query: Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”

positive: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations , set up at the request of member governments , dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective , scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts . It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations , the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53 . Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP .  The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , which is the main international treaty on climate change . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to `` stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic -LSB- i.e. , human-induced -RSB- interference with the climate system '' . IPCC reports cover `` the scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . ''   The IPCC does not carry out its own original research , nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself . The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature , which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources .   Thousands of scientists and other experts contribute ( on a voluntary basis , without payment from the IPCC ) to writing and reviewing reports , which are then reviewed by governments . IPCC reports contain a `` Summary for Policymakers '' , which is subject to line-by-line approval by delegates from all participating governments . Typically this involves the governments of more than 120 countries .   The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change , producing reports which have the agreement of leading climate scientists and the consensus of participating governments . The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared , in equal parts , between the IPCC and Al Gore .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

positive: Antarctica Antarctica ( UK English -LSB- ænˈtɑːktɪkə -RSB- or -LSB- ænˈtɑːtɪkə -RSB- , US English -LSB- æntˈɑːrktɪkə -RSB- ) is Earth 's southernmost continent . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean . At 14000000 km2 , it is the fifth-largest continent . For comparison , Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia . About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula .   Antarctica , on average , is the coldest , driest , and windiest continent , and has the highest average elevation of all the continents . Antarctica is a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm ( 8 in ) along the coast and far less inland . The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) , though the average for the third quarter ( the coldest part of the year ) is − 63 ° C ( − 81 ° F ) . Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent . Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae , bacteria , fungi , plants , protista , and certain animals , such as mites , nematodes , penguins , seals and tardigrades . Vegetation , where it occurs , is tundra .   Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ( `` Southern Land '' ) date back to antiquity , Antarctica is noted as the last region on Earth in recorded history to be discovered and colonised by humans , being only first sighted in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny , who sighted the Fimbul ice shelf . The continent , however , remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment , lack of easily accessible resources , and isolation . In 1895 , the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians .   Antarctica is a de facto condominium , governed by parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status . Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 , and thirty-eight have signed it since then . The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining , prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal , supports scientific research , and protects the continent 's ecozone . Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations .

negative: Ežerėlis Ežerėlis ( ; literally : little lake ) is a city in Kaunas County , Lithuania . It is located 25 km west of Kaunas . It is a fairly new settlement as it started developing only in 1918 when a peat digging enterprise was established in the Ežerėlis Bog . According to the census of 1923 , it had 132 residents . In 1959 the town reached the population of 2,200 and remained fairly stable since then .

negative: Kataonami stable is a stable of sumo wrestlers , part of the Nishonoseki ichimon or group of stables . It was founded in 1961 by former sekiwake Tamanoumi Daitarō , who branched off from Nishonoseki stable . Former sekiwake Tamanofuji took over the running of the stable upon Tamanoumi 's death in 1987 . In February 2010 he passed control over to another former sekiwake , Tamakasuga , remaining in the stable under the elder name Tateyama . As of January 2017 it had four wrestlers .

negative: Mexico–Spain relations Mexican -- Spanish relations refers to the bilateral relations between the United Mexican States and the Kingdom of Spain . Like many other Latin American nations , despite having achieved independence , Mexico retains a fairly strong and stable relationship with Spain . Both nations are members of the G-20 , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations .

negative: Étienne Michelin Étienne Michelin ( 4 January 1898 - 27 August 1932 ) was a French industrialist .   As the eldest son of Édouard Michelin ( 1859-1940 ) , there was a strong likelihood that he would take over at as head of the Michelin tyre company , where he worked as a member of the top management team . His early death ruled out this possibility , however .

negative: Pleasantville, Venango County, Pennsylvania Pleasantville is a borough in Venango County , Pennsylvania in the United States . The population was 850 at the 2000 census , and 892 at the 2010 census . It was an early oil ` boom town ' , and the population jumped from 291 to 1,598 between 1860 and 1870 . But the boom soon passed , and the population shrank to 855 by 1880 , and has remained fairly stable since then .

negative: List of sumo stables The following is an alphabetical list of heya or training stables in professional sumo . Each belongs to one of six groups , called ichimon . These groups , led by the stable by which each group is named , are in order of size : Dewanoumi ichimon , Nishinoseki ichimon , Tokitsukaze ichimon , Takasago ichimon , Isegahama ichimon , and the splinter group led by Takanohana stable that broke off in February 2010 but was subsequently given ichimon status in 2014 ; see here . The founding dates listed below are for the current incarnation of each stable ; in most cases this is not the first stable to exist under a given name , however .   The number of stables peaked at 54 , with the opening of Onoe stable in August 2006 . In order to limit the over-proliferation of stable the Japan Sumo Association introduced new rules the following month that greatly raised the qualifications needed by former wrestlers wishing to branch out ( namely , those ranked below yokozuna or ōzeki must have spent at least 60 tournaments in the top makuuchi division or 25 in the titled san ` yaku ranks ) . Discounting the special circumstances of the temporary closure of Kise stable from 2010 until 2012 , there were no new stables established for more than six years , while eleven folded , bringing the number of active heya down to 43 . This sequence was ended by the opening of former yokozuna Musashimaru 's Musashigawa stable in April 2013 . Since this time the opening and closing of stables has stabilized and the number of stables has remained in the mid 40s .

negative: Araiso stable Araiso stable ( Japanese : 荒磯部屋 , Araiso-beya ) was a stable of sumo wrestlers , one of the Nishonoseki group of stables . It was founded in 1993 by former komusubi Futagodake of the Futagoyama stable . It was the smallest of all the sumo stables , with just three sumo wrestlers . The stable was dissolved after the September 2008 tournament , as Futagodake was due to reach the mandatory retirement age of 65 . Two of the stable 's wrestlers retired following the announcement , with the one remaining active wrestler , Mongolian Arawashi , moving to Hanakago stable . Futagodake worked at Matsugane stable until his retirement that November .

negative: Episode (Stratovarius album) Episode is the fifth studio album by power metal band Stratovarius , released on 22 April 1996 through Noise Records . It is the first Stratovarius album to feature keyboardist Jens Johansson and drummer Jörg Michael , both of whom would form part of the band 's most stable line-up for nine years . The album reached No. 21 on the Finnish albums chart and remained on that chart for six weeks .

negative: Kalends of February `` Kalends of February '' is the twelfth episode of the first season of the television series Rome .   As a result of their arena exploits , Pullo and Vorenus have become heroes to the Roman rank and file , causing Caesar to reward those he normally would punish . Pullo 's unexpected return to Vorenus ' household is not appreciated by his former slave Eirene . Caesar decides to overhaul the Senate by adding some unexpected new faces , to the chagrin of the old guard . And Servilia hurdles the final obstacle in her ambitious revenge scenario , at Niobe 's expense .

negative: Log Cabin Stable Log Cabin Stable was a Thoroughbred horse racing partnership founded in 1923 by New York City financiers W. Averell Harriman and Bert Walker who raced under orange and white silks .   As part of a private purchase of twenty horses , in January 1925 Harriman and Walker acquired Chance Play from the estate of August Belmont , Jr. . The horse would be voted the retrospective American Horse of the Year for 1926 .   A disagreement between the two owners of Log Cabin Stable in the fall of 1926 led to the partnership being dissolved and Averell Harriman became the stable 's sole owner .   Trainers who worked for the Log Cabin stable include Albert Simons ( 1923 ) , Will . M. Wallace ( 1924 ) , Louis Feustel ( 1925-July 1926 ) , John I. Smith ( 1927 -- 1928 ) , George M. Odom ( 1928 ) .

negative: James Fairlie Gemmill James Fairlie Gemmill FRS FRSE FZS ( 1867 -- 1926 ) was a Scottish physician , botanist and author . He had a strong affinity to Robert Burns , sharing several similarities .

negative: Veer Singh Dillon Veer Singh Dillon ( 1792 -- 1842 ) was a Sikh who was born in Gurdaspore , Punjab . He was the a general in the Sikh Khalsa Army , army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and was the founder of one of the most highly honoured Sikh warrior families .   Veer Singh was awarded the title Jallaha of Gurdaspore after his army single-handedly won the eastern areas of Punjab for the Maharaja . Later when the Sikh Empire fell to the British forces , the armies of the Jallaha of Gurdaspore ( then under the son of Veer Singh ) were not defeated due to their strong defenses . But later the British signed a treaty with the ruler in which his areas would come under the British Empire but the Jallaha would still remain the supreme commander of the military forces and also the chief administrator of the area .

negative: Seagram Stables Seagram Stables was a Canadian Thoroughbred horse racing operation founded in 1888 by the wealthy distiller , Joseph E. Seagram . Located in Seagram 's hometown of Waterloo , Ontario , the stables and large training facilities were built along Lincoln Road .   Joseph E. Seagram established his breeding operation 's bloodlines by importing mares in foal from English sires . Between 1891 and 1898 his stables won eight consecutive Queen 's Plates , Canada 's most prestigious horse racing event . In total , during his lifetime Joseph Seagram won the race fifteen times and horses from his stables won every major race in Canada as well as races in the United States . As part of a program honoring important horse racing tracks and racing stables , the Pennsylvania Railroad named its baggage car # 5860 the `` Seagram Stable '' .   Following the death of Joseph E. Seagram in 1919 , his sons took over the operation and would win the Plate four more times before dismantling their racing stables in 1933 . Edward F. Seagram arranged to buy out brothers Norman and Thomas and he would go on to win the family 's twentieth Plate in 1935 with the filly , Sally Fuller . Edward F. Seagrams son , J. E. Frowde Seagram , would continue the family tradition and operate a successful racing operation .   Of such prominence , the black and gold colours of the Seagram Stables were adopted by the City of Waterloo .   Eventually , the stables were torn down and the property sold for real estate development .

negative: Hurricane Jimena The name Jimena has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean .  Tropical Storm Jimena ( 1979 ) -- formed at a very low latitude , remained at sea  Hurricane Jimena ( 1985 ) -- remained at sea  Hurricane Jimena ( 1991 ) -- remained at sea  Hurricane Jimena ( 1997 ) -- formed fairly far east , out in the Pacific Ocean  Hurricane Jimena ( 2003 ) -- remained at sea for its entire lifetime . Entered the Central Pacific days after forming , crossed the International Dateline and dissipated there .  Hurricane Jimena ( 2009 ) -- tied for strongest hurricane to strike the Baja California Peninsula , also a strong Category 4 hurricane .  Hurricane Jimena ( 2015 ) -- a long lasting , strong Category 4 hurricane .   Category : Pacific hurricane disambiguation pages

negative: Kasugayama stable was a stable of sumo wrestlers , part of the Isegahama ichimon or group of stables . In its modern form it dates from 1954 when it was re-established by former ōzeki Nayoroiwa who led it until his death in 1971 . It went out of existence in 1990 when the stablemaster , former maegashira Ōnobori , reached the mandatory retirement age of sixty-five , and was absorbed by Ajigawa stable , but it was revived by Kasugafuji after his retirement as an active wrestler in 1996 . As of January 2016 it had 23 wrestlers . Its thus far only wrestler to reach the top division , Korean born Kasugaō , retired in 2011 .   In 2012 Kasugafuji stood down as head following his election to the Sumo Association 's board of directors , handing over control to the former Hamanishiki of the affiliated Oitekaze stable , and remained at Kasugayama stable under the name elder name Ikazuchi . However he resigned from the Sumo Association in September of that year .   In 2013 the current and former heads of the stable sued each other , with the former Kasugafuji who still owned the deeds to the premises claiming unpaid rent and demanding eviction , while Hamanishiki claimed the Kasugayama myoseki certificate had not been handed over as promised . Two trials proceeded on the two separate issues . A settlement was reached on the rent issue in 2015 with Hamanishiki agreeing to move the stable to another location with the same ward of Kawasaki . In August 2016 the court ordered that Hamanishiki pay Kasugafuji 171.6 million yen for the certificate . Hamanishiki appealed this decision to the Tokyo High Court .   In October 2016 the Sumo Association ordered Kasugayama to resign as stablemaster of Kasugayama stable , and that it be absorbed into Oitekaze stable , because Kasugayama 's lack of a myoseki certificate meant that he was not qualified to be a stablemaster . They also criticized him for not training or guiding his wrestlers at all during the September tournament , despite being told to after being removed as a judge in August . The closure went ahead despite the stable 's koenkai , or supporter 's group , sending a petition to the Sumo Association demanding the decision be reversed , and 11 of the stable 's wrestlers refusing to move to Oitekaze and instead submitting their retirement papers in protest .   In January 2017 Hamanishiki resigned from the Sumo Association . In the same month it was announced that the stable would be revived under the name Nakagawa stable and run by Nakagawa Oyakata ( former maegashira Asahisato ) who had been looking after the remaining Kasugayama stable wrestlers within Oitekaze stable .

negative: Municipality of Petersham The Municipality of Petersham was a local government area of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . The small municipality was proclaimed as a borough in 1871 and was centred on the suburbs of Lewisham , Petersham and Stanmore . It was bounded by Parramatta Road in the north , Cardigan and Liberty Streets in the east , Stanmore and New Canterbury Roads in the south , and Old Canterbury Road in the west . The municipality was divided into three wards : South Kingston , Annadale and Sydenham , all the names of early farms . The boundaries remained fairly stable , with only minor changes on the east and western sides . The borough became a municipality in 1907 . In 1949 under the Local Government ( Areas ) Act 1948 , Petersham Council was merged with the larger neighbouring Marrickville Council which was located immediately to the south .

negative: Michinoku stable The is a stable of sumo wrestlers , part of the Tokitsukaze ichimon or group of stables . It was established in 1974 by former maegashira Hoshikabuto , who branched off from Izutsu stable . Former ōzeki Kirishima became the current head coach in December 1997 . It absorbed Tatsutagawa stable in November 2000 upon the retirement of the stablemaster there . It lost four top members in April 2011 ( Hakuba , Toyozakura , Jūmonji and Kirinowaka ) , who were forced to retire after being found guilty of match-fixing and as of January 2016 none of its twelve remaining wrestlers were ranked higher than the makushita division .

negative: Isotopes of copper Copper ( 29Cu ) has two stable isotopes , 63Cu and 65Cu , along with 27 radioisotopes . The most stable of these is 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours . The least stable is 54Cu with a half-life of approximately 75 ns . Most have half-lives under a minute . Unstable copper isotopes with atomic masses below 63 tend to undergo β + decay , while isotopes with atomic masses above 65 tend to undergo β − decay . 64Cu decays by both β + and β − .   68Cu , 69Cu , 71Cu , 72Cu , and 76Cu each have one metastable isomer . 70Cu has two isomers , making a total of 7 distinct isomers . The most stable of these is 68mCu with a half-life of 3.75 minutes . The least stable is 69mCu with a half-life of 360 ns .

negative: Score (statistics) In statistics , the score , score function , efficient score or informant indicates how sensitive a likelihood function is to its parameter . Explicitly , the score for is the gradient of the log-likelihood with respect to .   The score plays an important role in several aspects of inference . For example :  in formulating a test statistic for a locally most powerful test ;  in approximating the error in a maximum likelihood estimate ;  in demonstrating the asymptotic sufficiency of a maximum likelihood estimate ;  in the formulation of confidence intervals ;  in demonstrations of the Cramér -- Rao inequality .   The score function also plays an important role in computational statistics , as it can play a part in the computation of  maximum likelihood estimates .

negative: Carlotism Carlotism was a political movement that took place in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata between 1808 and 1812 ; it intended to make Carlota Joaquina , Infanta of Spain and Queen Consort of Portugal , its monarch .   After Napoleon 's invasion of Spain , Fernando VII , Carlota 's younger brother , was forced to abdicate and give the throne to Joseph Bonaparte . Most Spanish did not consider him a legitimate king and Carlota , an ambitious woman , seemed to like a possible option to keep the royal line safe .   Carlota was living in Brazil by then , after the nobility of Portugal moved from Portugal to the Americas because of Napoleón 's invasion of Portugal .   Carlotism found strong resistance from many parties involved : the viceroys , other Spanish authorities in the Americas , part of the Criollos , and the British . The plans were never applied , and supporters of it would later turn to independence .

negative: Ferganosuchus Ferganosuchus is an extinct genus of gavialid crocodilian . The genus is thought to be a tomistomine , although it has been suggested that Ferganosuchus may be a more basal gavialoid . Fossils have been found in the region of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan that date back the middle Eocene . The genus is well known from fairly complete specimens , unlike most other Asian tomistomines , whose remains tend to be more fragmentary .

negative: Mihogaseki stable The was a stable of sumo wrestlers , part of the Dewanoumi ichimon or group of stables . Its last head coach , former ōzeki Masuiyama Daishirō II who took charge in November 1984 , was the son of the previous head , also an ōzeki under the name Masuiyama . He produced nine sekitori in that time , the last being the Russian Aran in July 2008 . Until September 2006 the stable also had Baruto in the top division , but he later moved to a newly formed stable , Onoe . Being close to the mandatory retirement age , Mihogaseki wound his stable up in October 2013 , with himself and his remaining wrestlers moving to Kasugano stable . Aran chose to retire instead .

negative: Nakagawa stable Nakagawa stable is a stable of sumo wrestlers , part of the Tokitsukaze ichimon or group of stables . It was founded on Jan 26 , 2017 with nine wrestlers , all of whom were previously members of Kasugayama stable . That stable closed in October 2016 , with its wrestlers living temporarily in Oitekaze stable One of Oitekaze 's coaches , Nakagawa Oyakata ( ex-maegashira Asahisato ) , agreed to become the head coach of the newly formed stable . He effectively replaced Kasugayama Oyakata ( ex-maegashira Hamanishiki ) , who was forced to resign from the Japan Sumo Association on Jan 16 2017 because of a legal dispute with the previous Kasugayama Oyakata ( ex-maegashira Kasugafuji ) which meant he was unable to obtain the necessary toshiyori certificate to remain a stablemaster .

negative: Golden Fishery Golden Fishery is a South Korean talk show broadcast on MBC . It first aired on the July 7 , 2006 and has had a fairly stable audience share . Currently , Radio Star is the main segment in this program .

negative: Kise Kise may refer to :  Kise stable , stable of sumo wrestlers founded in 1958  Kise stable ( 2003 ) , another sumo stable founded in 2003  Kise , Kentucky

negative: Minato stable is a stable of sumo wrestlers , part of the Tokitsukaze ichimon or group of stables . It was founded in 1982 by former komusubi Yutakayama , who branched off from Tokitsukaze stable . Minato Oyakata studied at the Tokyo University of Agriculture , and due to his interest in academia his stable was the first to introduce a library on its premises . Until the arrival of Ichinojō , the stable had produced just one makuuchi division wrestler , Minatofuji , who reached a highest rank of maegashira 2 in 1995 and later became a coach at the stable under the name Tatsutagawa . In July 2010 Minato and Tatsutagawa swapped roles . In the same month the Chinese wrestler Nakanokuni earned promotion to the juryo division .

negative: Izutsu stable is a stable of sumo wrestlers , part of the Tokitsukaze group of stables .   The stable was established in the Meiji era by former yokozuna Nishinoumi Kajirō I , the 16th yokozuna , who became the 7th Izutsu-oyakata . He was succeeded by Nishinoumi Kajirō II , the 25th yokozuna . The current incarnation of Izutsu stable is back in the hands of the same family , having been founded as Kimigahama stable by his grandson-in-law Tsurugamine Akio in 1972 and subsequently renamed Izutsu stable five years later , after Tsurugamine obtained the stock from former yokozuna Kitanofuji ( who would become the head of Kokonoe stable ) . All three of Tsurugamine 's sons were members of the stable , with two of them , Terao and Sakahoko , emulating their father by reaching the sekiwake rank . Sakahoko took over the stable from his father in 1994 . The stable 's sole sekitori as of 2015 is Kakuryū , who reached the yokozuna rank in March 2014 .

negative: Surena Surena or Suren or Sourena ( died 53 BC ) was a Parthian spahbed ( `` General '' or `` Commander '' ) during the 1st century BC . He was a member of the House of Suren and was best known for defeating the Romans in the Battle of Carrhae . Under his command Parthians decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman invasion force under the command of Marcus Licinius Crassus . It is commonly seen as one of the earliest and most important battles between the Roman and Parthian empires and one of the most crushing defeats in Roman history .   ` Surena ' remains popular as a name in Iran . ` Surena ' is the Greek and Latin form of Sûrên or Sūrēn . As ` Suren ' , the name remains common in Armenia . Suren means `` the heroic one , Avestan sūra ( strong , exalted ) . ''

negative: Trademark dilution Trademark dilution is a trademark law concept giving the owner of a famous trademark standing to forbid others from using that mark in a way that would lessen its uniqueness . In most cases , trademark dilution involves an unauthorized use of another 's trademark on products that do not compete with , and have little connection with , those of the trademark owner . For example , a famous trademark used by one company to refer to hair care products might be diluted if another company began using a similar mark to refer to breakfast cereals or spark plugs . Dilution is a basis of trademark infringement that only applies to famous marks . With non-famous marks , the owner of the mark must show that the allegedly infringing use creates a likelihood of confusion as to the source of the product or service being identified by the allegedly infringing use . With non-famous marks , it is highly unlikely a likelihood of confusion will be found if the products or services are in unrelated markets . However , with famous marks , any use by another person of the mark has the potential for confusion , since a famous mark is so well known among the consuming public that people will assume affiliation with the owner of the mark regardless of the product or service being sold under the infringing use .

negative: Willington Dovecote and Stables Willington Dovecote & Stables is a National Trust property located in Willington , near Bedford , Bedfordshire , England . Both buildings are Grade I listed .   The property is a 16th-century stable and stone dovecote , which contains nesting boxes for over 1500 pigeons .   The dovecote and stables themselves were commissioned by Sir John Gostwick . Completed in around 1541 , they were made from the remains of a manorial complex , and include stones most likely taken from local priories , in particular Newnham Priory , after the Dissolution of the Monasteries .   A signature on the stone above the fireplace in the stables reads `` John Bunyan '' , but its authenticity has not been proven .

negative: Doctor Destroyer Doctor Destroyer is the most powerful villain in the Hero Universe . He first appeared in the adventure module The Island of Dr. Destroyer in 1981 and has remained a stable part of the Champions role-playing game ever since .

negative: Strong two clubs Bridge bidding systems that incorporate a strong 2 clubs opening bid include modern Standard American , standard Acol , 2/1 game forcing and many others .   In most natural bridge bidding systems , the opening bid of 2 is used exclusively for hands too strong for an opening bid at the one-level . Typically , the bid is reserved for hands that are almost strong enough to bid to the game level on their own power , or even stronger . The exact requirements for the bid vary considerably depending upon the system used and partnership agreement .   In most early bidding systems , opening bids of two of a suit signified a very strong hand and were referred to as strong two bids . However , pioneer bridge inventors like Pierre Albarran and David Burnstine saw that the frequency of such bids is fairly low , and that a 2 bid can be used for all strong hands , leaving other two-level opening bids for other purposes ( for example , weak two bids ) .


query: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

positive: United States labor law United States labor law sets the rights and duties for employees , labor unions , and employers in the United States . Labor law 's basic aim is to remedy the `` inequality of bargaining power '' between employees and employers , especially employers `` organized in the corporate or other forms of ownership association '' . Over the 20th century , federal law created a series of minimum social and economic rights , and encouraged state laws to go beyond the minimum to favor employees . The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 requires a federal minimum wage , currently $ 7.25 but higher in 28 states , and discourages unhealthy working weeks over 40 hours through time-and-a-half overtime pay . Unlike every other democratic country , there are no federal or state laws requiring paid holidays or paid family leave : the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 creates a limited right to 12 weeks of unpaid leave in larger employers . There is no automatic right to an occupational pension beyond federally guaranteed social security , but the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 requires standards of prudent management and good governance if employers agree to provide pensions , health plans or other benefits . The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 requires employees have a safe system of work . A contract of employment can always improve standards beyond the minimum statutory rights . To get fair terms beyond the statutory minimum , and improve upon individual contracts , employees must organize a labor union for collective bargaining . The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 creates rights for most employees to organize a labor union , without any detriment through unfair labor practices . Under the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 , labor union governance follows democratic principles . In any workplace where a majority of employees support a union , employing entities have a duty to bargain in good faith . Unions can take collective action to defend their interests , including withdrawing their labor on strike . There are not yet general rights to directly participate in enterprise governance , but many employees and unions have experimented with securing representation on corporate boards .   Since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , all employing entities and labor unions have a duty to treat employees equally , without discrimination based on `` race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . '' There are separate rules for sex discrimination in pay under the Equal Pay Act of 1963 . Additional groups with `` protected status '' were added by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . There is no federal law banning all sexual orientation or identity discrimination , but 22 states had passed laws by 2016 . These equality laws generally prevent discrimination in hiring , terms of employment , and make discharge because of a protected characteristic unlawful . There is not a federal law against unjust discharge , and most states also have no law with full protection against wrongful termination of employment . Job security rights in the US are not weaker than in all other industrialized countries . On the other hand , collective agreements made by labor unions and many individual contracts often require people are only discharged for a `` just cause '' . The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 requires employing entities give 60 days notice if more than 50 or one third of the workforce may lose their jobs . Federal law has sought to reach full employment through monetary policy and spending on infrastructure . Trade policy has increasingly attempted to put labor rights in international agreements , to ensure that open markets in a global economy do not lead to more unemployment in the United States of America .

positive: Wisconsin Wisconsin ( -LSB- wᵻˈskɒnsᵻn -RSB- ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States , in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties .   Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , with the Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupying the western part of the state and lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline .   Wisconsin is known as `` America 's Dairyland '' because it is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers , particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing , especially paper products , information technology ( IT ) , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy .

positive: 2011 Wisconsin protests The 2011 Wisconsin protests were a series of demonstrations in the state of Wisconsin in the United States beginning in February involving at its zenith as many as 100,000 protesters opposing the 2011 Wisconsin Act 10 , also called the `` Wisconsin Budget Repair bill . '' Subsequently , anti-tax activists and other conservatives , including Tea Party advocates , launched small pockets of counter protests . The protests centered on the Wisconsin State Capitol in Madison , with satellite protests also occurring at other municipalities throughout the state . Demonstrations took place at various college campuses , including the University of Wisconsin -- Madison and the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee . After the collective bargaining bill was upheld by the Wisconsin Supreme Court on June 14 , the number of protesters declined to about 1,000 within a couple days .   The protests were a major driving force for recall elections of state senators in 2011 and 2012 , the failed recall of Governor Scott Walker in 2012 and a contentious Wisconsin Supreme Court election in 2011 .

positive: Google Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products . These include online advertising technologies , search , cloud computing , software , and hardware . Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University , in California . Together , they own about 14 percent of its shares , and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock . They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4 , 1998 . An initial public offering ( IPO ) took place on August 19 , 2004 , and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View , California , nicknamed the Googleplex . In August 2015 , Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. . Google , Alphabet 's leading subsidiary , will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet 's Internet interests . Upon completion of the restructure , Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google , replacing Larry Page , who became CEO of Alphabet .   Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products , acquisitions , and partnerships beyond Google 's core search engine ( Google Search ) . It offers services designed for work and productivity ( Google Docs , Sheets and Slides ) , email ( Gmail/Inbox ) , scheduling and time management ( Google Calendar ) , cloud storage ( Google Drive ) , social networking ( Google + ) , instant messaging and video chat ( Google Allo/Duo/Hangouts ) , language translation ( Google Translate ) , mapping and turn-by-turn navigation ( Google Maps ) , video sharing ( YouTube ) , notetaking ( Google Keep ) , and photo organizing and editing ( Google Photos ) . The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system , the Google Chrome web browser , and Chrome OS , a lightweight operating system based on the Chrome browser . Google has moved increasingly into hardware ; from 2010 to 2015 , it partnered with major electronics manufacturers in the production of its Nexus devices , and in October 2016 , it released multiple hardware products ( including the Google Pixel smartphone , Home smart speaker , Wifi mesh wireless router , and Daydream View virtual reality headset ) . The new hardware chief , Rick Osterloh , stated : `` a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience '' . Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier . In February 2010 , it announced Google Fiber , a fiber-optic infrastructure that was installed in Kansas City ; in April 2015 , it launched Project Fi in the United States , combining Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different providers ; and in 2016 , it announced the Google Station initiative to make public Wi-Fi around the world , which had already been deployed in India .   Alexa , a company that monitors commercial web traffic , lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world . Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites , including YouTube and Blogger . Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world for 4 consecutive years , but has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns , tax avoidance , antitrust , censorship , and search neutrality . Google 's mission statement , from the outset , was `` to organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful '' , and its unofficial slogan was `` Do n't be evil '' . In October 2015 , the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase `` Do the right thing '' .

negative: Climate change and potatoes Global warming is predicted to have significant effects on global potato production . Like many crops , potatoes are likely to be affected by changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide , temperature and precipitation , as well as interactions between these factors . As well as affecting potatoes directly , climate change will also affect the distributions and populations of many potato diseases and pests .  Potato is one of the world 's most important food crops . Potato production must be adapted to climate change to avoid reductions in crop yields .

negative: Climate of Kosovo Kosovo is a relatively small territory . Because of the climatic position and complicated structure of the relief , the country has a variety of climate systems .   Kosovo lies in the south part of the middle geographical latitude of the northern hemisphere and it is affected by the Mediterranean Mild Climate and European Continental Climate . Important factors that affect Kosovo 's climate are : its position towards Eurasia and Africa , hydrographic masses ( Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean sea ) , atmospheric masses ( tropic , arctic and continental ) and others . Minor factors are : relief , hydrography , plain and vegetation .

negative: Population ethics Population ethics is the philosophical study of the ethical problems concerning populations . It is also sometimes called population axiology , which is `` the theory of when one state of affairs is better than another , where the states of affairs may differ over the number of people who ever live '' . It deals with the special problems that arise when actions or policies can not be said to affect individual persons but merely to substitute one group of people with another . Such problems usually only arise when our actions affect future generations .   `` Most discussion in population ethics has concentrated on how to evaluate populations in regard to their goodness , that is , how to order populations by the relations `` is better than '' and `` is as good as '' . This field has been riddled with paradoxes which purport to show that our considered beliefs are inconsistent in cases where the number of people and their welfare varies . ''   Population ethics is especially important when making large-scale decisions like those regarding climate policy . Population ethics may be also applied to evaluate scenarios that influence how people value averting deaths in charitable organizations .

negative: Political economy of climate change Political economy of climate change is an approach that applies the political economy thinking of collective or political processes to study the critical issues surrounding the decision-making on climate change .   As the issue of climate change reaching the top of international agenda , the complexity of the environmental problems in combination with various other social political challenges have put great pressures on the scholars to explore a better understanding of the multiple actors and influencing factors that affect the climate change negotiation and to seek more effective solutions to tackle climate change . Analyzing these issues from a political economy perspective helps to explain the complex interactions between different stakeholders in respond to climate change impacts and provides broader opportunities to achieve better implementation of climate change policies .

negative: Ecological forecasting Ecological forecasting uses knowledge of physics , ecology and physiology to predict how ecosystems will change in the future in response to environmental factors such as climate change . The ultimate goal of the approach is to provide people such as resource managers and designers of marine reserves with information that they can then use to respond , in advance , to future changes , a form of adaptation to global warming .   One of the most important environmental factors for organisms today is global warming . Most physiological processes are affected by temperature , and so even small changes in weather and climate can lead to large changes in the growth , reproduction and survival of animals and plants . The scientific consensus  is that the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases due to human activity caused most of the warming observed since the start of the industrial era . These changes are in turn affecting human and natural ecosystems .   One major challenge is to predict where , when and with what magnitude changes are likely to occur so that we can mitigate or at least prepare for them . Ecological forecasting applies existing knowledge of how animals and plants interact with their physical environment to ask how changes in environmental factors might result in changes to the ecosystems as a whole .

negative: Orbital effects on climate There are various solar/celestial effects that exist which have an effect on Earth 's climate . These effects usually occur in cycles , and primarily include how Earth 's obliquity , the eccentricity of Earth 's orbit , and the precession of the equinoxes and solstices affect Earth 's climate . In addition to these effects , there are also other factors that have an effect on Earth 's climate . These other factors include how sun activity affects climate and how celestial phenomena , such as meteors , affect Earth 's climate . Some of these factors are n't yet well understood , for instance the ice ages occur on 100,000 year cycles , and it 's not completely understood why the various effects with this periodicity have such a strong effect on glaciation ( see the 100,000-year problem ) .

negative: Price-based selling Price-based selling is a specific selling technique in which a business exclusively reduces their price in attempt to close the sales cycle . Price-based selling clearly exists in businesses such as : commodity sales , auto sales , hospitality , and even some retail stores . However , it is only recommended that commodity items like petroleum be sold exclusively by price . Selling on price is even more apparent now in the current US economy as most businesses make the switch to the lowest price approach in attempt to attract more consumers . Car insurance companies like Progressive Auto Insurance advertise specifically with their price , as they promote the amount of money that can be saved by making the switch .   Price-based selling may result in a good or service becoming a commodity and a commodity by definition is a product or service that has no differentiating qualities or characteristics from competing products or services in its class . A survey of Canadian consumers by Wishabi in 2009 finds that only 10 % of shoppers see price as the only factor , but a 2007 Shopzilla survey of 2000 shoppers showed that 49 % of consumers feel that price was the most important factor in their buying decision . Thus it can be seen that while pricing is not the only factor that matters , it is probably the most important .

negative: Copenhagen Climate Council The Copenhagen Climate Council is a global collaboration between international business and science founded by the leading independent think tank in Scandinavia , Monday Morning , based in Copenhagen . The councilors of the Copenhagen Climate Council have come together to create global awareness of the importance of the UN Climate Summit ( COP15 ) in Copenhagen , December 2009 , and to ensure technical and public support and assistance to global decision makers when agreeing on a new climate treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol from 1997 .

negative: Uncertainties in building design and building energy assessment The detailed design of buildings needs to take into account various external factors , which may be subject to uncertainties . Among these factors are prevailing weather and climate ; the properties of the materials used and the standard of workmanship ; and the behaviour of occupants of the building . Several studies have indicated that it is the behavioural factors that are the most important among these . Methods have been developed to estimate the extent of variability in these factors and the resulting need to take this variability into account at the design stage .

negative: Kanaleneiland Kanaleneiland is a district within the Southwest section of the Dutch city of Utrecht . It was created in the massive expansion of the city in the 1960s . It was listed as one of 40 `` problem neighborhoods '' that required extra attention by the Dutch Ministry of Housing .   Kanaleneiland 's residents have low levels of employment , health , and education . Approximately 76 % of the population are not ethnically Dutch , most of them of being of Turkish and Moroccan origin . This unique political climate is one that shaped the views of one of its ex-residents , national politician Geert Wilders .

negative: Environment of Canada The environment is the subject of ministries AT the federal and provincial level in Canada , with the current highest environmental government official being the national Minister of the Environment Catherine McKenna . Canada 's large land mass and coastline make it very susceptible to any climate changes , so any contemporary changes of climate in the country are of national concern . Of the factors caused by human intervention that can affect this environment , activities that sustain the economy of Canada such as oil and gas extraction , mining , forestry and fishing are influential . In 2011 United Nations said Canada 's environment was the best in the world   Several governmental programs have been created to mitigate 20th and 21st century climate change , such as the One-Tonne Challenge . In late 2005 Canada hosted the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Montreal , Quebec .   Hundreds of environmental organizations have been founded in Canada .

negative: Voting behavior Voting behavior is a form of political behavior . Understanding voters ' behavior can explain how and why decisions were made either by public decision-makers , which has been a central concern for political scientists , or by the electorate . To interpret voting behavior both political science and psychology expertise were necessary and therefore the field of political psychology emerged . Political psychology researchers study ways in which affective influence may help voters make more informed voting choices , with some proposing that affect may explain how the electorate makes informed political choices in spite of low overall levels of political attentiveness and sophistication .   To make inferences and predictions about behavior concerning a voting decision , certain factors such as gender , race , culture or religion must be considered . Moreover , key public influences include the role of emotions , political socialization , tolerance of diversity of political views and the media . The effect of these influences on voting behavior is best understood through theories on the formation of attitudes , beliefs , schema , knowledge structures and the practice of information processing . For example , surveys from different countries indicate that people are generally happier in individualistic cultures where they have rights such as the right to vote . Additionally , social influence and peer effects , as originating from family and friends , also play an important role in elections and voting behavior . . An important question in this context is how to disentangle the social contagion by peers from external influences.The degree to which voting decision is affected by internal processes and external influences alters the quality of making truly democratic decisions .

negative: Sheena Iyengar Sheena S. Iyengar ( born November 29 , 1969 ) is the inaugural S.T. Lee Professor of Business in the Management Division at Columbia Business School . She is one of the world 's experts on choice . Her research focuses on : why people want choice , what affects how and what we choose , and how we can improve our decision-making outcomes .

negative: Scale factor (cosmology) The relative expansion of the universe is parametrized by a dimensionless scale factor . Also known as the cosmic scale factor or sometimes the Robertson-Walker scale factor , this is a key parameter of the Friedmann equations .   In the early stages of the big bang , most of the energy was in the form of radiation , and that radiation was the dominant influence on the expansion of the universe . Later , with cooling from the expansion the roles of mass and radiation changed and the universe entered a mass-dominated era . Recently results suggest that we have already entered an era dominated by dark energy , but examination of the roles of mass and radiation are most important for understanding the early universe .   Using the dimensionless scale factor to characterize the expansion of the universe , the effective energy densities of radiation and mass scale differently . This leads to a radiation-dominated era in the very early universe but a transition to a matter-dominated era at a later time and , since about 5 billion years ago , a subsequent dark energy-dominated era .

negative: Climate change in South Korea In recent decades most countries have been experiencing huge industrial progress . Urban and industrial areas in South Korea also had fast development from 1960s to 1980s . Industrialization and the increase in population have produced various pollutants and greenhouse gases , which are anthropogenic factors for climate change . South Korea is experiencing changes in climate parameters , including annual temperature , rainfall amounts , and precipitation . The most distinct climate change predicted for South Korea is an increase in the range of temperature fluctuation throughout the four seasons . The number of record minimum temperature days has decreased rapidly , and maximum precipitation during the summer has increased . Ongoing global climate change has produced local climate changes and extreme weather that affects : social , economy , industry , culture , and many other sectors . The increased possibility for new types of strong weather damage evokes the seriousness and the urgency of climate change . To quickly adapt to climate change , the South Korean government began an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions , and is one step closer to having a low-carbon based socio-economic nation .

negative: Economics of global warming The economics of global warming concerns the economic aspects of global warming ; this can inform policies that governments might consider in response . A number of factors make this a difficult problem from both economic and political perspectives : it is a long-term , intergenerational problem ; benefits and costs are distributed unequally both within and across countries ; and scientific and public opinions may diverge .   One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide . Around 20 % of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years . The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop `` scenarios '' of future environmental , social and economic changes . These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions .   The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity , sea level rise , increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events , and acidification of the oceans . Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms , but these assessments can be controversial .   The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming ( e.g. , by building levees in response to sea level rise ) . Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system ( e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth 's surface ) .   One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making . This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information , and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts . Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming . For instance , a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms , e.g. , the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples .   Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development . Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation . In some areas , policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives . In other areas , the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments ( the opportunity costs of climate change policy ) .

negative: NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co. NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co. 304 U.S. 333 ( 1938 ) is a 7-0 decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that workers who strike remain employees for the purposes of the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ) . The Court granted the relief sought by the National Labor Relations Board , which sought to have the workers reinstated by the employer . However , the decision is much better known today for its obiter dicta in which the Court said that an employer may hire strikebreakers and is not bound to discharge any of them if or when the strike ends .   The Mackay doctrine , as the striker replacement portion of the ruling is known , is one of the most significant Supreme Court rulings in American labor law , and has defined collective bargaining in the United States since its publication . `` Mackay Radio was more than a decision that provided an instrumental method for a firm to replace economic strikers and to resist their return to employment after a strike . It was also a decision that established important practices that constituted the conduct of union-management bargaining during the post-New Deal Era . ''   The ruling is also highly controversial , even 70 years later . It is strongly and uniformly condemned by labor unions , and resolutely defended by employers . In the legal community , however , `` the doctrine continues to provoke the notice and the nearly universal condemnation of scholars . ''

negative: Technology intelligence Technology Intelligence ( TI ) is an activity that enables companies to identify the technological opportunities and threats that could affect the future growth and survival of their business . It aims to capture and disseminate the technological information needed for strategic planning and decision making . As technology life cycles shorten and business become more globalized having effective TI capabilities is becoming increasingly important .   In the United States , Project Socrates identified the exploitation of technology as the most effective foundation for decision making for the complete set of functions within the private and public sectors that determine competitiveness .   The Centre for Technology Management has defined ` technology intelligence ' as `` the capture and delivery of technological information as part of the process whereby an organisation develops an awareness of technological threats and opportunities . ''

negative: David Titley David W. Titley is a professor of meteorology at Pennsylvania State University and the founding director of their Center for Solutions to Weather and Climate Risk . He was also NOAA 's chief operating officer from 2012 -- 2013 . Before assuming these positions , he was a rear admiral in , and the chief oceanographer of , the U.S. Navy , in which he served for 32 years . Titley initiated the Navy 's Task Force on Climate Change , and serves on the CNA Corporation 's Military Advisory Board . He was formerly a climate change skeptic , but later changed his mind after looking at the evidence of what factors influence climate -- which are , according to Titley , `` what are the larger things doing -- what is the ocean doing ? What is the sun doing ? And what 's our atmosphere doing ? '' Since then , he has described climate change as `` one of the driving forces in the 21st century '' and said that it contributed to the 2011 Arab Spring .   The Department of Defense requested that Titley present on their behalf at both Congressional Hearings and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) meetings from 2009 to 2011 . Titley is a member of the Hoover Institution 's Arctic Security Initiative , and serves on the Advisory Boards of the Applied Research Laboratory at Penn State , the Center for Climate and Security , Columbia University 's Center for Research on Environmental Decisions , and the Association of Climate Change Officers . He is a member of the National Academies of Science committee on Geoengineering and the Center for Naval Analysis ' Military Advisory Board and co-chairs the National Research Council 's `` A Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences '' committee . Titley sits on the Science and Security Board at the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , which , among other things , enables him to participate in the discussions that determine the position of the Bulletin 's famed Doomsday Clock . Titley is also on the Advisory Board of Citizens Climate Lobby .

negative: Immunodeficiency Immunodeficiency ( or immune deficiency ) is a state in which the immune system 's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent . Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired ( `` secondary '' ) due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient 's immune system . Examples of these extrinsic factors include HIV infection , extremes of age , and environmental factors , such as nutrition . In the clinical setting , the immunosuppression by some drugs , such as steroids , can be either an adverse effect or the intended purpose of the treatment . Examples of such use is in organ transplant surgery as an anti-rejection measure and in patients suffering from an overactive immune system , as in autoimmune diseases . Some people are born with intrinsic defects in their immune system , or primary immunodeficiency . A person who has an immunodeficiency of any kind is said to be immunocompromised . An immunocompromised person may be particularly vulnerable to opportunistic infections , in addition to normal infections that could affect everyone . Immunodeficiency also decreases cancer immunosurveillance , in which the immune system scans the body 's cells and kills neoplastic ones .

negative: Sustainable product development Sustainable product development ( SPD ) is a method for product development that incorporates a Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development ( FSSD ) , also known as The Natural Step ( TNS ) framework . As the demand for products continues to increase around the world and environmental factors like climate change increasingly affect policies - and thus business - it becomes more and more of a competitive advantage for businesses to consider sustainability aspects early on in the product development process .

negative: Boulder Climate Action Plan The Climate Action Plan ( CAP ) is a set of strategies intended to guide community efforts for reducing greenhouse gas emissions . Those strategies have focused on improving energy efficiency and conservation in our homes and businesses -- the source of nearly three-fourths of local emissions . The plan also promotes strategies to reduce emissions from transportation , which account for over 20 percent of our local greenhouse gas sources .

negative: Tactical litigation Tactical litigation is a type of litigation which is not used for the normal purposes of victory on the merits , but instead , to give expression to a tactical goal . One of the most well known uses of tactical litigation , is the use of lawsuits for manufacturing delay , for example as an environmental authority to prevent a decision being taken to remove a wilderness area .   Category : Legal terminology  Category : Abuse of the legal system  Category : Ethically disputed judicial practices

negative: McCleskey v. Kemp McCleskey v. Kemp , 481 U.S. 279 ( 1987 ) , was a United States Supreme Court case , in which the death penalty sentencing of Warren McCleskey for armed robbery and murder was upheld . The Court said the `` racially disproportionate impact '' in the Georgia death penalty indicated by a comprehensive scientific study was not enough to overturn the guilty verdict without showing a `` racially discriminatory purpose . '' McCleskey has been described as the `` most far-reaching post-Gregg challenge to capital sentencing . ''   McCleskey was named one of the worst Supreme Court decisions since World War II by a Los Angeles Times survey among legal scholars . In a New York Times comment eight days after the decision , Anthony Lewis charged that the Supreme Court had `` effectively condoned the expression of racism in a profound aspect of our law . '' Anthony G. Amsterdam called it `` the Dred Scott decision of our time . ''   Justice Lewis Powell , when asked by his biographer if he wanted to change his vote in any case , replied , `` Yes , McCleskey v. Kemp . ''

negative: Lists of landmark court decisions Landmark court decisions , in present day common law legal systems , establish precedents that determine a significant new legal principle or concept , or otherwise substantially affect the interpretation of existing law . `` Leading case '' is commonly used in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth jurisdictions instead of `` landmark case '' as used in the United States .   In Commonwealth countries , a reported decision is said to be a leading decision when it has come to be generally regarded as settling the law of the question involved . In 1914 , Canadian jurist Augustus Henry Frazer Lefroy said `` a ` leading case ' -LSB- is -RSB- one that settles the law upon some important point . ''   A leading decision may settle the law in more than one way . It may do so by :  Distinguishing a new principle that refines a prior principle , thus departing from prior practice without violating the rule of stare decisis ;  Establishing a `` test '' ( that is , a measurable standard that can be applied by courts in future decisions ) , such as the Oakes test ( in Canadian law ) or the Bolam test ( in English law ) .  Sometimes , with regard to a particular provision of a written constitution , only one court decision has been made . By necessity , until further rulings are made , this ruling is the leading case . For example , in Canada , '' -LSB- t -RSB- he leading case on voting rights and electoral boundary readjustment is Carter . In fact , Carter is the only case of disputed electoral boundaries to have reached the Supreme Court . '' The degree to which this kind of leading case can be said to have `` settled '' the law is less than in situations where many rulings have reaffirmed the same principle .

negative: Invader potential In conservation biology , invader potential is the qualitative and quantitative measure of a given invasive species probability to invade a given ecosystem . Exotic species with high invader potential are ones with high tolerance of different climates , dissolved oxygen content ( for aquatic organisms ) , high propagule pressure and species with a large number of individuals introduced . The last factor is called a transport vector , for instance , sea lampreys and zebra mussels were transported into the Great Lakes through the vector of ballast water in ships . Transport vector is one of the most important factors , because if a large enough number of individuals are transported to an area that they can not thrive in , a mutation within that population to thrive in the new ecosystem is more likely .   Most invaders are adapted to disturbed areas , so ecosystems that have been disrupted or roadside ditches are susceptible to invasion .   Climate matching is one of the most common measures of invader potential . Mostly exotic species that have already exhibited invasive traits are studied .   Biotic resistance is a controversial concept in invader potential . Small scale studies have borne the concept of diversity resistance , that diverse ecosystems resist invasions better than less diverse ecosystems . However , evidence on regional scales finds a positive correlation between diversity and number of invasions . The exact interpretation of these studies is unclear .

negative: Response bias Response bias is a general term for a wide range of cognitive biases that influence the responses of participants away from an accurate or truthful response . These biases are most prevalent in the types of studies and research that involve participant self-report , such as structured interviews or surveys . Response biases can have a large impact on the validity of questionnaires or surveys .   Response bias can be induced or caused by a number of factors , all relating to the idea that human subjects do not respond passively to stimuli , but rather actively integrate multiple sources of information to generate a response in a given situation . Because of this , almost any aspect of an experimental condition may potentially bias a respondent . Examples include the phrasing of questions in surveys , the demeanor of the researcher , the way the experiment is conducted , or the desires of the participant to be a good experimental subject and to provide socially desirable responses may affect the response in some way . All of these `` artifacts '' of survey and self-report research may have the potential to damage the validity of a measure or study . Compounding this issue is that surveys affected by response bias still often have high reliability , which can lure researchers into a false sense of security about the conclusions they draw .   Because of response bias , it is possible that some study results are due to a systematic response bias rather than the hypothesized effect , which can have a profound effect on psychological and other types of research using questionnaires or surveys . It is therefore important for researchers to be aware of response bias and the effect it can have on their research so that they can attempt to prevent it from impacting their findings in a negative manner .

negative: Big Five personality traits The Big Five personality traits , also known as the five factor model ( FFM ) , is a model based on common language descriptors of personality . When factor analysis ( a statistical technique ) is applied to personality survey data , some words used to describe aspects of personality are often applied to the same person . For example , someone described as `` conscientious '' is more likely to be described as `` always prepared '' rather than `` messy '' . This widely examined theory suggests five broad dimensions used by some psychologists to describe the human personality and psyche . The five factors have been defined as openness to experience , conscientiousness , extraversion , agreeableness , and neuroticism , often listed under the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE . Beneath each proposed global factor , a number of correlated and more specific primary factors are claimed . For example , extraversion is said to include such related qualities as gregariousness , assertiveness , excitement seeking , warmth , activity , and positive emotions .   That these factors can be found is consistent with the lexical hypothesis : firstly that those personality characteristics that are most important in peoples ' lives will eventually become a part of their language ; secondly that more important personality characteristics are more likely to be encoded into language as a single word .

negative: Weather and climate effects on Lyme disease exposure Lyme disease is spread to humans through the bite of infected ticks . The tick population is affected by weather and climate . Many factors determine tick population densities as well as diseased population densities of ticks so that no single factor can determine likelihood of exposure to tick-borne disease . Overall climate and primary host population determine the localities where ticks will thrive . However , studies have been conducted which correlate tick population to climate change and their behavior to weather patterns . Ticks are parasites which carry a myriad of infectious diseases that depend on the species of tick . Overall climate is more determinate of tick population and daily weather has a subtle effect on the spread of tick-borne disease . Being mindful of daily weather patterns and vigilantly avoiding exposure to ticks reduces human exposure to Lyme disease .

negative: World Architecture Survey The World Architecture Survey was conducted in 2010 by Vanity Fair , to determine the most important works of contemporary architecture . 52 leading architects , teachers , and critics , including several Pritzker Prize winners and deans of major architecture schools were asked for their opinion .   The survey asked two questions :  What are the five most important buildings , bridges , or monuments constructed since 1980 ?  What is the greatest work of architecture thus far in the 21st century ?   While the range of responses was very broad , more than half of the experts surveyed named the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao by Frank Gehry as one of the most important works since 1980 . The Beijing National Stadium ( Bird 's Nest stadium ) in Beijing by Herzog and de Meuron was the building most often cited , by seven respondents , as the most significant structure of the 21st century so far . Counted by architect , works by Frank Gehry received the most votes , followed by those of Rem Koolhaas . The result of the survey led Vanity Fair to label Gehry as `` the most important architect of our age '' .

negative: Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism Animal Spirits : How Human Psychology Drives the Economy , and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism ( 2009 ) is a book written to promote the understanding of the role played by emotions in influencing economic decision making . According to the authors , economists have tended to de-emphasize the importance of emotional factors , as the effects of emotions are difficult to model and quantify . The book asserts that a variety of otherwise puzzling questions can be answered once one allows for the effect that emotional drives , or `` animal spirits , '' have on economic factors .   Akerlof and Shiller began writing the book in 2003 . While finishing the work after the Financial crisis of 2007-2008 the authors set themselves the additional aim of promoting a much more aggressive US government intervention to alleviate the crises than has been seen as of February 2009 . They repeatedly stress the need for decisive action targeted at restoring credit flows , and that the overall stimulus from the government needs to be much larger than would otherwise be the case due to very low levels of confidence about short and medium term economic prospects .

negative: Labour rights in New Zealand Labour rights in New Zealand are largely covered by both statute , particularly the Employment Relations Act 2000 , and common law ( including cases , judicial decisions and tribunal decision ) . The Ministry of Business , Innovation and Employment carries out most of the day to day administrative functions surrounding labour rights and their practical application in the state .   New Zealand is committed to a number of international institutions and treaties and is widely regarded as one of the world 's pioneers in terms of enforcement of and protection of labour rights and obligations .