query: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.

positive: Australia Australia ( -LSB- əˈstreɪliə -RSB- , -LSB- ɒ - -RSB- , -LSB- - ljə -RSB- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands . It is the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea , Indonesia and East Timor to the north ; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east ; and New Zealand to the south-east . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest urban area is Sydney .   For about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century , Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians ,  who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups . After the European discovery of the continent by Dutch explorers in 1606 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states and several territories . The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard .   Australia has the world 's 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income ( IMF ) . With the second-highest human development index globally , the country ranks highly in quality of life , health , education , economic freedom , and civil liberties and political rights . Australia is a member of the United Nations , G20 , Commonwealth of Nations , ANZUS , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , World Trade Organization , Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation , and the Pacific Islands Forum .

negative: Cold inflation pressure Cold inflation pressure is the inflation pressure of tires before the car is driven and the tires warmed up . Recommended cold inflation pressure is displayed on the owner 's manual and on the placard ( or sticker ) attached to the vehicle door edge , pillar , glovebox door or fuel filler flap . Drivers are encouraged to make sure their tires are adequately inflated , as suboptimal tire pressure can greatly reduce fuel economy , increase emissions , increased wear on the edges of the tire surface , and can lead to premature failure of the tire . Excessive pressure , on the other hand , may lead to impact-breaks , decrease braking performance , and cause uneven wear ( i.e. greater wear on the center part of the tire surface ) .   Tire pressure is commonly measured in psi in the imperial and US customary systems , bar , which is deprecated but accepted for use with SI or the kilopascal ( kPa ) , which is an SI unit .   Ambient temperature affects the cold tire pressure . Absolute cold tire pressure ( gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure ) varies directly with the absolute temperature , measured in kelvins .   From physics , the ideal gas law states that PV = nRT where P is absolute pressure , T is absolute temperature ( Kelvin ) , V is the volume ( assumed to be relatively constant in the case of a tire ) , and nR is constant for a given number of molecules of gas . To understand this , assume the tire was filled when it was 300 kelvin ( 80 degrees Fahrenheit ) . If the temperature varies 10 % , i.e. by 30 kelvin ( also 30 Celsius degrees or 54 Fahrenheit degrees ) , the pressure varies 10 % . So if the tire was filled at 80F to 32 psi ( or 47 psi absolute when we add atmospheric pressure ) , the change would be 4.7 psi for this 30 Celsius degree change , or .16 psi per Celsius degree or .1 psi per Fahrenheit degree or 1 psi for every 10 Fahrenheit degrees . Using SI units , that would be 1.1 kPa per kelvin .   Hence , for a tire filled to 32 psi , the approximation usually made is that within the range of normal atmospheric temperatures and pressures :  Tire pressure increases 1 psi for each 10 Fahrenheit degree increase in temperature , or conversely decreases 1 psi for each 10 Fahrenheit degree decrease in temperature and  in SI units , tire pressure increases 1.1 kPa for each 1 Celsius degree increase in temperature , or conversely decreases 1.1 kPa for each 1 Celsius degree decrease in temperature . For tires that need inflation greater than 32psi it might be easier to use a Rule of Thumb of 2 % pressure change for a change of 10 degrees Fahrenheit .  From the table below , one can see that these are only approximations .

negative: Raster data A raster data structure is based on a ( usually rectangular , square-based ) tessellation of the 2D plane into cells . In the example the cells of tessellation A is overlaid on the point pattern B resulting in an array C of quadrant counts representing the number of points in each cell . For purposes of visualization a lookup table has been used to color each of the cells in an image D . Here are the numbers as a simple vector in row/column order :   1 3 0 0 1 12 8 0 1 4 3 3 0 2 0 2 1 7 4 1 5 4 2 2 0 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 0 5 1 9 3 3 3 4 5 0 8 0 2 4 3 2 8 4 3 2 2 7 2 3 2 10 1 5 2 1 3 7   Finally , here is a run-length encoded representation of the raster , which has 55 positions :  values : 1 3 0 1 12 8 0 1 4 3 ...  lengths : 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ...   This process clearly results in a loss of information , from the real-valued coordinates of the points , through the integer cell counts , to the ordinal colors , but there are also gains :   The data structure is usually more compact ,  The raster is easy to visualize , and  It can be related to other rasters provided the locations and resolutions are properly conflated .

negative: Bockstein homomorphism In homological algebra , the Bockstein homomorphism , introduced by , is a connecting homomorphism associated with a short exact sequence   0 → P → Q → R → 0   of abelian groups , when they are introduced as coefficients into a chain complex C , and which appears in the homology groups as a homomorphism reducing degree by one ,   β : Hi ( C , R ) → Hi − 1 ( C , P ) .   To be more precise , C should be a complex of free , or at least torsion-free , abelian groups , and the homology is of the complexes formed by tensor product with C ( some flat module condition should enter ) . The construction of β is by the usual argument ( snake lemma ) .   A similar construction applies to cohomology groups , this time increasing degree by one . Thus we have   β : Hi ( C , R ) → Hi + 1 ( C , P ) .   The Bockstein homomorphism β of the coefficient sequence  0 → Z/pZ → Z/p2Z → Z/pZ → 0  is used as one of the generators of the Steenrod algebra . This Bockstein homomorphism has the two properties  ββ = 0 if p > 2  β ( a ∪ b ) = β ( a ) ∪ b + ( -1 ) dim a a ∪ β ( b )  in other words it is a superderivation acting on the cohomology mod p of a space .

negative: Homogeneous polynomial In mathematics , a homogeneous polynomial is a polynomial whose nonzero terms all have the same degree . For example , is a homogeneous polynomial of degree 5 , in two variables ; the sum of the exponents in each term is always 5 . The polynomial is not homogeneous , because the sum of exponents does not match from term to term . A polynomial is homogeneous if and only if it defines a homogeneous function . An algebraic form , or simply form , is a function defined by a homogeneous polynomial . A binary form is a form in two variables . A form is also a function defined on a vector space , which may be expressed as a homogeneous function of the coordinates over any basis .   A polynomial of degree 0 is always homogeneous ; it is simply an element of the field or ring of the coefficients , usually called a constant or a scalar . A form of degree 1 is a linear form . A form of degree 2 is a quadratic form . In geometry , the Euclidean distance is the square root of a quadratic form .   Homogeneous polynomials are ubiquitous in mathematics and physics . They play a fundamental role in algebraic geometry , as a projective algebraic variety is defined as the set of the common zeros of a set of homogeneous polynomials .

negative: Online degree An online degree is an academic degree ( usually a college degree , but sometimes the term includes high school diplomas and non-degree certificate programs ) that can be earned primarily or entirely through the use of an Internet-connected computer , rather than attending college in a traditional campus setting . Improvements in technology , the increasing use of the Internet worldwide , and the need for people to have flexible school schedules while they are working have led to a proliferation of online colleges that award associate , bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees .

negative: Temperature record of the past 1000 years For information on the description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in various IPCC reports see MWP and LIA in IPCC reportsThe temperature record of the past 1,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale . Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional : the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that `` Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely '' the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . '' The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century . As of 2010 this broad pattern was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th-century `` shaft '' appears . Sparseness of proxy records results in considerable uncertainty for earlier periods .   Individual proxy records , such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology , are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap . Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions : tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures ( within the tropics trees do not form rings ) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean . Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions , incorporating proxies such as lake sediments , ice cores and corals which are found in different regions , and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records . The `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures ; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction ( CFR ) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas , making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models .   During the 1,900 years before the 20th century , it is likely that the next warmest period was from 950 to 1100 , with peaks at different times in different regions . This has been called the Medieval Warm Period , and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age . In the hockey stick controversy , contrarians have asserted that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than at present , and have disputed the data and methods of climate reconstructions .

negative: Yield strength anomaly In materials science , the yield strength anomaly refers to unusual materials wherein the yield strength ( i.e. , the stress necessary to initiate plastic yielding ) increases with temperature .  For the vast majority of materials the yield strength decreases with increasing temperature .   Precipitation hardening superalloys exhibit yield strength anomaly over a considerable temperature range . For these materials , the yield strength shows little variation between room temperature and several hundred degrees Celsius . Eventually , a maximum yield strength is reached . For ordered intermetallics , this is usually the case at roughly 50 % of the absolute melting temperature . For even higher temperatures , the yield strength decreases and , eventually , drops to zero when reaching the melting temperature , where the solid material transforms into a fluid .   The yield strength anomaly is exploited in the design of gas turbines and jet engines that operate at high temperatures , where the materials used are selected based on their paramount yield and creep resistance . Superalloys can withstand high temperature loads far beyond the capabilities of steels .

negative: Bachelor of Arts and Science Bachelor of Arts and Science ( B.A.S. or B.A. & Sc . or B.A.Sc . ) is an undergraduate bachelor 's degree conferred by a small number of American universities and a fair number of universities in other English-speaking countries ( including Canada and Australia ) . Generally , to receive a B.A.S. degree , a student would need to complete the general requirements for a bachelor 's degree and also the requirements for two different academic majors ( or academic minors ) -- one that usually leads to a B.A. degree and one that usually leads to a B.S. degree . In the United States , the degree is meant to be a four-year degree , but many students will take five years to complete the program .   Technically speaking , it is not an example of a double degree , as universities only confer a single degree .

negative: Frequency partition of a graph In graph theory , a discipline within mathematics , the frequency partition of a graph ( simple graph ) is a partition of its vertices grouped by their degree . For example , the degree sequence of the left-hand graph below is ( 3 , 3 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 1 ) and its frequency partition is 6 = 3 + 2 + 1 . This indicates that it has 3 vertices with some degree , 2 vertices with some other degree , and 1 vertex with a third degree . The degree sequence of the bipartite graph in the middle below is ( 3 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 ) and its frequency partition is 9 = 5 + 3 + 1 . The degree sequence of the right-hand graph below is ( 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 2 ) and its frequency partition is 7 = 6 + 1 .   In general , there are many non-isomorphic graphs with a given frequency partition . A graph and its complement have the same frequency partition . For any partition p = f1 + f2 + ... + fk of an integer p > 1 , other than p = 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 , there is at least one ( connected ) simple graph having this partition as its frequency partition .   Frequency partitions of various graph families are completely identifieds ; frequency partitions of many families of graphs are not identified .

negative: Trigonometric constants expressed in real radicals Exact algebraic expressions for trigonometric values are sometimes useful , mainly for simplifying solutions into radical forms which allow further simplification .   All trigonometric numbers -- sines or cosines of rational multiples of 360 ° -- are algebraic numbers ( solutions of polynomial equations with integer coefficients ) ; moreover they may be expressed in terms of radicals of complex numbers ; but not all of these are expressible in terms of real radicals . When they are , they are expressible more specifically in terms of square roots .   All values of the sines , cosines , and tangents of angles at 3 ° increments are expressible in term of square roots , using identities -- the half-angle identity , the double-angle identity , and the angle addition/subtraction identity -- and using values for 0 ° , 30 ° , 36 ° , and 45 ° . For an angle of an integer number of degrees that is not a multiple 3 ° , the values of sine , cosine , and tangent can not be expressed in terms of real radicals . Note that 1 ° = radians .   According to Niven 's theorem , the only rational values of the sine function for which the argument is a rational number of degrees are 0 , , 1 , − , and − 1 .   According to Baker 's theorem , if the value of a sine , a cosine or a tangent is algebraic , then either the angle is rational number of degrees , or the angle is a transcendental number of degrees . That is , if the angle is an algebraic , but non-rational , number of degrees , the trigonometric functions all have transcendental values .

negative: Bachelor of Letters Bachelor of Letters ( B.Litt . or Litt.B. ; Latin Baccalaureus Litterarum or Litterarum Baccalaureus ) is a second undergraduate university degree in which students specialize in an area of study relevant to their own personal , professional or academic development . This area of study may have been touched on in a prior undergraduate degree but not studied in depth , or may never have been formally taught to the student . The degree is less often awarded now than in previous centuries , and is , at the current time , only awarded by two universities in Australia .

negative: High (computability) In computability theory , a Turing degree -LSB- X -RSB- is high if it is computable in 0 ′ , and the Turing jump -LSB- X ′ -RSB- is 0 ′ ′ , which is the greatest possible degree in terms of Turing reducibility for the jump of a set which is computable in 0 ′ ( Soare 1987:71 ) .   Similarly , a degree is high n if its n'th jump is the ( n +1 ) ` st jump of 0 . Even more generally , a degree d is generalized high n if its n'th jump is the n'th jump of the join of d with 0 ′ .

negative: Albert algebra In mathematics , an Albert algebra is a 27-dimensional exceptional Jordan algebra . They are named after Abraham Adrian Albert , who pioneered the study of non-associative algebras , usually working over the real numbers . Over the real numbers , there are three such Jordan algebras up to isomorphism . One of them , which was first mentioned by and studied by , is the set of 3 × 3 self-adjoint matrices over the octonions , equipped with the binary operation   where denotes matrix multiplication . Another is defined the same way , but using split octonions instead of octonions . The final is constructed from the non-split octonions using a different standard involution .   Over any algebraically closed field , there is just one Albert algebra , and its automorphism group G is the simple split group of type F4 . ( For example , the complexifications of the three Albert algebras over the real numbers are isomorphic Albert algebras over the complex numbers . ) Because of this , for a general field F , the Albert algebras are classified by the Galois cohomology group H1 ( F , G ) .   The Kantor -- Koecher -- Tits construction applied to an Albert algebra gives a form of the E7 Lie algebra . The split Albert algebra is used in a construction of a 56-dimensional structurable algebra whose automorphism group has identity component the simply-connected algebraic group of type E6 .   The space of cohomological invariants of Albert algebras a field F ( of characteristic not 2 ) with coefficients in Z/2Z is a free module over the cohomology ring of F with a basis 1 , f3 , f5 , of degrees 0 , 3 , 5 . The cohomological invariants with 3-torsion coefficients have a basis 1 , g3 of degrees 0 , 3 . The invariants f3 and g3 are the primary components of the Rost invariant .

negative: Entropy of fusion The entropy of fusion is the increase in entropy when melting a substance . This is almost always positive since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from an organized crystalline solid to the disorganized structure of a liquid ; the only known exception is helium . It is denoted as ? Sfus and normally expressed in J mol − 1 K − 1   A natural process such as a phase transition will occur when the associated change in the Gibbs free energy is negative .  , where is the enthalpy or heat of fusion .  Since this is a thermodynamic equation , the symbol T refers to the absolute thermodynamic temperature , measured in kelvins ( K ) .   Equilibrium occurs when the temperature is equal to the melting point so that  ,   and the entropy of fusion is the heat of fusion divided by the melting point .

negative: Helimagnetism Helimagnetism is an incommensurate form of magnetic ordering that results from the competition between Ferromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic exchange interactions , and is typically only observed at liquid helium temperatures . Spins of neighbouring magnetic moments arrange themselves in a spiral or helical pattern , with a characteristic turn angle of somewhere between 0 and 180 degrees . It is possible to view Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism as Helimagnetic structures with characteristic turn angles of 0 and 180 degrees respectively . Helimagnetic order breaks spatial inversion symmetry , as it can be either left-handed or right-handed in nature .   Category : Magnetic ordering  Category : Liquid helium

negative: Carryover cooking Carryover cooking ( sometimes referred to as resting ) is the phenomenon that food retains heat and continues to cook even after being removed from the source of heat . Carryover cooking is often used as a finishing step in preparation of foods that are roasted or grilled , and must be accounted for in recipes as it can increase the internal temperature of foods by temperatures between 5 and 25 degrees Fahrenheit ( 3 -- 14 ° C ) . The larger and denser the object being heated , the greater the amount of temperature increase due to carryover cooking .   Resting , when used as a synonym for carryover cooking , also refers to the process of allowing the liquids in meats to redistribute through the food over a 5 - to 20-minute period . This allows for a more flavorful and juicy finished product .

negative: Niven's theorem In mathematics , Niven 's theorem , named after Ivan Niven , states that the only rational values of θ in the interval 0 ° ≤ θ ≤ 90 ° for which the sine of θ degrees is also a rational number are :   In radians , one would require that 0 ≤ x ≤ / 2 , that x / be rational , and that sin x be rational . The conclusion is then that the only such values are sin 0 = 0 , sin / 6 = 1/2 , and sin / 2 = 1 .   The theorem appears as Corollary 3.12 in Niven 's book on irrational numbers .   The theorem extends to the other trigonometric functions as well . For rational values of θ , the only rational values of the sine or cosine are 0 , ± 1/2 , and ± 1 ; the only rational values of the secant or cosecant are ± 1 and ± 2 ; and the only rational values of the tangent or cotangent are 0 and ± 1 .

negative: Thorny skate The thorny skate ( Amblyraja radiata ) is a species of fish in Rajidae family . It mainly lives near the bottom of the coastline of North Atlantic Ocean in depths ranging from 20 to 1000 metres and temperatures from 1 to 10 degrees Celsius . It was also located in Lake Melville , near Goose Bay , Labrador . Rivers empty into the lake and the lake bottom is mostly made up of sand . Thorny skates have been caught in this lake in the 1980s by ice fishermen when outside temperatures were -30 degrees C.

negative: Larson–Miller Parameter The Larson -- Miller parameter is a means of predicting the lifetime of material vs. time and temperature using a correlative approach based on the Arrhenius rate equation . The value of the parameter is usually expressed as LMP = T ( C + log t ) , where C is a material specific constant , often approximated as 20 , t is the time in hours , and T is the temperature in kelvins .   Creep-stress rupture data for high-temperature creep-resistant alloys are often plotted as log stress to rupture versus  a combination of log time to rupture and temperature . One of the most common time -- temperature parameters used to present this kind of data is the Larson -- Miller ( L.M. ) parameter , which in generalized form is   where  T = temperature , K or ° R ,  = stress-rupture time , h ,  C = constant , usually of order 20 .   According to the L.M. parameter , at a given stress level the log time to stress rupture plus a constant of the order of 20 multiplied by the temperature in kelvins or degrees Rankine remains constant for a given material .

negative: Bob Lazar Robert Scott Lazar ( -LSB- ləˈzɑr -RSB- born January 26 , 1959 ) claims to have worked on reverse engineering extraterrestrial technology at a site called S-4 , near the Area 51 test facility , and that the UFOs use gravity wave propulsion . This is powered by the , at the time , undiscovered element 115 . He further claims to have read US government briefing documents that describe alien involvement in human affairs over the past 10,000 years .   He runs a scientific supply company . Universities from which he claimed to hold degrees show no record of him .

negative: Graduate entry A graduate entry degree is term used for an academic degree that denotes a minimum 3-4 year bachelor 's degree . It is most commonly used to refer to first professional degree programs . This term first developed in Australia and the UK to refer to medical , dental , and law degrees that used to be available to students directly out of high school , but now have educational business and corporations have changed structure and requirements to require a degree first before admission would be considered .

negative: Bachelor of Film and Television Bachelor of Film and Television ( usually BF&TV or BFTV ) is an undergraduate bachelor 's degree awarded to students who have studied elements of Filmmaking and Television production at a three-year accredited university , or a four-year accredited college .   This degree is a relatively new degree program offered mainly in Australia and differs from most degrees by its practical focus . Many universities offer Film and Television as a single unit , or series of units ( major ) study in a Bachelor of Arts , Bachelor of Fine Arts or Bachelor of Communications .  Increasingly , colleges in Ontario granted degree-granting status , are delivering professional baccalaureate degrees combining practice and theory . Sheridan College , ( Oakville , Ontario ) will be launching a Bachelor of Film and TV in September 2014 .   The degree usually consists of study in areas of Scriptwriting , Film and Television Directing , Animation , Sound , Cinematography , Lighting and Typography .

negative: Progress toward degree The progress toward degree rule , commonly referred to as the 40-60-80 rule , is a piece of National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) legislation designed to increase retention and graduation rates of NCAA Division I student athletes . The legislation , that took effect for first time freshmen in 2003 , states that by the beginning of the student-athlete 's third year of college enrollment , they must have completed 40 % of the classes required toward a specific degree . This rate of progress toward a specific degree must continue so that by the beginning of the student-athlete 's fourth year , they must have completed 60 % and by the beginning of their fifth year , they must have completed 80 % of their required coursework toward a specific degree . This legislation , part of many academically oriented rules the NCAA has put into place over the past 20 years , was written in response to several calls for reform of `` big time '' college athletics including , most notably , the Knight Commission .   Category : National Collegiate Athletic Association

negative: Critical relative humidity The critical relative humidity ( CRH ) of a salt is defined as the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere ( at a certain temperature ) at which the material begins to absorb moisture from the atmosphere and below which it will not absorb atmospheric moisture .   When the humidity of the atmosphere is equal to ( or is greater than ) the critical relative humidity of a sample of salt , the sample will take up water until all of the salt is dissolved to yield a saturated solution . All water-soluble salts and mixtures have characteristic critical humidities ; it is a unique material property .   The critical relative humidity of most salts decreases with increasing temperature . For instance , the critical relative humidity of ammonium nitrate decreases 22 % with a temperature from 0 ° C to 40 ° C ( 32 ° F to 104 ° F ) .   The critical relative humidity of several fertilizer salts is given in table 1 :   Table 1 : Critical relative humidities of pure salts at 30 ° C.   Mixtures of salts usually have lower critical humidities than either of the constituents . Fertilizers that contain Urea as an ingredient usually exhibit a much lower Critical Relative Humidity than Fertilizers without Urea.Table 2 shows CRH data for two-component mixtures :   Table 2 : Critical relative humidities of mixtures of salts at 30 ° C ( values are percent relative humidity ) .   As shown , the effect of salt mixing is most dramatic in the case of ammonium nitrate with urea . This mixture has an extremely low critical relative humidity and can therefore only be used in liquid fertilisers ( so called UAN-solutions ) .

negative: Tire load sensitivity Tire load sensitivity describes the behaviour of tires under load . Conventional pneumatic tires do not behave as classical friction theory would suggest . The load sensitivity of most real tires in their typical operating range is such that the coefficient of friction decreases as the vertical load , Fz , increases . The maximum lateral force that can be developed does increase as the vertical load increases , but at a diminishing rate .   Coulomb friction theory says that the maximum horizontal force developed should be proportional to the vertical load on the tire . In practice , the maximum horizontal force Fy that can be generated is proportional , roughly , to the vertical load Fz raised to the power of somewhere between 0.7 and 0.9 , typically .   Production car tires typically develop this maximum lateral force , or cornering force , at a slip angle of 6-10 degrees , although this angle increases as the vertical load on the tire increases . Formula 1 car tires may reach a peak sideforce at 3 degrees

negative: Degree of a polynomial The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of its terms when the polynomial is expressed in its canonical form consisting of a linear combination of monomials . The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables that appear in it . The term order has been used as a synonym of degree but , nowadays , may refer to several other concepts ( see order of a polynomial ) .  For example , the polynomial has three terms . ( Notice , this polynomial can also be expressed as . ) The first term has a degree of 5 ( the sum of the powers 2 and 3 ) , the second term has a degree of 1 , and the last term has a degree of 0 . Therefore , the polynomial has a degree of 5 which is the highest degree of any term .   To determine the degree of a polynomial that is not in standard form ( for example ) , one has to put it first in standard form by expanding the products ( by distributivity ) and combining the like terms ; for example is of degree 1 , even though each summand has degree 2 . However , this is not needed when the polynomial is expressed as a product of polynomials in standard form , because the degree of a product is the sum of the degrees of the factors .

negative: George Harris (cricketer, born 1906) George Cecil Harris ( 3 March 1906 -- 18 November 1994 ) was an English cricketer who played four first-class matches for Worcestershire in 1925 .   He did little , bowling only 31 overs in total and taking only two wickets . Both of these came in the first innings of a match against Derbyshire ; his victims were Jim Hutchinson   and James Horsley . With the bat he was hopeless , his career scores being 0 , 0 * , 4 , 0 * , 1 * , 0 , 1 and 0 . He claimed only one catch , to dismiss Harry Howell of Warwickshire .   Harris was born in Droitwich , Worcestershire ; he died at the age of 86 in Worcester .

negative: Polynomial identity ring In mathematics , in the subfield of ring theory , a ring R is a polynomial identity ring if there is , for some N > 0 , an element P other than 0 of the free algebra , Z < X1 , X2 , ... , XN > , over the ring of integers in N variables X1 , X2 , ... , XN such that for all N-tuples r1 , r2 , ... , rN taken from R it happens that   Strictly the Xi here are `` non-commuting indeterminates '' , and so `` polynomial identity '' is a slight abuse of language , since `` polynomial '' here stands for what is usually called a `` non-commutative polynomial '' . The abbreviation PI-ring is common . More generally , the free algebra over any ring S may be used , and gives the concept of PI-algebra .   If the degree of the polynomial P is defined in the usual way , the polynomial P is called monic if at least one of its terms of highest degree has coefficient equal to 1 .   Every commutative ring is a PI-ring , satisfying the polynomial identity XY - YX = 0 . Therefore , PI-rings are usually taken as close generalizations of commutative rings . If the ring has characteristic p different from zero then it satisfies the polynomial identity pX = 0 . To exclude such examples , sometimes it is defined that PI-rings must satisfy a monic polynomial identity .

negative: PESEL PESEL ( Polish Powszechny Elektroniczny System Ewidencji Ludności , Universal Electronic System for Registration of the Population ) is the national identification number used in Poland since 1979 . It always has 11 digits , identifies just one person and can not be changed to another one ( except some specific situations such as gender reassignment ) .   The PESEL number is mandatory for all permanent residents of Poland and for temporary residents living in Poland for over 2 months . After the 1st March 2015 , applicants for Polish passport without a PESEL number will need to apply for PESEL prior to passport application . Otherwise , without a PESEL number , passport application and fingerprints can not be taken .   The PESEL was the system designed by the communist government ( during PRL ) to trace a personal information about every citizen . It is a direct offshoot from the previous system , MAGISTER ( an acronym spelling out the word ` Master ' , like a master 's degree ) , which was designed to trace and record data about everyone with a university degree .   PESEL number has the form of YYMMDDZZZXQ , where YYMMDD is the date of birth ( with century encoded in month field ) , ZZZX is the personal identification number , where X codes sex ( even number for females , odd number for males ) and Q is a check digit , which is used to verify whether a given PESEL is correct or not .   Having a PESEL in the form of ABCDEF GHIJK , one can check the validity of the number by computing the following expression :   A * 1 + B * 3 + C * 7 + D * 9 + E * 1 + F * 3 + G * 7 + H * 9 + I * 1 + J * 3   Then the last digit of the result should be subtracted from 10 . If the result of the last operation is not equal to the last digit of a given PESEL , the PESEL is incorrect . This system works reliably well for catching one-digit mistakes and digit swaps .   Checking validity of PESEL : 44051401358 ( number 8 , the last digit , is the check digit for this PESEL ) :   1 * 4 + 3 * 4 + 7 * 0 + 9 * 5 + 1 * 1 + 3 * 4 + 7 * 0 + 9 * 1 + 1 * 3 + 3 * 5 = 101   Getting the last digit of the result ( 101 modulo 10 ) :   101/10 = 10 remainder 1   In order to get the check digit one need to take the 10s complement of the number . It is 0 if the modulo result is 0 , and it is 5 when the modulo is equal to 5 , otherwise it means the modulo result has to be subtracted from 10 .   10 - 1 = 9   9 is not equal to the last digit of PESEL , which is 8 , so the PESEL contains errors .

negative: Ten-year man A ten-year man was a category of mature student at the University of Cambridge .   Under the University 's statutes of 1570 , a man over twenty-four could proceed to a BD degree ten years after matriculation without first gaining a BA degree or a MA degree . The device was not used much until the second decade of the nineteenth century . It was abolished in the mid-nineteenth-century university reforms , after criticism that it had become a route to a Cambridge degree which required no formal test of the man 's ability . However , although it was impossible to enroll as a ten-year man after 1858 , those who were already enrolled remained members of the university , meaning that , in actual fact , ten-year men did not become extinct until 1900 .   The ten-year route to a degree was used both by men who had already been ordained as clergy , but who wanted to increase their status by taking a degree , and also by laymen who aspired to be ordained but who were not , usually for financial reasons , able to take a degree in the regular way .   Although the ten-year BD was criticised for its lack of appropriate oversight and inadequate means of assessment , it should not be assumed that all those who enrolled for it were men of low academic abilities : most were merely from backgrounds to poor to allow them to go to university at the usual age . Scholars among them include Thomas Hartwell Horne , Cornelius Bayley , Joseph Bosworth , John Hellins and William Scoresby .

negative: Minimal polynomial Minimal polynomial may refer to either of two closely related concepts :   Minimal polynomial ( linear algebra ) , the monic polynomial p ( x ) of least degree such that p ( A ) = 0 for a square matrix A  Minimal polynomial ( field theory ) , the monic polynomial p ( x ) over a field F of least degree such that p = 0 , for an algebraic element α over a field F

negative: Doctor Medicinae (Danish and Norwegian degree) Doctor Medicinae , also spelled Doctor Medicinæ and abbreviated Dr. Med. , is a doctoral degree ( a research doctorate ) in medicine awarded by universities in Denmark and formerly in Norway . The degree can only be obtained by physicians . It is regarded as a higher doctorate and is the equivalent of the British Doctor of Medical Science ( Med.Sc.D . ) .   Dr. Med . ( dr.med . ) is now by law a higher degree than the Ph.D. ( ph.d.-graden ) . A Dr.Med . degree requires a cand.med . degree ( 6 -- 7 years of studies ) or equivalent , a substantial body of research ( usually in the form of published articles ) and public defence of a dissertation . Until the 19th century , the licentiate degree was also a prerequisite for obtaining the Dr.Med . Today , the recently introduced Danish Ph.D. degree ( officially the successor and equivalent of the former licentiate degree ) is sometimes obtained before the Dr.Med . degree . According to the Danish Agency for International Education , `` mature researchers may obtain the traditional higher Danish doctoral degree ( doktorgrad ) , usually after a minimum of 5 -- 8 years of individual and original research ( following a candidatus degree -LSB- ... -RSB- or a ph.d. degree in the relevant field of study ) and public defence of a dissertation . '' The Dr.Med . degree is seldom obtained before the age of 40 .


query: Climate policy must compete with other long-term threats for always-scarce resources.”

positive: Habitat destruction Habitat destruction is the process in which natural habitat is rendered unable to support the species present . In this process , the organisms that previously used the site are displaced or destroyed , reducing biodiversity . Habitat destruction by human activity is mainly for the purpose of harvesting natural resources for industry production and urbanization . Clearing habitats for agriculture is the principal cause of habitat destruction . Other important causes of habitat destruction include mining , logging , trawling and urban sprawl . Habitat destruction is currently ranked as the primary cause of species extinction worldwide . It is a process of natural environmental change that may be caused by habitat fragmentation , geological processes , climate change or by human activities such as the introduction of invasive species , ecosystem nutrient depletion , and other human activities   The terms habitat loss and habitat reduction are also used in a wider sense , including loss of habitat from other factors , such as water and noise pollution .

positive: Climate change policy of the United States Global climate change was first addressed in United States policy beginning in the early 1960s . The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) defines climate change as `` any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time . '' Essentially , climate change includes major changes in temperature , precipitation , or wind patterns , as well as other effects , that occur over several decades or longer . Climate change policy in the US has transformed rapidly over the past twenty years and is being developed at both the state and federal level . The politics of global warming and climate change have polarized certain political parties and other organizations . This article focuses on climate change policy within the United States , as well as exploring the positions of various parties and the influences on policy making and environmental justice repercussions .

positive: Sustainability In ecology , sustainability ( from sustain and ability ) is the property of biological systems to remain diverse and productive indefinite #Adjective . Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems . In more general terms , sustainability is the endurance of systems and processes . The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development , which includes the four interconnected domains : ecology , economics , politics and culture . Sustainability science is the study of sustainable development and environmental science .   Sustainability can also be defined as a socio-ecological process characterized by the pursuit of a common ideal .  An ideal is by definition unattainable in a given time and space . However , by persistently and dynamically approaching it , the process results in a sustainable system .   Healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary to the survival of humans and other organisms . Ways of reducing negative human impact are environmentally-friendly chemical engineering , environmental resources management and environmental protection . Information is gained from green chemistry , earth science , environmental science and conservation biology . Ecological economics studies the fields of academic research that aim to address human economies and natural ecosystems .   Moving towards sustainability is also a social challenge that entails international and national law , urban planning and transport , local and individual lifestyles and ethical consumerism . Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from reorganizing living conditions ( e.g. , ecovillages , eco-municipalities and sustainable cities ) , reappraising economic sectors ( permaculture , green building , sustainable agriculture ) , or work practices ( sustainable architecture ) , using science to develop new technologies ( green technologies , renewable energy and sustainable fission and fusion power ) , or designing systems in a flexible and reversible manner , and adjusting individual lifestyles that conserve natural resources .   `` The term ` sustainability ' should be viewed as humanity 's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium ( homeostasis ) , while ` sustainable development ' refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability . '' ( 305 ) Despite the increased popularity of the use of the term `` sustainability '' , the possibility that human societies will achieve environmental sustainability has been , and continues to be , questioned -- in light of environmental degradation , climate change , overconsumption , population growth and societies ' pursuit of unlimited economic growth in a closed system .

positive: List of ecoregions in North America (CEC) This list of ecoregions of North America provides an overview of North American ecoregions designated by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( CEC ) in its North American Environmental Atlas . It should not be confused with Wikipedia articles based on the classification system developed by the World Wildlife Fund , such as List of ecoregions ( WWF ) and Lists of ecoregions by country .   The commission was established in 1994 by the member states of Canada , Mexico , and the United States to address regional environmental concerns under the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , the environmental side accord to the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . The Commission 's 1997 report , Ecological Regions of North America , provides a framework that may be used by government agencies , non-governmental organizations , and academic researchers as a basis for risk analysis , resource management , and environmental study of the continent 's ecosystems . Ecoregions may be identified by similarities in geology , physiography , vegetation , climate soils , land use , wildlife distributions , and hydrology .   The classification system has four levels . Only the first three levels are shown on this list . `` Level I '' divides North America into 15 broad ecoregions . `` Level II '' subdivides the continent into 52 smaller ecoregions . `` Level III '' subdivides those regions again into 182 ecoregions . `` Level IV '' is a further subdivision of Level III ecoregions . Level IV mapping is still underway but is complete across most of the United States . For an example of Level IV data , see List of ecoregions in Oregon and the associated articles .

negative: Energy in Finland Energy in Finland describes energy and electricity production , consumption and import in Finland . Energy policy of Finland describes the politics of Finland related to energy . Electricity sector in Finland is the main article of electricity in Finland .   Finland lacks domestic sources of fossil energy and must import substantial amounts of petroleum , natural gas , and other energy resources , including uranium for nuclear power .   Energy consumption in Finland per capita is the highest in European Union . Reasons for this include industries with high energy consumption ( half of energy is consumed by industry ) , high standards of living , cold climate ( 25 % of consumption is used in heating ) and long distances ( 16 % of consumption is used in transport ) .

negative: Soyo (Paraguay) Soyo is a thick soup of meat crushed in a mortar , seasoned with several spices and vegetables .   It is a meal that is always found in the traditional Paraguayan cooking and as all the others , has an important caloric value .   Although it was previously considered as a meal only eaten by the people of scarce resources , it has become extraordinarily popular in every social stratum in Paraguay .

negative: Energy in Ireland Energy in Ireland describes energy and electricity production , consumption and importing in the Republic of Ireland .   The Department of Communications , Climate Change and Natural Resources ( Irish : An Roinn Cumarsáide , Athrú Aeráide agus Achmhainní Nádúrtha ) is a department of the Government of Ireland that is responsible for the telecommunications and broadcasting sectors and regulates , protects and develops the natural resources of Ireland . The head of the department is the Minister for Communications , Climate Change and Natural Resources who is assisted by one Minister of State .   The Department of Communications , Climate Change and Natural Resources oversees the formulation and implementation of policies concerning Ireland 's coal , gas , peat , oil , electricity and renewable energy supply . The department strives to protect Ireland 's energy supply , generation , security , affordability and sustainability , and to ensure that Ireland complies with international energy and climate change policies .

negative: Adele Morris Adele Cecile Morris ( born August 14 , 1963 )  is a senior fellow and policy director for Climate and Energy Economics at the Brookings Institution . Her expertise and interests include the economics of policies related to climate change , energy , natural resources , tax policy , and public finance . She was an unpaid advisor to the Hillary for America campaign .

negative: Making Sweden an Oil-Free Society In 2005 the government of Sweden appointed a commission to draw up a comprehensive programme to reduce Sweden 's dependence on petroleum , natural gas and other ` fossil raw materials ' by 2020 . In June 2006 ( less than three months before the 2006 general election ) the commission issued its report , entitled Making Sweden an Oil-Free Society ( På väg mot ett oljefritt Sverige ) . The report cited four reasons to reduce oil dependence :  The impact of oil prices on Swedish economic growth and employment  The link between oil , peace and security throughout the world  The great potential to use Sweden 's own clean renewable energy resources in place of oil  The threat of climate change resulting from the extensive burning of fossil fuels   As of 2005 , oil supplies provided about 32 % of the country 's energy supply , with nuclear power and hydroelectricity providing much of the remainder . Although the report did not propose to end the use of oil entirely , the 2020 date was suggested as a marker on a continuing process of the `` oil phase-out in Sweden '' .   Following defeat of the incumbent government coalition in the 2006 general election , the proposals were not included in the energy policy or in any law . `` Sweden 's energy policy , in both the short and the long term , is to safeguard the supply of electricity and other forms of energy on terms that are competitive with the rest of the world . It is intended to create the right conditions for efficient use of energy and a cost efficient Swedish supply of energy , with minimum adverse effect on health , the environment or climate , and assisting the move towards an ecologically sustainable society . ''

negative: Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability The Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability is a public policy think tank founded in 1992 .  The Institute convenes scholars and practitioners who conduct research to address interconnected global problems such as threats of nuclear war , urban and energy insecurity , and climate change in the Asia Pacific region .   The Institute has been mentioned in stories in media such as the Financial Times , Foreign Policy , Radio Australia , and others .

negative: Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol The Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol ( AWG-KP ) is one of the two negotiating tracks established under the Bali Road Map at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 's 13th Conference of the Parties ( COP13 ) in Bali in 2007 . The other one is the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action ( AWG-LCA ) .   Category : Climate change policy

negative: Council On Energy, Environment and Water The Council on Energy , Environment and Water , commonly known as CEEW , is a Delhi-based not-for-profit policy research institution . Some of CEEW 's research areas include resource efficiency and security ; water resources ; renewable energy ; sustainability finance ; energy-trade-climate linkages ; integrated energy , environment and water plans ; and climate geoengineering governance . The think-tank advises the Indian government .

negative: Bjørn Lomborg Bjørn Lomborg ( -LSB- bjɶɐ̯n ˈlʌmbɒˀw -RSB- ; born 6 January 1965 ) is a Danish author and adjunct professor at the Copenhagen Business School as well as President of the Copenhagen Consensus Center . He is former director of the Danish government 's Environmental Assessment Institute ( EAI ) in Copenhagen . He became internationally known for his best-selling and controversial book , The Skeptical Environmentalist ( 2001 ) , in which he argues that many of the costly measures and actions adopted by scientists and policy makers to meet the challenges of global warming will ultimately have minimal impact on the world 's rising temperature .   In 2002 , Lomborg and the Environmental Assessment Institute founded the Copenhagen Consensus , a project-based conference where prominent economists sought to establish priorities for advancing global welfare using methods based on the theory of welfare economics .   In 2009 , Business Insider cited Lomborg as one of `` The 10 Most-Respected Global Warming Skeptics '' . While Lomborg campaigned against the Kyoto Protocol and other measures to cut carbon emissions in the short-term , he argued for adaptation to short-term temperature rises , and for spending money on research and development for longer-term environmental solutions . His issue is not with the reality of climate change , but rather with the economic and political approaches being taken ( or not taken ) to meet the challenges of that climate change . He is a strong advocate for focusing attention and resources on what he perceives as far more pressing world problems , such as AIDS , malaria and malnutrition . In his critique of the 2012 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development , Lomborg stated : `` Global warming is by no means our main environmental threat . '' In 2011 and 2012 , Lomborg was named a Top 100 Global Thinker by Foreign Policy `` for looking more right than ever on the politics of climate change '' .

negative: Skeptical Science Skeptical Science ( occasionally abbreviated SkS ) is a climate science blog and information resource created in 2007 by Australian cognitive scientist John Cook . In addition to publishing articles on current events relating to climate science and climate policy , the site maintains a large database of articles analyzing the merit of arguments commonly put forth by those who oppose the mainstream scientific opinion on climate change .

negative: Agonistic behaviour Agonistic behaviour is any social behaviour related to fighting . The term has broader meaning than aggressive behaviour because it includes threats , displays , retreats , placation , and conciliation . The term was coined by Scott and Fredericson in 1951 . Agonistic behaviour is seen in many animal species because resources including food , shelter , and mates are often limited .   Some forms of agonistic behaviour are between contestants who are competing for access to the same resources , such as food or mates . Other times , it involves tests of strength or threat display that make animals look large and more physically fit , a display that may allow it to gain the resource before an actual battle takes place . Although agonistic behaviour varies among species , agonistic interaction consists of three kinds of behaviours : threat , aggression , and submission . These three behaviours are functionally and physiologically interrelated with aggressive behaviour yet fall outside the narrow definition of aggressive behaviour . While any one of these divisions of behaviours may be seen alone in an interaction between two animals , they normally occur in sequence from start to end . Depending on the availability and importance of a resource , behaviours can range from a fight to the death or a much safer ritualistic behaviour , though ritualistic or display behaviours are the most common form of agonistic behaviours .

negative: Thailand Development Research Institute The Thailand Development Research Institute ( TDRI ) is a non-profit non-government Thai policy think tank focused on social and economic development issues . The institute has six major research programs : Human resources and social development ; international economic relations ; macroeconomic policy ; natural resources and environment ; science and technology development ; and sectoral economics .   TDRI was established as a public policy research institute in 1984 . Its legal form is that of a private non-profit foundation . It provides technical analysis ( mostly , but not entirely , in economic areas ) to various public agencies to help formulate policies to support long-term economic and social development in Thailand .   In line with this central objective , it is mandated to :   Conduct policy research  Network extensively with other institutions and individuals engaged in policy research , both in Thailand and abroad  Disseminate its research results to ensure maximum impact on policy-making

negative: Nations: A Simulation Game in International Politics Nations : A Simulation Game in International Politics is a case study available from the Georgetown University Institute for the Study of Diplomacy . In the game , students are divided into countries , and they compete against other by trading resources and making treaties . The game takes place on the fictional continent of Lostralia . The students are provided with rules . Each country has resources and secrets . Each country has a series of problems that they must solve and a certain amount of resources that they must get .

negative: Shunsuke Managi Shunsuke Managi is the Distinguished Professor of Technology and Policy & Director of Urban Institute at the Kyushu University , Japan . He has been awarded several national research grants on topics such as urbanization , transportation , energy , climate change , sustainability , urbanization , and population change . He is an editor of Environmental Economic and Policy Studies and on the editorial board for six journals including Resource and Energy Economics , a lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , and is the author of `` Technology , Natural Resources and Economic Growth : Improving the Environment for a Greener Future '' , published by Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd , and editor of `` The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Economics in Asia '' . 。

negative: Green industrial policy Green industrial policy ( GIP ) is strategic government policy that attempts to accelerate the development and growth of green industries to transition towards a low-carbon economy . Natural scientists warn that immediate action must be taken to lower greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change . Social scientists argue that the mitigation of climate change requires state intervention and governance reform . Thus , governments use GIP to address the economic , political , and environmental issues of climate change . GIP is conducive to sustainable economic , institutional , and technological transformation . It goes beyond the free market economic structure to address market failures and commitment problems that hinder sustainable investment . Effective GIP builds political support for carbon regulation which is necessary to transition towards a low-carbon economy . Several governments use different types of GIP that lead to various outcomes .   GIP and industrial policy are similar , although GIP has unique challenges and goals . GIP faces the particular challenge of reconciling economic and environmental issues . It deals with a high uncertainty of green investment profitability . Furthermore , it addresses the reluctance of industry to invest in green development , and it helps current governments influence future climate policy .   GIP offers opportunities for energy transition to renewables and a low-carbon economy . A large challenge for climate policy is a lack of industry and public support . GIP creates benefits that attract support for sustainability . It can create strategic niche management and generate a `` green spiral '' , or a process of feedback that combines industrial interests with climate policy . GIP can protect employees in emerging and declining industries , which leads to political support for other climate policy . Carbon pricing , sustainable energy transitions , and decreases in greenhouse gas emissions have higher chances of success as political support increases .   GIP faces many risks . Some risks include poor government choices about which industries to support ; political capture of economic policy ; wasted resources ; ineffective action to combat climate change ; poor policy design that lacks policy objectives and exit strategies ; trade disputes ; and coordination failure . Strategic steps can be taken to manage the risks of GIP . Some include public and private sector communication , transparency , and accountability ; policy with clear objectives , evaluation techniques and exit strategies ; policy learning and policy experimentation ; green rent management ; strong institutions ; and a free press .   Governments in various countries , states , provinces , territories , and cities use different types of green industrial policy . Distinct policy instruments lead to several outcomes . Examples include sunrise and sunset policies , subsidies , research and development , local content requirements , feed-in tariffs , tax credits , export restrictions , consumer mandates , green public procurement rules , and renewable portfolio standards .

negative: Environmental issues in Haiti Environmental issues in Haiti include a severe deforestation problem , overpopulation , a lack of sanitation , natural disasters , and food insecurity . A major reason for these environmental issues is that there is not sufficient protection or management of the country 's natural resources . Other environmental issues , such as decreases in precipitation and more severe natural disasters , will likely arise in Haiti as a result of climate change . Experts agree that Haiti needs to adopt new policies to address both the issues that already exist and to prepare for the effects of climate change .

negative: 500-channel universe The term `` 500-channel universe '' was coined in 1992 by cable TV executive John Malone to describe a future media environment where a vast number of TV channels would be available , by eliminating the need for broadcast radio channels as a scarce resource .

negative: Intraspecific competition Intraspecific competition is an interaction in population ecology , whereby members of the same species compete for limited resources . This leads to a reduction in fitness for both individuals .  By contrast , interspecific competition occurs when members of different species compete for a shared resource . Members of the same species have very similar resources requirements whereas different species have a smaller contested resource overlap , resulting in intraspecific competition generally being a stronger force than interspecific competition .   Individuals can compete for food , water , space , light , mates or any other resource which is required for survival or reproduction . The resource must be limited for competition to occur ; if every member of the species can obtain a sufficient amount of every resource then individuals do not compete and the population grows exponentially . Exponential growth is very rare in nature because resources are finite and so not every individual in a population can survive , leading to intraspecific competition for the scarce resources .   When resources are limited , an increase in population size reduces the quantity of resources available for each individual , reducing the per capita fitness in the population . As a result , the growth rate of a population slows as intraspecific competition becomes more intense , making it a negatively density dependent process . The falling population growth rate as population increases can be modeled effectively with the logistic growth model . The rate of change of population density eventually falls to zero , the point ecologists have termed the carrying capacity ( K ) . The carrying capacity of a population is the maximum number of individuals that can live in a population stably ; numbers larger than this will suffer a negative population growth until eventually reaching the carrying capacity , whereas populations smaller than the carrying capacity will grow until they reach it .   Intraspecific competition does n't just involve direct interactions between members of the same species ( such as male deer locking horns when competing for mates ) but can also include indirect interactions where an individual depletes a shared resource ( such as a grizzly bear catching a salmon that can then no longer be eaten by bears at different points along a river ) .   The way in which resources are partitioned by organisms also varies and can be split into scramble and contest competition . Scramble competition involves a relatively even distribution of resources among a population as all individuals exploit a common resource pool . In contrast , contest competition is the uneven distribution of resources and occurs when hierarchies in a population influence the amount of resource each individual receives . Organisms in the most prized territories or at the top of the hierarchies obtain a sufficient quantity of the resources , whereas individuals without a territory do n't obtain any of the resource .

negative: Climate ethics Climate ethics is an area of research that focuses on the ethical dimensions of climate change ( also known as global warming ) , and concepts such as climate justice .   Human-induced climate change raises many profound ethical questions , yet many believe that these ethical issues have not been addressed adequately in climate change policy debates or in the scientific and economic literature on climate change ; and that , consequently , ethical questions are being overlooked or obscured in climate negotiations , policies and discussions . It has been pointed out that those most responsible for climate change are not the same people as those most vulnerable to its effects .   Terms such as climate justice and ecological justice ( ` eco justice ' ) are used worldwide , and have been adopted by various groups .

negative: Water resources management in Colombia There is a long and well established framework for water resources management in Colombia . The Environment Ministry and up to 33 Regional Authorities ( the first one was created in 1954 ) , are in charge of water resources management and policies at the national and regional and watershed level , respectively . Other sectoral ministries are in charge of water demand for energy , water supply and sanitation and water for irrigation .   Water resources availability per capita in Colombia was 45,408 cubic meters in 2007 , way above the world 's average of 8,209 in the same year and is particularly prone to flooding and landslides . Climate Change is expected to highly affect highland Andean ecosystems , especially moorlands , due to increase in temperatures and aquifer-based freshwater supplies in insular and coastal areas due to sea level increases and saline intrusion .   Despite the developed legal and institutional framework for water resources management in Colombia , many challenges remain , including : ( i ) the consideration of water as an abundant resource affect the implementation of certain policies ; ( ii ) fragmentation on water resources management responsibilities and lack of a consistent national strategy ; ( iii ) some lack of coordination between the Environmental Ministry and the Regional Authorities ; ( iv ) lack of capacities at the regional level ; ( v ) governability challenges due to social and environmental issues such as deforestation , illegal crops , urban sprawl ... etc. .

negative: Cultural heritage management Cultural heritage management ( CHM ) is the vocation and practice of managing cultural heritage . It is a branch of cultural resources management ( CRM ) , although it also draws on the practices of cultural conservation , restoration , museology , archaeology , history and architecture . While the term cultural heritage is generally used in Europe , in the USA the term cultural resources is in more general use specifically referring to cultural heritage resources . CHM has traditionally been concerned with the identification , interpretation , maintenance , and preservation of significant cultural sites and physical heritage assets , although intangible aspects of heritage , such as traditional skills , cultures and languages are also considered . The subject typically receives most attention , and resources , in the face of threat , where the focus is often upon rescue or salvage archaeology . Possible threats include urban development , large-scale agriculture , mining activity , looting , erosion or unsustainable visitor numbers . The public face of CHM , and a significant source of income to support continued management of heritage , is the interpretation and presentation to the public , where it is an important aspect of tourism . Communicating with government and the public is therefore a key competence .

negative: Software security assurance Software security assurance is a process that helps design and implement software that protects the data and resources contained in and controlled by that software . Software is itself a resource and thus must be afforded appropriate Escrito .  ASIC ( disambiguation )  Since the number of threats specifically targeting software is increasing , the security of our software that we produce or procure must be assured . `` Dependence on information technology makes software assurance a key element of business  continuity , national security , and homeland security . ''

negative: Free good A free good is a good that is not scarce , and therefore is available without limits . A free good is available in as great a quantity as desired with zero opportunity cost to society .   A good that is made available at zero price is not necessarily a free good . For example , a shop might give away its stock in its promotion , but producing these goods would still have required the use of scarce resources .   Examples of free goods are ideas and works that are reproducible at zero cost , or almost zero cost . For example , if someone invents a new device , many people could copy this invention , with no danger of this `` resource '' running out . Other examples include computer programs and web pages .   Earlier schools of economic thought proposed a third type of free good : resources that are scarce but so abundant in nature that there is enough for everyone to have as much as they want . Examples in textbooks included seawater and air .   Intellectual property laws such as copyrights and patents have the effect of converting some intangible goods to scarce goods . Even though these works are free goods by definition and can be reproduced at minimal cost , the production of these works does require scarce resources , such as skilled labour . Thus these laws are used to give exclusive rights to the creators , in order to encourage resources to be appropriately allocated to these activities .   Many post scarcity futurists theorize that advanced nanotechnology with the ability to turn any kind of material automatically into any other combination of equal mass will make all goods essentially free goods , since all raw materials and manufacturing time will become perfectly interchangeable .

negative: Medieval Warm Period The Medieval Warm Period ( MWP ) , Medieval Climate Optimum , or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region that may also have been related to other climate events around the world during that time , including China and other areas , lasting from about 950 to 1250 . It was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age . Some refer to the event as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly as this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were important .   Despite uncertainties , especially for the period prior to 1600 for which data are scarce , the warmest period of the last 2,000 years prior to the 20th century in the Northern Hemisphere very likely occurred between 950 and 1100 . Proxy records show peak warmth occurred at different times for different regions , indicating that the Medieval Warm Period was not a time of globally uniform change . Temperatures in some regions matched or exceeded recent temperatures in these regions , but globally the Medieval Warm Period was cooler than recent global temperatures .   Possible causes of the Medieval Warm Period include increased solar activity , decreased volcanic activity , and changes to ocean circulation .

negative: Ministry of the Environment (Estonia) The Ministry of the Environment ( Keskkonnaministeerium ) is a government ministry of Estonia responsible for the issue of policies regarding climate , mineral resources , environmental awareness , fisheries and hunting in Estonia . The current Minister of the Environment is Marko Pomerants .

negative: Lifestyle drug Lifestyle drug is an imprecise term commonly applied to medications which treat non -- life-threatening and non-painful conditions such as baldness , wrinkles , erectile dysfunction , or acne , which the speaker perceives as either not medical problems at all or as minor medical conditions relative to others . It is sometimes intended as a pejorative , bearing the implication that the scarce medical research resources allocated to develop such drugs were spent frivolously when they could have been better spent researching cures for more serious medical conditions . Proponents , however , point out that improving the patient 's subjective quality of life has always been a primary concern of medicine , and argue that these drugs are doing just that . It finds broad use in both media and scholarly journals .

negative: Countermeasure (computer) In computer security a countermeasure is an action , device , procedure , or technique that reduces a threat , a vulnerability , or an attack by eliminating or preventing it , by minimizing the harm it can cause , or by discovering and reporting it so that corrective action can be taken .   The definition is as IETF RFC 2828 that is the same as CNSS Instruction No. 4009 dated 26 April 2010 by Committee on National Security Systems of United States of America .   According to the Glossary by InfosecToday , the meaning of countermeasure is :  The deployment of a set of security services to protect against a security threat .   A synonym is security control .  In telecommunications , communication countermeasures are defined as security services as part of OSI Reference model by ITU-T X. 800 Recommendation .  X. 800 and ISO ISO 7498-2 ( Information processing systems -- Open systems interconnection -- Basic Reference Model -- Part 2 : Security architecture are technically aligned .   The following picture explain the relationships between these concepts and terms :  + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - +  | An Attack : | | Counter - | | A System Resource : |  | i.e. , A Threat Action | | measure | | Target of the Attack |  | + ---------- + | | | | + ----------------- + |  | | Attacker | < ================== | | < ========= | |  | | i.e. , | Passive | | | | | Vulnerability | |  | | A Threat | < ================= > | | < ======== > | |  | | Agent | or Active | | | | + ------- | | | ------- + |  | + ---------- + Attack | | | | VVV |  | | | | | Threat Consequences |  + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - +  A resource ( both physical or logical ) can have one or more vulnerabilities that can be exploited by a threat agent in a threat action . The result can potentially compromises the confidentiality , integrity or availability properties of resources ( potentially different that the vulnerable one ) of the organization and others involved parties ( customers , suppliers ) .  The so-called CIA triad is the basis of information security .   The attack can be active when it attempts to alter system resources or affect their operation : so it compromises integrity or availability . A `` passive attack '' attempts to learn or make use of information from the system but does not affect system resources : so it compromises confidentiality .   A threat is a potential for violation of security , which exists when there is a circumstance , capability , action , or event that could breach security and cause harm . That is , a threat is a possible danger that might exploit a vulnerability . A threat can be either `` intentional '' ( i.e. , intelligent ; e.g. , an individual cracker or a criminal organization ) or `` accidental '' ( e.g. , the possibility of a computer malfunctioning , or the possibility of an `` act of God '' such as an earthquake , a fire , or a tornado ) .   A set of policies concerned with information security management , the information security management systems ( ISMS ) , has been developed to manage , according to risk management principles , the countermeasures in order to accomplish to a security strategy set up following rules and regulations applicable in a country .

negative: Intersubjective psychoanalysis The term `` intersubjectivity '' was introduced to psychoanalysis by George Atwood and Robert Stolorow ( 1984 ) , who consider it a `` meta-theory '' of psychoanalysis . Intersubjective psychoanalysis suggests that all interactions must be considered contextually ; interactions between the patient/analyst or child/parent can not be seen as separate from each other , but rather must be considered always as mutually influencing each other . This philosophical concept dates back to `` German Idealism '' and phenomenology .

negative: Major Land Resource Areas In United States conservation policy , Major Land Resource Areas ( MLRA ) are geographically associated land resource units delineated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and characterized by a particular pattern that combines soils , water , climate , vegetation , land use , and type of farming . There are 204 MLRAs in the United States , ranging in size from less than 500000 acres to more than 60 e6acre .

negative: Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants , in combination with other factors . Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be collectively coined climate change are known to have had enormous impacts on current plant diversity patterns ; further impacts are expected in the future . It is predicted that climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns in the future .

negative: China's peaceful rise `` China 's peaceful rise '' or sometimes referred to as China 's `` peaceful development '' was an official policy in China under the leadership of Hu Jintao .  The term was implemented to rebut against the `` China threat theory . '' Historically , China was regarded as a less aggressive empire . As China emerged as a great political , economic and military power , China wanted to assure other countries that its rise will not be a threat to peace and security . China implements this policy by internally harmonizing China 's society and externally , promoting a peaceful international environment . It seeks to characterize China as a responsible world leader , emphasizes soft power , and vows that China is committed to its own internal issues and improving the welfare of its own people before interfering with world affairs . The term suggests that China seeks to avoid unnecessary international confrontation .   The term proved controversial because the word ` rise ' could fuel perceptions that China is a threat to the established order , so since 2004 the term China 's peaceful development has been used by the Chinese leadership .

negative: Threatening government officials of the United States Threatening government officials of the United States is a serious crime under federal law . Threatening the President of the United States is also a serious crime and a Class E felony under , punishable by up to 5 years of imprisonment , that is investigated by the United States Secret Service . Threatening other officials is a Class C or D felony , usually carrying maximum penalties of 5 or 10 years under , and other statutes , that is investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation . When national boundaries are transcended by such a threat , it is considered a terrorist threat . When a threat is made against a judge , it can be considered obstruction of justice . Threatening federal officials ' family members is also a federal crime ; in enacting the law , the Committee on the Judiciary stated that `` Clearly it is a proper Federal function to respond to terrorists and other criminals who seek to influence the making of Federal policies and interfere with the administration of justice by attacking close relatives of those entrusted with these tasks . ''   There are three elements of the offense of making an illegal threat : ( i ) there must be a transmission in interstate commerce ; ( ii ) there must be a communication containing the threat ; ( iii ) and the threat must be a threat to injure the person of another . Threats can also sometimes be punished under the statutes criminalizing assaulting , resisting , or impeding certain United States Government officers or employees or assassinating , kidnapping , and assaulting government officials of the United States .   United States Sentencing Guidelines take a number of factors into consideration in determining the recommended penalty , including evidence of the person 's intent to carry out the threat ; disruption to the government function ; and the possibility of inciting others to violence . There is also a 6-level official victim enhancement , which makes the recommended penalty , per the sentencing table , approximately double that which would apply if an ordinary citizen were the victim . There can be many motives for making threats , including political motives or a desire to frame someone else for making the threat . The person 's intent can greatly affect the sentence .   In determining what constitutes a true threat , the courts hold that what must be proved is that a reasonable recipient of the communication would consider it a threat under the circumstances . Thus , a statement to a judge that `` You and your family are going to die '' would be regarded as a true threat , even if the defendant claimed that he meant it as a literal , biological truth . If a threat is made to multiple individuals , it may be considered to be outside of the guidelines heartland , and therefore to warrant an enhancement .