query: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.

positive: Climate Climate is the statistics of weather , usually over a 30-year interval . It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature , humidity , atmospheric pressure , wind , precipitation , atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time . Climate differs from weather , in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region .   A region 's climate is generated by the climate system , which has five components : atmosphere , hydrosphere , cryosphere , lithosphere , and biosphere .   The climate of a location is affected by its latitude , terrain , and altitude , as well as nearby water bodies and their currents . Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables , most commonly temperature and precipitation . The most commonly used classification scheme was the Köppen climate classification . The Thornthwaite system , in use since 1948 , incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying biological diversity and how climate change affects it . The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region .   Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates . Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century , paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores , and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral . Climate models are mathematical models of past , present and future climates . Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors ; recent warming is discussed in global warming . Global warming results in redistributions . For example , `` a 3 ° C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300 -- 400 km in latitude ( in the temperate zone ) or 500 m in elevation . Therefore , species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in latitude in response to shifting climate zones '' .

positive: General circulation model A general circulation model ( GCM ) is a type of climate model . It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean . It uses the Navier -- Stokes equations on a rotating sphere with thermodynamic terms for various energy sources ( radiation , latent heat ) . These equations are the basis for computer programs used to simulate the Earth 's atmosphere or oceans . Atmospheric and oceanic GCMs ( AGCM and OGCM ) are key components along with sea ice and land-surface components .   GCMs and global climate models are used for weather forecasting , understanding the climate and forecasting climate change .   Versions designed for decade to century time scale climate applications were originally created by Syukuro Manabe and Kirk Bryan at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton , New Jersey . These models are based on the integration of a variety of fluid dynamical , chemical and sometimes biological equations .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Climate change in Argentina According to scientists , global warming is predicted to have significant effects on the climate of Argentina . Though temperatures have increased at a slower rate than the global average , nonetheless these impacts have occurred in many areas . If these trends continue , it is predicted that climate change will exacerbate existing natural disasters such as increasing the intensity and frequency of floods or create new ones .

negative: Frank Wentz Frank Wentz is the CEO and director of Remote Sensing Systems , a company he founded in 1974 . Remote Sensing Systems specializes in satellite microwave remote sensing research . Together with Carl Mears , he is best known for developing a satellite temperature record from MSU and AMSU . Intercomparison of this record with the earlier UAH satellite temperature record , developed by John Christy and Roy Spencer , revealed deficiencies in the earlier work ; specifically , the warming trend in the RSS version is larger than the University of Alabama in Huntsville ( UAH ) one . From 1978 to 1982 Frank was a member of NASA 's SeaSat Experiment Team involved in the development of physically based retrieval methods for microwave scatterometers and radiometers . He has also investigated the effect of climate change on satellite-derived evaporation , precipitation and surface wind values . His findings are different from most climate change model predictions .

negative: Remote Sensing Systems Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) is a private research company founded in 1974 by Frank Wentz . It processes microwave data from a variety of NASA satellites . Most of their research is supported by the Earth Science Enterprise program . The company is based in Santa Rosa , California .   They are a widely cited source of data , on the satellite temperature record . Their data is one source of evidence for global warming . Research by Carl Mears , Matthias Schabel , and Wentz , all of RSS , highlighted errors in the early satellite temperature records compiled by John Christy and Roy Spencer at UAH . The UAH data had previously showed no significant temperature trend , bringing the derived satellite data into closer agreement with surface temperature trends , radiosonde data and computer models . The UAH data is now closer to the RSS data but differences remain , for example the Lower Troposphere global average trend since 1979 , RSS currently have +0.133 K/decade while UAH have 0.140 K/decade , while the mid troposphere difference is even more marked at 0.079 K/decade and 0.052 K/decade respectively . However , in a recent online YouTube video , Dr. Carl Mears , a senior scientist with the team behind the satellite data , explained how he believes his data set needed correction .  I would have to say that the surface data seems that it 's more accurate , because a number of groups analyze the surface data , including some who set out to prove the other ones wrong , and they all get more or less the same answer .

negative: Norwegian cyclone model The older of the models of extratropical cyclone development is known as the Norwegian Cyclone Model , developed during and shortly after World War I within the Bergen School of Meteorology . In this theory , cyclones develop as they move up and along a frontal boundary , eventually occluding and reaching a barotropically cold environment . It was developed completely from surface-based weather observations , including descriptions of clouds found near frontal boundaries . Developed from this model was the concept of the warm conveyor belt , which transports warm and moist air just ahead of the cold front above the surface warm front .

negative: Gliese 1214 Gliese 1214 is a dim M4 .5 red dwarf in the constellation Ophiuchus with an apparent magnitude of 14.7 . It is located at a distance of approximately 47 light years from Earth . It is about one-fifth as large as the Sun with a surface temperature estimated to be 3000 K. Its luminosity is only 0.003 % that of the Sun .   The estimate for the stellar radius is 15 % larger than predicted by theoretical models . It also shows a 1 % intrinsic variability in the near-infrared probably caused by stellar spots .

negative: Tropical Warm Pool The Tropical Warm Pool ( TPW ) is a mass of ocean water located in the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean which exhibits the highest water temperatures over the largest expanse of the Earth 's surface .

negative: Geochemical modeling Geochemical modeling is the practice of using chemical thermodynamics , chemical kinetics , or both , to analyze the chemical reactions that affect geologic systems , commonly with the aid of a computer . It is used in high-temperature geochemistry to simulate reactions occurring deep in the Earth 's interior , in magma , for instance , or to model low-temperature reactions in aqueous solutions near the Earth 's surface , the subject of this article .

negative: Selective inverted sink The selective inverted sink or SIS is a device used by farmers to protect plants from frost , developed by Uruguayan Rafael Guarga in the late 1990s .   The sink is actually a large fan housed in a chimney-like structure , and works by defeating surface temperature inversion . Cold air is denser than warm air , and will pool at ground level during calm weather . This lowers the surface temperature , even if the ambient temperature is higher . Vents near the base of the chimney allow cold surface air to be pulled up through the chimney , creating a suction effect that draws warmer air down to surface level .   The SIS is more efficient than typical ground-heaters , and is widely used to combat frost .

negative: Princeton Ocean Model The Princeton Ocean Model ( POM ) is a community general numerical model for ocean circulation that can be used to simulate and predict oceanic currents , temperatures , salinities and other water properties .

negative: MSU temperature measurements Microwave sounding unit temperature measurements have been obtained from the troposphere since 1979 , when they were included within NOAA weather satellites . By comparison , the usable balloon ( radiosonde ) record begins in 1958 but has less geographic coverage and is less uniform .   Satellites do not measure temperature . They measure radiances in various wavelength bands , which must then be mathematically inverted to obtain indirect inferences of temperature . The resulting temperature profiles depend on details of the methods that are used to obtain temperatures from radiances . As a result , different groups that have analyzed the satellite data have obtained different temperature trends . Among these groups are Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) and the University of Alabama in Huntsville ( UAH ) . The satellite series is not fully homogeneous - the record is constructed from a series of satellites with similar but not identical instrumentation . The sensors deteriorate over time , and corrections are necessary for satellite drift in orbit . Particularly large differences between reconstructed temperature series occur at the few times when there is little temporal overlap between successive satellites , making intercalibration difficult .   To compare to the trend from the surface temperature record ( approximately +0.07 ° C/decade over the past century and +0.15 -0.16 ° C/decade since 1979 ) it is most appropriate to derive trends for the part of the atmosphere nearest the surface , i.e. , the lower troposphere . Doing this , through January 2012 :  RSS v3 .3 finds a trend of +0.137 ° C/decade .  UAH v5 .4 finds a trend of +0.136 ° C/decade .   An alternative adjustment introduced by Fu et al. ( 2004 ) finds trends ( 1979 -- 2011 ) of +0.14 ° C/decade when applied to the RSS data set and +0.11 ° C/decade when applied to the UAH data set .   Using the T2 channel ( which include significant contributions from the stratosphere , which has cooled ) , Mears et al. of Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) find ( through January 2012 ) a trend of +0.082 ° C/decade . Spencer and Christy of the University of Alabama in Huntsville ( UAH ) , find a smaller trend of +0.046 ° C/decade .  A no longer updated analysis of Vinnikov and Grody found +0.20 ° C/decade ( 1978 -- 2005 ) .  Another satellite temperature analysis is provided by NOAA/NESDIS STAR Center for Satellite Application and Research and use simultaneous nadir overpasses ( SNO ) to remove satellite intercalibration biases yielding more accurate temperature trends . The SNO analysis finds a 1979-2011 trend of +0.128 ° C/decade for T2 channel .   The satellite records have the advantage of greater spatial coverage , whereas the radiosonde record is longer . There have been complaints of data problems with both records , and difficulty reconciling climate model predictions with the observed data .

negative: Polar vortex A polar vortex is an upper level low-pressure area lying near the Earth 's pole . There are two polar vortices in the Earth 's atmosphere , which overlie the North , and South Poles . Each polar vortex is a persistent , large-scale , low pressure zone that rotates counter-clockwise at the North Pole ( called a cyclone ) , and clockwise at the South Pole . The bases of the two polar vortices are located in the middle and upper troposphere and extend into the stratosphere . Beneath that lies a large mass of cold , dense arctic air . The vortices weaken and strengthen from year to year . When the vortex of the arctic is strong it is well defined , there is a single vortex and the arctic air is well contained ; when weaker , which it generally is , it will break into two or more vortices ; when very weak , the flow of arctic air becomes more disorganized and masses of cold arctic air can push equatorward , bringing with it a rapid and sharp temperature drop . The interface between the cold dry air mass of the pole and the warm moist air mass further south defines the location of the polar front . The polar front is centered , roughly at 60 ° latitude . A polar vortex strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer due to its dependence on the temperature difference between the equator and the poles . The vortices span less than 1,000 kilometers ( 620 miles ) in diameter within which they rotate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere , and in a clockwise fashion in the Southern Hemisphere . As with other cyclones , their rotation is driven by the Coriolis effect .   When the polar vortex is strong , there is a single vortex with a jet stream that is `` well constrained '' near the polar front . When the northern vortex weakens , it separates into two or more vortices , the strongest of which are near Baffin Island , Canada and the other over northeast Siberia . The Antarctic vortex of the Southern Hemisphere is a single low pressure zone that is found near the edge of the Ross ice shelf near 160 west longitude . When the polar vortex is strong , the mid-latitude Westerlies ( winds at the surface level between 30 ° and 60 ° latitude from the west ) increase in strength and are persistent . When the polar vortex is weak , high pressure zones of the mid latitudes may push poleward , moving the polar vortex , jet stream , and polar front equatorward . The jet stream is seen to `` buckle '' and deviate south . This rapidly brings cold dry air into contact with the warm , moist air of the mid latitudes , resulting in a rapid and dramatic change of weather known as a `` cold snap '' .   Ozone depletion occurs within the polar vortices -- particularly over the Southern Hemisphere -- reaching a maximum depletion in the spring .

negative: Eötvös rule The Eötvös rule , named after the Hungarian physicist Loránd ( Roland ) Eötvös ( 1848 -- 1919 ) enables the prediction of the surface tension of an arbitrary liquid pure substance at all temperatures . The density , molar mass and the critical temperature of the liquid have to be known . At the critical point the surface tension is zero .   The first assumption of the Eötvös rule is :   1 . The surface tension is a linear function of the temperature .  This assumption is approximately fulfilled for most known liquids . When plotting the surface tension versus the temperature a fairly straight line can be seen which has a surface tension of zero at the critical temperature .   The Eötvös rule also gives a relation of the surface tension behaviour of different liquids in respect to each other :   2 . The temperature dependence of the surface tension can be plotted for all liquids in a way that the data collapses to a single master curve . To do so either the molar mass , the density , or the molar volume of the corresponding liquid has to be known .

negative: The Great Bust Ahead The Great Bust Ahead is a somewhat controversial book by Dan Arnold predicting an inevitable , massive economic depression in the United States and United Kingdom beginning in the years 2011-2012 . It is available only on Amazon.com , where it remains a best-seller . Unlike most books of the `` Gloom and Doom '' genre , this one 's prediction is solely based on demographics ( similar to Harry Dent 's work ) , and the author is not an economist . Written in 2002 , it notes a strong correlation ( with a few exceptions ) since 1920 between the inflation-adjusted Dow Jones Industrial Average and the number of 45 - to 54-year-olds in the country . Both trends are predicted to increase until 2011-2012 and subsequently crash hard , leading to a depression that is seven times worse than the Great Depression in the 1930s that lasts for roughly 13 years . It may even begin earlier as well according to Arnold . The latest prediction as of January 2009 is that the current recession/financial crisis has nothing to do with the demographically induced depression to come but is merely a warm-up to what is to come .

negative: Wibjörn Karlén Wibjörn Karlén ( born 26 August 1937 in Kristine , Kopparberg County , Sweden ) , Ph.D. , is a professor emeritus of physical geography and quaternary geology at Stockholm University , Sweden .   In an article which describes Karlén as a paleoclimatologist , he is quoted as saying : `` One of the big problems with trying to determine long-term temperature changes , is that weather records only go back to about 1860 . By relying on statistical reconstruction of the last 1000 years , using only the temperature patterns of the last 140 years instead of actual temperature readings , the IPCC report and Summary missed both a major cooling period as well as a significant warming trend during that millennium . '' Karlén has also criticized the mainstream media for `` spreading the exaggerated views of a human impact on climate . '' He was also named in a 2007 minority report of the U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Committee as one of 400 `` prominent scientists '' who were said to dispute global warming . In 2010 , he predicted that natural climate changes , caused to a large degree by the sun 's activity , would more likely make the climate colder than warmer in the next decades .   He is a contributing author to the Fraser Institute 2007 Independent Summary for Policymakers .   Karlén is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences .

negative: Thermal oxidation In microfabrication , thermal oxidation is a way to produce a thin layer of oxide ( usually silicon dioxide ) on the surface of a wafer . The technique forces an oxidizing agent to diffuse into the wafer at high temperature and react with it . The rate of oxide growth is often predicted by the Deal-Grove model . Thermal oxidation may be applied to different materials , but this article will only consider oxidation of silicon substrates to produce silicon dioxide .

negative: Effects of global warming on oceans Global warming can affect sea levels , coastlines , ocean acidification , ocean currents , seawater , sea surface temperatures , tides , the sea floor , weather , and trigger several changes in ocean bio-geochemistry ; all of these affect the functioning of a society .

negative: Simon Tett Simon Tett is a climatologist working at the University of Edinburgh . He used to work at the Hadley Centre .   His most-cited paper , is , and of it he says :   All attempts at detecting and attributing climate change signals need a reliable observed data set and simulations with mechanisms that drive climate change included . In a nutshell , this paper is important because it was the first study to investigate the effect of sulphate aerosols in a general circulation model of the climate system . The experiments simulate the climate back to 1860 ( which is when the global records of surface temperature became reliable ) ... After 1970 our model with greenhouse gases alone begins to depart significantly from the observations . However , when we included sulphate aerosols , which have a cooling effect , the model agreed with the data from the 1930s and onwards . The rapid warming that has taken place since 1970 is , according to the model , attributable to a heating effect from greenhouse gases and a cooling effect from sulphate aerosols .

negative: GME of Deutscher Wetterdienst GME - operational global numerical weather prediction model of the German Weather Service . The model is on almost uniform icosahedral-hexagonal grid . The GME gridpoint approach avoids the disadvantages of spectral techniques as well as the pole problem in latitude -- longitude grids and provides a data structure well suited to high efficiency on distributed memory parallel computers .   The GME 's approach to a global grid would later be utilized by the Flow-following , finite-volume Icosahedral Model ( FIM ) , an experimental model currently in development in the United States .

negative: Climate change and potatoes Global warming is predicted to have significant effects on global potato production . Like many crops , potatoes are likely to be affected by changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide , temperature and precipitation , as well as interactions between these factors . As well as affecting potatoes directly , climate change will also affect the distributions and populations of many potato diseases and pests .  Potato is one of the world 's most important food crops . Potato production must be adapted to climate change to avoid reductions in crop yields .

negative: Predictive informatics Predictive informatics ( PI ) is the combination of predictive modeling and informatics applied to healthcare , pharmaceutical , life sciences and business industries .   Predictive informatics enables researchers , analysts , physicians and decision-makers to aggregate and analyze disparate types of data , recognize patterns and trends within that data , and make more informed decisions in an effort to preemptively alter future outcomes .

negative: Corona poling Corona poling is a technique in optoelectronics .   Corona discharge is a partial breakdown of air , usually at atmospheric pressure , and is initiated by a discharge in an inhomogeneous electric field ( see Figure 1 ) . Corona discharge has been used to pole films of electro-optic materials to enhance their electro-optic properties .   Although corona poling can be performed at room temperature , poling at elevated temperature has several advantages . For example , raising the temperature in a polymer guest-host system close to its glass-rubber transition temperature before poling increases the mobility of the guest molecules and allows rotation to occur during poling . If during poling the temperature is lowered well below the transition temperature , the guest molecules are fixed in their new orientation .   Category : Optoelectronics

negative: Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project ( AMIP ) is a standard experimental protocol for global atmospheric general circulation models ( AGCMs ) . It provides a community-based infrastructure in support of climate model diagnosis , validation , intercomparison , documentation and data access . Virtually the entire international climate modeling community has participated in this project since its inception in 1990 .   AMIP is endorsed by the Working Group on Numerical Experimentation ( WGNE ) of the World Climate Research Programme , and is managed by the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison with the guidance of the WGNE AMIP Panel .   The AMIP experiment itself is simple by design ; an AGCM is constrained by realistic sea surface temperature and sea ice from 1979 to near present , with a comprehensive set of fields saved for diagnostic research .   This model configuration removes the added complexity of ocean-atmosphere feedbacks in the climate system . It is not meant to be used for climate change prediction , an endeavor that requires a coupled atmosphere-ocean model ( e.g. , see AMIP 's sister project CMIP ) .

negative: Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage) A blue dwarf is a predicted class of star that develops from a red dwarf after it has exhausted much of its hydrogen fuel supply . Because red dwarfs fuse their hydrogen slowly and are fully convective ( allowing their entire hydrogen supply to be fused , instead of merely that in the core ) , the Universe is currently not old enough for any blue dwarfs to have formed yet , but their future existence is predicted based on theoretical models .   Stars increase in luminosity as they age , and a more luminous star needs to radiate energy more quickly to maintain equilibrium . Stars larger than red dwarfs do this by increasing their size and becoming red giants with larger surface areas . Rather than expanding , however , red dwarfs with less than 0.25 solar masses are predicted to increase their radiative rate by increasing their surface temperatures and becoming `` bluer '' . This is because the surface layers of red dwarfs do not become significantly more opaque with increasing temperature .   Blue dwarfs eventually evolve into white dwarfs once their hydrogen fuel is completely exhausted , which in turn will eventually cool to become a black dwarf .

negative: Waalian interglacial The Waalian interglacial ( Waal-Warmzeit or Waal-Interglazial ) ( Zagwijn , 1960 ) was an interglacial in northern Europe that lasted from about 1.45 million to 1.20 million years ago . It thus lies entirely within the Old Pleistocene and is thus part of the Cenozoic . Its name is derived from a major branch of the Rhine delta , the Waal . The Waal warm period could correspond temporally to the Danube-Gunz interglacial of the northern Alpine Foreland .   The warm period lies wholly within the Matuyama epoch , in which the earth 's magnetic field , with a few exceptions , had a different polarity from that today : the magnetic north pole ( actually corresponding to the magnetic south ) lay near the geographic south pole .

negative: White marlin White marlin ( Kajikia albida ) , also known as Atlantic white marlin , marlin , skilligalee , is a species of billfish that lives in the epipelagic zone of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean . They are found between the latitudes of 45 ° N and 45 ° S in waters deeper than 100 m. Even though white marlin are found in bodies of water that are deeper than 100 m they tend to stay near the surface . White marlin have been found near banks , shoals , and canyons , but they are not limited to those locations . They prefer warm surface temperatures greater than 22 ° C.

negative: Oren–Nayar reflectance model The Oren -- Nayar reflectance model , developed by Michael Oren and Shree K. Nayar , is a reflectivity model for diffuse reflection from rough surfaces . It has been shown to accurately predict the appearance of a wide range of natural surfaces , such as concrete , plaster , sand , etc. .

negative: Color superconductivity Color superconductivity is a phenomenon predicted to occur in quark matter if the baryon density is sufficiently high ( well above nuclear density ) and the temperature is not too high ( well below 1012 kelvin ) . Color superconducting phases are to be contrasted with the normal phase of quark matter , which is just a weakly interacting Fermi liquid of quarks .   In theoretical terms , a color superconducting phase is a state in which the quarks near the Fermi surface become correlated in Cooper pairs , which condense . In phenomenological terms , a color superconducting phase breaks some of the symmetries of the underlying theory , and has a very different spectrum of excitations and very different transport properties from the normal phase .

negative: TerrSet TerrSet ( formerly IDRISI ) is an integrated geographic information system ( GIS ) and remote sensing software developed by Clark Labs at Clark University for the analysis and display of digital geospatial information . TerrSet is a PC grid-based system that offers tools for researchers and scientists engaged in analyzing earth system dynamics for effective and responsible decision making for environmental management , sustainable resource development and equitable resource allocation .   Key features of TerrSet include :   GIS analytical tools for basic and advanced spatial analysis , including tools for surface and statistical analysis , decision support , land change and prediction , and image time series analysis ;  an image processing system with multiple hard and soft classifers , including machine learning classifiers such as neural networks and classification tree analysis , as well as image segmentation for classification ;  Land Change Modeler , a land planning and decision support toolset that addresses the complexities of land change analysis and land change prediction .  Habitat and Biodiversity Modeler , a modeling environment for habitat assessment and biodiversity modeling .  Ecosystem Services Modeler , a spatial decision support system for assessing the value of natural capital .  Earth Trends Modeler , an integrated suite of tools for the analysis of image time series ( time series ) to assess climate trends and impacts .  Climate Change Adaptation Modeler , a facility for modeling future climate and its impacts .  GeOSIRIS-REDD , a national-level REDD planning tool to assess deforestation , carbon emissions , agricultural revenue and carbon payments .  GeoMod , a land change modeling tool based around modeling unidirectional transitions between two land cover categories

negative: History of numerical weather prediction The history of numerical weather prediction considers how current weather conditions as input into mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather and future sea state ( the process of numerical weather prediction ) has changed over the years . Though first attempted manually in the 1920s , it was not until the advent of the computer and computer simulation that computation time was reduced to less than the forecast period itself . ENIAC was used to create the first forecasts via computer in 1950 , and over the years more powerful computers have been used to increase the size of initial datasets as well as include more complicated versions of the equations of motion . The development of global forecasting models led to the first climate models . The development of limited area ( regional ) models facilitated advances in forecasting the tracks of tropical cyclone as well as air quality in the 1970s and 1980s .   Because the output of forecast models based on atmospheric dynamics requires corrections near ground level , model output statistics ( MOS ) were developed in the 1970s and 1980s for individual forecast points ( locations ) . The MOS apply statistical techniques to post-process the output of dynamical models with the most recent surface observations and the forecast point 's climatology . This technique can correct for model resolution as well as model biases . Even with the increasing power of supercomputers , the forecast skill of numerical weather models only extends to about two weeks into the future , since the density and quality of observations -- together with the chaotic nature of the partial differential equations used to calculate the forecast -- introduce errors which double every five days . The use of model ensemble forecasts since the 1990s helps to define the forecast uncertainty and extend weather forecasting farther into the future than otherwise possible .

negative: Gradient-Enhanced Kriging (GEK) Gradient-Enhanced Kriging ( GEK ) is a surrogate modeling technique used in engineering . A surrogate model ( alternatively known as a metamodel , response surface or emulator ) is a prediction of the output of an expensive computer code .   This prediction is based on a small number of evaluations of the expensive computer code .

negative: IPCC First Assessment Report The First Assessment Report ( FAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) was completed in 1990 . It served as the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) .   The report was issued in three main sections , corresponding to the three Working Groups of scientists that the IPCC had established .   Working Group I : Scientific Assessment of Climate Change , edited by J.T. Houghton , G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums  Working Group II : Impacts Assessment of Climate Change , edited by W.J. McG . Tegart , G.W. Sheldon and D.C. Griffiths  Working Group III : The IPCC Response Strategies   Each section included a summary for policymakers . This format was followed in subsequent Assessment Reports .   The executive summary of the policymakers ' summary of the WG I report includes :   We are certain of the following : there is a natural greenhouse effect ... ; emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases : CO2 , methane , CFCs and nitrous oxide . These increases will enhance the greenhouse effect , resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth 's surface . The main greenhouse gas , water vapour , will increase in response to global warming and further enhance it .  We calculate with confidence that : ... CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect ; long-lived gases would require immediate reductions in emissions from human activities of over 60 % to stabilise their concentrations at today 's levels ...  Based on current models , we predict : under -LSB- BAU -RSB- increase of global mean temperature during the -LSB- 21st -RSB- century of about 0.3 oC per decade ( with an uncertainty range of 0.2 to 0.5 oC per decade ) ; this is greater than that seen over the past 10,000 years ; under other ... scenarios which assume progressively increasing levels of controls , rates of increase in global mean temperature of about 0.2 oC -LSB- to -RSB- about 0.1 oC per decade .  There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing , magnitude and regional patterns of climate change , due to our incomplete understanding of : sources and sinks of GHGs ; clouds ; oceans ; polar ice sheets .  Our judgement is that : global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 oC over the last 100 years ... ; The size of this warming is broadly consistent with predictions of climate models , but it is also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability . Thus the observed increase could be largely due to this natural variability ; alternatively this variability and other human factors could have offset a still larger human-induced greenhouse warming . The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more .  under the IPCC business as usual emissions scenario , an average rate of global mean sea level rise of about 6 cm per decade over the next century ( with an uncertainty range of 3 -- 10 cm per decade ) , mainly due to thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of some land ice . The predicted rise is about 20 cm ... by 2030 , and 65 cm by the end of the next century .


query: The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.

positive: Minimum wage A minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers must legally pay their workers . Equivalently , it is the price floor below which workers may not sell their labor . Although minimum wage laws are in effect in many jurisdictions , differences of opinion exist about the benefits and drawbacks of a minimum wage . Supporters of the minimum wage say it increases the standard of living of workers , reduces poverty , reduces inequality , and boosts morale . In contrast , opponents of the minimum wage say it increases poverty , increases unemployment ( particularly among unskilled or inexperienced workers ) and is damaging to businesses , because excessively high minimum wages require businesses to raise the prices of their product or service to accommodate the extra expense of paying a higher wage .

positive: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience This is a list of topics that have , at one point or another in their history , been characterized as pseudoscience by academics or researchers . Discussion about these topics is done on their main pages . These characterizations were made in the context of educating the public about questionable or potentially fraudulent or dangerous claims and practices -- efforts to define the nature of science , or humorous parodies of poor scientific reasoning .   Criticism of pseudoscience , generally by the scientific community or skeptical organizations , involves critiques of the logical , methodological , or rhetorical bases of the topic in question . Though some of the listed topics continue to be investigated scientifically , others were only subject to scientific research in the past , and today are considered refuted but resurrected in a pseudoscientific fashion . Other ideas presented here are entirely non-scientific , but have in one way or another infringed on scientific domains or practices . Many adherents to or practitioners of the topics listed here dispute their characterization as pseudoscience . Each section summarizes the pseudoscientific aspects of that topic .

positive: History of economic thought The history of economic thought deals with different thinkers and theories in the subject that became political economy and economics , from the ancient world to the present day . It encompasses many disparate schools of economic thought . Ancient Greek writers such as the philosopher Aristotle examined ideas about the art of wealth acquisition , and questioned whether property is best left in private or public hands . In the Middle Ages , scholasticists such as Thomas Aquinas argued that it was a moral obligation of businesses to sell goods at a just price .   In the Western world , economics was not a separate discipline , but part of philosophy until the 18th -- 19th century Industrial Revolution and the 19th century Great Divergence , which accelerated economic growth . Long before that , from the Renaissance at least , economics as an intellectual discipline or science was dominated by Western thinkers and their academic institutions , schooling economists from outside the West , although there are isolated instances in other societies .

positive: Alternative medicine Alternative medicine -- or fringe medicine -- includes practices claimed to have the healing effects of medicine but which are disproven , unproven , impossible to prove , or are excessively harmful in relation to their effect ; and where the scientific consensus is that the therapy does not , or can not , work because the known laws of nature are violated by its basic claims ; or where it is considered so much worse than conventional treatment that it would be unethical to offer as treatment . Alternative therapies or diagnoses are not part of medicine or science-based healthcare systems . Alternative medicine consists of a wide variety of practices , products , and therapies -- ranging from those that are biologically plausible but not well tested , to those with known harmful and toxic effects . Contrary to popular belief , significant expense is paid to test alternative medicine , including over $ 2.5 billion spent by the United States government . Almost none show any effect beyond that of false treatment . Perceived effects of alternative medicine may be caused by placebo ; decreased effect of functional treatment ( and therefore potentially decreased side effects ) ; and regression toward the mean where improvement that would have occurred anyway is credited to alternative therapies ; or any combination of the above . Alternative treatments are neither the same as experimental medicine , nor traditional medicine -- although the latter , when used today may be considered alternative .   Alternative medicine has grown in popularity and is used by a significant percentage of the population in many countries . While it has extensively rebranded itself : from quackery to complementary or integrative medicine -- it promotes essentially the same practices . Newer proponents often suggest alternative medicine be used together with functional medical treatment , in a belief that it `` complements '' ( improves the effect of , or mitigates the side effects of ) the treatment . There is no evidence showing they do so , and significant drug interactions caused by alternative therapies may instead negatively influence treatments , making them less effective , notably cancer therapy . Despite being illegal to market alternative therapies for cancer treatment in most of the developed world , many cancer patients use them .   Alternative medical diagnoses and treatments are not taught as part of science-based curricula in medical schools , and are not used in any practice where treatment is based on scientific knowledge or proven experience . Alternative therapies are often based on religion , tradition , superstition , belief in supernatural energies , pseudoscience , errors in reasoning , propaganda , fraud , or lies . Regulation and licensing of alternative medicine and health care providers varies between and within countries .   Alternative medicine is criticized for being based on misleading statements , quackery , pseudoscience , antiscience , fraud , or poor scientific methodology . Promoting alternative medicine has been called dangerous and unethical . Testing alternative medicine that has no scientific basis has been called a waste of scarce research resources . Critics state `` there is really no such thing as alternative medicine , just medicine that works and medicine that does n't '' , and the problem with the idea of `` alternative '' treatments in this sense is that the `` underlying logic is magical , childish or downright absurd '' . It has been strongly suggested that the very idea of any alternative treatment that works is paradoxical , as any treatment proven to work is by definition `` medicine '' .

positive: Economics Economics ( UK English : -LSB- iːkəˈnɒmɪks -RSB- , -LSB- ɛkəˈnɒmɪks -RSB- US English : -LSB- ɛkəˈnɑːmɪks -RSB- , -LSB- ikəˈnɑːmɪks -RSB- ) is `` a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production , distribution , and consumption of goods and services '' .   Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work . Consistent with this focus , textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics . Microeconomics examines the behaviour of basic elements in the economy , including individual agents and markets , their interactions , and the outcomes of interactions . Individual agents may include , for example , households , firms , buyers , and sellers . Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy ( meaning aggregated production , consumption , savings , and investment ) and issues affecting it , including unemployment of resources ( labour , capital , and land ) , inflation , economic growth , and the public policies that address these issues ( monetary , fiscal , and other policies ) .   Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics , describing `` what is '' , and normative economics , advocating `` what ought to be '' ; between economic theory and applied economics ; between rational and behavioural economics ; and between mainstream economics and heterodox economics .   Economic analysis can be applied throughout society , in business , finance , health care , and government . Economic analyses is sometimes also applied to such diverse subjects as crime , education , the family , law , politics , religion , social institutions , war , science , and the environment .

negative: Field extension In abstract algebra , field extensions are the main object of study in field theory . The general idea is to start with a base field and construct in some manner a larger field that contains the base field and satisfies additional properties . For instance , the set Q ( √ 2 ) = -LCB- a + b √ 2 | a , b ∈ Q -RCB- is the smallest extension of Q that includes every real solution to the equation x2 = 2 .

negative: Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company The Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company is an energy conglomerate based in Mogadishu , Somalia . Established in 2010 , it unites five major Somali companies from the trade , finance , security and telecommunications sectors , after an agreement was signed in Istanbul , Turkey that will see this new firm provide electricity and gas in Somalia . With an investment budget of $ 1 billion , the company 's aim is to create 100,000 jobs and build the necessary infrastructure to accommodate its energy projects in the country .

negative: Super-Poulet number A super-Poulet number is a Poulet number , or pseudoprime to base 2 , whose every divisor d divides   2d − 2 .   For example 341 is a super-Poulet number : it has positive divisors -LCB- 1 , 11 , 31 , 341 -RCB- and we have :  ( 211 - 2 ) / 11 = 2046 / 11 = 186  ( 231 - 2 ) / 31 = 2147483646 / 31 = 69273666  ( 2341 - 2 ) / 341 = 13136332798696798888899954724741608669335164206654835981818117894215788100763407304286671514789484550   When a composite number is a pseudoprime to base 2 , but not to every base ( That is , not a Carmichael number ) , then it is a super-Poulet number , and when is not prime , then it and every divisor of it are a pseudoprime to base 2 , and a super-Poulet number .   The super-Poulet numbers below 10,000 are :

negative: Lionel Job Lionel G. Job ( born January 23 , 1942 ) is an American music producer , publisher , lyricist , and songwriter based in White Plains , New York . His music career dates back years . Job is widely known for writing and producing for Keith Sweat , Joe Public , Starpoint , Walter Beasley , Sharon Bryant , Atlantic Starr , The Detroit Spinners , and Third World .

negative: Smooth number In number theory , a smooth ( or friable ) number is an integer which factors completely into small prime numbers . The term seems to have been coined by Leonard Adleman . Smooth numbers are especially important in cryptography relying on factorization . The 2-smooth numbers are just the powers of 2 .

negative: Affective events theory Affective events theory ( AET ) is a model developed by organizational psychologists Howard M. Weiss ( Purdue University ) and Russell Cropanzano ( University of Colorado ) to explain how emotions and moods influence job performance and job satisfaction . The model explains the linkages between employees ' internal influences ( e.g. , cognitions , emotions , mental states ) and their reactions to incidents that occur in their work environment that affect their performance , organizational commitment , and job satisfaction . The theory proposes that affective work behaviors are explained by employee mood and emotions , while cognitive-based behaviors are the best predictors of job satisfaction . The theory proposes that positive-inducing ( e.g. , uplifts ) as well as negative-inducing ( e.g. , hassles ) emotional incidents at work are distinguishable and have a significant psychological impact upon workers ' job satisfaction . This results in lasting internal ( e.g. , cognition , emotions , mental states ) and external affective reactions exhibited through job performance , job satisfaction , and organizational commitment .   Alternatively , some research suggests that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between various antecedent variables such as dispositions , workplace events , job characteristics , job opportunities , and employee behavior exhibited while on the job ( e.g. , organizational citizenship behaviors , counter-productive work behaviors , and job withdrawal ) . To that end , when workers experience uplifts ( e.g. , completing a goal , receiving an award ) or hassles ( e.g. , dealing with a difficult client , reacting to an updated deadline ) , their intention to continue or quit depends upon the emotions , moods , and thoughts associated with the satisfaction they derive from their jobs .   Other research has demonstrated that the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover is fully mediated by intention to quit ; workers who report low job satisfaction are likely to engage in planned quitting . However , this relationship does not account for employees who report high job satisfaction , but quit unexpectedly . Although extrinsic rewards , such as better job offers outside their current organization , may influence their decisions , employees ' personality factors may also impact their decisions to exit early from otherwise ideal jobs under ideal working conditions .   Recipients often refer to specific events in exit interviews when voluntarily leaving their current jobs . Minor events with subtle emotional effects also have a cumulative impact on job satisfaction , particularly when they occur acutely with high frequency . For example , perceived stressful events at work are often positively associated with high job strain on the day that they occur and negatively associated with strain the day after , resulting in an accumulation of perceived job-related stress over time . This is consistent with the general understanding in vocational psychology that job satisfaction is a distal , long-term outcome that is mediated by perceived job stress .

negative: Number A number is a mathematical object used to count , measure , and label . The original examples are the natural numbers 1 , 2 , 3 , and so forth . A notational symbol that represents a number is called a numeral . In addition to their use in counting and measuring , numerals are often used for labels ( as with telephone numbers ) , for ordering ( as with serial numbers ) , and for codes ( as with ISBNs ) . In common usage , number may refer to a symbol , a word , or a mathematical abstraction .   In mathematics , the notion of number has been extended over the centuries to include 0 , negative numbers , rational numbers such as and , real numbers such as and , and complex numbers , which extend the real numbers by adding a square root of . Calculations with numbers are done with arithmetical operations , the most familiar being addition , subtraction , multiplication , division , and exponentiation . Their study or usage is called arithmetic . The same term may also refer to number theory , the study of the properties of numbers .   Besides their practical uses , numbers have cultural significance throughout the world . For example , in Western society , the number 13 is regarded as unlucky , and `` a million '' may signify `` a lot . '' Though it is now regarded as pseudoscience , numerology , the belief in a mystical significance of numbers , permeated ancient and medieval thought . Numerology heavily influenced the development of Greek mathematics , stimulating the investigation of many problems in number theory which are still of interest today .   During the 19th century , mathematicians began to develop many different abstractions which share certain properties of numbers and may be seen as extending the concept . Among the first were the hypercomplex numbers , which consist of various extensions or modifications of the complex number system . Today , number systems are considered important special examples of much more general categories such as rings and fields , and the application of the term `` number '' is a matter of convention , without fundamental significance .

negative: Alternating permutation In combinatorial mathematics , an alternating permutation ( or zigzag permutation ) of the set -LCB- 1 , 2 , 3 , ... , n -RCB- is an arrangement of those numbers so that each entry is alternately greater or less than the preceding entry . For example , the five alternating permutations of -LCB- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 -RCB- are :  1 , 3 , 2 , 4 because 1 < 3 > 2 < 4 ,  1 , 4 , 2 , 3 because 1 < 4 > 2 < 3 ,  2 , 3 , 1 , 4 because 2 < 3 > 1 < 4 ,  2 , 4 , 1 , 3 because 2 < 4 > 1 < 3 , and  3 , 4 , 1 , 2 because 3 < 4 > 1 < 2 .  This type of permutation was first studied by Désiré André in the 19th century .   Different authors use the term alternating permutation slightly differently : some require that the second entry in an alternating permutation should be larger than the first ( as in the examples above ) , others require that the alternation should be reversed ( so that the second entry is smaller than the first , then the third larger than the second , and so on ) , while others call both types by the name alternating permutation .   The determination of the number An of alternating permutations of the set -LCB- 1 , ... , n -RCB- is called André 's problem . The numbers An are known as Euler numbers , zigzag numbers , or up/down numbers . When n is even the number An is known as a secant number , while if n is odd it is known as a tangent number . These latter names come from the study of the generating function for the sequence .

negative: Aksak In Ottoman musical theory , aksak is a rhythmic system in which pieces or sequences , executed in a fast tempo , are based on the uninterrupted reiteration of a matrix , which results from the juxtaposition of rhythmic cells based on the alternation of binary and ternary quantities , as in 2 +3 , 2 +2 +3 , 2 +3 +3 , etc. . The name literally means `` limping '' , `` stumbling '' , or `` slumping '' , and has been borrowed by Western ethnomusicologists to refer generally to irregular , or additive meters .   In Turkish folk music , these metres occur mainly in vocal and instrumental dance music , though they are found also in some folksongs . Strictly speaking , in Turkish music theory the term refers only to the grouping of nine pulses into a pattern of 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 .   Examples :

negative: Alive & Kicking (social enterprise) Alive and Kicking is an African social enterprise that manufactures sports balls to provide balls for children , create jobs for adults and promote health education through sport . It states its vision as being of ` an Africa where every child can play with a real ball , where thousands of jobs are sustained in the production of balls , and where sport contributes to the eradication of deadly disease . '

negative: Kill the Flaw Kill the Flaw is the eleventh studio album by American alternative metal band Sevendust . It is the third album that is self-produced and recorded at Architekt Music studio in Butler , New Jersey . It was released on October 2 , 2015 through 7Bros .

negative: Longest alternating subsequence In combinatorial mathematics , probability , and computer science , in the longest alternating subsequence problem , one wants to find a subsequence of a given sequence in which the elements are in alternating order , and in which the sequence is as long as possible .   Formally , if is a sequence of distinct real numbers , then the subsequence is alternating < ref  name = `` Stanleybook '' > </ref> ( or zigzag or down-up ) if   Similarly , is reverse alternating ( or up-down ) if   Let denote the length ( number of terms ) of the longest alternating subsequence of . For example , if we consider some of the permutations of the integers 1,2,3,4,5 , we have that  ; because any sequence of 2 distinct digits are ( by definition ) alternating . ( for example 1,2 or 1,4 or 3,5 )  because 1,5,3,4 and 1,5,2,4 and 1,3,2,4 are all alternating , and there is no alternating subsequence with more elements ;  because 5,3,4,1,2 is itself alternating .

negative: California Chamber of Commerce The California Chamber of Commerce ( CalChamber ) is the largest broad-based business advocacy group in California . Membership represents one-quarter of the private sector jobs in California and includes firms of all sizes and companies from every industry within the state . The CalChamber provides products and services to help businesses and human resources ( HR ) professionals comply with both federal and state employment law . As a not-for-profit organization with roots dating to 1890 , the CalChamber promotes international trade and investment to stimulate California 's economy and create jobs .   CalChamber has over 14,000 members , who collectively employ one quarter of the private sector workforce in California . Three-quarters of CalChamber 's members have 100 or fewer employees .

negative: Symplectic vector space In mathematics , a symplectic vector space is a vector space V over a field F ( for example the real numbers R ) equipped with a symplectic bilinear form .   A symplectic bilinear form is a mapping that is  bilinear : linear in each argument separately ,  alternating : holds for all , and  nondegenerate : for all implies that is zero .   If the underlying field has characteristic not 2 , alternation is equivalent to skew-symmetry . If the characteristic is 2 , the skew-symmetry is implied by , but does not imply alternation . In this case every symplectic form is a symmetric form , but not vice versa . Working in a fixed basis , ω can be represented by a matrix . The conditions above say that this matrix must be skew-symmetric , nonsingular , and hollow . This is not the same thing as a symplectic matrix , which represents a symplectic transformation of the space . If V is finite-dimensional , then its dimension must necessarily be even since every skew-symmetric , hollow matrix of odd size has determinant zero . Notice the condition that the matrix be hollow is not redundant if the characteristic of the field is 2 . A symplectic form behaves quite differently from a symmetric form , for example , the scalar product on Euclidean vector spaces .

negative: Witten index In quantum field theory and statistical mechanics , the Witten index at the inverse temperature β is defined as a modification of the standard partition function :   Note the ( -1 ) F operator , where F is the fermion number operator . This is what makes it different from the ordinary partition function .   In a supersymmetric theory , each nonzero energy eigenvalue contains an equal number of bosonic and fermionic states . Because of this , the Witten index is independent of the temperature and gives the number of zero energy bosonic vacuum states minus the number of zero energy fermionic vacuum states . In particular , if supersymmetry is spontaneously broken then there are no zero energy ground states and so the Witten index is equal to zero .   The Witten index of the supersymmetric sigma model on a manifold is given by the manifold 's Euler characteristic .   It is an example of a quasi-topological quantity , which is a quantity that depends only on F-terms and not on D-terms in the Lagrangian . A more refined invariant in 2-dimensional theories , constructing using only the right-moving part of the fermion number operator together with a 2-parameter family of variations , is the elliptic genus .

negative: Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Jobs and Fair Work The Cabinet Secretary for Economy , Jobs and Fair Work is a position in the Scottish Government Cabinet . The Cabinet Secretary has responsibilities for the Scottish economy , infrastructure , trade and investment , business , industry , employment , trade unions and energy . The Cabinet Secretary is assisted by the Minister for Business , Innovation and Energy and the Minister for Employability and Training .   The current Cabinet Secretary for Economy , Jobs and Fair Work is Keith Brown , who was appointed in May 2016 .

negative: BrainBuxa BrainBuxa is an education Portal Founded in 2015 by Gargi Surana , with its Headquarters situated in Rajasthan India .   Brainbuxa portal allows users to view real time Result updates including the notifications of universities , colleges and every other form of educational organizations . It incorporates a search technology in searching for various courses , Study material , institutes , Webinars , online lectures , Event Recordings , Jobs , and colleagues . The portal provides information concerning entrance exams and information on government jobs in India .

negative: Inverse semigroup In group theory , an inverse semigroup ( occasionally called an inversion semigroup ) S is a semigroup in which every element x in S has a unique inverse y in S in the sense that x = xyx and y = yxy , i.e. a regular semigroup in which every element has a unique inverse . Inverse semigroups appear in a range of contexts ; for example , they can be employed in the study of partial symmetries .   ( The convention followed in this article will be that of writing a function on the right of its argument , and  composing functions from left to right -- a convention often observed in semigroup theory . )

negative: List of Soviet Air Force bases This List of Soviet Air Force bases shows the state of the Soviet Air Force and Russian Air Force during the last decade of the Cold War to the mid-1990s . Dates shown indicate years during which units and aircraft were known to be at that airbase . If none is indicated , the date is unknown .   In Russia the airbase naming convention seems to be to use the nearest village name , or in the case of a large city , use a numerical designator , i.e. Severomorsk-2 . Quite often they are just referred to as , variously , `` Tiksi aerodrome '' and `` Tiksi air base '' ( uncapitalized ) . This is also the convention that is used in declassified FOIA documents in the CIA archive website . Therefore , the construction ' X Air Base ' or ' X Air Force Base ' in regard to the USSR and Russian Federation appears to be incorrect .

negative: Sports Jobs with Junior Seau Sports Jobs with Junior Seau was a television reality program/documentary series on Versus hosted by retired National Football League player Junior Seau . The program premiered on December 2 , 2009 ; the final episode ran on January 27 , 2010 .   The program depicted Seau exploring a variety of support and behind-the-scenes jobs in the sports industry . The program was produced by Mandt Bros. . Productions .

negative: Harmonious coloring In graph theory , a harmonious coloring is a ( proper ) vertex coloring in which every pair of colors appears on at most one pair of adjacent vertices . The harmonious chromatic number χH ( G ) of a graph G is the minimum number of colors needed for any harmonious coloring of G.   Every graph has a harmonious coloring , since it suffices to assign every vertex a distinct color ; thus χH ( G ) ≤ | V ( G ) | . There trivially exist graphs G with χH ( G ) > χ ( G ) ( where χ is the chromatic number ) ; one example is the path of length 2 , which can be 2-colored but has no harmonious coloring with 2 colors .   Some properties of χH ( G ) :  , where Tk ,3 is the complete - ary tree with 3 levels . ( Mitchem 1989 )   Harmonious coloring was first proposed by Harary and Plantholt ( 1982 ) .  Still very little is known about it .

negative: Ivy Exec IvyExec.com is a United States-based company that runs an online professional network for executives as well as recruitment , market research , marketing and advertising services . Ivy Exec , Inc. was founded in 2006 by a team of Columbia Business School alumni and is based in New York , New York . Ivy Exec helps various professionals and MBAs find jobs with companies . The company has over 800,000 members .   For job seekers , Ivy Exec has 2 levels of membership , Basic and All Access ( which requires users to pay a subscription fee ) . It offers members the Ivy Exec Mentor Network , which connects professionals with 600 + volunteer executives for career brainstorming sessions . Ivy Exec also offers members access to online classes , webinars , and industry content via their Insights blog .   For companies , Ivy Exec provides advisory services such as market research , compensation analysis , recruitment advisory , recruitment marketing , and employment branding . Ivy Exec pre-screens each applicant for membership , as well as each job posting .

negative: Cargomatic (business) Cargomatic is a logistics company based in Los Angeles that connects shippers ( drivers ) with customers . Cargomatic is focused on local shipping jobs . The company currently matches shippers in Southern California , Northern California and the New York Metro areas .   The app lets shippers list local jobs on its app , which are pinged to the smartphones of nearby drivers . When one of them takes on a job , the shipper can track his journey in real time . The app has GPS tracking of drivers to provide real-time updates for customers . The app is available for download on iOS and Android .   Cargomatic allows drivers with under-utilized capacity to pick up extra jobs using the app . As of March 2016 , the company has shipped over four million pallets and over one million miles .

negative: Bayport Industrial District The Bayport Industrial District is a large commercial real-estate development located in southeast Harris County , Texas , within the Bay Area of Greater Houston . It is one of the two industrial districts in the extraterritorial jurisdiction of La Porte ( the other being the Battleground Industrial District ) . It is located adjacent to both La Porte and Pasadena .   In 1965 the City of Pasadena and the City of Houston both annexed an area that included the site of Bayport resulting in a lawsuit between Pasadena and City of Houston . Houston was joined by Harris County and Humble Oil & Refining Company in the lawsuit . In 1969 the Supreme Court of Texas reversed lower court rulings that had sustained Houston 's motion for summary judgment and upheld the validity of Pasadena 's 1965 annexation of the disputed territory .   In 1970 the City of Pasadena created an industrial district that included the Bayport complex .  The development , created in 1970 , is among the largest private industrial complexes in the United States . The leading center for chemical processing in the Houston area , Bayport contains more than 60 chemical plants . Businesses located in this district can receive tax incentives from Harris County , La Porte , and Pasadena . local business volume for Bayport-related enterprises exceeds $ 829 million annually with 11,000 jobs directly attributable to the complex . Additionally the Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership estimates that for every job created within the complex approximately 3.79 related jobs are created on average outside the district . Thus the district represents a key economic pillar of the communities in the area .   Major facilities in the district include the LyondellBasell site , the Celanese/Air Products/Clariant/Dow site , and the Albemarle/Akzo Nobel site .   Adjacent to the industrial complex is the new Bayport Terminal , which contains both a major new cargo container shipping terminal and a cruise ship terminal . This port is operated by the Port of Houston Authority .

negative: Creeper World Creeper World is a series of web browser and standalone video games with both real-time strategy and tower defense elements developed by Knuckle Cracker . Players must survive the onslaught of the titular blue mass , known as Creeper , which rises up the playing field and attempts to destroy their base of operations , Odin City . This is achieved by gathering energy and using it to power weapons which stave off the Creeper long enough for the player to link Odin City with each level 's energy totems in order to escape to the next level .   Reviewers stated that the original game has simplistic graphics , but praised Creeper Worlds gameplay . Two expansions were subsequently released . The first , Creeper World : Evermore , features randomly generated new maps that are generated daily . The second , Creeper World : User Space , features new graphics and a selection of 14 increasingly challenging maps created by fans and collected by the original creators .   A sequel , Creeper World 2 : Redemption was released May 16 , 2011 . It features new weapons , and a different angle of view , drastically changing the gameplay .   The third game , Creeper World 3 : Arc Eternal was released October 4 , 2013 . This third part in the series returns to the original Creeper World style of top down gameplay , but features a built in map editor and a custom scripting language called CRPL to make every map in the game .   On September 28th of 2016 , `` Particle Fleet : Emergence '' was released on Steam , and it is by Knucklecracker and is part of the Creeper World universe .   On May 22 , 2014 , a new , free browser-based minigame was released , Creeper World 3 : Abraxis it consists of 12 new prequel missions , running on the Unity browser plug-in .

negative: Gender marking in job titles One of the chief issues with which the movement for gender-neutral language has been concerned is that of gender ( sex ) specificity in job titles .   A gender-specific job title is a name of a job that also specifies or implies the gender of the person performing that job . For example , in English , the job title stewardess implies that the person is female ; the job title policeman implies that the person is male . A gender-neutral job title , on the other hand , is one that does not specify or imply gender , such as firefighter or lawyer . In some cases it may be debatable whether a title is gender-specific ; for example , chairman appears to denote a male ( because of the ending - man ) , but the title is also applied sometimes to women .   Proponents of gender-neutral language generally advocate the use of gender-neutral job titles , particularly in contexts where the gender of the person in question is not known or not specified . For example , they prefer flight attendant to stewardess or steward , and police officer to policeman or policewoman . In some cases this may involve deprecating the use of certain specifically female titles ( such as authoress ) , thus encouraging the use of the corresponding unmarked form ( such as author ) as a fully gender-neutral title .   The above applies to gender neutrality in English and in some other languages without grammatical gender ( where grammatical gender is a feature of a language 's grammar that requires every noun to be placed in one of several classes , often including feminine and masculine ) . In languages with grammatical gender , the situation is altered by the fact that nouns for people are often constrained to be inherently masculine or feminine , and the production of truly gender-neutral titles may not be possible . In such cases , proponents of gender-neutral language may instead focus on ensuring that feminine and masculine words exist for every job , and that they are treated with equal status .

negative: Chinwag Chinwag is an Internet community based in Soho , London , United Kingdom consisting of new media and digital marketing professionals .   Chinwag was founded in 1996 by Sam Michel , and hosts several of the UK 's oldest known electronic mailing lists , including uk-netmarketing . These email lists form the center of the community and include contributions from many notable Internet pioneers and commentators including Bill Thompson ,  Ivan Pope and Brent Hoberman .   A sister-site Chinwag Jobs was launched based on Chinwag 's uknm-jobs e-mail list , an email-based announcement service for jobs within the Internet and digital media industries . Chinwag Jobs is a recruitment website , about which discussions have appeared in New Media Age .   Chinwag also hosts monthly events under the brand Chinwag Live . These events are informal , panel-based sessions focusing on issues affecting the new media industry . Past speakers include Andrew Orlowski of The Register and Neville Hobson .  Chinwag is also known for its periodic , large-scale networking evenings .   The company also a series of trade missions for UK Trade & Investment , specifically design for companies operating in the digital sector . Digital Missions to date are :   Digital Mission to Washington , 11-15 July 2011  Digital Mission to New York , 1-5 November 2010  Digital Mission to SXSW interactive , 11-17 March 2010  Digital Mission to New York , 14 -- 19 September 2009  Digital Mission to SXSW interactive , 13 -- 17 March 2009

negative: Pharmaceutical technician Pharmaceutical Technician or Pharmaceutical Research Technician or Drug Technician is a job title for a laboratory assistant or research assistant employed in the pharmaceutical industry under the direct supervision of a physician , veterinarian , or scientist involved in the research and development of new or existing medications . In most cases , job responsibilities include supervising ongoing experiments , recording laboratory results , keeping records , testing for various compounds , and maintaining laboratory cleanliness . More responsibilities are typically given as the pharmaceutical technician gains experience in laboratory techniques and proper research methodology .

negative: Studio Job Studio Job is a design studio based in Antwerp and Amsterdam . The items designed by Studio Job have been shown in museums and galleries all around the world , and have won various design awards . Studio Job 's work has been exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art , New York , the Victoria & Albert Museum London , FIAC , Cooper-Hewitt , Guggenheim , Montreal Museum of Fine Arts , Wallraf-Richartz Museum , NRW Forum and several major Dutch museums including the Groninger Museum and the Stedelijk Museum , Amsterdam .   They are known for their rebellious , limitless way of creating their own universe . The objects are often based on personal fascinations varying from unique pieces , editions , installations , interiors and assignments for public space . The way Studio Job is walking a tightrope between design and art gave their works an autonomous position in the world design internationally . More than once Studio Job provoked a fresh discussion on the existing norms of the contemporary design field .

negative: M/M/∞ queue In queueing theory , a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability , the M/M / ∞ queue is a multi-server queueing model where every arrival experiences immediate service and does not wait . In Kendall 's notation it describes a system where arrivals are governed by a Poisson process , there are infinitely many servers , so jobs do not need to wait for a server . Each job has an exponentially distributed service time . It is a limit of the M/M/c queue model where the number of servers c becomes very large .   The model can be used to model bound lazy deletion performance .

negative: Scale factor (computer science) A scale factor is used in computer science when a real world set of numbers needs to be represented on a different scale in order to fit a specific number format . For instance , a 16 bit unsigned integer ( uint16 ) can only hold a value as large as 65,53510 . If uint16 's are to be used to represent values from 0 to 131,07010 , then a scale factor of 1/2 would be introduced . Notice that while the scale factor extends the range , it also decreases the precision . In this example , for instance , the number 3 could not be represented because a stored 1 represents a real world 2 , and a stored 2 represents a real world 4 .

negative: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic In number theory , the fundamental theorem of arithmetic , also called the unique factorization theorem or the unique-prime-factorization theorem , states that every integer greater than 1 either is prime itself or is the product of prime numbers , and that this product is unique , up to the order of the factors . For example ,   1200 = 2 × 3 × 5 = 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 = 5 × 2 × 3 × 2 × 5 × 2 × 2 = etc. .   The theorem is stating two things : first , that 1200 can be represented as a product of primes , and second , no matter how this is done , there will always be four 2s , one 3 , two 5s , and no other primes in the product .   The requirement that the factors be prime is necessary : factorizations containing composite numbers may not be unique ( e.g. 12 = 2 × 6 = 3 × 4 ) .   This theorem is one of the main reasons why 1 is not considered a prime number : if 1 were prime , the factorization would not be unique , as , for example ,