query: Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.

positive: Australia Australia ( -LSB- əˈstreɪliə -RSB- , -LSB- ɒ - -RSB- , -LSB- - ljə -RSB- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands . It is the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea , Indonesia and East Timor to the north ; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east ; and New Zealand to the south-east . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest urban area is Sydney .   For about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century , Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians ,  who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups . After the European discovery of the continent by Dutch explorers in 1606 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states and several territories . The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard .   Australia has the world 's 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income ( IMF ) . With the second-highest human development index globally , the country ranks highly in quality of life , health , education , economic freedom , and civil liberties and political rights . Australia is a member of the United Nations , G20 , Commonwealth of Nations , ANZUS , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , World Trade Organization , Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation , and the Pacific Islands Forum .

positive: Climate change and agriculture -RSB-   Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes , both of which take place on a global scale . Climate change affects agriculture in a number of ways , including through changes in average temperatures , rainfall , and climate extremes ( e.g. , heat waves ) ; changes in pests and diseases ; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations ; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods ; and changes in sea level .   Climate change is already affecting agriculture , with effects unevenly distributed across the world . Future climate change will likely negatively affect crop production in low latitude countries , while effects in northern latitudes may be positive or negative . Climate change will probably increase the risk of food insecurity for some vulnerable groups , such as the poor .   Agriculture contributes to climate change by ( 1 ) anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) , and ( 2 ) by the conversion of non-agricultural land ( e.g. , forests ) into agricultural land . Agriculture , forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25 % to global annual emissions in 2010 .   There are a range of policies that can reduce the risk of negative climate change impacts on agriculture , and to reduce GHG emissions from the agriculture sector .

positive: Agriculture Agriculture or farming is the cultivation and breeding of animals , plants and fungi for food , fiber , biofuel , medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life . Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization . The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science . The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years , and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates , cultures , and technologies . Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture farming has become the dominant agricultural methodology .   Modern agronomy , plant breeding , agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers , and technological developments have in many cases sharply increased yields from cultivation , but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects . Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat , but have raised concerns about animal welfare and the health effects of the antibiotics , growth hormones , and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production . Genetically modified organisms are an increasing component of agriculture , although they are banned in several countries . Agricultural food production and water management are increasingly becoming global issues that are fostering debate on a number of fronts . Significant degradation of land and water resources , including the depletion of aquifers , has been observed in recent decades , and the effects of global warming on agriculture and of agriculture on global warming are still not fully understood .   The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods , fibers , fuels , and raw materials . Specific foods include cereals ( grains ) , vegetables , fruits , oils , meats and spices . Fibers include cotton , wool , hemp , silk and flax . Raw materials include lumber and bamboo . Other useful materials are also produced by plants , such as resins , dyes , drugs , perfumes , biofuels and ornamental products such as cut flowers and nursery plants . Over one third of the world 's workers are employed in agriculture , second only to the service sector , although the percentages of agricultural workers in developed countries has decreased significantly over the past several centuries .

positive: Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions , based on the fact that ( a ) global warming exists and ( b ) human-made CO2 emissions have caused it . The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto , Japan , on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005 . There are currently 192 parties ( Canada withdrew effective December 2012 ) to the Protocol .   The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to `` a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system '' ( Art. 2 ) . The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities : it puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere .   The Protocol 's first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012 . A second commitment period was agreed on in 2012 , known as the Doha Amendment to the protocol , in which 37 countries have binding targets : Australia , the European Union ( and its 28 member states ) , Belarus , Iceland , Kazakhstan , Liechtenstein , Norway , Switzerland , and Ukraine . Belarus , Kazakhstan and Ukraine have stated that they may withdraw from the Protocol or not put into legal force the Amendment with second round targets . Japan , New Zealand and Russia have participated in Kyoto 's first-round but have not taken on new targets in the second commitment period . Other developed countries without second-round targets are Canada ( which withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012 ) and the United States ( which has not ratified the Protocol ) . As of July 2016 , 66 states have accepted the Doha Amendment , while entry into force requires the acceptances of 144 states . Of the 37 countries with binding commitments , 7 have ratified .   Negotiations were held in the framework of the yearly UNFCCC Climate Change Conferences on measures to be taken after the second commitment period ends in 2020 . This resulted in the 2015 adoption of the Paris Agreement , which is a separate instrument under the UNFCCC rather than an amendment of the Kyoto protocol .

negative: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita This is a list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita from 1990 through 2011 . All data was calculated by the US Department of Energy 's Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) , mostly based on data collected from country agencies by the United Nations Statistics Division . Countries are ranked by their metric tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per capita in 2009 . The data only considers carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture , but not emissions from land use such as deforestation . Emissions from international shipping or bunker fuels are also not included in national figures , which can make a huge difference for small countries with important ports .   The carbon dioxide emissions of a country are only an indicator of one greenhouse gas . For a more complete idea of how a country influences climate change , gases such as methane and nitrous oxide should be taken into account . This is particularly so in agricultural economies .   Carbon dioxide emissions are also known for earlier periods . A study of a global sample of twelve countries provide estimates for emissions since 1800 and explores the long-run drivers of carbon dioxide emissions by decomposing changes in carbon emissions into population , income , technological and energy mix changes .

negative: 2002 United Nations Climate Change Conference The 2002 United Nations Climate Change Conference took place from October 23 to November 1 , 2002 , in New Delhi , India . The conference included the 8th Conference of the Parties ( COP8 ) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . The conference adopted the Delhi Ministerial Declaration that , amongst others , called for efforts by developed countries to transfer technology and minimize the impact of climate change on developing countries . It is also approved the New Delhi work programme on Article 6 of the Convention . The COP8 was marked by Russia 's hesitation , stating that it needed more time to think it over . The Kyoto Protocol could enter into force once it was ratified by 55 countries , including countries responsible for 55 per cent of the developed world 's 1990 carbon dioxide emissions . With the United States ( 36.1 per cent share of developed-world carbon dioxide ) and Australia refusing ratification , Russia 's agreement ( 17 % of global emissions in 1990 ) was required to meet the ratification criteria and therefore Russia could delay the process .

negative: Carbon pricing in Australia A carbon pricing scheme in Australia , commonly dubbed by its critics as a `` carbon tax '' , was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the Clean Energy Act 2011 which came into effect on 1 July 2012 . It was in operation until it was repealed on 17 July 2014 , and backdated to 1 July 2014 . In its place the Abbott Government set up the Emission Reduction Fund in December 2014 . As a result of being in place for such a short time , regulated organisations responded in a rather tepid and informal manner , with very few investments in emissions reductions being made .   The 2011 scheme required entities which emit over 25,000 tonnes per year of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gases and which were not in the transport or agriculture sectors to obtain emissions permits , called carbon units . Carbon units were either purchased from the government or issued free as part of industry assistance measures . The Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency stated that in June 2013 only 260 entities were subject to the scheme , of which approximately 185 were liable to pay for carbon units under the carbon price scheme .   The carbon price was part of a broad energy reform package called the Clean Energy Futures Plan , which aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Australia by 5 % below 2000 levels by 2020 and 80 % below 2000 levels by 2050 . The plan set out to achieve these targets by encouraging Australia 's largest emitters to increase energy efficiency and invest in sustainable energy . The scheme was administered by the Clean Energy Regulator . Compensation to industry and households was funded by the revenue derived from the charge . As part of the scheme , personal income tax was reduced for those earning less than $ 80,000 per year and the tax-free threshold was increased from $ 6,000 to $ 18,200 . Initially the price of a permit for one tonne of carbon was fixed at $ 23 for the 2012 -- 13 financial year , with unlimited permits being available from the government . The fixed price rose to $ 24.15 for 2013 -- 14 . The government had announced that the scheme was part of a transition to an emissions trading scheme in 2014 -- 15 , where the available permits will be limited in line with a pollution cap . The scheme primarily applied to electricity generators and industrial sectors . It did not apply to road transport and agriculture . Domestic aviation did not face the carbon price scheme per se , but was subject to an additional fuel excise levy of approximately 6 cents per litre .   In February 2012 , the Sydney Morning Herald reported that Clean Energy Future carbon price scheme had not deterred new investment in the coal industry , as spending on exploration had increased by 62 % in 2010-2011 , more than any other mineral commodity . The government agency Geoscience Australia reported that investment in coal prospecting reached $ 520 million in 2010-2011 . Falls in carbon emissions were observed following implementation of this policy . It was noted that emissions from sectors subject to the pricing mechanism were  1.0 % lower and nine months after the introduction of the pricing scheme , Australia 's carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation had fallen to a 10-year low , with coal generation down 11 % from 2008 to 2009 . However , attribution of these trends to carbon pricing have been disputed , with Frontier Economics claiming trends are largely explained by factors unrelated to the carbon tax . Electricity demand had been falling and in 2012 was at the lowest level seen since 2006 in the National Electricity Market .

negative: List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita This is a list of countries ranked by greenhouse-gas emissions per capita in 2000 . It is based on data for carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , perfluorocarbon , hydrofluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride emissions compiled by the World Resources Institute ( WRI ) from a variety of sources , including CDIAC and the US Environmental Protection Agency . Bunker-fuel emissions are not included .   Two sets of per capita emissions are given , one with an estimate of the effects of land-use change ( for example , cutting down forests ) and one without . The former is based on regional estimates in Houghton ( 2003 ) . Difficulties with determining rates of deforestation and the magnitude of carbon stocks held by the remaining forests and with distributing regional carbon fluxes among individual countries mean that the land-use change components have a large margin of error , perhaps as large as + / -150 % in some cases .   They are included here because , although difficult to quantify accurately at a country level , land-use change is a significant contributor to global warming . The WRI estimates that it accounted for almost a fifth of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2000 . For 2005 the data for a large number of countries only includes emissions ( see note 12 . )

negative: Carbon accounting Carbon accounting refers generally to processes undertaken to `` measure '' amounts of carbon dioxide equivalents emitted by an entity . It is used inter alia by nation states , corporations , individuals -- to create the carbon credit commodity traded on carbon markets ( or to establish the demand for carbon credits ) . Correspondingly , examples for products based upon forms of carbon accounting can be found in national inventories , corporate environmental reports or carbon footprint calculators . Likening sustainability measurement , as an instance of ecological modernisation discourses and policy , carbon accounting is hoped to provide a factual ground for carbon-related decision-making . However , social scientific studies of accounting challenge this hope , pointing to the socially constructed character of carbon conversion factors or of the accountants ' work practice which can not implement abstract accounting schemes into reality .   While natural sciences claim to know and measure carbon , for organisations it is usually easier to employ forms of carbon accounting to represent carbon . The trustworthiness of accounts of carbon emissions can easily be contested . Thus , how well carbon accounting represents carbon is difficult to exactly know . Science and Technology Studies scholar Donna Haraway 's pluralised concept of knowledge , i.e. knowledges , can well be used to understand better the status of knowledge produced by carbon accounting : carbon accounting produced a version of understanding of carbon emissions . Other carbon accountants would produce other results .

negative: Climate Change and Emissions Management Amendment Act __ NOTOC __  The Climate Change and Emissions Management Amendment Act of the Canadian province of Alberta was the first law of its type to impose greenhouse gas cuts on large industrial facilities .   Starting from July 1 , 2007 , Alberta facilities that emit more than 100,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases per year will be required to reduce their emissions intensity by 12 percent under the Climate Change and Emissions Management Amendment Act .   Companies have three ways to meet their reductions : they can make operating improvements , buy an Alberta-based credit , or contribute to the Climate Change and Emissions Management Fund .   The regulations apply to about 100 large facilities which emit more than 100,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases a year . Those facilities account for about 70 per cent of Alberta 's industrial greenhouse gas emissions .   The annual cost of compliance is estimated to be $ 177 million - or less than one tenth of one per cent of Alberta 's nominal GDP ( $ 242 billion in 2006 ) .

negative: Carbon emission label A carbon emission label or carbon label describes the carbon dioxide emissions created as a by-product of manufacturing , transporting , or disposing of a consumer product . This information is important to consumers wishing to minimize their ecological footprint and contribution to global warming made by their purchases .

negative: Carbon respiration Carbon respiration ( also called carbon emissions and carbon releases ) is used in combination with carbon fixation to gauge carbon flux ( as CO2 ) between atmospheric carbon and the global carbon cycle .

negative: Certified Emission Reduction Certified Emission Reductions ( CERs ) are a type of emissions unit ( or carbon credits ) issued by the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) Executive Board for emission reductions achieved by CDM projects and verified by a DOE ( Designated Operational Entity ) under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol .   CERs can be used by Annex 1 countries in order to comply with their emission limitation targets or by operators of installations covered by the European Union Emission Trading Scheme ( EU ETS ) in order to comply with their obligations to surrender EU Allowances , CERs or Emission Reduction Units ( ERUs ) for the emissions of their installations . CERs can be held by governmental and private entities on electronic accounts with the UN .   CERs can be purchased from the primary market ( purchased from an original party that makes the reduction ) or secondary market ( resold from a marketplace ) .   At present , most of the approved CERs are recorded in CDM Registry accounts only . It is only when the CER is actually sitting in an operator 's trading account that its value can be monetized through being traded . The UNFCCC 's International Transaction Log has already validated and transferred CERs into the accounts of some national climate registries , although European operators are waiting for the European Commission to facilitate the transfer of their units into the registries of their Member States .   Temporary CERs and Long CERs are special types of CERs issued for forestry projects . They are two ways of accounting for non-permanence in forestry CDM project activities . Temporary CER or tCER is a CER issued for an afforestation or reforestation project activity under the CDM which expires at the end of the commitment period following the one during which it was issued . Long-term CER or lCER is a CER issued for an afforestation or reforestation project activity which expires at the end of its crediting period .   In August 2008 prices for CERS were $ 20 a tonne . By September 2012 , prices for CERS had collapsed to below $ 5 . This was in response to the Eurozone debt crisis reducing industrial activity and the over-allocation of emission allowances under the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme . The Economist described the Clean Development Mechanism as a `` complete disaster in the making '' and `` in need of a radical overhaul '' . The Guardian also reported the prolonged downward trend in the price of CERs , which had been traded for as much as $ 20 ( # 12.50 ) a tonne before the global financial crisis to less than $ 3 . In October 2012 , CER prices fell to a new low of 1.36 euros a tonne on the London ICE Futures Europe exchange . In October 2012 Thomson Reuters Point Carbon calculated that the oversupply of units from the Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation would be 1,400 million units for the period up to 2020 . Point Carbon predicted that CER prices would to drop from $ 2 to 50 cents . On 12 December 2012 CER prices reached another record low of 31 cents .

negative: Mitigation of aviation's environmental impact Aviation affects the environment due to aircraft engines emitting noise , particulates , and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming . Despite emission reductions from automobiles and more fuel-efficient ( and therefore less polluting ) turbofan and turboprop engines , the rapid growth of air travel in recent years contributes to an increase in total pollution attributable to aviation . In the EU , greenhouse gas emissions from aviation increased by 87 % between 1990 and 2006 .   At present aviation accounts for 2.5 % of global CO2 emissions . Due to projected growth in air travel , in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50 % chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius , in 2050 aviation will make up 15 % of global CO2 emissions . In more conventional scenarios its emissions will exceed the entire global carbon budget before then . This presents governments and the operators of aircraft with a responsibility to reduce the aviation industry 's emissions .

negative: Forests for the 21st Century Forests for the 21st Century is a short video promoting and explaining the benefits of forest landscape restoration . In the last few centuries people have removed more than half of the world 's forest cover . Deforestation is currently responsible for nearly 20 per cent of global carbon emissions . This tide of deforestation can be reversed , but we can make a much greater impact if we also put back some of our lost forests . Planting more trees can lock up more carbon , improve the environment and people 's lives . Many regions and countries have already restored much of their forest .

negative: Institute of Chartered Accountants Australia The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia ( the Institute ) was the professional accounting body representing Chartered Accountants in Australia . It had over 61,000 members and some 12,000 students . It was one of three major legally recognised Professional Accountancy bodies in Australia . The others being CPA Australia and Institute of Public Accountants . It is a founding member of the Global Accounting Alliance ( GAA ) . Members of the Institute are part of the international accounting coalition of the world 's premier accounting bodies , the GAA . Chartered Accountants audit 100 per cent of the Top ASX-listed companies in Australia .   In November 2013 Members of The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants voted yes on a proposal to create One New Institute : `` Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand '' .   New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants and the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia ( ICAA ) amalgamated to become Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand .

negative: Low-carbon economy A low-carbon economy ( LCE ) , low-fossil-fuel economy ( LFFE ) , or decarbonised economy is an economy based on low carbon power sources that therefore has a minimal output of greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions into the biosphere , but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide . GHG emissions due to anthropogenic ( human ) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming ( climate change ) since the mid-20th century . Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes around the world , increasing the likelihood of severe , pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems .   Many countries around the world are designing and implementing low emission development strategies ( LEDS ) . These strategies seek to achieve social , economic and environmental development goals while reducing long-term greenhouse gas emissions and increasing resilience to climate change impacts .   Globally implemented low-carbon economies are therefore proposed by those having drawn this conclusion , as a means to avoid catastrophic climate change , and as a precursor to the more advanced , zero-carbon economy .

negative: List of U.S. states by carbon dioxide emissions This is a list of U.S. states by carbon dioxide emissions due to human activity . The data presented below from the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Energy Information Administration corresponds to emissions in 2014 . Interactive bar charts ( showing state rankings for total and per-capita emissions ) and interactive maps ( for both total emissions and per capita emissions ) for the 2014 data are available on Tableau Public .   __ TOC __

negative: Asia-Pacific Emissions Trading Forum The Asia-Pacific Emissions Trading Forum ( AETF ) was an information service and business network dealing with domestic and international developments in emissions trading policy in Australia and the Asia-Pacific region . The AETF was originally called the Australasian Emissions Trading Forum , and was founded in 1998 under the auspices of the Sydney Futures Exchange following a proposal from Beck Consulting Services . From 2001 until 2011 the AETF published the AETF Review ( Bib ID 3998494 ) , held regular member meetings and convened numerous events and conferences . The AETF Review was published six times per year and included original articles on emissions trading developments and related topics .   In 2011 the AETF formed the foundation of the new Carbon Market Institute , a not-for-profit institute , established in Melbourne , Australia to continue and develop the AETF programs .   The AETF was founded to assist all potential stakeholders understand and respond to emissions trading developments both domestically and internationally . Emissions trading is a key element of the Kyoto Protocol and subsequent proposals to manage global greenhouse gas emissions under the United Nations Framework  Convention on Climate Change . National or regional schemes are operating in the European Union , New Zealand and the United States and are under active consideration in China , Japan and elsewhere . In Australia , legislation under Clean Energy Future Scheme has been passed to introduce a national emissions trading scheme from 2015 .

negative: Emissions Trading Scheme in South Korea South Korea 's Emissions Trading Scheme ( KETS ) is the second largest in scale after the European Union Emission Trading Scheme and was launched on January 1 , 2015 . South Korea is the second country in Asia to initiate a nation-wide carbon market after Kazakhstan . Complying to the country 's pledge made at the Copenhagen Accord of 2009 , the South Korean government aims to reduce its greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions by 30 % below its business as usual scenario by 2020 . They have officially employed the cap-and-trade system and the operation applies to over 525 companies which are accountable for approximately 68 % of the nation 's GHG output . The operation is divided up into three periods . The first and second phases consist of 3 years each , 2015 to 2017 and 2018 to 2020 . The final phase will spread out over the next 5 years from 2021 to 2025 .   The cap-and-trade system is a tool of carbon pricing that has been adapted by several countries to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through a market mechanism . It entails a market open to the transaction of trade permits , which allow participating businesses or countries to emit a given amount of greenhouse gases . A cap is set by the government which defines the maximum level of total emissions permitted during a certain time period . The South Korean government had set the emissions cap for the first year of implementation ( 2015 ) as 573 MtCO2e .   The major objectives of the KETS is to place South Korea at the forefront of the global effort in reducing GHG emissions and to develop its market competitiveness in the clean energy sector . As one of the top 10 largest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions and a nation with the highest growth rate in GHG emissions , South Korea 's awareness of its carbon footprint has increased over the years . The country grows more vulnerable to climate change as the average temperature has risen by 1.5 degrees Celsius causing frequent natural disasters . Furthermore , the South Korean government aims to cut back its reliance on imported fossil fuel energy which accounts for roughly 97 % of its primary energy consumption . Lastly , by implementing the emissions trading scheme , the government has prospects of developing its green industries and increase its global share of the clean energy market .

negative: Environmental impact of aviation The environmental impact of aviation occurs because aircraft engines emit heat , noise , particulates and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming . Among others airplanes emit particles and gases such as carbon dioxide , water vapor , hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide , nitrogen oxides , sulfur oxides , lead and black carbon which interact among themselves and with the atmosphere .   Despite emission reductions from automobiles and more fuel-efficient and less polluting turbofan and turboprop engines , the rapid growth of air travel in recent years contributes to an increase in total pollution attributable to aviation . From 1992 to 2005 , passenger kilometers increased 5.2 % per year . And in the European Union , greenhouse gas emissions from aviation increased by 87 % between 1990 and 2006 .   Comprehensive research shows that despite anticipated efficiency innovations to airframes , engines , aerodynamics and flight operations , there is no end in sight -- even many decades out -- to rapid growth in CO2 emissions from air travel and air freight , due to projected continual growth in air travel . This is because international aviation emissions have escaped international regulation up to the ICAO triennial conference in October 2016 agreed on the CORSIA offset scheme , and because of the lack of taxes on aviation fuel worldwide , lower fares become more frequent than otherwise which gives a competitive advantage over other transportation modes . Unless market constraints are put in place this growth in aviation 's emissions will result in the sector 's emissions amounting to all or nearly all of the annual global emissions budget by mid-century , if climate change is to be held to a temperature increase of 2 ° C or less .   There is an ongoing debate about possible taxation of air travel and the inclusion of aviation in an emissions trading scheme , with a view to ensuring that the total external costs of aviation are taken into account .

negative: Contraction and Convergence Contraction and Convergence ( C&C ) is a proposed global framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change . Conceived by the Global Commons Institute -LSB- GCI -RSB- in the early 1990s , the Contraction and Convergence strategy consists of reducing overall emissions of greenhouse gases to a safe level ( contraction ) , resulting from every country bringing its emissions per capita to a level which is equal for all countries ( convergence ) . It is intended to form the basis of an international agreement which will reduce carbon dioxide emissions to avoid dangerous climate change , carbon dioxide being the gas that is primarily responsible for changes in the greenhouse effect on Earth . It is expressed as a simple mathematical formula . This formula can be used as a way for the world to stabilize carbon levels at any level . Advocates of Contraction and Convergence stress that negotiations at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -LSB- UNFCCC -RSB- are governed sequentially by the ` objective ' of the UNFCCC -LSB- safe and stable GHG concentration in the global atmosphere -RSB- followed by its organising principles -LSB- ` precaution ' and ` equity ' -RSB- . C&C is widely cited and supported .

negative: Carbon shifting Carbon shifting is the tendency for an individual to increase carbon dioxide emissions in one area of their lifestyle as a result of reducing emissions elsewhere .   ` Carbon shifting ' might more accurately be termed ` domestic carbon shifting ' to distinguish it from carbon leakage which has occasionally also been called carbon shifting .   Many attempts to encourage people to change aspects of their lifestyle and so reduce their carbon dioxide emissions make a virtue of the financial savings . In the United Kingdom the Energy Saving Trust lists various ways of saving energy , e.g. `` Energy saving light bulbs last up to 12 times longer than ordinary lightbulbs and can save you # 9 per year in electricity ( and 38 kilograms of ) or # 100 over the bulbs lifetime . '' However , whether or not carbon dioxide emissions are ultimately reduced will depend on how that saved money is spent . If the amount of money saved through walking to work is eventually spent on an extra city break involving air travel the net emissions may well increase .   The problem of carbon shifting may undermine many voluntary piecemeal attempts at reducing carbon dioxide emissions . However , carbon shifting is not inherently negative . If a person can be persuaded to avoid activities that produce a high level of emissions for a given financial outlay then they may shift to activities that produce lower emissions for that same amount of money . Positive carbon shifting might be encouraged through the use of a carbon tax or the implementation of a Personal carbon trading scheme .   The phenomenon of carbon shifting also suggests that for some comparative purposes the most appropriate measure of emissions would be emissions per unit of currency rather than total emissions . An activity that produces slightly lower emissions at a significantly lower cost may not necessarily be the best activity to promote as it leaves the individual with more money to spend on other emitting activities . Similarly , if two passengers are traveling on the same aircraft they might be deemed to be emitting the same total amount of carbon dioxide . However , if one of them paid a lower fare then , by this measure , they would be deemed to be damaging the environment more .

negative: Greenhouse gas emissions in Kentucky The report `` Kentucky Greenhouse Gas Inventory '' provides a detailed inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks for Kentucky in 1990 . Emissions were estimated using methods from EPA 's 1995 guidance document State Workbook : Methodologies for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions . In 1990 , Kentucky emitted 35.4 million metric tons of carbon equivalent ( MMTCE ) . In addition , Kentucky estimated emissions of 0.4 MMTCE from biofuels . Emissions from biofuels are not included .   The principal greenhouse gases were carbon dioxide , comprising 87.9 million metric tons ( 24.0 MMTCE ) , and methane , with 1.1 million metric tons ( 6.4 MMTCE ) . Other emissions included 0.0016 million metric tons of perfluorocarbons ( PFCs ) ( 4.8 MMTCE ) , and 0.003 million metric tons of nitrous oxide ( 0.2 MMTCE )   The major source of carbon dioxide emissions was fossil fuel combustion ( 96 % ) , the majority of which is utility coal . Minor emissions came from cement and lime production and forest/grassland conversion . Carbon dioxide sinks ( i.e. , an increase in forest carbon storage ) offset about 26 % of the total carbon dioxide emissions .   Sources of methane emissions were coal mining ( 73 % ) , domesticated animals ( 12 % ) , landfills ( 10 % ) , manure management ( 3 % ) , and natural gas/oil extraction ( 2 % ) .   Nitrous oxide emissions were from fertilizer use . Sources of perfluorocarbons were HCFC-22 production ( 91 % ) and aluminum production ( 9 % ) .   Kentucky 's emissions in 1990 were 9.6 MTCE per capita , compared to 1990 U.S. emissions of 6.4 MTCE per capita . Kentucky 's per capita emissions are high due to the large volume of coal-related activities in the state .

negative: Assigned amount units An Assigned Amount Unit ( AAU ) is a tradable ` Kyoto unit ' or ` carbon credit ' representing an allowance to emit greenhouse gases comprising one metric tonne of carbon dioxide equivalents calculated using their Global Warming Potential .  Assigned Amount Units are issued up to the level of initial `` assigned amount '' of an Annex 1 Party to the Kyoto Protocol .   The `` assigned amounts '' are the Kyoto Protocol Annex B emission targets ( or `` quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives '' ) expressed as levels of allowed emissions over the 2008-2012 commitment period .

negative: 350.org 350 . org is an international environmental organization encouraging citizens to action with the belief that publicizing the increasing levels of carbon dioxide will pressure world leaders to address climate change and to reduce levels from 400 parts per million to 350 parts per million . It was founded by author Bill McKibben with the goal of building a global grassroots movement to raise awareness about human-driven climate change , to confront climate change denial , and to cut emissions of carbon dioxide in order to slow the rate of global warming . 350 . org takes its name from the research of Goddard Institute for Space Studies scientist James E. Hansen , who posited in a 2007 paper that 350 parts-per-million ( ppm ) of CO2 in the atmosphere is a safe upper limit to avoid a climate tipping point .

negative: Weighted average cost of carbon The Weighted average cost of carbon is used in finance to measure a firm 's specific cost of carbon . It expresses how much an organization is expending to either reduce carbon emissions internally ( abatement ) or offsetting externally ( carbon offset ) . As such , the weighted average cost of carbon is the cost a company incurs to balance its carbon liability ( carbon footprint ) .   It is a term with growing importance as legislation globally moves to internalize the impact of emission through cost mechanisms .

negative: Carbon audit regime A carbon audit regime is a means of accounting for quantifiable greenhouse gas control efforts . It establishes that the claimed reductions in emissions or enhancements of carbon sinks , has actually occurred and is stable .   The UK is the only nation in the world that presently has such a regime .

negative: Personal carbon credits Personal carbon credits are carbon credits created and owned by individuals who reduce their green house gas ( GHG ) emissions by a real and verifiable amount . Individuals cause GHG emissions from a variety of direct and indirect activities including transportation use , electrical use and home heating and cooling . Verifiable reductions in GHG emissions are aggregated into 1 metric ton increments and they become personal Carbon Credits .   Traditional carbon credits are purchased by GHG emitters to offset the difference between their actual emissions and their allowable limit under a cap and trade type GHG reduction program or to reduce their total GHG emissions under a voluntary limit . These same credits are created when specific GHG reduction projects produce real , additional and verifiable GHG reductions . These carbon projects are typically large in scale and include reforestation , fuel switching and biogas projects .   Personal carbon credits follow the same concept as traditional carbon credits , but these projects are small in scale , developed by individuals and encourage actual reduction in energy demand at the use point . They are applicable globally , wherever the verification requirements can be satisfied .   Personal carbon credits differ from personal carbon trading which imposes a cap or allowance on individual GHG emissions . Personal carbon credits are a voluntary method for individuals to directly reduce energy consumption and the resulting GHG emissions . Successful individual reductions are rewarded through lower utility costs and the value of the created personal carbon credits .   Personal carbon credits were first introduced by My Emissions Exchange in April 2009 . Some experts on carbon credit markets have called for inclusion of small scale GHG reduction projects and verification methods that are valid , appropriate and cost effective for projects of this size . Personal carbon credits address this need and create more opportunities for GHG reductions .

negative: Advanced Global Trading Advanced Global Trading or AGT is an emissions trading and environmental consultancy firm headquartered in Dubai , United Arab Emirates and with offices in Bahrain , Doha , Zurich and Johannesburg . AGT deals in sourcing and trading of Verified Carbon Standard approved emissions trading permits ( ETP ) , and specialised in buying and selling of emissions trading certificates and permits in the over-the-counter markets .

negative: Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading was a Task Group set up on 10 December 2006 by Australian Prime Minister John Howard to develop an Australian Carbon Trading Scheme . The terms of reference of the task group was :  Australia enjoys major competitive advantages through the possession of large reserves of fossil fuels and uranium . In assessing Australia 's further contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions , these advantages must be preserved .   Against this background the Task Group will be asked to advise on the nature and design of a workable global emissions trading system in which Australia would be able to participate . The Task Group will advise and report on additional steps that might be taken , in Australia , consistent with the goal of establishing such a system .   The Prime Ministerial Task Group submitted its final report on 31 May 2007 . The scheme proposed by the Task Group had some similarities to the `` hybrid scheme '' developed by Warwick McKibbin .   Prime Minister John Howard announced on 4 June 2007 the government 's plan for a carbon trading scheme to be launched in 2012 . Howard took the draft carbon trading scheme to the 2007 federal election .

negative: Emission Reduction Unit The emission reduction unit ( ERU ) is an emissions unit issued under a Joint Implementation project in terms of the Kyoto Protocol . An ERU represents a reduction of greenhouse gases under the Joint Implementation mechanism , where it represents one tonne of equivalent reduced .   To allow comparison between the different effects of gases on the environment , scientists have defined multipliers for gases that compare their greenhouse potency ( global warming potential ) relative to that of carbon dioxide .   One example of a Joint Implementation project resulting in an emission reduction unit , is the production of biogases by landfill sites . These gases consist of mainly methane which escapes to the atmosphere if it is not collected . The main reason for dealing with methane is that it has a 100-year global warming potential multiplier of 25 compared to carbon dioxide ( i.e. has 25 times the greenhouse potency ) . Collection of methane is usually accompanied by its combustion . Burning one tonne of methane produces nearly 3 tonnes of , thus reducing its greenhouse effect by ( 25-3 = 22 ) ERU .   In December 2012 , ERU prices crashed to a low of 15 euro cents before recovering to 23c after news that EU 's Climate Change Committee was to vote on a ban of ERUs from countries that have not signed up to a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol .   In January 2013 , Bloomberg reported that emission reduction unit prices declined 89 percent in 2012

negative: Carbon profiling Carbon profiling is a mathematical process that calculates how much carbon dioxide is put into the atmosphere per m2 of space in a building over one year .   The analysis is in two parts which are then added together to produce an overall figure which is termed the ` Carbon Profile ' :  operational carbon emissions  embodied carbon emissions .   Embodied carbon emissions relate to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from creating and maintaining the materials that form the building e.g. the carbon dioxide released from the baking of bricks or smelting or iron . In the Carbon Profiling Model these emissions are measured as Embodied Carbon Efficiency ( ECE ) , measured as kg of CO2/m2/year .   Occupational Carbon Emissions relate to the amount of Carbon Dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from the direct use of energy to run the building e.g. the heating or electricity used by the building over the year . In the Carbon Profiling Model these emissions are measured in BER 's ( Building Emission Rate ) in kg of / m2/year .   The BER is a United Kingdom government accepted unit of measurement that comes from an approved calculation process called sBEM ( Simplified Building Emission Model )   The purpose of Carbon Profiling is to provide a method of analyzing and comparing both operational and embodied carbon emissions at the same time . With this information it is then possible to allocate a projects resources in such a way to minimize the total amount of Carbon Dioxide emitted into the atmosphere through the use of a given piece of space .   A secondary benefit is that having quantified the Carbon Profiling of different buildings it is then possible to make comparisons and rank buildings in term of their performance . This allows investors and occupiers to identify which building are good and bad carbon investments .   Simon Sturgis and Gareth Roberts of Sturgis Associates in the United Kingdom originally developed ` Carbon Profiling ' in December 2007 .

negative: Flick Off FLICK OFF ( flick off ) is a Canadian advertising campaign launched by Key Gordon Communications . It is a movement to fight climate change by getting Canadians to use less energy .   Its sponsors include MuchMusic , Roots Canada , Environmental Defence Canada and the Government of Ontario . Some view this program as a continuation of the scrapped program One-Tonne Challenge in global perspective .   The motivation for the campaign is both to reduce energy consumption for its own sake and also with the aim of reducing carbon emissions to ultimately combat global warming .   The website associated with the campaign is aimed specifically at young Canadians . The website contains educational material about causes and consequences of global warming and strategies for reducing carbon emissions , and includes a `` carbon calculator '' called One Less Tonne to measure individual carbon dioxide emissions .   The website was launched by British entrepreneur Richard Branson and Ontario Environment Minister Laurel Broten in Toronto on April 25 , 2007 .   According to the official website , the campaign is now in `` hibernation '' .

negative: Green gross domestic product The green gross domestic product ( green GDP or GGDP ) is an index of economic growth with the environmental consequences of that growth factored into a country 's conventional GDP . Green GDP monetizes the loss of biodiversity , and accounts for costs caused by climate change . Some environmental experts prefer physical indicators ( such as `` waste per capita '' or `` carbon dioxide emissions per year '' ) , which may be aggregated to indices such as the `` Sustainable Development Index '' .

negative: Territorialisation of carbon governance Territorialisation of Carbon Governance ( ToCG ) is a concept used in political geography or environmental policy which is considered to be a new logic of environmental governance . This method creates carbon-relevant citizens who become enrolled in the process of governing the climate . The territorialisation of carbon governance transforms climate change from a global to local issue . It embodies political practices that serve to connect the causes and consequences of global climate change to local communities .   The commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions ( GHG ) has been a key component of sustainability within governance since the early 1990s . The ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability is an international association of local governments which brings together 1200 cities , towns and the associated 70 countries in their commitment to sustainable development . Further responses that seek to address these issues , include international body the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , the Rio Earth Summit and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . These organisations strive to tackle anthropogenic forces which are increasing risks of global warming .   Under the territorialisation of carbon , climate and global flows of carbon are regarded as ` national sinks ' . This is a means by which the carbon cycle can be managed and territorialised through being assigned to a physical geographical space instead of being thought of as a global phenomenon . The act of territorialisation oversees the combining of material natures and state institutions into one system through the creation of carbon territories . This approach can allow individual states and governments to control and monitor their carbon emissions in order to improve their efforts in carbon governance .   Carbon governance can be interpreted as the institutional arrangements under which greenhouse gas emissions are addressed and mitigated . This is achieved through regulating and controlling carbon activities . Measures and protocols exist in an attempt to address the issues surrounding greenhouse gas emissions . Carbon governance is addressed via governmental decisions made through leadership and management which attempt to improve and resolve problems related to climate change .


query: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

positive: Earth Earth ( from Eorðe -LSB- Γαῖα , Gaia -RSB- Terra ) , otherwise known as the World or the Globe , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets .   According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . During one orbit around the Sun , Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times ; thus , an Earth year is about 365.26 days long . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted , producing seasonal variations on the planet 's surface . The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes the Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation .   Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by its oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics .   Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states .

positive: Eemian The Eemian ( also called the last interglacial , Sangamonian , Ipswichian , Mikulin , Kaydaky , Valdivia or Riss-Würm ) was the interglacial period which began about 130,000 years ago and ended about 115,000 years ago . It corresponds to Marine Isotope Stage 5e . Although sometimes referred to as the `` last interglacial '' ( in the `` most recent previous '' sense of `` last '' ) , it was the second-to-latest interglacial period of the current Ice Age , the most recent being the Holocene which extends to the present day ( having followed the last glacial period ) . The prevailing Eemian climate is believed to have been warmer than that of the Holocene .   The Eemian is known as the Ipswichian in the UK , the Mikulin interglacial in Russia , the Valdivia interglacial in Chile and the Riss-Würm interglacial in the Alps . Depending on how a specific publication defines the Sangamonian Stage of North America , the Eemian is equivalent to either all or part of it .

positive: Fahrenheit Fahrenheit is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by Amsterdam-based physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit ( 1686 -- 1736 ) , after whom the scale is named . It uses the degree Fahrenheit ( symbol ° F ) as the unit . Several accounts of how he originally defined his scale exist . The lower defining point , 0 ° F , was established as the temperature of a solution of brine made from equal parts of ice and salt . Further limits were established as the melting point of ice ( 32 ° F ) and his best estimate of the average human body temperature ( 96 ° F , about 2.6 ° F less than the modern value due to a later redefinition of the scale ) . The scale is now usually defined by two fixed points : the temperature at which water freezes into ice is defined as 32 ° F , and the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 ° F , a 180 ° F separation , as defined at sea level and standard atmospheric pressure .   By the end of the 20th century , Fahrenheit was used as the official temperature scale only in the United States ( including its unincorporated territories ) , its freely associated states in the Western Pacific ( Palau , the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands ) , the Bahamas , Belize , and the Cayman Islands . All other countries in the world now use the Celsius scale , defined since 1954 by absolute zero being − 273.15 ° C and the triple point of water being at 0.01 ° C.

positive: List of ecoregions in North America (CEC) This list of ecoregions of North America provides an overview of North American ecoregions designated by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( CEC ) in its North American Environmental Atlas . It should not be confused with Wikipedia articles based on the classification system developed by the World Wildlife Fund , such as List of ecoregions ( WWF ) and Lists of ecoregions by country .   The commission was established in 1994 by the member states of Canada , Mexico , and the United States to address regional environmental concerns under the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , the environmental side accord to the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . The Commission 's 1997 report , Ecological Regions of North America , provides a framework that may be used by government agencies , non-governmental organizations , and academic researchers as a basis for risk analysis , resource management , and environmental study of the continent 's ecosystems . Ecoregions may be identified by similarities in geology , physiography , vegetation , climate soils , land use , wildlife distributions , and hydrology .   The classification system has four levels . Only the first three levels are shown on this list . `` Level I '' divides North America into 15 broad ecoregions . `` Level II '' subdivides the continent into 52 smaller ecoregions . `` Level III '' subdivides those regions again into 182 ecoregions . `` Level IV '' is a further subdivision of Level III ecoregions . Level IV mapping is still underway but is complete across most of the United States . For an example of Level IV data , see List of ecoregions in Oregon and the associated articles .

negative: 0° 0 ° or 0 degrees may refer to :  prime meridian , longitude  equator , latitude  freezing point of water ( Celsius )  absolute zero , the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale  0 ° Fahrenheit , approximately -17.78 ° Celsius

negative: Self-cleaning oven A self-cleaning oven is an oven which uses high temperature ( approximately 500 degrees Celsius or 900 degrees Fahrenheit ) to burn off leftovers from baking , without the use of any chemical agents .

negative: Heat urticaria Heat urticaria presents within five minutes after the skin has been exposed to heat above 43 degrees Celsius ( 109.4 degrees Fahrenheit ) , with the exposed area becoming burned , stinging , and turning red , swollen , and indurated .

negative: Planck temperature Planck temperature , denoted by TP , is the unit of temperature in the system of natural units known as Planck units .   It serves as the defining unit of the Planck temperature scale . In this scale the magnitude of the Planck temperature is equal to 1 , while that of absolute zero is 0 .  Other temperatures can be converted to Planck temperature units . For example , 0 ° C = 273.15 K = 1.9279 × 10 − 30TP .   In SI units , the Planck temperature is about 1.417 × 1032 kelvin ( equivalently , degrees Celsius , since the difference is trivially small at this scale ) , or 2.55 × 1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine .

negative: Cold inflation pressure Cold inflation pressure is the inflation pressure of tires before the car is driven and the tires warmed up . Recommended cold inflation pressure is displayed on the owner 's manual and on the placard ( or sticker ) attached to the vehicle door edge , pillar , glovebox door or fuel filler flap . Drivers are encouraged to make sure their tires are adequately inflated , as suboptimal tire pressure can greatly reduce fuel economy , increase emissions , increased wear on the edges of the tire surface , and can lead to premature failure of the tire . Excessive pressure , on the other hand , may lead to impact-breaks , decrease braking performance , and cause uneven wear ( i.e. greater wear on the center part of the tire surface ) .   Tire pressure is commonly measured in psi in the imperial and US customary systems , bar , which is deprecated but accepted for use with SI or the kilopascal ( kPa ) , which is an SI unit .   Ambient temperature affects the cold tire pressure . Absolute cold tire pressure ( gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure ) varies directly with the absolute temperature , measured in kelvins .   From physics , the ideal gas law states that PV = nRT where P is absolute pressure , T is absolute temperature ( Kelvin ) , V is the volume ( assumed to be relatively constant in the case of a tire ) , and nR is constant for a given number of molecules of gas . To understand this , assume the tire was filled when it was 300 kelvin ( 80 degrees Fahrenheit ) . If the temperature varies 10 % , i.e. by 30 kelvin ( also 30 Celsius degrees or 54 Fahrenheit degrees ) , the pressure varies 10 % . So if the tire was filled at 80F to 32 psi ( or 47 psi absolute when we add atmospheric pressure ) , the change would be 4.7 psi for this 30 Celsius degree change , or .16 psi per Celsius degree or .1 psi per Fahrenheit degree or 1 psi for every 10 Fahrenheit degrees . Using SI units , that would be 1.1 kPa per kelvin .   Hence , for a tire filled to 32 psi , the approximation usually made is that within the range of normal atmospheric temperatures and pressures :  Tire pressure increases 1 psi for each 10 Fahrenheit degree increase in temperature , or conversely decreases 1 psi for each 10 Fahrenheit degree decrease in temperature and  in SI units , tire pressure increases 1.1 kPa for each 1 Celsius degree increase in temperature , or conversely decreases 1.1 kPa for each 1 Celsius degree decrease in temperature . For tires that need inflation greater than 32psi it might be easier to use a Rule of Thumb of 2 % pressure change for a change of 10 degrees Fahrenheit .  From the table below , one can see that these are only approximations .

negative: Dimension (metadata) In metadata , dimension is a set of equivalent units of measure , where equivalence between two units of measure is determined by the existence of a quantity preserving one-to-one correspondence between values measured in one unit of measure and values measured in the other unit of measure , independent of context , and where characterizing operations are the same .   The equivalence defined here forms an equivalence relation on the set of all units of measure . Each equivalence class corresponds to a dimensionality . The units of measure `` temperature in degrees Fahrenheit '' and `` temperature in degrees Celsius '' have the same dimensionality , because given a value measured in degrees Fahrenheit there is a value measured in degrees Celsius with the same quantity , and vice versa . Quantity preserving one-to-one correspondences are the well-known equations Cº = ( 5/9 ) * ( Fº − 32 ) and Fº = ( 9/5 ) * ( Cº ) + 32 .   Units of measure are not limited to physical categories . Examples of physical categories are : linear measure , area , volume , mass , velocity , time duration.Examples of non-physical categories are : currency , quality indicator , colour intensity .   Quantities may be grouped together into categories of quantities which are mutually comparable . Lengths , diameters , distances , heights , wavelengths and so on would constitute such a category . Mutually comparable quantities have the same dimensionality . ISO 31-0 calls these quantities of the same kind .

negative: Takikawa, Hokkaido is a city located in Sorachi Subprefecture , Hokkaido , Japan .   Takikawa City is located in the central area of Hokkaido , it is conveniently located between the cities of Sapporo ( biggest city ) and Asahikawa ( second biggest city ) . The population of Takikawa is about 41000 people . Takikawa has an inland climate so there is a big temperature difference between summer and winter . The average temperature in Takikawa is about 19 degrees Celsius ( 66.2 Fahrenheit ) in summer ( July ~ September ) and -- 5.9 degrees Celsius ( 21.4 Fahrenheit ) in winter ( December ~ February ) . Takikawa is one of the snowiest locations in Hokkaido , the average amount of snowfall in the past 10 years is 7.77 meters ( 25 feet , 6 inches ) .   Takikawa is also the biggest city in northern Sorachi , making it a hub for neighbouring towns . Takikawa is situated between the Ishikari River and Sorachi River , about 60 % of Takikawa is covered in greenery by either forest or agriculture farmland . Takikawa is surrounded by rich nature .   As of December , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 41,306 , with 21,561 households . The total area is 115.82 km ² .

negative: Ixtlahuacán del Río Ixtlahuacán del Rio is a town and municipality in the center of the Mexican state of Jalisco , a little less than 50 kilometers from state capital Guadalajara . It stands at 1,655 meters above sea level ; the climate is semi-arid , with a mild winter and an average annual temperature of 19 degrees Celsius ( 66 degrees Fahrenheit ) .

negative: Kelvin The kelvin is a unit of measure for temperature based upon an absolute scale . It is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is assigned the unit symbol K . The Kelvin scale is an absolute , thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero , the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics . The kelvin is defined as the fraction of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water ( exactly 0.01 ° C or 32.018 ° F ) . In other words , it is defined such that the triple point of water is exactly 273.16 K.   The Kelvin scale is named after the Belfast-born , Glasgow University engineer and physicist William Lord Kelvin ( 1824 -- 1907 ) , who wrote of the need for an `` absolute thermometric scale '' . Unlike the degree Fahrenheit and degree Celsius , the kelvin is not referred to or typeset as a degree . The kelvin is the primary unit of temperature measurement in the physical sciences , but is often used in conjunction with the Celsius degree , which has the same magnitude . The definition implies that absolute zero ( 0 K ) is equivalent to -273.15 C.

negative: Ultuna `` Ultuna '' is also the name of a neighbourhood in Helsinki , Finland .   Ultuna is the location of the headquarters and main campus of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences ( Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet , SLU ) in southern Uppsala , Sweden .   Ultuna is known for sharing ( with Målilla , Småland ) Sweden 's heat record of 38 degrees Celsius ( 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit ) .

negative: World's tallest thermometer The World 's Tallest Thermometer is a landmark located in Baker , California , USA . It is an electric sign that commemorates the record 134 degrees Fahrenheit ( 57 degrees Celsius ) recorded in nearby Death Valley on July 10 , 1913 .   The sign weighs 76812 lb and is held together by 125 cuyd of concrete . It stands 134 ft tall and is capable of displaying a maximum temperature of 134 F , both of which are a reference to the temperature record .

negative: Rankine scale Rankine ( -LSB- ˈræŋkɪn -RSB- ) is a thermodynamic temperature based on an absolute scale named after the Glasgow University engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine , who proposed it in 1859 . ( The Kelvin scale was first proposed in 1848 . )   The symbol for degrees Rankine is ° R ( or ° Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the Rømer and Réaumur scales ) . By analogy with kelvin , some authors term the unit rankine , omitting the degree symbol . Zero on both the Kelvin and Rankine scales is absolute zero , but the Rankine degree is defined as equal to one degree Fahrenheit , rather than the one degree Celsius used by the Kelvin scale . A temperature of − 459.67 ° F is exactly equal to 0 ° R.   The US National Institute of Standards and Technology recommends against using the degree symbol when citing Rankine in NIST publications .   Some important temperatures relating the Rankine scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below .

negative: Ixtlán de los Hervores Ixtlán de los Hervores , also known as Ixtlán , is a city in the Mexican state of Michoacán . It is  located 29 kilometres ( 18 mi ) from Jiquilpan by state highway 16 and 26 kilometres to the northeast of the city of Zamora by way of highway 35 . It is about 80 mi southeast of Guadalajara .   Ixtlán de los Hervores is known for its thermal water springs . In Ixtlán de los Hervores one will find three geysers that surges up from the depths of the earth with tremendous pressure . The jet rises more than 30 metres in height and reaches temperatures of 96 degrees Celsius ( 204.8 degrees Fahrenheit ) . There are two new geysers , one near the soccer field . A rustic spa has been built near the geyser with services for people who are seeking the healing powers of sulphurous waters found here .

negative: Steam room A steam room is an enclosed space with large amounts of high-temperature steam , creating a high-humidity environment . People sit in this room in a similar way to a sauna ( conversely a hot , but dry atmosphere ) , for relaxation and purported benefits to health and well-being . They can be commonly found in gyms , sanitariums and health resorts . Smaller , standalone steamroom enclosures can also be found in residential buildings .   Steam rooms are commonly maintained at a temperature of 41 degrees Celsius ( 105 Fahrenheit ) or above , with a high humidity of around 100 % adding to the sensation . In comparison , saunas are maintained at a much higher temperature due to the lack of humidity in the air ( often 70-90 degrees Celsius , 158-194 Fahrenheit ) .   The amount of power required for steam generation varies depending on construction style .

negative: Bay Challenge The Bay Challenge is an annual open water swimming event from Sandy Cove , West Vancouver to Kitsilano Beach in Vancouver that crosses English Bay . The distance of the current course is approximately 9 kilometers . The changing tides , cold temperatures and rough water make this race particularly challenging . The event is held in the latter part of July every year , when the water temperature is between 16 and 20 degrees celsius ( 60-73 degrees Fahrenheit ) .   Hosted by the Vancouver Open Water Swim Association , the focus is on an inclusive event that allows swimmers of all levels and abilities to participate . The Bay Challenge is open to both solo and relay participants to allow as many people as possible to experience the thrill of the challenge .

negative: Zabalius apicalis Zabalius apicalis is a species of katydid , native to Africa .   The animal lays eggs in water with a incubation period of 18 days , Males moult six times and reach adulthood at about 55 days , and females moult seven times and reach adulthood at about 65 days   Embryos take longer to develop the hotter they are and do not develop above 30.5 degrees Celsius ( 86.9 fahrenheit )

negative: Dhanotu Dhanotu is a village in the Kangra district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh . It is 13 km from Dharamsala bus stand and 9 km from Dharamsala airport . Primarily known for growing rice , wheat and corn , it is the farm country of Dharamsala area . At any given time , it is 6 degrees Celsius warmer than Dharamsala .   Psalms 37:8 -9  Cease from anger , and forsake wrath : fret not thyself in any wise to do evil .  For evildoers shall be cut off : but those that wait upon the LORD , they shall inherit the earth .  ʃdʒ

negative: Otívar Otívar is a municipality located at 267.80 metres above sea level in the Province of Granada , Spain . According to the 2004 census ( INE ) , the village has a population of 1113 inhabitants .   Agriculture is Otívar ´ s predominant economic activity ( mainly tropical fruit ) however , due to the dramatic scenery of the surrounding mountains , a number of northern Europeans have discovered its charms and either take rural holidays here , or in a few cases have settled here and integrated with the local population .   Otívar contains a cross between a subtropical micro climate and a coastal mediterranean climate , creating a perfect environment for the famous `` Níspero '' known in English as the `` loquat '' . The average yearly temperature is 14.80 ° C ( degrees Celsius ) . In the warmer months the average temperature is 28,80 ° C ( degrees Celsius ) and in the colder months the average temperature is 4,50 ° C ( degrees Celsius ) .   The current mayor is Francisco Robles Carrascosa , from the political party of PP . This is the second consecutive term the mayor has won , after the PSOE ´ s defeat four years ago .   Category : Municipalities in the Province of Granada  Category : Populated places in the Province of Granada

negative: Muthalnaickerpatti Muthalnaickerpatti ( or Muthal Nayakkam Patti ) is a small village in Virudhunagar district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . This village is located between Sattur ( Cucumber city ) and Sivakasi ( Kutty Japan ) .   Geography   The climate is usually hot , with rains during September - November . Temperatures during summer reach a maximum of 35 and a minimum of 25 degrees Celsius . Winter temperatures range between 25 and 19 degrees Celsius . The average annual rainfall is about 75 cm .

negative: Basal body temperature Basal body temperature ( BBT ) is the lowest body temperature attained during rest ( usually during sleep ) . It is usually estimated by a temperature measurement immediately after awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken . This will lead to a somewhat higher value than the true BBT ( see Fig. 1 ) . For more accurate results , it is determined by using internally worn temperature loggers . In women , ovulation causes an increase of one-half to one degree Fahrenheit ( one-quarter to one-half degree Celsius ) in BBT ; monitoring of BBTs is one way of estimating the day of ovulation . The tendency of a woman to have lower temperatures before ovulation , and higher temperatures afterwards , is known as a biphasic pattern . Charting of this pattern may be used as a component of fertility awareness . The BBT of men is comparable to the BBT of women in their follicular phase .

negative: Millisecond furnace A Millisecond Furnace is a device used for cracking naphtha into ethylene , by extremely short ( 50 to 100 millisecond ) exposure to temperatures of about 900 degrees Celsius , followed by a rapid quenching below 750 degrees Celsius .   It was developed by M W Kellogg and Idemitsu in the 1970s .

negative: Stratopause The stratopause ( formerly Mesopeak ) is the level of the atmosphere which is the boundary between two layers : the stratosphere and the mesosphere . In the stratosphere the temperature increases with altitude , and the stratopause is the region where a maximum in the temperature occurs .  This atmospheric feature is not only associated with Earth : it occurs on any other planet or moon that has an atmosphere as well .   On Earth , the stratopause is 50 to high above the Earth 's surface . The atmospheric pressure is around 1/1000 of the pressure at sea level . The temperature in the stratopause is -15 degrees Celsius ( 5 degrees Fahrenheit ) .

negative: Higuerote Higuerote ( -LSB- iɣeˈɾote -RSB- ) is the capital city of Brión Municipality , located in the coastal region of Barlovento , in the state of Miranda , Venezuela , approximately an hour and a half from Caracas .   Its average annual temperature is about 27 degrees Celsius .

negative: Walk-in/Truck-in ovens Walk-in/Truck-in ovens are batch ovens that can take on various industrial applications , including aging , bonding , curing , drying , finish baking , heat treating , and preheating . Walk-in/Truck-in ovens are a larger type of oven , with typical sizes from under 200 to up to 2000 cuft , and maximum temperatures that can be over 850 degrees Fahrenheit ( 450 degrees Celsius ) . Models may be configured with horizontal or vertical airflow , and gas , steam , or electric heat .

negative: Olympus Stylus Tough TG-860 The Olympus Stylus Tough TG-860 is a digital rugged compact camera announced by Olympus on February 5 , 2015 . It has built-in WiFi and GPS , and is waterproof to a depth of 15m ( 50 feet ) , freezeproof to -10 degrees Celsius ( 14 degrees Fahrenheit ) , crushproof to a force of 100kg or 220 pounds . It 's also shockproof against drops from up to 2.1 m ( 7 feet ) in height .

negative: Standard cubic foot Standard cubic foot is a unit used mostly in the natural gas industry to represent an amount of natural gas . Per the EIA glossary : Standard Cubic foot is the amount of natural gas contained at standard temperature and pressure ( 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.73 pounds standard per square inch ) in a cube whose edges are one foot long .   A standard cubic foot ( at 14.73 psi and 60 degree F ) is equivalent to 0.0283058557 standard cubic meters ( at 101.325 kPa and 15 degrees Celsius ) .

negative: Sex with a Smile Sex with a Smile is a 1976 Italian comedy film starring Marty Feldman , Barbara Bouchet , Edwige Fenech , Dayle Haddon and directed by Sergio Martino . While the cast was relatively popular internationally , advertising for the film in the U.S. concentrated almost exclusively on Marty Feldman , even though he only appeared in one segment of the film .   The original Italian title was 40 gradi all ` ombra del lenzuolo , colloquially translatable as 104 Degrees Under the Sheets ( 40 degrees Celsius equals 104 degrees Fahrenheit ) . It was followed by a sequel entitled Spogliamoci così senza pudor , colloquially translatable as Let 's Get This Naked without Modesty .

negative: ISO 1 ISO 1 is an international standard set by the International Organization for Standardization that specifies the standard reference temperature for geometrical product specification and verification . The temperature is fixed at 20 ° C , which is equal to 293.15 kelvins and 68 degrees Fahrenheit .   Due to thermal expansion , precision length measurements need to be made at ( or converted to ) a defined temperature . ISO 1 helps in comparing measurements by defining such a reference temperature . The reference temperature of 20 ° C was adopted by the CIPM on 15 April 1931 , and became ISO recommendation number 1 in 1951 . It soon replaced worldwide other reference temperatures for length measurements that manufacturers of precision equipment had used before , including 0 ° C , 62 ° F , and 25 ° C. Among the reasons for choosing 20 ° C was that this was a comfortable and practical workshop temperature and that it resulted in an integer value on both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales .

negative: Huzhong District Huzhong District is a district of Daxing ` anling Prefecture , Heilongjiang province , People 's Republic of China .   In an average year , temperatures drop to below -40 degrees Celsius on more than 30 days .

negative: Pasanauri Pasanauri ( ფასანაური , also spelled Passanauri ) is a small town ( daba ) in Georgia , situated in the Dusheti district , Mtskheta-Mtianeti region .   Pasanauri lies about 90 km north of the nation 's capital of Tbilisi , at elevation of 1,050 m. above sea level . Located on the Georgian Military Road , Pasanauri is flanked by the Aragvi River , and surrounded by the Caucasus Mountains . Average winter temperature is 0 degrees Celsius , but often falls below 10 degrees Celsius . As of the 2002 census , the townlet had a population of 1.600 .   Due to its picturesque location and the proximity to nearby historical sites as well as for its mineral water , hiking routes , handcrafted items and food , Pasanauri became a popular tourist destination in the Soviet period , but suffered decay during the years of post-Soviet crisis .

negative: 0F 0F ( zero F ) may refer to :   Zero degrees Fahrenheit  Caledonian Railway 0F Class  LMS Kitson Class 0F , a classification of LMS Kitson 0-4-0ST

negative: NGC 40 NGC 40 ( also known as the Bow-Tie Nebula and Caldwell 2 ) is a planetary nebula discovered by William Herschel on November 25 , 1788 , and is composed of hot gas around a dying star . The star has ejected its outer layer which has left behind a smaller , hot star with a temperature on the surface of about 50,000 degrees Celsius . Radiation from the star causes the shed outer layer to heat to about 10,000 degrees Celsius , and is about one light-year across . About 30,000 years from now , scientists theorize that NGC 40 will fade away , leaving only a white dwarf star approximately the size of Earth .