query: 1994 short story collection Alice Munro is Open

positive: Alice Munro Alice Ann Munro (/ˈælɨs ˌæn mʌnˈroʊ/, née Laidlaw /ˈleɪdlɔː/; born 10 July 1931) is a Canadian author. Munro's work has been described as having revolutionized the architecture of short stories, especially in its tendency to move forward and backward in time. Her stories have been said to "embed more than announce, reveal more than parade."Munro's fiction is most often set in her native Huron County in southwestern Ontario. Her stories explore human complexities in an uncomplicated prose style.

positive: Friend of My Youth Friend of My Youth is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1990. It won the 1990 Trillium Book Award.

positive: List of short stories by Alice Munro This is a list of short stories written by Alice Munro. It includes stories that were published in single-author collections (books), the first story ever published, "The Dimensions of a Shadow" (1950), and other stories having appeared elsewhere.

positive: Open Secrets Open Secrets (ISBN 0-099-45971-X) is a book of short stories by Alice Munro published by McClelland and Stewart in 1994. It was nominated for the 1994 Governor General's Award for English Fiction.The Edmonton Journal called it "the best Canadian book of 1994."

positive: Too Much Happiness Too Much Happiness is a short story collection by Canadian writer Alice Munro, published on August 25, 2009 by McClelland and Stewart's Douglas Gibson Books imprint.

negative: Balanak Bonihar O Pallavi Balanak Bonihar O Pallavi (The peasants on the banks of river Balan and Pallavi) is a Short Story collection, written by Dr Binod Bihari Verma, on the village life of Mithila on the banks of the Kosi River and its tributaries.

negative: Boys and Girls (short story) "Boys and Girls" (1964 / 1968) is a short story by Alice Munro, the Canadian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013 which deals with the making of gender roles.

negative: Crown of Stars Crown of Stars is a posthumous collection of Alice Sheldon (aka James Tiptree, Jr.)‘s unpublished short stories and those published in the final years of her career. All but one of the stories "\Come Live With Me") had previously been published elsewhere, in Science fiction magazines or anthologies. It is copyrighted to “the Estate of Alice B. Sheldon” and was first published in 1988 by Tom Doherty Associates. Crown of Stars is 340 pages in length.

negative: Dance of the Happy Shades Dance of the Happy Shades (ISBN 0-099-27377-2) is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by Ryerson Press in 1968. It was her first collection of stories and won the 1968 Governor General's Award for English Fiction. The title of the main story is the English translation provided for the ballet in Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice when it was first presented in London.

negative: Dear Life Dear Life is a short story collection by Canadian writer Alice Munro, published in 2012 by McClelland and Stewart.The book was to have been promoted in part by a reading at Toronto's International Festival of Authors, although the appearance was cancelled due to health concerns.

negative: Enough Is Too Much Already Enough Is Too Much Already is a short story collection for teenagers by Jan Mark, published in 1988.The short stories are unusual, because they are written entirely in dialogue. They revolve around the exploits of Nazzer, Nina, and Maurice, three sixth form students who are re-sitting their GCSE examinations at school. Other characters include Lisa Pestall, a girl who is yearned after by Nazzer and Maurice, and Nidsworth, an aspiring sixth form eccentric.

negative: Free Radicals (short story) “Free Radicals” is from the short story collection Too Much Happiness by Alice Munro, published by Alfred A. Knopf in the New Yorker 2009.  Alice Munro’s writing style on this book is combining the moments of reality and creativity together.

negative: Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 2001.In 2006, the story "The Bear Came over the Mountain" was adapted into a film, Away from Her, directed by Sarah Polley and produced by Atom Egoyan.

negative: How I Met My Husband "How I Met My Husband" is a short story written by Alice Munro, first published in 1974 as a part of her collection Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You.

negative: Jhumpa Lahiri Jhumpa Lahiri (Bengali: ঝুম্পা লাহিড়ী; born on July 11, 1967) is an Indian Bengali American author. Lahiri's debut short story collection, Interpreter of Maladies (1999), won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and her first novel, The Namesake (2003), was adapted into the popular film of the same name. She was born Nilanjana Sudeshna but goes by her nickname (or in Bengali, her "Daak naam") Jhumpa. Lahiri is a member of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities, appointed by U.S.

negative: Lives of Girls and Women Lives of Girls and Women is a short story cycle by Nobel Prize–winning author Alice Munro, published by McGraw-Hill Ryerson in 1971. All of the stories chronicle the life of a single character, Del Jordan, and the book has been characterized as a novel by some critics as a result.The cycle serves as a coming of age story for Del Jordan growing up first on the outskirts, and later in the centre, of the small, southern Ontario town of Jubilee.

negative: Madeleine Thien Madeleine Thien (born 1974) is a Canadian short story writer and novelist.Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, she was educated at Simon Fraser University and the University of British Columbia.

negative: No Love Lost (book) No Love Lost is a 2003 collection of short stories by Alice Munro. Part of the New Canadian Library, it collects ten stories published in her earlier books, and features an afterword by Jane Urquhart.

negative: O. Henry Award The O. Henry Award is an annual American award given to short stories of exceptional merit.  The award is named after the American short story writer, O. Henry.The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories is an annual collection of the year's twenty best stories published in U.S. and Canadian magazines, written in English.The award itself is called The O. Henry Award, not the O. Henry Prize, though until recently there were first, second and third prize winners; the collection is called The PEN/O.

negative: Runaway (book) Runaway is a book of short stories by Alice Munro. First published in 2004 by McClelland and Stewart, it was awarded that year's Giller Prize and Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize.

negative: Saki Hector Hugh Munro (18 December 1870 – 14 November 1916), better known by the pen name Saki, and also frequently as H. H. Munro, was a British writer whose witty, mischievous and sometimes macabre stories satirize Edwardian society and culture. He is considered a master of the short story, and often compared to O. Henry and Dorothy Parker. Influenced by Oscar Wilde, Lewis Carroll and Rudyard Kipling, he himself influenced A. A. Milne, Noël Coward and P. G.

negative: Selected Stories Selected Stories is a volume of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1996. It collects stories previously published in her eight previous books.

negative: Short story A short story is a brief work of literature, usually written in narrative prose. Emerging from earlier oral storytelling traditions in the 17th century, the short story has grown to encompass a body of work so diverse as to defy easy characterization. At its most prototypical the short story features a small cast of named characters, and focuses on a self-contained incident with the intent of evoking a "single effect" or mood.

negative: Short story collection A short story collection is a book of short stories by a single author, as distinguished from an anthology of fiction by more than one author (e.g., Les Soirées de Médan). The stories in a collection can share a theme, setting, or characters and sometimes can also include work of poetry. See short story cycle for further details.

negative: Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McGraw-Hill (Canada) in 1974.

negative: The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard SF The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard SF is a definitive 1994 anthology of hard science fiction (sf) short stories compiled by the award-winning editing team of David G. Hartwell and Kathryn Cramer. This 990-page book includes 68 stories, each prefaced by a brief note to describe facts about the author, related works, or the logic of the story's inclusion in the genre. In addition, the book opens with three essays that meditate on the meaning and the boundaries of hard science fiction.

negative: The Early Fears The Early Fears is a collection of fantasy and horror short stories by author Robert Bloch. It was released in 1994  by Fedogan & Bremer in an edition of 2,400 copies, of which 100 were signed by the author.  The collection reprints the stories from Bloch's two earlier collections published by Arkham House, The Opener of the Way and Pleasant Dreams: Nightmares with three additional stories.

negative: The Love of a Good Woman The Love of a Good Woman is a collection of short stories by Canadian writer Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1998.The eight stories of this collection (one of which was originally published in Saturday Night; five others were originally published in The New Yorker) deal with Munro's typical themes: secrets, love, betrayal, and the stuff of ordinary lives.

negative: The Moons of Jupiter The Moons of Jupiter is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by Macmillan of Canada in 1982. It was nominated for the 1982 Governor General's Award for English Fiction. The title of the collection follows from the last short story in the collection "The Moons of Jupiter".

negative: The Moons of Jupiter (short story) "The Moons of Jupiter" (1978 / 1982) is a short story by Alice Munro, the Canadian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. It deals with how facts may change over time. The story is 17 pages in length and made up of 7 sections with the shortest section being the final one.

negative: The Penguin Anthology of Stories by Canadian Women The Peguin Anthology of Stories by Canadian Women is a compilation of 32 short stories by Canadian women selected and edited by the Chinese-Canadian author Denise Chong. It was published in 1997 by Penguin Books in Toronto.In her Introduction to this compilation, Chong notes that she "wasn't looking so much for a feminine voice in the short story form, but rather stories in which women figure as central characters, where their points of view dominate".

negative: The Portrait (Gogol short story) The Portrait (Russian: Портрет) is a short story by Nikolai Gogol, originally published in the short story collection Arabesques in 1835 and is one of Gogols’ most demonic of tales, hinting at some of his earlier works such as "St. John's Eve".It is the story of a young and penniless artist, Andrey Petrovich Chartkov, who stumbles upon a terrifyingly lifelike portrait in an art shop and is compelled to buy it.

negative: The Progress of Love The Progress of Love is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1986. It won the 1986 Governor General's Award for English Fiction, her third win of that award.The book was originally contracted to Macmillan of Canada, the publisher of Munro's previous two books.

negative: The View from Castle Rock The View from Castle Rock is a book of short stories by Canadian author Alice Munro, recipient of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature, which was published in 2006 by McClelland and Stewart.It is a collection of historical and autobiographical stories. The first part of the book narrates the lives of members of the Laidlaw branch of the family tree of the author, starting from their Scottish origins in the 18th century.

negative: Vintage Munro Vintage Munro is a 2004 book of short stories by Alice Munro published by Vintage Books. It collects five stories published previously in earlier books.

negative: Year's Best Fantasy and Horror Year's Best Fantasy and Horror was a reprint anthology published annually by St. Martin's Press from 1987 to 2008. In addition to the short stories, supplemented by a list of honorable mentions, each edition included a number of retrospective essays by the editors and others.

negative: Alice (Hermann book) Alice is a 2009 short story collection by the German writer Judith Hermann. It was shortlisted for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize.


query: standard axioms of set theory

positive: Ackermann set theory Ackermann set theory is a version of axiomatic set theory proposed by Wilhelm Ackermann in 1956.

positive: Alternative set theory Generically, an alternative set theory is an alternative mathematical approach to the concept of set. It is a proposed alternative to the standard set theory. Some of the alternative set theories are:the theory of semisetsthe set theory New FoundationsPositive set theoryInternal set theorySpecifically, Alternative Set Theory (or AST) refers to a particular set theory developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Petr Vopěnka and his students.

positive: Axiom An axiom or postulate is a premise or starting point of reasoning. As classically conceived, an axiom is a premise so evident as to be accepted as true without controversy.The word comes from the Greek axíōma (ἀξίωμα) 'that which is thought worthy or fit' or 'that which commends itself as evident.' As used in modern logic, an axiom is simply a premise or starting point for reasoning.

positive: Axiom of countable choice The axiom of countable choice or axiom of denumerable choice, denoted ACω, is an axiom of set theory that states that any countable collection of non-empty sets must have a choice function.

positive: Axiom of determinacy In mathematics, the axiom of determinacy (abbreviated as AD) is a possible axiom for set theory introduced by Jan Mycielski and Hugo Steinhaus in 1962.  It refers to certain two-person games of length ω with perfect information.

positive: Axiom of empty set In axiomatic set theory, the axiom of empty set is an axiom of Kripke–Platek set theory and the variant of general set theory that Burgess (2005) calls "ST," and a demonstrable truth in Zermelo set theory and Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, with or without the axiom of choice.

positive: Axiom of extensionality In axiomatic set theory and the branches of logic, mathematics, and computer science that use it, the axiom of extensionality, or axiom of extension, is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.

positive: Axiom of global choice In mathematics, specifically in class theories, the axiom of global choice is a stronger variant of the axiom of choice that applies to proper classes of sets as well as sets of sets. Informally it states that one can simultaneously choose an element from every non-empty set.

positive: Axiom of infinity In axiomatic set theory and the branches of mathematics and philosophy that use it, the axiom of infinity is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.  It guarantees the existence of at least one infinite set, namely a set containing the natural numbers.

positive: Axiom of pairing In axiomatic set theory and the branches of logic, mathematics, and computer science that use it, the axiom of pairing is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.

positive: Axiom of real determinacy In mathematics, the axiom of real determinacy (abbreviated as ADR) is an axiom in set theory. It states the following:Consider infinite two-person games with perfect information.

positive: Axiom of union In axiomatic set theory and the branches of logic, mathematics, and computer science that use it, the axiom of union is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, stating that, for any set x there is a set y whose elements are precisely the elements of the elements of x. Together with the axiom of pairing this implies that for any two sets, there is a set that contains exactly the elements of both.

positive: Axiom schema In mathematical logic, an axiom schema (plural: axiom schemata) generalizes the notion of axiom.

positive: Axiom schema of replacement In set theory, the axiom schema of replacement is a schema of axioms in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC) that asserts that the image of any set under any definable mapping is also a set. It is necessary for the construction of certain infinite sets in ZFC.The axiom schema is motivated by the idea that whether a class is a set depends only on the cardinality of the class, not on the rank of its elements.

positive: Axiom schema of specification In many popular versions of axiomatic set theory the axiom schema of specification, also known as the axiom schema of separation, subset axiom scheme or axiom schema of restricted comprehension is an axiom schema.

positive: Constructive set theory Constructive set theory is an approach to mathematical constructivism following the program of axiomatic set theory. That is, it uses the usual first-order language of classical set theory, and although of course the logic is constructive, there is no explicit use of constructive types. Rather, there are just sets, thus it can look very much like classical mathematics done on the most common foundations, namely the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms (ZFC).

positive: Countable set In mathematics, a countable set is a set with the same cardinality (number of elements) as some subset of the set of natural numbers. A countable set is either a finite set or a countably infinite set. Whether finite or infinite, the elements of a countable set can always be counted one at a time and, although the counting may never finish, every element of the set is associated with a natural number.Some authors use countable set to mean countably infinite alone.

positive: General set theory General set theory (GST) is George Boolos's (1998) name for a fragment of the axiomatic set theory Z. GST is sufficient for all mathematics not requiring infinite sets, and is the weakest known set theory whose theorems include the Peano axioms.

positive: Gluing axiom In mathematics, the gluing axiom is introduced to define what a sheaf F on a topological space X must satisfy, given that it is a presheaf, which is by definition a contravariant functorF: O(X) → Cto a category C which initially one takes to be the category of sets.

positive: Ground axiom In set theory, the ground axiom was introduced by Hamkins (2005) and Reitz (2007). It states that the universe is not a nontrivial set forcing extension of an inner model.

positive: Internal set theory Internal set theory (IST) is a mathematical theory of sets developed by Edward Nelson that provides an axiomatic basis for a portion of the non-standard analysis introduced by Abraham Robinson. Instead of adding new elements to the real numbers, Nelson's approach modifies the axiomatic foundations through syntactic enrichment.  Thus, the axioms introduce a new term, "standard", which can be used to make discriminations not possible under the conventional  axioms for sets.

positive: Kripke–Platek set theory The Kripke–Platek axioms of set theory (KP), pronounced /ˈkrɪpki ˈplɑːtɛk/, are a system of axiomatic set theory based on the ideas of Saul Kripke (1964) and Richard Platek (1966).KP is considerably weaker than Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC), and can be thought of as roughly the predicative part of ZFC.  The consistency strength of KP with an axiom of infinity is given by the Bachmann–Howard ordinal.

positive: List of axioms This is a list of axioms as that term is understood in mathematics, by Wikipedia page.  In epistemology, the word axiom is understood differently; see axiom and self-evidence. Individual axioms are almost always part of a larger axiomatic system.

positive: List of first-order theories In mathematical logic, a first-order theory is given by a set of axioms in somelanguage. This entry lists some of the more common examples used in model theory and some of their properties.

positive: Morse–Kelley set theory In the foundation of mathematics, Morse–Kelley set theory (MK) or Kelley–Morse set theory (KM) or Quine–Morse set theory (QM) or the system of Quine and Morse is a first order axiomatic set theory that is closely related to von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG).

positive: Non-well-founded set theory Non-well-founded set theories are variants of axiomatic set theory that allow sets to contain themselves and otherwise violate the rule of well-foundedness.

positive: Semiset In set theory, a semiset is a proper class that is contained in a set.The theory of semisets was proposed and developed by Czech mathematicians Petr Vopěnka and Petr Hájek (1972). It is based on a modification of the von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory; in standard NBG, the existence of semisets is precluded by the axiom of separation. The concept of semisets opens the way for a formulation of an alternative set theory.Semisets can be used to represent sets with imprecise boundaries.

positive: Set Theory: An Introduction to Independence Proofs Set Theory: An Introduction to Independence Proofs is a textbook and reference work in set theory by Kenneth Kunen.  It starts from basic notions, including the ZFC axioms, and quickly develops combinatorial notions such as trees, Suslin's problem, ◊, and Martin's axiom. It develops some basic model theory (rather specifically aimed at models of set theory) and the theory of Gödel's constructible universe L.The book then proceeds to describe the method of forcing.

positive: Set theory Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which informally are collections of objects. Although any type of object can be collected into a set, set theory is applied most often to objects that are relevant to mathematics. The language of set theory can be used in the definitions of nearly all mathematical objects.The modern study of set theory was initiated by Georg Cantor and Richard Dedekind in the 1870s.

positive: Tarski–Grothendieck set theory Tarski–Grothendieck set theory (TG, named after mathematicians Alfred Tarski and Alexander Grothendieck) is an axiomatic set theory.  It is a non-conservative extension of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC) and is distinguished from other axiomatic set theories by the inclusion of Tarski's axiom which states that for each set there is a Grothendieck universe it belongs to (see below).

positive: Timeline of category theory and related mathematics This is a timeline of category theory and related mathematics.

positive: Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory In the foundations of mathematics, von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG) is an axiomatic set theory that is a conservative extension of the canonical Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC). A statement in the language of ZFC is provable in NBG if and only if it is provable in ZFC. The ontology of NBG includes proper classes, objects having members but that cannot be members of other entities.

positive: Wightman axioms In physics the Wightman axioms (also called  Gårding–Wightman axioms) are an attempt at a mathematically rigorous formulation of quantum field theory.

negative: AD+ In set theory, AD+ is an extension, proposed by W. Hugh Woodin, to the axiom of determinacy. The axiom, which is to be understood in the context of ZF plus DCR (the axiom of dependent choice for real numbers), states two things: Every set of reals is ∞-Borel. For any ordinal λ less than Θ, any subset A of ωω, and any continuous function π:λω→ωω, the preimage π−1[A] is determined.

negative: Aczel's anti-foundation axiom In the foundations of mathematics, Aczel's anti-foundation axiom is an axiom set forth by Peter Aczel (1988), as an alternative to the axiom of foundation in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. It states that every accessible pointed directed graph corresponds to a unique set.  In particular, according to this axiom, the graph consisting of a single vertex with a loop corresponds to a set that contains only itself as element, i.e. a Quine atom.

negative: Axiom of constructibility The axiom of constructibility is a possible axiom for set theory in mathematics that asserts that every set is constructible. The axiom is usually written as V = L, where V and L denote the von Neumann universe and the constructible universe, respectively. The axiom, first investigated by Kurt Gödel, is inconsistent with the proposition that zero sharp exists and stronger large cardinal axioms (see List of large cardinal properties).

negative: Axiom of projective determinacy In mathematical logic, projective determinacy is the special case of the axiom of determinacy applying only to projective sets.The axiom of projective determinacy, abbreviated PD, states that for any two-player game of perfect information of length ω in which the players play natural numbers, if the victory set (for either player, since the projective sets are closed under complementation) is projective, then one player or the other has a winning strategy.The axiom is not a theorem of ZFC (assuming ZFC is consistent), but unlike the full axiom of determinacy (AD), which contradicts the axiom of choice, it is not known to be inconsistent with ZFC.

negative: Axiomatic system In mathematics, an axiomatic system is any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derive theorems. A mathematical theory consists of an axiomatic system and all its derived theorems. An axiomatic system that is completely described is a special kind of formal system; usually though, the effort towards complete formalisation brings diminishing returns in certainty, and a lack of readability for humans.

negative: Boolean prime ideal theorem In mathematics, a prime ideal theorem guarantees the existence of certain types of subsets in a given algebra.  A common example is the Boolean prime ideal theorem, which states that ideals in a Boolean algebra can be extended to prime ideals.  A variation of this statement for filters on sets is known as the ultrafilter lemma.

negative: Borel set In mathematics, a Borel set is any set in a topological space that can be formed from open sets (or, equivalently, from closed sets) through the operations of countable union, countable intersection, and relative complement.  Borel sets are named after Émile Borel.For a topological space X, the collection of all Borel sets on X forms a σ-algebra, known as the Borel algebra or Borel σ-algebra.

negative: Choice function A choice function (selector, selection)  is a mathematical function f  that is defined on some collection X of nonempty sets and assigns to each set S in that collection some element f(S) of S.  In other words, f is a choice function for X if and only if it belongs to the direct product of X.

negative: Frege's propositional calculus In mathematical logic Frege's propositional calculus was the first axiomatization of propositional calculus. It was invented by Gottlob Frege, who also invented predicate calculus,  in 1879 as part of his second-order predicate calculus (although Charles Peirce was the first to use the term "second-order" and developed his own version of the predicate calculus independently of Frege).

negative: Glossary of set theory This is a glossary of set theory.

negative: Group (mathematics) In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements together with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element.  The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility. One of the most familiar examples of a group is the set of integers together with the addition operation; the addition of any two integers forms another integer.

negative: Group structure and the axiom of choice In mathematics a group is a set together with a binary operation on the set called multiplication that obeys the group axioms. The axiom of choice is an axiom of ZFC set theory which in one form states that every set can be wellordered.In ZF set theory, i.e. ZFC without the axiom of choice, the following statements are equivalent: For every nonempty set X there exists a binary operation • such that (X, •) is a group. The axiom of choice is true.↑

negative: Lebesgue measure In measure theory, the Lebesgue measure, named after French mathematician Henri Lebesgue, is the standard way of assigning a measure to subsets of n-dimensional Euclidean space. For n = 1, 2, or 3, it coincides with the standard measure of length, area, or volume. In general, it is also called n-dimensional volume, n-volume, or simply volume. It is used throughout real analysis, in particular to define Lebesgue integration.

negative: List of mathematical logic topics This is a list of mathematical logic topics, by Wikipedia page.For traditional syllogistic logic, see the list of topics in logic. See also the list of computability and complexity topics for more theory of algorithms.

negative: List of mathematics categories This list contains categories related to mathematics.

negative: Mathematical logic Mathematical logic is a subfield of mathematics exploring the applications of formal logic to mathematics.  It bears close connections to metamathematics, the foundations of mathematics, and theoretical computer science.  The unifying themes in mathematical logic include the study of the expressive power of formal systems and the deductive power of formal proof systems.Mathematical logic is often divided into the fields of set theory, model theory, recursion theory, and proof theory.

negative: Model theory In mathematics, model theory is the study of classes of mathematical structures (e.g. groups, fields, graphs, universes of set theory) from the perspective of mathematical logic. The objects of study are models of theories in a formal language. We call a set of sentences in a formal language a theory;  a model of a theory is a structure (e.g.

negative: Naive set theory Naive set theory is one of several theories of sets used in the discussion of the foundations of mathematics. Unlike axiomatic set theories, which are defined using a formal logic, naive set theory is defined informally, in natural language.

negative: Natural number In mathematics, the natural numbers (sometimes called the whole numbers) are those used for counting (as in "there are six coins on the table") and ordering (as in "this is the third largest city in the country").

negative: New Foundations In mathematical logic, New Foundations (NF) is an axiomatic set theory, conceived by Willard Van Orman Quine as a simplification of the theory of types of Principia Mathematica. Quine first proposed NF in a 1937 article titled "New Foundations for Mathematical Logic"; hence the name. Much of this entry discusses NFU, an important variant of NF due to Jensen (1969) and exposited in Holmes (1998).

negative: Non-measurable set This page gives a general overview of the concept of non-measurable sets. For a precise definition of measure, see Measure (mathematics). For various constructions of non-measurable sets, see Vitali set, Hausdorff paradox, and Banach–Tarski paradox.In mathematics, a non-measurable set is a set which cannot be assigned a meaningful \size\"."

negative: Peano axioms In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms, also known as the Dedekind–Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are a set of axioms for the natural numbers presented by the 19th century Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano.

negative: Power set In mathematics, the power set (or powerset) of any set S, written P(S), ℘(S), P(S), ℙ(S) or 2S, is the set of all subsets of S, including the empty set and S itself. In axiomatic set theory (as developed, for example, in the ZFC axioms), the existence of the power set of any set is postulated by the axiom of power set.Any subset of P(S) is called a family of sets over S.

negative: Proper forcing axiom In the mathematical field of set theory, the proper forcing axiom (PFA) is a significant strengthening of Martin's axiom, where forcings with the countable chain condition (ccc) are replaced by proper forcings.

negative: Robinson arithmetic In mathematics, Robinson arithmetic, or Q, is a finitely axiomatized fragment of Peano arithmetic (PA), first set out in R. M. Robinson (1950). Q is essentially PA without the axiom schema of induction. Since Q is weaker than PA but it has the same language, it is incomplete. Q is important and interesting because it is a finitely axiomatized fragment of PA that is recursively incompletable and essentially undecidable.

negative: Set-theoretic definition of natural numbers Several ways have been proposed to define the natural numbers using set theory.

negative: Universal set In set theory, a universal set is a set which contains all objects, including itself. In set theory as usually formulated, the conception of a universal set leads to a paradox (Russell's paradox) and is consequently not allowed. However, some non-standard variants of set theory include a universal set.It is often symbolized by the Greek letter xi.

negative: Universe (mathematics) In mathematics, and particularly in set theory and the foundations of mathematics, a universe is a class that contains (as elements) all the entities one wishes to consider in a given situation. There are several versions of this general idea, described in the following sections.

negative: Zermelo set theory Zermelo set theory, as set out in an important paper in 1908 by Ernst Zermelo, is the ancestor of modern set theory.  It bears certain differences from its descendants, which are not always understood, and are frequently misquoted.  This article sets out the original axioms, with the original text (translated into English) and original numbering.

negative: Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory In mathematics, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, named after mathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel, is one of several axiomatic systems that were proposed in the early twentieth century to formulate a theory of sets free of paradoxes such as Russell's paradox. Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the historically controversial axiom of choice included is commonly abbreviated ZFC, where C stands for choice (Ciesielski 1997).

negative: Elementary theory In mathematical logic, an elementary theory is one that involves axioms using only finitary first-order logic, without reference to set theory or using any axioms which have consistency strength equal to set theory.Saying that a theory is elementary is a weaker condition than saying it is algebraic.

negative: Scott's trick In set theory, Scott's trick is a method for giving a definition of equivalence classes for equivalence relations on a proper class (Jech 2003:65). The method relies on the axiom of regularity but not on the axiom of choice. It can be used to define representatives for ordinal numbers in ZF,  Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice (Forster 2003:182).


query: fitzgerald auto mall chambersburg pa

positive: Fitzgerald Auto Malls Fitzgerald Auto Malls is a family owned and operated auto dealership that was founded in 1966, with its first location opening in Bethesda, Maryland. As of 2014, Fitzgerald Auto Malls ranked number 59 on the list of the "Top 125 Dealership Groups" in the U.S., which is published annually by Automotive News Fitzgerald dealer locations appear five times on the 2013 WardsAuto e-Dealer 100, at No.8, No.25, No.30, No.43 and No.98.

negative: Adams County, Pennsylvania Adams County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 101,407. Its county seat is Gettysburg. The county was created on January 22, 1800, from part of York County and named in honor of the second President of the United States, John Adams.Adams County comprises the Gettysburg, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Harrisburg-York-Lebanon, PA Combined Statistical Area.

negative: American International Automobile Dealers Association The American International Automobile Dealers Association (sometimes abbreviated as AIADA) is a United States lobbying force dedicated to the economic and political interests of America's international nameplate automobile dealers. Headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, its primary focus is on promoting free trade and opposing tax increases.

negative: Auto row An auto row or auto mall is a business cluster with multiple car dealerships in a single neighborhood or road. Auto rows are distinct from car supermarkets which are a single, large dealership.

negative: Automobile Dealer Economic Rights Restoration Act The Automobile Dealer Economic Rights Restoration Act (ADERRA), House Bill HR2743 and Senate Bill S1304, were introduced in the 111th United States Congress to restore the economic rights of car dealers.Congressman Frank Kratovil (D-MD) and Congressman Dan Maffei (D-NY) introduced HR2743 with Majority Leader Steny Hoyer (D-MD).

negative: Baltimore Pike The Baltimore Pike was an auto trail in the United States, connecting Baltimore, Maryland, with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Today, parts of the road are signed as U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 13, and a small portion of Pennsylvania Route 41. A section of the road within the city limits of Philadelphia and surrounding boroughs is known as Baltimore Avenue, although locals are known to call the Delaware County portion "Baltimore Pike".

negative: Bergner's Bergner's is a department store chain in central and northern Illinois, established in 1889 in Peoria, Illinois, and offers mid-line to higher-end merchandise in its largest stores. The current flagship store is located in Peoria at The Shoppes at Grande Prairie.

negative: Cerritos Auto Square The Cerritos Auto Square is an automobile retail center located in the city of Cerritos, California. Cerritos Auto Square states that it is the largest auto mall in the world with 29 import and domestic marques.

negative: Chambersburg, Greencastle and Waynesboro Street Railway The Chambersburg, Greencastle & Waynesboro Street Railway, now defunct, was an American railroad of south central Pennsylvania built in the 19th and 20th centuries.

negative: Chambersburg, Illinois Chambersburg is an unincorporated community in Pike County, Illinois, United States.

negative: Chambersburg, Pennsylvania Chambersburg is a borough in the South Central region of Pennsylvania, United States. It is 13 miles (21 km) miles north of Maryland and the Mason-Dixon line and 52 miles (84 km) southwest of Harrisburg in the Cumberland Valley, which is part of the Great Appalachian Valley. Chambersburg is the county seat of Franklin County. According to the United States Census Bureau the 2010 population was 20,268.

negative: Chambersburg, Trenton, New Jersey Chambersburg is an unincorporated community and neighborhood located within the city of Trenton in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is considered part of South Trenton. Chambersburg was an independent municipality from 1872 to 1888. Chambersburg was named for Robert Chambers, a founder of the area, whose family is memorialized by the local Chambers Street.

negative: Chambersburg Area School District The Chambersburg Area School District is a public school district located in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The district encompasses approximately 250 square miles, including the borough of Chambersburg, plus the townships of Hamilton, Greene, Lurgan, and Letterkenny, and a portion of Guilford Township.

negative: Chambersburg Area Senior High School Chambersburg Area Senior High School (CASHS) is a public high school located in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The school serves grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. Students come from Chambersburg and surrounding townships of Hamilton, Greene, Lurgan, Letterkenny and Guilford.

negative: Chambersburg Cardinals The Chambersburg Cardinals are an American football team based in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. The team plays in the Gridiron Developmental Football League.

negative: Chambersburg Historic District Chambersburg Historic District is a national historic district centered on the Memorial Fountain and Square of Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 159 contributing buildings in the central business district and immediately surrounding residential area of Chambersburg. The district has a number of notable examples of Georgian and Italianate style architecture.  Notable buildings include the St. Paul United Methodist Church (1896), Professional Arts Building (c.

negative: Chambersburg Mall Chambersburg Mall is a regional shopping mall located near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania in the unincorporated community of Scotland. Located at exit 20 off Interstate 81, the mall has 56 stores and a capacity of 64 as of December 2008.

negative: Chambersburg Maroons The Chambersburg Maroons were a baseball team located in Chambersburg, PA. They called historic Henninger Field their home, and have done so since the club's creation in 1895.  They played their last season in 2010, ending 116 years of existence.

negative: Chambersburg Raid The Chambersburg Raid, often identified as J.E.B. Stuart's Chambersburg Raid, was a Confederate States Army cavalry raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania on October 10–12, 1862 during the American Civil War (Civil War). It became known as Stuart's "second ride around McClellan" because it duplicated Stuart's reconnaissance ride completely around the Union Army of the Potomac under Major General George B.

negative: Chambersburg Township, Pike County, Illinois Chambersburg Township is located in Pike County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 200 and it contained 89 housing units.Chambersburg Township was named for a family of first settlers.

negative: Chambersburg and Gettysburg Electric Railway The Chambersburg and Gettysburg Electric Railway was an interurban trolley system of the early 20th century in south central Pennsylvania. Built in 1903, the line ran from Chambersburg eastward to Caledonia State Park. The line was to be extended to Gettysburg, but the cost of dealing with the steep grades on that section prevented completion. Due to disputes over line crossings with the Pennsylvania Railroad, the line did not open until 1905.

negative: Chambersburg and Shippensburg Railway The Chambersburg and Shippensburg Railway was an interurban trolley system of the early 20th century in south central Pennsylvania. Built in 1914, the line ran from Chambersburg to Shippensburg.

negative: Cherryvale Mall Cherryvale Mall is a shopping mall in Cherry Valley, Illinois, serving nearby Rockford, Illinois. Its four anchor stores are Bergner's, J. C. Penney, Macy's and Sears. CBL & Associates Properties, Inc. acquired the shopping center in 2002. Cherryvale mall has 134 stores consisting of a gross leasing area of 783,167 sq ft (72,758.6 m2). Cherryvale has 3,892 parking spaces. Outlot stores include Bachrodt Auto Mall, DQ Grill & Chill, T.G.I. Friday's, Schnucks and Petland.

negative: Crown American Crown American is a privately held American company that manages and develops commercial real estate. The corporate headquarters is in downtown Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a building designed by architect Michael Graves.[1]The company was founded in 1950 as Crown Construction. Frank J. Pasquerilla, who joined less than a year later, became president in 1956 and sole owner in 1961. In 1993, the company split into two entities.

negative: Fayetteville, Pennsylvania Fayetteville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,128 at the 2010 census.

negative: Franklin County, Pennsylvania Separate and distinct from Franklin, PennsylvaniaFranklin County is a county located in South Central Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 149,618. Its county seat is Chambersburg.Franklin County comprises the Chambersburg-Waynesboro, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area. It lies to a large extent within the Cumberland Valley.

negative: Franklin County Jail (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania) The Old Franklin County Jail is a historic jail located at Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1818, and is a two-story, brick building with a slate covered hipped roof topped by a cupola.  The original building measures 84 feet wide by 48 feet deep.  In 1880, a cell block was added.

negative: Fulton County, Pennsylvania Fulton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,845, making it the fourth-least populous county in Pennsylvania. Its county seat is McConnellsburg. The county was created on April 19, 1850, from part of Bedford County and named for inventor Robert Fulton.

negative: Graefenburg, Pennsylvania Graefenburg is an unincorporated community in Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. Graefenburg is located on U.S. Route 30 in the westernmost side of the county and in the Michaux State Forest. (11 miles east of Chambersburg)

negative: Guilford, Pennsylvania Guilford is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,138 at the 2010 census.

negative: Henninger Field Henninger Field is a little-known, historic ballpark located in historic Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.Erected in 1895, Henninger Field, (originally known as Wolf Park), is the home of the Chambersburg Maroons. Wolf Park was renamed in 1920 in honor of Clay Henninger, a very influential person in baseball in Chambersburg.

negative: Hess's Hess's was a department store chain based in Allentown, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania in the United States.  The company started in 1897 with one store, originally known as Hess Brothers, and had grown to nearly 80 stores at its peak in the late 1980s.  The chain's stores were eventually closed or sold off in a series of deals in the early to mid-1990s.

negative: Interstate 81 in Pennsylvania Interstate 81 is an 854.89-mile-long (1,375.81 km) north–south Interstate Highway, stretching from Dandridge, Tennessee to Fisher's Landing, New York at the United States/Canadian border. In the state of Pennsylvania, I-81 runs for 232.63 miles (374.38 km) from the Maryland state line near Greencastle to the New York state line near Hallstead and is called the American Legion Memorial Highway.

negative: James Finley House (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania) James Finley House, also known as the Commanding Officer's Residence, is a historic home located at Letterkenny Army Depot in Greene Township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It was built about 1778, and is a 2 1/2-story, limestone farmhouse.  It is five bays wide and has a medium pitched gable roof.  The house was obtained for use as the Commanding Officer's Residence in 1942.

negative: John Brown House (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania) John Brown House, also known as the Ritner Boarding House, is a historic home located at Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It is a two-story, three-bay wide, hewn-log building covered in clapboard. Abolitionist John Brown (1800–1859) stayed here from June until mid-October 1859, while receiving supplies and recruits for his raid on Harpers Ferry.  Following the raid, four of Brown's followers returned to the house to be concealed.

negative: King of Prussia, Pennsylvania King of Prussia is a census-designated place in Upper Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania,  United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 19,936. The community took its name in the 18th century from a local tavern named the King of Prussia Inn, which was named after King Frederick II of Prussia. Like the rest of Montgomery County, King of Prussia continues to experience rapid development.

negative: List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Franklin County This is a list of the Pennsylvania state historical markers in Franklin County.This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Franklin County, Pennsylvania by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC). The locations of the historical markers, as well as the latitude and longitude coordinates as provided by the PHMC's database, are included below when available. There are 70 historical markers located in Franklin County.

negative: List of county seats in Pennsylvania (by population) The following is a list of the sixty-seven county seats of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.  The list includes forty-one boroughs, twenty-four cities, one municipality and one town.  The ranking is based on the populations of each county seat during the 2010 census.

negative: List of shopping malls in Pennsylvania This is a list of shopping malls in Pennsylvania:

negative: Masonic Temple (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania) The Masonic Temple is a historic Masonic Temple located at Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1823-1824, and is a two-story, brick building with a stucco veneer applied in 1905.  An addition was built in 1966.It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.  It is included in the Chambersburg Historic District.

negative: McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania McConnellsburg is a borough in Fulton County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,220 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Fulton County.

negative: National Automobile Dealers Association The National Automobile Dealers Association, founded in 1917 and commonly referred to as NADA, represents nearly 16,000 new-car and truck dealerships, both domestic and international, with about 32,000 separate franchises. It is headquartered in McLean, Virginia.

negative: Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust The Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust (NYSE: PEI) is one of the first publicly traded real estate investment trusts, established in 1960 by Sylvan M. Cohen (died September 8, 2001). The PREIT corporate offices are located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  It focuses on shopping centers in the eastern United States, particularly in the mid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland. As of June 7, 2012, Joseph F. Coradino is the chief executive officer.

negative: Pennsylvania Route 316 Pennsylvania Route 316 (PA 316) is a 16.6-mile-long (26.7 km) state highway located in Franklin County, Pennsylvania.  The southern terminus is at the Maryland state line near Waynesboro.  The northern terminus is at US 11 in Chambersburg.

negative: Pennsylvania Route 97 (Adams County) Pennsylvania Route 97 (PA 97) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Known for most of its length as Baltimore Pike, the highway runs 9.363 miles (15.068 km) from the Maryland state line near Littlestown, where the highway continues as Maryland Route 97 (MD 97), northwest to U.S. Route 15 (US 15) near Gettysburg. PA 97 connects Gettysburg and Littlestown in southeastern Adams County. The highway also links those communities with Westminster and Baltimore.

negative: Pennsylvania Route 995 Pennsylvania Route 995 (PA 995) is a 19-mile-long (31 km) north–south state route in south central Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at Pennsylvania Route 75 four miles (6 km) south of Mercersburg and three miles (5 km) north of the Mason–Dixon line with Maryland. The northern terminus is at U.S. Route 30 one mile (1.6 km) west of Chambersburg. The road carries the names Welsh Run Road, Lemar Road, and Warm Spring Road.

negative: Pennsylvania Route 997 Pennsylvania Route 997 (PA 997) is a 49-mile (79 km) route in Franklin and Cumberland Counties. The route begins at the Maryland state line south of Waynesboro and ends at Pennsylvania Route 233 in McCrea. The route was originally signed in 1928 from Waynesboro to Pennsylvania Route 433. Both termini, however, have been adjusted northward and southward. The route is concurrent with two state routes, 16 and 641, and one U.S. Route, Route 30. The route was assigned in 1928 up to U.S.

negative: Piggy Ward Frank Gray "Piggy" Ward (April 16, 1867 in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania – October 24, 1912 in Altoona, Pennsylvania and was buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery, Chambersburg, PA), was a professional baseball player who played as an outfielder in the Major Leagues from 1883 to 1894. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Baltimore Orioles, Cincinnati Reds, Washington Senators, and Philadelphia Phillies.Ward shares with Earl D.

negative: Public Opinion (Chambersburg) Public Opinion (Chambersburg) isa morning newspaper published seven days a week in the Greater Chambersburg area, including Franklin, Cumberland and Fulton counties PA.The newspaper also publishes a weekly total market coverage product, The Advertiser, and a monthly Faith magazine.

negative: Scotland, PA Scotland, PA is a 2001 film directed and written by William Morrissette. It is a  modernized version of William Shakespeare's Macbeth.  The film stars James LeGros, Maura Tierney, and Christopher Walken. Shakespeare's tragedy, originally set in Dunsinane Castle in 11th century Scotland, is reworked into a dark comedy set in 1975, centered on "Duncan's Cafe", a fast-food restaurant in the small town of Scotland, Pennsylvania.

negative: Scotland, Pennsylvania Scotland is a small unincorporated community and census-designated place in Greene Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles north of Chambersburg. The Chambersburg Mall is located in the area, next to the Scotland exit of I-81. The Scotland School for Veterans' Children was long part of the community. The 2001 film Scotland, PA based on William Shakespeare's Macbeth was set, but not filmed, in the area.  As of the 2010 census the population of Scotland was 1,395 residents.

negative: The Bon-Ton Bon-Ton Stores, Inc., is a regional department store company based in York, Pennsylvania, chiefly operating 275 stores, including 11 furniture galleries, in 26 states throughout the northern United States.  Stores carrying its namesake nameplate serve the Mid-Atlantic and New England regions of the United States, extending to upstate New York and throughout Pennsylvania.  Other chains operated by The Bon-Ton include Bergner's, Boston Store, Carson's, Elder-Beerman, Herberger's, and Younkers.

negative: U.S. Route 11 in Pennsylvania U.S. Route 11 roughly parallels Interstate 81 in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It serves Harrisburg and Scranton. Between those two cities, US 11 follows the Susquehanna River, while I-81 follows a shorter route over the mountains.

negative: U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania In the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, U.S. Route 30 (US 30) runs east–west across the southern part of the state, passing through Pittsburgh and Philadelphia on its way from the West Virginia state line east to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge over the Delaware River into New Jersey. In Pennsylvania, US 30 runs along or near the transcontinental Lincoln Highway, which ran from San Francisco, California to New York City before the U.S. Routes were designated.

negative: Wayne Heights, Pennsylvania Wayne Heights is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,545 at the 2010 census.

negative: Waynesboro, Pennsylvania Waynesboro is a borough in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Waynesboro is in the Cumberland Valley between Hagerstown, Maryland, and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.  It is part of Chambersburg, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area.    It is 2 miles north of the Mason–Dixon line and close to Camp David and the Raven Rock Mountain Complex.  The population within the borough limits was 10,568 at the 2010 census.

negative: Wilson College (Pennsylvania) Wilson College, founded 1869, is a private,  Presbyterian-related, liberal arts college located on a 300-acre (121.4 ha) campus in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, United States.  It was founded by two Presbyterian ministers, but named for its first major donor, Sarah Wilson of nearby St. Thomas Township, Pennsylvania.  For 144 years, Wilson operated as a women's college.


query: degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism

positive: Archimandrite The title archimandrite (Greek: ἀρχιμανδρίτης archimandrites), primarily used in the Eastern Orthodox and the Eastern Catholic churches, originally referred to a superior abbot whom a bishop appointed to supervise several 'ordinary' abbots (each styled hegumenos) and monasteries, or to the abbot of some especially great and important monastery.

positive: Basilian monks Basilian monks are monks who follow the "Rule" of Saint Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea (330-379). The monastic rules and institutes of St. Basil are important because their reconstruction of monastic life remains the basis for most Eastern Orthodox and some Greek Catholic monasticism. Saint Benedict of Nursia, who fulfilled much the same function in the West, took his Regula Benedicti from the writings of St. Basil and other earlier church fathers.

positive: Christian monasticism Christian monasticism is the devotional practice of individuals who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship. It began to develop early in the history of the Christian Church, modeled upon scriptural examples and ideals, including those in the Old Testament, but not mandated as an institution in the scriptures. It has come to be regulated by religious rules (e.g.

positive: December 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Dec 1 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Dec 3All fixed commemorations below celebrated on December 15 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For December 2nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on November 19.

positive: Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism The degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism are the stages an Eastern Orthodox monk or nun passes through in their religious vocation.In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the process of becoming a monk or nun (female ascetics in the East are called monks, nun is a Western tradition) is intentionally slow, as the monastic vows taken are considered to entail a lifelong commitment to God, and are not to be entered into lightly.

positive: Eastern Christian monasticism Eastern Christian Monasticism is the life followed by monks and nuns of Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Church of the East and Eastern Catholicism. Some authors will use the term "Basilian" to describe Eastern monks; however, this is incorrect, since the Eastern Church does not have religious orders, as in the West, nor does Eastern monasticism have monastic Rules, as in the West.

positive: Hieromonk Hieromonk (Greek: Ἱερομόναχος, Ieromonachos; Slavonic: Ieromonakh, Romanian: Ieromonah), also called a Priestmonk, is a monk who is also a priest in the Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholicism.A hieromonk can be either a monk who has been ordained to the priesthood or a priest who has received monastic tonsure.

positive: Kalimavkion A Kalimavkion (Greek: καλυμμαύχιον), or kalymmavchi (καλυμαύχι), or kamilavka (Russian: камилавка), is an item of clerical clothing worn by Orthodox Christian and Eastern Catholic monks (in which case it is black) or awarded to clergy (in which case it may be red or purple).The kalimavkion is a stiff cylindrical head covering, similar to a stovepipe hat but without a brim. The kalimavkion is worn during services; at other times, the softer skufia is worn in its place.

positive: March 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Mar. 7 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Mar. 9All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 21 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For March 1st, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 23 (February 24 on leap years).

positive: Monasticism Monasticism (from Greek μοναχός, monachos, derived from μόνος, monos, "alone") or monkhood is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. Monastic life plays an important role in many Christian churches, especially in the Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Similar forms of religious life also exist in other faiths, most notably in Buddhism, but also in Hinduism and Jainism, although the expressions differ considerably.

positive: Novice A novice is a person or creature who is new to a field or activity.

positive: October 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Oct. 27 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Oct. 29All fixed commemorations below are observed on November 10 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For October 28th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on October 15.

negative: Abbot Abbot, meaning father, is an ecclesiastical title given to the head of a monastery in various traditions, including Christianity. The office may also be given as an honorary title to a clergyman who is not actually the head of a monastery. The female equivalent is abbess.

negative: Acoemetae Acoemetae (or "Acoemeti") was an order of monks in the 5th century, who by turns, kept up a divine service day and night. The order was founded about the year 400, by one Alexander, a man of noble birth, who fled from the court of Byzantium to the desert, both from love of solitude and fear of episcopal honours.

negative: Agios Neophytos Monastery Saint Neophytos Monastery (Greek:Ιερά Μονή Αγίου Νεοφύτου) lies 15 km west of Paphos, is one of the best-known monasteries in Cyprus. It was founded by monk Neophytos in the 12th century.

negative: Alexander Hotovitzky Saint Alexander Hotovitzky (or Hotovitsky), hieromartyr of the Bolshevik yoke, Missionary of America, was a Ukrainian who came to the United States in the 1890s as a lay missionary and was ordained to the priesthood while there. He was active as a missionary among the emigrated Uniates in the northeastern United States before being ordered back to Europe 1914. He was to become vicar of the congregation of the Russian Embassy in Berlin.

negative: Anchorite Anchorite or anchoret (female: anchoress; adj. anchoritic; from Ancient Greek: ἀναχωρητής, anachōrētḗs, "one who has retired from the world", from the verb ἀναχωρέω, anachōréō, signifying "to withdraw", "to retire") denotes someone who, for religious reasons, withdraws from secular society so as to be able to lead an intensely prayer-oriented, ascetic, and—circumstances permitting—Eucharist-focused life.

negative: Anthony the Great Saint Anthony or Antony (Greek: Ἀντώνιος, Antṓnios; Latin: Antonius; c. 251 – 356) was a Christian monk from Egypt, revered since his death as a saint. He is distinguished from other saints named Anthony by various epithets: Anthony the Great, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony the Abbot, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, and Anthony of Thebes. For his importance among the Desert Fathers and to all later monasticism, he is also known as the Father of All Monks.

negative: April 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Mar. 31 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Apr. 2All fixed commemorations below celebrated on April 14 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 1, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 19.

negative: April 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 25 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Apr. 27All fixed commemorations below are observed on May 9 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 26th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 13.

negative: April 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 27 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Apr. 29All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 11 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 28th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 15.

negative: April 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 3 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Apr. 5All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 17 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 4th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 22.

negative: April 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 4 – Eastern Orthodox Church calendar – Apr. 6All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 18 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 4th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 23.

negative: April 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 5 — Eastern Orthodox Church calendar — Apr. 7All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 19 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 6th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 24.

negative: April 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 6 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Apr. 8All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 20 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 7th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 25.

negative: Archbishop of America The Archdiocese of America, better known as the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, is a jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.  It was formally constituted in 1922 and has had seven incumbents.

negative: Athanasius of Alexandria Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs/; Greek: Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Athanásios Alexandrías; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasius the Apostolic, was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria (as Athanasius I). His episcopate (because of the importance of the see, considered an archbishopric by Rome, the Coptic papacy, or an Orthodox patriarchate) lasted 45 years (c.

negative: Athanasius the Athonite Athanasius the Athonite (Greek: Αθανάσιος ο Αθωνίτης), also called Athanasios of Trebizond (c. 920 – c. 1003), was a Byzantine monk who founded the monastic community on Mount Athos, which has since evolved into the greatest centre of Eastern Orthodox monasticism.Born in Trebizond and patronized by Michael Maleinos, he studied at Constantinople and became famous there as Abraham, a fervent preacher who held great authority with Michael's nephew, Nicephorus Phocas.

negative: August 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Aug. 12 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Aug. 14 All fixed commemorations below are observed on August 26 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For August 13, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 31.

negative: Cenobitic monasticism Cenobitic (or coenobitic) monasticism is a monastic tradition that stresses community life. Often in the West, the community belongs to a religious order and the life of the cenobitic monk is regulated by a religious rule, a collection of precepts.

negative: Chrysostomos II Kioussis Chrysostomos II (Greek: Χρυσόστομος Β′; October 8, 1920 – September 19, 2010), born Athanassios Kioussis (Αθανάσιος Κιούσης), was the Archbishop of Athens and of all Greece of the Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece from 1986 until his death.

negative: Chrysostomos of Smyrna Chrysostomos Kalafatis (1867–1922) (Greek: Χρυσόστομος Καλαφάτης), known as Saint Chrysostomos of Smyrna, Chrysostomos of Smyrna and Metropolitan Chrysostom, was the Greek Orthodox metropolitan bishop of Smyrna (Izmir) between 1910 and 1914, and again from 1919 to his death in 1922. He was born in  Triglia (today Zeytinbağı), Turkey in 1867, and was killed by a lynch mob during the sacking of Smyrna by Turkish troops at the end of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922.

negative: December 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) December 10 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - December 12All fixed commemorations below celebrated on December 24 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For December 11th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on November 28.

negative: December 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Dec. 16 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Dec. 18All fixed commemorations below celebrated on December 30 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For December 17th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on December 4.

negative: Desert Fathers The Desert Fathers were early Christian hermits, ascetics, and monks who lived mainly in the Scetes desert of Egypt beginning around the third century AD. The Apophthegmata Patrum is a collection of the writings of some of the early desert monks and nuns, representing the Divine Wisdom they received, still in print as Sayings of the Desert Fathers. The most well known was Anthony the Great, who moved to the desert in 270–271 and became known as both the father and founder of desert monasticism.

negative: Eastern Orthodox Church The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, also referred to as the Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Orthodoxy, is the second largest Christian Church in the world, with an estimated 225–300 million adherents. It tends to be the Church identified most often with the single term "Orthodox", as it is the largest among the Christian groups that call themselves by this name.

negative: Ephraim of Pereyaslavl Saint Ephraim II of Pereyaslav, (Russian: Ефрем Переяславский) also Saint Ephraim of the Caves (Russian: Ефрем Печерский) or Saint Ephraim, Bishop of Pereslav - Eastern Orthodox saint, bishop of Pereyaslav (now Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine). Before his tonsure into monasticism, was treasurer and steward of household affairs (1054–1068) at the court of the Iziaslav Yaroslavich  the Grand Prince of Kiev.

negative: February 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Feb. 7 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Feb. 9All fixed commemorations below are observed on February 21 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For February 8th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on January 26.

negative: George (Karslidis) of Drama Venerable Elder and New Confessor Saint George (Karslidis) of Drama (Greek: Ὁ Όσιος Γεώργιος Καρσλίδης ο Ομολογητής), 1901 – November 4, 1959, was a Greek Elder known for his gifts of spiritual discernment and clairvoyance.He is known to have been in Georgia, Armenia, and Russia before spending most of his life in the village of Taxiarches (Sipsa), in Drama, Northern Greece.

negative: Greek Orthodox Church The name Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἑκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía, IPA: [elinorˈθoðoksi ekliˈsia]) is a term referring to the body of several Churches within the larger communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, whose liturgy is or was traditionally conducted in Koine Greek, the original language of the New Testament, and whose history, traditions, and theology are rooted in the early Church Fathers and the Byzantine Empire.

negative: Gregory Palamas Gregory Palamas (Γρηγόριος Παλαμάς) (1296–1359) was a monk of Mount Athos in Greece and later the Archbishop of Thessaloniki known as a preeminent theologian of Hesychasm. The teachings embodied in his writings defending Hesychasm against the attack of Barlaam are sometimes referred to as Palamism, his followers as Palamites. Palamas is venerated as a Saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

negative: Hilarion (Kapral) Metropolitan Hilarion (born Igor Alexeyevich Kapral, Russian: Игорь Алексеевич Капрал; January 6, 1948, Spirit River, Alberta, Canada) — bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR), Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York, First-Hierarch of ROCOR (since 18 May 2008); he is the first in its history First-Hierarch of ROCOR, approved by the Holy Synod of the Moscow Patriarchate.

negative: History of Eastern Orthodox Christian theology The history of Eastern Orthodox Christian theology begins with the life of Jesus and the forming of the Christian Church.  Major events include the Chalcedonian schism with the Oriental Orthodox miaphysites, the Iconoclast controversy, the Photian schism, the Great Schism between East and West, and the Hesychast controversy.  The period after the Second World War saw a re-engagement with the Greek, and more recently Syriac, Fathers that included a rediscovery of the theological works of St.

negative: History of the Orthodox Church The Orthodox Church trace its history back to the Apostles and Jesus Christ. Apostolic succession established the seats of Patriarchy (for example see the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem). Orthodoxy reached its golden age during the apogee of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire, when it spread to the Bulgarians, Serbs, and Russians.

negative: Holy Resurrection Monastery Holy Resurrection Monastery is an American monastic community of men. Under the canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches the brotherhood is a self-governing (sui juris) monastery within the Romanian Catholic Eparchy of St George's in Canton, Ohio, and located in St. Nazianz, Wisconsin.

negative: January 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Jan. 19 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Jan. 21All fixed commemorations below are observed on February 2 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For January 20th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on January 7.

negative: January 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Jan. 4 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Jan. 6All fixed commemorations below are observed on January 18 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For January 5th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on December 23.

negative: January 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Jan. 8 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Jan. 10All fixed commemorations below are observed on January 22 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For January 9th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on December 27.

negative: Job of Pochayiv Saint Job of Pochayiv (c. 1551 – 28 October 1651) was a Ukrainian Orthodox monk and Eastern Orthodox saint.

negative: John Anthony McGuckin John Anthony McGuckin (born 1952) is an Orthodox Christian scholar, priest and poet according to his curriculum vitae.McGuckin was raised Roman Catholic and at 19 became a member of the Passionist religious order. In 1989 he became Greek Orthodox and was ordained a priest for the Romanian Orthodox Church, serving at the St. Gregory the Theologian Orthodox Chaplaincy in Manhattan.  He wrote books on Cyril of Alexandria, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Origen, among others.

negative: John Behr John Behr (born October 16, 1966) is a American Eastern Orthodox priest and theologian, and Dean of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, where he teaches Patristics. He was ordained to the diaconate on September 8, 2001 (the feast of the Nativity of the Theotokos) and the priesthood on September 14, 2001 (the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross). He is the editor of the Popular Patristic Series released by St. Vladimir's Press.

negative: Jonah Lwanga Jonah (Lwanga) is the Metropolitan of Kampala and All Uganda, in Central Africa under the Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria. His see is Kampala, with jurisdiction over all Uganda.

negative: Jonathan Wilson-Hartgrove Jonathan Wilson-Hartgrove is a Christian writer and preacher who has graduated both from Eastern University and Duke Divinity School. He associates himself with New Monasticism. Immediately prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, he and his wife, Leah, were members of a Christian peacemaking team that traveled to Iraq to communicate their message to Iraqis that not all American Christians were in favour of the coming Iraq War.

negative: Juvenaly of Alaska Juvenaly of Alaska (1761-1796), Protomartyr of America, was a hieromartyr and member of the first group of Orthodox missionaries who came from the monastery of Valaam to evangelize the native inhabitants of Alaska.  He was martyred while evangelizing among the Yupik Eskimos on the mainland of Alaska in 1796.  His feast day is celebrated on July 2, and he is also commemorated with all the saints of Alaska (September 24), and with the first martyrs of the American land (December 12).

negative: Klobuk A klobuk is an item of clerical clothing worn by Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic monastics and bishops, especially in the Russian tradition.  It is composed of a kamilavka (stiffened black headcovering, round and flat on the top) with an epanokamelavkion (veil) which completely covers the kamilavka and hangs down over the shoulders and back.

negative: Koukoulion The Koukoulion (Slavonic: Kukol) is a traditional headdress worn by monks of the highest degree in the Eastern Orthodox Church. (See Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism.)From the 17th century, following the reforms of Patriarch Nikon, the upper vesture worn by monks of the Great Schema (skhimonakh) is in the form of a pointed hood with two long lappets which cover the back and breast. It is black in color, and embroidered with crosses, six-winged seraphim, and the text of the Trisagion.

negative: Kuksha of Odessa Saint Kuksha of Odessa, born Kosma Velichko (25 January [O.S. January 12] 1875, selo Arbuzinka, Kherson Governorate, Russian Empire – December 24, 1964, Odessa, USSR), is a modern saint canonized by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) in 1995.Saint Kuksha was in the family of Cyrill and Kharytyna who lived in Ukraine (then part of the Russian Empire) and had many children. In her youth, his mother dreamed of becoming a nun, but married from obedience to her parents.

negative: Leoluca Saint Leoluca, also Leone Luca, Leo Luke of Corleone, or Luke of Sicily (c. 815 – c. 915) was the Abbot and Wonderworker of the Monastery of Mount Mula in Calabria, and a founder of Italo-Greek monasticism in southern Italy. He is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.Born in the Sicilian town of Corleone, he died about a hundred years later, after eighty years of monastic life, in Monteleone Calabro, now Vibo Valentia in Calabria.

negative: Machairas Monastery Machairas Monastery (Greek: Μαχαιράς [locally [maʃeˈɾas]]) is a historic monastery dedicated to the Virgin Mary located about 40 km from the capital of Cyprus, Nicosia. It lies at an altitude of about 900 m and was founded at the end of the 12th century close to the current village of Lazanias.

negative: March 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Mar. 6 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Mar. 8All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 20 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For March 7th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 22 (February 23 on leap years).

negative: May 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 9 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 11All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 23 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 10th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 27.

negative: May 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 12 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 14All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 26 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 13th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 30.

negative: May 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 26 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 28All fixed commemorations below celebrated on June 9 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 27th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on May 14.

negative: May 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 28 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 30All fixed commemorations below celebrated on June 11 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 29th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on May 16.

negative: May 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 5 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 7All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 19 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 6th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 23.

negative: May 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 6 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 8All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 20 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 7th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 24.

negative: May 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 8 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 10All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 22 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 9th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 26.

negative: Monastery of Stoudios The Monastery of Stoudios, more fully Monastery of Saint John the Forerunner "at Stoudios" (Greek Μονή του Αγίου Ιωάννη του Προδρόμου «εν τοις Στουδίου»Monē tou Hagiou Iōannē tou Prodromou "en tois Stoudiou"), often shortened to Stoudios, Studion, or Stoudion, (Latin: Studium), was historically the most important monastery of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The residents of the monastery were referred to as Stoudites (or Studites).

negative: Monk A monk  (from Greek: μοναχός,  monachos, "single, solitary" and Latin monachus) is a person who practices religious asceticism, living either alone or with any number of other monks. A monk may be a person who decided to dedicate his life to serving all other living beings, or to be an ascetic who voluntarily chooses to leave mainstream society and live his life in prayer and contemplation.

negative: Mount Athos Mount Athos (/ˈæθɒs/; Greek: Όρος Άθως, Οros Αthos [ˈoros ˈaθos]) is a mountain and peninsula in Northern Greece.

negative: Nepsis Nepsis (or nipsis; Greek: νῆψις) is an important idea in Orthodox Christian theology, considered the hallmark of sanctity.

negative: New Skete New Skete is the collective term for three Orthodox Christian monastic communities in Cambridge, New York (geographically in the neighboring town of White Creek):The Monks of New Skete, a men's monastery founded in 1966 by Laurence Mancuso, their first abbot,the Nuns of New Skete, a women's monastery founded in 1969, andthe Companions of New Skete, a community of married monastics founded in 1982.All three communities are under the omophorion of the Metropolitan of the Orthodox Church in America.

negative: Novitiate Novitiate, alt. noviciate, is the period of training and preparation that a novice (or prospective) monastic, apostolic, or member of a religious institute undergoes prior to taking vows in order to discern whether she or he is called to vowed religious life.  It often includes times of intense study, prayer, living in community, studying the vowed life, deepening one's relationship with God, and deepening one's self-awareness. It is a time of creating a new way of being in the world.

negative: Order of Saint Benedict (Orthodox) The Order of Saint Benedict is a loose affiliation of monastics of the Orthodox Church who strive to live according to the Rule of St Benedict.  While there is no actual incorporated body known as the "Order of Saint Benedict", Orthodox Benedictines enjoy good relations with each other, which frequently cross jurisdictional boundaries.

negative: Pachomius the Great Saint Pachomius (Greek: Παχώμιος, ca. 292–348), also known as Pachome and Pakhomius (/pəˈkoʊmiəs/), is generally recognized as the founder of Christian cenobitic monasticism. Coptic churches celebrate his feast day on 9 May, and Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches mark his feast on 15 May or 28 May. In the Lutheran Church, the saint is remembered as a renewer of the church, along with his contemporary (and fellow desert saint), Anthony of Egypt on January 17.

negative: Peter of Mount Athos Saint Peter of Mount Athos is reputed to have been the first hermit to settle upon the 'Holy Mountain' circa the 8th century.  Peter is known to history primarily through unattributable legend.It is recorded that Peter was once a soldier who, through the miraculous aid of St. Nicholas and St. Simeon the Righteous, was freed from a Muslim military prison.From prison St. Peter traveled to Rome to fulfill a promise to God that he would take the monastic habit.

negative: Philokalia The Philokalia (Ancient Greek: φιλοκαλία "love of the beautiful, the good", from  φιλία philia "love" and κάλλος kallos "beauty") is "a collection of texts written between the 4th and 15th centuries by spiritual masters" of the Eastern Orthodox hesychast tradition. They were originally written for the guidance and instruction of monks in "the practise of the contemplative life". The collection was compiled in the eighteenth-century by St. Nikodemos of the Holy Mountain and St.

negative: Prayer rope A prayer rope (Greek: κομποσκοίνι, komboskini; Russian: чётки, chotki (most common term) or вервица, vervitsa (literal translation); Arabic: misbaha مسبحة; Romanian: metanii / metanier; Macedonian and Serbian: бројаница, broyanitsa; Bulgarian: броеница, broyenitsa) is a loop made up of complex knots, usually out of wool or silk.The prayer rope is part of the habit of Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic monks and nuns and is employed by monastics (and sometimes by others) to count the number of times one has prayed the Jesus Prayer or, occasionally, other prayers.

negative: Raphael Morgan Robert Josias "Raphael" Morgan was a Jamaican-American Orthodox priest of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, designated as the "Priest-Apostolic to America and the West Indies" (Greek: Ιεραποστολος), later the founder and superior of the Order of the Cross of Golgotha, and thought to be the first Black Orthodox cleric in America.He spoke broken Greek and, therefore, served mostly in English.

negative: Religious vows Religious vows are the public vows made by the members of religious communities pertaining to their conduct, practices, and views. In the Buddhist tradition, in particular within the Mahayana and Vajrayana tradition, many different kinds of religious vows are taken by the lay community as well as by the monastic community, as they progress along the path of practice. In the monastic tradition of all schools of Buddhism the Vinaya expounds the vows of the fully ordained Nuns and Monks.

negative: Saint Paisios of Mount Athos Saint Paisios of Mount Athos (Greek: Ὃσιος Παΐσιος ὁ Ἁγιορείτης), born Arsenios Eznepidis (1924–1994), was a well-known Eastern Orthodox ascetic from Mount Athos, who originated from Pharasa, Cappadocia.

negative: Seraphim of Sarov Saint Seraphim of Sarov (Russian: Серафим Саровский) (1 August [O.S. 19 July] 1754 (or 1759) – 14 January [O.S. 2 January] 1833), born Prokhor Moshnin (Прохор Мошнин), is one of the most renowned Russian monks and mystics in the Eastern Orthodox Church. He is generally considered the greatest of the 19th century startsy (elders).  Seraphim extended the monastic teachings of contemplation, theoria and self-denial to the layperson.

negative: Skufia A skufia (also skufiya or skoufos; Greek: σκούφια or σκούφος) is an item of clerical clothing worn by Orthodox Christian and Eastern Catholic monastics (in which case it is black) or awarded to clergy as a mark of honor (in which case it is usually red or purple).  It is a soft-sided brimless cap whose top may be pointed (Russian style) flat and pleated (Greek style), or flat with raised edges (Romanian style).

negative: Solus Christi Brothers Solus Christi Brothers is a monastic community in the state of Wisconsin. The community is part of the Autonomous Ukrainian Orthodox Church in America.Ukrainian Orthodox monasticism and monastic spirituality can be summarized as the process of going from Gospel to life and from life to Gospel. Monastic life is particularly important in the life of the Eastern Christian Churches insofar as, according to Church discipline, Bishops are elected exclusively from among the celibate monastic clergy.

negative: Studite Brethren Studite Brethren (MSU Latin: Monachi e Regula Studitarum, Ukrainian: Монахи Студитського Уставу, Monakhy Studytskoho Ustavu) are a religious society of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.The Studite rule was developed at the Stoudios monastery of Constantinople, from the 5th century onward, especially by Saint Theodore the Studite (760–826). The rule was brought to Kievan Rus in the 11th century by Saint Theodosius of Kiev.

negative: Stylianos Harkianakis Stylianos Harkianakis (Greek: Στυλιανός Χαρκιανάκης) is the Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Australia and Primate of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia. He serves as inaugural and permanent Chairman of the Standing Conference of Canonical Orthodox Churches in Australia and Dean of Saint Andrew's Greek Orthodox Theological College. He is a theologian, specialising in ecclesiology. He is also an award-winning poet.

negative: Tabenna Tabenna (Tabennae, Tabennisi) is considered the first cenobitic monastery.  It was a community founded by Pachomius on an island of the Nile in Upper Egypt.

negative: The Ladder of Divine Ascent The Ladder of Divine Ascent, or Ladder of Paradise (Κλίμαξ; Scala or Climax Paradisi), is an important ascetical treatise for monasticism in Eastern Christianity written by John Climacus in ca.

negative: Theodore Balsamon Theodore Balsamon (Greek: Θεόδωρος Βαλσαμῶν) was a canonist of the Eastern Orthodox Church and 12th-century Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.Born in the second half of the 12th century at Constantinople; died there, after 1195 (Petit).

negative: Theodore the Studite Theodore the Studite (also known as Theodorus Studita, St. Theodore of Stoudios, and St. Theodore of Studium; 759–826) was a Byzantine Greek monk and abbot of the Stoudios Monastery in Constantinople. Theodore's letter, containing suggested monastery reform rules, is the first recorded stand against slavery. He played a major role in the revivals both of Byzantine monasticism and of classical literary genres in Byzantium.

negative: Tonsure Tonsure is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word tōnsūra (meaning "clipping" or "shearing") and referred to a specific practice in  medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem.

negative: Victor Sokolov The Very Reverend Archpriest Victor Sokolov (Russian: Виктор Владимирович Соколов) (February 21, 1947 – March 12, 2006) was a Russian-American former dissident Soviet journalist and an Eastern Orthodox priest. He wrote articles critical of the Soviet government that were clandestinely distributed throughout the Soviet Union and abroad.