query: CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.

positive: Scientific consensus on climate change There is currently a strong scientific consensus that the Earth is warming and that this warming is mainly caused by human activities. This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.  Nearly all actively publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 2% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.

positive: Climate change mitigation Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change . Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human ( anthropogenic ) emissions of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) . Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks , e.g. , through reforestation . Mitigation policies can substantially reduce the risks associated with human-induced global warming .   According to the IPCC 's 2014 assessment report , `` Mitigation is a public good ; climate change is a case of the ` tragedy of the commons . Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent ( individual , institution or country ) acts independently in its own selfish interest ( see international cooperation and emissions trading ) , suggesting the need for collective action . Some adaptation actions , on the other hand , have characteristics of a private good as benefits of actions may accrue more directly to the individuals , regions , or countries that undertake them , at least in the short term . Nevertheless , financing such adaptive activities remains an issue , particularly for poor individuals and countries . ''   Examples of mitigation include phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources , such as renewable and nuclear energy , and expanding forests and other `` sinks '' to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Energy efficiency may also play a role , for example , through improving the insulation of buildings . Another approach to climate change mitigation is climate engineering .   Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system . Scientific analysis can provide information on the impacts of climate change , but deciding which impacts are dangerous requires value judgments .   In 2010 , Parties to the UNFCCC agreed that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 ° C ( 3.6 ° F ) relative to the pre-industrial level . With the Paris Agreement of 2015 this was confirmed , but was revised with a new target laying down `` parties will do the best '' to achieve warming below 1.5 ° C . The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 ° C . Other mitigation policies have been proposed , some of which are more stringent or modest than the 2 ° C limit .

positive: Planetary boundaries Planetary boundaries is the central concept in an Earth system framework proposed by a group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre and Will Steffen from the Australian National University . In 2009 , the group proposed a framework of `` planetary boundaries '' designed to define a `` safe operating space for humanity '' for the international community , including governments at all levels , international organizations , civil society , the scientific community and the private sector , as a precondition for sustainable development . This framework is based on scientific research that indicates that since the Industrial Revolution , human actions have gradually become the main driver of global environmental change . The scientists assert that once human activity has passed certain thresholds or tipping points , defined as `` planetary boundaries '' , there is a risk of `` irreversible and abrupt environmental change '' . The group identified nine Earth system processes which have boundaries that , to the extent that they are not crossed , mark the safe zone for the planet . However , because of human activities some of these dangerous boundaries have already been crossed , while others are in imminent danger of being crossed .   Rockström and Steffen collaborated with 26 leading academics , including Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen , Goddard Institute for Space Studies climate scientist James Hansen and the German Chancellor 's chief climate adviser Hans Joachim Schellnhuber . The group identified nine `` planetary life support systems '' essential for human survival , and attempted to quantify just how far seven of these systems have been pushed already . They then estimated how much further we can go before our own survival is threatened ; beyond these boundaries there is a risk of `` irreversible and abrupt environmental change '' which could make Earth less habitable . Estimates indicate that three of these boundaries -- climate change , biodiversity loss , and the biogeochemical flow boundary -- appear to have been crossed . The boundaries are `` rough , first estimates only , surrounded by large uncertainties and knowledge gaps '' that interact in ways that are complex and not well understood . Boundaries can help identify where there is room and define a `` safe space for human development '' , which is an improvement on approaches which aim at just minimizing human impacts on the planet . The 2009 report was presented to the General Assembly of the Club of Rome in Amsterdam . An edited summary of the report was subsequently published as the featured article in a special edition of Nature . Nature also published critical commentary from leading academics they invited to comment on each of the seven planetary boundaries which had been quantified , including comments from Nobel laureate Mario J. Molina and biologist Cristián Samper . In 2015 , a second paper was published in Science updating the Planetary Boundaries concept . The findings were presented at the World Economic Forum in Davos , January 2015 .

positive: Tipping points in the climate system A tipping point in the climate system is a threshold that, when exceeded, can lead to large changes in the state of the system. Potential tipping points have been identified in the physical climate system, in impacted ecosystems, and sometimes in both. For instance, feedback from the global carbon cycle is a driver for the transition between glacial and interglacial periods, with orbital forcing providing the initial trigger. Earth's geologic temperature record includes many more examples of geologically rapid transitions between different climate states.Climate tipping points are of particular interest in reference to concerns about global warming in the modern era. Possible tipping point behaviour has been identified for the global mean surface temperature by studying self-reinforcing feedbacks and the past behavior of Earth's climate system. Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.Large-scale components of the Earth system that may pass a tipping point have been referred to as tipping elements. Tipping elements are found in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, possibly causing tens of meters of sea level rise. These tipping points are not always abrupt. For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries. Some tipping elements, like the collapse of ecosystems, are irreversible.

negative: The Greening of Planet Earth The Greening of Planet Earth is a half-hour-long video produced by the coal industry , which argues that rising CO2 levels will be beneficial to agriculture , and that policies intending to reduce CO2 levels are therefore misguided . The video argues that rising CO2 levels both directly stimulate plant growth and , as a result of their warming properties , cause winter temperatures to rise , thereby indirectly stimulating plant growth . It was produced in 1991 and released the following year . A sequel , entitled , The Greening of Planet Earth Continues , was released in 1998 . The video was narrated by Sherwood Idso . After the video was made , it was distributed to thousands of journalists by a coal industry group . The video became very popular viewing in the George H. W. Bush White House and elsewhere in Washington , where it was promoted before the 1992 Earth Summit , and , according to some reports , became especially popular with then-chief of staff John H. Sununu .

negative: Global warming in Russia Global warming in Russia describes the global warming related issues in Russia . This includes climate politics , contribution to global warming and the influence of global warming on Russia . In 2009 Russia was ready to reduce emissions 20 -- 25 % from its 1990 emission levels by the year 2020 .

negative: Catastrophe: Risk and Response Catastrophe : Risk and Response is a 2004 nonfiction book by Judge Richard Posner , in which Posner advocates the use of a cost -- benefit framework to address potential major disasters such as runaway global warming and planet-obliterating asteroids .

negative: Effects of global warming on oceans Global warming can affect sea levels , coastlines , ocean acidification , ocean currents , seawater , sea surface temperatures , tides , the sea floor , weather , and trigger several changes in ocean bio-geochemistry ; all of these affect the functioning of a society .

negative: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years Unstoppable Global Warming : Every 1,500 Years is a book about climate change , written by Siegfried Fred Singer and Dennis T. Avery , which asserts that natural changes , and not CO2 emissions , are the cause of Global Warming . Published by Rowman & Littlefield in 2006 , the book sold well and was reprinted in an updated edition in 2007 .   The title refers to the hypothesis of 1,500-year climate cycles in the Holocene first postulated by Gerard C. Bond , mainly based on petrologic tracers of drift ice in the North Atlantic .

negative: Global Warming: The Signs and The Science Global Warming : The Signs and The Science is a 2005 documentary film on global warming made by ETV , the PBS affiliate in South Carolina , and hosted by Alanis Morissette . The documentary examines the science behind global warming and pulls together segments filmed in the United States , Asia and South America and shows how people in these different locales are responding in different ways to the challenges of global warming to show some of the ways that the world can respond .

negative: John Lawrence Daly John L. Daly ( 31 March 1943 -- 29 January 2004 ) was an Australian teacher and self-declared `` Greenhouse skeptic . '' He was known for speaking out publicly against what he called the `` Global Warming scare , '' and authored the book The greenhouse trap : Why the greenhouse effect will not end life on earth , published in 1989 by Bantam Books . Since his death his website , Still Waiting for Greenhouse is maintained by Jerry Brennan , though updates slowed considerably after Daly 's death and stopped completely in 2008 .   Daly investigated various studies by scientists which appear to support global warming scenarios and raised objections to them . For example , he denied that the average sea level is rising , on the basis the ` Isle of the Dead ' mean ocean level benchmark .

negative: Cool Globes: Hot Ideas for a Cooler Planet Cool Globes : Hot Ideas for a Cooler Planet is a public art project dedicated to increasing awareness of global warming .   A nonprofit corporation , `` Cool Globes : Hot Ideas for a Cooler Planet '' sponsored a Chicago public art exhibit of 125 5 ft globes decorated with solutions to global warming , placed in Grant Park near the Field Museum of Natural History , the Shedd Aquarium , and along the lakefront bike path during the summer of 2007 .   The project is similar to the popular `` Cows on Parade '' exhibit of 1999 , but with a social conscience . The Cool Globes adopts the idea of Berlin 's town mascot ; the entailing United Buddy Bears exhibitions are very different from all other urban events . The bears were created by the German artists Klaus and Eva Herlitz . The idea and the philosophy behind the United Buddy Bears exhibitions are unique : with its international approach and its symbolism , this synthesis of the arts globally promotes tolerance , international understanding and a peaceful coexistence .

negative: Storm World In his book Storm World : Hurricanes , Politics , and the Battle over Global Warming , Chris Mooney discusses tensions between two different approaches to analyzing global warming and its effect on hurricanes .

negative: Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018. The report, approved in Incheon, South Korea, includes over 6,000 scientific references, and was prepared by 91 authors from 40 countries. In December 2015, the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference called for the report. The report was delivered at the United Nations' 48th session of the IPCC to "deliver the authoritative, scientific guide for governments" to deal with climate change.Its key finding is that meeting a 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) target is possible but would require "deep emissions reductions" and "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society." Furthermore, the report finds that "limiting global warming to 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C would reduce challenging impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being" and that a 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, coral bleaching, and loss of ecosystems, among other impacts. SR15 also has modelling that shows that, for global warming to be limited to 1.5 °C, "Global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching 'net zero' around 2050." The reduction of emissions by 2030 and its associated changes and challenges, including rapid decarbonisation, was a key focus on much of the reporting which was repeated through the world.

negative: Duncan Wingham Duncan John Wingham ( born 12 October 1957 ) is a British physicist who is Professor of Climate Physics at University College London , and was the first Director of the Centre for Polar Observation & Modelling . He is chief executive of the Natural Environment Research Council and Principal Scientist for the CryoSat Satellite Mission .   In the 1990s , Wingham was involved in a four-year satellite study of the Antarctic ice sheet . His conclusion then , and from later research , is that the Antarctic has contributed little to observed rising sea levels in the 20th century . However , he has also stated that `` it is possible that the consequences of global warming on sea level rise have been underestimated ... Other sources of rise must be underestimated . In particular it is possible that the effect of global warming on thermal expansion -LSB- on the oceans -RSB- is larger than we thought '' .   In a 2005 interview Wingham stated '' -LSB- t -RSB- he Antarctic is to some extent insulated from global warming because to its north are zonal flows in the atmosphere and ocean , unimpeded by other landmasses ... I am not denying global warming . ''

negative: Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change The Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization based in Tempe , Arizona . The Center produces a weekly online science newsletter called CO2Science .   The Center was founded and is run by Craig D. Idso , along with Sherwood B. Idso , his father , and Keith E. Idso , his brother . They came from backgrounds in agriculture and climate . According to the Idsos , they became involved in the global warming controversy through their study of earth 's temperature sensitivity to radiative perturbations and plant responses to elevated CO2 levels and carbon sequestration . The Center sharply disputes the consensus scientific opinion on climate change shown in IPCC assessment reports , and believes that global warming will be beneficial to mankind .

negative: Everything's Cool Everything 's Cool may refer to :   `` Everything 's Cool '' ( song ) , a song from the Pop Will Eat Itself album Dos Dedos Mis Amigos  Everything 's Cool ( film ) , a 2007 documentary film that examines the divide between scientists and the general populace on the topic of global warming

negative: Retreat of glaciers since 1850 The retreat of glaciers since 1850 affects the availability of fresh water for irrigation and domestic use , mountain recreation , animals and plants that depend on glacier-melt , and , in the longer term , the level of the oceans . Studied by glaciologists , the temporal coincidence of glacier retreat with the measured increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases is often cited as an evidentiary underpinning of global warming . Mid-latitude mountain ranges such as the Himalayas , Alps , Rocky Mountains , Cascade Range , and the southern Andes , as well as isolated tropical summits such as Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa , are showing some of the largest proportionate glacial losses .   Glacier mass balance is the key determinant of the health of a glacier . If the amount of frozen precipitation in the accumulation zone exceeds the quantity of glacial ice lost due to melting or in the ablation zone a glacier will advance ; if the accumulation is less than the ablation , the glacier will retreat . Glaciers in retreat will have negative mass balances , and if they do not find an equilibrium between accumulation and ablation , will eventually disappear .   The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the present . Subsequently , until about 1940 , glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed substantially . Glacial retreat slowed and even reversed temporarily , in many cases , between 1950 and 1980 as global temperatures cooled slightly . Since 1980 , a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous , so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether , and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened . In locations such as the Andes of South America and Himalayas in Asia , the demise of glaciers in these regions has the potential to affect water supplies in those areas .   The retreat of mountain glaciers , notably in western North America , Asia , the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America , Africa and Indonesia , provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century . The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level , which would affect coastal regions .

negative: Global warming in Tuvalu Global warming is a concern in Tuvalu since the average height of the islands is less than 2 m above sea level , with the highest point of Niulakita being about 4.6 m above sea level . Tuvalu could be one of the first nations to experience the effects of sea level rise . Not only could parts of the island be flooded but the rising saltwater table could also destroy deep rooted food crops such as coconut , pulaka , and taro .

negative: Project Earth (TV series) Project Earth is a 2008 reality TV series , hosted by Kevin O'Leary , Jennifer L. Languell , and Mocean Melvin , on the Discovery Channel in which several groups of scientists experiment with radical ideas to slow and/or stop global warming using geoengineering methods .

negative: Ocean heat content Oceanic heat content ( OHC ) is the heat stored in the ocean . Oceanography and climatology are the science branches which study ocean heat content . Changes in the ocean heat content play an important role in the sea level rise , because of thermal expansion . It is with high confidence that ocean warming accounts for 90 % of the energy accumulation from global warming between 1971 and 2010 .

negative: Everything's Cool (film) Everything 's Cool is a 2007 documentary film that examines the divide between scientists and the general populace on the topic of global warming . Director Dan Gold said of the motivation for the film that `` I 'm optimistic that finally the message that this is real , that human beings are the cause of the most recent warming trend , and that it 's an important issue , that message is actually reaching America . On the other hand ... if that message was fully understood , we would be moving a lot faster to slow this down and to reverse this course . ''   The documentary was shown at the Sundance film festival in January 2007 and at the San Francisco International Film Festival in May 2007 . The directors also took Blue Vinyl , a film about plastic pollution , to Sundance in 2002 . It was shown on CBC in Canada as part of the Passionate Eye series .   The New York Times called it `` a breezy polemic about the politics of global warming ... -LSB- that -RSB- adopts a cheerful comic tone to avoid scaring audiences . '' The LA Times said that `` With wit and passion , Gold and Helfand marshal a plethora of data and developments yet never lose their narrative thread . '' . The New York Sun was less favourable , calling it `` the best movie I 've ever seen about global warming for kids in junior high school , but it 's the most annoying movie about global warming I 've ever seen for adults . ''

negative: Politics of global warming The complex politics of global warming results from numerous cofactors arising from the global economy 's interdependence on carbon dioxide emitting hydrocarbon energy sources and because carbon dioxide is directly implicated in global warming -- making global warming a non-traditional environmental challenge .

negative: Deglaciation Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .

negative: Future sea level The rate of global mean sea-level rise ( ~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR ) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century ( ~ 2 mm/yr ) , but the rate of rise is locally variable . Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean . On Greenland , the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007 . On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75 % . Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about − 1.8 to − 4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about − 12 to − 14 m in the first decade of the 21st century . From 1961 to 2003 , ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming .   The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( 2007 ) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving . Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. ( 2008 ) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 ( favouring the low end of this range ) . Rahmstorf ( 2007 ) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century . Pielke ( 2008 ) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far . These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century . However , sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account .

negative: Arctic methane emissions Arctic methane release is the release of methane from seas and soils in permafrost regions of the Arctic . While a long-term natural process , it is exacerbated by global warming . This results in a positive feedback effect , as methane is itself a powerful greenhouse gas .   The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane . Global warming accelerates its release , due to both release of methane from existing stores , and from methanogenesis in rotting biomass . Large quantities of methane are stored in the Arctic in natural gas deposits , permafrost , and as undersea clathrates . Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming , thus large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming . Other sources of methane include submarine taliks , river transport , ice complex retreat , submarine permafrost and decaying gas hydrate deposits .   Concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere are higher by 8 -- 10 % than that in the Antarctic atmosphere . During cold glacier epochs , this gradient decreases to practically insignificant levels . Land ecosystems are considered the main sources of this asymmetry , although it has been suggested that `` the role of the Arctic Ocean is significantly underestimated . '' Soil temperature and moisture levels have been found to be significant variables in soil methane fluxes in tundra environments .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Keep Cool Keep Cool may refer to :   Keep Cool ( film ) , a 1997 Chinese black comedy directed by Zhang Yimou  Keep Cool ( board game ) , a German-made global warming board game

negative: The Real Global Warming Disaster The Real Global Warming Disaster ( Is the Obsession with ` Climate Change ' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History ? ) is a 2009 book by English journalist and author Christopher Booker in which he asserts that global warming can not be attributed to humans , and then alleges how the scientific opinion on climate change was formulated .   From a standpoint of environmental scepticism , Booker seeks to combine an analysis of the science of global warming with the consequences of political decisions to reduce emissions and claims that , as governments prepare to make radical changes in energy policies , the scientific evidence for global warming is becoming increasingly challenged . He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists , and criticises how the UN 's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) presents evidence and data , in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections . Booker concludes , `` it begins to look very possible that the nightmare vision of our planet being doomed '' may be imaginary , and that , if so , `` it will turn out to be one of the most expensive , destructive , and foolish mistakes the human race has ever made '' .   The book 's claims were strongly criticised by science writer Philip Ball , but the book was praised by several columnists . The book opens with an erroneous quotation , which Booker subsequently acknowledged and promised to correct in future editions .   The book was Amazon UK 's fourth bestselling environment book of the decade 2000 -- 10 .

negative: Crimes of the Hot `` Crimes of the Hot '' is the eighth episode in the fourth production season of the American animated television series Futurama . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 10 , 2002 . The episode was written by Aaron Ehasz and directed by Peter Avanzino . Al Gore guest stars as his own preserved head in a jar , his second appearance in the series . The episode tackles the topic of global warming as the Planet Express crew is sent to retrieve Earth 's yearly ice supply in order to keep the planet cool . When they are unable to retrieve the ice , the Earth is forced to search for other ways to solve their global warming problem . In 2003 , the episode was nominated for an Environmental Media Award .

negative: David Steinman You may also be looking for David B. Steinman , builder of bridges .   David Steinman is an environmentalist , journalist , consumer health advocate , publisher and author . His major books include Diet for a Poisoned Planet ( 1990 , 2007 ) , The Safe Shopper 's Bible ( 1995 ) , Living Healthy in a Toxic World ( 1996 ) , and Safe Trip to Eden : Ten Steps to Save the Planet Earth from Global Warming Meltdown ( 2007 ) , which introduces a concept he calls Green Patriotism .

negative: Antarctica cooling controversy An apparent contradiction in the observed cooling behavior of Antarctica between 1966 and 2000 became part of the public debate in the global warming controversy , particularly between advocacy groups of both sides in the public arena including politicians , as well as the popular media . In his novel State of Fear , Michael Crichton asserted that the Antarctic data contradict global warming . The few scientists who have commented on the supposed controversy state that there is no contradiction , while the author of the paper whose work inspired Crichton 's remarks has said that Crichton `` misused '' his results . There is no similar controversy within the scientific community , as the small observed changes in Antarctica are consistent with the small changes predicted by climate models , and because the overall trend since comprehensive observations began is now known to be one of warming . At the South Pole , where some of the strongest cooling trends were observed between the 1950s and 1990s , the mean trend is flat from 1957 through 2013 .

negative: Global Catastrophic Risks (book) Global Catastrophic Risks ( 2011 ) is a non-fiction book edited by philosopher Nick Bostrom and astronomer Milan M. Ćirković . The book is about issues such as asteroid impacts , gamma-ray bursts , Earth-based natural catastrophes , nuclear war , terrorism , global warming , biological weapons , totalitarianism , advanced nanotechnology , artificial general intelligence , and social collapse . The book also addresses overarching issues such as policy responses and methods for predicting and managing catastrophes .

negative: Global warming in Luxembourg Global warming in Luxembourg discuss the global warming issues in Luxembourg .

negative: 1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene 1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene ( HFO-1234ze ) is a hydrofluoroolefin . It was developed as a `` fourth generation '' refrigerant to replace R-134a and as a blowing agent for foam and aerosol applications . The use of R-134a is being phased out because of its high global-warming potential . HFO-1234ze has zero ozone-depletion potential ( ODP = 0 ) and a very low global-warming potential ( GWP < 1 ) , even lower than CO2 .


query: But there is also good data showing sea levels

positive: Coral Corals are marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria . They typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps . The group includes the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton .   A coral `` group '' is a colony of myriad genetically identical polyps . Each polyp is a sac-like animal typically only a few millimeters in diameter and a few centimeters in length . A set of tentacles surround a central mouth opening . An exoskeleton is excreted near the base . Over many generations , the colony thus creates a large skeleton that is characteristic of the species . Individual heads grow by asexual reproduction of polyps . Corals also breed sexually by spawning : polyps of the same species release gametes simultaneously over a period of one to several nights around a full moon .   Although some corals can catch small fish and plankton using stinging cells on their tentacles , most corals obtain the majority of their energy and nutrients from photosynthetic unicellular dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium that live within their tissues . These are commonly known as zooxanthellae and the corals that contain them are zooxanthellate corals . Such corals require sunlight and grow in clear , shallow water , typically at depths shallower than 60 m. Corals are major contributors to the physical structure of the coral reefs that develop in tropical and subtropical waters , such as the enormous Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Queensland , Australia .   Other corals do not rely on zooxanthellae and can live in much deeper water , with the cold-water genus Lophelia surviving as deep as 3000 m . Some have been found on the Darwin Mounds , north-west of Cape Wrath , Scotland . Corals have also been found as far north as off the coast of Washington State and the Aleutian Islands .

positive: Great Salt Lake The Great Salt Lake , located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Utah , is the largest salt water lake in the Western Hemisphere , and the eighth-largest terminal lake in the world . In an average year the lake covers an area of around 1700 sqmi , but the lake 's size fluctuates substantially due to its shallowness . For instance , in 1963 it reached its lowest recorded size at 950 square miles ( 2,460 km ² ) , but in 1988 the surface area was at the historic high of 3300 sqmi . In terms of surface area , it is the largest lake in the United States that is not part of the Great Lakes region .   The lake is the largest remnant of Lake Bonneville , a prehistoric pluvial lake that once covered much of western Utah . The three major tributaries to the lake , the Jordan , Weber , and Bear rivers together deposit around 1.1 million tons of minerals in the lake each year . As it is endorheic ( has no outlet besides evaporation ) , it has very high salinity , far saltier than seawater , which makes swimming similar to floating , and its mineral content is steadily increasing . Its shallow , warm waters cause frequent , sometimes heavy lake-effect snows from late fall through spring .   Although it has been called `` America 's Dead Sea '' , the lake provides habitat for millions of native birds , brine shrimp , shorebirds , and waterfowl , including the largest staging population of Wilson 's phalarope in the world .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Goode Crossing, Virginia Goode Crossing is an unincorporated community in Powhatan County , in the U.S. state of Virginia .   Goode Crossing is a populated place in Powhatan County , VA with an elevation of 187 ft above sea level . This place is also known as Goodes Crossing .

negative: Lešane, Suva Reka Lešane ( Лешане , Leshan ) is a settlement in the Suva Reka municipality in south Kosovo . It is located in the Prizrenski Podgor region . It lies 374 m above sea level . It has an ethnic Albanian majority , and Serbian minority ; in the 1991 census , it had 2381 inhabitants . The smaller settlement of Topličane has been registered with Lešane in the censuses ( The 1981 data shows only Lešane data ) .

negative: Sea Around Us (organization) The Sea Around Us is an international research initiative and a member of the Global Fisheries Cluster at the University of British Columbia . The Sea Around Us assesses the impact of fisheries on the marine ecosystems of the world and offers mitigating solutions to a range of stakeholders . To achieve this , the Sea Around Us presents fisheries and fisheries-related data at spatial scales that have ecological and policy relevance , such as by Exclusive Economic Zones , High Seas areas , or Large Marine Ecosystems .   All spatialized data are visualized either graphically or mapped , and all data can be downloaded . Global fisheries catches from 1950 to the present are available , under explicit consideration of coral reefs , seamounts , estuaries and other critical habitats of fish and marine invertebrates . The data presented , which are all freely available , are meant to support studies of global fisheries trends and the development of sustainable , ecosystem-based fisheries policies .   In the early 2000s , members of the Sea Around Us uncovered that China was overestimating its catches and showed that , when such distortions were removed from overall fisheries catches , global fisheries were actually declining since the late 1980s . The Sea Around Us also showed that the biomass of large fish in the North Atlantic is one-tenth of what it was only a century ago . Aquaculture , according to another study with members from the Project , can not be expected to compensate for overfishing but is instead likely to exacerbate the problem due to the reliance on wild fish for fishmeal . In other words , without serious long-term planning , the oceans might get a lot worse before they get better .   In 2016 , members of the Sea Around Us , using reconstructed global catch data that combine officially reported landings data with comprehensive estimates of unreported landings and discards , documented that , from 1950-2010 , global catches were around 50 % higher than reported data suggest . Furthermore , total catches seem to be declining faster from their peak catch in the mid-1990s than reported data would suggest .   The good news is that the discrepancy between reported data and estimated total catches is decreasing in more recent years , meaning that the comprehensiveness of data reported by countries seems to be improving .   All this information was compiled in the Global Atlas of Marine Fisheries , a 520-page book published in October 2016 by Island Press .   The Sea Around Us also communicates to broad audiences to convey the urgency to :   Reduce excess fishing capacity ( much of which is being ` exported ' to developing countries ) .  Eliminate damaging subsidies and create extensive networks of marine protected areas .  Reconsider the current model of carnivorous aquaculture .  Refocus fisheries to the small-scale sectors that are crucial to national food security concerns in developing countries .   The Sea Around Us was initiated in collaboration with The Pew Charitable Trusts in 1999 , and in 2014 , Sea Around Us began a collaboration with The Paul G. Allen Family Foundation and its executive arm , Vulcan Inc. , to provide African and Asian countries with more accurate and comprehensive fisheries data , and to redesign and revamp the Sea Around Us website .

negative: Resource calendar The resource calendar is the timetable that shows how material and labor are consumed during the course of a project . . This data might be at activity or project level .

negative: OpenCorporates OpenCorporates is a website which shares data on corporate entities as open data under the share-alike attribution Open Database License . It was created by Chris Taggart and Rob McKinnon , under the auspices of their company , Chrinon Ltd , and launched on 20 December 2010 . It has the aims of creating a URL with such data for every corporate entity in the world , importing government data relating to companies and matching it to specific companies .   The site also shows groups of companies which are legally part of the same conglomerate . Basic company information is available as open data in XML or JSON format .   The OpenCorporates Advisory Board exists to advise OpenCorporates on policy , practice and principles , and to ensure that OpenCorporates remains true to its central mission of the opening of company data for the public good . It 's formed by three members actually : David Eaves , Kaitlin Lee and Andrew Stott .   The same team also operate OpenCharities , compiling data on registered charities .

negative: Link control Link control may refer to :   Data link layer , also known as data link control ( DLC )  High-Level Data Link Control ( HDLC )  Synchronous Data Link Control ( SDLC )

negative: Mukhaestate Mukhaestate is a village located in the west part of Georgia , Kobuleti municipality in the Adjarian region ( an autonomous region ) . Village is situated at 60 metres above the sea level . In the village is a small river , which called Achkva . According to the data of 2014 , 1 837 people live in the village . During the 15th-16th century Mukhaestate was the main residence place for nobleman from Guria region . Mukhaestate is 36.9 kilometers north of Batumi and approximately 315 km west of the nation 's capital Tbilisi . The mountainous area is good for subtropical species .

negative: Cholame, California Cholame -LSB- ʃəˈlæm -RSB- is an unincorporated community in San Luis Obispo County , California , USA . It sits within a mile of the San Andreas Rift Zone fault line at an elevation of 1157 ft above sea level and is located at . Cholame is reached via State Route 41 , just southwest of the junction of Route 46 . Rainfall data from a nearby ranch shows that the area around Cholame only receives about eight to nine inches ( 200 -- 230 mm ) of rain in a normal year .   Cholame is locally pronounced `` show-LAM . ''

negative: Mung (computer term) Mung or munge is computer jargon for a series of potentially destructive or irrevocable changes to a piece of data or a file . It is sometimes used for vague data transformation steps that are not yet clear to the speaker .  Common munging operations include removing punctuation or html tags , data parsing , filtering , and transformation .   The term was coined in 1958 in the Tech Model Railroad Club at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . In 1960 the backronym `` Mash Until No Good '' was created to describe Mung , and a while after it was revised to `` Mung Until No Good '' , making it one of the first recursive acronyms . It lived on as a recursive command in the editing language TECO .   It differs from the very similar term munge , because munging usually implies destruction of data , while mungeing usually implies modifying data in order to create protection related to that data .   Munging may also describe the constructive operation of tying together systems and interfaces that were not specifically designed to interoperate . Munging can also describe the processing or filtering of raw data into another form .   As the `` no good '' part of the acronym implies , munging often involves irrevocable destruction of data . Hence in the early text-adventure game Zork , also known as Dungeon , the user could mung an object and thereby destroy it ( making it impossible to finish the game if the object was an important item ) .

negative: Object storage Object storage ( also known as object-based storage ) is a computer data storage architecture that manages data as objects , as opposed to other storage architectures like file systems which manage data as a file hierarchy and block storage which manages data as blocks within sectors and tracks . Each object typically includes the data itself , a variable amount of metadata , and a globally unique identifier . Object storage can be implemented at multiple levels , including the device level ( object storage device ) , the system level , and the interface level . In each case , object storage seeks to enable capabilities not addressed by other storage architectures , like interfaces that can be directly programmable by the application , a namespace that can span multiple instances of physical hardware , and data management functions like data replication and data distribution at object-level granularity .   Object storage systems allow retention of massive amounts of unstructured data . Object storage is used for purposes such as storing photos on Facebook , songs on Spotify , or files in online collaboration services , such as Dropbox .

negative: Atlantic Data Base for Exchange Processes at the Deep Sea Floor The Atlantic Data Base for Exchange Processes at the Deep Sea Floor ( ADEPD ) was a marine research project funded by the EU from 1998 to 2000 as part of MAST III ( Marine Science and Technology Programme ) . The project was coordinated by Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte at the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research , Warnemünde with contributions of ten European partners and one institute from the US .   Aim of the ADEPD project was to build up a joint data base for deep sea biological and geochemical data from a variety of sources and to conduct a preliminary geographical analysis of these data . Emphasis was on the North Atlantic , since from this area most data are available and it is the most perturbed deep sea region due to human activities . 1775 published and unpublished data sets were collected in two years . This was the first project which has compiled a data base from existing deep sea data , long-term archived and accessible to the scientific community .   Evaluation of the data collection showed that data are clustered in some well investigated areas of the Atlantic , but large regions are devoid of data like the Mid Atlantic Ridge , parts of the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean . In particular biological data from the deep sea are much more scarce than geochemical ones , since many biological data from past investigations are not accessible in a suitable form at present . Most deep sea research projects did not carry out geochemical and biological studies at the same lcoations . Therefor , statistical comparisons between biological and geochemical data are still difficult despite the high total amount of data gathered . Different methods employed for the determination of one variable further complicate the matter . One of the major achievements of ADEP was to convert different measurements to common units . This allowed to investigate relationships between different chemical measurements , groups of organisms and turnover rates .   Two very different approaches to estimate the total turnover of organic carbon or oxygen ( respiration ) at the deep sea floor gave very similar results . Regional differences in both assessments point to methodological shortcomings by one or the other method and to gaps in data coverage . While estimates agreed well in central Atlantic regions , fairly large discrepancies were found at the continental margins . This indicated that there was still insufficient knowledge about transport processes and biological turnover of organic carbon along continental margins .   The following recommendations for future research were given on the basis of the ADEPD results :  It is most important to secure deep sea biological data from so far inaccessible sources and to collate them in a data information system which guarantees long-term stewardship and public access .  Biological and geochemical studies were mostly carried out separately which seems to be a systematic , scientific pattern and poses a problem in deep sea research . Interdisciplinary studies are essential to better understand of deep sea processes .  The largest differences in estimates of oxygen fluxes at the sea floor are found at continental margins which export large amounts of organic carbon to the deep sea . The knowledge of transport and biological utilization at the continental margins need further attention .

negative: NotesPeek NotesPeek is a utility that allows navigation and display of the complete contents of Lotus Notes database files . It breaks out the database components in a tree structure , while also providing access to both low level and high level database components . It can show data and settings that otherwise can not accessed .   NotesPeek was written by Ned Batchelder , who wrote it for his own use .  He was later the project leader for Domino Designer .

negative: Hamburg Rules The Hamburg Rules are a set of rules governing the international shipment of goods , resulting from the United Nations International Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea adopted in Hamburg on 31 March 1978 . The Convention was an attempt to form a uniform legal base for the transportation of goods on oceangoing ships . A driving force behind the convention was the attempt of developing countries ' to level the playing field . It came into force on 1 November 1992 .

negative: Good Daddy Being A Good Daddy , also called Good Daddy , The Daddy I Like or Because I Like You ( the literal translation from Korean ) , was a South Korean reality variety show . Originally having been just a Chuseok show , it became a permanent weekly show after favourable reviews of its pilot episode .

negative: Orphan Bird The Orphan Bird ( Orphanay , Rafanay ) is a legendary bird from Medieval bestiaries . It had a peacock 's neck , an eagle 's beak , a swan 's feet , and a crane 's body . It would lay its eggs in the sea . The good eggs would float , while the bad eggs would sink .   This is also an episode name in the popular show Survivor .

negative: Saja (river) The Saja is a river in the autonomous community of Cantabria , northern Spain . It flows into the Cantabric sea . Part of its course is inside the Saja-Besaya Natural Park   The Saja 's source is at 1,700 meters above sea level and it flows rapidly through a steep V-shaped basin during the first kilometers . Past the village of Fresneda the valley starts to open up and it develops a wide alluvial plain in the Cabuerniga valley .   Regarding the ecologic conservation of the river , it is good from the source to the Santa Lucía bridge , from when it begins to show important alterations , and being catalogued as moderately conserved . Down the confluence with the Besaya the alterations are already serious or very serious , being catalogued as badly conserved .

negative: Chaghcharan Chaghcharān ( -LSB- tʃægtʃæˈrɑːn -RSB- چغچران ) , also called Chakhcheran , and formerly known as Āhangarān آهنګران ) , ( آهنگران , is a town and district in central Afghanistan , which serves as the capital of Ghor Province . It is located on the southern side of the Hari River , at an altitude of 2,230 m above sea level . In 2014 , the Government of Afghanistan formally changed the name of this town to Firuzkoh .   Chaghcharan is linked by a 380-kilometre-long highway with Herat to the west and is about the same distance from Kabul to the east and is also served by Chaghcharan Airport .   It has a population of about 15,000 who are mostly Dari speakers . However the recent data showed a population of 31,266 ( in 2015 ) . it has 1 districts and a total land area of 2,614 Hectares . The total number of dwellings in this city are 3,474 .

negative: Dingli Dingli ( Ħad-Dingli ) is a village in the Northern Region of Malta , with a population of 3,608 as of March 2014 . It is 13 km from the capital Valletta and two kilometers ( 2 km ) from the nearest town , Rabat . The village lies on a plateau some 250 metres above sea level , which is one of the highest points of Malta . The area provides not only open sea views over the tiny , uninhabited isle of Filfla , but is also a good vantage point over Malta . From the cliffs there are also views of the nearby Buskett Gardens and Verdala Palace .

negative: Unemployment in Turkey Unemployment in Turkey measured by the Office of National Statistics show unemployment in Turkey at 3 647 000 ( 12.7 % ) as of December 2017 . Though unemployment is a general problem for the whole world , the degree of unemployment in Turkey is especially high in respect to the other countries in the region at the same economic level . In the year 2017 , the data on `` youth unemployment '' , which indicates unemployment between 15 and 25 according to the data of the Turkish Statistical Institute ( TUİK ) , showed a worse performance than the general unemployment rate and increased by 4.8 percentage points to 24 percent .

negative: Link level Link level : In the hierarchical structure of a primary or secondary station , the conceptual level of control or data processing logic that controls the data link .   Note : Link-level functions provide an interface between the station high-level logic and the data link . Link-level functions include ( a ) transmit bit injection and receive bit extraction , ( b ) address and control field interpretation , ( c ) command response generation , transmission and interpretation , and ( d ) frame check sequence computation and interpretation .

negative: Good Morning World Good Morning World is a satirical television show posing as a fictional morning show called `` Good Morning World '' . It stars ( and was also created by ) Peter Oldring and Pat Kelly , as hosts Andy Peppers and Allister Coulter .   The show , which airs on Fridays at 8:30 pm ET/PT on The Comedy Network , serves as a recap of the previous week of webisodes , available to view at thecomedynetwork.ca   In an interview with newteevee.com , co-creator and star Peter Oldring revealed that the show is entirely improvised .

negative: Bøn Station Bøn Station lies on the Trunk Line in Eidsvoll municipality , Norway , and was opened as a stop in 1858 . The station lies 62.24 kilometres from Oslo S and is 134 metres above sea level . The station building was built in 1884 .   The buildings at the station are important , with the station building ( 1874 ) and the goods house ( 1853 ) at Bøn the only original buildings remaining on the Trunk Line . In January 2009 , the goods house at Bøn burnt down .

negative: Princetown Princetown is a villageDespite its name , Princetown is not classed as a town today -- it is not included in the County Council 's list of the 29 towns in Devon : in the Dartmoor national park in the English county of Devon . It is the principal settlement of the civil parish of Dartmoor Forest .   The village has its origins in 1785 , when Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt , Secretary to the Prince of Wales , leased a large area of moorland from the Duchy of Cornwall estate , hoping to convert it into good farmland . He encouraged people to live in the area and suggested that a prison be built there . He called the settlement Princetown after the Prince of Wales .   Princetown is the site of Dartmoor Prison . At around 1,430 feet ( 435 m ) above sea level , it is the highest settlement on the moor , and one of the highest in the United Kingdom . It is also the largest settlement located on the high moor . The Princetown Railway , closed in 1956 , was also the highest railway line in England : its Princetown terminus was also 1,430 feet above sea level .

negative: Hello Good Morning (disambiguation) `` Hello Good Morning '' ' is a song by Dirty Money   Hello Good Morning may also refer to :  Hello Good Morning , TV show Golden Bell Awards : 1990 -- 99 winners list  Hello Good Morning ( Nick MacKenzie song )

negative: Chrysler Citadel The Chrysler Citadel was a concept car created by Chrysler . It was shown at the 2000 Washington DC Auto Show . The Citadel was a hybrid with good performance and the inspiration for the production-model Pacifica . The Citadel name was later used for a trim level on the 2011 Dodge Durango .

negative: Lee Nelson's Well Good Show Lee Nelson 's Well Good Show was a British comedy sketch show , written and presented by Simon Brodkin , and produced by Avalon Television for BBC Three . It featured Brodkin hosting a studio based show as his comedy character Lee Nelson , a happy-go-lucky chav , and also featured television sketches of Brodkin 's other comedy characters .

negative: Carriage of Goods By Sea Act 1992 The Carriage of Goods By Sea Act 1992 is a UK Statute that repeals the Bills of Lading Act 1855 and makes new provisions .

negative: Base level The base level of a river or stream is the lowest point to which it can flow , often referred to as the ` mouth of the river ' . For large rivers , sea level is usually the base level , but a large river or lake is likewise the base level for tributary streams . All rivers and streams erode toward sea level , which is also known as the `` ultimate base level . '' A rather rare exception can be seen in the Jordan River , for which the base level is the Dead Sea , 417 m below modern sea level . If a river is dammed , a new base level ( the level of the reservoir ) replaces the ultimate base level . As a result , the stream 's base level is raised . Consequently , this reduces the stream 's velocity , leads to deposition , and a reduction of the gradient upstream from the reservoir .   Base level is also significant for subsurface drainage . A low base level is a prerequisite for the formation of karst topography , a network of sinkholes and caverns that can develop as slightly acidic groundwater enlarges joints ( by solution ) in limestone rock . Often this network of underground drainage feeds back to surface drainage along the edges of larger rivers , which are the effective base level .   When the source of a stream is very high relative to its base level ( high stream gradient ) , erosion proceeds rapidly due to the energy of the rapidly moving water and the topography becomes rugged , and it is considered a young stream ( geologically speaking ) . When erosion has acted for a long geologic time , wearing down the high points and making a small difference between the source and the base level of a stream ( low stream gradient ) , then the stream is called mature . Mature stream valleys have gentle slopes , rounded higher points and meandering courses .   A very hard layer of rock can form a temporary base level , until it is cut through . For example , Lockport dolomite has created a temporary base level for the Niagara River . Eventually this will be cut through as Niagara Falls recedes , and Lake Erie will be drained to near the lower base level of Lake Ontario .   Movements of land can greatly affect base levels . As an illustration , the uplift of the Colorado Plateau , combined with the opening of the Gulf of California to the sea , established sea level as the base level for the Colorado River and led to the ( geologically ) rapid erosion that resulted in the Grand Canyon .   The many meanders of the Kentucky River show that it was a mature stream with little relief . Uplift of the central Kentucky area rejuvenated the stream , causing it to cut a deep canyon , but preserving the meanders that indicate the stream existed prior to the uplift .   Other geologic processes can affect base levels . In the Finger Lakes of New York , Ice age glaciation greatly deepened the lake valleys and rejuvenated tributary streams . These streams have deep ravines and often waterfalls where hard rock layers slow erosion ; they are said to be hanging valleys .   Sea level can also change ( primarily due to the formation or melting of continental ice sheets ) , and raise or lower the final base level for coastal rivers . Along the east coast of North America , river valleys extend out onto the continental shelf , indicating a time when erosion was possible due to the lower base level of a lower sea level in the past . Today many of these same rivers end in bays , indicating that sea level has risen in recent geologic time . This is referred to as a drowned coastline .

negative: Castel Sant'Angelo (Licata) Castel Sant ` Angelo , also known as Forte Sant ` Angelo , is a fort in Licata , Sicily . It was originally built as a watchtower in the 1580s , and was expanded into a fort between 1615 and 1640 . Today , the fort is in good condition and is open to the public .   Castel Sant ` Angelo is located on the top of Monte Sant ` Angelo , a hill 130 m above sea level , overlooking the city to the north and its harbour to the south . Several archaeological sites , including remains of a Hellenistic settlement , can be found in the area .

negative: Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal The Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal is a long service and good conduct medal , instituted for award to other ranks of the Permanent Forces of the Dominions and Colonies of the British Empire . The medal , also known as the Permanent Overseas Forces Long Service and Good Conduct Medal , was established in 1910 as a single common award to supersede the several local versions of the Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal which were being awarded by the various territories .   Along with the Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal , the Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal was , in turn , superseded in 1930 by the Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct ( Military ) , which once again had various territorial versions .

negative: Microphallus turgidus Microphallus turgidus is a widespread and locally common undescribed flatworm parasite in New Zealand lakes and streams . Multilocus allozyme genotype data show that Microphallus turgidus is a single outbred species with high levels of gene flow among South Island populations . Microphallus turgidus '' is commonly found in the abdominal muscles of grass shrimp .

negative: Kolmogorov structure function In 1973 Kolmogorov proposed a non-probabilistic approach to statistics and model selection . Let each datum be a finite binary string and a model be finite sets of binary strings . Consider model classes consisting of models of given maximal Kolmogorov complexity .  The Kolmogorov structure function of an individual data string expresses the relation between the complexity level constraint on a model class and the least log-cardinality of a model in the class containing the data . The structure function determines all stochastic properties of the individual data string : for every constrained model class it determines the individual best-fitting model in the class irrespective of whether the true model is in the model class considered or not . In the classical case we talk about a set of data with a probability distribution , and the properties are those of the expectations . In contrast , here we deal with individual data strings and the properties of the individual string focussed on . In this setting , a property holds with certainty rather than with high probability as in the classical case . The Kolmogorov structure function precisely quantify the goodness-of-fit of an individual model with respect to individual data .   The Kolmogorov structure function is used in the algorithmic information theory , also known as the theory of Kolmogorov complexity , for describing the structure of a string by use of models of increasing complexity .