query: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.

positive: Sea level rise A sea level rise is an increase in the volume of water in the world 's oceans , resulting in an increase in global mean sea level . Sea level rise is usually attributed to global climate change by thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting of Ice sheets and glaciers on land . Melting of floating ice shelves or icebergs at sea raises sea levels only slightly .   Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average . Local factors might include tectonic effects , subsidence of the land , tides , currents , storms , etc. .  Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries . Because of the slow inertia , long response time for parts of the climate system , it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 m for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years . IPCC Summary for Policymakers , AR5 , 2014 , indicated that the global mean sea level rise will continue during the 21st century , very likely at a faster rate than observed from 1971 to 2010 . Projected rates and amounts vary . A January 2017 NOAA report suggests a range of GMSL rise of 0.3 -- 2.5 m possible during the 21st century .   Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems .

positive: West Antarctic Ice Sheet The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet ( WAIS ) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West ( or Lesser ) Antarctica , the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere . The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet , meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves . The WAIS is bounded by the Ross Ice Shelf , the Ronne Ice Shelf , and outlet glaciers that drain into the Amundsen Sea .   It is estimated that the volume of the Antarctic ice sheet is about 25.4 million km3 ( 6.1 million cu mi ) , and the WAIS contains just under 10 % of this , or 2.2 million km3 ( 530,000 cu mi ) . The weight of the ice has caused the underlying rock to sink by between 0.5 and 1 kilometres ( 0.31 -- 0.62 mi ) in a process known as isostatic depression .   Under the force of its own weight , the ice sheet deforms and flows . The interior ice flows slowly over rough bedrock . In some circumstances , ice can flow faster in ice streams , separated by slow-flowing ice ridges . The inter-stream ridges are frozen to the bed while the bed beneath the ice streams consists of water-saturated sediments . Many of these sediments were deposited before the ice sheet occupied the region , when much of West Antarctica was covered by the ocean . The rapid ice-stream flow is a non-linear process still not fully understood ; streams can start and stop for unclear reasons .   When ice reaches the coast , it either calves or continues to flow outward onto the water . The result is a large , floating ice shelf affixed to the continent .

positive: Antarctica Antarctica ( UK English -LSB- ænˈtɑːktɪkə -RSB- or -LSB- ænˈtɑːtɪkə -RSB- , US English -LSB- æntˈɑːrktɪkə -RSB- ) is Earth 's southernmost continent . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean . At 14000000 km2 , it is the fifth-largest continent . For comparison , Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia . About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula .   Antarctica , on average , is the coldest , driest , and windiest continent , and has the highest average elevation of all the continents . Antarctica is a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm ( 8 in ) along the coast and far less inland . The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) , though the average for the third quarter ( the coldest part of the year ) is − 63 ° C ( − 81 ° F ) . Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent . Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae , bacteria , fungi , plants , protista , and certain animals , such as mites , nematodes , penguins , seals and tardigrades . Vegetation , where it occurs , is tundra .   Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ( `` Southern Land '' ) date back to antiquity , Antarctica is noted as the last region on Earth in recorded history to be discovered and colonised by humans , being only first sighted in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny , who sighted the Fimbul ice shelf . The continent , however , remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment , lack of easily accessible resources , and isolation . In 1895 , the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians .   Antarctica is a de facto condominium , governed by parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status . Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 , and thirty-eight have signed it since then . The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining , prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal , supports scientific research , and protects the continent 's ecozone . Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations .

negative: Wilkes Basin The Wilkes Basin is a large subglacial basin situated generally southward of George V Coast and westward of Prince Albert Mountains in East Antarctica . The feature is approximately 1400 km long and 400 km wide . The Wilkes Basin is considered to be the largest marine-based drainage basin in East Antarctica , and may be in a state of marine ice-sheet instability , caused by warm water intrusion into the shelf cavities .

negative: Brunt Basin Brunt Basin is a glacially eroded basin of the Brunt Ice Shelf and partially of the Stancomb-Wills Glacier . It was named in association with Brunt Ice Shelf , the name having been proposed by Dr. Heinrich Hinze of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research , Bremerhaven , Germany , and approved by the Advisory Committee for Undersea Features in June 1997 .

negative: Ice rise An ice rise is a clearly defined elevation of the otherwise totally flat ice shelf , typically dome-shaped and rising 100 to 200 metres above the surrounding ice shelf . An ice rise forms where the ice shelf touches the rocky seabed because of an elevation in the seabed that remains below sea level . ( In contrast , an elevation in the seabed that extends above sea level is defined as an island ) . The ice shelf flows over the seabed elevation , completely covering it with ice , thereby forming an ice rise . The resulting tension forms crevasses around the ice rise .   An island within and totally covered by the ice shelf , may appear the exactly the same as an ice rise . Elaborate measurements may be required to distinguish between these two geographic features .   Although ice rises are typically located within the ice shelf area , they can partially face the open sea . Ice rises are found only on the ice shelves of Antarctica . The largest ice rises exceed dimensions of 50 by 200 km , or 10 000 km ² in area . Some ice rises are incorrectly called islands , but also a few totally ice-covered islands within an ice shelf are also called ice rises .   Ice rises , grouped by ice shelf , clockwise starting in East Antarctica :  Brunt Ice Shelf  McDonald Ice Rumples  Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf  Lyddan Island  King Baudouin Ice Shelf  Derwael Ice Rise  Amery Ice Shelf  Budd Ice Rumples  IR1 to IR5 near the ice front  Shackleton Ice Shelf  Green Ice Rises ( the northernmost ice rise , at 66 ° 21 'S )  Harrisson Ice Rises  Ross Ice Shelf  Crary Ice Rise ( the southernmost ice rise , at 82 ° 56 'S )  Crosson Ice Shelf  Davis Ice Rise  Bach Ice Shelf  Burgess Ice Rise  Dvořák Ice Rise  Ives Ice Rise  Landy Ice Rises  George VI Ice Shelf  Martin Ice Rise  Wilkins Ice Shelf  Petrie Ice Rises  Schaus Ice Rises  Vere Ice Rise  Wordie Ice Shelf  Coker Ice Rise  Linchpin Ice Rise  Miller Ice Rise  Napier Ice Rise  Reynolds Ice Rise  Wade Ice Rise  Müller Ice Shelf  Humphreys Ice Rise  Larsen-C Ice Shelf  Bawden Ice Rise  Gipps Ice Rise  Tharp Ice Rise  Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf  Berkner Island  Korff Ice Rise  Henry Ice Rise  Fowler Ice Rise  Skytrain Ice Rise  Doake Ice Rumples  Dott Ice Rise  Fletcher Ice Rise  Hemmen Ice Rise  Kealey Ice Rise  Kershaw Ice Rumples   Henry and Korff Ice Rises are the largest ice rises , with areas of roughly 1 500 to 1 600 km ² .

negative: Hudson Mountains The Hudson Mountains is a group of parasitic cones , forming nunataks just above the Antarctic ice sheet in west Ellsworth Land . They lie just east of Cranton Bay and Pine Island Bay at the eastern extremity of Amundsen Sea , and are bounded on the north by Cosgrove Ice Shelf and on the south by Pine Island Glacier .

negative: Icing Icing may refer to :   Atmospheric icing , occurs when water droplets freeze on objects they contact  Icing conditions , atmospheric conditions that can lead to the formation of water ice on various surfaces   Aufeis , also called icing , a sheet-like mass of layered ice that forms from the freezing of successive flows of groundwater  Claire 's , which has a brand of accessories and jewelry called Icing  Cryotherapy , also called icing , the cooling of body parts , often using ice or cold packs , to decrease pain and inflammation  Fuel system icing inhibitor , an additive to aviation fuels that prevents the formation of ice in fuel lines  Icing ( drinking game ) , a drinking game involving the consumption of large quantities of Smirnoff Ice in inappropriate situations  Icing ( food ) , a sweet and often creamy glaze made of sugar used to cover or decorate baked goods , such as cakes , cookies or donuts  Powdered sugar , also known as confectioners ' sugar or icing sugar , is a very fine sugar used for icing , frosting and other decorations  Royal icing , a hard , white icing , made from softly beaten egg whites , powdered sugar , and sometimes lemon or lime juice  Icing ( ice hockey ) , an ice hockey rule intended to discourage intentionally whacking the puck away from a team 's goal to run out the clock  Icing ( nautical ) , sea spray that freezes upon contact with ships , occurs during very cold and windy weather , can cause a ship to capsize  Icing the kicker , In the sports of American football or Canadian football , the act of icing the kicker or freezing the kicker is a tactic employed by defending teams to disrupt the process of kicking a field goal just prior to the snap .

negative: Ice age (disambiguation) __ NOTOC __  An ice age is a geologic period characterized by the presence of polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers .  Periods of major glaciation ( commonly also referred to as ice ages ) are scientifically termed glacial periods .   Ice Age may also refer to :

negative: Ice algae Ice algae are any of the various types of algal communities found in annual and multi-year sea or terrestrial ice . On sea ice in polar regions of the oceans , ice algae communities play an important role in primary production . The timing of blooms of the algae is especially important for supporting higher trophic levels at times of the year when light is low and ice cover still exists . Sea ice algal communities are mostly concentrated in the bottom layer of the ice , but can also occur in brine channels within the ice , in melt ponds , and on the surface .   Because terrestrial ice algae occur in freshwater systems , the species composition differs greatly from that of sea ice algae . These communities are significant in that they often change the color of glaciers and ice sheets , impacting the reflectivity of the ice itself .

negative: Geography of Antarctica The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and , thus , by ice . The Antarctic continent , located in the Earth 's southern hemisphere , is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle . It is washed by the Southern ( or Antarctic ) Ocean or , depending on definition , the southern Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans . It has an area of more than 14 million km ² .   Some 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , the world 's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water . Averaging at least 1.6 km thick , the ice is so massive that it has depressed the continental bedrock in some areas more than 2.5 km below sea level ; subglacial lakes of liquid water also occur ( e.g. , Lake Vostok ) . Ice shelves and rises populate the ice sheet on the periphery .

negative: The Ice Sheet at Ogden The Ice Sheet at Ogden , also known as the Weber County Ice Sheet , is located 35 mi north of Salt Lake City on the campus of Weber State University in Ogden . The Ice Sheet opened in 1994 as a recreational training center for curling , ice hockey , and figure skating . During the 2002 Winter Olympics the Ice Sheet hosted the curling events .

negative: ICESat ICESat ( Ice , Cloud , and land Elevation Satellite ) , part of NASA 's Earth Observing System , was a satellite mission for measuring ice sheet mass balance , cloud and aerosol heights , as well as land topography and vegetation characteristics . ICESat was launched 13 January 2003 on a Delta II rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California into a near-circular , near-polar orbit with an altitude of approximately 600 km . It operated for seven years before being retired in February 2010 , after its scientific payload shut down and scientists were unable to restart it .   The ICESat mission was designed to provide elevation data needed to determine ice sheet mass balance as well as cloud property information , especially for stratospheric clouds common over polar areas . It provides topography and vegetation data around the globe , in addition to the polar-specific coverage over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets . The satellite was found useful in assessing important forest characteristics , including tree density .

negative: Burt Matthews Not to be confused with Burton Matthews , ice hockey defenseman for the Krugersdorp Wildcats and the South Africa men 's national ice hockey team .   Burton Clare Matthews ( December 16 , 1926 -- January 2 , 2004 ) was a Canadian soil scientist and an academic administrator . He was President of the University of Waterloo from 1970 to 1981 and the University of Guelph from 1983 to 1988 .

negative: Farley–Buneman instability The Farley -- Buneman instability , or FB instability , is a microscopic plasma instability named after Donald T. Farley and Oscar Buneman . It is similar to the ionospheric Rayleigh-Taylor instability .   It occurs in collisional plasma with neutral component , and is driven by drift currents . It can be thought of as a modified two-stream instability arising from the difference in drifts of electrons and ions exceeding the ion acoustic speed .   It is present in the equatorial and polar ionospheric E-regions . Since the FB fluctuations can scatter the electromagnetic waves , the instability can be used to diagnose the state of ionosphere by the use of electromagnetic pulses .

negative: Calving Calving may refer to :  Calving , the process of giving birth to a calf  Ice calving , the process by which an iceberg breaks off from an ice shelf or glacier

negative: The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech... Just Watch What You Say! The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech ... Just Watch What You Say ! is the third studio album by American rapper Ice-T . The album was released on October 10 , 1989 , by Sire Records and Warner Bros. . Records . The album has an uncharacteristically gritty sound , featuring some of the darkest musical tracks that Ice-T ever released .

negative: King Baudouin Ice Shelf The King Baudouin Ice Shelf ( also called Roi Baudouin Ice shelf , from French : Plateforme de glace Roi Baudouin ) in Dronning Maud Land , East Antarctica , is within the Norwegian part of Antarctica . It is named after King Baudouin of Belgium ( 1930-1993 ) .

negative: Tsiolkovskiy Island Tsiolkovskiy Island is an ice-covered island in the Fimbul Ice Shelf , Queen Maud Land . The summit of the island rises about 200 m above the general level of the ice shelf . Kroshka Island lies close southwest and is similar but smaller . First mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1961 and named for K.E. Tsiolkovskiy ( 1857 -- 1935 ) , Russian scientist and inventor .

negative: Vance Bluff Vance Bluff is a small ice-covered eminence near the polar plateau , 10 nautical miles ( 18 km ) north of Laird Plateau . Its flat summit merges with the ice sheet to the north and west , but there is a steep cliff along the south side . Black Icefalls run northeast from Vance Bluff to Mount Massam . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) for the USS Vance , an ocean station ship in support of aircraft flights between New Zealand and McMurdo Sound during U.S. Navy Operation Deepfreeze 1962 .   Category : Cliffs of Oates Land

negative: Ice pigging Ice Pigging is the process in which an ice slurry is pumped into a pipe and forced along inside in order to remove sediment and other unwanted deposits to leave the pipe clean . It has many applications in the water , sewage and food industries . The University of Bristol has held many laboratory trials to investigate various key factors and refine the process . Ice Pigging was invented and patented by Professor Joe Quarini of the University of Bristol .

negative: Diocotron instability A diocotron instability is a plasma instability created by two sheets of charge slipping past each other . Energy is dissipated in the form of two surface waves propagating in opposite directions , with one flowing over the other . This instability is the plasma analog of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in fluid mechanics .

negative: Sandefjord Bay Not to be confused with Sandefjord Bay on the west side Coronation Island !   Sandefjord Bay was an ice bay at the head of Prydz Bay , lying on the eastern side of the Amery Ice Shelf . This bay no longer exists , engulfed by the ice of the Amery Ice Shelf . It was discovered in February 1935 , by Captain Klarius Mikkelsen in the whaling ship Thorshavn and called Sandefjord Bukta after the town of Sandefjord , Norway .

negative: Rogen moraine A Rogen moraine ( also called ribbed moraine ) is a subglacially ( i.e. under a glacier or ice sheet ) formed type of moraine landform , that mainly occurs in Fennoscandia , Scotland , Ireland and Canada . They cover large areas that have been covered by ice , and occur mostly in what is believed to have been the central areas of the ice sheets . Rogen moraines are named after Lake Rogen in Härjedalen , Sweden , the landform 's type locality . Rogen Nature Reserve serves to protect the unusual area .   The landform occurs in groups that are often closely and regularly spaced . They consist of glacial drift , with till being the most common constituent . The individual moraines are large , wavy ridges orientated transverse to ice flow . Drumlins are often found in close proximity of Rogen moraines , and are often interpreted to be formed at the same time as the Rogen moraines . Although Rogen moraines can span a large range of sizes , the most common distribution seems to be 10 -- 30 metres high , 150 -- 300 metres wide and 300-1 ,200 metres long .   The exact mechanics of Rogen moraine formation are not known , but since the 1970s , several theories on the formation have been proposed :  Megaripples eroded in the basal ice fill during subglacial outburst floods .  Already existing landforms , such as drumlins and flutes or marginal moraines are reshaped due to a ~ 90 ° change in the direction of the ice flow .  Debris-rich basal ice or pre-existing sediments are sheared and stacked , or folded during compressive ice flow .  Sediment sheets become fractured and extended during a transition of the overlying glacier from being cold based ice to warm based .   However , it has been suggested that , due to the diversity of morphological characteristics displayed by Rogen moraine , different processes might be able to create the landform . This means that all four of the processes mentioned above might be correct . The different theories that proposed a formation near or at the glacial margin have largely been abandoned . Some of these theories proposed that Rogen moraines had an origin as a series of end moraines , that they formed in association with calving ice termini in glacial lakes , or that Rogen moraines formed in dead-ice , where supraglacial material fell down into crevasses in the ice .

negative: Swinburne Ice Shelf Swinburne Ice Shelf , is an ice shelf just north of Edward VII Peninsula and the Alexandra Mountains in the southern part of Sulzberger Bay , Antarctica . The ice shelf is 20 miles long and 5 miles wide and extends from Fisher Island to White Islands . It was photographed from aircraft and mapped by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition ( ByrdAE ) , 1928-30 . Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) for Captain H.W Swinburne , Jr. , Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff , U.S. Naval Support Force , Antarctica , during Operation Deep Freeze 1970 and 1971 .

negative: Schaus Ice Rises Schaus Ice Rises is a group of small ice rises merged within the Wilkins Ice Shelf , aligned east-west just off the north side of Eroica Peninsula , situated off the southwest coast of Alexander Island , Antarctica . Mapped by United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) from U.S. Navy aerial photographs taken 1967-68 and from Landsat imagery taken 1972-73 . Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) for Commander Richard Schaus , U.S. Navy , assigned to the Division of Polar Programs , National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , as aviation projects officer , 1979-80 .

negative: Thiel Trough Thiel Trough is a submarine trough trending NE-SW with depths reaching to 1,500 metres below sea level . The trough extends southwest from about 7630S , 3500W , in the Weddell Sea ; underlies Filchner Ice Shelf and the south part of Ronne Ice Shelf , south of Henry Ice Rise ; and continues west to about 8300S , 8500W , near Martin Hills . The portion northeast of the Henry Ice Rise was discovered in 1957-58 by a U.S. traverse party from Ellsworth Station and named `` Crary Trough '' after Albert P. Crary , chief scientist with the United States Antarctic Research Program ( USARP ) . The southwest portion was traced by U.S. seismic traverse parties , 1958 -- 64 , and the whole delineated in greater detail by the Scott Polar Research Institute ( SPRI ) - National Science Foundation ( NSF ) - Technical University of Denmark ( TUD ) airborne radio echo sounding program , 1967-79 .   The name `` Crary Trough '' was later set aside by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) at the suggestion of Dr. Crary , who recommended that the entire trough be named after Dr. Edward C. Thiel ( 1928 -- 61 ) . Dr Thiel was chief seismologist at Ellsworth Station 1956 -- 58 , the leader of the traverse party that discovered this feature and died in an air-crash at Wilkes Station Antarctica .   Category : Oceanic basins of the Southern Ocean  Category : Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf

negative: Fleming Glacier Fleming Glacier is a broad glacier 25 nmi long on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula , flowing west-northwest and terminating in Forster Ice Piedmont to the east of the Wordie Ice Shelf . The glacier was charted by the British Graham Land Expedition ( BGLE ) under John Rymill , 1934 -- 37 , and was photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service on September 29 , 1940 . This hitherto unnamed feature was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1947 for Reverend W.L.S. Fleming , Dean of Trinity Hall , Cambridge University ; also , chaplain , chief scientist , and geologist of the BGLE .

negative: Aalborg Pirates Aalborg Pirates is a professional ice hockey team that playing in the best Danish ice hockey league , Metal Ligaen . An ice hockey team organized under the sports club Aalborg Boldspilklub named AaB Ice hockey first appeared in 1967 , playing in the Danish league and won the Danish league championship in 1981 . in 1997 AaB Ishockey merged with a smaller club , IK Aalborg . The merged team was known as Aalborg Ishockey Klub ( AIK ) in the period 1997 -- 2003 , but following financial instability at the club , the professional license was transferred to Aalborg Boldspilklub or AaB . The team was located in Aalborg in the northern part of Jutland and ceased operations at the end of the 2011/2012 season . The team was then replaced by a whole new team and organisation that is called Aalborg Pirates .

negative: Cedar Rapids Ice Arena The Cedar Rapids Ice Arena is a 3,850-seat multipurpose arena in Cedar Rapids , Iowa , located adjacent to Veterans Memorial Stadium . The arena opened on January 8 , 2000 , and is owned by the city of Cedar Rapids . It is home to the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders of the United States Hockey League as well as several local youth hockey teams . The University of Iowa Hawkeyes club hockey team plays some of their home games at the facility . The arena contains separate sheets of ice for ice hockey games and for public and figure ice skating .   The arena serves as the home ice for the Eastern Iowa Figure Skating Club , a US Figure Skating club .   For the 2012 and 2013 seasons , it was the temporary home to the Cedar Rapids Titans indoor football team as the U.S. Cellular Center , where they started playing in 2014 and beyond , was being renovated .   The arena contains two sheets of ice . One sheet is Olympic regulation ( 200 by ) , and the other is NHL regulation ( 200 by ) . Public skating , youth hockey , and figure skating events take place on both sheets of ice , whereas larger events , such as RoughRider games , are held on the NHL sheet of ice .

negative: Charles Swithinbank Charles Winthrop Molesworth Swithinbank ( 17 November 1926 -- 27 May 2014 ) was a British glaciologist and expert in the polar regions who has six places in the Antarctic named after him .   He was born in Pegu , Burma , the son of Bernard Swithinbank of the Indian Civil Service , and educated at Bryanston School . He served for two years with the Royal Navy before going up to Pembroke College , Oxford to read Geography in 1946 , graduating DPhil in 1955 .   Having developed an interest in glaciology he became a research fellow at the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge , studying the distribution of sea ice and its effect on shipping in the Canadian Arctic , which involved the first hand observation of sea ice conditions from aboard the icebreaker Labrador in the Baffin Island region .   In 1959 he moved to the University of Michigan to take up an appointment as a research associate and lecturer , spending three summers in the Antarctic investigating the glaciers which feed the Ross Ice Shelf in New Zealand 's Ross Dependency . He then returned to Britain to take up a further research appointment at the Scott Polar Research lnstitute , spending two summers and a winter in the Antarctic as the British representative at the Soviet Novolazarevskaya ice shelf station .   He worked at the Scott Polar Research Institute until 1976 , from 1971 as chief glaciologist and from 1974 as head of the Earth Sciences Division of the British Antarctic Survey . During this period he revisited the Antarctic in the summer of 1967-68 and took part as sea ice specialist in the transit of Canada 's Northwest Passage by the supertanker Manhattan in 1969 , and in the return passage to the North Pole by the nuclear submarine Dreadnought in 1971 .   In 1976 he joined the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge . Every other season he spent several months in the Antarctic , primarily directing low level radio echo-sounding flights to measure the thickness of the ice within the British Antarctic Territory .   After his retirement from the Survey in 1986 he joined up with two pilots to locate suitable landing strips in Antarctica to enable flights to be inaugurated for the benefit of mountaineers , skiers and other tourists .   He died in 2014 . He had married Mary Fellows ( née Stewart ) , with whom he had a son and a daughter .

negative: Ice jacking Ice jacking occurs when water invades a confined space in a structural support , or geologic formation , and upon freezing causes structural fracture as the ice expands .   Ice shove is sometimes called ice-jacking .  Ice heaving or frost heaving is sometimes called ice-jacking .  Ice wedging is sometimes called ice-jacking .

negative: Matthews Glacier Matthews Glacier is a glacier on the east side of the Wilkins Mountains , Antarctica , draining south to enter the Ronne Ice Shelf just west of Dodson Peninsula . It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos , 1961 -- 67 , and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for J.D. Matthews , an engineman at South Pole Station in 1963 .

negative: WHA Junior Hockey League The WHA Junior Hockey League was an independent Canadian junior ice hockey league based out of British Columbia , Canada . The league marketed itself as a Junior A league , but was an unsanctioned independent loop with its own rules , processes and procedures , and was marked by franchise instability . Its team logos were based on the old WHA pro league of the 1970s .

negative: Dorsa Argentea Formation The Dorsa Argentea Formation ( DAF ) is thought to be a large system of eskers that were under an ancient ice cap in the south polar region of Mars . The ancient ice cap was at least twice the size of the present ice cap and may have been 1500-2000 meters thick . This group of ridges extends from 270 -- 100 E and 70 -- 90 S , around the south pole of Mars . It sits under the Late Amazonian South Polar Layered Deposits ( SPLD ) , in the Mare Australe quadrangle . The amount of these ridges is huge , one study studied seven different ridge systems which contained almost 4,000 ridges that had a total length 51,000 km .   Most eskers are thought to be formed inside ice-walled tunnels by streams which flowed within and under glaciers . After the retaining ice walls melted away , stream deposits remained as long winding ridges .   Crater counts show that the ridges are of two different ages . One dates from Early Hesperian , while the other group dates to the Late Noachian . These dates correspond to the time when Mars had lakes and valley networks which formed from runoff , drainage and storage of liquid water on the surface of Mars .   The Dorsa Argentea Formation represents a time when there was melting and drainage of meltwater from a giant ice sheet around the Martian South Pole . Various mechanisms may have caused the ice to melt . Possible mechanisms may have been a warmer atmosphere , volcanism , or increased thickness of the ice cap from accumulating snow .   MARSIS radar data suggest that significant areas of layered , potentially ice-rich parts of the Dorsa Argentea Formation remain today .   Twenty-one mountains are associated with this formation . Their shapes suggest they are volcanoes and that most were associated with glaciers . Some probably erupted under a sheet of ice . Some resemble volcanic land forms called tuyas and tindars . These features are common in Iceland and Antarctica .


query: CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.

positive: Henrik Svensmark Henrik Svensmark ( born 1958 ) is a physicist and professor in the Division of Solar System Physics at the Danish National Space Institute ( DTU Space ) in Copenhagen . He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming . He detailed his work in the book The Chilling Stars as well as the film The Cloud Mystery .

positive: Cosmic ray Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation , mainly originating outside the Solar System . Upon impact with the Earth 's atmosphere , cosmic rays can produce showers of secondary particles that sometimes reach the surface . Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei , they are of mysterious origin . Data from the Fermi Space Telescope ( 2013 ) have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernovae explosions of stars . Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Jasper Kirkby Jasper Kirkby is a British experimental particle physicist currently with CERN . He originated the idea for the Tau-Charm Factory , an accelerator now under construction as BEPC II in Beijing . He has led several large particle accelerator experiments at SPEAR ; the Paul Scherrer Institute ; and most recently , the CLOUD experiment at CERN .   The CLOUD experiment is investigating possible physical mechanisms for solar/cosmic ray forcing - a theory whereby cloud nucleation is affected by cosmic rays and the cosmic rays are affected by solar activity . The main purpose of the CLOUD experiment is to simulate the conditions under which clouds form in earth 's atmosphere -- specifically , the process by which cloud condensation nuclei form from aerosols in the atmosphere . Kirkby et al. published the results of CLOUD 's first experiment in the journal Nature in 2011 , reporting that cosmic rays `` seemed to enhance the production of nanometre-sized particles from the gaseous atmosphere by more than a factor of ten . '' He added , however , that the particles in question are far too small to serve as cloud condensation nuclei , adding , `` At the moment , it actually says nothing about a possible cosmic-ray effect on clouds and climate , but it 's a very important first step . ''

negative: The Cloud Mystery The Cloud Mystery is a documentary by Danish director Lars Oxfeldt Mortensen . It explores the published theory by Danish scientist Henrik Svensmark on how galactic cosmic rays and solar activity affects cloud cover , and how this influences the earth 's climate . Also known as Klimamysteriet in Danish .   This documentary presents the work done to develop the theory that cloud cover change is caused by variations in cosmic rays as the major originator of global climate variation . It also mentions that these scientist to not subscribe to the view that human influence and the effect of greenhouse gases as significant drivers of climate . However , the focus is on the work they have done and not on other climate theories like anthropogenic global warming for instance .

negative: Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment The purpose of the Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass ( CREAM ) Experiment is to determine the composition of cosmic rays up to the 1015 eV `` knee '' in the cosmic ray spectrum . It is suspected that this knee in the cosmic ray spectrum can be explained by the theoretical maximum energy that a supernova can accelerate particles to through Fermi acceleration . This is accomplished with a timing-based charge detector and transition radiation detector at an altitude of at least 110,000 ft with the aid of a high-altitude balloon . After launching from McMurdo Station in Antarctica , the balloon will stay aloft for 60 -- 100 days gathering data on charges and energies of the unimpeded cosmic rays that strike the detectors .   One of the advantages of this type of experiment is that it is possible to identify the original particle that would have caused the air shower detected by ground-based detectors . Maximum detectable energy level is determined by duration of the flight and size of the detector ; a difficult barrier to get around for experiments of this type . An accurate measurement of the composition of cosmic rays is necessary in order to understand the origins of the cosmic rays found above the `` knee '' at 1015 eV . To date , the CREAM balloon experiments have accumulated a total of 161 days of exposure , longer than any other single balloon-borne experiment .

negative: Cloud feedback Cloud feedback is the coupling between cloudiness and surface air temperature where a surface air temperature change leads to a change in clouds , which could then amplify or diminish the initial temperature perturbation . Cloud feedbacks can affect the magnitude of internally generated climate variability or they can affect the magnitude of climate change resulting from external radiative forcings .   Global warming is expected to change the distribution and type of clouds . Seen from below , clouds emit infrared radiation back to the surface , and so exert a warming effect ; seen from above , clouds reflect sunlight and emit infrared radiation to space , and so exert a cooling effect . Cloud representations vary among global climate models , and small changes in cloud cover have a large impact on the climate . Differences in planetary boundary layer cloud modeling schemes can lead to large differences in derived values of climate sensitivity . A model that decreases boundary layer clouds in response to global warming has a climate sensitivity twice that of a model that does not include this feedback . However , satellite data show that cloud optical thickness actually increases with increasing temperature . Whether the net effect is warming or cooling depends on details such as the type and altitude of the cloud ; details that are difficult to represent in climate models .

negative: Cosmic-ray observatory A cosmic-ray observatory is a scientific installation built to detect high-energy-particles coming from space called cosmic rays . This typically includes photons ( high-energy light ) , electrons , protons , and some heavier nuclei , as well as antimatter particles . About 90 % of cosmic rays are protons , 9 % are alpha particles , and the rest are other particles   It is not yet possible to build image forming optics for cosmic rays , like a Wolter telescope for lower energy X-rays , although some cosmic-ray observatories also look for high energy gamma rays and x-rays . Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays ( UHEC ) pose further detection problems . One way of learning about cosmic rays is using different detectors to observe aspects of a cosmic ray air shower .   Methods of detection for Gamma-rays .  Scintillation Detectors  Solid State Detectors  Compton Scattering  Pair Telescopes  Air Cerenkov Detectors   For example , while a visible light photon may have an energy of a few eV , a cosmic gamma ray may exceed a TeV ( 1,000,000,000,000 eV ) . Sometimes cosmic gamma rays ( photons ) are not grouped with nuclei cosmic rays .

negative: Cirrus cloud thinning Cirrus cloud thinning is a proposed form of climate engineering . Cirrus clouds are high cold ice that , like other clouds , both reflect sunlight and absorb warming infrared radiation . However , they differ from other types of clouds in that , on average , infrared absorption outweighs sunlight reflection , resulting in a net warming effect on the climate . Therefore , thinning or removing these clouds would reduce their heat trapping capacity , resulting in a cooling effect on Earth 's climate . This could be a potential tool to reduce anthropogenic global warming . Cirrus cloud thinning is an alternative category of climate engineering , in addition to solar radiation management and greenhouse gas removal .

negative: Cosmic wind Cosmic wind , also called galactic wind , is a powerful cosmic force that can push interstellar dust clouds of low density into intergalactic space . It has a primary composition of photons ejected from large stars and sometimes thermal energy from exploding stars.It can be caused by orbital motion of gas in the cluster of a galaxy , or can be ejected from a black hole .

negative: Tunka experiment The Tunka experiment now named TAIGA ( Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma Astronomy ) measures air showers , which are initiated by charged cosmic rays or high energy gamma rays . TAIGA is situated in Siberia in the Tunka valley close to lake Baikal . Meanwhile , TAIGA consists of five different detector systems : Tunka-133 , Tunka-Rex , and Tunka-Grande for charged cosmic rays ; Tunka-HiSCORE and Tunka-IACT for gamma astronomy . From the measurements of each detector it is possible to reconstruct the arrival direction , energy and type of the cosmic rays , where the accuracy is enhanced by the combination of different detector systems .   The aim of the cosmic-ray measurements is to solve the question of the origin of the cosmic rays in the energy range up to about 1 EeV . Thus , the Tunka experiment explores the same energy range as the KASCADE-Grande cosmic-ray experiment at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ( KIT ) and as the surface detector IceTop of the IceCube experiment at South Pole . However , the first detector of TAIGA , Tunka-133 , uses a different and independent measurement technique , which can be used to cross-check the results by the other experiments . For gamma-ray astronomy the aim is to identify sources of higher energy than possible by current gamma-ray observatories .

negative: Cosmic Ray Subsystem Cosmic Ray Subsystem ( CRS , or Cosmic Ray System ) is an instrument aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft of the NASA Voyager program , and it is an experiment to detect cosmic rays . The CRS includes a High-Energy Telescope System ( HETS ) , Low-Energy Telescope System ( LETS ) , and The Electron Telescope ( TET ) . It is designed to detect energetic particles and some the requirements were for the instrument to be reliable and to have enough charge resolution . It can also detect the energetic particles like protons from the Galaxy or Earth 's Sun . As of 2017 , CRS is one of the active remaining instruments on both Voyager spacecraft , and it is described by as being able to detect electrons from 3-110 MeV and cosmic ray nuclei 1-500 MeV/n . All three systems used solid-state detectors . CRS is one of the five fields and particle experiments on each spacecraft , and one of the goals is to gain a deeper understanding of the solar wind . Other objects of study including electrons and nuclei from planetary magnetospheres and from outside the solar system .

negative: The Chilling Stars The Chilling Stars is a non-fiction book about the possible causes and effects of global climate change by Henrik Svensmark and Nigel Calder . The paperback version was published by Totem Books on March 19 , 2003 . An updated version titled The Chilling Stars : A New Theory of Climate Change was published in 2007 . Svensmark is otherwise known as a Danish physicist and professor while Calder has worked as a science journalist .   The authors argue that cloud cover changes caused by variations in cosmic rays are a major contributor to global temperature increases , and they state that human influences have been exaggerated .

negative: Cosmic Ray Deflection Society The Cosmic Ray Deflection Society is a satirical/environmental pseudoscientific organization , based in New Orleans , Louisiana . A worldwide membership of over 250 members , the group believes the `` deadly cosmic rays '' are getting in through the hole in the ozone layer .

negative: Chicago Air Shower Array The Chicago Air Shower Array ( CASA ) was a very large array of scintillation counters located in Utah , fifty miles ( 80 kilometers ) southwest of Salt Lake City in Dugway Proving Grounds . CASA began operating in 1992 in conjunction with a second instrument , the Michigan Anti Array ( MIA ) , under the name CASA-MIA . The MIA was made of 2500 square meters of buried muon detectors . At the time of its completion , the CASA was the most sensitive experiment built to date in the study of gamma ray and cosmic ray interactions at energies above 100 TeV ( 1014 electronvolts or 16 microjoules ) . Research topics on data from this experiment covered a wide variety of physics issues , including the search for gamma-rays from extragalactic sources ( quasars and gamma-ray bursts ) , the study of diffuse gamma-ray emission from the Galactic plane , and a measurement of the cosmic ray composition in the poorly understood region from 100 to 100,000 TeV . The project was decommissioned sometime before the summer of 2001 .

negative: Milagro (experiment) Milagro , ( the Spanish word for miracle ) , was a ground based water Cherenkov radiation telescope situated in the Jemez Mountains near Los Alamos , New Mexico at the Fenton Hill Observatory site . It was primarily designed to detect gamma rays but also detected large numbers of cosmic rays . It operated in the TeV region of the spectrum at an altitude of 2530 m. Like conventional telescopes , Milagro was sensitive to light but the similarities ended there . Whereas `` normal '' astronomical telescopes view the universe in visible light , Milagro saw the universe at very high energies . The light that Milagro saw was about 1 trillion times more energetic than visible light . While these particles of light , known as photons , are the same as the photons that make up visible light , they behave quite differently due to their high energies .   A cosmic ray or high-energy gamma ray striking an atom in the upper atmosphere generates a cascade of particles known as an air shower . This cascade of particles are traveling near the speed of light and generate Cherenkov radiation as they pass through the atmosphere and the water in the Milagro experiment . The photons of Cherenkov radiation are detected by an array of detectors or photomultiplier tubes which send a signal to a recorder . The data from the recorder can then be used to determine the energy and direction of the cosmic or gamma ray . The Milagro experiment used 700 sensitive light detectors submerged in the pond plus another 200 detectors arrayed around the pond .   The Milagro Experiment stopped taking data in April 2008 after seven years of operation . There is a follow up experiment called the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment ( HAWC ) located near the Large Millimeter Telescope at the Sierra Negra volcano , Mexico , which is expected to be 15 times more sensitive .  In November 2008 Milagro published the surprising result of observing cosmic ray anisotropy .

negative: Volcano Ranch experiment The Volcano Ranch experiment was an array of particle detectors in Volcano Ranch , New Mexico , used to measure ultra-high-energy cosmic rays . The array was built by John Linsley and Livio Scarsi in 1959 . On February 22 , 1962 , Linsley observed an air shower at Volcano Ranch created by a primary particle with an energy greater than 1020 eV , the highest energy cosmic ray particle ever detected at the time . Linsley continued to operate Volcano Ranch until 1978 , when it was closed due to lack of funding .

negative: Track Imaging Cherenkov Experiment The Track Imaging Cherenkov Experiment ( TrICE ) is a ground-based cosmic ray telescope located at Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago , IL . The telescope , which contains a Fresnel lens , eight spherical mirrors , and a camera with 16 multianode photomultiplier tubes , uses the atmospheric Cherenkov imaging technique to detect Cherenkov radiation produced when cosmic rays interact with particles in the Earth 's atmosphere .   The telescope is primarily a research and development tool for improving photomultiplier tube cameras and electronic systems for future gamma and cosmic ray telescopes . It is also used to study the energy and composition of cosmic rays in the TeV -- PeV range , and the collaboration is currently conducting pioneering work in detecting direct Cherenkov signals from cosmic rays .

negative: LHCf experiment The LHCf ( `` Large Hadron Collider forward '' ) is a special-purpose Large Hadron Collider experiment for astroparticle ( cosmic ray ) physics , and one of seven detectors in the LHC accelerator at CERN . The other six are : ATLAS , ALICE , CMS , MoEDAL , TOTEM , and LHCb . LHCf is designed to study the particles generated in the `` forward '' region of collisions , those almost directly in line with the colliding proton beams . It therefore consists of two detectors , 140 m on either side of the interaction point .  Because of this large distance , it can co-exist with a more conventional detector surrounding the interaction point , and shares the interaction point IP1 with the much larger general-purpose ATLAS experiment .

negative: LUCID LUCID ( Langton Ultimate Cosmic ray Intensity Detector ) is a cosmic ray detector built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd and designed at Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys , in Canterbury , England . Its main purpose is to monitor cosmic rays using technology developed by CERN , and will help predict the occurrence of solar flares ( proton storms ) which disrupt artificial satellites . LUCID was launched on 8 July 2014 at Baikonur , Kazakhstan as an instrument of the satellite TechDemoSat-1 , which was carried into space by a Soyuz-2 rocket .   Professor Larry Pinsky , Chair of Physics at the University of Houston , described the project in Symmetry Magazine as `` like playing at being NASA or the European Space Agency , but they 're not really playing . They 're doing the real thing . ''   Channel 4 News said of the LUCID project that `` with this metal box , the school has outwitted NASA '' .

negative: Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna ( ANITA ) experiment has been designed to study ultra-high-energy ( UHE ) cosmic neutrinos by detecting the radio pulses emitted by their interactions with the Antarctic ice sheet . This is to be accomplished using an array of radio antennas suspended from a helium balloon flying at a height of about 37,000 meters .   The neutrinos , with energies on the order of 1018 eV , produce radio pulses in the ice because of the Askaryan effect . It is believed that these high-energy cosmic neutrinos result from interaction of ultra-high-energy ( 1020 eV ) cosmic rays with the photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation . It is thus hoped that the ANITA experiment can shed light on the origin of these cosmic rays .

negative: Cloud forcing Cloud forcing ( sometimes described as cloud radiative forcing or cloud radiative effect ) is , in meteorology , the difference between the radiation budget components for average cloud conditions and cloud-free conditions . Much of the interest in cloud forcing relates to its role as a feedback process in the present period of global warming .

negative: Hurricane Katrina and global warming The tremendous destruction caused by recent Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones , such as Hurricanes Katrina , Wilma , and Sandy caused a substantial upsurge in interest in the subject of global warming by news media and the wider public , and concerns that global climatic change may have played a significant role in those events . Time Magazine , for example , published an article titled , `` Is Global Warming Fueling Katrina ? '' -- however , the article itself addressed hurricanes in general , rather than Katrina specifically , and was inconclusive .   Shortly after the hurricane , former Boston Globe reporter Ross Gelbspan wrote an op-ed piece for the Globe titled , `` Katrina 's Real Name '' , declaring that the hurricane 's `` real name is global warming . '' Gelbspan went on to assert :  `` Although Katrina began as a relatively small hurricane that glanced off south Florida , it was supercharged with extraordinary intensity by the relatively blistering sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico . ''  Gelbspan did not single out Katrina from other recent storms in that regard ; in the article he went on to attribute other major weather events over the preceding year to global warming , including a blizzard in Los Angeles , high winds in Scandinavia , wildfires in Spain , and a drought centered in Missouri .   Britain 's then deputy prime minister , John Prescott , has linked Katrina with global warming , and statements made shortly after the hurricane by Germany 's environment minister , Jürgen Trittin , indicate he believes that global warming is responsible for an increase in the frequency of destructive natural events .   Kerry Emanuel had recently published a paper in the journal Nature that found a good correlation between hurricane intensity and sea surface temperatures . Some journalists have claimed Emanuel 's paper concludes that the recent increase in intense Atlantic storms is due to global warming , but Emanuel stated that `` it would be absurd to attribute the Katrina disaster to global warming '' .   The Internet blog RealClimate has written that `` there is no way to prove that Katrina either was , or was not , affected by global warming '' .

negative: NEVOD NEVOD ( НЕВОД , НЕйтринный ВОдный Детектор , Neutrino Water Detector ; nevod means `` dragnet '' in Russian ) is a neutrino detector and cosmic ray experiment that attempts to detect Cherenkov radiation arising from interactions between water and charged particles ( mostly muons ) . It represents the first attempt to perform such measurements at the earth 's surface ; it is because of this surface deployment that the experiment is also able to investigate cosmic rays . NEVOD is situated at the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute ( MEPhI ) .

negative: Viper telescope The Viper telescope is mainly used to view cosmic background radiation . The telescope is currently helping scientists prove or disprove the Big Crunch theory . The telescope is also one of the most powerful of its kind . Previous cosmic background telescopes were smaller and did not have the ability to focus on the detailed measurement of distant clouds that Viper does .

negative: Cloudbuster A cloudbuster ( or cloud buster ) is a pseudoscientific device designed by Austrian psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich ( 1897 -- 1957 ) , which Reich said could produce rain by manipulating what he called `` orgone energy '' present in the atmosphere .   The cloudbuster was intended to be used in a way similar to a lightning rod : focusing it on a location in the sky and grounding it in some material that was presumed to absorb orgone -- such as a body of water -- would draw the orgone energy out of the atmosphere , causing the formation of clouds and rain . Reich conducted dozens of experiments with the cloudbuster , calling the research `` Cosmic orgone engineering '' .

negative: Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment Radio Ice Cerenkov Experiment ( RICE ) is an experiment designed to detect the Cherenkov emission in the radio regime of the electromagnetic spectrum from the interaction of high energy neutrinos ( greater than 1 PeV ) with the Antarctic ice cap . The goals of this experiment are to determine the potential of the radio-detection technique for measuring the high energy cosmic neutrino flux , determining the sources of this flux , and measuring neutrino-nucleon cross sections at energies above those accessible with existing accelerators . Such an experiment also has sensitivity to neutrinos from gamma ray bursts , as well as highly ionizing charged particles ( monopoles , e.g. ) traversing the Antarctic icecap .

negative: Clouds of Smoke Clouds of Smoke is a documentary directed and produced by Fatmir Terziu . It explores the recent phenomenon of global warming and asks several environmental questions . It mainly focuses on the environmental damage caused by Albania , especially its biggest industrial city , Elbasan . The documentary started as a collaboration with Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) , and it was created for the purpose of educating students at London South Bank University . It was chosen to be shown at Curzon , London , the first documentary directed by an Albanian director to be selected .

negative: Global warming game A global warming game , also known as a climate game or a climate change game , is a type of serious game . As a serious game , it attempts to simulate and explore real life issues to educate players through an interactive experience . The issues particular to a global warming video game are usually energy efficiency and the implementation of green technology as ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and thus counteract global warming . Global warming games also include more traditional board games , video games , as well as other varieties .

negative: Washington Large Area Time Coincidence Array The Washington Area Large-scale Time-coincidence Array ( WALTA ) is a cosmic ray physics experiment run by the University of Washington to investigate ultra high energy cosmic rays ( > 10 ^ 19 eV ) . The program uses detectors placed at Seattle-area high schools and colleges which are linked via the internet , effectively forming an Extensive Air Shower array . In addition to working on the unexplained levels of Ultra High Energy cosmic ray ( UHECR ) flux , it hopes to serve as a pedagogical tool for increasing the physics involvement of high schools and community colleges with a University level physics experiment . Each site has three to four scintillation detectors with the goal of having enough sites to cover a 200 km2 area around the city of Seattle . WALTA is a part of the larger NALTA project which hopes to combine data from several WALTA like projects to further the exploration of UHE cosmic rays .

negative: KASCADE KASCADE is a European physics experiment started in 1996 at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe , Germany ( now Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ) , an extensive air shower experiment array to study the cosmic ray primary composition and the hadronic interactions in the energy range of 1016 -- 1018 eV , measuring simultaneously the electronic , muonic and hadronic components .   KASCADE-Grande is a further extension of the previous project by reassembling 37 detectors of the former EAS-TOP experiment running between 1987 and 2000 at Campo Imperatore , Gran Sasso Laboratories , Italy .   The experiment uses a CORSIKA simulation program .   Co-located with KASCADE-Grande is the LOPES experiment . LOPES consists of radio antennas and measures the radio emission of extensive air showers .   KASCADE ( including all extensions ) stopped operation in 2013 , but a part of the detectors is still used in other experiments for cosmic-ray air showers , e.g. , LOFAR or Tunka .

negative: Albrecht effect The Albrecht effect describes how cloud condensation nuclei ( CCN ) , possibly from anthropogenic pollution , may increase cloud lifetime and hence increase the amount of solar radiation reflected from clouds . Because it does not directly interact with incoming or outgoing radiation , it has an indirect effect on climate .   Aerosol particles act as CCNs creating more droplets of a smaller size . These take more time to coalesce to raindrop size ( > 100μm ) , reducing precipitation efficiency and hence increasing the lifetime of the cloud . The increased scattering of incoming radiation leads to a cooling of -0.3 to -1.4 Wm − 2 . This effect is not as well understood as the Twomey effect .   There are many other effects , indirect and semi-direct aerosol effects resulting in a large uncertainty in the radiative forcing due to aerosols .

negative: Akeno Giant Air Shower Array The Akeno Giant Air Shower Array ( AGASA ) is a very large surface array designed to study the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays . It covers an area of 100 km2 and consists of 111 surface detectors and 27 muon detectors . Array experiments such as this one are used to detect air shower particles .   The array is operated by the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research , University of Tokyo at the Akeno Observatory .

negative: Climatic Research Unit documents Climatic Research Unit documents including thousands of e-mails and other computer files were stolen from a server at the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia in a hacking incident in November 2009 . The documents were redistributed first through several blogs of global warming skeptics , and allegations were made that they indicated misconduct by leading climate scientists . A series of investigations rejected these allegations , while concluding that CRU scientists should have been more open with distributing data and methods on request . Precisely six committees investigated the allegations and published reports , finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct . The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged by the end of the investigations .   The incident occurred shortly before the opening December 2009 Copenhagen global climate summit . It has prompted general discussion about increasing the openness of scientific data ( though the majority of climate data have always been freely available ) . Scientists , scientific organisations , and government officials have stated that the incident does not affect the overall scientific case for climate change . Andrew Revkin reported in the New York Times that `` The evidence pointing to a growing human contribution to global warming is so widely accepted that the hacked material is unlikely to erode the overall argument . ''

negative: Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric electricity is the study of electrical charges in the Earth 's atmosphere ( or that of another planet ) . The movement of charge between the Earth 's surface , the atmosphere , and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit . Atmospheric electricity is an interdisciplinary topic , involving concepts from electrostatics , atmospheric physics , meteorology and Earth science .   Thunderstorms act as a giant battery in the atmosphere , charging up the ionosphere to about 400,000 volts with respect to the surface . This sets up an electric field throughout the atmosphere , which decreases with increase in altitude . Atmospheric ions created by cosmic rays and natural radioactivity move in the electric field , so a very small current flows through the atmosphere , even away from thunderstorms . Near the surface of the earth , the magnitude of the field is around 100 V/m .   Atmospheric electricity involves both thunderstorms , which create lightning bolts to rapidly discharge huge amounts of atmospheric charge stored in storm clouds , and the continual electrification of the air due to ionization from cosmic rays and natural radioactivity , which ensure that the atmosphere is never quite neutral .


query: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

positive: SeaLifeBase SeaLifeBase is a global online database of information about marine life . It aims to provide key information on the taxonomy , distribution and ecology of all marine species in the world apart from finfish . SeaLifeBase is in partnership with the WorldFish Center in Malaysia and the UBC Fisheries Centre at the University of British Columbia . Daniel Pauly is the principal investigator and it is coordinated by Maria Lourdes D. Palomares . , it included descriptions of 74,000 species , 47,700 common names , 12,400 pictures , and references to 31,700 works in the scientific literature . SeaLifeBase complements FishBase , which provides parallel information for finfish .

positive: Cross-validation (statistics) Cross-validation , sometimes called rotation estimation , is a model validation technique for assessing how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set . It is mainly used in settings where the goal is prediction , and one wants to estimate how accurately a predictive model will perform in practice . In a prediction problem , a model is usually given a dataset of known data on which training is run ( training dataset ) , and a dataset of unknown data ( or first seen data ) against which the model is tested ( testing dataset ) . The goal of cross validation is to define a dataset to `` test '' the model in the training phase ( i.e. , the validation dataset ) , in order to limit problems like overfitting , give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset ( i.e. , an unknown dataset , for instance from a real problem ) , etc. .   One round of cross-validation involves partitioning a sample of data into complementary subsets , performing the analysis on one subset ( called the training set ) , and validating the analysis on the other subset ( called the validation set or testing set ) . To reduce variability , multiple rounds of cross-validation are performed using different partitions , and the validation results are averaged over the rounds .   One of the main reasons for using cross-validation instead of using the conventional validation ( e.g. partitioning the data set into two sets of 70 % for training and 30 % for test ) is that there is not enough data available to partition it into separate training and test sets without losing significant modelling or testing capability . In these cases , a fair way to properly estimate model prediction performance is to use cross-validation as a powerful general technique .   In summary , cross-validation combines ( averages ) measures of fit ( prediction error ) to derive a more accurate estimate of model prediction performance .

positive: They They is the third-person plural personal pronoun ( subjective case ) in Modern English . It can also be used with singular meaning , particularly in informal contexts , sometimes to avoid specifying the gender of the person referred to .

positive: ZFS ZFS is a combined file system and logical volume manager designed by Sun Microsystems . The features of ZFS include protection against data corruption , support for high storage capacities , efficient data compression , integration of the concepts of filesystem and volume management , snapshots and copy-on-write clones , continuous integrity checking and automatic repair , RAID-Z and native NFSv4 ACLs .   The ZFS name is registered as a trademark of Oracle Corporation ; although it was briefly given the retrofitted expanded name `` Zettabyte File System '' , it is no longer considered an initialism .  Originally , ZFS was proprietary , closed-source software developed internally by Sun as part of Solaris , with a team led by the CTO of Sun 's storage business unit and Sun Fellow , Jeff Bonwick .  In 2005 , the bulk of Solaris , including ZFS , was licensed as open-source software under the Common Development and Distribution License ( CDDL ) , as the OpenSolaris project . ZFS became a standard feature of Solaris 10 in June 2006 .   In 2010 , Oracle stopped the releasing of source code for new OpenSolaris and ZFS development , effectively forking their closed-source development from the open-source branch . In response , OpenZFS was created as a new open-source development umbrella project , aiming at bringing together individuals and companies that use the ZFS filesystem in an open-source manner .

negative: The Gospel According to Larry The Gospel According to Larry is a `` coming of age '' political , romantic teen novel by Janet Tashjian that explores anti-consumerism . The introduction of the book is written from a point of view that makes it seem as though Josh Swensen is real and Janet Tashjian is simply the one who edited and published it . This quality gives the book a non-fiction feel .

negative: Discount points Discount points , also called mortgage points or simply points , are a form of pre-paid interest available in the United States when arranging a mortgage . One point equals one percent of the loan amount . By charging a borrower points , a lender effectively increases the yield on the loan above the amount of the stated interest rate . Borrowers can offer to pay a lender points as a method to reduce the interest rate on the loan , thus obtaining a lower monthly payment in exchange for this up-front payment . For each point purchased , the loan rate is typically reduced by anywhere from 1/8 % ( 0.125 % ) to 1/4 % ( 0.25 % ) .   Selling the property or refinancing prior to this break-even point will result in a net financial loss for the buyer while keeping the loan for longer than this break-even point will result in a net financial savings for the buyer . The longer you keep the property financed under the loan with purchased points , the more the money spent on the points will pay off . Accordingly , if the intention is to buy and sell the property or refinance in a rapid fashion , paying points is actually going to end up costing more than just paying the loan at the higher interest rate .   Points may also be purchased to reduce the monthly payment for the purpose of qualifying for a loan . Loan qualification based on monthly income versus the monthly loan payment may sometimes only be achievable by reducing the monthly payment through the purchasing of points to buy down the interest rate , thereby reducing the monthly loan payment .   Discount points may be different from origination fee , mortgage arrangement fee or broker fee . Discount points are always used to buy down the interest rates , while origination fees sometimes are fees the lender charges for the loan or sometimes just another name for buying down the interest rate . Origination fee and discount points are both items listed under lender-charges on the HUD-1 Settlement Statement .   The difference in savings over the life of the loan can make paying points a benefit to the borrower . If you intend to stay in your home for an extended period of time , it may be worthwhile to pay additional points in order to obtain a lower interest rate . Any significant changes in fees should be re-disclosed in the final good faith estimate ( GFE ) .   Also directly related to points is the concept of the ` no closing cost loan ' , in which the consumer accepts a higher interest rate in return for the lender paying the loan 's closing costs up front . In some cases purchaser can negotiate with the seller to get them to pay seller 's points which can to pay mortgage points .

negative: Eyes of Fate Eyes of Fate is a 1933 British sports fantasy film directed by Ivar Campbell and starring Allan Jeayes , Valerie Hobson and Terence De Marney . It is a quota quickie , made at Shepperton Studios . It is also known by the alternative title of All the Winners .   A bookmaker seems to have struck it lucky when he comes across a newspaper containing the next day 's horse racing results , but the paper also contains some more unsettling news .

negative: Interest Project An Interest Project was an earned award for the Cadette and Senior levels of Girl Scouts of the USA . In the Fall of 2011 , a new program was introduced and Interest Projects were retired .  They were earned through completing skill-building activities and certain requirements . Each Interest Project comes as a patch or badge and each represent an achievement in a different area such as camping or first aid . The badges are sewn onto the bottom left and right sections of the vest and the lower half of the sash uniform parts .

negative: Lonnie Brooks Lonnie Brooks ( born Lee Baker Jr. , December 18 , 1933 -- April 1 , 2017 ) was an American blues singer and guitarist . The musicologist Robert Palmer , writing in Rolling Stone , stated , `` His music is witty , soulful and ferociously energetic , brimming with novel harmonic turnarounds , committed vocals and simply astonishing guitar work . '' Jon Pareles , a music critic for the New York Times , wrote , `` He sings in a rowdy baritone , sliding and rasping in songs that celebrate lust , fulfilled and unfulfilled ; his guitar solos are pointed and unhurried , with a tone that slices cleanly across the beat . Wearing a cowboy hat , he looks like the embodiment of a good-time bluesman . '' Howard Reich , a music critic for the Chicago Tribune , wrote , '' ... the music that thundered from Brooks ' instrument and voice ... shook the room . His sound was so huge and delivery so ferocious as to make everything alongside him seem a little smaller . ''

negative: Rule of 72 In finance , the rule of 72 , the rule of 70 and the rule of 69.3 are methods for estimating an investment 's doubling time . The rule number ( e.g. , 72 ) is divided by the interest percentage per period to obtain the approximate number of periods ( usually years ) required for doubling . Although scientific calculators and spreadsheet programs have functions to find the accurate doubling time , the rules are useful for mental calculations and when only a basic calculator is available .   These rules apply to exponential growth and are therefore used for compound interest as opposed to simple interest calculations . They can also be used for decay to obtain a halving time . The choice of number is mostly a matter of preference : 69 is more accurate for continuous compounding , while 72 works well in common interest situations and is more easily divisible .  There are a number of variations to the rules that improve accuracy . For periodic compounding , the exact doubling time for an interest rate of r percent per period is  ,  where t is the number of periods required . The formula above can be used for more than calculating the doubling time . If one wants to know the tripling time , for example , simply replace the constant 2 in the numerator with 3 . As another example , if one wants to know the number of periods it takes for the initial value to rise by 50 % , replace the constant 2 with 1.5 .

negative: CU-SeeMe CU-SeeMe ( also written as CUseeMe or CUSeeMe depending on the source ) is an Internet videoconferencing client . CU-SeeMe can make point to point video calls without a server or make multi-point calls through server software first called a `` reflector '' and later called a `` conference server '' or Multipoint Control Unit ( MCU ) . Later commercial versions of CU-SeeMe could also make point-to-point or multi-point calls to other vendor 's standards-based H. 323 endpoints and servers .

negative: Ghost deer The ghost deer is supposedly an animal , or cryptid , that lives in the canyons of Mount Eddy in northern California .   According to legend , when shot at , bullets will fly right through the deer , or miss it . The `` animal '' also seems to appear and disappear with no traces of it . Attempts have been made to track its prints , only to find that they simply `` end '' at one point .

negative: Crepuscular rays Crepuscular rays -LSB- krɪ-ˈpʌskjᵿlər -RSB- ( also known as sunbeams , sun rays , angel lights or God rays ) , in atmospheric optics , are rays of sunlight that appear to radiate from the point in the sky where the sun is located . These rays , which stream through gaps in clouds ( particularly stratocumulus ) or between other objects , are columns of sunlit air separated by darker cloud-shadowed regions . Despite seeming to converge at a point , the rays are in fact near-parallel shafts of sunlight , and their apparent convergence is a perspective effect ( similar , for example , to the way that parallel railway lines seem to converge at a point in the distance ) .   The name comes from their frequent occurrences during twilight hours ( those around dawn and dusk ) , when the contrasts between light and dark are the most obvious . Crepuscular comes from the Latin word `` crepusculum '' , meaning twilight .

negative: Making Connections Survey The Making Connections Survey ( MCS ) is a neighborhood-based , longitudinal and cross-sectional survey funded by the Annie E. Casey Foundation ( AECF ) . It serves as an evaluation of a larger AECF-supported initiative and was designed to collect data measuring how neighborhood change affects the well-being of children . The Making Connections Survey was conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago between 2002 and 2011 with residents in ten low-income communities across the United States . The final survey dataset includes responses from roughly 28,000 interviews at three points in time .

negative: Sandy Point, Bahamas Sandy Point is a fast growing community at the tip of southwest Abaco Bahamas . The first indication of its growth is the `` Sandy Point Airport '' which you 'll see on your arrival by land or private plane . As of yet it is not part of any regular scheduled carrier . Seems others feel this areas potential as there are 3-4 major new developments from planned to completed , which you 'll pass in route from Marsh Harbour . There is a brand new police station . The annual `` Homecoming and Conch Fest '' is this towns major happening . It 's held around Bahamian Labour Day the first Friday in June . You can call it an Abaco event , as folks come from all over the island even as far as Coopers Town ( 100 miles away ) .   In Sandy Point , is a small settlement with a few shops a couple churches and a couple bonefish lodges . It seems however all streets wind up at a restaurant and bar called Nancy 's . It 's a friendly fun joint . You 'll often see a group of young men and women on the porch having lunch or dinner whom work for Disney .   In the 1990s , Disney bought Gorda Cay , renamed it Castaway Island and made it their pit stop `` Island in the Sun '' for their cruise ships folks . Most of its employees live in Sandy Point . There is no public access for tourists from shore . Also off shore and a little more to the north , lies the Abaco island that some say time forgot , Moore 's Island . It has two settlements `` Hard Bargain '' and `` The Bight '' .   Lastly , Hole-in-the-Wall , which is the site of Abaco 's other light house , may seem nearby but should be a trip unto itself and only in a 4-wheel vehicle when coming from Marsh Harbour .

negative: We All Want the Same Things We All Want the Same Things is the third studio album by Craig Finn . It was released on Partisan Records on March 24 , 2017 .   The title comes from a line in the song `` God in Chicago '' . Craig Finn said , `` It seems like a bit of dark humor in these turbulent political times , but it also rings true : No matter our differences , we all have some very basic wants and needs that line up with each other . ''

negative: Point Au Fer Reef Light The Point Au Fer Reef Light was a lighthouse built in 1916 on Eugene Island in Atchafalaya Bay , Louisiana to mark a new channel across Point Au Feu Reef . It replaced Southwest Reef Light as the entrance light for the Atchafalaya River . The light was deactivated and replaced by a skeleton tower in 1975 . The Coast Guard then offered it to the South Lafourche Cultural and Historical Society , which declined , so the Coast Guard burned it down .

negative: Elevator pitch An elevator pitch , elevator speech or elevator statement is a short sales pitch , that is , a summary used to quickly and simply define a process , product , service , organization , or event and its value proposition .   The name ` elevator pitch ' reflects the idea that it should be possible to deliver the summary in the time span of an elevator ride , or approximately thirty seconds to two minutes and is widely credited to Ilene Rosenzweig and Michael Caruso ( while he was editor for Vanity Fair ) for its origin .   The term itself comes from a scenario of an accidental meeting with someone important in the elevator . If the conversation inside the elevator in those few seconds is interesting and value adding , the conversation will either continue after the elevator ride , or end in exchange of business cards or a scheduled meeting .  A variety of people , including project managers , salespeople , evangelists , and policy-makers , commonly rehearse and use elevator pitches to get their points across quickly .

negative: Coming Up (TV series) Coming Up is a British Channel 4 television series of films made for television by new directors and writers .   The first series was in 2006 , and each year 's series comprises seven or eight films . Series 6 was shown from July to September 2011 . A reviewer in The Independent wrote : `` Thank goodness for Coming Up ... it 's a genuinely interesting display of possibilities '' .

negative: Colobraro Colobraro is a town and comune in the province of Matera , in the southern Italian region of Basilicata . The town is positioned on a high hill dominating the valley of river Sinni near the town of Valsinni .   The hamlet is known as the `` village without name '' : its name is considered bringer of bad luck in the towns around , where Colobraro is usually mentioned in the local dialects simply as chillu paese , cudd ' puaise or chill ' pais , all simply meaning `` that village '' .  This notoriety , which has in recent years spread all over Italy , began during the first decades of the 20th century and seems to have been sparked by a story concerning a famous lawyer from the town , Biagio Virgilio , who one day in court to stress a point exclaimed : `` If what I say is false , may this chandelier come down '' . Alas , the chandelier did come down , and Virgilio became synonymous with bad omens , giving birth to the hex upon the town .

negative: Semble Semble is an Norman French word meaning `` it seems or appears to be '' or , more simply , `` it seems '' .

negative: Appalachian String Band Music Festival The Appalachian String Band Music Festival ( often referred to simply as `` Clifftop '' ) is a weeklong gathering of thousands of string band musicians and their friends from across the country and around the world , who each year since 1990 have assembled near the New River Gorge in West Virginia in late July/early August to celebrate the evolving tradition of old-time music and the community of people who keep it thriving by preserving and contributing to that tradition .

negative: European Geoparks Network The European Geoparks Network , also known as the EGN , is a trans-national partnership of Geoparks across Europe formed in 2000 to provide mutual support to established and prospective Geoparks across the continent . The Madonie Agreement of 2004 provided that all Geoparks recognised by the EGN were also to be members of the UNESCO Global Network of National Geoparks , sometimes referred to as the GGN .   The EGN was established in 2000 with just four member Geoparks . It has grown to the point that by November 2014 there were 64 Geoparks in 22 countries across Europe . Member Geoparks of the EGN aim to achieve sustainable economic growth in their designated areas by making the most of their cultural , geological and wider natural heritage not least through developing geo-tourism .   Members of the Network meet at different Geopark venues twice a year to debate matters of common interest , to elect new member Geoparks and to revalidate existing members . At the start of each summer , the EGN also promotes ` European Geoparks Week ' - a celebration of Geoparks across Europe which , in individual Geoparks , may be manifest as ~ Geopark Fortnight or ~ Festival .

negative: Hanover Finance Hanover Finance was a New Zealand non-bank finance company that focused on lending for high-risk property development that failed in 2010 under the leadership of Mark Hotchin . At the time of its failure it was the largest finance company in New Zealand . The Hanover Group also had interests in property and was responsible for developing Matarangi Beach Estates and golf course , and acquired completed lots at the Jacks Point property sub-division in Queenstown . The Group also had property and finance interests in Australia .

negative: America/Bahia America/Bahia is a time zone identifier from zone file of the IANA time zone database . The data is as follows :     America/Bahia    The reference point is Salvador , Bahia also simply called Bahia .

negative: Rainbow Road (novel) Rainbow Road is the third in a trilogy by Alex Sánchez ; the first two books are Rainbow Boys and Rainbow High respectively . The three main characters Nelson , Kyle , and Jason , are on a road trip told from the point of view from each one of them the summer after they graduate from high school . It is the last time they will see each other before going off to college . They travel across the country so Jason can speak at a high school about coming out to his town and team on TV . They find a lot on the way , from a transgender Britney Spears look-alike to a gay seven-year-old named Esau .

negative: Suicaine Gratifaction Suicaine Gratifaction is the third solo album from former The Replacements leader Paul Westerberg .   Co-producer Don Was had admired Westerberg for years . He used Westerberg 's solo debut , 14 Songs , as daily inspiration while producing the Rolling Stones ' Voodoo Lounge . Westerberg once claimed that he had originally been interested in working with Quincy Jones .   Regarding the album 's strange title , Westerberg said , `` I do n't want to think about it too deeply other than the fact that it seems wrong , and therefore it 's attractive to me . ''   The piano solo in the middle of `` Born for Me '' is the subject of a chapter within Nick Hornby 's Songbook , where its simply played , undemonstrative character , of a piece with the song as a whole , is contrasted with virtuosic solos that use the underlying song as a jumping-off point to some unrelated destination .

negative: List of points of interest in Albuquerque, New Mexico The following is a list of points of interest in Albuquerque , New Mexico for which there are articles in English Wikipedia :

negative: Real Life with Jane Pauley Real Life with Jane Pauley was a newsmagazine television program aired in the United States by NBC from 1990 to 1991 . Real Life with Jane Pauley seemed to be presented as an answer to both critics and members of the general public to the frequently-repeated viewpoint that `` television news never seems to show anything positive '' . Real Life focused on positive , human interest-type stories and occasional celebrity profiles . Jane Pauley also presented less uplifting but still-lightweight features as well , such as a feature focusing on how less than 20 % of the people who owned VCRs at the time actually knew how to program them . Boyd Matson was also featured as a correspondent ; his reports featured stories on out of the way places .   Real Life with Jane Pauley began as an hour-long program aired on Tuesday nights in the summer of 1990 . It was put on hiatus in September of that year , returning in January 1991 as a mid-season replacement . At this time it was reduced to a half hour , the length it was to remain throughout the balance of its run . The last broadcast was on November 1 , 1991 .   Although the series was one of over a dozen attempts by NBC to launch a newsmagazine , Pauley and the network prevailed in 1992 with Dateline NBC .

negative: Astroid An astroid is a particular mathematical curve : a hypocycloid with four cusps . Specifically , it is the locus of a point on a circle as it rolls inside a fixed circle with four times the radius . By double generation , it is also the locus of a point on a circle as it rolls inside a fixed circle with 4/3 times the radius . It can also be defined as the envelope of a line segment with an end point on each of the axes . It is therefore the envelope of the moving bar in the Trammel of Archimedes .   Its modern name comes from the Greek word for `` star '' . It was proposed , originally in the form of `` Astrois '' , by Joseph Johann von Littrow in 1838 . The curve had a variety of names , including tetracuspid ( still used ) , cubocycloid , and paracycle . It is nearly identical in form to the evolute of an ellipse .

negative: Algiers Point Algiers Point is a location on the Lower Mississippi River in New Orleans , Louisiana . In river pilotage , Algiers Point is simply one of the many points of land around which the river flows -- albeit a significant one . Since the 1970s , the name Algiers Point has also referred to the neighborhood in the immediate vicinity of that point .

negative: 1/100 Regularity Rally The 1/100 regularity rally is a typically European format of regularity rally often for classic cars . As with other regularity rallies , the aim is not to be the fastest but rather to stay on the prescribed time across all timed checkpoints . Accordingly , 1/100 regularity rallies carry a negligible risk of damage to the vehicles and participants .   1/100 regularity rallies are generally conducted on open , public roads alongside regular traffic , without the contestants knowing the route in advance . Teams usually take off at fixed intervals , creating a field that is spread along the course . The route is described in a roadbook sign by sign , to be deciphered by the navigator . In addition to having to adhere to the prescribed arrival times to the timed checkpoints , the route is also sprinkled with 1/100 challenges - where the denomination of the rally comes from .   1/100 challenges are special tasks between ordinary stages of the rally , timed to the accuracy of 1/100 second ( 0.01 s ) . The roadbook will usually include a chart with the layout for each challenge with their prescribed completion times , and competitors would receive penalty points for every 0.01 s too early or too late across the finish line .

negative: Benjamin Flounders Benjamin Flounders ( 17 June 1768 -- 19 April 1846 ) was a prominent English Quaker with business interests in key new industries and developments at the time of the Mid-Industrial Revolution , such as The Stockton and Darlington Railway ( of which he was a founding Director ) and new canals in his native North-East England ; he operated his own family businesses very successfully with large interests in timber for shipbuilding ( at the time of the War with France ) , also owning two linen mills and large estates in places as diverse as Egham , Surrey and Glasgow . He was it seems , for all of his life , a hard working , astute and forward thinking man of independent means . He was born at Crathorne in 1768 , and educated at Ackworth School , Leeds .

negative: Les Champs magnétiques Les Champs magnétiques ( The Magnetic Fields ) is a book by André Breton and Philippe Soupault . It is famed as the first work of literary Surrealism . Published in 1920 , the authors used a surrealist automatic writing technique .   The book is considered Surrealist , rather than Dadaist , because it attempts to create something new rather than react to an existing work .   Les Champs magnetiques is characterised by rich textured language that often seems to border on the nonsensical . This is considered a `` normal '' result of automatic writing and is considerably more logical than the output from other Surrealist techniques , such as `` exquisite corpse '' ( a method whereby each of a group of collaborators , in sequence , adds words or images to a composition ) .   A typical paragraph in ( an English-language version of ) Les Champs magnetiques is :   It was the end of sorrow lies . The rail stations were dead , flowing like bees stung from honeysuckle . The people hung back and watched the ocean , animals flew in and out of focus . The time had come . Yet king dogs never grow old -- they stay young and fit , and someday they might come to the beach and have a few drinks , a few laughs , and get on with it . But not now . The time had come ; we all knew it . But who would go first ?   The division between chapters was the point where the writers stopped writing at the end of the day . The next chapter was started the following morning .   Breton gave many interviews about the creation of the book .

negative: Glan Pibwr Stream Section Glan Pibwr Stream Section is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in Carmarthen & Dinefwr , Wales . Datasets for various species associated with this area , under a variety of designations , are available .

negative: New Altstadt Church The New Altstadt Church ( Neue Altstädtische Kirche ) , also known simply as Altstadt Church , was a Protestant church in the Altstadt quarter of Königsberg , Germany . It was built as a replacement for the dismantled medieval Altstadt Church .