query: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

positive: Holocene extinction The Holocene extinction , otherwise referred to as the Sixth extinction or Anthropocene extinction , is the ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch , mainly due to human activity . The large number of extinctions spans numerous families of plants and animals , including mammals , birds , amphibians , reptiles and arthropods . With widespread degradation of highly biodiverse habitats such as coral reefs and rainforest , as well as other areas , the vast majority of these extinctions is thought to be undocumented . According to the species-area theory , and based on upper-bound estimating , the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year , making it the greatest loss of biodiversity since the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event .   The Holocene extinction includes the disappearance of large land animals known as megafauna , starting at the end of the last Ice Age . Megafauna outside of the African continent , which did not evolve alongside humans , proved highly sensitive to the introduction of new predation , and many died out shortly after early humans began spreading and hunting across the Earth ( additionally , many African species have also gone extinct in the Holocene ) . These extinctions , occurring near the Pleistocene -- Holocene boundary , are sometimes referred to as the Quaternary extinction event .   The arrival of humans on different continents coincides with megafaunal extinction . The most popular theory is that human overhunting of species added to existing stress conditions . Although there is debate regarding how much human predation affected their decline , certain population declines have been directly correlated with human activity , such as the extinction events of New Zealand and Hawaii . Aside from humans , climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions , especially at the end of the Quaternary .   The ecology of humanity has been noted as being that of an unprecedented `` global superpredator '' that regularly preys on the adults of other apex predators and has worldwide effects on food webs . Extinctions of species have occurred on every land mass and ocean , with many famous examples within Africa , Asia , Europe , Australia , North and South America , and on smaller islands . Overall , the Holocene extinction can be characterized by the human impact on the environment . The Holocene extinction continues into the 21st century , with meat consumption , overfishing , ocean acidification and the amphibian crisis being a few broader examples of an almost universal , cosmopolitan decline in biodiversity . A ballooning human population along with profligate consumption are considered to be the primary drivers of this rapid decline .

positive: Human impact on the environment Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes impacts on biophysical environments , biodiversity , and other resources . The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human activity . The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist Alexey Pavlov , and was first used in English by British ecologist Arthur Tansley in reference to human influences on climax plant communities . The atmospheric scientist Paul Crutzen introduced the term `` Anthropocene '' in the mid-1970s . The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution emissions that are produced as a result of human activities but applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment .

positive: Human Modern humans ( Homo sapiens , primarily ssp . Homo sapiens sapiens ) are the only extant members of Hominina tribe ( or human tribe ) , a branch of the tribe Hominini belonging to the family of great apes . They are characterized by erect posture and bipedal locomotion ; high manual dexterity and heavy tool use compared to other animals ; and a general trend toward larger , more complex brains and societies .   Early hominins -- particularly the australopithecines , whose brains and anatomy are in many ways more similar to ancestral non-human apes -- are less often referred to as `` human '' than hominins of the genus Homo . Several of these hominins used fire , occupied much of Eurasia , and gave rise to anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Africa about 200,000 years ago . They began to exhibit evidence of behavioral modernity around 50,000 years ago . In several waves of migration , anatomically modern humans ventured out of Africa and populated most of the world .   The spread of humans and their large and increasing population has had a profound impact on large areas of the environment and millions of native species worldwide . Advantages that explain this evolutionary success include a relatively larger brain with a particularly well-developed neocortex , prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes , which enable high levels of abstract reasoning , language , problem solving , sociality , and culture through social learning . Humans use tools to a much higher degree than any other animal , are the only extant species known to build fires and cook their food , and are the only extant species to clothe themselves and create and use numerous other technologies and arts .   Humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of symbolic communication ( such as language and art ) for self-expression and the exchange of ideas , and for organizing themselves into purposeful groups . Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups , from families and kinship networks to political states . Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values , social norms , and rituals , which together form the basis of human society . Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena ( or events ) has provided the foundation for developing science , philosophy , mythology , religion , anthropology , and numerous other fields of knowledge .   Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies , increasing numbers of human societies began to practice sedentary agriculture approximately some 10,000 years ago , domesticating plants and animals , thus allowing for the growth of civilization . These human societies subsequently expanded in size , establishing various forms of government , religion , and culture around the world , unifying people within regions to form states and empires . The rapid advancement of scientific and medical understanding in the 19th and 20th centuries led to the development of fuel-driven technologies and increased lifespans , causing the human population to rise exponentially . Today the global human population is estimated by the United Nations to be near billion .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Climate risk Climate risk means a risk resulting from climate change and affecting natural and human systems and regions .   In the course of increasing global temperature and extreme weather phenomena  the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) has been founded by the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) and the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) for a better understanding of climate change and meeting concerns of these observations . Its main aim is evaluating climate risks and exploring strategies for the prevention of these risks .

negative: Climate change and potatoes Global warming is predicted to have significant effects on global potato production . Like many crops , potatoes are likely to be affected by changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide , temperature and precipitation , as well as interactions between these factors . As well as affecting potatoes directly , climate change will also affect the distributions and populations of many potato diseases and pests .  Potato is one of the world 's most important food crops . Potato production must be adapted to climate change to avoid reductions in crop yields .

negative: Effects of climate change The effects of climate change may refer to :  Effects of global warming , the effects of current climate change  Historical impacts of climate change , during the early evolution and history of humans , prior to current global warming

negative: The Cloud Mystery The Cloud Mystery is a documentary by Danish director Lars Oxfeldt Mortensen . It explores the published theory by Danish scientist Henrik Svensmark on how galactic cosmic rays and solar activity affects cloud cover , and how this influences the earth 's climate . Also known as Klimamysteriet in Danish .   This documentary presents the work done to develop the theory that cloud cover change is caused by variations in cosmic rays as the major originator of global climate variation . It also mentions that these scientist to not subscribe to the view that human influence and the effect of greenhouse gases as significant drivers of climate . However , the focus is on the work they have done and not on other climate theories like anthropogenic global warming for instance .

negative: Public opinion on climate change Public opinion on climate change is the aggregate of attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population concerning the science , economics , and politics of global warming . It is affected by media coverage of climate change .

negative: Climatic Research Unit documents Climatic Research Unit documents including thousands of e-mails and other computer files were stolen from a server at the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia in a hacking incident in November 2009 . The documents were redistributed first through several blogs of global warming skeptics , and allegations were made that they indicated misconduct by leading climate scientists . A series of investigations rejected these allegations , while concluding that CRU scientists should have been more open with distributing data and methods on request . Precisely six committees investigated the allegations and published reports , finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct . The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged by the end of the investigations .   The incident occurred shortly before the opening December 2009 Copenhagen global climate summit . It has prompted general discussion about increasing the openness of scientific data ( though the majority of climate data have always been freely available ) . Scientists , scientific organisations , and government officials have stated that the incident does not affect the overall scientific case for climate change . Andrew Revkin reported in the New York Times that `` The evidence pointing to a growing human contribution to global warming is so widely accepted that the hacked material is unlikely to erode the overall argument . ''

negative: Historical impacts of climate change Climate has affected human life and civilization from the emergence of hominins to the present day . These historical impacts of climate change can improve human life and cause societies to flourish , or can be instrumental in civilization 's societal collapse .

negative: International Human Dimensions Programme The International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change ( IHDP ) was a research programme that studied the human and societal aspects of the phenomenon of global change .   IHDP aimed to frame , develop and integrate social science research on global change , and promote the application of its key findings . It strived to develop research approaches that put societies at the center of the debate , looking at then-current global environmental problems as social and societal challenges .   IHDP 's work brought together groups of multi-disciplinary and multi-national researchers to work on long-term collaborative science . Its former role within the scientific field provided leadership in the selection and development of themes for focused research and in stimulating scientific communities to coordinate their efforts on these themes within the framework of its projects .   IHDP research was conducted through ten projects . Its six core projects , focused on how humans affect and are affected by climate change , with specific topics including human security , urbanization , industrial transformation and environmental governance as they relate to global change . Two of its six core projects were also core projects of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme ( IGBP ) and focused specifically on coupled human-environment systems such as land use , and coastal zones . It also had four joint projects on the Earth 's carbon cycle , water systems , human health and food systems with the other three global change research programmes ( ESSP ) .

negative: Effects of global warming on marine mammals The effect of global warming on marine mammals is a growing concern . Many of the effects of climate change are currently unknown due to its unpredictability , but many are becoming increasingly evident today . Some effects are very direct such as loss of habitat , temperature stress , and exposure to severe weather . Other effects are more indirect such as changes in host pathogen associations , changes in body condition because of predator -- prey interaction , changed in exposure to toxins , and increased human interactions . These are just a few examples of what marine mammals are dealing with as a result of rapid climate change . There are a number of marine mammals that have been affected by climate change including walruses , seals , penguins , and polar bears .

negative: Global Land Project The Global Land Project -LSB- changed to Global Land Programme in 2016 -RSB- is a research initiative of Future Earth ( originally the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme ( IGBP ) and the International Human Dimensions Programme ( IHDP ) ) . It aims to understand the changes of the land systems given the prospects of rapid and massive global environmental change . The goal of GLP is `` to measure , model and understand the coupled human-environment system '' .   The Global Land Project Science Plan describes the scientific questions that the land systems research community considers to be crucial for the next decade . GLP has three objectives that determine the research framework :  To identify the agents , structures and nature of change in coupled human-environment systems on land , and to quantify their effects on the coupled system ;  To assess how the provision of ecosystem services is affected by the changes in ( i ) above ; and  To identify the character and dynamics of vulnerable and sustainable coupled human-environment systems to interacting perturbations , including climate change .

negative: Representations of the atmospheric boundary layer in global climate models Representations of the atmospheric boundary layer in global climate models  play a role in simulations of past , present , and future climates . Representing the atmospheric boundary layer ( ABL ) within global climate models ( GCMs ) are difficult due to differences in surface type , scale mismatch between physical processes affecting the ABL and scales at which GCMs are run , and difficulties in measuring different physical processes within the ABL . Various parameterization techniques described below attempt to address the difficulty in ABL representations within GCMs .

negative: Effects of global warming on human health The effects of global warming include effects on human health . The observed and projected increased frequency and severity of climate related impacts will further exacerbate the effects on human health . This article describes some of those effects on individuals and populations .

negative: Climate Refugees (film) Climate Refugees ( aka : C.R. ) is a 2010 American documentary film , directed and produced by Michael P. Nash . The documentary attempts to cover the human impact of climate change by considering those who could most be affected by it .

negative: Climate Vulnerability Monitor The Climate Vulnerability Monitor ( CVM ) is an independent global assessment of the effect of climate change on the world 's populations brought together by panels of key international authorities . The Monitor was launched in December 2010 in London and Cancun to coincide with the UN Cancun Summit on climate change ( COP-16 ) .   Developed by DARA and the Climate Vulnerable Forum , the report is meant to serve as a new tool to assess global vulnerability to various effects of climate change within different nations .   The report distills leading science and research for a clearer explanation of how and where populations are being affected by climate change today ( 2010 ) and in the near future ( 2030 ) , while pointing to key actions that reduce these impacts .   DARA and the Climate Vulnerable Forum launched the 2nd edition of the Climate Vulnerability Monitor on 26 September 2012 at the Asia Society , New York .

negative: Climate variability Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. In the time since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities that are causing global warming and climate change.The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth's energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling. The energy moving through Earth's climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region's climate. Such changes can be the result of "internal variability", when natural processes inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate variability can also result from external forcing, when events outside of the climate system's components nonetheless produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism. Climate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies.

negative: Surveys of scientists' views on climate change Surveys of scientists ' views on climate change - with a focus on human-caused or anthropogenic global warming ( AGW ) - have been undertaken since the 1990s . A 2016 paper ( which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes , Peter Doran , William Anderegg , Bart Verheggen , Ed Maibach , J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook , and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors ) concluded that `` the finding of 97 % consensus -LSB- that humans are causing recent global warming -RSB- in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies . ''

negative: Solar activity and climate Solar irradiance variation has been a main driver of climate change over geologic time , but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant .

negative: Ecological forecasting Ecological forecasting uses knowledge of physics , ecology and physiology to predict how ecosystems will change in the future in response to environmental factors such as climate change . The ultimate goal of the approach is to provide people such as resource managers and designers of marine reserves with information that they can then use to respond , in advance , to future changes , a form of adaptation to global warming .   One of the most important environmental factors for organisms today is global warming . Most physiological processes are affected by temperature , and so even small changes in weather and climate can lead to large changes in the growth , reproduction and survival of animals and plants . The scientific consensus  is that the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases due to human activity caused most of the warming observed since the start of the industrial era . These changes are in turn affecting human and natural ecosystems .   One major challenge is to predict where , when and with what magnitude changes are likely to occur so that we can mitigate or at least prepare for them . Ecological forecasting applies existing knowledge of how animals and plants interact with their physical environment to ask how changes in environmental factors might result in changes to the ecosystems as a whole .

negative: Cloud feedback Cloud feedback is the coupling between cloudiness and surface air temperature where a surface air temperature change leads to a change in clouds , which could then amplify or diminish the initial temperature perturbation . Cloud feedbacks can affect the magnitude of internally generated climate variability or they can affect the magnitude of climate change resulting from external radiative forcings .   Global warming is expected to change the distribution and type of clouds . Seen from below , clouds emit infrared radiation back to the surface , and so exert a warming effect ; seen from above , clouds reflect sunlight and emit infrared radiation to space , and so exert a cooling effect . Cloud representations vary among global climate models , and small changes in cloud cover have a large impact on the climate . Differences in planetary boundary layer cloud modeling schemes can lead to large differences in derived values of climate sensitivity . A model that decreases boundary layer clouds in response to global warming has a climate sensitivity twice that of a model that does not include this feedback . However , satellite data show that cloud optical thickness actually increases with increasing temperature . Whether the net effect is warming or cooling depends on details such as the type and altitude of the cloud ; details that are difficult to represent in climate models .

negative: Climate change and agriculture -RSB-   Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes , both of which take place on a global scale . Climate change affects agriculture in a number of ways , including through changes in average temperatures , rainfall , and climate extremes ( e.g. , heat waves ) ; changes in pests and diseases ; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations ; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods ; and changes in sea level .   Climate change is already affecting agriculture , with effects unevenly distributed across the world . Future climate change will likely negatively affect crop production in low latitude countries , while effects in northern latitudes may be positive or negative . Climate change will probably increase the risk of food insecurity for some vulnerable groups , such as the poor .   Agriculture contributes to climate change by ( 1 ) anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) , and ( 2 ) by the conversion of non-agricultural land ( e.g. , forests ) into agricultural land . Agriculture , forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25 % to global annual emissions in 2010 .   There are a range of policies that can reduce the risk of negative climate change impacts on agriculture , and to reduce GHG emissions from the agriculture sector .

negative: Climate change education (CCE) Climate Change Education ( CCE ) is learning geared toward helping people address and develop effective responses to climate change . It helps learners understand the causes and consequences of climate change , prepares them to live with the impacts of climate change and empowers learners to take appropriate actions to adopt more sustainable lifestyles .   CCE helps policy-makers understand the urgency and importance of putting mechanisms into place to combat climate change on a national and global scale . Communities learn about how climate change will affect them , what they can do to protect themselves from negative consequences , and how they can reduce their own climate footprint . In particular , CCE helps increase the resilience of already vulnerable communities who are the most likely to be adversely affected by climate change .   CCE is rooted in Education for Sustainable Development ( ESD ) .

negative: Planetary management Planetary management is intentional global-scale management of Earth 's biological , chemical and physical processes and cycles ( water , carbon , nitrogen , sulfur , phosphorus , and others ) . Planetary management also includes managing humanity 's influence on planetary-scale processes . Effective planetary management aims to prevent destabilisation of Earth 's climate , protect biodiversity and maintain or improve human well-being . More specifically , it aims to benefit society and the global economy , and safeguard the ecosystem services upon which humanity depends -- global climate , freshwater supply , food , energy , clean air , fertile soil , pollinators , and so on .   Because of the sheer complexity and enormous scope of the task , it remains to be seen whether planetary management is a feasible paradigm for maintaining global sustainability . The concept currently has defenders and critics on both sides : environmentalist David W. Orr questions whether such a task can be accomplished with human help and technology or without first examining the underlying human causes , while geographer Vaclav Smil acknowledges that `` the idea of planetary management may seem preposterous to many , but at this time in history there is no rational alternative '' .

negative: Climate change denial Climate change denial , or global warming denial , is part of the global warming controversy . It involves denial , dismissal , unwarranted doubt or contrarian views which strongly depart from the scientific opinion on climate change , including the extent to which it is caused by humans , its impacts on nature and human society , or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions . Some deniers do endorse the term , but others often prefer the term climate change skepticism , although this is a misnomer for those who deny anthropogenic global warming . In effect , the two terms form a continuous , overlapping range of views , and generally have the same characteristics : both reject , to a greater or lesser extent , mainstream scientific opinion on climate change . Climate change denial can also be implicit , when individuals or social groups accept the science but fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action . Several social science studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism .   Campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science has been described as a `` denial machine '' of industrial , political and ideological interests , supported by conservative media and skeptical bloggers in manufacturing uncertainty about global warming . In the public debate , phrases such as climate skepticism have frequently been used with the same meaning as climate denialism . The labels are contested : those actively challenging climate science commonly describe themselves as `` skeptics '' , but many do not comply with common standards of scientific skepticism and , regardless of evidence , persistently deny the validity of human caused global warming .   Although scientific opinion on climate change is that human activity is extremely likely to be the primary driver of climate change , the politics of global warming have been affected by climate change denial , hindering efforts to prevent climate change and adapt to the warming climate . Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of a scientific controversy where there is none .   Of the world 's countries , the climate change denial industry is most powerful in the United States . Since January 2015 , the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works has been chaired by oil lobbyist and climate change denier Jim Inhofe . Inhofe is notorious for having called climate change `` the greatest hoax ever perpetrated against the American people '' and for having claimed to have debunked the alleged hoax in February 2015 when he brought a snowball with him in the Senate chamber and tossed it across the floor . Organised campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science is associated with conservative economic policies and backed by industrial interests opposed to the regulation of emissions . Climate change denial has been associated with the fossil fuels lobby , the Koch brothers , industry advocates and libertarian think tanks , often in the United States . More than 90 % of papers sceptical on climate change originate from right-wing think tanks .  The total annual income of these climate change counter-movement-organizations is roughly $ 900 million . Between 2002 and 2010 , nearly $ 120 million ( # 77 million ) was anonymously donated via the Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund to more than 100 organisations seeking to undermine the public perception of the science on climate change . In 2013 the Center for Media and Democracy reported that the State Policy Network ( SPN ) , an umbrella group of 64 U.S. think tanks , had been lobbying on behalf of major corporations and conservative donors to oppose climate change regulation .   Since the late 1970s , oil companies have published research broadly in line with the standard views on global warming . Despite this , oil companies organized a climate change denial campaign to disseminate public disinformation for several decades , a strategy that has been compared to the organized denial of the hazards of tobacco smoking by tobacco companies .

negative: Urbanization and Global Environmental Change Project The Urbanization and Global Environmental Change Project ( UGEC ) is one of the core research projects of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change ( IHDP ) . UGEC aims to understand the bi-directional interactions between urbanization and global environmental change . The UGEC International Project Office is located at Arizona State University .   According to its Science Plan , UGEC aims to provide a better understanding of the interactions and feedbacks between global environmental change and urbanization at the local , regional , and global scales . UGEC pursues four areas of research :   Processes within urban systems that contribute to global environmental change ( e.g. , the impact of urbanization on carbon emissions ; the effects of urban land cover change on biodiversity and habitat ) .  Pathways through which specific global environmental changes affect urban systems ( e.g. , climate change impacts on urban areas ; decline in ecosystem services on urban climate regulation ) .  Urban responses to global environmental change ( e.g. , urban strategies for climate change mitigation and adaptation ) .  Consequences of urban responses to global environmental change .   Additionally , the goals of UGEC include :   creating multidimensional integrative perspectives ;  promoting parallel and comparative analysis across regions and themes ;  utilizing cross-temporal and cross-spatial scale approaches ; and  outreaching and communicating UGEC-related scientific information to policy makers and the public .

negative: Climate change (general concept) Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. In the time since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities that are causing global warming and climate change.The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth\'s energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth\'s energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling.\nThe energy moving through Earth\'s climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region\'s climate. Such changes can be the result of "internal variability", when natural processes inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate variability can also result from external forcing, when events outside of the climate system\'s components nonetheless produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism.\nClimate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies.

negative: Global Day of Action Global Day of Action is a direct action protest format . Environmentalism initiatives begun to use it in 2005 in connection with Global Climate Campaign . They aimed to focus world attention on the anthropogenic effect that humans are having on global warming . Its main objective is to spearhead demands that elected representatives of their respective governments honor commitments set forth by the Kyoto Protocol , by conducting in unison peaceful demonstrations around the world . The demonstration , or rallies , are intended to coincide with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , a meeting of world leaders from 189 nations , that meet annually to discuss climate change .

negative: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: World Climate Research Programme The World Climate Research Programme ( WCRP ) was established in 1980 , under the joint sponsorship of International Council for Science and the World Meteorological Organization , and has also been sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO since 1993 . It is a component of the World Climate Programme . The objectives of the programme are to develop the fundamental scientific understanding of the physical climate system and climate processes needed to determine to what extent climate can be predicted and the extent of human influence on climate . The programme encompasses studies of the global atmosphere , oceans , sea ice , land ice ( such as glaciers , ice caps and ice sheets ) , and the land surface which together constitute the Earth 's physical climate system .   WCRP activities address issues of scientific uncertainty in the Earth 's climate system including transport and storage of heat by the ocean , the global energy and hydrological cycle , the formation of clouds and their effects on radiative transfer , and the role of the cryosphere in climate . These activities match the scientific priorities identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , and provide the basis for responding to issues raised in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . WCRP also lays the scientific foundation for meeting the research challenges posed in Agenda 21 . Together with the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and the International Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme , WCRP provides the international framework for scientific cooperation in the study of global climate change .   Scientific guidance for the programme is provided by a Joint Scientific Committee consisting of 18 scientists selected by mutual agreement between the three sponsoring organizations .

negative: Sustainability and environmental management At the global scale sustainability and environmental management involves managing the oceans , freshwater systems , land and atmosphere , according to sustainability principles .   Land use change is fundamental to the operations of the biosphere because alterations in the relative proportions of land dedicated to urbanisation , agriculture , forest , woodland , grassland and pasture have a marked effect on the global water , carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles . Management of the Earth 's atmosphere involves assessment of all aspects of the carbon cycle to identify opportunities to address human-induced climate change and this has become a major focus of scientific research because of the potential catastrophic effects on biodiversity and human communities . Ocean circulation patterns have a strong influence on climate and weather and , in turn , the food supply of both humans and other organisms .

negative: Integrated Global System Model The Integrated Global System Model ( IGSM ) is an Integrated Assessment Model ( IAM ) developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change . The IGSM couples an Earth system model of intermediate complexity to a human activity model that represents the world 's economy . It has been used to understand the interactions between humans and the global climate system .

negative: Climate change and poverty In an ever-progressing world with an increasing demand for energy and animal agriculture , it is difficult to avoid climate change and its impacts on societies both locally and globally . Climate change affects social development factors , such as , poverty , infrastructure , technology , security , and economics across the globe . Although climate change affects everything we see around us , the interrelation between climate change and social vulnerability and inequality is particularly evident in impoverished communities . In particular , impoverished communities experience reductions in safe drinking water as well as food security as a result of climate change ( OECD 2013 ) . These typically rural , isolated communities do not exhibit sufficient financial and technical capacities to manage the risks associated with climate change ( climate risk ) ( Skoufias 2012 ) . Energy development and policy alteration could adjust the severity of climate change impacts ; this is being tested now , as renewable energy sources develop .

negative: Alter-globalization Alter-globalization ( also known as alternative globalization , alter-mundialization -- from the French `` alter-mondialisation '' -- or the global justice movement ) is the name of a social movement whose proponents support global cooperation and interaction , but oppose what they describe as the negative effects of economic globalization , considering that it often works to the detriment of , or does not adequately promote , human values such as environmental and climate protection , economic justice , labor protection , protection of indigenous cultures , peace , and civil liberties .   The name may have been derived from a popular slogan of the movement : ` Another world is possible ' , which came out of the World Social Forum . `` The alter-globalization movement is a cooperative movement designed to protest the direction and perceived negative economic , political , social , cultural and ecological consequences of neoliberal globalization '' . Many alter-globalists seek to avoid the `` disestablishment of local economies and disastrous humanitarian consequences '' . Most members of this movement shun the label `` anti-globalization '' as pejorative and incorrect since they actively support human activity on a global scale and do not oppose economic globalization per se .   Instead they see their movement as an alternative to what they term neo-liberal globalization in which international institutions ( World Trade Organisation , World Bank , International Monetary Fund etc. ) and major corporations devote themselves to enriching the developed world while giving little or no attention to the detrimental effects of their actions on the people and environments of less developed countries , countries whose governments are often too weak or too corrupt to resist or regulate them . This is not to be confused with proletarian internationalism as put forth by communists in that alter-globalists do not necessarily oppose the free market , but a subset of free-market practices characterized by certain business attitudes and political policies that often lead to violations of human rights .


query: The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages."

positive: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ; pronounced -LSB- ˈnoʊ.ə -RSB- , like `` Noah '' ) is an American scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere . NOAA warns of dangerous weather , charts seas , guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources , and conducts research to improve understanding and stewardship of the environment . In addition to its civilian employees , over 11,000 as of 2015 , NOAA research and operations are supported by 379 uniformed service members who make up the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps . NOAA traces its history to the Coast Survey established by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807 . In its present form , it combined several scientific agencies in 1970 . The Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere at the Department of Commerce and the agency 's interim administrator has been Benjamin Friedman since the end of the Obama administration on January 20 , 2017 .

negative: Global Ocean Data Analysis Project The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project ( GLODAP ) is a synthesis project bringing together oceanographic data collected during the 1990s by research cruises on the World Ocean Circulation Experiment ( WOCE ) , Joint Global Ocean Flux Study ( JGOFS ) and Ocean-Atmosphere Exchange Study ( OACES ) programmes . The central goal of GLODAP is to generate a global climatology of the World Ocean 's carbon cycle for use in studies of both its natural and anthropogenically-forced states . GLODAP is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) , and the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) .

negative: National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service The National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ( NESDIS ) was created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) to operate and manage the United States environmental satellite programs , and manage the data gathered by the National Weather Service and other government agencies and departments .

negative: Arctic Research Office The Arctic Research Office ( ARO ) a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) run under the auspices of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) .   ARO is the focal point for NOAA 's research in the Arctic , Bering Sea , North Pacific and North Atlantic regions .   In 1996 , the Congress of the United States appropriated one million USD to support an Arctic Research Initiative within NOAA . In cooperation with the Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research , NOAA 's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research used those funds to support research projects in two principal areas : natural variability of the Western Arctic/Bering Sea ecosystem , and anthropogenic influences on the Western Arctic/Bering Sea ecosystem . Support for the Arctic Research Initiative is ongoing .   The office administers the funds from the Arctic Research Initiative . It represents NOAA on the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee , leads U.S. involvement in the Arctic Monitoring & Assessment Programme , and provides a point of contact between NOAA and the Cooperative Institute and Assessment Program and the International Arctic Research Center .

negative: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ( GFDL ) is a laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) . The current director is Dr. Venkatachalam Ramaswamy . It is one of seven NOAA Research Laboratories ( RLs ) .   GFDL is engaged in comprehensive long lead-time research to expand the scientific understanding of the physical processes that govern the behavior of the atmosphere and the oceans as complex fluid systems . These systems can then be modeled mathematically and their phenomenology can be studied by computer simulation methods .   GFDL 's accomplishments include the development of the first climate models to study global warming , the first comprehensive ocean prediction codes , and the first dynamical models with significant skill in hurricane track and intensity predictions . Much current research within the laboratory is focused around the development of Earth System Models for assessment of natural and human-induced climate change .

negative: Joint Polar Satellite System Joint Polar Satellite System ( JPSS ) is the latest generation of U.S. polar-orbiting , non-geosynchronous , environmental satellites . JPSS will provide the global environmental data used in numerical weather prediction models for forecasts , and scientific data used for climate monitoring . JPSS will aid in fulfilling the mission of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , an agency of the Department of Commerce . Data and imagery obtained from the JPSS will increase timeliness and accuracy of public warnings and forecasts of climate and weather events , thus reducing the potential loss of human life and property and advancing the national economy . The JPSS is developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , who is responsible for operation of JPSS . Two satellites are planned for the JPSS constellation of satellites . JPSS satellites will be flown and the scientific data from JPSS will be processed by the JPSS - Common Ground System ( JPSS-CGS ) .

negative: Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory The Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory ( CMDL ) was a climate laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) / Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) . In October 2005 , it was merged with five other NOAA labs to form the Earth System Research Laboratory .   CMDL 's mission was to observe and understand , through accurate , long-term records of atmospheric gases , aerosol particles , and solar radiation , the Earth 's atmospheric system controlling climate forcing , ozone depletion and baseline air quality , in order to develop products that will advance global and regional environmental information and services .

negative: NOAAS Ferdinand R. Hassler (R 250) NOAAS Ferdinand R. Hassler ( R 250 ) is a coastal mapping vessel for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Commissioned on 8 June 2012 , Ferdinand R. Hassler is one of the newest additions to the NOAA hydrographic charting fleet . Operating from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico , the ship 's primary mission is hydrographic survey in support of NOAA 's nautical charting mission . The ship 's home port is New Castle , New Hampshire .

negative: Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere The Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere ( CIRA ) is a scientific research institution at Colorado State University ( CSU ) that operates under a cooperative agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) and the National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ( NESDIS ) . Atmospheric research at CIRA focuses on augmenting operational meteorology with advanced techniques in satellite observations and retrievals , numerical modeling and computational techniques , and data analysis , visualization , and storage . Along with NOAA , CIRA also partners with the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Park Service ( NPS ) , and the Department of Defense ( DoD ) .   It is one of 16 NOAA Cooperative Institutes ( CIs ) .   Specific research themes at CIRA include :  Satellite algorithm development , training and education  Regional to global scale modeling systems  Data assimilation  Climate-weather processes  Data distribution  Societal and economic impacts of weather and climate  Education and public outreach on climate systems   The CIRA campus is located on the Foothills Campus of Colorado State University , in Fort Collins .

negative: Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research The Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research ( CICOR ) formalizes a major collaborative relationship between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution ( WHOI ) .   CICOR provides a framework at WHOI for coordinating NOAA-funded research and for developing cooperative NOAA-funded research at academic institutions in the northeastern United States . CICOR also provides NOAA investigators with access to WHOI facilities , including 4 ships and 2 submersibles , and the Northeast National Ion Microprobe Facility .   The CICOR research themes are :  The coastal ocean and near shore processes  The ocean 's participation in climate and climate variability  Marine ecosystem processes analysis .

negative: National Data Buoy Center The National Data Buoy Center ( NDBC ) is a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's ( NOAA ) National Weather Service ( NWS ) . NDBC designs , develops , operates , and maintains a network of data collecting buoys and coastal stations . The NBDC is located in southern Mississippi as a tenant at the John C. Stennis Space Center , a National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) facility .

negative: List of U.S. states by coastline This is a list of U.S. states ranked by their coastline length . States with no coastline are not included .   Two separate measurements are used : method 1 only includes states with ocean coastline and excludes tidal inlets ; method 2 includes Great Lake coastline and the extra length from tidal inlets . For example , method 2 counts the Great Bay as part of New Hampshire 's coastline , but method 1 does not . The figures suffer from the inaccuracy inherent in all attempts at measuring coastlines but are nevertheless useful for comparison .   The data for method 1 were retrieved from a CRS Report for Congress using data from U.S. Department of Commerce , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , The Coastline of the United States , 1975 . This is based on measurements made using large-scale nautical charts . The figure for Connecticut was arrived at separately and may not reflect the correct comparative distance . These numbers exclude the Great Lakes coastlines .  The data for method 2 are from a list maintained by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . The state coastline lengths were computed by an unspecified method that includes tidal areas not included in the first method . These numbers also include the Great Lakes coastlines .  __ TOC __

negative: Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research The Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research ( CILER ) fosters research collaborations between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory ( GLERL ) , Michigan State University ( MSU ) , and the University of Michigan ( UM ) . It is one of 16 NOAA Cooperative Institutes ( CIs ) .   The CILER research themes are :  Climate and Large Lake Dynamics  Coastal and Nearshore Processes  Large Lake Ecosystem Structure and Function  Remote Sensing of Large Lake and Coastal Ocean Dynamics  Marine Environmental Engineering

negative: NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps , known informally as the NOAA Corps , is one of seven federal uniformed services of the United States , and operates under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , a scientific agency overseen by the Department of Commerce . The NOAA Corps is made up of scientifically and technically trained officers and is the smallest of the U.S. uniformed services . It is one of only two -- -- the other being the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps -- -- that consists only of commissioned officers , with no enlisted or warrant officer ranks .   Established in 1970 , the NOAA Corps is the successor to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps ( 1917 -- 1965 ) , and the United States Environmental Science Services Administration Commissioned Officer Corps ( ESSA Corps ) ( 1965 -- 1970 ) .

negative: NOAA Administrator's Award The NOAA Administrator 's Award is an award of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . The award is granted by the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere who serves concurrently as the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . The award , which may go to an individual or a group , is presented in recognition of significant contributions to NOAA programs . The award is presented to civilian employees of NOAA as a plaque and as a medal set to members of the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps . Individual recipients of the award receive a monetary award of $ 5,000 . Recipients of group awards split the monetary award evenly . Administrator 's Award recipients are formally recognized at an award ceremony held annually .

negative: NOAA Central Library The NOAA Central Library is the flagship library of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's ( NOAA ) network of over 20 research libraries . It is also a selective federal depository library for United States federal government publications . -LSB- 6 -RSB-

negative: Monthly Climatic Data for the World Monthly Climatic Data for the World ( MCDW ) is a monthly publication of the National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) division of the National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ( NESDIS ) division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) of the United States . According to the website , each monthly issue `` contains monthly mean temperature , pressure , precipitation , vapor pressure , and sunshine for approximately 2,000 surface data collection stations worldwide and monthly mean upper air temperatures , dew point depressions , and wind velocities for approximately 500 observing sites . This is the final quality controlled copy and generally has a 4 - 6 month time lag . ''   The issues are available for download in portable document format .

negative: Awards and decorations of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps ( or `` NOAA Corps '' ) , one of the seven uniformed services of the United States , has the authority to issue various awards and commendations to its members . These include individual honor awards , unit honor awards , service awards , training ribbons and qualification insignia . NOAA Corps awards and decorations include :

negative: Egregious Category : Temporary maintenance holdings

negative: National Undersea Research Program The National Undersea Research Program ( NURP ) is a U.S. government program that operates six facilities for undersea research , including the world 's only permanent undersea research facility , Aquarius . The program is operated under the auspices of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research , a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Each center is funded by a grant from NOAA . Projects are chosen based upon peer review .

negative: Environmental Science Services Administration The Environmental Science Services Administration ( ESSA ) was a United States Federal executive agency created in 1965 as part of a reorganization of the United States Department of Commerce . Its mission was to unify and oversee the meteorological , climatological , hydrographic , and geodesic operations of the United States . It operated until 1970 , when it was replaced by the new National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) .   The first U.S. Government organization with the word `` environment '' in its title , ESSA was the first such organization chartered to study the global natural environment as whole , bringing together the study of the oceans with that of the both the lower atmosphere and the ionosphere . This allowed the U.S Government for the first time to take a comprehensive approach to studying the oceans and the atmosphere , also bringing together various technologies -- ships , aircraft , satellites , radar , and communications systems -- that could operate together in gathering data for scientific study .

negative: Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions Coupling , Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions ( `` CEDAR '' ) is a US NSF funded program targeting understanding of middle and upper atmospheric dynamics . CEDAR is of relevance to space weather , space physics , and global change .   CEDAR involves researchers from institutions within and without the United States , although the funding is almost exclusively directed to US projects . Researchers are funded for observational , theoretical , and simulation work . There is a significant focus on student activities and CEDAR has been tremendously effective at involving a large number of graduate students in front-line research .   CEDAR programs produce a significant amount of data which is accessible via the `` CEDAR Data Base '' , a number of Virtual Observatories ( VOs ) , and the web pages of principal investigators ( PIs ) .   CEDAR has produced important scientific results in a number of inter-related research fields .   Category : Atmosphere

negative: Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration seeks to correct and add new information about past North Atlantic hurricanes . It was started around 2000 to update HURDAT , the official hurricane database for the Atlantic Basin , which has become outdated since its creation due to various systematic errors introduced into the database over time . This effort has involved reanalyses of ship observations from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set ( ICOADS ) as well as reanalyses done by other researchers over the years . It has been ongoing as of 2016 , and should last another four years .

negative: NOAAS Thomas Jefferson (S 222) NOAAS Thomas Jefferson ( S 222 ) is a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) hydrographic survey vessel in service since 2003 .

negative: Earth System Research Laboratory The Earth System Research Laboratory ( ESRL ) is a laboratory in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's ( NOAA ) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) . It is one of seven NOAA Research Laboratories ( RLs ) and is located in Boulder , Colorado .   ESRL combines six separate NOAA labs under one organization with four Divisions - Global Monitoring , Physical Sciences , Chemical Sciences , and Global Systems . The former labs falling into ESRL are the Aeronomy Laboratory , the Climate Diagnostics Center , the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory , the Environmental Technology Laboratory , the Forecast Systems Laboratory , and the Surface Radiation Research Branch of the Air Resources Laboratory .

negative: Depth sounding Depth sounding refers to the act of measuring depth . It is often referred to simply as sounding . Data taken from soundings are used in bathymetry to make maps of the floor of a body of water , and were traditionally shown on nautical charts in fathoms and feet . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the agency responsible for bathymetric data in the United States , still uses fathoms and feet on nautical charts . In other countries , the International System of Units ( metres ) has become the standard for measuring depth .

negative: Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition

negative: NOAAS Chapman (R 446) NOAAS Chapman ( R 446 ) was an American fisheries research vessel that was in commission in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) fleet from 1980 to 1998 . After the conclusion of her NOAA career , she spent several years operating as the University of Puerto Rico marine research vessel R/V Chapman . More recently , she has become the Curaçao-based mothership for the deep-diving submarine Curasub .

negative: Tsunami Warning, Education, and Research Act of 2014 The Tsunami Warning , Education , and Research Act of 2014 is a bill that would authorize the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) to spend $ 27 million a year for three years on their on-going tsunami warning and research programs .   The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress .

negative: Cooperative Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Terrestrial Applications The Cooperative Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Terrestrial Applications ( CIASTA ) formalizes a major collaborative relationship between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) and the Desert Research Institute ( DRI ) . CIASTA serves as a focal point for the interaction between NOAA and the Intermountain West research community for research activities related to NOAA 's tasks and responsibilities in that region .   The research is focussed on four general areas : weather , climate , air quality , and terrestrial ecosystems and climate .

negative: Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Amendments Act of 2013 The Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Amendments Act of 2013 is a U.S. public law that reauthorizes and modifies the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 and would authorize the appropriation of $ 20.5 million annually through 2018 for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) to mitigate the harmful effects of algal blooms and hypoxia .   The bill was introduced into the United States Senate during the 113th United States Congress .

negative: Michael S. Devany Michael S. Devany is a former vice admiral in the NOAA Corps who last served as the Deputy Under Secretary for Operations at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from January 2 , 2014 to April 2016 . He previously served as director of the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps from August 13 , 2012 to January 1 , 2014 , succeeding RADM Jonathan W. Bailey . As Deputy Under Secretary for Operations at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , he was NOAA 's chief operating officer . VADM Devany was responsible for the day-to-day management of NOAA 's national and international operations for oceanic and atmospheric services , research , and coastal and marine stewardship . He is a key advisor to the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere/NOAA Administrator on NOAA program and policy issues . Devany was the first NOAA Corps officer to achieve the rank of vice admiral since VADM Henry A. Karo in 1965 , and the second NOAA Corps officer overall . Devany retired from NOAA in April 2016 after over 30 years of combined uniformed service .

negative: NOAA-19 NOAA-19 , designated NOAA-N ' ( NOAA-N Prime ) prior to launch , is the last of the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's POES series of weather satellites ( which was scheduled to be replaced by the next-generation NPOESS series before the NPOESS project was cancelled ) . NOAA-19 was launched on February 6 , 2009 .