a grid numbered row 1 to 99 north to south and A to O east to west . The center of the galaxy , H50 , was a Starbase held by the Empire , and all forty commanders started there . Two spaces `` North '' and `` South '' of this Starbase were Jump Points . If a ship left the Starbase and moved North two squares it would land on a Jump Point and jump to the next Jump Point in that direction of travel . Movement from H50 to the next Starbase at H40 could be done by moving North , North ( Jumps ) , North , North . A common strategy was to move North or South several Starbases building up the Mods on the Starships each turn until the center of the galaxy was left behind . Like the Starbases all planets were owned by the Empire , but unlike Starbases the planets were not defended . When a player found an area with planets they would start capturing ( colonizing ) them to build their own empire .   Initially all the commanders were of the same alliance : Empire . At some point , generally in the first third of the game , commanders would rebel from the Empire by choosing one of three factions ( Environmentalist , Militarist , or Scientist ) they preferred . Each faction had certain advantages . Environmentalists developed their colonized worlds in Environmental level without any special actions taken . This gave them more rapid advancement of Tech level also . Scientists advanced Tech levels most rapidly without special actions taken , even on worlds with lower Environment level the Tech levels would still advance faster . Militarists had the advantage of more firepower from offensive weapons and stronger defenses to better protect planets . The Empire and the Rogue factions had no special abilities .   After joining the rebellion all Empire planets and ships were enemies as well as planets and ships of the two other factions not chosen . Ending movement on an enemy planet resulted in combat with that planet . If enemy ships were also at that planet a battle would first happen with the enemy ships present and then with the planet after the ship to ship battles were decided if all enemy ships were eliminated . If a planets defenses were destroyed , the planet would then be captured and added to that commander 's list of controlled planets .   Later in the game , a commander could also elect to become `` Rogue '' which meant all other players would be enemy regardless of which faction they belonged to . This was a useful ability to enable the taking of planets from another player of the same faction .   In addition to ownership ( which commander owned it ) and faction ( which of the three factions that planet belonged to ) planets had the additional properties of Environmental Level and Technological Level . These levels ranged from 1-5 with 5 being the highest . Technological Level would independently progress on all worlds that joined the rebellion , and would slowly decline on worlds that stayed under Empire control . The higher the Environmental Level of a planet caused Technological Level progression occur faster . Higher Technology Levels made a planet worth more points in the standings of the commanders . When a planet reached the highest Technological Level it became a Starbase .   At the end of each game the top half of the commanders score list received a promotion , the bottom half did not . The top player in each game was named the Rebel Lord and received a fabric patch and free start to the next game from Prodigy .   This gaming system initially put a big premium on efficiently searching and colonizing planets quickly . Early alliances in Rebel Space were typified by groups such as The Crimson Knights , and The Q Alliance which were rapid colonizer groups that acted in coordinated fashion with one another to insure frictionless colonization . These early large but relatively undefended empires begged the evolution of predatory alliances , such as the dreaded * M * E * V * alliance , which would locate areas of dense colonization and devour them . Later groups such as the Destruction Team ( DT ) carried this predation to ever greater levels of efficiency .   Additionally , some other main alliances were the Sensix Alliance , and the Flur De Lis . Some factions warred against others and even had different members playing different factions ( Environmentalist , Scientist , Militarist ) or Rogues in concert with each other . Doing this required a great deal of coordination and there were even spies who were double agents . Overall , it was a complex and advanced gaming community for its day .   Many players participated in Rebel Space , but most noteworthy were those who reached the top of the ranking lists . This rank was called Star Marshall , and three of the many Star Marshalls of Rebel Space were Thor ( Crimson Knights ) , Race Pilsner ( * M * E * V * ) , and Klaatu ( DT ) .

negative: New Washington New Washington is the name of several places :   United States :  New Washington , Indiana  New Washington , Ohio  New Washington , Pennsylvania  A former name of Morgan 's Point , Texas during the early 19th century   Philippines :  New Washington , Aklan   In fiction :  See Planets and habitats of the Night 's Dawn trilogy as to a planet in Peter F. Hamilton 's The Night 's Dawn Trilogy

negative: Jay Ingram Jay Ingram CM , BSc , MSc ( born March 20 , 1945 ) is a Canadian author and broadcaster . He was host of the television show Daily Planet ( originally titled @discovery . ca ) , which airs on Discovery Channel Canada , since the channel 's inception in 1995 . Ingram 's last episode of Daily Planet aired on June 5 , 2011 . Ingram announced his retirement but stated he will make guest appearances on Daily Planet . He was succeeded by Dan Riskin . His book The End of Memory : A Natural History of Aging and Alzheimer 's is forthcoming from St. Martin 's Press in 2015 .

negative: Planets beyond Neptune Following the discovery of the planet Neptune in 1846 , there was considerable speculation that another planet might exist beyond its orbit . The search began in the mid-19th century and culminated at the start of the 20th with Percival Lowell 's quest for Planet X. Lowell proposed the Planet X hypothesis to explain apparent discrepancies in the orbits of the giant planets , particularly Uranus and Neptune , speculating that the gravity of a large unseen ninth planet could have perturbed Uranus enough to account for the irregularities .   Clyde Tombaugh 's discovery of Pluto in 1930 appeared to validate Lowell 's hypothesis , and Pluto was officially named the ninth planet . In 1978 , Pluto was conclusively determined to be too small for its gravity to affect the giant planets , resulting in a brief search for a tenth planet . The search was largely abandoned in the early 1990s , when a study of measurements made by the Voyager 2 spacecraft found that the irregularities observed in Uranus 's orbit were due to a slight overestimation of Neptune 's mass . After 1992 , the discovery of numerous small icy objects with similar or even wider orbits than Pluto led to a debate over whether Pluto should remain a planet , or whether it and its neighbours should , like the asteroids , be given their own separate classification . Although a number of the larger members of this group were initially described as planets , in 2006 the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto and its largest neighbours as dwarf planets , leaving Neptune the farthest known planet in the Solar System .   While the astronomical community widely agrees that Planet X , as originally envisioned , does not exist , the concept of an as-yet-unobserved planet has been revived by a number of astronomers to explain other anomalies observed in the outer Solar System . As of March 2014 , observations with the WISE telescope have ruled out the possibility of a Saturn-sized object ( 95 Earth mass ) out to 10,000 AU , and a Jupiter-sized ( ~ 318 Earth mass ) or larger object out to 26,000 AU .   In 2014 , based on similarities of the orbits of a group of recently discovered extreme trans-Neptunian objects , astronomers hypothesized the existence of a super-Earth planet , 2 to 15 times the mass of the Earth and beyond 200 AU with possibly a high inclined orbit at some 1500 AU . In 2016 further work showed this unknown distant planet is likely on an inclined , eccentric orbit that goes no closer than about 200 AU and no further than about 1600 AU from the Sun . The orbit is predicted to be anti-aligned to the clustered extreme trans-Neptunian objects .  Because Pluto is no longer considered a planet by the International Astronomical Union , this new hypothetical object has become known as Planet Nine .

negative: FateLords FateLords was one of the first browser based on massively multiplayer online , real-time strategy video games . It was played for 6 years since 2002 , until officially closed in June 2008 . During that time , it won a Golden Web Awards ( 2002 , 2003 , 2004 ) , a Canadian Web award ( 2002 ) , GameSpotter award , KTU Technorama and it was announced as the best Lithuanian product of information and communications technology in 2002 . The game was created by Zygimantas Berziunas and later sold for Dokeda company , which supported the game until the year of 2008 . Shortly after the official close of the game , the domain name fatelords.com has been dropped and purchased by a third party . Dokeda has no plans to continue hosting the game in future .   The game had many players from Lithuania , the Netherlands , the Britain and the United States , as well as other countries .   Rules   The game was played in a round base system which lasted from the start of the month till the end . In this time players had numerous methods to gain points such as capturing enemy planets and destroying enemy ships . Planets with higher defenses were worth more points depending on the defense . Planets with no defense were only worth 10 points and were mostly captured out of spite . At the end of the round there would be a top 25 placement system and the player who earned the most points were ranked top .   Staff   Gato was the last admin of FateLords and made very few enhancements to the game . The last one being the addition of the Power I-Trader which could instantly transport small ships anywhere in the game for a fairly high resource fee . He had a planetary system located in deep space , a very vast and nearly endless section of the FateLords universe . This is a system that was only known to few veteran players . Towards the end of the games life the system was discovered by Mikdugal1 an ex-veteran who was long retired . He contacted Inubis another ex-veteran who rounded up his own `` Clan '' ( AEF ) and launched the final massive attack the game has ever seen . The planets were guarded by unreleased nearly invincible battle cruisers and after days of relentless attacks they managed to destroy one .   Clans   It is debatable as to which was the best clan in FateLords however there are many notable ones . To start DUF ( Dutch United Forces ) and Darkside being two of the longest running veteran clans in the top 5 . LoS ( Lord of Shadows ) another veteran clan that despite their skill only operated as a support clan . AEF ( American Elite Forces ) was the first successful faction of American players and the first alliance to claim First and Second place from Darkside in several years .

negative: Astronomical naming conventions In ancient times , only the Sun and Moon , a few hundred stars and the most easily visible planets had names . Over the last few hundred years , the number of identified astronomical objects has risen from hundreds to over a billion , and more are discovered every year . Astronomers need to be able to assign systematic designations to unambiguously identify all of these objects , and at the same time give names to the most interesting objects and , where relevant , features of those objects .   The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) is the officially recognized authority in astronomy for assigning designations to celestial bodies such as stars , planets , and minor planets , including any surface features on them . In response to the need for unambiguous names for astronomical objects , it has created a number of systematic naming systems for objects of various sorts .

negative: Bleep and Booster Bleep and Booster is a children 's cartoon series by William Timym ( pronounced Tim ) originally shown on the BBC 's Blue Peter . 313 five minute episodes were released between 1964 and 1977 .   Bleep is an alien from the planet Miron/Myron with a spaceship , whilst Booster is a young human who travels with Bleep performing galactic missions for Bleep 's moustached father .   The planet Miron/Myron is portrayed as being built almost entirely out of chrome , with its capital at Miron/Myron City . The inhabitants are portrayed as robot-like creatures with flexible arms and legs like rubber hoses . Their feet are cupped and they have antennae and a third eye in the centre of their foreheads .   Two episodes of the series , The Giant Brain and Solaron were released in 1993 on VHS in the UK by PolyGram Video . Since then , there have been no other episodes released .   The cartoons were animatic animation , still pictures which were slowly panned , with narration . The voices were by Peter Hawkins .

negative: Essential dignity Essential dignity , in astrology , refers to the relative strength or weakness of a planet or point 's zodiac position by sign and degree , or its essence -- what the pre-eminent 17th-century astrologer William Lilly called `` the strength , fortitude or debility of the Planets -LSB- or -RSB- significators . '' In other words , essential dignity seeks to view the strengths of a planet or point as though it were isolated from other factors in the sky of the natal chart .   By comparison , accidental dignity indicates how much strength a planet or point derives from its position in a natal chart , such as its relation to the other factors in the chart : for example , its proximity to other planets , or to the four angles of the chart , or to stars , as well as the aspects ( or symmetrical angular connections ) it forms with other planets or points in the chart .   For example , the essential dignity of Mars , if located at 27 degrees of Capricorn would take into account the fact that Mars is exalted in Capricorn , and also that it is the bounds ruler of the 27th degree of Capricorn and also the face ruler of the 27th degree of Capricorn . This is a considerably dignified Mars .   If that Mars were located in the twelfth house of a natal chart Mars 's accidental dignity would be poor , since it would be located in a weak or malevolent cadent house . Were Mars to also be squared to a malevolent planet , such as Saturn , and would be receiving a dexter square aspect from malefic Saturn , ruler of Capricorn , this would further hinder Mars 's strength and ability to operate benevolently . These accidental dignity factors would tend to weaken a Mars which is otherwise strong in essential dignity .   Traditionally the five essential dignities are :   Domicile ( rulership or house ) + detriment  Exaltation + fall  Triplicity  Terms ( or `` bounds '' )  Face ( or `` decan '' )   For post-Classical astrologers , such as Bonatti or Lilly , the dignities had a hierarchy . The most important dignity was domicile rulership ; slightly less important was exaltation . Triplicity rulerships were still fairly important in medieval astrology , but nowhere near as vital as they were for Hellenistic astrologers such as Ptolemy . Terms or bounds rulerships became very much diminished in importance , and face rulers were almost entirely ignored . ( Lilly said that the only function face rulers served was to keep a planet from being entirely peregrine -- that is , without any essential dignity whatever -- which was considered a malefic condition . )   However , Hellenistic astrologers had a very different view of the dignities . To earlier astrologers , such as Ptolemy and Vettius Valens , domicile rulership , exaltation , triplicity rulership and bounds rulership were all of equal strength in influence .   Many modern astrologers take little heed of essential dignities , with the exception of domicile rulerships ( see article on ruling planets . ) This is most likely the result of the simplification of astrological technique that occurred when astrology lost popularity beginning in the eighteenth century ( see History of astrology . )

negative: Xanthu Xanthu is a fictional planet in the 30th century .   Xanthu is a modern world with full membership in the United Planets .   Xanthu is the homeworld of Legionnaire Thom Kallor a.k.a. `` Star Boy '' and later a.k.a. Justice Society of America member `` Starman '' . He was actually born on an orbiting station above the planet , and his mass-induction abilities are not shared by the natives of his homeworld .   Pre-Zero Hour , Xanthu was also home to the super-hero Atmos , who took the role as the primary super-hero on the world given Star Boy being away most of the time . When Atmos went missing , Xanthu attempted to force Star Boy to return full-time as their protector .   Post-Zero Hour , Xanthu was home to a superhero team called the Uncanny Amazers , of which Star Boy and both Kid Quantums were former members . Several of them were killed during a crossover that occurred in Starman # 50 , at which time Star Boy learned that he was destined to go back in time and become the 21st century Starman .   Xanthu was one of the first planets to leave the United Planets in the belief that the Affiliated Planets offered more protection . Following the revelation that the Affiliated Planets was a front for the Dark Circle , Xanthu remained with the reformed group .   Xanthu was a beachhead of an invasion of United Planets space by a robot army named `` Robotica '' .   It has not been seen since the latest Legion reboot .   Category : Legion of Super-Heroes

negative: Magnetic pole Magnetic pole may refer to :  One of the two ends of a magnet  Magnetic monopole , a hypothetical elementary particle  The magnetic poles of astronomical bodies , a special case of magnets , especially :  The North Magnetic Pole of planet Earth , a point where the north end of a compass points downward  The South Magnetic Pole of planet Earth , a point where the south end of a compass points downward

negative: Diurnal arc In astrology , a diurnal arc is the time , expressed in right ascension , it takes a planet , point , or degree to move from its rising point to its setting point . This takes place in many celestial bodies such as the Sun and Moon .   Category : Technical factors of astrology

negative: Planet A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that  is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity ,  is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion , and  has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.This definition is drawn from two separate IAU declarations ; a formal definition agreed by the IAU in 2006 , and an informal working definition established by the IAU in 2001/2003 for objects outside of the Solar System . The official 2006 definition applies only to the Solar System , whereas the 2003 definition applies to planets around other stars . The extrasolar planet issue was deemed too complex to resolve at the 2006 IAU conference .  The term planet is ancient , with ties to history , astrology , science , mythology , and religion . Several planets in the Solar System can be seen with the naked eye . These were regarded by many early cultures as divine , or as emissaries of deities . As scientific knowledge advanced , human perception of the planets changed , incorporating a number of disparate objects . In 2006 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) officially adopted a resolution defining planets within the Solar System . This definition is controversial because it excludes many objects of planetary mass based on where or what they orbit . Although eight of the planetary bodies discovered before 1950 remain `` planets '' under the modern definition , some celestial bodies , such as Ceres , Pallas , Juno and Vesta ( each an object in the solar asteroid belt ) , and Pluto ( the first trans-Neptunian object discovered ) , that were once considered planets by the scientific community , are no longer viewed as such .   The planets were thought by Ptolemy to orbit Earth in deferent and epicycle motions . Although the idea that the planets orbited the Sun had been suggested many times , it was not until the 17th century that this view was supported by evidence from the first telescopic astronomical observations , performed by Galileo Galilei . At about the same time , by careful analysis of pre-telescopic observation data collected by Tycho Brahe , Johannes Kepler found the planets ' orbits were not circular but elliptical . As observational tools improved , astronomers saw that , like Earth , the planets rotated around tilted axes , and some shared such features as ice caps and seasons . Since the dawn of the Space Age , close observation by space probes has found that Earth and the other planets share characteristics such as volcanism , hurricanes , tectonics , and even hydrology .   Planets are generally divided into two main types : large low-density giant planets , and smaller rocky terrestrials . Under IAU definitions , there are eight planets in the Solar System . In order of increasing distance from the Sun , they are the four terrestrials , Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars , then the four giant planets , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites .   Several thousands of planets around other stars ( `` extrasolar planets '' or `` exoplanets '' ) have been discovered in the Milky Way . As of , known extrasolar planets in planetary systems ( including multiple planetary systems ) , ranging in size from just above the size of the Moon to gas giants about twice as large as Jupiter have been discovered , out of which more than 100 planets are the same size as Earth , nine of which are at the same relative distance from their star as Earth from the Sun , i.e. in the habitable zone . On December 20 , 2011 , the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth-sized extrasolar planets , Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f , orbiting a Sun-like star , Kepler-20 . A 2012 study , analyzing gravitational microlensing data , estimates an average of at least 1.6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way .  Around one in five Sun-like stars is thought to have an Earth-sized planet in its habitable zone .

negative: Tin Planet Tin Planet is the second album by English band Space , released on 9 March 1998 .   Recorded in late 1997 following a tumultuous year for the group , Tin Planet was a continuation of the eclectic blend of musical styles explored on their debut album Spiders . However , it was noted that the more abrasive aspects of their sound were toned down considerably from their debut , with the songs being more melodic with a prominent cabaret and easy listening influence . Keyboardist Franny Griffiths ' love of techno and electronic music was also brought to the fore , culminating in three tracks that were primarily dance-orientated .   The album was the first Space record to feature long-time collaborator David `` Yorkie '' Palmer as full-time bassist , and the last to feature founding member Andy Parle on drums ( though he was not credited in the album 's liner notes ) , with Leon Caffrey taking his place shortly afterwards .   Tin Planet peaked at # 3 in the UK charts , two places higher than Spiders . It was their first album to enter the Australian ARIA top 100 albums chart , debuting on 24 May 1998 and peaking at # 74 the following week . The album peaked at # 11 in New Zealand in May 1998 . The songs `` Avenging Angels '' , `` The Ballad of Tom Jones '' ( a duet with Cerys Matthews of the band Catatonia ) , `` Begin Again '' and `` Bad Days '' were released as singles , all hitting the UK top 40 .

negative: Generational planet In the field of astrology , generational planets are planets that affect an entire generation of people . The generational planets are the outer planets Uranus , Neptune , Pluto , Sedna , and Quaoar .   Uranus was discovered by amateur astronomer William Herschel on 13 March 1781 . Uranus exhibits the ideals of the 18th century , where people such as Benjamin Franklin endeavoured to use their inventive mind to move man into a more enlightened era . It has an orbit of 84 years , staying in each sign of the zodiac for approximately 7 years . Uranus is considered to be a higher octave of Mercury , which means that as people develop within their selves , their character and means of communication will exhibit more influences of the sign and house of Uranus . In essence , Uranus can be seen as a person 's higher self . Because it takes Uranus 84 years to travel through the zodiac , transiting Uranus just might conjoin the natal Uranus within a person 's lifetime .   Neptune was discovered on 23 September 1846 . Neptune is a 19th-century planet in that it heralded in many of the varied assortment of Protestant religions , as well as spiritualism , took hold . Visionaries such as Edgar Cayce and Rudolf Steiner were born in the second half of the 19th century , and their psychic abilities are indicative of the Neptunian themes of this time . It has an orbit of 165 years , which is approximately twice the time of Uranus . Neptune is considered to be the higher octave of Venus because both planet 's are gaseous and both strive to achieve the higher ideals of mankind ; Venus through the adoption of beauty and Neptune through unconditional love . Because Neptune has such a long orbit , an individual may see transiting Neptune form an opposition to their natal Neptune .   Pluto was discovered by Clyde W. Tombaugh on 18 February 1930 . When Pluto was first discovered , it was initially known as Planet X. Astronomers had been searching for another planet past Neptune , hoping to solve the dilemma of its rather irregular orbit . It is now known , however , that the perceived irregular orbit of Neptune was the result of a mathematical error because Pluto , being a planetoid smaller than our own Moon , was far too small to affect any type of gravitational pull on the gas giant . Pluto is very much a 20th-century planet and refers to the two world wars , and weapons of mass destruction , nuclear power , and a desire to totally control the world we live in . It is a planet that reveals to us the extremes we are capable of if we do not set necessary boundaries in our lives . This planet governs the compulsions in our life : those things we are compelled to do but know we should not , such as murder , rape , drug addiction , and even overeating if it is of such an extent that it threatens our health . Pluto is considered to be a higher octave of Mars , and this is evidenced by the fact that both planets co-rule Scorpio . Pluto , circling the Sun in 248 years , has a rather elliptical orbit , which means that it stays in the sign it rules , Scorpio , for a mere 9 years , and the sign of its fall , Taurus for 30 ! With this in mind , some astrologers believe that Pluto should rightfully rule Taurus , but for the time being it still rules Scorpio . As other trans-Neptunian object planets are discovered , however , this placement just might have to be reconsidered .   Quaoar was discovered on 4 June 2002 and is considered to be a trans-Neptunian object . Although a planetoid , it is considered by many to be more of a planet than Pluto because its orbit is more circular in nature , being 286 years . When a person is around 71 years old , transiting Quaoar will form a square aspect to his natal placement . Since this is a recently discovered object , not much is yet known about its astrological significance and what part it plays in the universe .   Sedna was discovered by a team using the Samuel Oschin telescope on 14 November 2003 and is a trans-Neptunian object . It has an orbit of 11,250 years , so stays in a sign for approximately a millennium . Because this planet has recently been discovered , not much is yet known about it .

negative: 2014 LPGA Tour The 2014 LPGA Tour was a series of weekly golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world . The Tour began at Ocean Club Golf Course on Paradise Island in The Bahamas on January 23 and ended on November 23 at Grand Cypress Golf Club in Orlando , Florida . The tournaments were sanctioned by the United States-based Ladies Professional Golf Association ( LPGA ) .   The most significant addition to the Tour in 2014 was a new team event , the International Crown . To be held each even-numbered year ( those in which the Solheim Cup is not held ) , the event involved four-woman teams from eight countries competing in a four-day match play format . The eight qualifying countries were those whose four top players are cumulatively ranked highest in the Women 's World Golf Rankings as of the end of the preceding LPGA season . The individual participants from each qualified country were determined by the rankings immediately prior to the Kraft Nabisco Championship .   Qualification for the season-ending CME Group Tour Championship changed for 2014 and a $ 1 million bonus was added . Previously , the top three finishers in each tournament , not previously qualified , earned entry to the tournament . The field in 2014 was determined by a season-long points race , the `` Race to the CME Globe '' . All players making the cut in a tournament earned points with 500 points going to the winner . The five major champions had a higher points distribution with 625 points to the winner . No-cut tournaments only awarded points to the top 40 finishers ( top 20 for the Lorena Ochoa Invitational ) . Only LPGA members were eligible to earn points . The top 72 players on the points list gained entry into the Tour Championship as well as any tournament winners , whether or not an LPGA member , not in the top 72 . Points were reset before the tournament such that only the top three players were guaranteed to win the Race by winning the tournament and only the top nine had a mathematical chance of winning the Race . The winner of the points race received a $ 1 million bonus that did not count on the official money list . The Race is similar to the PGA Tour 's FedEx Cup and the European Tour 's Race to Dubai .

negative: Orange Drive Miami Beach Music Festival Orange Drive Miami Beach Music Festival is a three-day outdoor music festival that occurs on New Year 's weekend in South Beach , on Ocean Drive between 5th-14th streets . A state of the art amphitheater is constructed on the beach . Revelers party on the sand and under the stars in average temperatures of 70 degrees during that time period . Orange Drive is positioned to be the biggest and coolest New Year 's celebration on the planet !

negative: Shadow Raiders Disambiguation : Shadow Raiders is also the title of the first book in the Dragon Brigade series .   Shadow Raiders is a Canadian animated television series produced by Mainframe Entertainment ( now known as Rainmaker Entertainment ) and syndicated by the The Summit Media Group , that aired from September 16 , 1998 to June 23 , 1999 . The show was loosely based on the Trendmasters toy line , War Planets . The original character designs were created by ReBoot designer , Brendan McCarthy . Although the show ended after its second season , a proposed third would have answered major questions , like the origin of the Beast Planet . The series focused on the four warring planets of a solar system called the Cluster as they were forced to set aside their differences and form a coalition against the menace of the Beast Planet .

negative: Twin Cities Daily Planet The Twin Cities Daily Planet is an independent website specializing in news events in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul metropolitan area . The Twin Cities Daily Planet is an edited news source produced by professional journalists working in collaboration with citizen journalists from the local community . It publishes original reported news articles , articles republished from other local and ethnic media partners , and some content ( Free Speech Zone articles , blog entries , comments ) that is moderated but not edited , including posts published by affiliated local and neighborhood blogs . The Daily Planet describes itself as a purveyor of `` hyperlocal journalism . ''   In 2009 , the Daily Planet won overall Minnesota honors as the `` best independent online news website '' in the annual list of Page One honors bestowed by the Minnesota chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists .   In August and September 2015 , the Daily Planet went through a massive restructuring in which almost all staff were laid off as part of the newspaper 's conversion into a mouthpiece for issues journalism . Some members of the Daily Planet staff went on to found the Twin Cities Arts Reader . This restructure including eliminating the vast majority of the paper 's substantial and award-winning performing arts coverage , and ceasing to write critical reviews .

negative: Solar System The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies . The International Astronomical Union , the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature , specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects , but uses mixed `` Solar System '' and `` solar system '' in their naming guidelines document . The name is commonly rendered in lower case ( `` solar system '' ) , as , for example , in the Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster 's 11th Collegiate Dictionary . is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it , either directly or indirectly.The natural satellites ( moons ) orbiting the Solar System 's planets are an example of the latter . Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly , the largest eight are the planets , Historically , several other bodies were once considered planets , including , from its discovery in 1930 until 2006 , Pluto . See Former planets . with the remainder being significantly smaller objects , such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies . Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly , the moons , two are larger than the smallest planet , Mercury.The two moons larger than Mercury are Ganymede , which orbits Jupiter , and Titan , which orbits Saturn . Although bigger than Mercury , both moons have less than half the mass of Mercury .   The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud . The vast majority of the system 's mass is in the Sun , with the majority of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter . The four smaller inner planets , Mercury , Venus , Earth and Mars , are terrestrial planets , being primarily composed of rock and metal . The four outer planets are giant planets , being substantially more massive than the terrestrials . The two largest , Jupiter and Saturn , are gas giants , being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium ; the two outermost planets , Uranus and Neptune , are ice giants , being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium , called volatiles , such as water , ammonia and methane . All planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic .   The Solar System also contains smaller objects . The asteroid belt , which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter , mostly contains objects composed , like the terrestrial planets , of rock and metal . Beyond Neptune 's orbit lie the Kuiper belt and scattered disc , which are populations of trans-Neptunian objects composed mostly of ices , and beyond them a newly discovered population of sednoids . Within these populations are several dozen to possibly tens of thousands of objects large enough that they have been rounded by their own gravity . Such objects are categorized as dwarf planets . Identified dwarf planets include the asteroid Ceres and the trans-Neptunian objects Pluto and Eris . In addition to these two regions , various other small-body populations , including comets , centaurs and interplanetary dust clouds , freely travel between regions . Six of the planets , at least four of the dwarf planets , and many of the smaller bodies are orbited by natural satellites , See List of natural satellites of the Solar System for the full list of natural satellites of the eight planets and first five dwarf planets usually termed `` moons '' after the Moon . Each of the outer planets is encircled by planetary rings of dust and other small objects .   The solar wind , a stream of charged particles flowing outwards from the Sun , creates a bubble-like region in the interstellar medium known as the heliosphere . The heliopause is the point at which pressure from the solar wind is equal to the opposing pressure of the interstellar medium ; it extends out to the edge of the scattered disc . The Oort cloud , which is thought to be the source for long-period comets , may also exist at a distance roughly a thousand times further than the heliosphere . The Solar System is located in the Orion Arm , 26,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way .

negative: HAT-P-13c HAT-P-13c is a substellar object orbiting the star HAT-P-13 located 698 light years away from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major . A search for transits was negative , however only 72 % of the possible transit configurations could be ruled out . With a mass at least 15.2 times that of Jupiter , it may be a massive planet or a small brown dwarf . The gravitational effect of this object on the inner transiting planet HAT-P-13b may allow a precise determination of the inner planet 's internal structure .

negative: Planet FunFun Planet FunFun was an indoor amusement park located in Kerava , Finland . Originally the park was called Fanfaari but soon after the opening , new owners took over and renamed the park Planet FunFun . Among others the Hollywood director Renny Harlin was one of the new owners . The new name came partly as a pun from the old name ( Fanfaari pronounced in Finnish sounds similar as FunFun in English ) , but partly it was influenced by the other business ventures of the new owners , especially Harlin 's . At the time , Harlin was running a Planet Hollywood restaurant in Helsinki , so naming the amusement park Planet FunFun was also influenced by the name of the restaurant .   After few years of operation , it was clear to the new owners too that Planet FunFun was not going to be commercially successful . This happened despite the fact that Harlin was one of the most followed Finnish celebrities at the time , and he brought lots of `` Hollywood things '' to the park , such as film props from his films .   In addition , he and the producer Markus Selin started the Finnish version of the television show American Gladiators , called Gladiaattorit , which was shot in the Planet FunFun . All of these efforts were short-lived and did n't do much to attract people to the park . So in 1995 the park was closed for good and the rides were sold other parks . Planet Hollywood restaurant was also closed and Gladiaattorit television show was cancelled , both around the same time that Planet FunFun closed .   Today not much remains of the Planet FunFun , except for the rides which were sold and relocated . Planet FunFun 's only roller coaster is nowadays in Fort Fun Abenteuerland , Germany and its new name is Devil 's Mine . Many people still recognize the name `` Planet FunFun '' and remember it having been a park run by Renny Harlin - the original park name Fanfaari and previous ownership is not as well remembered , because of Harlin 's `` celebrity gossip '' influence .   The building that housed the park was an old Nokia rubber factory building that was renovated to amusement purposes . The building is known today as Klondyke-house . After the park was closed , the building was once again suited for new purposes . Today it houses Kerava Art Museum , and parts of the building are used as restaurant space , floorball arena , conference and exhibition space , etc. .

negative: Rassilon Rassilon is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . In the backstory of the programme , he was the founder of Time Lord society on the planet Gallifrey and its first leader , as Lord High President . After the original television series ended in 1989 , Rassilon 's character and history were developed in books and other media .

negative: Meanings of minor planet names This is a list of minor planets which have been officially named by the Minor Planet Center ( MPC ) . The list consists of partial pages , each covering a number range of 1000 bodies citing the source after each minor planet was named for . An overview of all existing partial pages is given in section .   Among the hundreds of thousands numbered minor planets only a small fraction have received a name so far . As of 2017 , there are more than 20,000 named minor planets out of a total of half a million numbered ones . Most of these bodies are named for people , in particular astronomers , as well as figures from mythology and fiction . Many minor planets are also named after places such cities , towns and villages , mountains and volcanoes ; after rivers , observatories , as well as organizations , clubs and astronomical societies . Some are named after animals and plants . A few minor planets are named after exotic entities such as supercomputers or have an unknown origin .   The first few thousand minor planets have all been named , with the Jupiter trojan currently being the lowest-numbered unnamed minor planet . The first 3 pages in the below table contain 1,000 named entries each . The first 13 and 33 pages contain at least 500 and 100 named entries each , respectively . The first range to contain no entires is . There are also several name conflicts with other astronomical objects , mostly with planetary satellites and among themselves .   Following a proposal of the discovering astronomer , new minor planet names are published in MPC 's Minor Planet Circulars on a monthly basis . The MPC applies a set of rules for naming minor planets . These range from syntax restrictions to non-offensive meanings . Over the years the rules have changed several times . In the beginning , for example , minor planets were named exclusively after female characters from mythology .

negative: List of endangered languages in North America An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use , generally because it has few surviving speakers . If it loses all of its native speakers , it becomes an extinct language . UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between `` safe '' ( not endangered ) and `` extinct '' :  Vulnerable  Definitely endangered  Severely endangered  Critically endangered   North America is a continent in the Earth 's northern hemisphere and ( chiefly ) western hemisphere . It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean , on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean , on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea , and on the south and west by the North Pacific Ocean ; South America lies to the southeast . It covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 sq mi ) , about 4.8 % of the planet 's surface or about 16.5 % of its land area . As of July 2007 , its population was estimated at nearly 524 million people .   Today , North America only has a total of 256 living languages . However , out of those 256 languages , 238 are in the realm of extinction . That is , 92 % of languages that are dying . The United States has the highest number of dying languages , 143 out of 219 languages , then Canada with 75 dying out of its 94 languages , and lastly , Greenland has the smallest amount , 0 out of its two spoken languages .

negative: Daft Planet Daft Planet is a Canadian cartoon , first airing on Teletoon . The first episode ran on September 2 , 2002 and the show continued to run for almost two years even though only 13 episodes were produced . Its main claim to fame is that it was the first cartoon in the world that was animated entirely in Flash and appeared on a national television network . The show met with some success but was taken off the air when funding ran out due to cuts to the CTF program . The show was born from a 10-minute pilot written and animated by Brent Donnelly and Derry Smith and produced by Valis Video ( Toronto ) . The pilot can be viewed on YouTube along with some aired episodes of Daft Planet .

negative: Traian Stoianovich Traian Stoianovich ( 20 July 1921 -- December 21 , 2005 ) was an American historian and a professor of history at Rutgers University . He specialized in the history of the Balkans .  __ NOTOC __  Born Trajan Stojanović in Gradešnica , then part of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( now part of R. Macedonia ) , his family moved to Rochester , New York , where he was brought up . At a time when it was difficult for working-class people and immigrants to achieve higher education , he earned his undergraduate degree from the University of Rochester . After serving in the United States Army during World War II ( 1942 -- 45 ) , he took a masters degree at New York University and received a doctorate from Université de Paris in 1952 , where he became a major figure in the internationally influential Annales School of history.His doctoral mentor was Fernand Braudel .   Stoianovich was for four decades a teacher of European and world history at Rutgers University . He has also taught at New York University , University of California , Berkeley , Stanford University , and Sir George Williams University ( renamed Concordia University ) in Montreal , Canada . He taught at the University of Thessaloniki , Greece , 1958-1959 , on a Fulbright grant .   He applied his education to the study of the Balkans , publishing `` A Study of Balkan Civilization '' ( 1967 ) which is regarded as both a classic and a major educational text . After his retirement he published a four volume collection of articles and essays , `` Between East and West , the Balkan and Mediterranean Worlds '' ( 1992 -- 1995 ) and also `` Balkan Worlds : The First and Last Europe '' ( 1994 ) rich in its insights and understanding for both the Balkans and European civilization . Many of his works were translated into Serbian and published in the former Yugoslavia , as well as other major languages .   Dr. Norman Markowitz , JRI Director , Professor of History , Rutgers University , remembers him well :   He was a member of the Jasenovac Research Institute 's Advisory Board . He continued to work as a scholar right up to his death on December 21 , 2005 in New Brunswick , New Jersey , after a long struggle with cancer .