query: The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times

positive: Snow Snow pertains to frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle , starting when it precipitates from clouds and accumulates on surfaces , then metamorphoses in place , and ultimately melts , slides or sublimates away . Snowstorms organize and develop by feeding on sources of atmospheric moisture and cold air . Snowflakes nucleate around particles in the atmosphere by attracting supercooled water droplets , which freeze in hexagonal-shaped crystals . Snowflakes take on a variety of shapes , basic among these are platelets , needles , columns and rime . As snow accumulates into a snowpack , it may blow into drifts . Over time , accumulated snow metamorphoses , by sintering , sublimation and freeze-thaw . Where the climate is cold enough for year-to-year accumulation , a glacier may form . Otherwise , snow typically melts seasonally , causing runoff into streams and rivers and recharging groundwater .   Major snow-prone areas include the polar regions , the upper half of the Northern Hemisphere and mountainous regions worldwide with sufficient moisture and cold temperatures . In the Southern Hemisphere , snow is confined primarily to mountainous areas , apart from Antarctica .   Snow affects such human activities as transportation : creating the need for keeping roadways , wings , and windows clear ; agriculture : providing water to crops and safeguarding livestock ; such sports as skiing , snowboarding , snowmachine travel ; and warfare : impairing target acquisition , degrading the performance of combatants and materiel , and impeding mobility . Snow affects ecosystems , as well , by providing an insulating layer during winter under which plants and animals are able to survive the cold .

positive: Season creep In phenology , season creep is observed changes in the timing of the seasons , such as earlier indications of spring widely observed in temperate areas across the Northern Hemisphere .  Phenological records analyzed by climate scientists have shown significant temporal trends in the observed time of seasonal events ,  from the end of the 20th century and continuing into the 21st century . In Europe , season creep has been associated with the arrival of spring moving up by approximately one week in a recent 30-year period .  Other studies have put the rate of season creep measured by plant phenology in the range of 2 -- 3 days per decade advancement in spring , and 0.3 -- 1.6 days per decade delay in autumn , over the past 30 -- 80 years .   Observable changes in nature related to season creep include birds laying their eggs earlier and buds appearing on some trees in late winter . In addition to advanced budding , flowering trees have been blooming earlier , for example the culturally important cherry blossoms in Japan ,  and Washington , D.C.  Northern hardwood forests have been trending toward leafing out sooner , and retaining their green canopies longer .  The agricultural growing season has also expanded by 10 -- 20 days over the last few decades .   The effects of season creep have been noted by non-scientists as well , including gardeners who have advanced their spring planting times ,  and experimented with plantings of less hardy warmer climate varieties of non-native plants . While summer growing seasons are expanding , winters are getting warmer and shorter , resulting in reduced winter ice cover on bodies of water ,  earlier ice-out ,  earlier melt water flows ,  and earlier spring lake level peaks .  Some spring events , or `` phenophases '' , have become intermittent or unobservable ; for example , bodies of water that once froze regularly most winters now freeze less frequently ,  and formerly migratory birds are now seen year-round in some areas .

positive: Lake Tahoe Lake Tahoe ( -LSB- ˈtɑːhoʊ -RSB- ) is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada of the United States . Lying at 6225 ft , it straddles the border between California and Nevada , west of Carson City . Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America , and at 122160280 acre.ft trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States . Its depth is 1645 ft , making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon ( 1945 ft ) .   The lake was formed about 2 million years ago as part of the Lake Tahoe Basin , with the modern extent being shaped during the ice ages . It is known for the clarity of its water and the panorama of surrounding mountains on all sides . The area surrounding the lake is also referred to as Lake Tahoe , or simply Tahoe . More than 75 % of the lake 's watershed is national forest land , comprising the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit of the United States Forest Service .   Lake Tahoe is a major tourist attraction in both Nevada and California . It is home to winter sports , summer outdoor recreation , and scenery enjoyed throughout the year . Snow and ski resorts are a significant part of the area 's economy and reputation . The Nevada side also offers large casinos , with highways providing year-round access to the entire area .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

positive: Cryosphere The cryosphere ( from the Greek κρύος kryos , `` cold '' , `` frost '' or `` ice '' and σφαῖρα sphaira , `` globe , ball '' ) is those portions of Earth 's surface where water is in solid form , including sea ice , lake ice , river ice , snow cover , glaciers , ice caps , ice sheets , and frozen ground ( which includes permafrost ) . Thus , there is a wide overlap with the hydrosphere . The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedbacks generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes , clouds , precipitation , hydrology , atmospheric and oceanic circulation . Through these feedback processes , the cryosphere plays a significant role in the global climate and in climate model response to global changes . The term deglaciation describes the retreat of cryospheric features . Cryology is the study of cryospheres .

negative: Antecedent moisture Antecedent moisture is a term from the fields of hydrology and sewage collection and disposal that describes the relative wetness or dryness of a watershed or sanitary sewershed . Antecedent moisture conditions change continuously and can have a very significant effect on the flow responses in these systems during wet weather . The effect is evident in most hydrologic systems including stormwater runoff and sanitary sewers with inflow and infiltration . Many modeling and analysis challenges that are created by antecedent moisture conditions are evident within combined sewers and separate sanitary sewer systems .

negative: Warm compress A warm compress is a method of applying heat to the body . It can either be dry and warm or wet and warm . A wet and warm compress is often created by taking a washcloth and wetting it with warm water .

negative: Shoshoko Falls (Teton County, Wyoming) Shoshoko Falls is a cascade located in Avalanche Canyon , Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming . The cascade drops over 200 ft and is intermittent , fed by runoff from snowmelt and is near the outlet of Taggart Creek from Lake Taminah .

negative: Long Count See also : Mesoamerican Long Count calendar , The Long Count Fight  Long Count or Slow count is a term used in boxing . When a boxer is knocked down in a fight , the referee will count over them and the boxer must rise to their feet , unaided , by the count of ten or else deemed to have been knocked out . A long count occurs when a boxer is given more than the allotted time ( a notional ten seconds ) to rise to his or her feet .

negative: Freestone stream In Fly fishing , a freestone stream flows seasonally , based on the water supply . In the summer and fall , freestone streams grow warm and have reduced flow because water from snow melt is less readily available . In contrast to limestone streams , which flow over limestone and dolomite , freestone streams generally flow over sandstone , shale , and crystalline rocks . Additionally , freestone streams are supplied by runoff and snowmelt , while limestone streams are usually fed by springs , providing cooler waters and a more stable pH balance .

negative: Wet floor effect Wet floor effect is a graphic effects technique popular in conjunction Web 2.0 style pages , particularly in logos . The effect can be done manually or an auxiliary tool can be installed to create the effect automatically . Unlike a standard `` reflection '' ( and the Java `` water '' effect popular in first-generation web graphics ) , the wet floor effect involves a gradient and often a slant in the reflection , so that the mirrored image appears to be hovering over or resting on a `` wet floor '' .   The term was apparently coined by Nathan Steiner for Twinsparc in October 2005 .

negative: List of long term side effects of antipsychotics This is a general list of long-term side effects associated with Antipsychotic ( neuroleptic ) medication .   Many patients will not develop these side effects , although there is still a significant possibility of risks associated with Antipsychotic usage .   This is only a list of long term side effects , and many consumers of these drugs may experience a decline in these side effects over time if they continue to take their medicine .   Some of these side effects are benign or temporary , but many remain a crucial concern for companies and healthcare professionals and substantial efforts are being encouraged to reduce the potential risks for future antipsychotics through more clinical trials and drug development .

negative: Floods in California All types of floods can occur in California , though 90 % are caused by riverine flooding . Such flooding generally occurs as a result of excessive rainfall , excessive snowmelt , excessive runoff , levee failure or a combination of these sources . Below is a list of flood events that were of significant impact to California

negative: Spalding Falls (Teton County, Wyoming) Spalding Falls is a cascade located in Garnet Canyon , Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming . The cascade drops approximately 100 ft in and is highly intermittent , fed by runoff from snowmelt and the Middle Teton Glacier . The falls can be reached by way of the Garnet Canyon Trail and is approximately 2 mi further by trail than Cleft Falls .

negative: Weeping Wall (Montana) Weeping Wall is a geological formation found along Going-to-the-Sun Road in Glacier National Park , in the U.S. state of Montana . It is a natural waterfall that seeps out from the side of the Garden Wall , and is fed by runoff from snowmelt .   Category : Landforms of Glacier National Park ( U.S. )  Category : Geology of Montana  Category : Waterfalls of Montana  Category : Landforms of Flathead County , Montana  Category : Going-to-the-Sun Road

negative: Swale (landform) A swale is a low tract of land , especially one that is moist or marshy . The term can refer to a natural landscape feature or a human-created one . Artificial swales are often infiltration basins designed to manage water runoff , filter pollutants , and increase rainwater infiltration .   The swale concept has also been popularized as a rainwater harvesting and soil conservation strategy by Bill Mollison , Geoff Lawton and other advocates of permaculture . In this context it usually refers to a water-harvesting ditch on contour . Another term used is contour bund .   Swales as used in permaculture are designed to slow and capture runoff by spreading it horizontally across the landscape ( along an elevation contour line ) , facilitating runoff infiltration into the soil . This type of swale is created by digging a ditch on contour and piling the dirt on the downhill side of the ditch to create a berm . In arid climates , vegetation ( existing or planted ) along the swale can benefit from the concentration of runoff . Trees and shrubs along the swale can provide shade which decreases water evaporation , however they increase transpiration , so their net effect on the hydrologic cycle is probably to reduce infiltration .   The term swale or `` beach swale '' is also used to describe long , narrow , usually shallow troughs between ridges or sandbars on a beach , that run parallel to the shoreline .

negative: Wet wing A wet wing is an aerospace engineering technique where an aircraft 's wing structure is sealed and used as a fuel tank . Wet wings are also called integral fuel tanks . By eliminating the need for fuel bladders , aircraft can weigh less and the wing root bending moment caused by the lift generated by the wings in flight is decreased . This offers further reduction in weight by allowing structural components to be designed lighter as the components do not need to support larger forces .   Wet wings are common among most civilian designs , from large transport aircraft , such as airliners , to small general aviation aircraft . Because the tanks are an integral part of the structure , they can not be removed , and require access panels for routine maintenance and visual inspections .   A disadvantage of the wet wing is that every rivet , bolt , nut plate , hose and tube that penetrates the wing must be sealed to prevent fuel from leaking or seeping around these hardware components . This sealant must allow for expansion and contraction due to rapid temperature changes ( such as when cold fuel is pumped into a warm wing tank ) and must retain its sealing properties when submerged in fuel and when left dry for long periods of time . Working with this sealant can be difficult and replacing old sealant inside a small wing tank can be harder if the old sealant needs to be removed as well before new sealant can be applied .

negative: Conspiracy effect The conspiracy-effect describes the finding that mere exposure to popular conspiracy theories can have a negative impact on pro-social decision-making and acceptance of established scientific principles . The term `` conspiracy-effect '' was coined by Sander van der Linden , a social-psychologist at Cambridge University . The conspiracy-effect refers to the idea that conspiracy theories are `` sticky '' and that even brief exposure to conspiratorial thinking may be sufficient to decrease civic engagement and cooperation in real-life social dilemmas , such as charitable giving , childhood vaccinations , support for actions that help reduce global warming and intentions to vote .

negative: Warm Breeze Warm Breeze is a 1980 studio album by Count Basie and his orchestra .   At the 25th Grammy Awards , Count Basie won the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Big Band for Warm Breeze .

negative: Effects of long-term benzodiazepine use The effects of long-term benzodiazepine use include drug dependence as well as the possibility of adverse effects on cognitive function , physical health , and mental health . Benzodiazepines are generally effective when used therapeutically in the short term . Most of the problems associated with benzodiazepines result from their long-term use . There are significant physical , mental and social risks associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines . Although anxiety can temporarily increase as a withdrawal symptom , there is evidence that a reduction or withdrawal from benzodiazepines can lead in the long run to a reduction in anxiety symptoms . Due to these increasing physical and mental symptoms from long-term use of benzodiazepines , slowly withdrawing from benzodiazepines is recommended for many long-term users . Not everyone , however , experiences problems with long-term use .   Some of the symptoms that could possibly occur as a result of a withdrawal from benzodiazepines after long-term use include emotional clouding , flu-like symptoms , suicide , nausea , headaches , dizziness , irritability , lethargy , sleep problems , memory impairment , personality changes , aggression , depression , social deterioration as well as employment difficulties , while others never have any side effects from long-term benzodiazepine use . One should never abruptly stop using this medicine and should wean themself down to a lower dose under doctor supervision . While benzodiazepines are highly effective in the short term , adverse effects in some people associated with long-term use including impaired cognitive abilities , memory problems , mood swings , and overdoses when combined with other drugs may make the risk-benefit ratio unfavourable , while others experience no ill effects . In addition , benzodiazepines have reinforcing properties in some individuals and thus are considered to be addictive drugs , especially in individuals that have a `` drug-seeking '' behavior ; further , a physical dependence can develop after a few weeks or months of use . Many of these adverse effects of long-term use of benzodiazepines begin to show improvements three to six months after withdrawal .   Other concerns about the effects of long-term benzodiazepine use , in some , include dose escalation , benzodiazepine abuse , tolerance and benzodiazepine dependence and benzodiazepine withdrawal problems . Both physiological tolerance and dependence can lead to a worsening of the adverse effects of benzodiazepines . Increased risk of death has been associated with long-term use of benzodiazepines in several studies ; however , other studies have not found increased mortality . Due to conflicting findings in studies regarding benzodiazepines and increased risks of death including from cancer , further research in long-term use of benzodiazepines and mortality risk has been recommended . Most of the research has been conducted in prescribed users of benzodiazepines ; even less is known about the mortality risk of illicit benzodiazepine users . The long-term use of benzodiazepines is controversial and has generated significant controversy within the medical profession . Views on the nature and severity of problems with long-term use of benzodiazepines differ from expert to expert and even from country to country ; some experts even question whether there is any problem with the long-term use of benzodiazepines .

negative: Medieval Warm Period The Medieval Warm Period ( MWP ) , Medieval Climate Optimum , or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region that may also have been related to other climate events around the world during that time , including China and other areas , lasting from about 950 to 1250 . It was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age . Some refer to the event as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly as this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were important .   Despite uncertainties , especially for the period prior to 1600 for which data are scarce , the warmest period of the last 2,000 years prior to the 20th century in the Northern Hemisphere very likely occurred between 950 and 1100 . Proxy records show peak warmth occurred at different times for different regions , indicating that the Medieval Warm Period was not a time of globally uniform change . Temperatures in some regions matched or exceeded recent temperatures in these regions , but globally the Medieval Warm Period was cooler than recent global temperatures .   Possible causes of the Medieval Warm Period include increased solar activity , decreased volcanic activity , and changes to ocean circulation .

negative: Cleft Falls (Teton County, Wyoming) Cleft Falls is a cascade located in Garnet Canyon , Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming . The cascade drops approximately 50 ft in and is highly intermittent , fed by runoff from snowmelt and the Middle Teton Glacier . The falls can be reached by way of the Garnet Canyon Trail and is approximately 2 mi by trail east of Spalding Falls , while further downstream is Bannock Falls .

negative: Logistic Air Logistic Air is an airline that offers short and long-term aircraft leasing , including wet and dry leases .

negative: Baseball doughnut A baseball doughnut is a weighted ring that fits over the end of a baseball bat , used for warming up during a baseball game . A doughnut is thought to help increase bat speed . Doughnuts can weigh as little as 4 oz . and as much as 28 oz . Players feel baseball doughnuts increase bat velocity because after warming up with a baseball doughnut then decreasing the weight after taking the doughnut off , the swing feels faster . The heavier load of the weighted bat stimulates the neural system and increases muscle activation during lighter bat swings . Researchers have found that muscle contractions are stronger after reaching near maximal loads . One research study also found that additional weight added to the bat may strengthen the muscles of the forearms and wrists . Baseball doughnuts are based on the theory of complex training , which alternates the use of heavier and lighter weights to increase explosive power . By increasing the number of motor units recruited this training increases muscle performance .   The doughnut was created by former New York Yankees catcher Elston Howard . Howard , in 1955 , was the first African-American player on the Yankees ' roster . He played catcher and the outfield during his time with the Yankees . The first team to invest in Howard 's product was the St. Louis Cardinals . This essentially got players out of the habit of swinging multiple bats to warm up . While Howard is credited with inventing the doughnut , he did not make the amount of money he had hoped due to other companies making their own versions of the batting doughnut . Howard and his supporters did not have the funds to take the companies to court . During a game , you can find the doughnut lying in the on-deck circle . The player in the on-deck circle normally swings a bat and stretches to prepare for his at-bat . The different doughnuts weigh varying amounts . The doughnut is discarded in the on-deck circle when the player moves into the batter 's box . The weight was later dubbed the `` doughnut '' and the `` iron doughnut '' .   In 2011 The Wall Street Journal reported a study from the University of Hawaii that showed using a bat doughnut actually decreased a batter 's speed at the plate after warming up with a baseball doughnut . Researchers claim the use of a baseball doughnut can change the muscles recruited and therefore creates inefficient hitting mechanics . A study conducted by California State University , Fullerton found that recreational baseball players warming up with a light and normal weight bat produced faster bat velocity compared to weighted bat warm-ups . Most research studies have found that the weighted bat doughnut has a positive mental effect yet negative physical effect . The `` kinesthetic illusion '' created by the bat doughnut makes players believe they are swinging the standard bat post warm-up with the bat doughnut when the subsequent swings are in fact , slower This effect influences batters hitting mechanics and timing of swing .   The length of time between warming up with a baseball doughnut and swinging at a pitch also seems to have an effect . Researchers in Japan found that post warm-up with a weighted bat doughnut , the first swing had the slowest bat velocity This may affect a baseball player 's decision of which pitch to swing at while at bat . Although baseball doughnuts are widely used among Major League Baseball players as well as high school and college players , the beneficial or detrimental short-term effects are inconclusive in research . However , long-term use of batting doughnuts increases upper body strength therefore increasing bat velocity   For safety reasons , some leagues have begun to prohibit the use of baseball doughnuts . In 2012 Little League revised their Senior League rules to prohibit the use of `` traditional batting donuts '' .

negative: Glacier Falls (Teton County, Wyoming) Glacier Falls is a cascade located in Glacier Gulch , Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming . The cascade drops approximately 300 ft in Glacier Gulch , fed by runoff from the Teton Glacier . More than a .5 mi below Delta Lake , Glacier Falls is a highly intermittent waterfall that is usually at peak flow during late spring and early summer snowmelt .

negative: Health effects of alcohol Health effects of alcohol may refer to :   Alcohol intoxication  Short-term effects of alcohol consumption  Long-term effects of alcohol consumption  Health effects of wine

negative: Bannock Falls (Teton County, Wyoming) Bannock Falls is a cascade located at the entrance to Garnet Canyon , Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming . The cascade drops over 200 ft and is intermittent , fed by runoff from snowmelt and the Middle Teton Glacier . The falls can be reached by way of the Garnet Canyon Trail and is approximately 2 mi by trail south of Lupine Meadows . The falls can easily be seen from the Bradley Lake Trail .

negative: Moist county In the United States , a moist county is a county in between a `` dry county '' ( where the sale of alcoholic beverages is prohibited ) and a `` wet county '' ( where alcohol is sold ) . The term is typically used for any county that allows alcohol to be sold in certain situations , but has limitations on alcohol sales that a normal `` wet '' county would not have . Some historically `` dry '' counties are switching to this system to avoid losing money to businesses in other counties , but do not wish to become completely `` wet . '' The term in itself does not have any specific meaning , just that the county is not completely `` wet '' but is not `` dry '' , either . The terms are applicable in states in which each county makes its own rules on alcohol sales . A `` dry '' county that contains one or more `` wet '' cities is typically called `` moist '' .

negative: Air pressurized water Air pressurized water ( APW ) extinguishers are a type of fire extinguisher that use ordinary water ( H2O ) to suppress fire . The water is propelled by ordinary air ( atmosphere ) , pressurized in the extinguisher . They are also known by the slang term water can . Although only effective on Class A fires , they have the advantages of being inexpensive to build and maintain , and leaving no special chemical residue when used . Some APW extinguishers add a wetting agent to make the water penetrate the surface of materials quicker .

negative: Wet boxer contest The wet boxer-short contest is a form of beauty contest featuring men in their underwear , analogous to the wet t-shirt contest that features women . However , unlike a wet T-shirt contest the water used is warm instead of cold . Some feminists have disputed the comparison , claiming that the contests are degrading for women and not for men because of sexism .  Wet boxer contests are also held in gay bars .

negative: Crank machine The crank machine was a device which turned a crank by hand which in turn forced four large cups or ladles through sand inside a drum , doing nothing useful . Male prisoners had to turn the handle 14,400 times a day , as registered on a dial . The warder could make the task harder by tightening an adjusting screw , hence the slang term `` screw '' for prison warder .

negative: Wet floor Wet floor may refer to :   Wet floor sign  Wet floor effect

negative: Long-term effects of cannabis The long-term effects of cannabis have been the subject of ongoing debate . Because cannabis is illegal in most countries , research presents a challenge ; as such , there remains much to be concluded .

negative: Navarretia capillaris Navarretia capillaris ( formerly Gilia capillaris ) is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name miniature gilia . It is native to the western United States where it grows in wet , gravel-lined habitat especially in mountains , such as snowmelt runs .   It produces glandular stems coated thinly in hairs and lined with small lance-shaped or linear leaves only one or two millimeters wide . The tiny stem is topped with an inflorescence of one or more flowers each roughly a centimeter long . The calyx is an elongated pocket of fused sepals with lobes separating at the top . The fuzzy , glandular corolla is white to light blue with a yellowish throat .

negative: Jakarta gubernatorial election, 2017 Two rounds of a gubernatorial election were held in Jakarta on 15 February and 19 April 2017 to elect the Governor of Jakarta to a five-year term . Incumbent governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama , popularly referred to as `` Ahok '' , and his deputy Djarot Saiful Hidayat were running for re-election to a second term . Basuki , who inherited his current position from his running mate Joko Widodo when he won the 2014 Indonesian presidential election , would have become the first elected Chinese-Christian governor of Jakarta had he won .   Under the constitution , if no candidate secured a majority of the votes , a runoff election would be held between the top two candidates . The results of quick counts in the first round indicated that Purnama led by a narrow 3 -- 4 % margin , and that a runoff would be held on 19 April .   Quick counts for the 19 April runoff indicated that Anies Baswedan was elected as governor ; Ahok concedes defeat hours after the polls closed . The official results of the election is Anies Baswedan - Sandiaga Uno 57.96 % to Basuki Tjahaja Purnama - Djarot Saiful Hidayat 42.04 % published by the KPU in May ; however , unofficial tallies from the election commission showed that Baswedan won 58 % to Ahok 's 42 % .

negative: Dry for wet Dry for wet is a film technique in which smoke , colored filters , and/or lighting effects are used to simulate a character being underwater while filming on a dry stage . Fans and slow motion can be used to make hair or clothing appear to float in the current . In recent years , it has become possible to digitally add rising bubbles in post-production , heightening the realism .

negative: Effects of global warming on human health The effects of global warming include effects on human health . The observed and projected increased frequency and severity of climate related impacts will further exacerbate the effects on human health . This article describes some of those effects on individuals and populations .


query: The lower temperatures at this "coldest point" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.

positive: Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth 's atmosphere , and is also where nearly all weather takes place . It contains approximately 75 % of the atmosphere 's mass and 99 % of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols . The average depths of the troposphere are 20 km in the tropics , 17 km in the mid latitudes , and 7 km in the polar regions in winter . The lowest part of the troposphere , where friction with the Earth 's surface influences air flow , is the planetary boundary layer . This layer is typically a few hundred meters to 2 km deep depending on the landform and time of day . Atop the troposphere is the tropopause , which is the border between the troposphere and stratosphere . The tropopause is an inversion layer , where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness .   The word troposphere derives from the for `` turn , turn toward , trope '' and '' - sphere '' ( as in , the Earth ) , reflecting the fact that rotational turbulent mixing plays an important role in the troposphere 's structure and behaviour . Most of the phenomena associated with day-to-day weather occur in the troposphere .

positive: Water on Mars Almost all water on Mars today exists as ice , though it also exists in small quantities as vapor in the atmosphere and occasionally as low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil . The only place where water ice is visible at the surface is at the north polar ice cap . Abundant water ice is also present beneath the permanent carbon dioxide ice cap at the Martian south pole and in the shallow subsurface at more temperate latitudes . More than five million cubic kilometers of ice have been identified at or near the surface of modern Mars , enough to cover the whole planet to a depth of 35 meters . Even more ice is likely to be locked away in the deep subsurface .   Some liquid water may occur transiently on the Martian surface today , but only under certain conditions . No large standing bodies of liquid water exist , because the atmospheric pressure at the surface averages just 600 Pa -- about 0.6 % of Earth 's mean sea level pressure -- and because the global average temperature is far too low ( 210 K ) , leading to either rapid evaporation ( sublimation ) or rapid freezing . Before about 3.8 billion years ago , Mars may have had a denser atmosphere and higher surface temperatures , allowing vast amounts of liquid water on the surface , possibly including a large ocean that may have covered one-third of the planet . Water has also apparently flowed across the surface for short periods at various intervals more recently in Mars ' history . On December 9 , 2013 , NASA reported that , based on evidence from the Curiosity rover studying Aeolis Palus , Gale Crater contained an ancient freshwater lake that could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life .   Many lines of evidence indicate that water is abundant on Mars and has played a significant role in the planet 's geologic history . The present-day inventory of water on Mars can be estimated from spacecraft imagery , remote sensing techniques ( spectroscopic measurements , radar , etc. ) , and surface investigations from landers and rovers . Geologic evidence of past water includes enormous outflow channels carved by floods , ancient river valley networks , deltas , and lakebeds ; and the detection of rocks and minerals on the surface that could only have formed in liquid water . Numerous geomorphic features suggest the presence of ground ice ( permafrost ) and the movement of ice in glaciers , both in the recent past and present . Gullies and slope lineae along cliffs and crater walls suggest that flowing water continues to shape the surface of Mars , although to a far lesser degree than in the ancient past .   Although the surface of Mars was periodically wet and could have been hospitable to microbial life billions of years ago , the current environment at the surface is dry and subfreezing , probably presenting an insurmountable obstacle for living organisms . In addition , Mars lacks a thick atmosphere , ozone layer , and magnetic field , allowing solar and cosmic radiation to strike the surface unimpeded . The damaging effects of ionizing radiation on cellular structure is another one of the prime limiting factors on the survival of life on the surface . Therefore , the best potential locations for discovering life on Mars may be in subsurface environments . On November 22 , 2016 , NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice on the planet Mars -- the volume of water detected is equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior .   Understanding water on Mars is vital to assess the planet 's potential for harboring life and for providing usable resources for future human exploration . For this reason , ` Follow the Water ' was the science theme of NASA 's Mars Exploration Program ( MEP ) in the first decade of the 21st century . Discoveries by the 2001 Mars Odyssey , Mars Exploration Rovers ( MERs ) , Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO ) , and Mars Phoenix lander have been instrumental in answering key questions about water 's abundance and distribution on Mars . The ESA 's Mars Express orbiter has also provided essential data in this quest . The Mars Odyssey , Mars Express , MER Opportunity rover , MRO , and Mars Science Lander Curiosity rover are still sending back data from Mars , and discoveries continue to be made .

positive: Eocene The Eocene ( -LSB- pronˈiːəˌsiːn , _ ˈiːoʊ - -RSB- ) Epoch , lasting from , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era . The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch . The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C . The end is set at a major extinction event called the Grande Coupure ( the `` Great Break '' in continuity ) or the Eocene -- Oligocene extinction event , which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Siberia and in what is now Chesapeake Bay . As with other geologic periods , the strata that define the start and end of the epoch are well identified , though their exact dates are slightly uncertain .   The name Eocene comes from the Ancient Greek ἠώς ( ēṓs , `` dawn '' ) and καινός ( kainós , `` new '' ) and refers to the `` dawn '' of modern ( ` new ' ) fauna that appeared during the epoch .

positive: Atmosphere of Venus The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus . It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth . The temperature at the surface is 740 K ( 467 ° C , 872 ° F ) , and the pressure is 93 bar ( 9.3 MPa ) , roughly the pressure found 900 m underwater on Earth . The Venusian atmosphere supports opaque clouds made of sulfuric acid , making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible . Information about the topography has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging . Aside from carbon dioxide , the other main component is nitrogen . Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts .   Mikhail Lomonosov was the first person to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Saint Petersburg , Russia .   Aside from the very surface layers , the atmosphere is in a state of vigorous circulation . The upper layer of troposphere exhibits a phenomenon of super-rotation , in which the atmosphere circles the planet in just four Earth days , much faster than the planet 's sidereal day of 243 days . The winds supporting super-rotation blow at a speed of 100 m/s ( ~ 360 km/h or 220 mph ) or more . Winds move at up to 60 times the speed of the planet 's rotation , while Earth 's fastest winds are only 10 % to 20 % rotation speed . On the other hand , the wind speed becomes increasingly slower as the elevation from the surface decreases , with the breeze barely reaching the speed of 10 km/h ( 2.8 m/s ) on the surface . Near the poles are anticyclonic structures called polar vortices . Each vortex is double-eyed and shows a characteristic S-shaped pattern of clouds . Above there is an intermediate layer of mesosphere which separates the troposphere from the thermosphere . The thermosphere is also characterized by strong circulation , but very different in its nature - the gases heated and partially ionized by sunlight in the sunlit hemisphere migrate to the dark hemisphere where they recombine and downwell .   Unlike Earth , Venus lacks a magnetic field . Its ionosphere separates the atmosphere from outer space and the solar wind . This ionised layer excludes the solar magnetic field , giving Venus a distinct magnetic environment . This is considered Venus 's induced magnetosphere . Lighter gases , including water vapour , are continuously blown away by the solar wind through the induced magnetotail . It is speculated that the atmosphere of Venus up to around 4 billion years ago was more like that of the Earth with liquid water on the surface . A runaway greenhouse effect may have been caused by the evaporation of the surface water and subsequent rise of the levels of other greenhouse gases .   Despite the harsh conditions on the surface , the atmospheric pressure and temperature at about 50 km to 65 km above the surface of the planet is nearly the same as that of the Earth , making its upper atmosphere the most Earth-like area in the Solar System , even more so than the surface of Mars . Due to the similarity in pressure and temperature and the fact that breathable air ( 21 % oxygen , 78 % nitrogen ) is a lifting gas on Venus in the same way that helium is a lifting gas on Earth , the upper atmosphere has been proposed as a location for both exploration and colonization .   On January 29 , 2013 , ESA scientists reported that the ionosphere of the planet Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to `` the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions . ''

positive: Snowball Earth The Snowball Earth hypothesis proposes that Earth 's surface became entirely or nearly entirely frozen at least once , sometime earlier than 650 Mya ( million years ago ) . Proponents of the hypothesis argue that it best explains sedimentary deposits generally regarded as of glacial origin at tropical palaeolatitudes , and other enigmatic features in the geological record . Opponents of the hypothesis contest the implications of the geological evidence for global glaciation and the geophysical feasibility of an ice - or slush-covered ocean , and emphasize the difficulty of escaping an all-frozen condition . A number of unanswered questions remain , including whether the Earth was a full snowball , or a `` slushball '' with a thin equatorial band of open ( or seasonally open ) water .   The snowball Earth episodes occurred before the sudden radiation of multicellular bioforms , known as the Cambrian explosion . The most recent snowball episode may have triggered the evolution of multicellularity . Another , much earlier and longer snowball episode , the Huronian glaciation , which occurred 2400 to 2100 Mya , may have been triggered by the first appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere , the `` Great Oxygenation Event . ''

negative: Ammonia fountain The ammonia fountain is a type of chemical demonstration . The experiment consists of introducing water through an inlet to a container filled with ammonia gas . Ammonia dissolves into the water and the pressure in the container drops . As a result , more water is forced into the container from another inlet creating a fountain effect . The demonstration introduces concepts like solubility and the gas laws at entry level .   A different gas of comparable solubility in water , such as hydrogen chloride , can be used instead of ammonia .   If the ammonia is replaced by a liquid vapor , such as water vapor , at a pressure higher than its room-temperature vapor pressure , a similar effect is produced . In this case , the reduction in pressure in the container is due to condensation of the vapor as the container cools to room temperature .

negative: Pressure-balanced valve A pressure-balanced valve provides water at nearly constant temperature to a shower or bathtub , despite pressure fluctuations in either the hot or cold supply lines .   If , for example , someone flushes a toilet while the shower is in use , the fixture suddenly draws a significant amount of cold water from the common supply line , causing a pressure drop . In the absence of a compensating mechanism , the relatively higher pressure in the hot water supply line will cause the shower temperature to rise just as suddenly , possibly reaching an uncomfortable or even dangerous level . Conversely , if someone opens a hot water faucet elsewhere , the relatively higher pressure in the cold water supply line will cause the shower temperature to drop suddenly .   The pressure-balanced shower valve compensates for changes in water pressure . It has a diaphragm or piston inside that reacts to relative changes in either hot or cold water pressure to maintain balanced pressure . As water pressure drops on one supply line , the valve reduces the pressure in the other supply line to match . A side effect of this is that the pressure and flow at the shower head or tub spigot will drop twice as much as if only one supply line had been affected , but without a large temperature change . There are ball bearings in the valves to regulate forces .   The use of pressure-balanced valves can prevent scalding injuries , in particular to the elderly , the infirm , to children and infants . Based on that , some municipalities require by building codes to have it installed .

negative: Peninsula Lake (Alberta) Peninsula Lake is a lake in Alberta , Canada . The lake is located 160 km southeast of the city of Edmonton . The salinity of Peninsula Lake causes characteristics such as temperature , nutrient concentrations and plant and animal communities to contrast with those from freshwater lakes . The lake is contains high levels of sulphate , sodium and bicarbonate/carbonate concentrations which , are produced by saline groundwater in the region . In winter , the temperature of water under the ice drops to 0 ° C , extremely low , even for Alberta lakes . Although the lake contains high mineral levels , plant growth is sparse . A few planktonic invertebrates are exceptionally abundant , but there are fewer species than in freshwater lakes . There are no fish living in the lake .   Category : Flagstaff County  Peninsula Lake

negative: Cleveland open-cup method The Cleveland open-cup method is one of three main methods in chemistry for determining the flash point of a petroleum product using a Cleveland open-cup apparatus , also known as a Cleveland open-cup tester . First , the test cup of the apparatus ( usually brass ) is filled to a certain level with a portion of the product . Then , the temperature of this chemical is increased rapidly and then at a slow , constant rate as it approaches the theoretical flash point . The increase in temperature will cause the chemical to begin to produce flammable vapor in increasing quantities and density . The lowest temperature at which a small test flame passing over the surface of the liquid causes the vapor to ignite is considered the chemical 's flash point . This apparatus may also be used to determine the chemical 's fire point which is considered to have been reached when the application of the test flame produces at least five continuous seconds of ignition .   The other principal methods of establishing chemical flash points are the Pensky -- Martens closed-cup test and the Tagliabue cup method ( often called simply the `` Tag method '' ) .

negative: Brine Brine is a solution of salt ( usually sodium chloride ) in water . In different contexts , brine may refer to salt solutions ranging from about 3.5 % ( a typical concentration of seawater , or the lower end of solutions used for brining foods ) up to about 26 % ( a typical saturated solution , depending on temperature ) . Other levels of concentration are called by different names :   It is held that 0 F was initially set as the zero point in the Fahrenheit temperature scale , as it was the coldest possible temperature that Daniel G. Fahrenheit could reliably reproduce by freezing brine . By reference , seawater usually freezes at -2 C.

negative: Maximum parcel level The maximum parcel level ( MPL ) is the highest level in the atmosphere that a moist convectively rising air parcel will reach after ascending from the level of free convection ( LFC ) through the free convective layer ( FCL ) and reaching the equilibrium level ( EL ) , near the tropopause . As the parcel rises through the FCL it expands adiabatically causing its temperature to drop , often below the temperature of its surroundings , and eventually lose buoyancy . Because of this , the EL is approximately the region where the distinct flat tops ( called anvils ) often observed on cumulonimbus clouds form . If the air parcel ascended quickly enough then it retains momentum after it has cooled and continues rising past the EL , ceasing at the MPL ( visually represented by the overshooting top , above the anvil ) .

negative: Ground frost Ground frost refers to the various coverings of ice produced by the direct deposition of water vapor on objects and trees , whose surfaces have a temperature below the freezing point of water ( 0 ° C , 32 ° F ) .

negative: Humidity Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air . Water vapor is the gaseous state of water and is invisible to the human eye . Humidity indicates the likelihood of precipitation , dew , or fog . Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin . This effect is calculated in a heat index table or humidex . The amount of water vapor that is needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases . As the temperature of a parcel of water becomes lower it will eventually reach the point of saturation without adding or losing water mass . The differences in the amount of water vapor in a parcel of air can be quite large . For example , a parcel of air that is near saturation may contain 28 grams of water per cubic meter of air at 30 ° C , but only 8 grams of water per cubic meter of air at 8 ° C.   There are three main measurements of humidity : absolute , relative and specific . Absolute humidity is the water content of air expressed in gram per cubic meter . Relative humidity , expressed as a percent , measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum ( highest point ) for that temperature . Specific humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of the moist air parcel .

negative: Milk watcher A milk watcher , milk saver , pot watcher , pot minder , milk guard , or boil over preventer is a cooking utensil placed at the bottom of a pot to prevent boiling over of liquids , and especially the burning ( scorching ) of milk .   A milk watcher is a disk with a raised rim , and is notched on one side ( see images ) . Some milk savers are designed so they can be used with the obverse or reverse side facing up , so they appear to have two notches . The interior of the disk is not level ; it slants upward toward the notched side creating a space just behind the notch where water vapor can collect . Water vapor is trapped under the Milk Saver causing the notched side to rise up , releasing the water vapor at the same time circulating liquid around the base of the pot and making a rattling noise .

negative: Raised shoreline A raised shoreline is an ancient shoreline exposed above current water level . These landforms are formed by a relative change in sea level due to global sea level rise , isostatic rebound , and/or tectonic uplift . These surfaces are usually exposed above modern sea level when a heavily glaciated area experiences a glacial retreat , causing water levels to rise . This area will then experience post-glacial rebound , effectively  raising the shoreline surface .  Examples of raised shorelines can be found along the coasts of formerly glaciated areas in Ireland and Scotland , as well as in North America . Raised shorelines are exposed at various locations around the Puget Sound of Washington State .

negative: Full pond Full pond is an American phrase used to describe the water level of a lake , reservoir or other body of fresh water when the level is just below the spillway , or is otherwise at a maximum , sustainable and safe level .   Technically , a body of water can have a water level higher than full pond when the inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow ( such as during a heavy rain event ) , even if the body of water is not at full flood level . Most lakes and reservoirs have the ability to lower the level of the lake even when it is already significantly below full . This is used for flood prevention during periods of high ( or potentially high ) inflow to prevent flooding and to prevent water from breaching containment when it is expected the body of water will soon exceed full pond status .

negative: Vapor cone A vapor cone , also known as shock collar or shock egg , is a visible cloud of condensed water which can sometimes form around an object moving at high speed through moist air , for example an aircraft flying at transonic speeds . When the localized air pressure around the object drops , so does the air temperature . If the temperature drops below the saturation temperature a cloud forms .   In the case of aircraft , the cloud is caused by expansion fans decreasing the air pressure , density and temperature below the dew point . Then pressure , density and temperature suddenly increase across the stern shock wave associated with a return to subsonic flow behind the aircraft . Since the local Mach number is not uniform over the aircraft , parts of the aircraft may be supersonic while others remain subsonic -- a flight regime called transonic flight .   In addition to making the shock waves themselves visible , water condensation can also occur in the trough between two crests of the shock waves produced by the passing of the object . However , this effect does not necessarily coincide with the acceleration of an aircraft through the speed of sound or Mach 1 .

negative: Chromatic Spring Chromatic Spring is a hot spring in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States .   It is connected to the nearby Beauty Pool . When the water level in one of the two pools rises and overflows , the water level in the other decreases . These fluctuations in water level take place over periods ranging from a few weeks to several years . During this energy shift , the temperatures can change about 10 F-change . Its temperature ranges from 164 to .

negative: Dome A Dome A or Dome Argus is the loftiest ice dome on the Antarctic Plateau , located 1200 km inland . It is thought to be the coldest naturally occurring place on Earth ; scientists believe that temperatures can sometimes even drop below -102 ° C in the winter . It is the highest ice feature in Antarctica , consisting of an ice dome or eminence of 4093 m elevation above sea level . It is located near the center of East Antarctica , approximately midway between the enormous head of Lambert Glacier and the geographic South Pole , within the Australian claim .

negative: Bottlebrush (cave formation) Bottlebrushes are an uncommon cave formation which result from a rise in water level such that the stalactites become immersed . If the water is supersaturated with calcium carbonate the stalactite will become coated with pool spar .

negative: Eyes on the Earth Eyes on the Earth ( EoE ) is computer visualization software created by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) to visualize a number of NASA 's Earth orbiting spacecraft in-situ and the data they collect on the Earth itself . Originally released as a Unity web player interactive , it has undergone a number of iterations including the mobile app `` Earth Now '' .   It lets users monitor earth 's vital signs , such as sea level height , atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and Antarctic ozone . Trace the movement of water around the globe using the gravity map from NASA 's GRACE satellites . Spot volcanic eruptions and forest fires using the carbon monoxide vital sign . Check out the hottest and coldest locations on Earth with the global surface temperature map.It also displays the location of all of NASA 's operating Earth-observing missions in real time and lets you compare them in size to a scientist or a school bus .

negative: Condensation cloud A transient condensation cloud , also called Wilson cloud , is observable at large explosions in humid air .   When a nuclear weapon or a large amount of a conventional explosive is detonated in sufficiently humid air , the `` negative phase '' of the shock wave causes a rarefaction ( reduction in density ) of the air surrounding the explosion , but not contained within it . This rarefaction results in a temporary cooling of that air , which causes a condensation of some of the water vapor contained in it . When the pressure and the temperature return to normal , the Wilson cloud dissipates .   Since heat does not leave the affected air mass , this change of pressure is adiabatic , with an associated change of temperature . In humid air , the drop in temperature in the most rarefied portion of the shock wave can bring the air temperature below its dew point , at which moisture condenses to form a visible cloud of microscopic water droplets . Since the pressure effect of the wave is reduced by its expansion ( the same pressure effect is spread over a larger radius ) , the vapor effect also has a limited radius . Such vapor can also be seen in low pressure regions during high -- g subsonic maneuvers of aircraft in humid conditions .   Scientists observing the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in 1946 at Bikini Atoll named that transitory cloud a `` Wilson cloud '' because of its similarity to the appearance of the inside of a Wilson cloud chamber , an instrument they would have been familiar with . ( The cloud chamber effect is caused by a temporary reduction in pressure in a closed system and marks the tracks of electrically-charged sub-atomic particles . ) Analysts of later nuclear bomb tests used the more general term condensation cloud .   The shape of the shock wave , influenced by different speed in different altitudes , and the temperature and humidity of different atmospheric layers determines the appearance of the Wilson clouds . During nuclear tests , condensation rings around or above the fireball are commonly observed . Rings around the fireball may become stable and form rings around the rising stem of the mushroom cloud .   The lifetime of the Wilson cloud during nuclear air bursts can be shortened by the thermal radiation from the fireball , which heats the cloud above the dew point and evaporates the droplets .   The same kind of condensation cloud is sometimes seen above the wings of aircraft in a moist atmosphere . The top of a wing has a reduction of air pressure as part of the process of generating lift . This reduction in air pressure causes a cooling , just as above , and the condensation of water vapor . Hence , the small , transient clouds that appear .   The vapor cone of a transonic aircraft is another example of a condensation cloud .

negative: Beauty Pool Beauty Pool is a hot spring in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States .   It is connected to the nearby Chromatic Spring . When the water level in one of the two pools rises and overflows , the water level in the other decreases . These fluctuations in water level take place over periods ranging from a few weeks to several years . During this energy shift , the temperatures can change about 10 ° F. Its temperature ranges from 164 to

negative: Spawning trigger Spawning triggers are environmental cues that cause fish to breed . Most commonly they involve sudden changes in the environment , such as changes in temperature , salinity , and the abundance of food . Catfish of the genus Corydoras , for example , spawn immediately after heavy rain , the specific cues being an increase in water level and a decrease in temperature . Discus , on the other hand , will breed when temperature goes up and there is an overabundance of prey such as mosquito larvae .   Spawning triggers allow a species of fish to synchronise their breeding , making it more probable that individual fish will find a mate . However , many fish do not respond to specific spawning triggers and will breed either constantly ( e.g. , guppies ) ; at specific times of the year ( e.g. , grunion ) ; or only at a certain point in their life cycle ( e.g. , eels ) .   Aquarists can sometimes trigger spawning by duplicating the natural conditions where fish would breed . Raising the water temperature , lowering the water level , and feeding mosquito larvae are examples of things that work for certain species .   Category : Ichthyology  Category : Fishkeeping  Category : Fish reproduction

negative: Migration of marine species in the Northern Atlantic Ocean The world 's oceans are warming due to climate change . Climate change is caused by three major factors which are the greenhouse effect , variation in the sun 's energy that reaches Earth , and changes in reflectivity within Earth 's atmosphere and its surface . The greenhouse effect is caused by greenhouse gases that absorb sunlight . Energy from the sun that reaches Earth is either retained or sent into space . Greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere such as carbon dioxide , methane , and water vapor absorb energy which cause a blanketing effect that warms the earth . Aerosols such as black carbon also catalyze the warming effect as they are unreflective and absorb energy from the sun supplementing greenhouse gases in the warming effect .   These combined factors are warming the Earth 's land as well as the oceans . Many fish species possess a certain range of water temperature that they are able to tolerate which is causing species to migrate to different areas where the water temperature is livable . The warming of the Atlantic Ocean is causing many fish species to shift north towards once cooler waters so they can live within their temperature range . Tropical species are being found outside their normal range and into more northern waters causing an array of ecological , economic , and fishery management problems .

negative: Fisheries and climate change Rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification are radically altering aquatic ecosystems . Climate change is modifying fish distribution and the productivity of marine and freshwater species . This has impacts on the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture , on the livelihoods of the communities that depend on fisheries , and on the ability of the oceans to capture and store carbon ( biological pump ) . The effect of sea level rise means that coastal fishing communities are in the front line of climate change , while changing rainfall patterns and water use impact on inland ( freshwater ) fisheries and aquaculture .

negative: Fluoride volatility Fluoride volatility is the tendency of highly fluorinated molecules to vaporize at comparatively low temperatures . Heptafluorides , hexafluorides and pentafluorides have much lower boiling points than the lower-valence fluorides . Most difluorides and trifluorides have high boiling points , while most tetrafluorides and monofluorides fall in between . The term `` fluoride volatility '' is jargon used particularly in the context of separation of radionuclides .

negative: Volatility (chemistry) In chemistry and physics , volatility is quantified by the tendency of a substance to vaporize . Volatility is directly related to a substance 's vapor pressure . At a given temperature , a substance with higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure .   The term is primarily written to be applied to liquids ; however , it may be used to describe the process of sublimation which is associated with solid substances , such as dry ice ( solid carbon dioxide ) and osmium tetroxide ( OsO4 ) , which can change directly from the solid state to a vapor , without becoming liquid .

negative: Carbonate–silicate cycle The carbonate -- silicate geochemical cycle describes the transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate rocks by weathering and sedimentation at Earth 's surface and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicates by metamorphism and magmatism . It plays a large part in the carbon cycle , since the equilibrium point of the carbonate-silicate cycle dictates the pace of carbon release from the lithosphere .   The carbonate-silicate cycle involves several chemical reactions that occur in different environments . In the atmosphere , gaseous carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) dissolves in rainwater , forming natural carbonic acid ( H2CO3 ) . This weak acid weathers silicate rocks on continents , slowly dissolving the rock and releasing aqueous minerals through the chemical reaction CaSiO3 ( s ) ( wollastonite ) + 2CO2 ( g ) + H2O ( l ) → Ca + 2HCO ( aq ) ( bicarbonate ) + SiO2 ( aq ) ( dissolved silica ) . These dissolved minerals are eventually carried by water to the ocean , where they are used by living organisms such as foraminifera , radiolarians , coccolithopores , and diatoms to create shells of CaCO3 ( calcite ) or SiO2 ( opal ) through the reactions Ca2 + ( aq ) + 2HCO3 → CaCO3 ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) + H2O ( l ) ( for calcite precipitation ) and SiO2 ( aq ) → SiO2 ( s ) ( for opal precipitation ) . When these organisms die , many shells are remineralized but some shells fall all the way to the sea floor and are buried . The cycle is completed when the sea floor is subducted and carbonate minerals recombine with silicate minerals under temperatures above 300 ° C to reform calcium silicates and release gaseous CO2 through volcanism ( CaCO3 ( s ) + SiO2 ( s ) → CaSiO3 ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) ) .   The carbonate-silicate cycle impacts the global carbon cycle , as carbon dioxide is removed from the Earth 's surface through the burial of weathered minerals in deep ocean sediments and returned to the atmosphere through metamorphism and volcanism . However , this process is far from being a closed loop . In Earth history generally the formation of carbonates significantly outpaces the formation of silicates , effectively removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Because carbon dioxide is a potent greenhouse gas , the carbonate-silicate cycle is suspected to initiate ice ages by creating a negative feedback on the global temperature with a typical time scale of a few million years that is capable of countering water vapor and carbon dioxide short-term positive feedback on global temperature .   The carbonate-silicate cycle equilibrium point is shifted on Venus due to surface temperatures above 300 ° C , which favor the formation of calcium silicates over weathering . Thus , Venus has a high-density carbon-dioxide atmosphere .

negative: Steam distillation Steam distillation is a special type of distillation ( a separation process ) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds . It once was a popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds , but has become obsolete by vacuum distillation . Steam distillation remains important in certain industrial sectors .   Many organic compounds tend to decompose at high sustained temperatures . Separation by distillation at the normal ( 1 atmosphere ) boiling points is not an option , so water or steam is introduced into the distillation apparatus . The water vapor carries small amounts of the vaporized compounds to the condensation flask , where the condensed liquid phase separates , allowing for easy collection . This process effectively allows for distillation at lower temperatures , reducing the deterioration of the desired products . If the substances to be distilled are very sensitive to heat , steam distillation may be applied under reduced pressure , thereby reducing the operating temperature further .   After distillation the vapors are condensed . Usually the immediate product is a two-phase system of water and the organic distillate , allowing for separation of the components by decantation , partitioning or other suitable methods .

negative: Environmental issue Environmental issues are harmful trouble effects of human activity on the biophysical environment . Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the natural environment on individual , organizational or governmental levels , for the benefit of both the environment and humans . Environmentalism , a social and environmental movement , addresses environmental issues through advocacy , education and activism .   The carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhouse gases ( GHG ) in the atmosphere has already exceeded 400 parts per million ( NOAA ) ( with total `` long-term '' GHG exceeding 455 parts per million ) . ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report ) This level is considered a tipping point .  `` The amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is already above the threshold that can potentially cause dangerous climate change . We are already at risk of many areas of pollution ... It 's not next year or next decade , it 's now . ''  Report from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) :   Environment destruction caused by humans is a global problem , and this is a problem that is on going every day . By year 2050 , the global human population is expected to grow by 2 billion people , thereby reaching a level of 9.6 billion people ( Living Blue Planet 24 ) . The human effects on Earth can be seen in many different ways . A main one is the temperature rise , and according to the report '' Our Changing Climate '' , the global warming that has been going on for the past 50 years is primarily due to human activities ( Walsh , et al. 20 ) . Since 1895 , the U.S. average temperature has increased from 1.3 ° F to 1.9 ° F , with most of the increase taken place since around year 1970 ( Walsh , et al. 20 ) .

negative: Relative humidity Relative humidity ( RH ) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature . Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest . It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures ; more water vapour is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air .

negative: Angelo Battelli Angelo Battelli ( 28 March 1862 -- 11 December 1916 ) was an Italian scientist , notable for having measured temperatures and heats of fusion of non-metallic substances , metallic conductivities and thermoelectric effects in magnetic metals , and the Thomson effect . He investigated osmotic pressures , surface tensions , and physical properties of carbon disulfide ( CS2 ) , water ( H2O ) , and alcohols , especially their vapor pressures , critical points , and densities . He studied X-rays and cathode rays . He investigated the resistance of solenoids to high-frequency alternating currents .

negative: Copper vapor laser Copper vapor laser ( CVL ) uses vapors of copper as the lasing medium in a 3-level laser . It produces green laser light at 510.6 nm and yellow laser light at 578.2 nm . The pulse width is typically from 5 to 60 ns , and peak power from 50 to 5000 kW . Its pulse repetition frequencies can be 2 to 100 kHz . The average power of CVLs can range from 25 W to more than 2 kW .   It is one of the lasers that can be home built .   Lasers using pure metal vapor produced from an elemental copper source are difficult to construct because of the extremely high temperature , about 1500 degrees C , necessary to create such vapor , severely limiting the materials for the vapor containment vessel and mirrors . Copper halides , specifically copper chloride , copper bromide and copper iodide , have been substituted since they form vapors at much lower temperatures , in the range 300-600 degrees C , but operation at such temperatures remains difficult . Copper compound vapors also increase the complexity of the pump signal applied to the device . Typically , two energizing pulses in quick succession are required , the first to dissociate vapor molecules , and the second to cause the dissociated ions to lase . Operating temperature can be further reduced by the use of copper nitrate or copper acetylacetonate , whose vapors give peak laser output power at 180 and 40 degrees C , respectively .   Using singly ionized species of Cu , researches have also demonstrated copper vapor lasers that are CW ( continuous-wave ) , i.e. , not pulsed , and lase at deep ultraviolet wavelengths . These lasers can provide average UV powers of several mW and are potentially useful for analytical instruments and spectroscopy .   Copper vapor lasers are used in some machining and laser cutting applications . They can also be used in AVLIS isotope separation systems . In the AVLIS application the copper laser is used to excite tunable dye lasers . A review on copper-laser-pumped dye lasers is given by Webb in High Power Dye Lasers .

negative: Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event , or the Cenomanian-Turonian extinction event , the Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event ( OAE 2 ) , and referred to in Europe as the Bonarelli Event , was one of two anoxic extinction events in the Cretaceous period . ( The other being the earlier Selli Event , or OAE 1a , in the Aptian . ) The OAE 2 occurred approximately 91.5 ± 8.6 Ma , though other estimates are given as 93-94 Ma .   The event brought about the extinction of the Spinosauridae , Pliosauridae , and possibly Ichthyosauria ; although coracoids of Maastrichtian age may belong to ichthyosaurs , indicating the survival of the group until the latest Cretaceous . Other animals lost some diversity as well . Although the cause is still uncertain , the result starved the Earth 's oceans of oxygen for nearly half a million years , causing the extinction of approximately 27 percent of marine invertebrates . This global environmental disturbance increased atmospheric and oceanic temperatures . Boundary sediments show an enrichment of trace elements , and contain elevated δ13C values .   One possible cause was sub-oceanic volcanism , possibly the Caribbean large igneous province , with increased activity approximately 500,000 years earlier . During that period , the rate of crustal production reached its highest level for 100 million years . This was largely caused by the widespread melting of hot mantle plumes under the oceans at the base of the lithosphere . This resulted in the thickening of the oceanic crust in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . This volcanism would have sent large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere , leading to global warming . Within the oceans , the emission of SO2 , H2S , CO2 , and halogens would have increased the acidity of the water , causing the dissolution of carbonate , and a further release of carbon dioxide . When the volcanic activity declined , this run-away greenhouse effect would have likely been put into reverse . The increased CO2 content of the oceans could have increased organic productivity in the ocean surface waters . The consumption of this newly abundant organic life by aerobic bacteria would produce anoxia and mass extinction . The resulting elevated levels of carbon burial would account for the black shale deposition in the ocean basins .

negative: Sunken Forests of New Hampshire The Sunken Forests of New Hampshire are two large areas of tree stumps submerged off New Hampshire 's coast . They sank below sea level after the ending of the Wisconsin Glaciation and subsequent rise in temperature ; isostatic rebound has not kept pace with the rise in sea level , and former coastal forests were overtaken by the Atlantic Ocean .   The trees could not thrive , even when they were in the early stages of sinking , because they can not live in salt water for very long . All that is left of the forests are stumps .

negative: Schottky anomaly The Schottky anomaly is an effect observed in solid-state physics where the specific heat capacity of a solid at low temperature has a peak . It is called anomalous because the heat capacity usually increases with temperature , or stays constant . It occurs in systems with a limited number of energy levels so that E ( T ) increases with sharp steps , one for each energy level that becomes available . Since Cv = ( dE/dT ) , it will experience a large peak as the temperature crosses over from one step to the next .   This effect can be explained by looking at the change in entropy of the system . At zero temperature only the lowest energy level is occupied , entropy is zero , and there is very little probability of a transition to a higher energy level . As the temperature increases , there is an increase in entropy and thus the probability of a transition goes up . As the temperature approaches the difference between the energy levels there is a broad peak in the specific heat corresponding to a large change in entropy for a small change in temperature . At high temperatures all of the levels are populated evenly , so there is again little change in entropy for small changes in temperature , and thus a lower specific heat capacity .     For a two level system the specific heat coming from the Schottky anomaly has the form :     Where kBΔ is the energy between the two levels .   This anomaly is usually seen in paramagnetic salts or even ordinary glass ( due to paramagnetic iron impurities ) at low temperature . At high temperature the paramagnetic spins have many spin states available , but at low temperatures some of the spin states are `` frozen out '' ( having too high energy due to crystal field splitting ) , and the entropy per impurity is lowered .   It was named after Walter H. Schottky .