query: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass

positive: Retreat of glaciers since 1850 The retreat of glaciers since 1850 affects the availability of fresh water for irrigation and domestic use , mountain recreation , animals and plants that depend on glacier-melt , and , in the longer term , the level of the oceans . Studied by glaciologists , the temporal coincidence of glacier retreat with the measured increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases is often cited as an evidentiary underpinning of global warming . Mid-latitude mountain ranges such as the Himalayas , Alps , Rocky Mountains , Cascade Range , and the southern Andes , as well as isolated tropical summits such as Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa , are showing some of the largest proportionate glacial losses .   Glacier mass balance is the key determinant of the health of a glacier . If the amount of frozen precipitation in the accumulation zone exceeds the quantity of glacial ice lost due to melting or in the ablation zone a glacier will advance ; if the accumulation is less than the ablation , the glacier will retreat . Glaciers in retreat will have negative mass balances , and if they do not find an equilibrium between accumulation and ablation , will eventually disappear .   The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the present . Subsequently , until about 1940 , glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed substantially . Glacial retreat slowed and even reversed temporarily , in many cases , between 1950 and 1980 as global temperatures cooled slightly . Since 1980 , a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous , so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether , and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened . In locations such as the Andes of South America and Himalayas in Asia , the demise of glaciers in these regions has the potential to affect water supplies in those areas .   The retreat of mountain glaciers , notably in western North America , Asia , the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America , Africa and Indonesia , provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century . The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level , which would affect coastal regions .

positive: Glacier A glacier ( -LSB- pronˈɡleɪʃər -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɡlæsiə -RSB- ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight ; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation ( melting and sublimation ) over many years , often centuries . Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight , creating crevasses , seracs , and other distinguishing features . They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines . Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water .   On Earth , 99 % of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions , but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia , and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands . Between 35 ° N and 35 ° S , glaciers occur only in the Himalayas , Andes , Rocky Mountains , a few high mountains in East Africa , Mexico , New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran . Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth 's land surface . Continental glaciers cover nearly 5 e6sqmi or about 98 percent of Antarctica 's 5.1 e6sqmi , with an average thickness of 7,000 ft. Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers .   Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth . Many glaciers from temperate , alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt , creating a water source that is especially important for plants , animals and human uses when other sources may be scant . Within high altitude and Antarctic environments , the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater .   Because glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes , e.g. , precipitation , mean temperature , and cloud cover , glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level .   A large piece of compressed ice , or a glacier , appears blue as large quantities of water appear blue . This is because water molecules absorb other colors more efficiently than blue . The other reason for the blue color of glaciers is the lack of air bubbles . Air bubbles , which give a white color to ice , are squeezed out by pressure increasing the density of the created ice .

positive: Greenland Greenland ( -LSB- ˈɡriːnlənd -RSB- Kalaallit Nunaat -LSB- kaˈlaːɬit ˈnunaːt -RSB- Grønland -LSB- ˈɡ̊ʁɶnˌlanˀ -RSB- ) is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans , east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America , Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe ( specifically Norway and Denmark , the colonial powers , as well as the nearby island of Iceland ) for more than a millennium . The majority of its residents are Inuit , whose ancestors began migrating from the Canadian mainland in the 13th century , gradually settling across the island .   Greenland is the world 's largest island ( Australia , although larger , is generally considered to be a continental landmass rather than an island ) . Three-quarters of Greenland is covered by the only permanent ice sheet outside Antarctica . With a population of about 56,480 ( 2013 ) , it is the least densely populated country in the world . The Arctic Umiaq Line ferry acts as a lifeline for western Greenland , connecting the various cities and settlements .   Greenland has been inhabited off and on for at least the last 4,500 years by Arctic peoples whose forebears migrated there from what is now Canada . Norsemen settled the uninhabited southern part of Greenland beginning in the 10th century , and Inuit peoples arrived in the 13th century . The Norse colonies disappeared in the late 15th century . Soon after their demise , beginning in 1499 , the Portuguese briefly explored and claimed the island , naming it Terra do Lavrador ( later applied to Labrador in Canada ) . In the early 18th century , Scandinavian explorers reached Greenland again . To strengthen trading and power , Denmark-Norway affirmed sovereignty over the island .   Denmark -- Norway claimed Greenland for centuries . Greenland was settled by Vikings ( of Norwegian origin ) more than a thousand years ago , who had previously settled Iceland to escape persecution from the King of Norway and his central government . Vikings set sail from Greenland and Iceland , encountering North America nearly 500 years before Columbus reached the Caribbean islands . They attempted to colonize land . Though under continuous influence of Norway and Norwegians , Greenland was not formally under the Norwegian crown until 1262 . The Kingdom of Norway was extensive and a military power until the mid-14th century . Norway was dramatically hit with a larger death toll than Denmark by the Black Death , forcing Norway to accept a union in which the central government , university and other fundamental institutions were located in Copenhagen . Thus , the two kingdoms ' resources were directed at creating Copenhagen . Norway became the weaker part and lost sovereignty over Greenland in 1814 when the union was dissolved . Greenland became a Danish colony in 1814 , and was made a part of the Danish Realm in 1953 under the Constitution of Denmark .   In 1973 , Greenland joined the European Economic Community with Denmark . However , in a referendum in 1982 , a majority of the population voted for Greenland to withdraw from the EEC which was effected in 1985 . Greenland contains the world 's largest and most northernly national park , Northeast Greenland National Park ( Kalaallit Nunaanni nuna eqqissisimatitaq ) . Established in 1974 and expanded to its present size in 1988 , it protects 972001 km2 of the interior and northeastern coast of Greenland and is bigger than all but twenty-nine countries in the world . Greenland is divided into four municipalities - Sermersooq , Kujalleq , Qaasuitsup , and Qeqqata .   In 1979 , Denmark had granted home rule to Greenland , and in 2008 , Greenlanders voted in favour of the Self-Government Act , which transferred more power from the Danish royal government to the local Greenlandic government . Under the new structure , in effect since 21 June 2009 , Greenland can gradually assume responsibility for policing , judicial system , company law , accounting , and auditing ; mineral resource activities ; aviation ; law of legal capacity , family law and succession law ; aliens and border controls ; the working environment ; and financial regulation and supervision , while the Danish government retains control of foreign affairs and defence . It also retains control of monetary policy , providing an initial annual subsidy of DKK 3.4 billion , which is planned to diminish gradually over time . Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources . The capital , Nuuk , held the 2016 Arctic Winter Games . At 70 % , Greenland has one of the highest shares of renewable energy in the world , mostly coming from hydropower .

positive: Greenland ice sheet The Greenland ice sheet ( Grønlands indlandsis , Sermersuaq ) is a vast body of ice covering 1710000 km ² , roughly 80 % of the surface of Greenland .   It is the second largest ice body in the world , after the Antarctic ice sheet . The ice sheet is almost 2400 km long in a north-south direction , and its greatest width is 1100 km at a latitude of 77 ° N , near its northern margin . The mean altitude of the ice is 2135 m . The thickness is generally more than 2 km and over 3 km at its thickest point . It is not the only ice mass of Greenland -- isolated glaciers and small ice caps cover between 76000 and around the periphery . If the entire 2850000 km3 of ice were to melt , it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m . The Greenland Ice Sheet is sometimes referred to under the term inland ice , or its Danish equivalent , indlandsis . It is also sometimes referred to as an ice cap .

negative: King Oscar Glacier King Oscar Glacier ( Kong Oscar Gletscher ) is one of several glaciers that drain the north-western part of the Greenland Ice Sheet into Melville Bay . As part of a comprehensive survey of Greenland 's glaciers that was published in 2006 , scientists documented that the mass balance -- the sum of gains through snow accumulation and losses through iceberg calving and melting -- of Kong Oscar and Greenland 's other north-western glaciers was strongly negative between 1996 and 2005 : they lost more ice than they gained . The pattern was similar to the ice sheet as a whole , which has been losing ice mass at an accelerating pace in the past decade .

negative: Mittivakkat Glacier The Mittivakkat Glacier is located in southeast Greenland , and is part of the largest ice field on Ammassalik Island . This glacier has been in retreat ( negative net mass balance ) throughout most of recorded history ( 1898 -- 2008 ) .   Reindeer bones were recovered from the retreating glacier in 2005 , and dated to about 1200-1300 AD .

negative: Greenland Sea The Greenland Sea is a body of water that borders Greenland to the west , the Svalbard archipelago to the east , Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean to the north , and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland to the south . The Greenland Sea is often defined as part of the Arctic Ocean , sometimes as part of the Atlantic Ocean . However , definitions of the Arctic Ocean and its seas tend to be imprecise or arbitrary . In general usage the term `` Arctic Ocean '' would exclude the Greenland Sea . In oceanographic studies the Greenland Sea is considered part of the Nordic Seas , along with the Norwegian Sea . The Nordic Seas are the main connection between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans and , as such , could be of great significance in a possible shutdown of thermohaline circulation . In oceanography the Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas are often referred to collectively as the `` Arctic Mediterranean Sea '' , a marginal sea of the Atlantic .   The sea has Arctic climate with regular northern winds and temperatures rarely rising above 0 ° C . It previously contained the Odden ice tongue ( or Odden ) area , which extended eastward from the main East Greenland ice edge in the vicinity of 72 -- 74 ° N during the winter and acted as a key winter ice formation area in the Arctic . The West Ice forms in winter in the Greenland Sea , north of Iceland , between Greenland and Jan Mayen island . It is a major breeding ground of harp seal and hooded seal that has been used for seal hunting for more than 200 years .

negative: Dye 3 Dye 3 is an ice core site and previously part of the Distant Early Warning ( DEW ) line , located at ( , 2480 masl ) in Greenland . As a DEW line base , it was disbanded in years 1990/1991 .   An ice core is a core sample from the accumulation of snow and ice that has re-crystallized and trapped air bubbles over many years . The composition of these ice cores , especially the presence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes , provides a picture of the climate at the time . Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information .   Inclusions in the snow , such as wind-blown dust , ash , bubbles of atmospheric gas and radioactive substances , remain in the ice . The variety of climatic proxies is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate , such as tree rings or sediment layers . These include ( proxies for ) temperature , ocean volume , precipitation , chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere , volcanic eruptions , solar variability , sea-surface productivity , desert extent and forest fires .   Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet such as the ice cap internal to Greenland . Greenland is , by area , the world 's largest island . The Greenland ice sheet covers about 1.71 million km2 and contains about 2.6 million km3 of ice .

negative: Avannaa Avannaa , originally Nordgrønland ( `` North Greenland '' ) , was one of the three counties ( amt ) of Greenland , until 31 December 2008 . The county seat was at the main settlement , Qaanaaq .   It was one of the least-densely-populated administrative divisions in the world , with 843 people living in 106,700 km ² of ice-free land for a density of 0.0079 people per square kilometre . The total land area including the land covered by the ice cap is over 500,000 km ² . North Greenland has a higher portion of ice-free land than most other areas of the country because much of the extreme north , such as Peary Land , is largely ice-free due to its low precipitation .   The county was also sometimes known as Avannaarsua or Avanersuaq .

negative: Nioghalvfjerdsbrae Nioghalvfjerdsbrae , sometimes referred to as `` 79 N Glacier '' , is a large glacier located in northeast Greenland . It drains an area of 103,314 km2 of the Greenland Ice Sheet with a flux ( quantity of ice moved from the land to the sea ) of 14.3 km3 per year , as measured for 1996 .

negative: Economy of Greenland The economy of Greenland can be characterized as small , mixed and vulnerable . Greenland 's economy consists of a big public sector and comprehensive foreign trade , which has resulted in an economy with periods of strong growth , considerable inflation , unemployment problems and extreme dependence on capital inflow from Denmark and use of outside , mainly Danish , skilled labor .   GDP per capita is similar to the average European economies but the economy is critically dependent upon substantial support from the Danish government , which supplies about half the revenues of the home rule government who in turn employs 10,307 Greenlanders out 25,620 currently in employment ( 2015 ) . Unemployment nonetheless remains high , with the rest of the economy dependent upon demand for exports of shrimp and fish .

negative: Mass fraction Mass fraction may refer to :  Mass fraction ( chemistry ) , the ratio or percentage of one substance out of the total  Propellant mass fraction ( aerospace ) , the amount of mass left behind such as the stages of rockets  Payload fraction ( aerospace ) , the ratio of the mass to be transported compared to the total mass of the vehicle , including fuel   de : Massenanteil

negative: Culture of Greenland The culture of Greenland has much in common with Greenlandic Inuit tradition , as the majority of people are descended from Inuit . Many people still go ice fishing and there are annual dog-sled races in which everyone with a team participates .   However , Greenland has now become somewhat of a tourist attraction . It holds contests to attract tourists such as dog racing , ice fishing , hiking , and cross country racing .

negative: Mass fraction (chemistry) In chemistry , the mass fraction is the ratio of one substance with mass to the mass of the total mixture , defined as   The sum of all the mass fractions is equal to 1 :   Mass fraction can also be expressed , with a denominator of 100 , as percentage by mass ( in commercial contexts often called percentage by weight , abbreviated wt % ; see mass versus weight ) . It is one way of expressing the composition of a mixture in a dimensionless size ; mole fraction ( percentage by moles , mol % ) and volume fraction ( percentage by volume , vol % ) are others .   For elemental analysis , mass fraction ( or `` mass percent composition '' ) can also refer to the ratio of the mass of one element to the total mass of a compound . It can be calculated for any compound using its empirical formula or its chemical formula

negative: Greenland ice core project The Greenland Ice Core Project ( GRIP ) was a multinational European research project , organized through the European Science Foundation . Funding came from 8 nations ( Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Iceland , Italy , Switzerland , and United Kingdom ) , and from the European Union .   The project ran from 1989 to 1995 , with drilling seasons from 1990 to 1992 . GRIP successfully drilled a 3029-metre ice core to the bed of the Greenland ice sheet at Summit , Central Greenland from 1989 to 1992 at .   Studies of isotopes and various atmospheric constituents in the core have revealed a detailed record of climatic variations reaching more than 100,000 years back in time . The results indicate that Holocene climate has been remarkably stable and have confirmed the occurrence of rapid climatic variation during the last ice age ( the Wisconsin ) . Delta-O-18 variations observed in the core part believed to date from the Eemian Stage have not been confirmed by other records including the NGRIP core and are now believed not to represent climate events : the interglacial climate of Eemian Stage appears to have been as stable as the Holocene .

negative: Propellant mass fraction In aerospace engineering , the propellant mass fraction is the portion of a vehicle 's mass which does not reach the destination , usually used as a measure of the vehicle 's performance . In other words , the propellant mass fraction is the ratio between the propellant mass and the initial mass of the vehicle . In a spacecraft , the destination is usually an orbit , while for aircraft it is their landing location . A higher mass fraction represents less weight in a design . Another related measure is the payload fraction , which is the fraction of initial weight that is payload.It can applied to a vehicle , a stage of a Vehicle or to a Rocket Propulsion System

negative: Flora and fauna of Greenland Although the bulk of its area is covered by ice caps inhospitable to most forms of life , Greenland 's terrain and waters support a wide variety of plant and animal species . The northeastern part of the country is the world 's largest national park . The flora and fauna of Greenland are strongly susceptible to changes associated with climate change .   The image galleries below link to information related to the flora and fauna of Greenland , including Latin taxonomy , Danish translations , and links to articles in the Danish Wikipedia , which can be helpful when searching for more information .

negative: Bredebrae Bredebrae ( Bredebræ `` Broad Glacier '' ) , sometimes also known as `` Brede Glacier '' , is a large glacier in northeastern Greenland . It has its terminus on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet .

negative: Climate of the Arctic The climate of the Arctic is characterized by long , cold winters and short , cool summers . There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic , but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter . Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice ( sea ice , glacial ice , or snow ) year-round , and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice on the surface . Average January temperatures range from about − 34 ° C to 0 ° C ( − 40 to +32 ° F ) , and winter temperatures can drop below − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) over large parts of the Arctic . Average July temperatures range from about − 10 to +10 ° C ( 14 to 50 ° F ) , with some land areas occasionally exceeding 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in summer .   The Arctic consists of ocean that is largely surrounded by land . As such , the climate of much of the Arctic is moderated by the ocean water , which can never have a temperature below − 2 ° C ( 28 ° F ) . In winter , this relatively warm water , even though covered by the polar ice pack , keeps the North Pole from being the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere , and it is also part of the reason that Antarctica is so much colder than the Arctic . In summer , the presence of the nearby water keeps coastal areas from warming as much as they might otherwise .

negative: History of Canadian women The history of Canadian women covers half the population , but until recent years only comprised a tiny fraction of the historiography .

negative: Climate change in the Arctic The effects of global warming in the Arctic , or climate change in the Arctic include rising temperatures , loss of sea ice , and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly , observed in recent years . Potential methane release from the region , especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates , is also a concern . The Arctic warms twice as fast compared to the rest of the world . The pronounced warming signal , the amplified response of the Arctic to global warming , it is often seen as a leading indicator of global warming . The melting of Greenland 's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification . According to a study published in 2016 , about 0.5 ◦ C of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980 .

negative: Ice core An ice core is a core sample that is typically removed from an ice sheet , most commonly from the polar ice caps of Antarctica , Greenland or from high mountain glaciers elsewhere . As the ice forms from the incremental buildup of annual layers of snow , lower layers are older than upper , and an ice core contains ice formed over a range of years . The properties of the ice and the recrystallized inclusions within the ice can then be used to reconstruct a climatic record over the age range of the core , normally through isotopic analysis . This enables the reconstruction of local temperature records and the history of atmospheric composition .   Ice cores contain an abundance of information about climate . Inclusions in the snow of each year remain in the ice , such as wind-blown dust , ash , pollen , bubbles of atmospheric gas and radioactive substances . The variety of climatic proxies is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate , such as tree rings or sediment layers . These include ( proxies for ) temperature , ocean volume , precipitation , chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere , volcanic eruptions , solar variability , sea-surface productivity , desert extent and forest fires .   The length of the record depends on the depth of the ice core and varies from a few years up to 800 kyr ( 800,000 years ) for the EPICA core . The time resolution ( i.e. the shortest time period which can be accurately distinguished ) depends on the amount of annual snowfall , and reduces with depth as the ice compacts under the weight of layers accumulating on top of it . Upper layers of ice in a core correspond to a single year or sometimes a single season . Deeper into the ice the layers thin and annual layers become indistinguishable .   An ice core from the right site can be used to reconstruct an uninterrupted and detailed climate record extending over hundreds of thousands of years , providing information on a wide variety of aspects of climate at each point in time . It is the simultaneity of these properties recorded in the ice that makes ice cores such a powerful tool in paleoclimate research .

negative: Ivittuut Municipality Ivittuut , ( old spelling Ivigtût ) was a municipality ( from 1951 until 2008 ) , located on the coast of Arsuk fjord in southern Greenland . With an area of just 100 km ² ( 600 km ² according to other sources ) , it was the smallest municipality of Greenland , bordering on the former Narsaq municipality in the north , east , and south , and on the west by the Labrador Sea . It has been integrated into the new Sermersooq municipality . Due its small size , the land of the municipality is all ice free , as it does not extend inward to the ice sheet of Greenland .   The town of Ivittuut is abandoned , and the only settlement of the municipality is the naval base Kangilinnguit ( Grønnedal ) which is to stay . The municipality only existed de jure and was about to be absorbed by Narsaq when the 2009 municipal reform took place .   Kangilinnguit is the Danish naval headquarters of Greenland . The base was originally established to protect the important cryolite mine of Ivittuut .

negative: Wordie Glacier Wordie Glacier ( Wordie Gletscher ) is a glacier in northeastern Greenland . It has its terminus on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet .   This glacier was named after Scottish polar explorer James Wordie ( 1890 -- 1962 ) by the 1926 -- 27 expedition led by Lauge Koch .

negative: Mass-independent fractionation Mass-independent isotope fractionation or Non-mass-dependent fractionation ( NMD ) , refers to any chemical or physical process that acts to separate isotopes , where the amount of separation does not scale in proportion with the difference in the masses of the isotopes . Most isotopic fractionations ( including typical kinetic fractionations and equilibrium fractionations ) are caused by the effects of the mass of an isotope on atomic or molecular velocities , diffusivities or bond strengths . Mass-independent fractionation processes are less common , occurring mainly in photochemical and spin-forbidden reactions . Observation of mass-independently fractionated materials can therefore be used to trace these types of reactions in nature and in laboratory experiments .

negative: List of companies of Greenland Greenland is an autonomous constituent country within the Danish Realm between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans , east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America , Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe ( specifically Norway and Denmark , the colonial powers , as well as the nearby island of Iceland ) for more than a millennium .   In 1979 , Denmark had granted home rule to Greenland , and in 2008 , Greenlanders voted in favour of the Self-Government Act , which transferred more power from the Danish royal government to the local Greenlandic government . Under the new structure , in effect since 21 June 2009 , Greenland can gradually assume responsibility for policing , judicial system , company law , accounting , and auditing ; mineral resource activities ; aviation ; law of legal capacity , family law and succession law ; aliens and border controls ; the working environment ; and financial regulation and supervision , while the Danish government retains control of foreign affairs and defence . It also retains control of monetary policy , providing an initial annual subsidy of DKK 3.4 billion , which is planned to diminish gradually over time . Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources . The capital , Nuuk , held the 2016 Arctic Winter Games . Greenland leads the world in renewable energy . 70 % of its energy is from renewable sources , particularly hydropower .

negative: Ice shelf An ice shelf is a thick floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface . Ice shelves are only found in Antarctica , Greenland , Canada and the Russian Arctic . The boundary between the floating ice shelf and the grounded ( resting on bedrock ) ice that feeds it is called the grounding line . The thickness of ice shelves ranges from about 100 to 1000 meters .   In contrast , sea ice is formed on water , is much thinner ( typically less than 3m ) , and forms throughout the Arctic Ocean . It also is found in the Southern Ocean around the continent of Antarctica .   Ice shelves are principally driven by gravity-driven pressure from the grounded ice . That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf . The primary mechanism of mass loss from ice shelves was thought to have been iceberg calving , in which a chunk of ice breaks off from the seaward front of the shelf . A study by NASA and university researchers - published in the June 14 , 2013 issue of Science - found however that ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent 's ice shelf mass loss .   Typically , a shelf front will extend forward for years or decades between major calving events . Snow accumulation on the upper surface and melting from the lower surface are also important to the mass balance of an ice shelf . Ice may also accrete onto the underside of the shelf .   The density contrast between glacial ice , which is denser than normal ice , and liquid water means that only about 1/9 of the floating ice is above the ocean surface . The world 's largest ice shelves are the Ross Ice Shelf and the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica .   The term captured ice shelf has been used for the ice over a subglacial lake , such as Lake Vostok .

negative: Outline of Greenland The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Greenland :   Greenland -- autonomous Nordic nation that is a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark . Greenland comprises the Island of Greenland and adjacent islands located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans , east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . Though physiographically and ethnically an Arctic island nation associated with the continent of North America , politically and historically Greenland is associated with Europe , specifically Iceland , Norway , and Denmark . In 1978 , Denmark granted home rule to Greenland , making it an equal member of the Danish Realm . Greenland is , by area , the world 's largest island which is not a continent in its own right .

negative: Fuel mass fraction In combustion physics , fuel mass fraction is the ratio of fuel mass flow to the total mass flow of a fuel mixture . If an air flow is fuel free , the fuel mass fraction is zero ; in pure fuel without trapped gases , the ratio is unity . As fuel is burned in a combustion process , the fuel mass fraction is reduced . The definition reads as   where  is the mass of the fuel in the mixture  is the total mass of the mixture

negative: IC 4651 IC 4651 is an open cluster of stars located about 2,900 light years distant in the constellation Ara . It was first catalogued by John Louis Emil Dreyer in his 1895 version of the Index Catalogue . This is an intermediate age cluster that is billion years old . Compared to the Sun , the members of this cluster have a higher abundance of the chemical elements other than hydrogen and helium . The combined mass of the active stars in this cluster is about 630 times the mass of the Sun .   The currently known active stars in this cluster form only about 7 % of the cluster 's original mass . Of the remainder , about 35 % of the mass consists of stars that have evolved into white dwarfs or other stellar remnants . The remainder of lost mass consists of stars that have migrated away from the main body of the cluster or have been lost completely .

negative: North Greenland Ice Core Project The drilling site of the North Greenland Ice Core Project ( NGRIP or NorthGRIP ) is near the center of Greenland ( 75.1 N , 42.32 W , 2917 m , ice thickness 3085 ) . Drilling began in 1999 and was completed at bedrock in 2003 . The cores are cylinders of ice 11 centimeters in diameter that were brought to the surface in 3.5-meter lengths . The NGRIP site was chosen to extract a long and undisturbed record stretching into the last glacial , and it succeeded . The site was chosen for a flat basal topography to avoid the flow distortions that render the bottom of the GRIP and GISP cores unreliable . Unusually , there is melting at the bottom of the NGRIP core - believed to be due to a high geothermal heat flux locally . This has the advantage that the bottom layers are less compressed by thinning than they would otherwise be : NGRIP annual layers at 105 kyr age are 1.1 cm thick , twice the GRIP thicknesses at equal age .   The NGRIP record helps to resolve a problem with the GRIP and GISP2 records - the unreliability of the Eemian Stage portion of the record . NGRIP covers 5 kyr of the Eemian , and shows that temperatures then were roughly as stable as the pre-industrial Holocene temperatures were . This is confirmed by sediment cores , in particular MD95-2042 .   In 2003 , NGRIP recovered what seem to be plant remnants nearly two miles below the surface , and they may be several million years old .   `` Several of the pieces look very much like blades of grass or pine needles , '' said University of Colorado at Boulder geological sciences Professor James White , an NGRIP principal investigator . `` If confirmed , this will be the first organic material ever recovered from a deep ice-core drilling project , '' he said .

negative: Greenland Brewhouse Greenland Brewhouse was Greenland 's first brewery . It was located in Narsaq in Southern Greenland and was founded in December 2004 . The beer was brewed from water derived from melted icebergs . Melt water was collected from icebergs and transported to the brewery by local fishermen on their fishing boats . Greenland Brewhouse pioneered ` ice beer ' , brewed from 2000-year-old natural Arctic ice harvested from glaciers .   Prior to 1954 , alcohol sales were heavily restricted in Greenland , thus home brewing presented problems .

negative: Sea ice Sea ice arises as seawater freezes . Because ice is less dense than water , it floats on the ocean 's surface ( as does fresh water ice , which has an even lower density ) . Sea ice covers about 7 % of the Earth 's surface and about 12 % of the world 's oceans . Much of the world 's sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent , a natural process upon which depends the Arctic ecology , including the ocean 's ecosystems . Due to the action of winds , currents and temperature fluctuations , sea ice is very dynamic , leading to a wide variety of ice types and features . Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs , which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean . Depending on location , sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs .

negative: West Greenlandic Pidgin West Greenlandic Pidgin is an extinct Greenlandic-based contact language once used between the Inuit of Greenland and European traders . The vocabulary is mostly Greenlandic . Although words from Germanic languages were incorporated over the course of contact with Europeans , most of the words that are not Inuit came from other local trade languages . West Greenlandic Pidgin has a vastly simplified grammar , and sounds that were unfamiliar to Europeans , such as r and q , were lost . For example , orsoq ` blubber ' became oksok ` bacon ' . However , other sounds have since been lost from Greenlandic , such as sh ( merged into s in modern Greenlandic ) and consonant clusters : nigsik has become nieksik ` hook ' , but in modern Greenlandic is nissik .

negative: Renland Renland is a peninsula in eastern Greenland . It is a part of the Sermersooq municipality . Despite its proximity to the coast Renland has an ice cap climate with cold and bitter winters and very low high temperatures in the summer .

negative: Nunatakassak Nunatakassak ( old spelling : Nunatakavsak ) is a nunatak ( nunataq ) in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland . It is one of several nunataks in the Melville Bay region of Greenland , where the Greenland ice sheet ( Sermersuaq ) drains into the bay alongside its entire length apart from an occasional nunatak .


query: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

positive: Climate change (general concept) Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. In the time since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities that are causing global warming and climate change.The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth\'s energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth\'s energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling.\nThe energy moving through Earth\'s climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region\'s climate. Such changes can be the result of "internal variability", when natural processes inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate variability can also result from external forcing, when events outside of the climate system\'s components nonetheless produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism.\nClimate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies.

positive: Little Ice Age The Little Ice Age ( LIA ) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period . Although it was not a true ice age , the term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939 . It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries , but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850 . Climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of the period , which varied according to local conditions .   The NASA Earth Observatory notes three particularly cold intervals : one beginning about 1650 , another about 1770 , and the last in 1850 , all separated by intervals of slight warming . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report considered the timing and areas affected by the Little Ice Age suggested largely-independent regional climate changes rather than a globally-synchronous increased glaciation . At most , there was modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during the period .   Several causes have been proposed : cyclical lows in solar radiation , heightened volcanic activity , changes in the ocean circulation , variations in Earth 's orbit and axial tilt ( orbital forcing ) , inherent variability in global climate , and decreases in the human population .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

positive: Solar activity and climate Solar irradiance variation has been a main driver of climate change over geologic time , but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant .

positive: Quaternary glaciation The Quaternary glaciation , also known as the Pleistocene glaciation or the current ice age , is a series of glacial events separated by interglacial events during the Quaternary period from 2.58 Ma ( million years ago ) to present . During this period , ice sheets expanded , notably from out of Antarctica and Greenland , and fluctuating ice sheets occurred elsewhere ( for example , the Laurentide ice sheet ) . The major effects of the ice age are erosion and deposition of material over large parts of the continents , modification of river systems , creation of millions of lakes , changes in sea level , development of pluvial lakes far from the ice margins , isostatic adjustment of the crust , and abnormal winds . It affected oceans , flooding , and biological communities . The ice sheets themselves , by raising the albedo , affect a major feedback on climate cooling .

negative: Reflation Reflation is the act of stimulating the economy by increasing the money supply or by reducing taxes , seeking to bring the economy ( specifically price level ) back up to the long-term trend , following a dip in the business cycle . It is the opposite of disinflation , which seeks to return the economy back down to the long-term trend .   Reflation , which can be considered a form of inflation ( increase in the price level ) , is contrasted with inflation ( narrowly speaking ) in that `` bad '' inflation is inflation above the long-term trend line , while reflation is a recovery of the price level when it has fallen below the trend line . For example , if inflation had been running at a 3 % rate , but for one year it falls to 0 % , the following year would need 6 % inflation ( actually 6.09 % due to compounding ) to catch back up to the long-term trend . This higher than normal inflation is considered reflation , since it is a return to trend , not exceeding the long-term trend .   This distinction is predicated on a theory of economic growth where there is long-term growth in the economy and price level , which is widely accepted in economics . Just as disinflation is considered an acceptable antidote to high inflation , reflation is considered to be an antidote to deflation ( which , unlike inflation , is considered bad regardless of its magnitude ) .

negative: Koomey's law Koomey 's law describes a long-term trend in the history of computing hardware . The number of computations per joule of energy dissipated has been doubling approximately every 1.57 years . This trend has been remarkably stable since the 1950s ( R2 of over 98 % ) and has actually been somewhat faster than Moore 's law . Jonathan Koomey articulated the trend as follows : `` at a fixed computing load , the amount of battery you need will fall by a factor of two every year and a half . ''

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Welcommittee A welcommittee is usually a group of volunteers of an organization with the goal of reaching out to new members in a sort of Welcome Wagon-approach . The word `` welcommittee '' is a portmanteau combining the words , `` welcome '' and `` committee . '' Among some United Kingdom residents , the word is sometimes shortened to `` welco '' or `` WelCom . ''   The term originated in the 1950s in science fiction fandom with the National Fantasy Fan Federation which still has an active welcommittee . Other notable fandom-based welcommitees include the Star Trek Welcommittee started by Jacqueline Lichtenberg and the British Science Fiction Association . The concept also has been adopted by many host committees of various science fiction conventions as an outreach to those new to fandom .   Although the welcommittee concept has a long history in fandom , with the advent of the Internet culture , term has evolved beyond the fandom subculture . A recent trend is for the term to be adopted by various wiki communities . In fact , Wikipedia 's sister project , Wikinews has an active welcommittee .

negative: Slyne-Erris Trough The Slyne-Erris Trough is a geological basin off the west coast of Donegal , Ireland .   In recent years it has been shown to be prospective for hydrocarbons , hosting Royal Dutch Shell Corrib gas field ( discovered by Enterprise Oil , bought by Shell ) , and several other prospects being evaluated by a number of other oil companies .   Structurally , the trough is a series of NNE-SSW trending half-grabens .

negative: David Parker (climatologist) David Parker is head of climate monitoring at the Hadley Centre , Exeter , England .   He has published extensively on the land and marine temperature record and its consistency . In 2002 , he was an organiser of a `` Workshop on Advances in the Use of Historical Marine Climate Data '' .   In 2004 , he has published a paper in Nature , showing that the urban heat island effect has not affected the historical temperature record . In this article , Parker shares his observations of the minimum temperature over 24 hours worldwide since 1950 that were expressed as anomalies . Also it includes his reasoning to why urbanization has not systematically exaggerated the observed global warming trends in minimum temperature . He further goes on to mention how the criterion for `` calm '' was changed while the global trend for minimum temperature remained unchanged . From his analysis he finds that windy and calm nights warmed at the same rate . Both the windy and calm increased at a rate of ( 0.16 + 0.03 C ) . He compares his small sample of 26 stations in North America and Siberia with global trends from 1950 to 1953 , covering over 5,000 stations . Estimates of recent global warming , supported by Parker 's analysis shows that urban warming has not introduced significant biases . `` The reality and magnitude of global-scale warming is supported by the near-equality of temperature trends on windy nights with trends based on all data . '' ( Parker ) This paper has been commented on by Roger Pielke , Sr. , et al. .

negative: Trend following Trend following is an investment strategy based on the technical analysis of market prices , rather than on the fundamental strengths of the companies . In financial markets , traders and investors using a trend following strategy believe that prices tend to move upwards or downwards over time . They try to take advantage of these market trends by observing the current direction and using this to decide whether to buy or sell .   There are a number of different techniques , calculations and time-frames that may be used to determine the general direction of the market to generate a trade signal ( forex signals ) , these including the current market price calculation , moving averages and channel breakouts . Traders who employ this strategy do not aim to forecast or predict specific price levels ; they simply jump on the trend and ride it . Due to the different techniques and time frames employed by trend followers to identify trends , trend followers as a group are not always strongly correlated to one another .   Trend following is used by commodity trading advisors ( CTAs ) as the predominant strategy of technical traders . Research done by Galen Burghardt has shown that between 2000-2009 there was a very high correlation ( .97 ) between trend following CTAs and the broader CTA index .

negative: List of cities whose population has fallen under a million This is a list of cities which have experienced significant population decline , otherwise known as shrinking cities or rust belt phenomenon . There are varying reasons for this , please see shrinking cities . For the purposes of inclusion in the list , we use data since 1900 , a ( city limit ) population which has fallen under a million residents , having previously been over a million , with the trend not being attributable to a temporary event rather a long term trend ( former million people cities ) . This list does not include cities which have amalgamated and/or no longer exist . Following the city name is the year of its peak population . Included are cities worldwide . Generally wars and catastrophes are a one-time event and do not constitute long term trends as populations in large cities tends to bounce back after war has ended .

negative: Lekhu Lekhu Lekhi Deli Lekhu Lekhu Lekhi Deli is a 2014 Oriya romance comedy-drama film produced by Sitaram Agrawal ( Sarthak Film ) . Babushan and Jhilik are in the lead roles for the second time in a romantic role after Akhire Akhire . This Film has its unique story platform where the importance of family and Love has been shown with the modern trend of the use of facebook .

negative: Wakefieldia Wakefieldia is a genus of two species of fungi , generally thought to belong in the Boletaceae family , but recent molecular study has shown that Wakefieldia macrospora is in fact not related to Boletales and belongs to Hymenogastraceae family .

negative: Teen Trends Teen Trends was a line of dolls created by Mattel . They featured only four dolls and were released in 2005 . They have most likely been discontinued . Nothing new has been released since 2007 . It is unknown if they will ever release anything new again , but during the holiday shopping season of 2007 super sized Kianna dolls were being sold at Costco . That is the most recent thing to be released in Teen Trends as of 2016 .

negative: MSU temperature measurements Microwave sounding unit temperature measurements have been obtained from the troposphere since 1979 , when they were included within NOAA weather satellites . By comparison , the usable balloon ( radiosonde ) record begins in 1958 but has less geographic coverage and is less uniform .   Satellites do not measure temperature . They measure radiances in various wavelength bands , which must then be mathematically inverted to obtain indirect inferences of temperature . The resulting temperature profiles depend on details of the methods that are used to obtain temperatures from radiances . As a result , different groups that have analyzed the satellite data have obtained different temperature trends . Among these groups are Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) and the University of Alabama in Huntsville ( UAH ) . The satellite series is not fully homogeneous - the record is constructed from a series of satellites with similar but not identical instrumentation . The sensors deteriorate over time , and corrections are necessary for satellite drift in orbit . Particularly large differences between reconstructed temperature series occur at the few times when there is little temporal overlap between successive satellites , making intercalibration difficult .   To compare to the trend from the surface temperature record ( approximately +0.07 ° C/decade over the past century and +0.15 -0.16 ° C/decade since 1979 ) it is most appropriate to derive trends for the part of the atmosphere nearest the surface , i.e. , the lower troposphere . Doing this , through January 2012 :  RSS v3 .3 finds a trend of +0.137 ° C/decade .  UAH v5 .4 finds a trend of +0.136 ° C/decade .   An alternative adjustment introduced by Fu et al. ( 2004 ) finds trends ( 1979 -- 2011 ) of +0.14 ° C/decade when applied to the RSS data set and +0.11 ° C/decade when applied to the UAH data set .   Using the T2 channel ( which include significant contributions from the stratosphere , which has cooled ) , Mears et al. of Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) find ( through January 2012 ) a trend of +0.082 ° C/decade . Spencer and Christy of the University of Alabama in Huntsville ( UAH ) , find a smaller trend of +0.046 ° C/decade .  A no longer updated analysis of Vinnikov and Grody found +0.20 ° C/decade ( 1978 -- 2005 ) .  Another satellite temperature analysis is provided by NOAA/NESDIS STAR Center for Satellite Application and Research and use simultaneous nadir overpasses ( SNO ) to remove satellite intercalibration biases yielding more accurate temperature trends . The SNO analysis finds a 1979-2011 trend of +0.128 ° C/decade for T2 channel .   The satellite records have the advantage of greater spatial coverage , whereas the radiosonde record is longer . There have been complaints of data problems with both records , and difficulty reconciling climate model predictions with the observed data .

negative: Period (periodic table) A period in the periodic table is one of the horizontal rows , all of whose elements have the same number of electron shells . Going across a period , each element has one more proton and is less metallic than its predecessor . Arranged this way , groups of elements in the same column have similar chemical and physical properties , reflecting the periodic law . For example , the alkali metals lie in the first column ( group 1 ) and share similar properties , such as high reactivity and the tendency to lose one electron to arrive at a noble-gas electronic configuration . At the present time , the periodic table of elements has a total of 118 elements which have been discovered to date .   Modern quantum mechanics explains these periodic trends in properties in terms of electron shells . As atomic number increases , shells fill with electrons in approximately the order shown at right . The filling of each shell corresponds to a row in the table .   In the s-block and p-block of the periodic table , elements within the same period generally do not exhibit trends and similarities in properties ( vertical trends down groups are more significant ) . However , in the d-block , trends across periods become significant , and in the f-block elements show a high degree of similarity across periods .

negative: Trend analysis Trend analysis is the rampant practice of collecting information and attempting to spot a pattern . In some fields of study , the term `` trend analysis '' has more formally defined meanings .   Although trend analysis is often used to predict future events , it could be used to estimate uncertain events in the past , such as how many ancient kings probably ruled between two dates , based on data such as the average years which other known kings reigned .

negative: List of Australian music television shows This is a list of Australian produced music television shows .   Early days of music television pre-dated video clips , and included variety style series , miming series , and pop series , and with the advent of music videos , shows gave way to slickly prepackaged film clips with a host compère mixing live local acts ( e.g. Countdown ) . The most recent trend has been towards near and complete compère-free shows which show music videos exclusively ( e.g. Rage and AMV ) .   Talent quests and competitions are shown in the second table below .

negative: HD 205739 HD 205739 is a yellow-white dwarf ( spectral type F7 V ) . It is about 108 parsecs away from the Sun .   A Jupiter-like planet has recently been detected in a Mercury-like eccentric orbit around this star .   There is a trend in the results which may point to an additional companion further from its star .

negative: International volunteering International volunteering is when a volunteer volunteers their time to work for organisations or cause outside of their home country . In most cases , volunteers work in developing countries on international development programmes with local volunteer organisations that conduct activities such as health promotion , education and environmental conservation . Trends show that international volunteering has become increasingly popular across many countries over the past few decades . International volunteering is a broad term which is used to capture multi-year , skilled placements as well as short term roles , recently termed voluntourism , and a range of activities in between conducted by governments , charities and travel agents .

negative: Gastre Fault The Gastre Fault Zone ( GFZ ) is a NW-SE striking dextral Jurassic Gastre Fault System ( cf. Rapela & Pankhurst , 1992 ) in Central Patagonia , Argentina .   From a tentative correlation of the fault zone with the similarly NW-SE trend , it was termed ` Gastre Fault Zone ' or ` Gastre-Purén Fault Zone ' to the Lanalhue Fault Zone in Chile by early works . However , in later works it is shown that this correlation is incorrect . Since the lake ` Lago Lanalhue ' , is located on the fault trace and shows a NW-SE-elongated shape , ` Lanalhue Fault Zone ( LFZ ) ' stands as appropriate name for the here discussed fault zone .  The Mocha-Villarrica Fault Zone is the NW-SE trending fault responsible for the alignment of Villarrica , Quetrupillán and Lanín volcanoes .

negative: Liberalism in Hong Kong Liberalism has a long tradition in Hong Kong as an economic philosophy and has become a major political trend since the 1980s , often represented the pro-democracy camp , apart from Chinese nationalism and conservatism which often constitutes the pro-Beijing camp .

negative: Everything's Cool (film) Everything 's Cool is a 2007 documentary film that examines the divide between scientists and the general populace on the topic of global warming . Director Dan Gold said of the motivation for the film that `` I 'm optimistic that finally the message that this is real , that human beings are the cause of the most recent warming trend , and that it 's an important issue , that message is actually reaching America . On the other hand ... if that message was fully understood , we would be moving a lot faster to slow this down and to reverse this course . ''   The documentary was shown at the Sundance film festival in January 2007 and at the San Francisco International Film Festival in May 2007 . The directors also took Blue Vinyl , a film about plastic pollution , to Sundance in 2002 . It was shown on CBC in Canada as part of the Passionate Eye series .   The New York Times called it `` a breezy polemic about the politics of global warming ... -LSB- that -RSB- adopts a cheerful comic tone to avoid scaring audiences . '' The LA Times said that `` With wit and passion , Gold and Helfand marshal a plethora of data and developments yet never lose their narrative thread . '' . The New York Sun was less favourable , calling it `` the best movie I 've ever seen about global warming for kids in junior high school , but it 's the most annoying movie about global warming I 've ever seen for adults . ''

negative: Geologic map A geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose map made to show geological features . Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface . Bedding planes and structural features such as faults , folds , foliations , and lineations are shown with strike and dip or trend and plunge symbols which give these features ' three-dimensional orientations .   Stratigraphic contour lines may be used to illustrate the surface of a selected stratum illustrating the subsurface topographic trends of the strata . Isopach maps detail the variations in thickness of stratigraphic units . It is not always possible to properly show this when the strata are extremely fractured , mixed , in some discontinuities , or where they are otherwise disturbed .

negative: Trend line (technical analysis) In finance , a trend line is a bounding line for the price movement of a security . It is formed when a diagonal line can be drawn between a minimum of three or more price pivot points . A line can be drawn between any two points , but it does not qualify as a trend line until tested . Hence the need for the third point , the test . Trend lines are commonly used to decide entry and exit timing when trading securities . They can also be referred to as a Dutch line , as the concept was first used in Holland .   A support trend line is formed when a securities price decreases and then rebounds at a pivot point that aligns with at least two previous support pivot points . Similarly a resistance trend line is formed when a securities price increases and then rebounds at a pivot point that aligns with at least two previous resistance pivot points . Stock often begin or end trending because of a stock catalyst such as a product launch or change in management .   Trend lines are a simple and widely used technical analysis approach to judging entry and exit investment timing . To establish a trend line historical data , typically presented in the format of a chart such as the above price chart , is required . Historically , trend lines have been drawn by hand on paper charts , but it is now more common to use charting software that enables trend lines to be drawn on computer based charts . There are some charting software that will automatically generate trend lines , however most traders prefer to draw their own trend lines .   When establishing trend lines it is important to choose a chart based on a price interval period that aligns with your trading strategy . Short term traders tend to use charts based on interval periods , such as 1 minute ( i.e. the price of the security is plotted on the chart every 1 minute ) , with longer term traders using price charts based on hourly , daily , weekly and monthly interval periods .   However , time periods can also be viewed in terms of years . For example , below is a chart of the S&P 500 since the earliest data point until April 2008 . While the Oracle example above uses a linear scale of price changes , long term data is more often viewed as logarithmic : e.g. the changes are really an attempt to approximate percentage changes than pure numerical value .   Trend lines are typically used with price charts , however they can also be used with a range of technical analysis charts such as MACD and RSI . Trend lines can be used to identify positive and negative trending charts , whereby a positive trending chart forms an upsloping line when the support and the resistance pivots points are aligned , and a negative trending chart forms a downsloping line when the support and resistance pivot points are aligned .   Trend lines are used in many ways by traders . If a stock price is moving between support and resistance trend lines , then a basic investment strategy commonly used by traders , is to buy a stock at support and sell at resistance , then short at resistance and cover the short at support . The logic behind this , is that when the price returns to an existing principal trend line it may be an opportunity to open new positions in the direction of the trend , in the belief that the trend line will hold and the trend will continue further . A second way is that when price action breaks through the principal trend line of an existing trend , it is evidence that the trend may be going to fail , and a trader may consider trading in the opposite direction to the existing trend , or exiting positions in the direction of the trend .

negative: Dog's fashion Dog 's fashion is a popular style or practice , especially in canine clothing and accessories . Dog fashion is a distinctive trend of the style in which people dress their canine companions . This trend dates back to the Egyptian pre-dynastic period and in recent times it has expanded due to increased consumer capitalism .

negative: Dealignment Dealignment , in political science , is a trend or process whereby a large portion of the electorate abandons its previous partisan affiliation , without developing a new one to replace it . It is contrasted with realignment .   Many scholars argue that the trends in elections in the United States over the last several decades are best characterized as dealignment . It is also believed the United Kingdom has become dealigned from social class over the past three decades .

negative: Market trend A market trend is a perceived tendency of financial markets to move in a particular direction over time . These trends are classified as secular for long time frames , primary for medium time frames , and secondary for short time frames . Traders attempt to identify market trends using technical analysis , a framework which characterizes market trends as predictable price tendencies within the market when price reaches support and resistance levels , varying over time .   A trend can only be determined in hindsight , since at any time prices in the future are not known .

negative: Larga Valley Larga Valley is a valley 2 nmi long , trending northeast -- southwest in the western part of Seymour Island , Antarctica .   The feature was descriptively named `` Quebrada Larga '' ( long valley ) in Argentine geological reports and maps of 1978 ; the term valley has been substituted in place of `` quebrada '' in the approved name .

negative: Windburn Windburn is a condition whereby a sunburn obtained in cool or cloudy conditions is incorrectly attributed to the effects of the wind rather than the sun . The main reason for this is that in cool or cloudy conditions many people are unaware that they are still vulnerable to the burning effects of the sun 's UV radiation , so fail to take precautionary sun protection measures . This increases their risk of sustaining a sunburn , which they may then falsely attribute to the wind .   The fact that windburn was really misattributed sunburn , rather than an actual condition in its own right , was shown as early as 1936 by English skin specialist Charles Howard White of Cambridge and American physicist William Henry Crew of New York University . Nonetheless , the accepted existence of windburn remains a popular and widely held misconception .

negative: Transport energy futures: long-term oil supply trends and projections Transport Energy Futures : Long-Term Oil Supply Trends and Projections is a report published by the Department of Infrastructure , Transport , Regional Development and Local Government , and prepared by the Bureau of Infrastructure , Transport and Regional Economics ( BITRE ) of Australia in 2009 , which calculate peak oil to occur in 2017 , after which oil supply is projected to decline rapidly . It is report number 117 .

negative: Cooling down Cooling down ( the prescribed event of which is called a cool down , cooldown , or cool-down ; or warm down , in allusion to use in combination with warm up ) is an easy exercise , done after a more intense activity , to allow the body to gradually transition to a resting or near-resting state . Depending on the intensity of the exercise , cooling down can involve a slow jog or walk . With lower intensities stretching can be used . Cooling down allows the heart rate to return to its resting rate . Anecdotally cooling down may reduce dizziness for professional or serious athletes and vocal performers after strenuous workouts . Studies are currently inconclusive as to whether the process actually reduces delayed-onset muscle soreness and muscle soreness not caused by lactate production during intense exercise . Some have shown a weak correlation : however , the majority of recent studies discount the relationship . One study has shown that athletes who perform an appropriate cool-down are less likely to become injured .

negative: Largest-scale trends in evolution The history of life on Earth seems to show a clear trend ; for example , it seems intuitive that there is a trend towards increasing complexity in living organisms . More recently evolved organisms , such as mammals , appear to be much more complex than organisms , such as bacteria , which have existed for a much longer period of time . However , there are theoretical and empirical problems with this claim . From a theoretical perspective , it appears that there is no reason to expect evolution to result in any largest-scale trends , although small-scale trends , limited in time and space , are expected ( Gould , 1997 ) . From an empirical perspective , it is difficult to measure complexity and , when it has been measured , the evidence does not support a largest-scale trend ( McShea , 1996 ) .

negative: Grey divorce Grey divorce is a term referring to the demographic trend of an increasing divorce rate for older ( `` grey-haired '' ) couples in long-lasting marriages . Former American vice-presidential couple Tipper and Al Gore 's decision to separate after over 40 years of marriage is an example of this trend .

negative: Trends in Amplification Trends in Amplification is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers four times a year in the field of Otorhinolaryngology . The journal 's editor is Charles J Limb . It has been in publication since 1996 and is currently published by SAGE Publications .