query: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

positive: Climatic Research Unit documents Climatic Research Unit documents including thousands of e-mails and other computer files were stolen from a server at the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia in a hacking incident in November 2009 . The documents were redistributed first through several blogs of global warming skeptics , and allegations were made that they indicated misconduct by leading climate scientists . A series of investigations rejected these allegations , while concluding that CRU scientists should have been more open with distributing data and methods on request . Precisely six committees investigated the allegations and published reports , finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct . The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged by the end of the investigations .   The incident occurred shortly before the opening December 2009 Copenhagen global climate summit . It has prompted general discussion about increasing the openness of scientific data ( though the majority of climate data have always been freely available ) . Scientists , scientific organisations , and government officials have stated that the incident does not affect the overall scientific case for climate change . Andrew Revkin reported in the New York Times that `` The evidence pointing to a growing human contribution to global warming is so widely accepted that the hacked material is unlikely to erode the overall argument . ''

positive: Hockey stick controversy In the hockey stick controversy , the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed . Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries , and the name `` hockey stick graph '' was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures . These graphs were publicised to explain the scientific findings of climatology , and in addition to scientific debate over the reconstructions , they have been the topic of political dispute . The issue is part of the global warming controversy and has been one focus of political responses to reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards , and found indications that recent warming was exceptional . The reconstruction introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large-scale reconstructions , and its findings were disputed by Patrick Michaels at the United States House Committee on Science .   In 1998 , Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 . In ( MBH99 ) the methodology was extended back to 1000 . The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry D. Mahlman , to describe the pattern this showed , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' , followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the `` blade '' .  A version of this graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , along with four other reconstructions supporting the same conclusion . The graph was publicised , and became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th-century warmth was exceptional .   Those disputing the graph included Pat Michaels , the George C. Marshall Institute and Fred Singer . A paper by Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas claiming greater medieval warmth was used by the Bush administration chief of staff Philip Cooney to justify altering the first Environmental Protection Agency Report on the Environment . The paper was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy , but on July 28 , Republican Jim Inhofe spoke in the Senate citing it to claim `` that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people '' .   Later in 2003 , a paper by Steve McIntyre and Ross McKitrick disputing the data used in MBH98 paper was publicised by the George C. Marshall Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute . In 2004 , Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 , McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal component analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . The analysis therein was subsequently disputed by published papers , including and , which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . In June 2005 , Rep. Joe Barton launched what Sherwood Boehlert , chairman of the House Science Committee , called a `` misguided and illegitimate investigation '' into the data , methods and personal information of Mann , Bradley and Hughes . At Boehlert 's request , a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council was set up , which reported in 2006 , supporting Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result . Barton and U.S. Rep. Ed Whitfield requested Edward Wegman to set up a team of statisticians to investigate , and they supported McIntyre and McKitrick 's view that there were statistical failings , although they did not quantify whether there was any significant effect . They also produced an extensive network analysis which has been discredited by expert opinion and found to have issues of plagiarism . Arguments against the MBH studies were reintroduced as part of the Climatic Research Unit email controversy , but dismissed by eight independent investigations .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Over a dozen subsequent reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Climate change in Argentina According to scientists , global warming is predicted to have significant effects on the climate of Argentina . Though temperatures have increased at a slower rate than the global average , nonetheless these impacts have occurred in many areas . If these trends continue , it is predicted that climate change will exacerbate existing natural disasters such as increasing the intensity and frequency of floods or create new ones .

negative: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: Tris-buffered saline Tris-buffered saline ( abbreviated TBS ) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range . Tris ( with HCl ) has a slightly alkaline buffering capacity in the 7 -- 9.2 range .  Tris has a pKa of 8.06 at 25 ° C . The pKa declines approximately 0.03 units per degree Celsius rise in temperature . This can lead to relatively dramatic pH shifts when there are shifts in solution temperature .

negative: John Christy John Raymond Christy is a climate scientist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville ( UAH ) whose chief interests are satellite remote sensing of global climate and global climate change . He is best known , jointly with Roy Spencer , for the first successful development of a satellite temperature record .

negative: Global Temperature-Salinity Profile Program The Global Temperature-Salinity Profile Program ( GTSPP ) is a cooperative international project that seeks to develop and maintain a global ocean Temperature-Salinity resource with up-to-date and high quality data .

negative: Global warming in Antarctica The effects of global warming in Antarctica may include rising temperatures and increasing snow melt .

negative: List of scientists opposing the mainstream scientific assessment of global warming This is a list of scientists who have made statements that conflict with the scientific consensus on global warming as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and endorsed by other scientific bodies . As approximately 97 % of publishing climate scientists support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change , this list represents a minority viewpoint .   The scientific consensus is that the global average surface temperature has risen over the last century . Scientific opinion on climate change was summarized in the 2001 Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . The main conclusions on global warming at that time were as follows :  The global average surface temperature has risen 0.6 ± 0.2 ° C since the late 19th century , and 0.17 ° C per decade in the last 30 years .  `` There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities '' , in particular emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane .  If greenhouse gas emissions continue the warming will also continue , with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4 ° C to 5.8 ° C between 1990 and 2100 . Accompanying this temperature increase will be increases in some types of extreme weather and a projected sea level rise . The balance of impacts of global warming become significantly negative at larger values of warming .   These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized nations ; the consensus has strengthened over time and is now virtually unanimous . The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science .   There have been several efforts to compile lists of dissenting scientists , including a 2008 US senate minority report , the Oregon Petition , and a 2007 list by the Heartland Institute , all three of which have been criticized on a number of grounds .   For the purpose of this list , a `` scientist '' is defined as an individual who has published at least one peer-reviewed research article in the broad field of natural sciences , although not necessarily in a field relevant to climatology . Since the publication of the IPCC Third Assessment Report , each has made a clear statement in his or her own words ( as opposed to the name being found on a petition , etc. ) disagreeing with one or more of the report 's three main conclusions . Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles . Few of the statements in the references for this list are part of the peer-reviewed scientific literature ; most are from other sources such as interviews , opinion pieces , online essays and presentations .   NB : Only individuals who have their own Wikipedia article may be included in the list .

negative: Richard A. Muller Richard A. Muller ( born January 6 , 1944 ) is an American physicist and professor of physics at the University of California , Berkeley . He is also a faculty senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Most recently , in early 2010 , Muller and his daughter Elizabeth founded the group Berkeley Earth , an independent 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit aimed at addressing some of the major concerns of the climate change sceptics , in particular the global surface temperature record .

negative: Decline in amphibian populations The decline in amphibian populations is an ongoing mass extinction of amphibian species worldwide . Since the 1980s , decreases in amphibian populations , including population crashes and mass localized extinctions , have been observed in locations all over the world . These declines are known as one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity , and several causes are believed to be involved , including disease , habitat destruction and modification , exploitation , pollution , pesticide use , introduced species , and ultraviolet-B radiation ( UV-B ) . However , many of the causes of amphibian declines are still poorly understood , and the topic is currently a subject of much ongoing research . Calculations based on extinction rates suggest that the current extinction rate of amphibians could be 211 times greater than the background extinction rate and the estimate goes up to 25,000 -- 45,000 times if endangered species are also included in the computation .   Although scientists began observing reduced populations of several European amphibian species already in the 1950s , awareness of the phenomenon as a global problem and its subsequent classification as a modern-day mass extinction only dates from the 1980s . By 1993 , more than 500 species of frogs and salamanders present on all five continents were in decline . Today , the phenomenon of declining amphibian populations affects thousands of species in all types of ecosystems and is thus recognized as one of the most severe examples of the Holocene extinction , with severe implications for global biodiversity .

negative: Climatic Research Unit The Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ) is a component of the University of East Anglia and is one of the leading institutions concerned with the study of natural and anthropogenic climate change .   With a staff of some thirty research scientists and students , the CRU has contributed to the development of a number of the data sets widely used in climate research , including one of the global temperature records used to monitor the state of the climate system , as well as statistical software packages and climate models .

negative: Global Young Academy The Global Young Academy is an international society of young scientists .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Global recession A global recession is recession that affects many countries around the world -- that is , a period of global economic slowdown or declining economic output .

negative: Locust coqui The locust coqui or coqui martillito ( Eleutherodactylus locustus ) is a species of frog in the Eleutherodactylidae family endemic to Puerto Rico . Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . E. locustus has suffered a population decline of more than 80 % due to introduced predators and amphibian chytrid disease . Scientists believe amphibian chytrid disease may be exacerbated by climate change - warmer temperatures in dry , moist habitats , causing stress that may lead to greater susceptibility to the disease .

negative: EDGE of Existence programme The EDGE of Existence programme is a research and conservation initiative that focuses on species deemed to be the world 's most Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered ( EDGE ) . Developed by the Zoological Society of London ( ZSL ) , the programme aims to raise awareness of the world 's EDGE species , implement targeted research and conservation actions to halt their decline , and to train in-country scientists ( called EDGE Fellows ) to protect them now and in the future .

negative: UAH satellite temperature dataset The UAH satellite temperature dataset , developed at the University of Alabama in Huntsville , infers the temperature of various atmospheric layers from satellite measurements of radiance .   It was the first global temperature datasets developed from satellite information and has been used as a tool for research into surface and atmospheric temperature changes .  The dataset is published by John Christy et al. and formerly jointly with Roy Spencer .

negative: Algor mortis Algor mortis ( Latin : algor -- coldness ; mortis -- of death ) , the second stage of death , is the change in body temperature post mortem , until the ambient temperature is matched . This is generally a steady decline , although if the ambient temperature is above the body temperature ( such as in a hot desert ) , the change in temperature will be positive , as the ( relatively ) cooler body acclimates to the warmer environment . External factors can have a significant influence . Algor mortis also occurs when the body dies .   This was first used by DOWLER in 1849 .

negative: Global Energy Prize The Global Energy Prize is an international award which recognises outstanding scientific innovations and solutions in global energy research and its concurrent environmental challenges . Since its inception by a group of Russian scientists in 2002 , the Global Energy Prize has grown to become a recognised global energy award .   The Global Energy Prize is awarded annually in St Petersburg , Russia , at the Saint Petersburg International Economic Forum by the President of the Russian Federation . Each laureate receives , amongst others , a commemorative medal and a prize of 1.3 million USD ( 33 million RUB ) . In 2016 the Prize fund amounted to 39 million RUB . The award process is overseen by the Global Energy Prize International Award Committee , which consists of 20 scientists from 13 countries and is chaired by renowned British scientist Rodney John Allam .   The Global Energy Prize is managed by the Global Energy Association with the support of three leading Russian energy companies : JSC Gazprom , JSC Surgutneftegaz and JSC Federal Grid Company UES .

negative: Tasman Outflow The Tasman Outflow is the most recently discovered of the world ocean 's major ocean currents . The existence of the outflow was published by scientists of the Australian CSIRO 's Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research team in August 2007 , interpreting salinity and temperature data captured from 1950 to 2002 . The deepwater current passes at an average depth of 800 -- 1,000 metres from the Pacific Ocean outside Tasmania 's southern shores into the Southern Ocean that encircles Antarctica , the vast ` flywheel ' that stabilizes global distribution of heat .

negative: Mounir Laroussi Mounir Laroussi , is a Tunisian-American scientist . He is known for his work in plasma science , especially low temperature plasmas and their biomedical applications .

negative: Remote Sensing Systems Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) is a private research company founded in 1974 by Frank Wentz . It processes microwave data from a variety of NASA satellites . Most of their research is supported by the Earth Science Enterprise program . The company is based in Santa Rosa , California .   They are a widely cited source of data , on the satellite temperature record . Their data is one source of evidence for global warming . Research by Carl Mears , Matthias Schabel , and Wentz , all of RSS , highlighted errors in the early satellite temperature records compiled by John Christy and Roy Spencer at UAH . The UAH data had previously showed no significant temperature trend , bringing the derived satellite data into closer agreement with surface temperature trends , radiosonde data and computer models . The UAH data is now closer to the RSS data but differences remain , for example the Lower Troposphere global average trend since 1979 , RSS currently have +0.133 K/decade while UAH have 0.140 K/decade , while the mid troposphere difference is even more marked at 0.079 K/decade and 0.052 K/decade respectively . However , in a recent online YouTube video , Dr. Carl Mears , a senior scientist with the team behind the satellite data , explained how he believes his data set needed correction .  I would have to say that the surface data seems that it 's more accurate , because a number of groups analyze the surface data , including some who set out to prove the other ones wrong , and they all get more or less the same answer .

negative: Hugo Nutini Hugo G. Nutini ( 1929-2013 ) was an Italian-born Chilean and subsequently American professor of Anthropology . In 1965 he became involved in Project Camelot , an academic research project funded by the United States military through the Special Operations Research Office to train in counter-insurgency techniques .   Nutini made a personal visit to Chile and while there discussed Project Camelot with a number of social scientists . However , as Gabriel Gayamarti claimed , he doctored documentation as regards Project Camelot in a crude way in the hope of hiding the military involvement . His amateurish fraud as soon discovered . Also the Norwegian sociologist was in Chile . He had been given the original documents , which he circulated amongst the social scientists that Nutini had tried to dupe . This caused a scandal which led to Nutine being banned from entry to Chile as a `` politically undesirable individual '' .

negative: Eric Cole (scientist) Eric Cole served as chief technology officer at McAfee and chief scientist at Lockheed Martin Corporation . He is the author of several books , including Advanced Persistent Threat , Hackers Beware , Hiding in Plain Sight , Network Security Bible 2nd Edition , and Insider Threat . He holds over 20 patents . He graduated from New York Institute of Technology .

negative: World Association of Young Scientists The World Association of Young Scientists ( WAYS ; formerly World Academy of Young Scientists ) is a global network of young scientists established in 2004 , in partnership with UNESCO and ICSU . It provides a Web 2.0 platform for scientific exchange , thereby linking individuals and existing networks with a regional or disciplinary focus .

negative: Save the Planet Save the Planet is a minor political party in Australia .   The environmentalist party aims to avoid global warming by returning average global temperatures to pre-industrial levels as quickly as possible . The party also aims to create a world that is environmentally and socially sustainable without inequality .

negative: Cyclododecahexaene Cyclododecahexaene or -LSB- 12 -RSB- annulene ( C12H12 ) is a member of a series of annulenes with some interest in organic chemistry with regard to the study of aromaticity These compounds are in general unstable due to their antiaromaticity and built-up of steric strain . On the other hand the di-anion with 14 electrons is a Hückel aromat and more stable .   According to in silico experiments the tri-trans isomer is expected to be the most stable , followed by the 1,7-ditrans and the all cis-isomers ( +1 kcal/mol ) and by the 1,5-ditrans isomer ( +5 kcal/mol ) .   The first -LSB- 12 -RSB- annulene with sym-tri-trans configuration was synthesized in 1970 from a tricyclic precursor by photolysis at low temperatures . On heating the compound rearranges to a bicyclic -LSB- 6,4,0 -RSB- isomer . Reducing the compound at low temperatures allowed analysis of the dianion by proton NMR with the inner protons resonating at - 4.5 ppm relative to TMS , evidence of an aromatic diamagnetic ring current .   In one study the 1,7-ditrans isomer is generated at low temperatures in THF by dehydrohalogenation of a hexabromocyclododecane with potassium tert-butoxide . Reduction of this compound at low temperature with caesium metal leads first to the radical anion and then to the dianion . The chemical shift for the internal protons in this compound is with +0.2 ppm much more modest than in the tri-trans isomer .   Heating the radical ion solution to room temperature leads to loss of one equivalent of hydrogen and formation of the heptalene radical anion .

negative: Thermal Credits Thermal credits is a new holistic concept which corresponds to the percentage of the climate impact saving obtained through mitigation and adaptation measures applied against global warming , taking as reference the global temperature rise projected in a given time scale . Thermal credits are measured in percentages of global warming reduction in a given time .

negative: Six's thermometer Six 's thermometer is a registering thermometer which can record the maximum and minimum temperatures reached over a period of time , for example 24 hours . It is used to record the extremes of temperature at a location , for instance in meteorology and horticulture . It was invented by a British scientist James Six , born in Canterbury , in 1780 ; the same basic design remains in use .   It is also commonly known as a maximum -- minimum , minimum -- maximum , maxima -- minima or minima -- maxima thermometer , of which it is the earliest practical design .   The thermometer indicates the current temperature , and the highest and lowest temperatures since last reset .

negative: Global Peace Agency The Global Peace Agency ( GPA ) is a fictional law enforcement organization in the . The organization first appeared in the series OMAC by Jack Kirby , set outside the DC Universe . GPA agents are nameless and faceless , using a `` cosmetic spray to hide -LSB- their -RSB- features '' because they supposedly `` represent all nations . ''   The Global Peace Agency was brought into the DC Universe proper in Final Crisis # 7 ( March 2009 ) .

negative: Seita Emori Seita Emori ( born 1970 in Kanagawa , Japan ) is a Japanese environmental scientist whose most noted work focuses upon the worldwide effects of Global Warming . He completed his Doctorate at the University of Tokyo in 1997 and thereafter joined the National Institute of Environmental Studies , Japan where he is currently the  Chief of the Climate Risk Assessment Research Section at the Center for Global Environmental Research . Emori is a contributing author to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) and a member of the IPCC Steering Committee for the `` Expert Meeting on New Scenarios '' , for which the IPCC received a Noble Prize in 2007 .   Among Emori 's publications are the academic paper `` Sensitivity Map of LAI to Precipitation and Surface Air Temperature Variations in a Global Scale '' ( co-authored with his Japans colleague Hiroshi Kanzawa and Jiahua Zhang and Congbin Fu of the START , Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Beijing , China ) .

negative: His Grace Gives Notice (novel) His Grace Gives Notice is a 1922 comedy novel by Lady Laura Troubridge . A butler tries to hide the fact that he has recently inherited a title and an estate so that he can continue to romance the daughter of the house where he is in service .

negative: Effects of global warming on oceans Global warming can affect sea levels , coastlines , ocean acidification , ocean currents , seawater , sea surface temperatures , tides , the sea floor , weather , and trigger several changes in ocean bio-geochemistry ; all of these affect the functioning of a society .


query: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

positive: Carbon tax A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels . It is a form of carbon pricing . Carbon is present in every hydrocarbon fuel ( coal , petroleum , and natural gas ) and converted to carbon dioxide and other products when combusted . In contrast , non-combustion energy sources -- wind , sunlight , geothermal , hydropower , and nuclear -- do not convert hydrocarbons to . is a heat-trapping `` greenhouse '' gas which represents a negative externality on the climate system ( see scientific opinion on global warming ) . Since GHG emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuels are closely related to the carbon content of the respective fuels , a tax on these emissions can be levied by taxing the carbon content of fossil fuels at any point in the product cycle of the fuel .   Carbon tax offers social and economic benefits . It is a tax that increases revenue without significantly altering the economy while simultaneously promoting objectives of climate change policy . The objective of a carbon tax is to reduce the harmful and unfavorable levels of carbon dioxide emissions , thereby decelerating climate change and its negative effects on the environment and human health .   Carbon taxes offer a potentially cost-effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions . From an economic perspective , carbon taxes are a type of Pigovian tax . They help to address the problem of emitters of greenhouse gases not facing the full social cost of their actions . Carbon taxes can be a regressive tax , in that they may directly or indirectly affect low-income groups disproportionately . The regressive impact of carbon taxes could be addressed by using tax revenues to favour low-income groups .   A number of countries have implemented carbon taxes or energy taxes that are related to carbon content . Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles , rather than on emissions directly .   Opposition to increased environmental regulation such as carbon taxes often centers on concerns that firms might relocate and/or people might lose their jobs . It has been argued , however , that carbon taxes are more efficient than direct regulation and may even lead to higher employment ( see footnotes ) . Many large users of carbon resources in electricity generation , such as the United States , Russia , and China , are resisting carbon taxation .

positive: Climate change mitigation Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change . Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human ( anthropogenic ) emissions of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) . Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks , e.g. , through reforestation . Mitigation policies can substantially reduce the risks associated with human-induced global warming .   According to the IPCC 's 2014 assessment report , `` Mitigation is a public good ; climate change is a case of the ` tragedy of the commons . Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent ( individual , institution or country ) acts independently in its own selfish interest ( see international cooperation and emissions trading ) , suggesting the need for collective action . Some adaptation actions , on the other hand , have characteristics of a private good as benefits of actions may accrue more directly to the individuals , regions , or countries that undertake them , at least in the short term . Nevertheless , financing such adaptive activities remains an issue , particularly for poor individuals and countries . ''   Examples of mitigation include phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources , such as renewable and nuclear energy , and expanding forests and other `` sinks '' to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Energy efficiency may also play a role , for example , through improving the insulation of buildings . Another approach to climate change mitigation is climate engineering .   Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system . Scientific analysis can provide information on the impacts of climate change , but deciding which impacts are dangerous requires value judgments .   In 2010 , Parties to the UNFCCC agreed that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 ° C ( 3.6 ° F ) relative to the pre-industrial level . With the Paris Agreement of 2015 this was confirmed , but was revised with a new target laying down `` parties will do the best '' to achieve warming below 1.5 ° C . The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 ° C . Other mitigation policies have been proposed , some of which are more stringent or modest than the 2 ° C limit .

positive: Emissions trading Emissions trading or cap and trade is a government-mandated , market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants . In contrast to command-and-control environmental regulations such as best available technology ( BAT ) standards and government subsidies , cap and trade ( CAT ) schemes are a type of flexible environmental regulation that allows organizations to decide how best to meet policy targets . Various countries , states and groups of companies have adopted such trading systems , notably for mitigating climate change .   A central authority ( usually a governmental body ) allocates or sells a limited number of permits to discharge specific quantities of a specific pollutant per time period . Polluters are required to hold permits in amount equal to their emissions . Polluters that want to increase their emissions must buy permits from others willing to sell them . Financial derivatives of permits can also be traded on secondary markets .   In theory , polluters who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so , achieving the emission reduction at the lowest cost to society . Cap and trade is meant to provide the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth .   There are active trading programs in several air pollutants . For greenhouse gases , which cause climate change , permit units are often called carbon credits . The largest greenhouse gases trading program is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme , which trades primarily in European Union Allowances ( EUAs ) ; the Californian scheme trades in California Carbon Allowances , the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units . The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides .

positive: Sustainable development Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depends . The desirable end result is a state of society where living conditions and resource use continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural systems .   While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report , it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and twentieth century environmental concerns . As the concept developed , it has shifted to focus more on economic development , social development and environmental protection for future generations . It has been suggested that `` the term ` sustainability ' should be viewed as humanity 's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium ( homeostasis ) , while ` sustainable development ' refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability '' .   The concept of sustainable development has been -- and still is -- subject to criticism . What , exactly , is to be sustained in sustainable development ? It has been argued that there is no such thing as a sustainable use of a non-renewable resource , since any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of Earth 's finite stock ; this perspective renders the Industrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable . It has also been argued that the meaning of the concept has opportunistically been stretched from ` conservation management ' to ` economic development ' , and that the Brundtland Report promoted nothing but a business as usual strategy for world development , with an ambiguous and insubstantial concept attached as a public relations slogan ( see below ) .

negative: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy The Wuppertal Institute for Climate , Environment and Energy is a German research institution that explores and develops models , strategies and instruments to support sustainable development at local , national and international level . Sustainability research at the Wuppertal Institute focuses on ecology and its relation to economy and society . Special emphasis is put on analysing and supporting technological and social innovations that decouple prosperity of economic growth from the use of natural resources .

negative: Agriculture in Djibouti Agriculture is the third economic activity in Djibouti . Agriculture makes up 3 percent of the wider economy value . Djibouti depends on imports in most foods . Climatic conditions and poor soils limit farm output , and domestic food production meets about 15 % of demand . 10 % of the Djiboutian workforce are employed in agriculture .

negative: Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation This article documents the debate over China 's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation and mitigation of climate change in China .   Both internationally and within the People 's Republic of China , there has been an ongoing debate over China 's responsibilities , particularly since 2006 , when China surpassed the US as the country with the highest emissions rate for the main atmospheric gas in global warming , carbon dioxide ( CO2 )

negative: AERS AERS may refer to :  Advanced Economic Research Systems  Alaska Educational Radio System , a broadcaster in Alaska  All Electricity from Renewable Sources projects , including The Climate Reality Project  Applied Energy Recovery Systems  Applied Educational Research Scheme , a programme funded by the Scottish Executive Education Department and the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council  Atlantic Estuarine Research Society  Adverse Event Reporting System

negative: China's Circular Economy A Circular Economy is an alternative way countries manage their resources , where instead of using products in the traditional linear make , use , dispose method resources are used for their maximum utility through out its life cycle and regenerated in a cyclical pattern minimizing waste . They strive to create economic development through environmental and resource protection . The ideas of a circular economy were officially adopted by China in 2002 , when the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China legislated it as a national endeavour , though various sustainability initiatives were implemented in the previous decades starting in 1973 . China adopted the circular economy due to the environmental damage and resource depletion that was occurring from going through its industrialization process . China is currently a world leader in the production of resources , where it produces 46 % of the worlds aluminum , 50 % of steel and 60 % of cement , while it has consumed more raw materials than all the countries a part of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development ( OECD ) combined . In 2014 , China created 3.2 billion tones of industrial solid waste , where 2 billion tones were recovered using recycling , incineration , reusing and composting . By 2025 , China is anticipated to produce up to one quarter of the worlds municipal solid waste .   China is constantly introducing new legislation to improve the effectiveness of their circular economy and sustainability initiatives . Every five years the Chinese Government introduces a new five year plan , with different sustainability goals and economic growth targets the country would like to achieve . China is currently on its 13th Five-Year Plan , which was legislated on March 15 , 2016 . Other legislation that have been implemented in the last decade , which have been important in the development of China 's circular economy are The Law for the Promotion of the Circular Economy , Circular Economy Development Strategies and Action Plan , and the 12th Five-Year plan . China is also active in developing policy aimed at establishing more sustainability practices and economic growth in future decades , with targets for the year 2020 and beyond .   Circular economies can be implemented on a corporate ( micro ) , inter-firm ( meso ) and societal level ( macro ) . Corporate level implementation refers to initiatives related to the Eco-design of manufacturing plants , such as cleaner production and Environmental Management Systems ( EMS ) that are meant to reduce the production of harmful by-products . Inter-firm initiatives at the meso level are the implementation of Eco-industrial parks ( EIPs ) , where industrial plants are constructed in close proximity and capitalize on the trading of industrial by-products , ultimately reducing waste . Societal level initiatives refers to the development of Eco-cities and Eco-provinces , which aims to address the social concerns with both production and consumption of products that pollute .   China has various means of measuring the performance of their circular economy initiatives in regional and industrial park areas , being material flow analysis ( MFA ) , life cycle analysis ( LCA ) , CO2 emissions and economic returns . These performance indicators are helpful in measuring the effectiveness of the governments initiatives , though they are not the most efficient . The idea of introducing an emergy indicator system has been debated , where it is capable of measuring the performance of resource generation and product dimensions , using accounting indices and ratios .

negative: Nicholas C. Yannelis Nicholas C. Yannelis ( Νικόλαoς Γιανvέλης born 1953 ) is the Henry B. Tippie Research Professor of Economics , and Applied Mathematics and Computation at the University of Iowa . He is an emeritus Commerce Distinguished Alumni Professor of Economics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . Also he was the Sir Johns Hicks Professor of Economics at the University of Manchester . His research includes the study of equilibrium concepts in games and economies with asymmetric information ; equilibrium in infinite dimensional commodity spaces ; equilibrium in games and economies with discontinuous preferences ; and equilibrium theory and implementation under ambiguity . He has also done works in pure mathematics .

negative: 1973 Soviet economic reform The 1973 Soviet economic reform was an economic reform initiated by Alexei Kosygin , the Chairman of the Council of Ministers . During Leonid Brezhnev 's rule of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) the Soviet economy began to stagnate ; this period is referred to by some historians as the Era of Stagnation . After the failed 1965 reform Kosygin initiated another reform in 1973 to enhance the powers and functions of the regional planners by establishing associations . The reform was never fully implemented , and members of the Soviet leadership complained that the reform had not even been fully implemented by the time of the 1979 reform .

negative: 350.org 350 . org is an international environmental organization encouraging citizens to action with the belief that publicizing the increasing levels of carbon dioxide will pressure world leaders to address climate change and to reduce levels from 400 parts per million to 350 parts per million . It was founded by author Bill McKibben with the goal of building a global grassroots movement to raise awareness about human-driven climate change , to confront climate change denial , and to cut emissions of carbon dioxide in order to slow the rate of global warming . 350 . org takes its name from the research of Goddard Institute for Space Studies scientist James E. Hansen , who posited in a 2007 paper that 350 parts-per-million ( ppm ) of CO2 in the atmosphere is a safe upper limit to avoid a climate tipping point .

negative: Terry Barker Terry Barker is a British economist and Director of the Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research ( 4CMR ) part of the Department of Land Economy , University of Cambridge . He is also a member of the Tyndall Centre , the Chairman of Cambridge Econometrics ( a company he co-founded in 1985 ) , and chairman of the Cambridge Trust for New Thinking in Economics , which is a charitable organisation with a mission to promote new approaches to solving economic problems .

negative: Margarita Starkevičiūtė Margarita Starkevičiūtė is a member of EU advisory boards on financial markets and digital economy . From 2004-2009 she was a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Liberal and Centre Union ; part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe . At present came back to academia : teaching - macroeconomic analysis at the Faculty of Economics at Vilnius University , performing research on managing of imbalances , global governance reform , EU economic policy and financial markets at the International Business School of Vilnius University , external academic expert for European Parliamentary Research Services , member of Lithuania 's economists association .   PhD thesis ( 2001 ) . `` Strategy of Long-Term Economic Growth in Transition and its Implementation in Lithuania '' . The subject of research is the growth and strategy of economic policy . The aim is to evaluate the development of economy in transition and applying modern growth model , to define the determinants and sources of long -- term economic growth and to outline government economic policy strategy facilitating the growth of economy .   Research interests . Growth , global governance , financial economics , behavioral economics , creative industries .   Teaching interests . Economic policy and investment management , financial markets and investments , management of changes .   2004-2009 , Member of the European Parliament , ALDE political group , Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee , Budget Committee , Budgetary Control Committee , Delegation for relations with Japan , Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand , Delegation for relations with Iran .

negative: New Economy Movement in the United States Not to be confused with the term New Economy  The New Economy Movement in the United States is a group of organizations that are attempting to restructure the current economic system . The movement prioritizes human well-being over economic growth . Its primary goal is to localize the economy in an attempt to spread wealth and promote sustainable business practices . The New Economy movement challenges both neoclassical and Keynesian economics to include theories of ecological economics , solidarity economy , commons , degrowth , systems thinking and Buddhist economics . The movement promotes more public ownership of the economy through organizational structures such as cooperatives , and state-owned banks . The goal of these changes is to remove or alleviate harmful environmental and social impacts of capitalism through alternative economic as well as political practices . A principal leader of the movement is Gar Alperowitz , a distinguished political economist and activist . Alperovitz and others promote the democratizing ownership of businesses and the economy as a means to achieve a sustainable , fair , and equal society .

negative: Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment is a research institute at the London School of Economics and Political Science founded in May 2008 . The centre is a partner of the Grantham Institute for Climate Change at Imperial College and acts as an umbrella body for LSE 's overall research contributions to the field of climate change and its impact on the environment . Furthermore , the institute oversees the activities of the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy ( CCCEP ) , a partnership between LSE and the University of Leeds .   Both Grantham research centres are sponsored through the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment , established by Hannelore and Jeremy Grantham in 1997 . The combined investments totalling approximately # 24 million is recognised as one of the largest private contributions to climate change research . CCCEP is funded independently by the ESRC .   The institute is currently chaired by Lord Nicholas Stern of Brentford , former Chief Economist of the World Bank and author of the widely known Stern Review .   The purpose of the Institute is to increase knowledge and understanding on climate change and the environment ; promote better informed decision-making ; and educate and train new generations of researchers through its undergraduate and postgraduate programmes .   The institute 's main research activities are divided into five different areas :   1 . Global response strategies   2 . Green growth   3 . Practical aspects of climate policy   4 . Adaptation and development   5 . Resource security   The research of the institute is characterised by its interdisciplinary nature and brings together international expertise on economics , finance , geography , the environment , international development and political economy , as the centre 's academic staff comprise a broad range of disciplines , including physicists , climatologists , economists , statisticians , political scientists and various other social scientists .   In September 2015 , the institute hosted the Open Energy Modelling Initiative workshop .

negative: Climate Challenge Climate Challenge is a Flash-based global warming game produced by the BBC and developed by Red Redemption . Players manage the economy and resources of the ` European Nations ' as its president , while reducing emissions of to combat climate change and managing crises . Climate Challenge is an environmental serious game , designed to give players an understanding of the science behind climate change , as well as the options available to policy makers and the difficulties in their implementation .

negative: Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies The Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies is a refereed academic journal that aims to provide basic reference material for policy-makers , business executives and researchers interested in issues relating to the economic prospects and performance of emerging market economies .   The journal covers the following broad areas : Global Financial Crisis and the Impact on Emerging Market Economies , Economic Development and Inclusive Growth , Climate Change and Energy , Infrastructure Development and Public Private Partnerships , Capital Flows to and from Emerging Market Economies , Regional Cooperation , Trade and Investment and Development of National and Regional Financial Markets . The Journal is published in association with the Emerging Markets Forum , in Washington DC and publishes selected papers from their annual global meetings .   The journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics ( COPE ) .

negative: Reliance damages Reliance damages is the measure of compensation given to a person who suffered an economic harm for acting in reliance on a party who failed to fulfill their obligation .

negative: Vyacheslav Baburin Vyacheslav Leonidovich Baburin ( born 31 May 1951 ) -- Soviet and Russian economic geographer and regional scientist , educator , made a significant contribution to understanding of dynamic aspects in economic geography , particularly examining innovation cycles in Russian social and economic system . One of the leading Russian researchers of interaction between society and environment ( effects of climate change on socio-economic development of countries and regions , assessment of damage from natural disasters , impact on society of time zones reduction , influence of mountain environment on economy , the cycles of forestry development , etc. . )

negative: Kharkiv National University of Economics Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics is the largest economic higher educational and research institution in Eastern Ukraine . Established in 1912 , since 2013 the University is named after Simon Kuznets , its noted alumnus .   KhNUE provides a full range of undergraduate and postgraduate educational programs implementing multistage training , retraining and upgrading of qualification in 26 specialties in economy and business , management , public administration , informatics and cybernetics , computer sciences , publishing business and printing industry , tourism .

negative: Ernesto Screpanti Ernesto Screpanti ( born 1948 , Rome ) is a professor of Political Economy at the University of Siena . He worked on the `` rethinking Marxism '' research programme , in the attempt to update Marxist analysis by bringing it in line with the reality of contemporary capitalism , on the one hand , and to liberate Marxism from any residue of Hegelian metaphysics , Kantian ethics and economic determinism , on the other .

negative: Ifo Business Climate Index The Ifo Business Climate Index is a closely followed leading indicator for economic activity in Germany prepared by the Ifo Institute for Economic Research in Munich , Germany .

negative: Global Climate Network The Global Climate Network ( GCN ) is an alliance of influential think tanks and research institutes in different countries that collaborate on research into climate change policy and whose stated aim is to help address the political blockages to ambitious action to tackle global warming .   The Network has members in nine countries worldwide , including the USA , China , India , UK , Australia , Brazil , Norway , South Africa and Nigeria . Its Secretariat is housed at the Institute for Public Policy Research in London , UK . GCN members are engaged jointly in a programme of research projects , the results of which each member feeds into policy making at the domestic and international levels .   Collectively , members of the Global Climate Network are committed to a vision of a prosperous and secure world in which greenhouse gas emissions have been reduced to a level that is no longer harmful to the climate system . Working together , the Network construct a narrative for action on climate change that is concerned with human and economic progress as well as environmental wellbeing .   The Network 's patrons are Dr Rajendra Pachauri , chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and director-general of the Energy and Resources Institute in India ; John Podesta , former Chief of Staff to President Bill Clinton and director of Center for American Progress , and Lord Christopher Patten of Barnes , former European Commissioner for External Affairs .

negative: John A. Laitner John A. `` Skip '' Laitner ( born August 23 , 1947 ) is an American-born economist , author and lecturer . He focuses on developing a more robust technology and behavioral characterization of energy efficiency resources for use in energy and climate economic policy models .   Laitner currently serves as a Senior Fellow ( formerly Director of Economic and Social Analysis ) for the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy ( ACEEE ) . He now leads a team of consultants , the Economic and Human Dimensions Research Associates based in Tucson , Arizona .   Author of more than 280 reports , journal articles , and book chapters , Laitner has more than 40 years of involvement in the environmental , energy and economic policy arenas . His expertise includes benefit-cost assessments , behavioral assessments , resource costs and constraints , and the net employment and macroeconomic impacts of energy and climate policy scenarios . His most immediate research , building on the work of Robert U. Ayres and Benjamin Warr , is to examine the links between energy inefficiency and a productive economy . In a new book chapter , Laitner provides a time series dataset that suggests the United States may be only 14 percent energy efficient , and that it is this level of inefficiency which may constrain the future development of a more robust economy .

negative: Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage ( BECCS ) is a future greenhouse gas mitigation technology which produces negative carbon dioxide emissions by combining bioenergy ( energy from biomass ) use with geologic carbon capture and storage . The concept of BECCS is drawn from the integration of trees and crops , which extract carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) from the atmosphere as they grow , the use of this biomass in processing industries or power plants , and the application of carbon capture and storage via CO2 injection into geological formations . There are other non-BECCS forms of carbon dioxide removal and storage that include technologies such as biochar , carbon dioxide air capture and biomass burial .   According to a recent Biorecro report , there is 550 000 tonnes CO2/year in total BECCS capacity currently operating , divided between three different facilities ( as of January 2012 ) .   In the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , BECCS was indicated as a key technology for reaching low carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration targets . The negative emissions that can be produced by BECCS has been estimated by the Royal Society to be equivalent to a 50 to 150 ppm decrease in global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and according to the International Energy Agency , the BLUE map climate change mitigation scenario calls for more than 2 gigatonnes of negative CO2 emissions per year with BECCS in 2050 . According to Stanford University , 10 gigatonnes is achievable by this date .   The Imperial College London , the UK Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research , the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research , the Walker Institute for Climate System Research , and the Grantham Institute for Climate Change issued a joint report on carbon dioxide removal technologies as part of the AVOID : Avoiding dangerous climate change research program , stating that `` Overall , of the technologies studied in this report , BECCS has the greatest maturity and there are no major practical barriers to its introduction into today 's energy system . The presence of a primary product will support early deployment . ''   According to the OECD , `` Achieving lower concentration targets ( 450 ppm ) depends significantly on the use of BECCS '' .

negative: Bachelor of Political Economy The Bachelor of Political Economy is a three-year academic degree in the social sciences encompassing both economics and political science courses . Typical mandatory courses for the degree include , but are not limited to : microeconomics , macroeconomics , history of economic thought and political economy .

negative: Andrew Simms Andrew Simms is an author , analyst and co-director of the New Weather Institute . He is a research associate with the Centre for Global Political Economy at the University of Sussex and Fellow at the New Economics Foundation . He also served as Policy Director for ten years , Communications Director , and established the Climate Change Programme for the foundation . He co-authored The Green New Deal and co-founded the Green New Deal Group , the climate campaign onehundredmonths.org and cooperative think tank the New Weather Institute . He was a Principal Speaker of the Green Party .   A political economist and environmentalist , Simms studied at the London School of Economics for a master 's degree in development and international political economy , and has written a number of reports on climate change , globalisation and localisation , development issues , debt ( conventional and ecological debt ) , finance and banking , corporate accountability , genetic engineering and food security . He coined the term ` clone towns ' to describe the economic and homogenising effects of chain retailers on town centres .   Simms advocates the notion of ` ecological debt ' as an illustration of the degree to which economies operate beyond environmental thresholds , and initiated the annual marking of the day when the world is estimated to enter ` overshoot ' .

negative: NICTA NICTA ( previously known as National ICT Australia Ltd ) was Australia 's Information and Communications Technology ( ICT ) Research Centre of Excellence . The term `` Centre of Excellence '' is common marketing terminology used by some Australian government organisations for titles of science research groups . NICTA 's role is to pursue potentially economically significant ICT related research for the Australian economy .   NICTA was structured around groups focused primarily on pure research and the implementation of those ideas within business teams . NICTA merged with CSIRO in July 2016 .

negative: Karen R. Polenske Karen Rosel Polenske ( born March 20 , 1937 ) is an American regional economist specialized in energy , environmental , and infrastructure analyses , and input-output accounts and models , particularly at the subnational scale . She is currently the Peter de Florez Professor of Regional Political Economy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) .   Polenske received her undergraduate degree in Home Economics from the Oregon State University in 1959 . She holds a master in Public Administration and Economics from Syracuse University and a PhD in Economics from Harvard University , where she was in charge of the regional work at the Harvard Economic Research Project . Working with Wassily W. Leontief , she directed one of the most extensive multiregional input-output research studies of the U.S. economy in history .   She has been director of the multiregional planning research team at MIT since 1972 . She is also past President of the International Input-Output Association . Polenske has been an advisor to international agencies , including the United Nations Development Programme , Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , and the World Bank , as well as an economic consultant to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , Department of Commerce , Department of Justice , and the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers .

negative: Ministry of Economy and Planning The Ministry of Economy and Planning is one of the governmental bodies of Saudi Arabia and part of the cabinet . The ministry has the function of developing and implementing five-year plans which reflect the long-term economical targets of the country .

negative: Woods Hole Research Center The Woods Hole Research Center ( WHRC ) is a scientific research organization that studies climate change , land use change , soils , wetlands , and forests . WHRC was named the world 's top climate change think tank for 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 by the International Center for Climate Governance .   The Center conducts research throughout the Amazon , the Arctic , central Africa , and North America . WHRC collaborates with a wide variety of partners to understand the causes and impacts of climate change and to implement more science-based policies .

negative: Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change The Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change ( MCC ) conducts research and fosters dialogue about how the global commons , such as the atmosphere and the oceans , might be used and shared by many yet nevertheless be protected . A main theme is the compatibility of economic growth with sustainable development and climate protection .

negative: Climate Code Red Climate Code Red : The Case for Emergency Action is a 2008 book which presents scientific evidence that the global warming crisis is worse than official reports and national governments have so far indicated . The book argues that we are facing a `` sustainability emergency '' that requires a clear break from business-as-usual politics . The authors explain that emergency action to address climate change is not so much a radical idea as an indispensable course we must embark upon . Climate Code Red draws heavily on the work of a large number of climate scientists , including James E. Hansen .   The key themes of Climate Code Red are :  `` Our goal is a safe-climate future -- we have no right to bargain away species or human lives . ''  `` We are facing rapid warming impacts : the danger is immediate , not just in the future . ''  `` For a safe climate future , we must take action now to stop emissions and to cool the earth . ''  `` Plan a large-scale transition to a post-carbon economy and society . ''  `` Recognise a climate and sustainability emergency , because we need to move at a pace far beyond business and politics as usual '' .   Co-author David Spratt is a Melbourne businessman , climate-policy analyst , and co-founder of the Carbon Equity network . Co-author Philip Sutton is convener of the Greenleap Strategic Institute and Assistant Convenor of the Climate Emergency Network .   The book was launched by the Governor of Victoria , Professor David de Kretser in Parliament House in Melbourne , Victoria , on July 17 , 2008 .

negative: Ebonya Washington Ebonya L. Washington is Henry Kohn Professor of Economics at Yale University . She is also a National Bureau of Economic Research Faculty Research Fellow in the Programs on Political Economy and the Economics of Children .   Her research focuses on the political economy of low-income and minority constituents and the processes through which low-income Americans meet their financial needs . Several of her papers have been discussed in the popular press .

negative: J. K. Gibson-Graham J.K. Gibson-Graham is a pen name shared by feminist economic geographers Julie Graham and Katherine Gibson . Their first book The End of Capitalism ( as we knew it ) was published in 1996 , followed by A Postcapitalist Politics in 2006 . Julie Graham died on April 4 , 2010 from complications from cancer . Katherine Gibson is currently professor at the Institute of Culture and Society , University of Western Sydney . The two women also founded The Community Economies Research Network ( CERN ) and the Community Economies Collective ( CEC ) , `` international collaborative networks of researchers who share an interest in theorizing , discussing , representing and ultimately enacting new visions of economy . ''