query: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

positive: Reinforcement In behavioral psychology , reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism 's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus . This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher frequency of behavior ( e.g. , pulling a lever more frequently ) , longer duration ( e.g. , pulling a lever for longer periods of time ) , greater magnitude ( e.g. , pulling a lever with greater force ) , or shorter latency ( e.g. , pulling a lever more quickly following the antecedent stimulus ) .   Rewarding stimuli , which are associated with `` wanting '' and `` liking '' ( desire and pleasure , respectively ) and appetitive behavior , function as positive reinforcers ; the converse statement is also true : positive reinforcers provide a desirable stimulus . Reinforcement does not require an individual to consciously perceive an effect elicited by the stimulus . Thus , reinforcement occurs only if there is an observable strengthening in behavior . However , there is also negative reinforcement , which is characterized by taking away an undesirable stimulus . An ibuprofen is a negative reinforcer because it takes away pain .   In most cases , the term `` reinforcement '' refers to an enhancement of behavior , but this term is also sometimes used to denote an enhancement of memory ; for example , `` post-training reinforcement '' refers to the provision of a stimulus ( such as food ) after a learning session in an attempt to increase the retained breadth , detail , and duration of the individual memories or overall memory just formed . The memory-enhancing stimulus can also be one whose effects are directly rather than only indirectly emotional , as with the phenomenon of `` flashbulb memory , '' in which an emotionally highly intense stimulus can incentivize memory of a set of a situation 's circumstances well beyond the subset of those circumstances that caused the emotionally significant stimulus , as when people of appropriate age are able to remember where they were and what they were doing when they learned of the assassination of John F. Kennedy or of the September 11 , 2001 , terrorist attacks .   Reinforcement is an important part of operant or instrumental conditioning .

positive: Climate change feedback Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing , and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state . Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity , and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first . Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it .   The term `` forcing '' means a change which may `` push '' the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling . An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases . By definition , forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal ; in essence , feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system . Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system ; others may be tightly coupled ; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes . Forcings , feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes . The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere , which in turn leads to further warming . The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan -- Boltzmann law , the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth 's surface and atmosphere .   Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks , which contribute directly to further global warming . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's ( IPCC ) Fourth Assessment Report states that `` Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible , depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change . ''

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Perceptual control theory Perceptual control theory ( PCT ) is a model of behavior based on the principles of negative feedback , but differing in important respects from engineering control theory . Results of PCT experiments have demonstrated that an organism controls neither its own behavior , nor external environmental variables , but rather its own perceptions of those variables . Actions are not controlled , they are varied so as to cancel the effects that unpredictable environmental disturbances would otherwise have on controlled perceptions . According to the standard catch-phrase of the field , `` behavior is the control of perception . '' PCT demonstrates circular causation in a negative feedback loop closed through the environment . This fundamentally contradicts the classical notion of linear causation of behavior by stimuli , in which environmental stimuli are thought to cause behavioral responses , mediated ( according to cognitive psychology ) by intervening cognitive processes .   Numerous computer simulations of specific behavioral situations demonstrate its efficacy , with extremely high correlations to observational data ( 0.95 or better ) , which are vanishingly rare in the so-called ` soft ' sciences . While the adoption of PCT in the scientific community has not been widespread , it has been applied not only in experimental psychology and neuroscience , but also in sociology , linguistics , and a number of other fields , and has led to a method of psychotherapy called the method of levels .

negative: Regime shift In ecology , regime shifts are large , abrupt , persistent changes in the structure and function of a system . A regime is a characteristic behaviour of a system which is maintained by mutually reinforced processes or feedbacks . Regimes are considered persistent relative to the time period over which the shift occurs . The change of regimes , or the shift , usually occurs when a smooth change in an internal process ( feedback ) or a single disturbance ( external shocks ) triggers a completely different system behavior . Although such non-linear changes have been widely studied in different disciplines ranging from atoms to climate dynamics , regime shifts have gained importance in ecology because they can substantially affect the flow of ecosystem services that societies rely upon , such as provision of food , clean water or climate regulation . Moreover , regime shift occurrence is expected to increase as human influence on the planet increases -- the Anthropocene -- including current trends on human induced climate change and biodiversity loss .

negative: Sensitivity (control systems) The controller parameters are typically matched to the process characteristics and since the process may change , it is important that the controller parameters are chosen in such a way that the closed loop system is not sensitive to variations in process dynamics . One way to characterize sensitivity is through the nominal sensitivity peak :   where and denote the plant and controller 's transfer function in a basic closed loop control System , using unity negative feedback .   The sensitivity function , which appears in the above formula also describes the transfer function from external disturbance to process output . Hence , lower values of suggest further attenuation of the external disturbance . The sensitivity function tells us how the disturbances are influenced by feedback . Disturbances with frequencies such that is less than one are reduced by an amount equal to the distance to the critical point and disturbances with frequencies such that is larger than one are amplified by the feedback .   It is important that the largest value of the sensitivity function be limited for a control system and it is common to require that the maximum value of the sensitivity function , , be in a range of 1.3 to 2 .

negative: Negative-feedback amplifier A negative-feedback amplifier ( or feedback amplifier ) is an electronic amplifier that subtracts a fraction of its output from its input , so that negative feedback opposes the original signal . The applied negative feedback improves performance ( gain stability , linearity , frequency response , step response ) and reduces sensitivity to parameter variations due to manufacturing or environment . Because of these advantages , many amplifiers and control systems use negative feedback .   An idealized negative-feedback amplifier as shown in the diagram is a system of three elements ( see Figure 1 ) :  an amplifier with gain AOL ,  a feedback network β , which senses the output signal and possibly transforms it in some way ( for example by attenuating or filtering it ) ,  a summing circuit that acts as a subtractor ( the circle in the figure ) , which combines the input and the transformed output .

negative: Climate system Earth's climate arises from the interaction of five major climate system components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things). Climate is the average weather, typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes in the climate system, such as ocean currents and wind patterns. Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans is primarily driven by solar radiation and transports heat from the tropical regions to regions that receive less energy from the Sun. The water cycle also moves energy throughout the climate system. In addition, different chemical elements, necessary for life, are constantly recycled between the different components. The climate system can change due to internal variability and external forcings. These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans. Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming. Human activity also releases cooling aerosols, but their net effect is far less than that of greenhouse gases. Changes can be amplified by feedback processes in the different climate system components.

negative: Shortwave radiation Shortwave radiation ( SW ) is radiant energy with wavelengths in the visible ( VIS ) , near-ultraviolet ( UV ) , and near-infrared ( NIR ) spectra .   There is no standard cut-off for the near-infrared range ; therefore , the shortwave radiation range is also variously defined . It may be broadly defined to include all radiation with a wavelength between 0.1 μm and 5.0 μm or narrowly defined so as to include only radiation between 0.2 μm and 3.0 μm .   There is little radiation flux ( in terms of W/m ² ) to the Earth 's surface below 0.2 μm or above 3.0 μm , although photon flux remains significant as far as 6.0 μm , compared to shorter wavelength fluxes . UV-C radiation spans from 0.1 μm to .28 μm , UV-B from 0.28 μm to 0.315 μm , UV-A from 0.315 μm to 0.4 μm , the visible spectrum from 0.4 μm to 0.7 μm , and NIR arguably from 0.7 μm to 5.0 μm , beyond which the infrared is thermal .   Shortwave radiation is distinguished from longwave radiation . Downward shortwave radiation is sensitive to solar zenith angle , cloud cover and surface albedo .

negative: Microscale meteorology Microscale meteorology is the study of short-lived atmospheric phenomena smaller than mesoscale , about 1 km or less . These two branches of meteorology are sometimes grouped together as `` mesoscale and microscale meteorology '' ( MMM ) and together study all phenomena smaller than synoptic scale ; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a weather map . These include small and generally fleeting cloud `` puffs '' and other small cloud features .  Microscale meteorology controls the most important mixing and dilution processes in the atmosphere . Important topics in microscale meteorology include heat transfer and gas exchange between soil , vegetation , and/or surface water and the atmosphere caused by near-ground turbulence . Measuring these transport processes involves use of micrometeorological ( or flux ) towers . Variables often measured or derived include net radiation , sensible heat flux , latent heat flux , ground heat storage , and fluxes of trace gases important to the atmosphere , biosphere , and hydrosphere .

negative: Journal of Hydrometeorology The Journal of Hydrometeorology is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society . It covers the modeling , observing , and forecasting of processes related to water and energy fluxes and storage terms , including interactions with the boundary layer and lower atmosphere , and including processes related to precipitation , radiation , and other meteorological inputs .

negative: Self-justification Self-justification describes how , when a person encounters cognitive dissonance , or a situation in which a person 's behavior is inconsistent with their beliefs , that person tends to justify the behavior and deny any negative feedback associated with the behavior .

negative: Radiation pressure Radiation pressure is the pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation . Radiation pressure implies an interaction between electromagnetic radiation and bodies of various types , including clouds of particles or gases . The interactions can be absorption , reflection , or some of both ( the common case ) . Bodies also emit radiation and thereby experience a resulting pressure .   The forces generated by radiation pressure are generally too small to be detected under everyday circumstances ; however , they do play a crucial role in some settings , such as astronomy and astrodynamics . For example , had the effects of the sun 's radiation pressure on the spacecraft of the Viking program been ignored , the spacecraft would have missed Mars orbit by about 15,000 kilometers .   This article addresses the macroscopic aspects of radiation pressure . Detailed quantum mechanical aspects of interactions are addressed in specialized articles on the subject . The details of how photons of various wavelengths interact with atoms can be explored through links in the See also section .

negative: Luminous flux In photometry , luminous flux or luminous power is the measure of the perceived power of light . It differs from radiant flux , the measure of the total power of electromagnetic radiation ( including infrared , ultraviolet , and visible light ) , in that luminous flux is adjusted to reflect the varying sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light .

negative: Negativity Negativity may refer to :   Negativity ( quantum mechanics ) , a measure of quantum entanglement in quantum mechanics  Negative charge of electricity  Electronegativity , a chemical property pertaining to the ability to attract electrons  Positivity/negativity ratio , in behavioral feedback  Negativity effect , a psychological bias

negative: Robert D. Cess Robert D. Cess is professor emeritus of atmospheric sciences at Stony Brook University . He earned his bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from Oregon State University and his master 's degree from Purdue University in Indiana in 1956 . Cess received a Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1959 . He is a recognized leader in the fields of climate change and atmospheric radiation transfer . His research interest involve modeling of climate feedbacks that can either amplify or diminish global climate change , and interpreting surface and satellite remote sensing data .   He has been a part of studies which have found problems with the ability of model the transmission of shortwave radiation through a cloud-free atmosphere , and designed an experiment to test the accuracy of the models . They reported that they found agreement between the models and the observations of clear-sky shortwave radiation at the surface for the period studied , 1985 to 1988 . Cess was a lead author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and worked with the National Science Foundation on understanding greenhouse warming and its associated policy implications .

negative: Radiation flux Radiation flux is a measure of the amount of radiation received by an object from a given source . This can be any type of radiation , including electromagnetic , sound , and particles from a radioactive source .   Φ = is the radiation flux , L is the luminosity , or total power output of the source , and r is the distance from the radiation source . The units of radiation flux are W · m − 2 , or kg · s − 3 .   Radiation flux density is a related measure that takes into account the area the radiation flux passes through , and is defined as the flux divided by the area it passes through . The Radiation flux density is also known as Intensity where I =

negative: Wind-induced surface heat exchange The wind-induced surface heat exchange ( WISHE ) is a positive feedback mechanism between the ocean and atmosphere in which a stronger ocean-to-atmosphere heat flux results in a stronger atmospheric circulation , which results in a strong heat flux . It has been hypothesized that this is the mechanism by which low pressure areas in the tropics develop into tropical cyclones .

negative: Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility ( ARM Climate Research Facility ) is a United States Department of Energy scientific user facility for the study of global climate change by the national and international research community .   The ARM Climate Research Facility consists of global observation sites and research aircraft that measure radiative properties of the atmosphere , particularly cloud and aerosol formation processes . Continuous data from these sites , as well as supplemental data obtained through intensive field research campaigns , are available to scientists online through the ARM Data Archive . ARM is collaboratively managed by nine DOE national laboratories .

negative: Cryosphere The cryosphere ( from the Greek κρύος kryos , `` cold '' , `` frost '' or `` ice '' and σφαῖρα sphaira , `` globe , ball '' ) is those portions of Earth 's surface where water is in solid form , including sea ice , lake ice , river ice , snow cover , glaciers , ice caps , ice sheets , and frozen ground ( which includes permafrost ) . Thus , there is a wide overlap with the hydrosphere . The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedbacks generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes , clouds , precipitation , hydrology , atmospheric and oceanic circulation . Through these feedback processes , the cryosphere plays a significant role in the global climate and in climate model response to global changes . The term deglaciation describes the retreat of cryospheric features . Cryology is the study of cryospheres .

negative: Photographic hypersensitization Photographic hypersensitization refers to a set of processes that can be applied to photographic film or plates before exposing . One or more of these processes is often needed to make photographic materials work better in long exposures .   Most photographic materials are designed for snapshot exposure of much less than one second . In longer exposures , such as those used in astrophotography , many such materials lose sensitivity . This phenomenon is known as low-intensity reciprocity failure ( LIRF ) or the Schwarzschild effect . The reciprocal relationship between flux and exposure time for photographic film implies that at a given light flux , doubling the exposure time would double the photographic effect . This holds with exposures up to a second or so , but in general does not hold over exposure times of minutes or hours . Several hypersensitization or `` hypering '' techniques have been developed to overcome this failure of the reciprocity law , and what follows refers mainly to work in astronomy .

negative: Tipping points in the climate system A tipping point in the climate system is a threshold that, when exceeded, can lead to large changes in the state of the system. Potential tipping points have been identified in the physical climate system, in impacted ecosystems, and sometimes in both. For instance, feedback from the global carbon cycle is a driver for the transition between glacial and interglacial periods, with orbital forcing providing the initial trigger. Earth's geologic temperature record includes many more examples of geologically rapid transitions between different climate states.Climate tipping points are of particular interest in reference to concerns about global warming in the modern era. Possible tipping point behaviour has been identified for the global mean surface temperature by studying self-reinforcing feedbacks and the past behavior of Earth's climate system. Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.Large-scale components of the Earth system that may pass a tipping point have been referred to as tipping elements. Tipping elements are found in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, possibly causing tens of meters of sea level rise. These tipping points are not always abrupt. For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries. Some tipping elements, like the collapse of ecosystems, are irreversible.

negative: Tootling Tootling is a classroom-based intervention used to increase peer prosocial behaviors , particularly offering and receiving help , while decreasing negative and disruptive peer interactions . Tootling is like tattling but refers to the reporting of only positive , rather than inappropriate , social behaviors . The idea behind this concept is if young children can learn to tattle on inappropriate behavior , then they are capable of monitoring and reporting prosocial behavior . The objective of tootling is to get students to engage in more prosocial behaviors and to be aware and appreciative of these behaviors in others . Tootling is also helpful for teachers to foster awareness of positive behaviors and increase praise while downplaying a focus on negative behaviors and punishment . The word `` tootling '' is a combination of `` tattling '' ( monitoring and reporting classmates antisocial behavior ) and the expression `` tooting your own horn '' . Tootling differs from `` tattling '' because students report incidental instances of prosocial behavior , rather than negative . Tootling meets key criteria for classroom-based positive behavior support ( PBS ) and can be used in general and special education settings . In addition , tootling was considered a best practice strategy for special education instructors for providing an inclusive classroom   Tootling Process   The tootling process begins with a group training session to teach students how to appropriately report positive peer behaviors . Students are not allowed to report on their own behaviors . They are given clear examples of tootling and then asked to give their own examples . At this point , the teacher or trainer offers feedback and/or reinforcement . Students are then given index cards that will be taped to their desks and used to record tootles . A correct `` tootle '' states a ) the name of the `` helper '' b ) the name of the `` helpee '' c ) a description of the observed prosocial behavior . A group feedback chart is created , to count the cumulative number of tootles , and a group reward or reinforcer ( typically an activity ) is chosen .   At the beginning of each school day , the students are given an index card that is then taped to the desk . Students quietly record any observations of peers helping peers seen throughout the day . If a student fills an entire card , he/she can turn it in for a new card . At the end of the day , students hand in their cards . The teacher then counts the tootles , only counting helping behaviors , and fills in the feedback chart . If the same instance is recorded multiple times , they all count . The next day , the teacher announces the number of tootles recorded and may read some examples aloud and offer praise . Once the set number of tootles is reached , the class earns the group reward .   After the goal is met , this process can be repeated . Some alterations may be to make the tootle criteria more difficult or stringent or to choose a new group reward . It is encouraged to get suggestions from students for group rewards and to choose them randomly to ensure reinforcement for as many students as possible .

negative: Cloud forcing Cloud forcing ( sometimes described as cloud radiative forcing or cloud radiative effect ) is , in meteorology , the difference between the radiation budget components for average cloud conditions and cloud-free conditions . Much of the interest in cloud forcing relates to its role as a feedback process in the present period of global warming .

negative: Iris hypothesis The iris hypothesis is a hypothesis proposed by Richard Lindzen et al. in 2001 that suggested increased sea surface temperature in the tropics would result in reduced cirrus clouds and thus more infrared radiation leakage from Earth 's atmosphere . His study of observed changes in cloud coverage and modeled effects on infrared radiation released to space as a result supported the hypothesis . This suggested infrared radiation leakage was hypothesized to be a negative feedback in which an initial warming would result in an overall cooling of the surface . The consensus view is that increased sea surface temperature would result in increased cirrus clouds and reduced infrared radiation leakage and therefore a positive feedback .   Other scientists subsequently tested the hypothesis . Some concluded that there was no evidence supporting the hypothesis . Others found evidence suggesting that increased sea surface temperature in the tropics did indeed reduce cirrus clouds but found that the effect was nonetheless a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback that Lindzen had hypothesized . A later 2007 study conducted by Roy Spencer et al. using updated satellite data potentially supported the iris hypothesis . In 2011 , Lindzen published a rebuttal to the main criticisms . In 2015 a paper was published which again suggested the possibility of an `` Iris Effect '' . It also proposed what it called a `` plausible physical mechanism for an iris effect . ''

negative: Positive feedback Positive feedback is a process that occurs in a feedback loop in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation .  That is , A produces more of B which in turn produces more of A . In contrast , a system in which the results of a change act to reduce or counteract it has negative feedback . Both concepts play an important role in science and engineering , including biology , chemistry , and cybernetics .   Mathematically , positive feedback is defined as a positive loop gain around a closed loop of cause and effect .  That is , positive feedback is in phase with the input , in the sense that it adds to make the input larger .  Positive feedback tends to cause system instability . When the loop gain is positive and above 1 , there will typically be exponential growth , increasing oscillations , chaotic behavior or other divergences from equilibrium . System parameters will typically accelerate towards extreme values , which may damage or destroy the system , or may end with the system latched into a new stable state . Positive feedback may be controlled by signals in the system being filtered , damped , or limited , or it can be cancelled or reduced by adding negative feedback .   Positive feedback is used in digital electronics to force voltages away from intermediate voltages into ' 0 ' and ' 1 ' states . On the other hand , thermal runaway is a positive feedback that can destroy semiconductor junctions . Positive feedback in chemical reactions can increase the rate of reactions , and in some cases can lead to explosions . Positive feedback in mechanical design causes tipping-point , or ` over-centre ' , mechanisms to snap into position , for example in switches and locking pliers . Out of control , it can cause bridges to collapse . Positive feedback in economic systems can cause boom-then-bust cycles . A familiar example of positive feedback is the loud squealing or howling sound produced by audio feedback in public address systems : the microphone picks up sound from its own loudspeakers , amplifies it , and sends it through the speakers again .

negative: Solar minimum Solar minimum is the period of least solar activity in the 11 year solar cycle of the sun . During this time , sunspot and solar flare activity diminishes , and often does not occur for days at a time . The date of the minimum is described by a smoothed average over 12 months of sunspot activity , so identifying the date of the solar minimum usually can only happen 6 months after the minimum takes place . Solar minima are not generally correlated with changes in climate but recent studies have shown a correlation with regional weather patterns .   Solar minimum is contrasted with the solar maximum , where there may be hundreds of sunspots .

negative: Orbital forcing Orbital forcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth 's axis and shape of the orbit ( see Milankovitch cycles ) . These orbital changes change the total amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by up to 25 % at mid-latitudes ( from 400 to 500 Wm − 2 at latitudes of 60 degrees ) . In this context , the term `` forcing '' signifies a physical process that affects the Earth 's climate .   This mechanism is believed to be responsible for the timing of the ice age cycles . A strict application of the Milankovitch theory does not allow the prediction of a `` sudden '' ice age ( rapid being anything under a century or two ) , since the fastest orbital period is about 20,000 years . The timing of past glacial periods coincides very well with the predictions of the Milankovitch theory , and these effects can be calculated into the future .

negative: Climate variability Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. In the time since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities that are causing global warming and climate change.The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth's energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling. The energy moving through Earth's climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region's climate. Such changes can be the result of "internal variability", when natural processes inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate variability can also result from external forcing, when events outside of the climate system's components nonetheless produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism. Climate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies.

negative: Personality theories of addiction Personality theories of addiction are psychological models that associate personality traits or modes of thinking ( i.e. , affective states ) with an individual 's proclivity for developing an addiction . Models of addiction risk that have been proposed in psychology literature include an affect dysregulation model of positive and negative psychological affects , the reinforcement sensitivity theory model of impulsiveness and behavioral inhibition , and an impulsivity model of reward sensitization and impulsiveness .

negative: Observer effect (information technology) In information technology , the observer effect is the impact on the behaviour of a computer process caused by the act of observing the process while it is running . This effect is a manifestation of the uncertainty principle in information technology . The uncertainty principle is attributed to Werner Heisenberg and was originally referring to quantum mechanics .   For example : if a process uses a log file to record its progress , the process could slow down . Furthermore , the act of viewing the file while the process is running could cause an I/O error in the process , which could , in turn , cause it to stop . Another example would be observing the performance of a CPU by running both the observed and observing programs on the same CPU , which will lead to inaccurate results because the observer program itself affects the CPU performance ( modern , heavily cached and pipelined CPUs are particularly affected by this kind of observation ) .   It should be noted that the observer effect could either have a positive or negative impact on the computer process behaviour . A positive impact can be software bugs , also known as Heisenbugs , which diminish or change their negative behavior when observation mechanisms , such as debugging , are enabled . Such bugs usually create extra difficulties in being isolated .

negative: CLAW hypothesis The CLAW hypothesis proposes a negative feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystems and the Earth 's climate . The hypothesis specifically proposes that particular phytoplankton that produce dimethyl sulfide are responsive to variations in climate forcing , and that these responses act to stabilise the temperature of the Earth 's atmosphere . The CLAW hypothesis was originally proposed by Robert Jay Charlson , James Lovelock , Meinrat Andreae and Stephen G. Warren , and takes its acronym from the first letter of their surnames .

negative: Adaptive capacity Adaptive capacity is the capacity of a system to adapt if the environment where the system exists is changing . It is applied to e.g. , ecological systems and human social systems .   As applied to ecological systems , the adaptive capacity is determined by :   genetic diversity of species  biodiversity of particular ecosystems  heterogeneous ecosystem mosaics as applied to specific landscapes or biome regions .   As applied to human social systems , the adaptive capacity is determined by :   the ability of institutions and networks to learn , and store knowledge and experience .  creative flexibility in decision making and problem solving  the existence of power structures that are responsive and consider the needs of all stakeholders .   Adaptive capacity is associated with r and K selection strategies in ecology and with a movement from explosive positive feedback to sustainable negative feedback loops in social systems and technologies .   The Resilience Alliance , as illustrated by the work of C. S. Holling and L. H. Gunderson , shows how the logistic curve of the r phase positive feedback , becoming replaced by the K negative feedback strategy is an important part of adaptive capacity . The r strategy is associated with situations of low complexity , high resilience , and growing potential . K strategies are associated with situations of high complexity , high potential and high resilience , but if the perturbations exceed certain limits , adaptive capacity may be exceeded and the system collapses into another so-called Omega state , of low potential , low complexity and low resilience .


query: Bond girls

positive: Aki (James Bond) Aki is a fictional character created for the 1967 James Bond film You Only Live Twice. In it, Aki, played by Akiko Wakabayashi, is a young female ninja agent with the fictional Japanese government agency Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). She aids James Bond against the SPECTRE in Japan until she is killed by an assassin who is trying to kill Bond, upon which she is replaced by her fellow agent Kissy Suzuki. Critical reception of the character was generally very positive.

positive: Akiko Wakabayashi Akiko Wakabayashi (若林 映子, Wakabayashi Akiko, born 26 August 1941) is a Japanese former actress.

positive: Anya Amasova Major Anya Amasova (aka Agent XXX) is a fictional character in the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me, portrayed by Barbara Bach. In the film, Amasova is an agent of the KGB.

positive: Barbara Bach Barbara Bach (born Barbara Goldbach; August 27, 1947) is an American actress and model known as the Bond girl Anya Amasova from the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). She subsequently starred in Force 10 from Navarone (1978) with Robert Shaw and Harrison Ford. She is married to former Beatle Ringo Starr.

positive: Barbara Carrera Barbara Carrera (born Barbara Kingsbury on December 31, 1945) is a Nicaraguan American film and television actress and former model. She is best known for her roles as Bond girl Fatima Blush in Never Say Never Again and as Angelica Nero on the soap opera Dallas.

positive: Bond Girls Are Forever Bond Girls Are Forever is a 2002 James Bond documentary film hosted by actress Maryam d'Abo, who had played the role of Kara Milovy in the 15th James Bond film The Living Daylights. It was accompanied by a 2003 book written by John Cork and d'Abo. The book is subtitled The Women of James Bond.

positive: Bond girl A Bond girl is a character (or the actress portraying a character) who is a love interest and/or female sidekick of James Bond in a novel, film, or video game. Bond girls occasionally have names that are double entendres or puns, such as Pussy Galore, Plenty O'Toole, Xenia Onatopp, or Holly Goodhead, and are considered "ubiquitous symbol[s] of glamour and sophistication."There is no set rule on what kind of person a Bond girl will be or what role she will play.

positive: Britt Ekland Britt Ekland (born Britt-Marie Eklund;  6 October 1942) is a Swedish film, stage, and television actress, and singer. She appeared in numerous films in her heyday throughout the 1960s and 1970s, including critically acclaimed roles in William Friedkin's The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968), and the British crime film Get Carter (1971), which established her as a movie sex symbol.

positive: Camille Montes Camille Montes Rivero is a fictional character in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace portrayed by actress Olga Kurylenko.

positive: Carey Lowell Carey Lowell (born February 11, 1961) is an American actress and former model.

positive: Carmen du Sautoy Carmen du Sautoy (born 26 February 1950) is a leading British actress of stage, television and film.

positive: Caroline Munro Caroline Munro (born 16 January 1949} is an English actress and model known for her many appearances in horror, science fiction and action films of the 1970s and 1980s.

positive: Cassandra Harris Sandra Colleen Waites (born 15 December 1948 – 28 December 1991) known professionally as Cassandra Harris, was an Australian actress.

positive: Claudine Auger Claudine Auger (born Claudine Oger on 26 April 1941) is a French actress best known for her role as Bond girl Dominique "Domino" Derval in the James Bond film Thunderball (1965). She earned the title of Miss France Monde and was also the first runner-up in the 1958 Miss World contest.

positive: Corinne Cléry Corinne Cléry (born 23 March 1950), also known as Corinne Piccolo, is a French actress.  She is known for the films Moonraker (1979), The Story of O (1975) and Yor, the Hunter from the Future (1983).

positive: Daliah Lavi Daliah Lavi (born Daliah Lewinbuk, Hebrew: דליה לביא; 12 October 1942) is an Israeli actress, singer, and model.

positive: Daniela Bianchi Daniela Bianchi (born 31 January 1942) is an Italian actress. She is best known for her role of Bond girl Tatiana Romanova in the 1963 movie From Russia with Love. She played a Bolshevik corporal sent to entrap agent 007, James Bond. She was the daughter of an Italian Army colonel. She studied ballet for eight years, and later worked as a fashion model.

positive: Denise Richards Denise Lee Boyd Richards (born February 17, 1971) is an American actress and a former fashion model. She has appeared in numerous films, including Starship Troopers (1997), Wild Things (1998), Drop Dead Gorgeous (1999), The World Is Not Enough (1999) as a Bond girl, and in Valentine (2001). She played Monica and Ross Geller's cousin on Friends (2001). From 2008 to 2009, she starred on the E! reality show Denise Richards: It's Complicated.

positive: Diana Rigg Dame Enid Diana Elizabeth Rigg, DBE (born 20 July 1938) is an English actress. She is known for the role of Emma Peel in the TV series The Avengers, which she appeared in from 1965 to 1968. She has also had an extensive career in the theatre, including playing the title role in  Medea, both in London and New York. For this role, she won the 1994 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play.

positive: Domino Vitali Dominetta Vitali, known simply as Domino, is a fictional character and the main Bond girl in the James Bond novel, Thunderball. For the 1965 film adaptation with the same title, her name was changed to Dominique Derval "\Domino" remains her nickname), and she was portrayed by French actress Claudine Auger. In the 1983 film adaptation Never Say Never Again, her character was renamed Domino Petachi (derived from her birth name in the novel) and she was portrayed by American actress Kim Basinger.

positive: Eunice Gayson Eunice Gayson (born Eunice Sargaison, 17 March 1931) is an English actress  best known for playing Sylvia Trench, James Bond's girlfriend in the first two Bond films (Dr. No and From Russia with Love). Originally, Gayson was going to be cast as Miss Moneypenny, but that part went to Lois Maxwell instead. She is the first official Bond girl.

positive: Eva Green Eva Gaëlle Green (French: [ɡʁin]; Swedish: [ˈɡʁeːn]; born 5 July 1980) is a French actress and model. She started her career in theatre before making her film debut in 2003 in Bernardo Bertolucci's controversial The Dreamers. She achieved international recognition when she appeared in Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven (2005), and portrayed Vesper Lynd in the James Bond film Casino Royale (2006).

positive: Fiona Fullerton Fiona Elizabeth Fullerton (born 10 October 1956) is a Nigerian-born British actress and singer.She is perhaps best known for her role as KGB spy Pola Ivanova in the 1985 James Bond film A View to a Kill and as Alice in the 1972 film Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

positive: Gemma Arterton Gemma Christina Arterton (born 2 February 1986) is an English actress.Arterton made her film debut in the comedy film St Trinian's (2007). Her breakthrough role was in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace (2008), playing Bond Girl Strawberry Fields, which won her an Empire Award for Best Newcomer.

positive: Gloria Hendry Gloria Hendry (born March 3, 1949), also known as Gloria Henry, is an American actress and former Playboy model. She is best known for her roles in films from the 1970s, most notably: portraying Rosie Carver in 1973's James Bond film Live and Let Die, which was Roger Moore´s first Bond film; and Helen Bradley in the blaxploitation film Black Caesar, and the sequel, Hell Up in Harlem.

positive: Grace Jones Grace Jones (born 19 May 1948) is a Jamaican singer, lyricist, supermodel, record producer, and actress. She was born in Spanish Town, Jamaica and raised by her grandparents. At 13 she moved with her siblings to their parents' home in Syracuse, New York. Jones started out as a model, initially in New York state, then in Paris, working for Yves St.

positive: Halle Berry Halle Maria Berry (born Maria Halle Berry; August 14, 1966) is an American actress and former fashion model. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress in 2002 for her performance in the romantic drama Monster's Ball (2001), becoming the first and, as of 2015, the only woman of color to win an Oscar for a leading role. She was one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood during the 2000s and has been involved in the production of several of the films in which she performed.

positive: Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (pronounced [ˈhaɪ̯di ˈklʊm]; born June 1, 1973) is a German-American model, television host, businesswoman, fashion designer, television producer, and occasional actress. In 2008, she became an American citizen while maintaining her native German citizenship.Klum became internationally known for her appearances on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. In 1999,  she became the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel.

positive: Honey Rider Honeychile Rider is a fictional character in Ian Fleming's James Bond novel Dr. No. In the 1962 Bond film of the same name, her name was shortened and changed to Honey Ryder.

positive: Honor Blackman Honor Blackman (born 22 August 1925) is an English actress, widely known for the roles of Cathy Gale in The Avengers (1962–64), Bond girl Pussy Galore in Goldfinger (1964), Julia Daggett in Shalako (1968) and Hera in Jason and the Argonauts (1963).

positive: Ivana Miličević Ivana Miličević (Croatian pronunciation: [ǐʋana milǐːt͡ʃevit͡ɕ]; born April 26, 1974) is an American film and television actress.

positive: Izabella Scorupco Izabella Scorupco (born Izabela Dorota Skorupko, June 4, 1970) is a Polish-Swedish actress, singer and model.  She played Bond girl Natalya Simonova in the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye.

positive: Jacqueline Bisset Winifred Jacqueline Fraser Bisset (born 13 September 1944) is an English actress. In 2010, she received one of France's highest honours, the Légion d'honneur.Bisset began her film career in 1965 and first came to prominence in 1968, starring opposite Frank Sinatra in The Detective and Steve McQueen in Bullitt, and received a most promising newcomer Golden Globe nomination for The Sweet Ride.

positive: Jane Seymour (actress) Jane Seymour, OBE (born Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg; 15 February 1951) is a British-American actress best known for her performances in the James Bond film Live and Let Die (1973), Somewhere In Time (1980), East of Eden (1981), Onassis: The Richest Man in the World (1988), War and Remembrance (1988), the 1989 political thriller La Révolution française as the ill-fated queen Marie Antoinette, Wedding Crashers (2005), and the American television series Dr.

positive: Jill St. John Jill St. John (born Jill Arlyn Oppenheim on August 19, 1940) is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for her role as Bond girl Tiffany Case in Diamonds Are Forever (1971).

positive: Kissy Suzuki Kissy Suzuki is a fictional character introduced in Ian Fleming's 1964 James Bond novel, You Only Live Twice. Despite Bond's womanizing, Kissy Suzuki (at least the literary version) remains the only character known to the reader who bears a child by him. She is also one of the few known Bond girls (also in literature) to have died as a result of a non-violent, natural death.

positive: Kristina Wayborn Kristina Wayborn (born Britt-Inger Johansson on 24 September 1950) is a Swedish actress who worked mostly in the United Kingdom and in the United States.

positive: Leila Shenna Leila Shenna (Arabic: ليلى شنّا; born Morocco) is a Moroccan former actress who featured on film mostly in the 1970s.She is most commonly remembered in English speaking countries for her role as a Bond girl in the 1979 film Moonraker as an evil air hostess.

positive: Linda Christian Linda Christian (November 13, 1923 – July 22, 2011) was a Mexican film actress, who appeared in Mexican and Hollywood films. Her career reached its peak in the 1940s and 1950s. She played Mara in the last Johnny Weissmuller Tarzan film, Tarzan and the Mermaids (1948). She is also noted for being the first Bond girl, appearing in a 1954 television adaptation of the James Bond novel Casino Royale. In 1963 she starred in an episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, "An Out for Oscar".

positive: Lois Chiles Lois Cleveland Chiles (born April 15, 1947) is an American actress and former fashion model known for her roles as Dr. Holly Goodhead in the 1979 James Bond film Moonraker, and as a hit and run driver in 1987's Creepshow 2, as well as such films as The Great Gatsby, The Way We Were, Death on the Nile and Broadcast News.

positive: Luciana Paluzzi Luciana Paluzzi (born 10 June 1937, Rome, Italy) is an Italian actress. She is best known for playing SPECTRE assassin Fiona Volpe in the fourth James Bond film, Thunderball.

positive: Madeline Smith Madeline Smith (born 2 August 1949) is an English actress. Having been a model in the late 1960s she appeared in many television series and stage productions, plus comedy and horror films, in the 1970s and '80s.

positive: Martine Beswick Martine Beswick (born 26 September 1941) is an English actress and model, best known for her roles in two James Bond films.

positive: Maryam d'Abo Maryam d'Abo (born 27 December 1960) is an English film and television actress, best known as Bond girl Kara Milovy in the 1987 James Bond film The Living Daylights.

positive: Maud Adams Maud Solveig Christina Wikström (born 12 February 1945), known professionally as Maud Adams, is a Swedish actress, known for her roles as two different Bond girls: in The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), and as the eponymous character in Octopussy (1983) as well as making a brief uncredited appearance in A View to a Kill (1985) .

positive: Mie Hama Mie Hama (浜美枝, Hama Mie, IPA: [hama mi.e]) (born 20 November 1943) is a Japanese actress, best-known outside Japan for her role as Kissy Suzuki in the 1967 James Bond film You Only Live Twice.

positive: Miss Moneypenny Miss Moneypenny, later Eve Moneypenny is a fictional character in the James Bond novels and films. She is secretary to M, who is Bond's boss and head of the British Secret Service (MI6). Although she has a small part in most of the films, it is always highlighted by the underscored romantic tension between her and Bond (something that is virtually nonexistent in Ian Fleming's novels, though somewhat more apparent in the Bond novels of John Gardner and Raymond Benson).

positive: Molly Peters Mollie Peters (born 15 March 1942 in Walsham-le-Willows, Suffolk, England) is an English actress.

positive: Motifs in the James Bond film series The James Bond series of films contain a number of repeating, distinctive motifs which date from the series' inception with Dr. No in 1962. The series consists of twenty three films produced by Eon Productions featuring the James Bond character, a fictional British Secret Service agent. The most recent instalment is the 2012 film Skyfall, which was released in UK cinemas on 26 October 2012.

positive: Natalya Simonova Natalya Fyodorovna Simonova (Russian: Наталья Фёдоровна Симонова) is a fictional character and the main Bond girl in the James Bond film GoldenEye, played by actress Izabella Scorupco.

positive: Olga Kurylenko Olga Kostantinivna Kurylenko (Ukrainian: Ольга Костянтинівна Куриленко, Russian: Ольга Константиновна Куриленко; born 14 November 1979) is a French actress and model. She was discovered as a model at the age of 13 and at the age of 16 moved from Ukraine to Paris to pursue a modeling career. Kurylenko started her acting career in 2005.

positive: Serena Gordon Serena Gordon (born 3 September 1963) is an English actress. She is probably best known for playing the role of Superintendent Amanda Prosser in the long running ITV drama The Bill as well as her role in the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye as the MI6 psychological and psychiatric evaluator Caroline.

positive: Serena Scott Thomas Serena Harriet Scott Thomas (born 21 September 1961) is an English actress.

positive: Shirley Eaton Shirley Eaton (born 12 January 1937) is an English actress. She was considered a sex symbol in the 1960s.Eaton appeared regularly in British films throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and achieved notability for her performance as Bond Girl Jill Masterson in the 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger. Eaton also had notable roles in the early Carry on films. Preferring to devote herself to bringing up a family, Eaton retired from acting in 1969.

positive: Stacey Sutton Stacey Sutton is a fictional character in the James Bond film A View to a Kill.  She is played by actress Tanya Roberts.

positive: Talisa Soto Talisa Soto (born March 27, 1967) is an American actress and former model.

positive: Tania Mallet Tania Mallet (born 19 May 1941) is an English model and actress who is best known for her appearance as Tilly Masterson in the James Bond film Goldfinger (1964).

positive: Tanya Roberts Victoria Leigh Blum (born October 15, 1955), professionally known by the stage name Tanya Roberts, is an American actress. Roberts had early roles in the cult horror films Forced Entry (1975) and  Tourist Trap (1979), before gaining fame for her role as Julie Rogers on the series Charlie's Angels. She later appeared as Stacey Sutton in the James Bond film A View to a Kill (1985), and as Midge Pinciotti on That '70s Show (1998–2004).

positive: Tatiana Romanova Tatiana Romanova is a fictional character in the James Bond novel, film, and video game From Russia with Love. She is played by Daniela Bianchi in the movie.

positive: Teri Hatcher Teri Lynn Hatcher (born December 8, 1964) is an American actress, writer, presenter, and former NFL cheerleader. She is known for her television roles, portraying Lois Lane on the ABC series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, and as Susan Mayer on the television series Desperate Housewives, for which Hatcher won the Golden Globe Award for best actress, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and a Primetime Emmy nomination.

positive: Tiffany Case Tiffany Case is a fictional character in the James Bond novel and film Diamonds Are Forever. She belongs to the classification Bond girl. For the 1971 film she was portrayed by Jill St. John.  In the novel the reason for her name Tiffany is explained that when she was born, her father Case was so embittered she wasn’t a boy he gave her mother a thousand dollars and a powder case from Tiffany’s and walked out.

positive: Tonia Sotiropoulou Tonia Sotiropoulou (born 1987) is a Greek actress who has now moved to the UK. She is notable for her role in the thriller Berberian Sound Studio while her appearance in the James Bond film Skyfall brought her in the spotlight of the Greek media.

positive: Tracy Bond Teresa "Tracy" Bond (born Teresa "Tracy" Draco, and also known as the Contessa Teresa di Vicenzo) is a fictional character and the main Bond girl in the James Bond film and novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the only Bond girl to actually marry 007. In the film version of On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Tracy was played by actress Diana Rigg.

positive: Ursula Andress Ursula Andress (born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss-born film and television actress, former model and sex symbol, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films. She is best known for her role as Bond girl Honey Ryder in the first James Bond film, Dr. No, for which she won a Golden Globe. She later starred as Vesper Lynd in the Bond-parody Casino Royale.

positive: Valerie Leon Valerie Leon (born 12 November 1943) is an English actress who had roles in a number of high-profile British film franchises, including the Carry On series.

positive: Vesper Lynd Vesper Lynd is a fictional character featured in Ian Fleming's James Bond novel "Casino Royale". In the 1967 film adaptation of the novel, Casino Royale, Vesper Lynd was portrayed by Ursula Andress.  In the 2006 adaptation, she is played by Eva Green.In the novel, the character explains that she was born "on a very stormy evening", and that her parents named her "Vesper", Latin for "evening". Fleming created a cocktail recipe in the novel that Bond names after her.

positive: Wai Lin Wai Lin (Chinese 林慧) is a fictional character in the 1997 James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies, in which she was portrayed by Michelle Yeoh. The character has received critical acclaim, being widely regarded as one of the best "Bond girls" in the series.

positive: White bikini of Ursula Andress The white bikini of Ursula Andress (also known as the Dr. No bikini) was a white bikini worn by Ursula Andress as Honey Ryder in the 1962 James Bond film, Dr. No. It is cited as the most famous bikini of all time and an iconic moment in cinematic and fashion history.Andress's white bikini is regarded as monumental in the history of the bikini, and sales of the two-piece bikini rocketed after the appearance of Andress in Dr. No.

negative: A View to a Kill A View to a Kill (1985) is the fourteenth spy film of the James Bond series, and the seventh and last to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Although the title is adapted from Ian Fleming's short story "From a View to a Kill", the film has an entirely original screenplay. In A View to a Kill, Bond is pitted against Max Zorin, who plans to destroy California's Silicon Valley.The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G.

negative:
Association of Heads of Independent Girls' Schools The Association of Heads of Independent Girls' Schools (AHIGS), is an association for private girls' schools, based in North Ryde, in the Northern Suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.Established in 1916 as The Association of Head Mistresses of New South Wales, today the Association enables inter-school aesthetic, cultural and sporting activities (through the Independent Girls' Schools Sporting Association) between 30 of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory's most exclusive independent and Catholic girls' schools.AHIGS also exists for the purpose of encouraging communication and a bond of co-operation and collegiality among independent girls' schools and their "heads", and working towards advancing the cause of the education of girls through policy development on major issues of concern. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Heads_of_Independent_Girls'_Schools?oldid=674625512> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/King_of_Spain_(song)> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> "King of Spain" (sometimes written as "The King of Spain") is a song by Canadian musical group Moxy Früvous, and was the second independent song to hit number one in Canada, after The Barenaked Ladies' "Be My Yoko Ono".The song first appeared on their self-titled independent cassette release in 1992. It was later re-recorded for their 1993 major-label debut album, Bargainville.

negative: Bond-dissociation energy In chemistry, bond-dissociation energy (BDE) or D0,  is one measure of the strength in a chemical bond.  It is defined as the standard enthalpy change when a bond is cleaved by homolysis, with reactants and products of the homolysis reaction at 0 K (absolute zero). For instance, the bond-dissociation energy for one of the C–H bonds in ethane (C2H6) is defined by the process:CH3CH2–H → CH3CH2· + H·D0 = ΔH = 101.1 kcal/mol = 423.0 kJ/mol = 4.40 eV (per bond)

negative: Bond (finance) In finance, a bond is an instrument of indebtedness of the bond issuer to the holders. It is a debt security, under which the issuer owes the holders a debt and, depending on the terms of the bond, is obliged to pay them interest (the coupon) and/or to repay the principal at a later date, termed the maturity date. Interest is usually payable at fixed intervals (semiannual, annual, sometimes monthly). Very often the bond is negotiable, i.e.

negative: Brickwork Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar. Typically, rows of bricks—called courses— are laid on top of one another to build up a structure such as a brick wall.Brick is a popular medium for constructing buildings, and examples of brickwork are found right back through history as far as the Bronze Age.

negative: Cecilie Thomsen Cecilie Thomsen (born 29 October 1974) is a Danish actress and model.

negative: Covalent bond A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.

negative: Development impact bond Development Impact Bonds (DIBs) are a performance-based investment instrument intended to finance development programmes in low resource countries, which are built off the model of social impact bond (SIB) model.

negative: Girls' Generation Girls' Generation (Hangul: 소녀시대; So Nyeo Shi Dae), also known as SNSD, is a South Korean girl group formed by S.M. Entertainment. The group is composed of eight members: Taeyeon, Sunny, Tiffany, Hyoyeon, Yuri, Sooyoung, Yoona and Seohyun. Girls' Generation officially debuted on August 5, 2007 with its debut single "Into the New World" and subsequently gained some attention with their self-titled debut album.

negative: GoldenEye GoldenEye (1995) is the seventeenth spy film in the James Bond series, and the first to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 officer James Bond. The film was directed by Martin Campbell and is the first film in the series not to take story elements from the works of novelist Ian Fleming. The story was conceived and written by Michael France, with later collaboration by other writers.

negative: Goldfinger (film) Goldfinger (1964) is a British spy film, the third in the James Bond series and the third to star Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is based on the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. The film also stars Honor Blackman as Bond girl Pussy Galore and Gert Fröbe as the title character Auric Goldfinger, along with Shirley Eaton as the iconic Bond girl Jill Masterson. Goldfinger was produced by Albert R.

negative: Goldfinger (soundtrack) Goldfinger is the soundtrack for the third James Bond film of the same name.This is the first of three James Bond films with a theme song sung by Shirley Bassey, whose forceful, dramatic style became a series trademark (she would go on to sing Diamonds Are Forever and Moonraker). "Goldfinger" was composed by John Barry, with lyrics by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse, and is widely acknowledged as a classic of its genre.

negative: Grant Bond Grant Bond is a comic book artist, writer and award-winning editorial cartoonist living in Kansas City, Kansas.

negative: I Wish I Was James Bond "I Wish I Was James Bond" was the fifth single from Scouting for Girls' debut album, Scouting for Girls.  It is the tenth track on the album, and on the album version it is followed by a hidden track called Michaela Strachan. The single peaked at #40 in the UK Singles Chart.   The song is about the spy James Bond from Ian Fleming's books and the James Bond movies and his world in general (girls, gadgets, 00 status, licence to kill and vodka martinis).

negative: Ian Fleming Publications Ian Fleming Publications is the production company formerly known as both Glidrose Productions Limited and Glidrose Publications Limited, named after its founders John Gliddon and Norman Rose.

negative: James Bond The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, seven other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver and William Boyd, with a further instalment due in September 2015 by Anthony Horowitz.

negative: James Bond in film The James Bond film series is a British series of spy films based on the fictional character of MI6 agent James Bond, "007", who originally appeared in a series of books by Ian Fleming. It is one of the longest continually-running film series in history, having been in on-going production from 1962 to the present (with a six-year hiatus between 1989 and 1995). In that time Eon Productions has produced 23 films, most of them at Pinewood Studios.

negative: Julie T. Wallace Julie Therese Wallace (born 28 May 1961) is an English actress.

negative: Keep On Walking (Scouting for Girls song) "Keep on Walking" is a song by British band Scouting for Girls. It was released on a self-titled EP on 9 March 2009. The EP was released as the band's debut in Australia, while the single charted at number 198 on the UK Singles Chart.It was the seventh single to be released from their album in the UK.

negative: Licence to Kill Licence to Kill, released in 1989, is the sixteenth entry in the James Bond film series by Eon Productions, and the first one not to use the title of an Ian Fleming story. It is the fifth and final consecutive Bond film to be directed by John Glen. It also marks Timothy Dalton's second and final performance in the role of James Bond. The story has elements of two Ian Fleming short stories and a novel, interwoven with aspects from Japanese Rōnin tales.

negative: List of James Bond parodies and spin-offs The James Bond series of novels and films have been parodied numerous times in a number of different media including books, films, video games, and television shows. Most notable of all these parodies is the 1967 spoof Casino Royale, which was produced using the actual film rights purchased from Ian Fleming over a decade prior to its release.Unlike an imitation, a spoof is usually protected from lawsuits by the people whose property is being parodied.

negative: List of James Bond villains The James Bond novels and film series feature a number of villainous characters who serve as primary antagonists.  Each story normally features a main villain bent on world domination or destruction who seeks to defeat or kill Bond, often with the assistance of secondary characters.  Bond typically confronts the villain during the story's climax and exposes the evil plot.

negative: List of henchmen of James Bond villains The James Bond novels and films are notable for their memorable villains and henchmen. Each Bond villain has numerous henchmen to do their bidding.There is typically one particularly privileged henchman who poses a formidable physical threat to Bond and must be defeated in order to reach the employer. These range from simply adept and tough fighters, such as Donald 'Red' Grant, to henchmen whose physical characteristics are seemingly superhuman, such as Jaws.

negative: Live and Let Die (film) Live and Let Die (1973) is the eighth spy film in the James Bond series to be produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, it was the third of four Bond films to be directed by Guy Hamilton. Although the producers had wanted Sean Connery to return after his role in the previous Bond film Diamonds Are Forever, he declined, sparking a search for a new actor to play James Bond.

negative: Maria Grazia Cucinotta Maria Grazia Cucinotta (born 27 July 1968) is an Italian actress who has featured in many films and television series since 1990. She has also worked as a producer, screenwriter and model.Cucinotta was born in Messina, Province of Messina, Sicily, Italy.

negative: Michelle Yeoh Tan Sri Michelle Yeoh Choo-Kheng (born 6 August 1962) is a Malaysian actress, best known for performing her own stunts in the Hong Kong action films that brought her to fame in the early 1990s.

negative: Outline of James Bond The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to James Bond:James Bond—fictional character created in 1953 by journalist and writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short story collections. The character has also been used in the long-running and second most financially successful English language film series to date (behind Harry Potter). The series started in 1962 with Dr.

negative: Priscilla Barnes Priscilla Barnes (born December 7, 1955/1958) is an American actress, who may be best-known in her role as Terri Alden on Three's Company, the permanent replacement for Suzanne Somers. She subsequently made appearances in films such as A Vacation in Hell, Licence to Kill, Mallrats, The Devil's Rejects, and the television series Jane the Virgin.

negative: Prunella Gee Prunella Gee (born 17 February 1950) is an English actress, best known for her work in the 1970s and 1980s.

negative: Pussy Galore Pussy Galore is a fictional character in the Ian Fleming James Bond novel Goldfinger and the later film by the same name. In the film, she is played by Honor Blackman. As with many of Ian Fleming's creations, the name is a double entendre—pussy being a slang term for a cat or for a vulva.Blanche Blackwell, a Jamaican of Anglo-Jewish descent, is thought to have been the love of Fleming's later life and his model for Pussy Galore.

negative: Rosamund Pike Rosamund Mary Ellen Pike (born 27 January 1979) is an English actress. Her first screen credit was in 1998 for the television film A Rather English Marriage and she came to attention when she was cast at age 21 as Bond girl Miranda Frost in Die Another Day (2002).

negative: Scouting for Girls (album) Scouting for Girls is the eponymous debut album by London-based indie pop group Scouting For Girls. It was released on 17 September 2007 and has sold over 700,000 copies, as of 31 January 2008, achieving platinum status. It contains the hit singles "She's So Lovely" and "Elvis Ain't Dead" as well as their song "It's Not About You", which was only released as a limited-copy EP in June 2007.

negative: Sophie Marceau Sophie Marceau (French pronunciation: [sɔfi maʁso]; born Sophie Danièle Sylvie Maupu 17 November 1966) is a French actress, director, screenwriter, and author. As a teenager, Marceau achieved popularity with her debut films La Boum (1980) and La Boum 2 (1982), receiving a César Award for Most Promising Actress. She became a film star in Europe with a string of successful films, including  L'Étudiante (1988), Pacific Palisades (1990), Fanfan (1993), and Revenge of the Musketeers (1994).

negative: Tsai Chin (actress) Tsai Chin (Chinese: 周采芹; pinyin: Zhōu Cǎiqín) is an actress, director, teacher and author, best known in America for her role as Auntie Lindo in the film The Joy Luck Club.The third daughter of the legendary Peking opera actor and singer Zhou Xinfang and Western-educated mother Ju Lilian, Tsai Chin was the first Chinese student trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, and later earned a Masters Degree at Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts.

negative: Xenia Onatopp Xenia Sergeyevna Onatopp is a supporting villain in the James Bond film GoldenEye, played by actress Famke Janssen.