query: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.

positive: James Hansen James Edward Hansen ( born 29 March 1941 ) is an American adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University . He is best known for his research in climatology , his 1988 Congressional testimony on climate change that helped raise broad awareness of global warming , and his advocacy of action to avoid dangerous climate change . In recent years he has become a climate activist to mitigate the effects of climate change , on a few occasions leading to his arrest .   In 2000 , Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years , arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via largely balanced each other out , and that the 0.74 ± 0.18 ° C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide , such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons . However , even then he wrote `` the future balance of forcings is likely to shift toward dominance of CO2 over aerosols ''

positive: Climate sensitivity Climate sensitivity is the equilibrium temperature change in response to changes of the radiative forcing . Therefore , climate sensitivity depends on the initial climate state , but potentially can be accurately inferred from precise palaeoclimate data . Slow climate feedbacks , especially changes of ice sheet size and atmospheric CO2 , amplify the total Earth system sensitivity by an amount that depends on the time scale considered .   Although climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , it is thought of as a general property of the climate system : the change in surface air temperature ( ΔTs ) following a unit change in radiative forcing ( RF ) , and thus is expressed in units of ° C / ( W/m2 ) . For this to be useful , the measure must be independent of the nature of the forcing ( e.g. from greenhouse gases or solar variation ) ; to first order this is indeed found to be so .   The climate sensitivity specifically due to is often expressed as the temperature change in ° C associated with a doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere .   For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models ( e.g. CMIP5 ) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter , but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters . By contrast , simpler energy-balance models may have climate sensitivity as an explicit parameter .   The terms represented in the equation relate radiative forcing ( RF ) to linear changes in global surface temperature change ( ΔTs ) via the climate sensitivity λ .   It is also possible to estimate climate sensitivity from observations ; however , this is difficult due to uncertainties in the forcing and temperature histories .

positive: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: Sagenocrinites Sagenocrinites is an extinct genus of crinoid from the Silurian period . During the Silurian period , a sea-covered Britain that was shallower in the south and deeper in the north lay south of the equator with a tropical to sub-tropical climate . Therefore , in the United Kingdom , amongst Silurian fossils , such as brachiopods , trilobites and graptolites , coral-like organisms like sagenocrinites can be found .   Because this species belongs to a genre of crinoids which is very sensitive concerning the environmental influences their petrified remains can therefore be viewed as indicators of the climate conditions . By using a geological world map , these fossils will help to create a complex climate model , tracing back more than 400 million years to the ancient Earth . With a high accuracy it will be possible to reconstruct the climate history of our planet .

negative: Land Surface Model (LSM version 1.0) The Land Surface Model ( LSM ) is a unidimensional computational model developed by Gordon Bonan that describes ecological processes joined in many ecosystem models , hydrological processes found in hydrological models and flow of surface common in surface models using atmospheric models .   In this way , the model examines interactions especially biogeophysics ( sensible and latent heat , momentum , albedo , emission of long waves ) and biogeochemistry ( CO2 ) of the land-atmosphere the effect of surface of the land in the climate and composition of the atmosphere .   This model has a simplified treatment of the surface flows that reproduce at the very least computational cost the essential characteristics of the important interactions of the land-atmosphere for climatic simulations .   As the types of surface vegetated for some species are several , have a standardization of types of covering being enclosed surfaces covered with water as lakes ( amongst others ) ; thus the model wheel for each point of independent form , with the same average of the atmospheric interactions . The model functions in a space grating that can vary of a point until global .

negative: Polar forests of the Cretaceous Cretaceous polar forests were temperate forests that grew at polar latitudes during the final period of the Mesozoic Era , known as the Cretaceous Period 145 -- 66 Ma . During this period , global average temperature was about 10 C-change higher and carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) levels were approximately 1000 parts per million ( ppm ) , 2.5 times the current concentration in Earth 's atmosphere . The abundance of atmospheric carbon dioxide had a very significant impact on global climate and Earth 's natural systems as its concentration is considered one of the main factors in the development of a pronounced greenhouse Earth during the Cretaceous with a very low average global temperature gradient . As a consequence , high paleolatitudes in both hemispheres were much warmer than at present . This temperature gradient was partly responsible for the lack of continental ice sheets in polar regions .   As a response to elevated global temperatures , the Earth 's hydrologic cycle was significantly enhanced due to greater volume of moisture evaporation from the surface of the ocean . In turn , the absolute sea level during this time period stood at elevations much higher than the present level . Continental encroachment of seawater formed widespread shallow seas , including expanses of epeiric seas .   An increase in surface area between shallow , warm epeiric seawater and the atmosphere permits higher evaporation rates and more precipitation at various latitudes , producing a more temperate global climate . A widespread temperate climate also had significant effects on high latitude ecosystems .

negative: IPCC First Assessment Report The First Assessment Report ( FAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) was completed in 1990 . It served as the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) .   The report was issued in three main sections , corresponding to the three Working Groups of scientists that the IPCC had established .   Working Group I : Scientific Assessment of Climate Change , edited by J.T. Houghton , G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums  Working Group II : Impacts Assessment of Climate Change , edited by W.J. McG . Tegart , G.W. Sheldon and D.C. Griffiths  Working Group III : The IPCC Response Strategies   Each section included a summary for policymakers . This format was followed in subsequent Assessment Reports .   The executive summary of the policymakers ' summary of the WG I report includes :   We are certain of the following : there is a natural greenhouse effect ... ; emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases : CO2 , methane , CFCs and nitrous oxide . These increases will enhance the greenhouse effect , resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth 's surface . The main greenhouse gas , water vapour , will increase in response to global warming and further enhance it .  We calculate with confidence that : ... CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect ; long-lived gases would require immediate reductions in emissions from human activities of over 60 % to stabilise their concentrations at today 's levels ...  Based on current models , we predict : under -LSB- BAU -RSB- increase of global mean temperature during the -LSB- 21st -RSB- century of about 0.3 oC per decade ( with an uncertainty range of 0.2 to 0.5 oC per decade ) ; this is greater than that seen over the past 10,000 years ; under other ... scenarios which assume progressively increasing levels of controls , rates of increase in global mean temperature of about 0.2 oC -LSB- to -RSB- about 0.1 oC per decade .  There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing , magnitude and regional patterns of climate change , due to our incomplete understanding of : sources and sinks of GHGs ; clouds ; oceans ; polar ice sheets .  Our judgement is that : global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 oC over the last 100 years ... ; The size of this warming is broadly consistent with predictions of climate models , but it is also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability . Thus the observed increase could be largely due to this natural variability ; alternatively this variability and other human factors could have offset a still larger human-induced greenhouse warming . The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more .  under the IPCC business as usual emissions scenario , an average rate of global mean sea level rise of about 6 cm per decade over the next century ( with an uncertainty range of 3 -- 10 cm per decade ) , mainly due to thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of some land ice . The predicted rise is about 20 cm ... by 2030 , and 65 cm by the end of the next century .

negative: Orthonitrate Orthonitrate is a tetrahedral oxoanion of nitrogen with the formula . It was first identified in 1977 and is currently known in only two compounds , sodium orthonitrate ( Na3NO4 ) and potassium orthonitrate ( K3NO4 ) . These can be prepared by fusion of the nitrate and metal oxide under high temperatures and ideally high pressures ( several GPa ) .   NaNO3 + Na2O → Na3NO4 ( 300 ° C for 3 days )   The resulting orthonitrates are white solids which are extremely moisture and CO2 sensitive , decomposing within minutes to carbonate and hydroxide upon exposure to air .  Na3NO4 + CO2 → NaNO3 + Na2CO3  Na3NO4 + H2O → NaNO3 + 2NaOH   The orthonitrate ion is tetrahedral with N -- O bond lengths of 139 pm , which is unexpectedly short , indicating that polar interactions are shortening the bond as dπ orbitals are too high in energy to be involved . This short bond length parallels that of oxoanions containing third-row elements like PO43 − and SO42 − , for which pπ-dπ bonding was previously proposed as the explanation for the short bond length and thus , argues against the importance of this explanation for these heavier anions . ( See the article on hypervalence for a discussion of bonding models )

negative: Rendition: Guantanamo Rendition : Guantanamo was a video game being developed by T-Enterprise , a software company in Scotland . It had been scheduled for release in late 2009 , but was ultimately cancelled . The promotional material used the slogan , `` It 's time to fight back . ''   Company director Zarrar Chishti , quoted in Scotland 's Sunday Mail said in 2009 : `` It 's been in production for a year and two months . The player start the game with the orange boiler suit , cuffs and ear muffs .  There are certain rules we ca n't break after meeting politicians so we are not making the game too extreme .  We have had a lot of hate mail about this , mainly from America , saying things like , ` Do n't dare put out a game that shows them killing our soldiers . '  But no US or British soldiers get killed in it . The only ones being killed are mercenaries . We have set it in January 2010 because that 's when we think the camp will be closed .  We are making a statement . We did not want Guantanamo to be forgotten . ''

negative: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ( GFDL ) is a laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) . The current director is Dr. Venkatachalam Ramaswamy . It is one of seven NOAA Research Laboratories ( RLs ) .   GFDL is engaged in comprehensive long lead-time research to expand the scientific understanding of the physical processes that govern the behavior of the atmosphere and the oceans as complex fluid systems . These systems can then be modeled mathematically and their phenomenology can be studied by computer simulation methods .   GFDL 's accomplishments include the development of the first climate models to study global warming , the first comprehensive ocean prediction codes , and the first dynamical models with significant skill in hurricane track and intensity predictions . Much current research within the laboratory is focused around the development of Earth System Models for assessment of natural and human-induced climate change .

negative: Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation This article documents the debate over China 's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation and mitigation of climate change in China .   Both internationally and within the People 's Republic of China , there has been an ongoing debate over China 's responsibilities , particularly since 2006 , when China surpassed the US as the country with the highest emissions rate for the main atmospheric gas in global warming , carbon dioxide ( CO2 )

negative: 1875 State of the Union Address The 1875 State of the Union Address was given by Ulysses S. Grant , the 18th President of the United States on December 7 , 1875 . It was written by him , but not presented to the United States Congress by him . He said , `` In submitting my seventh annual message to Congress , in this centennial year of our national existence as a free and independent people , it affords me great pleasure to recur to the advancement that has been made from the time of the colonies , one hundred years ago . We were then a people numbering only 3,000,000 . Now we number more than 40,000,000 . Then industries were confined almost exclusively to the tillage of the soil . Now manufactories absorb much of the labor of the country . '' The Industrial Revolution had begun .

negative: Human visual system model A human visual system model ( HVS model ) is used by image processing , video processing and computer vision experts to deal with biological and psychological processes that are not yet fully understood . Such a model is used to simplify the behaviours of what is a very complex system . As our knowledge of the true visual system improves , the model is updated .   It is common to think of `` taking advantage '' of the HVS model to produce desired effects . Examples of taking advantage of an HVS model include colour television . Originally it was thought that colour television required too high a bandwidth for the then available technology . Then it was noticed that the colour resolution of the HVS was much lower than the brightness resolution ; this allowed colour to be squeezed into the signal by chroma subsampling . Another example is image compression , like JPEG . Our HVS model says that we can not see high frequency detail so in JPEG we can quantise these components without a perceptible loss of quality . Similar concepts are applied in audio compression , where sound frequencies inaudible to humans are bandstop filtered .   Several HVS features are derived from evolution , when we needed to defend ourselves or hunt for food . We often see demonstrations of HVS features when we are looking at optical illusions .

negative: Bali Declaration by Climate Scientists The 2007 Bali Declaration by Climate Scientists was a statement signed by over 200 climate scientists advocating specific targets for greenhouse gas emissions for the 21st century . The statement was based on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Article 2 that committed signatories to the '' ... stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system '' and on the science available in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment report ( IPCC AR4 ) . The Bali Declaration was released to coincide with the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference which took place in Bali 3 -- 15 December 2007 .   Category : Climate change policy

negative: Sunsets Farewell Tour The Sunsets Farewell Tour was a 2010 concert tour of Australian rock band Powderfinger . It was their last concert tour following the announcement on 9 April 2010 that they would be breaking up after the tour , saying it would be their last ever as the band had musically said everything they wanted to say . It coincided with the release of their final album , Golden Rule , on 13 November 2009 .   In a statement read by Bernard Fanning , the band said :  `` With the completion of our last album , Golden Rule , we feel that we have said all that we want to say as a musical group . We firmly believe that it is our most complete and satisfying album and ca n't think of a better way to farewell our fans than with music that we all believe in and also with , hopefully , our best tour to date . ''   The band also stated , regarding the set list , that their first album Parables for Wooden Ears probably would n't feature so much ; Fanning laughed while saying , `` we 're going to play that in its entirety . '' Most of the songs performed were from their most successful albums -- Internationalist , Odyssey Number Five and Vulture Street -- as well as singles `` These Days '' and `` Bless My Soul '' .

negative: A Box of Birds A Box of Birds is the twelfth album by the Australian psychedelic rock band The Church , released in September 1999 . It consists of cover versions of tracks by artists who were influential on the group 's music .   The album was released after the band 's decision to abandon an already-complete live album and was recorded and mixed in 10 days . Guitarist Marty Willson-Piper said the band had played several covers in its gigs over the years , including `` The Porpoise Song '' , `` It 's All Too Much '' and `` Cortez the Killer '' -- `` and we thought , why not put them on a record . So we came along with our own ideas . Tim wanted to do an Iggy Pop number , Peter wanted `` Cortez '' , Steve wanted Kevin Ayers and I wanted to do Alex Harvey . We had to pick 10 after an initial list of about 40 . ''

negative: Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage ( BECCS ) is a future greenhouse gas mitigation technology which produces negative carbon dioxide emissions by combining bioenergy ( energy from biomass ) use with geologic carbon capture and storage . The concept of BECCS is drawn from the integration of trees and crops , which extract carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) from the atmosphere as they grow , the use of this biomass in processing industries or power plants , and the application of carbon capture and storage via CO2 injection into geological formations . There are other non-BECCS forms of carbon dioxide removal and storage that include technologies such as biochar , carbon dioxide air capture and biomass burial .   According to a recent Biorecro report , there is 550 000 tonnes CO2/year in total BECCS capacity currently operating , divided between three different facilities ( as of January 2012 ) .   In the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , BECCS was indicated as a key technology for reaching low carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration targets . The negative emissions that can be produced by BECCS has been estimated by the Royal Society to be equivalent to a 50 to 150 ppm decrease in global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and according to the International Energy Agency , the BLUE map climate change mitigation scenario calls for more than 2 gigatonnes of negative CO2 emissions per year with BECCS in 2050 . According to Stanford University , 10 gigatonnes is achievable by this date .   The Imperial College London , the UK Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research , the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research , the Walker Institute for Climate System Research , and the Grantham Institute for Climate Change issued a joint report on carbon dioxide removal technologies as part of the AVOID : Avoiding dangerous climate change research program , stating that `` Overall , of the technologies studied in this report , BECCS has the greatest maturity and there are no major practical barriers to its introduction into today 's energy system . The presence of a primary product will support early deployment . ''   According to the OECD , `` Achieving lower concentration targets ( 450 ppm ) depends significantly on the use of BECCS '' .

negative: North American Carbon Program The North American Carbon Program ( NACP ) is one of the major elements of the Strategic Plan for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program .  The central objective of NACP is to measure and understand carbon stocks and sources and sinks of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , methane ( CH4 ) , and carbon monoxide ( CO ) in North America and adjacent ocean regions .   The specific program goals are as followed :   Develop quantitative scientific knowledge , robust observations , and models to determine the emissions and uptake of CO2 , CH4 , and CO , changes in carbon stocks , and the factors regulating these processes for North America and adjacent ocean basins .   Develop the scientific basis to implement full carbon accounting on regional and continental scales . This is the knowledge base needed to design monitoring programs for natural and managed CO2 sinks and emissions of CH4 .   Support long-term quantitative measurements of fluxes , sources , and sinks of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 , and develop forecasts for future trends .   The North American Carbon Program was designed to help with the process of providing data needed to model the synthesis activities .

negative: 1973 State of the Union Address The 1973 State of the Union Address was given to Congress on February 2 , 1973 , by Richard Nixon , the 37th United States President . He said , `` America continues to provide a better and more abundant life for more of its people than any other nation in the world . We have passed through one of the most difficult periods in our history without surrendering to despair and without dishonoring our ideals as a people .   Looking back , there is a lesson in all this for all of us . The lesson is one that we sometimes had to learn the hard way over the past few years . But we did learn it . That lesson is that even potentially destructive forces can be converted into positive forces when we know how to channel them , and when we use common sense and common decency to create a climate of mutual respect and goodwill .   By working together and harnessing the forces of nature , Americans have unlocked some of the great mysteries of the universe . ''

negative: Climate: Long range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction Climate : Long range Investigation , Mapping , and Prediction , known as CLIMAP , was a major research project of the 1970s and 80s to produce a map of climate conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum . The project was funded by the National Science Foundation as part of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration ( 1970s ) and is based in large part of the collection and analysis of a very large number of sediment cores to create a snapshot of conditions across the oceans . The CLIMAP project also resulted in maps of vegetative zones across the continents and the estimated extent of glaciation at the time . Most CLIMAP results aim to describe the Earth as it was 18 thousand years ago , but there was also an analysis to look at conditions during the previous interglacial -- 120 thousand years ago ( CLIMAP 1981 ) .   CLIMAP has been a cornerstone of paleoclimate research and remains the most used sea surface temperature reconstruction of the global ocean during the last glacial maximum ( Yin and Battisti 2001 ) , but it has also been persistently controversial . CLIMAP resulted in estimates of global cooling of only 3.0 ± 0.6 ° C relative to the modern day ( Hoffert and Covey 1992 ) . The climate change during an ice age that occurs far from the continental ice sheets themselves is believed to be primarily controlled by changes in greenhouse gases , hence the conditions during the last glacial maximum provide a natural experiment for measuring the impact of changes in greenhouse gases on climate . The cited estimates of 3.0 ° C implies a climate sensitivity to carbon dioxide changes at the low end of the range proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .   However , CLIMAP also suggested that some of the tropics and in particular much of the Pacific Ocean were warmer than they are today . To date , no climate model has been able to reproduce the proposed warming in the Pacific ( Yin and Battisti 2001 ) , with most preferring a several degree cooling . Also , it appears that climate models which are forced to match the CLIMAP sea surface measurements are too warm to match estimates for changes at continental locations ( Pinot et al. 1999 ) . This suggests that either climate model design is missing some important unknown factor , or CLIMAP systematically overestimated the temperatures in the tropical oceans during the last glacial , though there is at present no consistent explanation for why or how this should have happened . Unfortunately cost and difficulty of collecting sediment cores from the open Pacific has limited the availability of samples that might help to confirm or disprove these observations . If the Pacific reconstruction is assumed to be in error , it would result in a larger climate sensitivity to changes in greenhouse gases .

negative: GD 362 GD 362 is a white dwarf approximately 150 light years from Earth . In 2004 , spectroscopic observations showed that it had a relatively high concentration of metals in its atmosphere . Since the high gravitational field of white dwarfs quickly forces heavy elements to settle towards the bottom of the atmosphere , this meant that the atmosphere was being polluted by an external source . In 2005 , infrared photometric observations suggested that it was surrounded by a ring of dust with size comparable to the rings of Saturn , providing an explanation for this pollution .   In 2006 , Benjamin Zuckerman , Michael Jura and other astronomers used the Keck telescope to obtain high-resolution spectra of GD 362 which showed that heavy elements in the star 's atmosphere occurred in concentrations similar to those in the Earth-Moon system . The group concluded that a possible origin for GD 362 's dust ring and atmospheric pollutants was that a rocky asteroid about 200 km in diameter was disintegrated by tidal effects between 100,000 and 1 million years ago . If this was the origin , the spectra indicate that the asteroid should have had composition similar to the Earth 's crust , suggesting that the star might have had an Earth-like planet before it entered its red giant phase .   GD 362 has been a white dwarf for approximately 900 million years .

negative: Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals Climate change has had a significant direct effect on terrestrial animals , by being a major driver of the processes of speciation and extinction . The best known example of this is the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse which occurred 350 million years ago . This event decimated amphibian populations and spurred on the evolution of reptiles .   Climate change is a natural event that has occurred throughout history . However , with the recent increased emission of CO2 in the Earth 's atmosphere , abrupt climate change has occurred . It has been hypothesized that anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing has significantly influenced global climate since about 8000 before present ( Van Hoof 2006 ) .   Animals have had specific responses to climate change . Species respond to climate changes by migration , adaptation , or if neither of those occur , death . These migrations can sometimes follow an animal 's preferred temperature , elevation , soil , etc. , as said terrain moves due to climate change . Adaptation can be either genetic or phenological , and death can occur in a local population only ( extirpation ) or as an entire species , otherwise known as extinction .   Climate changes is projected to affect individual organisms , populations , species distributions and ecosystem composition and function both directly ( ex . Increased temperatures and changes in precipitation ) and indirectly ( through climate changing the intensity and frequency of disturbances such as wildfires and severe storms ) ( IPCC 2002 ) .   Every organism has a unique set of preferences or requirements , a niche and biodiversity has been tied to the diversity of animals ' niches . These can include or be affected by temperature , aridity , resource availability , habitat requirements , enemies , soil characteristics , competitors , and pollinators . Since the factors that compose a niche can be so complex and interconnected , the niches of many animals are bound to be affected by climate change ( Parmesan Yohe 2003 ) .   One study done by Camille Parmesan and Gary Yohe from University of Texas , Austin shows the global fingerprint of climate change on natural systems . The results of their global analysis of 334 species were recorded to demonstrate the correlation of patterns consistent with global climate change of the 20th century . Using the IPCC 's ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) ` levels of confidence ' , this study proved significant nonrandom behavioral changes due to global climate change with very high confidence ( > 95 ) . Furthermore , an accuracy of 74-91 % change in species has displayed predicted change for species in response to climate change .

negative: Mars general circulation model The Mars general circulation model ( MGCM ) is the result of a research project by NASA to understand the nature of the general circulation of the atmosphere of Mars , how that circulation is driven and how it affects the climate of Mars in the long term .

negative: Clinton Doctrine The Clinton Doctrine is not a clear statement in the way that many other United States Presidential doctrines were . However , in a February 26 , 1999 , speech , President Bill Clinton said the following , which was generally considered to summarize the Clinton Doctrine :   It 's easy ... to say that we really have no interests in who lives in this or that valley in Bosnia , or who owns a strip of brushland in the Horn of Africa , or some piece of parched earth by the Jordan River . But the true measure of our interests lies not in how small or distant these places are , or in whether we have trouble pronouncing their names . The question we must ask is , what are the consequences to our security of letting conflicts fester and spread . We can not , indeed , we should not , do everything or be everywhere . But where our values and our interests are at stake , and where we can make a difference , we must be prepared to do so .   Clinton later made statements that augmented the doctrine of interventionism :   `` Genocide is in and of itself a national interest where we should act '' and `` we can say to the people of the world , whether you live in Africa , or Central Europe , or any other place , if somebody comes after innocent civilians and tries to kill them en masse because of their race , their ethnic background or their religion , and it 's within our power to stop it , we will stop it . ''   The Clinton Doctrine was used to justify the American involvement in the Yugoslav Wars . President Clinton was criticized for not intervening to stop the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 . Other observers viewed Operation Gothic Serpent in Somalia as a mistake .

negative: Recycled fuel Fuel made of residues as CO2 produced by using a primary fuel .   For example , CO2 pollution in the atmosphere , produced by petrol burning or other sources , can be extracted to produce fuel through an artificial photosynthesis based in nanotechnology , which helps to mitigate pollution , climate change and energy issues .

negative: Biosphere model In climate science , a biosphere model , is used to model the biosphere of Earth , and can be coupled with atmospheric general circulation models ( GCMs ) for modelling the entire climate system .

negative: Atmospheric thermodynamics Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations ( and their reverse ) that take place in the earth 's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate . Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics , to describe and explain such phenomena as the properties of moist air , the formation of clouds , atmospheric convection , boundary layer meteorology , and vertical instabilities in the atmosphere . Atmospheric thermodynamic diagrams are used as tools in the forecasting of storm development . Atmospheric thermodynamics forms a basis for cloud microphysics and convection parameterizations used in numerical weather models and is used in many climate considerations , including convective-equilibrium climate models .

negative: Parametrization (atmospheric modeling) Parameterization in a weather or climate model within numerical weather prediction is a method of replacing processes that are too small-scale or complex to be physically represented in the model by a simplified process . This can be contrasted with other processes -- e.g. , large-scale flow of the atmosphere -- that are explicitly resolved within the models . Associated with these parameterizations are various parameters used in the simplified processes . Examples include the descent rate of raindrops , convective clouds , simplifications of the atmospheric radiative transfer on the basis of atmospheric radiative transfer codes , and cloud microphysics . Radiative parameterizations are important to both atmospheric and oceanic modeling alike . Atmospheric emissions from different sources within individual grid boxes also need to be parameterized to determine their impact on air quality .

negative: Wetland methane emissions As one of the most significant natural sources of atmospheric methane , wetlands remain a major area of concern with respect to climate change . Wetlands are characterized by water-logged soils and distinctive communities of plant and animal species that have evolved and adapted to the constant presence of water . Due to this high level of water saturation as well as warm weather , wetlands are one of the most significant natural sources of atmospheric methane .   Most methanogenesis , or methane production , occurs in oxygen-poor environments . Because the microbes that live in warm , moist environments consume oxygen more rapidly than it can diffuse in from the atmosphere , wetlands are the ideal anaerobic , or oxygen poor , environments for fermentation .   Fermentation is a process used by certain kinds of microorganisms to break down essential nutrients . In a process called acetoclastic methanogenesis , microorganisms from the classification domain archaea produce methane by fermenting acetate and H2-CO2 into methane and carbon dioxide .   H3C-COOH → CH4 + CO2   Depending on the wetland and type of archaea , hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis , another process that yields methane , can also occur . This process occurs as a result of archaea oxidizing hydrogen with carbon dioxide to yield methane and water .   4H2 + CO2 → CH4 + 2H2O

negative: An Inconvenient Truth (book) An Inconvenient Truth : The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It is a 2006 book by Al Gore released in conjunction with the film An Inconvenient Truth . It is published by Rodale Press in Emmaus , Pennsylvania , in the United States .   Based on Gore 's lecture tour on the topic of global warming this book elaborates upon points offered in the film . The publisher of the text states that the book , `` brings together leading-edge research from top scientists around the world ; photographs , charts , and other illustrations ; and personal anecdotes and observations to document the fast pace and wide scope of global warming . ''  Michiko Kakutani argues in the New York Times that the book 's `` roots as a slide show are very much in evidence . It does not pretend to grapple with climate change with the sort of minute detail and analysis '' given by other books on the topic `` and yet as a user-friendly introduction to global warming and a succinct summary of many of the central arguments laid out in those other volumes , `` An Inconvenient Truth '' is lucid , harrowing and bluntly effective . ''   In a section called `` The Politicization of Global Warming '' , Al Gore said this statement :   As for why so many people still resist what the facts clearly show , I think , in part , the reason is that the truth about the climate crisis is an inconvenient one that means we are going to have to change the way we live our lives .   A highlighted statement separated from the main writing in that section was :   The truth about the climate crisis is an inconvenient one that means we are going to have to change the way we live our lives .   In 2009 , the audiobook version , narrated by Beau Bridges , Cynthia Nixon , and Blair Underwood , won the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album .

negative: Hecates Tholus Hecates Tholus is a Martian volcano , notable for results from the European Space Agency 's Mars Express mission which indicate a major eruption took place 350 million years ago . The eruption created a caldera 10 km in diameter . It has been suggested that glacial deposits later partly filled the caldera and an adjacent depression . Crater counts indicate this happened as recently as 5 to 20 million years ago . However climate models show that ice is not stable at Hecates Tholus today , pointing to climate change since the glaciers were active . It has been shown that the age of the glaciers correspond to a period of increased obliquity of Mars ' rotational axis .   The volcano is at location 32.12 ° N 150.24 ° E , in the volcanic province Elysium , and has a diameter of 182 km . It is the northernmost of the Elysium volcanoes ; the others are Elysium Mons and Albor Tholus .

negative: Si*Sé (album) Si * Sé is the self-titled debut album by Si * Sé .   Band Review from http://www.luakabop.com/sise/info.html:   `` Formed two years ago by singer Carol C and programmer/DJ U.F.LOW , Si * Sé bring together the atmospheric vibes of electronica with the crackle of live instruments . The results are electric : `` It 's about mixing stuff up that 's not usually mixed together , '' says Carol C.  `` We 're a band from New York City and we try and combine all of its musical traditions including hip-hop beats , Latin rhythms and down-tempo electronic music because that 's what we hear everyday of our lives . It 's a prelude to the future . ''

negative: Catholic Church in Rwanda The Catholic Church in Rwanda is part of the Catholic Church .   There are just over five million Catholics in Rwanda -- about half of the total population . The country is divided into nine dioceses including one archdiocese . The Rwandan government reported on November 1 , 2006 , that 56.5 % of the Rwanda 's population is Roman Catholic .   On November 20th 2016 , the Catholic Church in Rwanda released a statement apologizing for the role of its members in the genocide in 1994 . `` We apologize for all the wrongs the church committed . We apologize on behalf of all Christians for all forms of wrongs we committed . We regret that church members violated ( their ) oath of allegiance to God 's commandments . Forgive us for the crime of hate in the country to the extent of also hating our colleagues because of their ethnicity . We did n't show that we are one family but instead killed each other , '' said a statement signed by the nine bishops constituting the Catholic Episcopal Conference of Rwanda .

negative: Carbon dioxide removal Carbon dioxide removal ( CDR ) methods refers to a number of technologies which reduce the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere . Among such technologies are bio-energy with carbon capture and storage , biochar , direct air capture , ocean fertilization and enhanced weathering . CDR is a different approach than removing CO2 from the stack emissions of large fossil fuel point sources , such as power stations . The latter reduces emission to the atmosphere but can not reduce the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere . As CDR removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , it creates negative emissions , offsetting emissions from small and dispersed point sources such as domestic heating systems , airplanes and vehicle exhausts . It is regarded by some as a form of climate engineering , while other commentators describe it as a form of carbon capture and storage or extreme mitigation . Whether CDR would satisfy common definitions of `` climate engineering '' or `` geoengineering '' usually depends upon the scale on which it would be undertaken .   The likely need for CDR has been publicly expressed by a range of individuals and organizations involved with climate change issues , including IPCC chief Rajendra Pachauri , the UNFCCC executive secretary Christiana Figueres , and the World Watch Institute . Institutions with major programs focusing on CDR include the Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy at the Earth Institute , Columbia University , and the Climate Decision Making Center , an international collaboration operated out of Carnegie-Mellon University 's Department of Engineering and Public Policy .   The mitigation effectiveness of air capture is limited by societal investment , land use , availability of geologic reservoirs , and leakage . The reservoirs are estimated to be sufficient to for storing at least 545 GtC . Storing 771 GtC would cause an 186 ppm atmospheric reduction . In order to return the atmospheric CO2 content to 350 ppm we need atmospheric reduction of 50 ppm plus an additional 2 ppm per year of current emissions .

negative: Climate Code Red Climate Code Red : The Case for Emergency Action is a 2008 book which presents scientific evidence that the global warming crisis is worse than official reports and national governments have so far indicated . The book argues that we are facing a `` sustainability emergency '' that requires a clear break from business-as-usual politics . The authors explain that emergency action to address climate change is not so much a radical idea as an indispensable course we must embark upon . Climate Code Red draws heavily on the work of a large number of climate scientists , including James E. Hansen .   The key themes of Climate Code Red are :  `` Our goal is a safe-climate future -- we have no right to bargain away species or human lives . ''  `` We are facing rapid warming impacts : the danger is immediate , not just in the future . ''  `` For a safe climate future , we must take action now to stop emissions and to cool the earth . ''  `` Plan a large-scale transition to a post-carbon economy and society . ''  `` Recognise a climate and sustainability emergency , because we need to move at a pace far beyond business and politics as usual '' .   Co-author David Spratt is a Melbourne businessman , climate-policy analyst , and co-founder of the Carbon Equity network . Co-author Philip Sutton is convener of the Greenleap Strategic Institute and Assistant Convenor of the Climate Emergency Network .   The book was launched by the Governor of Victoria , Professor David de Kretser in Parliament House in Melbourne , Victoria , on July 17 , 2008 .


query: precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener

positive: Urban heat island An urban heat island ( UHI ) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities . The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day , and is most apparent when winds are weak . UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter . The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces . Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor . As a population center grows , it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature . The less-used term heat island refers to any area , populated or not , which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area .   Monthly rainfall is greater downwind of cities , partially due to the UHI . Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons , and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes . The UHI decreases air quality by increasing the production of pollutants such as ozone , and decreases water quality as warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems .   Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island . Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of lighter-colored surfaces in urban areas , which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat .   There are concerns raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming . Research on China and India indicates that urban heat island effect contributes to climate warming by about 30 % . On the other hand , one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends . Many studies reveal increases in the severity of the effect with the progress of climate change .

positive: Sahara The Sahara ( الصحراء الكبرى , , ` the Greatest Desert ' ) is the largest hot desert and the third largest desert in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic . Its area of 9200000 km2 is comparable to the area of the United States .   The desert comprises much of North Africa , excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast , the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb , and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan . It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west , where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains . To the south , it is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa .   The Sahara can be divided into several regions including : the western Sahara , the central Ahaggar Mountains , the Tibesti Mountains , the Aïr Mountains , the Ténéré desert , and the Libyan Desert .   The name ` Sahara ' is derived from ( , pronounced -LSB- / / ˈSaHa : ra : -RSB- ) , the plural of the Arabic word for `` desert '' .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Aviation Environment Federation The Aviation Environment Federation ( AEF ) is the principal UK non-profit making organisation concerned with the environmental effects of aviation . These range from aviation noise issues associated with small airstrips or helipads to the contribution of airline emissions to global warming and climate change . The AEF is widely quoted in international media as a source of research and analysis on issues related to aviation and the environment .   The AEF was established in 1975 and its members include community and environmental groups , local authorities , parish councils , and individuals .   AEF is a member of AirportWatch , a UK-wide network of conservation and residents ' groups , Transport and Environment , which campaigns for smarter , greener transport in Europe , and the International Coalition for Sustainable Aviation .

negative: Not Evil Just Wrong Not Evil Just Wrong is a 2009 documentary film by Ann McElhinney and Phelim McAleer that challenges Al Gore 's An Inconvenient Truth by suggesting that the evidence of global warming is inconclusive and that the impact global warming legislation will have on industry is much more harmful to humans than beneficial . The movie was filmed in 2008 and was screened at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam and at the RightOnline conference in 2009 .   Despite earlier screenings at conservative political conferences , filmmakers promoted a `` premiere '' on October 18 , 2009 . The film attempted to break a World Record for largest simultaneous premiere , which is currently held by the documentary The Age of Stupid , another global warming documentary . The film 's website claims that there were 6,500 U.S. screenings and 1,500 foreign screenings and reached 400,000 people .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Cornwall Alliance The Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation is a conservative Christian public policy group that promotes a free-market approach to care for the environment that is critical of much of the current environmental movement . In particular , the Cornwall Alliance rejects claims of detrimental global warming . Originally called the `` Interfaith Stewardship Alliance '' it was founded in 2005 in reaction to the efforts of evangelical leaders ( such as Rick Warren ) to fight global warming . The name Cornwall come from the 2000 Cornwall Declaration . The organization 's views on the environment have been strongly influenced by the wise use movement of the 1980s and 1990s .

negative: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: Hot Cities Hot Cities is an environmental documentary series broadcast in Autumn 2009 by BBC World News . It highlighted the effects of global warming and climate change on the world 's most populous cities .

negative: Foot Fella Foot Fella is a fictional character from the fictional planet named Marchoon . He appears in an educational figure for children learning about environmental and social issues such as global warming , lack of access to clean water , and world peace .

negative: Milorad Bojic Milorad Bojic ( often Milorad Bojić , from Serbian Cyrillic : Милорад Бојић ) . Numerous articles published in world 's most respected journals in the area of energy management make professor Milorad Bojic one of the top scientists and lecturers in his area of expertise . Professor Bojic has rich research experience in various fields including energy recovery , thermal comfort , finite-time thermodynamics , Integration , thermo economy , Global warming , air conditioning engineering , etc. .

negative: W. W. Greener W.W. Greener is a sporting shotgun and rifle manufacturer from England . The company produced its first firearm in 1829 and is still in business , with a fifth generation Greener serving on its board of directors .

negative: Exodus (Bertagna novel) Exodus is a science fiction novel written for teens to young adults by Julie Bertagna , published in August 2002 . The story is set on an island faced with the problem of a rising sea level , caused by melting ice caps and other forms of global warming . Mara must think of a way to save herself , the other villagers and , most importantly , the world . The book was short-listed for the Whitbread Children 's Book of the Year in 2002 . Exodus is part of a trilogy ; the sequel to the book is Zenith , published in 2007 , followed by Aurora , published in 2011 .   Julie Bertagna was inspired to write this book in 1999 , when she learned of two South Pacific Islands being engulfed by the sea as a result of global warming , forcing the people to find higher land . Bertagna started to investigate into the topic of global warming and the stories inspired her to write Exodus and its sequel Zenith .  The purpose of the book is to inform young readers about global warming and convince them that something must be done about it .

negative: United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Private Sector and Consumer Solutions to Global Warming and Wildlife Protection The United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Private Sector and Consumer Solutions to Global Warming and Wildlife Protection was one of six subcommittees of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works during the 110th Congress . The subcommittee 's jurisdiction included :   Global warming  Fisheries and wildlife , including the Fish and Wildlife Service  Endangered Species Act ( ESA )  National Wildlife Refuges   The subcommittee was formerly known as the Subcommittee on Fisheries , Wildlife , and Water , but was renamed during committee organization of the 110th Congress when global warming was added to its oversight responsibilities . It served as a counterpart to the new Subcommittee on Public Sector Solutions to Global Warming , Oversight , and Children 's Health Protection .   The subcommittee was chaired by Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut , and the ranking member was Senator John Warner of Virginia .

negative: Greener Greener is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Bob Greener ( 1899 -- 1970 ) , English professional footballer  Christopher Greener ( born 1943 ) , United Kingdom 's tallest human  Matthew Greener , British musician  Richard Theodore Greener ( 1844 -- 1922 ) , American diplomat  William Greener ( 1806 -- 1869 ) , English inventor and gunsmith

negative: Echo Planet Echo Planet is a 2012 Thai 3D animation film distributed by Kantana Group directed by Kompin Keamkumned . It is the story of the adventures of three young men from two of the world 's metropolis , New State Trinity Capital and Karen village in Northern Thailand . To help save the world from disaster recovery due to global warming .

negative: Ecological debt Ecological debt is the level of resource consumption and waste discharge by a population in excess of locally sustainable natural production and assimilative capacity .   The term has been used since 1992 by some environmental organizations from the Global south . The first one to use this term was the Instituto de Ecologia Politica from Chile . J.M. Borrero , from Colombia , a lawyer , wrote a book on the ecological debt in 1994 . This referred to the environmental liabilities of Northern countries for the excessive per capita production of greenhouse gases , historically and at present . Campaigns on the Ecological Debt were launched since 1997 by Accion Ecologica of Ecuador and Friends of the Earth .   Ecofeminist scholar Ariel Salleh explains how the capitalist processes at work in the global North exploit nature and people simultaneously , ultimately sustaining a large ecological debt in her article , `` Ecological Debt : Embodied Debt '' . At the 1992 Rio Earth Summit , politicians and corporate leaders from the global North introduced the supposed solution for the foreign debt crisis in the global South . They proposed ` debt for nature swaps ' , which essentially means that those countries that possess abundant biodiversity and environmental resources would give them up to the global North in return for the World Bank reducing their debt .   Feminist environmentalists , indigenous activists , and peasants from the global South , primarily in Ecuador , exposed how the global North is much more indebted to the global South . Salleh justifies this by explaining how the 500-year-long colonialisation process involving the extraction of resources has caused immense damage and destruction to the ecosystem of the global South . In fact , scientists at the US National Academy for Sciences state that in the time period of 1961 -- 2000 , analyzing the cost of greenhouse gas emissions created by the rich ( the global North ) alone , it has become apparent that the rich have imposed climate changes on the poor that greatly outweigh the poor 's foreign debt . All of this environmental degradation amounts to ecological debt , seizing the people 's livelihood resources in the global South .   The ecological debt manifested in the destruction of the environment and associated climate change the North has created is made possible through the process of modernization and capitalism . There is a disassociation between the wealthy capitalists in the North and the environment . Men in particular through industrialization have viewed themselves as separate from nature , and further , they view nature as a tool to profit from , and continually use and abuse without consequences . The notion of humans being embedded in the ecosystem that they live in is crucial to the discipline of political ecology . In political ecology , which reconnects nature and the economy , ecological debt is crucial because it recognizes that colonialisation has not only resulted in a loss of culture , way of life , and language for Indigenous peoples , but it has shaped the world economy into one that monetizes and commodifies the environment . For example , when the colonialisation of South America occurred over 500 years ago , Western Europeans brought with them their eurocentric values , seeing themselves as better than and therefore entitled to the indigenous people 's knowledge and the land they lived on . In a perceived post colonial world , large corporations and Western governments tend to present solutions to global warming by commodifying nature and hoping to make a profit . This better-than-thou attitude has created the conditions for global warming to occur , making the North 's ecological footprint soar , while also constructing an ecological debt so large as to completely rid the entire global South of their financial debt .

negative: Precipitation In meteorology , precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity . The main forms of precipitation include drizzle , rain , sleet , snow , graupel and hail . Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor , so that the water condenses and `` precipitates '' . Thus , fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions , because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate . Two processes , possibly acting together , can lead to air becoming saturated : cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air . Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud . Short , intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called `` showers . ''   Moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain . This process is typically active when freezing rain is occurring . A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain and serves as the foci for forcing and rising air . Provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content , the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds , namely stratus and cumulonimbus . Eventually , the cloud droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops and descend toward the Earth where they will freeze on contact with exposed objects . Where relatively warm water bodies are present , for example due to water evaporation from lakes , lake-effect snowfall becomes a concern downwind of the warm lakes within the cold cyclonic flow around the backside of extratropical cyclones . Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy . Thundersnow is possible within a cyclone 's comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands . In mountainous areas , heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation . On the leeward side of mountains , desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating . The movement of the monsoon trough , or intertropical convergence zone , brings rainy seasons to savannah climes .   Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle , and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet . Approximately 505000 km3 of water falls as precipitation each year ; 398000 km3 of it over the oceans and 107000 km3 over land . Given the Earth 's surface area , that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 mm , but over land it is only 715 mm . Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes .   Precipitation may occur on other celestial bodies , e.g. when it gets cold , Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost , rather than rain or snow .

negative: Discover Worlds Discover Worlds is a completely student-run global nonprofit organization founded in 2005 with the purpose of creating and raising awareness within youth about issues facing humanity . Discover Worlds is a 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit whose main endeavors include fundraising to support relief efforts around the world , internal fundraising , presenting to businesses , student groups , educational administrators , classes , service organizations , and other nonprofits about problems of global proportion , and acting through service and funding to make a difference in the lives of people around the world . The issues covered by Discover Worlds presentations cover a wide range of subject matter , including Genocide in Darfur , Sudan and the Congo , Famine , Extreme Poverty , Global Warming , Gang Warfare , HIV/AIDS , Human Trafficking , how students can tangibly change the world , and even conquering the fear of public speaking . These presentations are given around the world and every year , thousands of students are given the tools they need to effect positive change in their family , their community , their country , and even the world .

negative: Barkskins Barkskins is a 2016 novel by American writer Annie Proulx . It tells the story of two immigrants to New France , René Sel and Charles Duquet , and of their descendants . It spans over 300 years and witnesses the deforestation of the New World from the arrival of Europeans into the contemporary era of global warming .

negative: List of Always Greener episodes The following is a list of episodes of Always Greener .

negative: Peter Taylor (environmentalist) Peter Taylor ( b. 24 Jan 1948 ) is a UK environmentalist with a long track record of public activism and scholarship on issues ranging from nuclear safety , ocean pollution , biodiversity strategies , renewable energy and climate change . His recent work on global warming has been questioned by environmentalists . His 2009 book Chill : a reassessment of global warming theory argued that most of the recent documented warming is caused by peaking natural cycles , that there is also a potential for global cooling and that adaptation not mitigation should be a priority . His views received widespread coverage in the media -- with front page on the Daily Express , and articles in the online versions of The Mail , The Times and an Al Jazeera video .

negative: Costa Cálida The Costa Cálida ( -LSB- ˈkosta ˈkaliða -RSB- , `` Warm Coast '' ) is the approximately 250 km stretch of Mediterranean coastline of the Spanish province of Murcia . This region has a micro-climate which features comparatively hot mean annual temperatures ( and hence its name , `` Warm Coast '' ) and a relative degree of aridity ( precipitation averaging less than 34 cm annually ) .

negative: Make Room! Make Room! Make Room ! Make Room ! is a 1966 science fiction novel written by Harry Harrison exploring the consequences of unchecked population growth on society .  It was originally serialized in Impulse magazine .   Set in a future August 1999 , the novel explores trends in the proportion of world resources used by the United States and other countries compared to population growth , depicting a world where the global population is seven billion , subject to overcrowding , resource shortages and a crumbling infrastructure . The plot jumps from character to character , recounting the lives of people in various walks of life in New York City ( population around 35 million ) .   The novel was the basis of the 1973 science fiction movie Soylent Green , although the film changed much of the plot and theme and introduced cannibalism as a solution to feeding people .

negative: United States House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming The House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming was a select committee of the United States House of Representatives . It was established March 8 , 2007 through adoption of a resolution by a 269 -- 150 vote of the full House .   The committee existed from 2007 to 2011 , and was not renewed when the Republicans gained control of the House for the 112th Congress .

negative: Climatic regions of Argentina Due to its vast size and range of altitudes , Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions , ranging from the hot subtropical region in the north to the cold subantarctic in the far south . Lying between those is the Pampas region , featuring a mild and humid climate . Many regions have different , often contrasting , microclimates . In general , Argentina has four main climate types : warm , moderate , arid , and cold in which the relief features , and the latitudinal extent of the country , determine the different varieties within the main climate types .   Northern parts of the country are characterized by hot , humid summers with mild , drier winters , and highly seasonal precipitation . Mesopotamia , located in northeast Argentina , has a subtropical climate with no dry season and is characterized by high temperatures and abundant rainfall because of exposure to moist easterly winds from the Atlantic Ocean throughout the year . The Chaco region in the center-north , despite being relatively homogeneous in terms of precipitation and temperature , is the warmest region in Argentina , and one of the few natural areas in the world located between tropical and temperate latitudes that is not a desert . Precipitation decreases from east to west in the Chaco region because eastern areas are more influenced by moist air from the Atlantic Ocean than the west , resulting in the vegetation transitioning from forests and marshes to shrubs . Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry , hot , and subtropical although its rugged topography results in a diverse climate .   Central Argentina , which includes the Pampas to the east , and the Cuyo region to the west , has a temperate climate with hot summers and cool , drier winters . In the Cuyo region , the Andes obstruct the path of rain-bearing clouds from the Pacific Ocean ; moreover , its latitude coincides with the subtropical high . Both factors render the region dry . With a wide range of altitudes , the Cuyo region is climatically diverse , with icy conditions persisting at altitudes higher than 4,000 m . The Pampas is mostly flat and receives more precipitation , averaging 500 mm in the western parts to 1200 mm in the eastern parts . The weather in the Pampas is variable due to the contrasting air masses and frontal storms that impact the region . These can generate thunderstorms with intense hailstorms and precipitation , and are known to have the most frequent lightning , and highest convective cloud tops , in the world .   Patagonia , in the south , is mostly arid or semi -- arid except in the extreme west where abundant precipitation supports dense forest coverage , glaciers , and permanent snowfields . Its climate is classified as temperate to cool temperate with the surrounding oceans moderating temperatures on the coast . Away from the coast , areas on the plateaus have large daily and annual temperature ranges . The influence of the Andes , in conjunction with general circulation patterns , generates one of the strongest precipitation gradients ( rate of change in mean annual precipitation in relation to a particular location ) in the world , decreasing rapidly to the east . In much of Patagonia precipitation is concentrated in winter with snowfall occurring occasionally , particularly in the mountainous west and south ; precipitation is more evenly distributed in the east and south . One defining characteristic is the strong winds from the west which blow year-round , lowering the perception of temperature ( wind chill ) , while being a factor in keeping the region arid by favouring evaporation .

negative: An Inconsistent Truth An Inconsistent Truth is a 2012 documentary film written , produced , and featuring , nationally syndicated conservative talk radio host Phil Valentine and directed by Shayne Edwards . Valentine , a skeptic of global warming theory , interviewed scientists about the validity of Al Gore 's film An Inconvenient Truth and the facts presented within . What he is told by the scientists he interviews is that there is no consensus on the issue of global warming or climate change . The film argues that global warming proponents keep changing its label , basing their argument on what Valentine says is shaky scientific ground .