query: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

positive: Net metering Net metering ( or net energy metering , NEM ) allows consumers who generate some or all of their own electricity to use that electricity anytime , instead of when it is generated . This is particularly important with wind and solar , which are non-dispatchable . Monthly net metering allows consumers to use solar power generated during the day at night , or wind from a windy day later in the month . Annual net metering rolls over a net kilowatt credit to the following month , allowing solar power that was generated in July to be used in December , or wind power from March in August .   Net metering policies can vary significantly by country and by state or province : if net metering is available , if and how long banked credits can be retained , and how much the credits are worth ( retail/wholesale ) . Most net metering laws involve monthly roll over of kWh credits , a small monthly connection fee , require monthly payment of deficits ( i.e. normal electric bill ) , and annual settlement of any residual credit . Unlike a feed-in tariff ( FIT ) , which requires two meters , net metering uses a single , bi-directional meter and can measure current flowing in two directions .  Net metering can be implemented solely as an accounting procedure , and requires no special metering , or even any prior arrangement or notification .   Net metering is an enabling policy designed to foster private investment in renewable energy .

negative: Jhansi Junction railway station Jhansi Junction is a major railway junction in the city of Jhansi in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh . It is one of the busiest and largest railway stations in India . It is a major intercity hub and a technical stoppage for many superfast trains in India . Jhansi has its own division in the North Central Railway zone of Indian Railways . It lies on the main Delhi-Chennai and Delhi-Mumbai line . The station code is JHS . Vivaan Solar , a Gwalior based company has won contract to install a total of 1.5 MW rooftop solar power project at the wagon repair workshop of Jhansi Junction railway station . The company will install rooftop solar panels on production sheds and service buildings of the complex .

negative: List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources The information used to calculate values is from the Electric Power Monthly , February 2015 and 2014 published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration . Renewable generation does not include amounts for ` rooftop solar ' . Only utility scale generation from solar sources is included .

negative: True Value Solar True Value Solar was an Australian solar systems sales company , read reviews :  ,  ,  . In 2013 German-based M+W Group bought True Value 's remaining 35 per cent shareholding . The core business of the company is as a sales company of rooftop solar power systems , with installation and perhaps responsibility for issues by contractors . Operating in all major states in Australia ( absent from the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory ) and no office in Tasmania . Founded in 2009 .

negative: Solar power in Virginia Solar power in Virginia on rooftops is estimated to be capable of providing 32.4 % of electricity used in Virginia using 28,500 MW of solar panels . Installing solar panels provides a 6.8 % return on investment in Virginia , and a 5 kW array would return a profit of $ 16,041 over its 25 year life .   A feed-in tariff is available from the Tennessee Valley Authority , which pays $ 1,000 for signing up , plus the current rate for electricity plus $ 0.12 / kWh for all generation . Systems are limited to from 0.5 kW to 50 kW . Payment is for 10 years . Payments are in the form of monthly credits to the consumers regular monthly bill and are paid monthly or annually at TVA 's choice . Payments are for 10 years , and payment at retail can be extended for an additional 10 years . A standard offer program is available for systems from 50 kW to 1 MW , which pays from 4 to 6 cents/kWh above retail for the first 10 years . Net metering is available , but residential customers with from 10 to 20 kW arrays could pay a monthly `` standby charge '' of up to $ 60/month . As of December 2 , 2011 , only one customer in Virginia was a residential customer with an array of that size . Standby charges were implemented in California by two utilities until they were banned by the California PUC . Commercial customers with up to 500 kW can use net metering and are not subject to a standby charge . Credits are perpetually rolled over , and customers can request payment once a year at avoided cost . Best practices do not recommend any limits to net metering , either individually or aggregate , other than to the customers service entrance capacity , and perpetual roll over of kilowatt credits .   Net metering requires a bi-directional meter , but other than that is simply an accounting procedure , and is more easily discovered by the utility than requiring any sign-up or reporting , just as air conditioning use is discovered , and does not require any sign-up or reporting . At low levels of local generation there is no impact to the utility other than the change in recording and reporting . At high levels utilities need to contract with or provide storage or export/import of the excess electricity generation . Germany , with 26 GW of solar and 29 GW of wind , which exceeds Germany 's peak load of 50 GW , has not reached the point where this is an issue . During the summer wind output is reduced , as is solar during the winter . Solar tends to make up all of the peak load during the summer . Virginia currently has two pumped hydro-storage facilities .   Virginia 's largest solar array in 2014 was the 504 kW rooftop array located in Woodbridge . It was expected to produce 636,199 kWh of electricity each year . In 2015 , Dominion Virginia Power announced the planning of a 20 MW facility to be built on 125 acres near Remington Power Station in Fauquier County .   Amazon has partnered with Dominion Virginia Power to construct the largest solar facility in the Mid-Atlantic in Accomack County on Virginia 's Eastern Shore . Amazon Solar Farm US East is an 80MW facility developed by a solar energy company and purchased by Dominion .   Based on the projects announced and permitted , it is estimated that Virginia will have 188MW of solar installed by the end of 2016 and an additional 198MW installed by the end of 2017

negative: Solar power in Armenia Solar energy is widely available in Armenia due to its geographical position and is considered a developing industry .   According to the Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources of the Republic of Armenia , Armenia has an average of about 1720 kilowatt hour ( kWh ) solar energy flow per square meter of horizontal surface annually and has a potential of 1000 MW power production . In the capital Yerevan , the average solar energy flux is equal to 1642 kWh/m2 . Armenia 's area can not be considered as homogeneous from the perspective of available solar energy : the difference between the amount of solar energy reaching the ground in different places in the country can be up to 20 % in the summer time , and 50 % in the winter time .   The use of solar energy in Armenia is increasing . One example is the American University of Armenia ( AUA ) . According to International Network for Sustainable Energy , solar panels were installed on the rooftop of American University of Armenia in 1999-2002 . Also , AUA has solar heaters , which are used to heat up auditoriums , and supply hot water during cold periods . Another example is the United Nations House in Armenia . Its building also uses solar power energy .

negative: Solar-powered fountain A Solar powered fountain is a decorative electrical fountain powered by a solar panel . The solar panel either forms a part of the fountain , or is separately mounted .

negative: Babcock Ranch Babcock Ranch is an approximately 17000 acre planned community under development in Southwest Florida  that was approved as part of a public-private partnership strategy with the State of Florida and local governments . The deal established the neighboring Babcock Ranch Preserve .   Plans for the future city of Babcock Ranch were announced in 2005 by real estate development firm Kitson & Partners as part of a complex real estate transaction that facilitated the largest conservation land acquisition in Florida history . In 2009 , the company joined with Florida Power & Light to announce plans to make Babcock Ranch the first solar-powered city in the United States . The largest photovoltaic power station in the world and a network of rooftop solar panels on commercial buildings , planned to be expanded over time , are intended to send more renewable power into the Florida electrical grid than the city consumes . Kitson & Partners have stated their goal is for Babcock Ranch to be the `` world 's most sustainable city '' . A grand opening is planned for Earth Day 2016 .

negative: Azure Power Azure Power Global Limited is an independent power producer , a developer and an operator of utility and commercial scale solar PV power plants headquartered in New Delhi , India . The company was founded in 2008 by entrepreneur Inderpreet Wadhwa . The company sells energy to government utilities , and independent industrial and commercial customers in India . Azure Power developed India 's first utility scale solar project in 2009 in Awan , Punjab . The company also installed India 's first megawatt scale solar rooftop project in Gandhinagar , Gujarat which was awarded the top 10 Public Private Partnership , 2013 by International Finance Corporation . Azure Power has a total capacity of over 1 GW in 15 states , which includes India 's largest operational solar plant of 100 MW under India 's National Solar Mission in Rajasthan .

negative: Solar power in Minnesota Solar power in Minnesota is expanding significantly as a result of favorable policies and as the cost of photovoltaics continues to decrease . Minnesota was the 12th largest state solar market in 2016 , and the only Midwestern state in the top 20 by either market size or installed capacity .   In 1983 Minnesota adopted a net metering rule which allows customers generating up to 40 kW to use net metering , with the kilowatt hour surplus rolled over each month , or optionally credited at the retail rate .   In May 2013 , the Minnesota legislature adopted a mandate on investor-owned utilities in the state that requires them to produce 1.5 % of their electricity from solar power by 2020 with the bill also raising the state 's cap on net metering from 40 kW to 1 MW . This mandate is in addition to the state 's renewable portfolio standard of 25 % by 2025 and it is estimated that affected utilities will have to add 450 MW of solar by 2020 to comply with the 1.5 % requirement .   While Minnesota is currently developing several utility level projects , currently , Minnesota 's largest solar array is the North Star Solar Project in North Branch , Minnesota . With more than 440,000 solar panels , its output is more than 100MW . Other large arrays include the 62MW Marshall Solar Energy Project , completed in January 2017 , a 2MW solar array in Slayton followed by a 1 MW array at an IKEA in Bloomington . There is also a 600 kW array on the roof of the Minneapolis Convention Center , . In January 2015 , Ecolab announced it would be going 100 % solar powered by purchasing power from community solar gardens to be built by SunEdison . Ecolab 's share of the power would be 16MW , more than the amount of solar power in the state at the time of the announcement . If completely subscribed the solar gardens could provide up to 200MW . The Aurora Solar Project is a similar distributed network of arrays planned to reach 100MW utilizing midsized 2MW-10MW installations throughout the southern half of the state . The 62MW Marshall Solar Energy Project is proposed to be built on 500 acres near Marshall , Minnesota . Already home to the state 's largest array , Chisago County , Minnesota has seven additional arrays in various stages of completion , earning it the nickname the solar capitol of Minnesota . When finished they will generate roughly 29 MW .   Minnesota has the potential to generate 38.5 % of its electricity from rooftop solar , from 23,100 MW of solar panels . St. Paul can generate 27 % of its electricity , using 800 MW , and Minneapolis 26 % from 1,000 MW .   A 2016 estimate suggests that a typical 5 kW system will pay for itself in about 10 years . With incentives , a $ 20,000 system can be installed for a net profit after the first year of $ 5,331 , and will generate a profit of $ 11,833 over its 25-year life , using a loan . Purchasing it outright returns a 9.2 % return on investment , saving $ 20,301 over 25 years , and increases the home value by $ 15,210 .

negative: Solar power in Turkey Turkey is located in an advantageous position in the Middle East and Southeast Europe for solar energy . Compared to the rest of the region , insolation values are higher and conditions for solar power generation are comparable to Spain . The government is aiming for at least 3 gigawatts ( GW ) by 2023 . Solar power in Turkey is increasing massively . Although solar panel prices are decreasing but still the generation cost of solar power is high as compare to the other power generation methods . Solar potential is very high in Turkey , especially in South Eastern Anatolia and Mediterranean regions solar energy potential is very high .

negative: List of solar-powered products The following is a list of products powered by sunlight , either directly or through electricity generated by solar panels .  Solar air conditioning  Solar balloon  Solar charger  Solar backpack  Solar cell phone charger  Strawberry Tree  Solar chimney  Solar calculator  Solar-powered waste compacting bin  Solar cooker  Solar dryer  Solar-powered fan  Solar furnace  Solar inverter  Solar keyboard  Solar lamp  Solar pond  Solar road stud  Solar street light  Solar traffic light  Solar Tuki  Solar-powered flashlight  Solar notebook  Solar-powered calculator  Solar-powered desalination unit  Solar-powered pump  Solar-powered fountain  Solar-powered radio  Solar-powered refrigerator  Solar-powered Stirling engine  Solar-powered watch  Solar-pumped laser  Solar roadway  Solar Spark Lighter  Solar still  Solar tree  Solar vehicle  Solar balloon  Solar boat  Tûranor PlanetSolar  Solar bus  Solar car  Solar golf cart  Solar panels on spacecraft  Solar sail  Solar thermal rocket .  Tracker  Windmill  Fan  Computer

negative: White Rose (food product) White Rose Food Division ( est. 1886 ) of DiGiorgio Corporation is the largest independent food wholesaler and distributor in the New York metropolitan area . It is mainly distributed at Met Foods and Pioneer and has a large presence in the supermarket Western Beef . White Rose food can also be found in Thriftway/Shop 'n' Bag stores in the Philadelphia , PA region .   White Rose utilizes power from KDC Solar and has the second-largest rooftop solar panel in Carteret , New Jersey .   In 2014 , White Rose filed for bankruptcy and sold its assets to C&S Wholesale Grocers , Inc. .

negative: Lists of solar power stations A solar power station may either concentrate sunlight to make steam , or may use solar panels to directly generate electricity . The following articles contain lists of solar power stations :   See :  List of solar thermal power stations  List of photovoltaic power stations  List of largest solar power stations   Solar power stations  Category : Solar power

negative: Solar Power International Solar Power International is a solar power conference , in 2008 was touted as the largest solar power conference in North America . The conference was previously called Solar Power Conference and Expo , and was created in 2004 when the Solar Electric Power Association ( SEPA ) and the Solar Energy Industries Association ( SEIA ) joined together to organize an annual event to bring together companies and professionals from all parts of the solar industry . The conference consists of two main elements : an exhibition hall where companies have booths to promote their products and services ; and conference sessions where panels of solar industry experts share ideas and success stories .  Solar Power International 2010 was held at the Los Angeles Convention Center  October 12 -- 14 . The 2013 Conference was held on Oct 21-24 in Chicago , Ill at McCormick Place Convention Center and the 2014 Conference will be held on Oct 20-23 at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Las Vegas , Nevada

negative: Solar power in New Hampshire Solar power in New Hampshire provides a small percentage of the state 's electricity . State renewable requirements and declining prices have led to some installations . Photovoltaics on rooftops can provide 53.4 % of all electricity used in New Hampshire , from 5,300 MW of solar panels , and 72 % of the electricity used in Concord , New Hampshire . A 2016 estimate suggests that a typical 5 kW system costing $ 25,000 before credits and utility savings will pay for itself in 9 years , and generate a profit of $ 34,196 over the rest of its 25-year life . A loan or lease provides a net savings each year , including the first year . New Hampshire has a rebate program which pays $ 0.75 / W for residential systems up to 5 kW , for up to 50 % of the system cost , up to $ 3,750 . However , New Hampshire 's solar installation lagged behind nearby states such as Vermont and New York , which in 2013 had 10 times and 25 times more solar , respectively .   Net metering is available for up to 1 MW generation , but is capped at 50 MW . Excess generation is perpetually rolled over each month , and customers can elect to be paid at avoided cost once a year . The organization Freeing the Grid gave the state a B for net metering and a D for interconnection . The state renewable portfolio standard calls for 25 % of electricity from renewable energy in 2025 , including 0.3 % from solar . Noncompliance fees are used to fund renewable energy , and resulted in payments of $ 1.3 million in 2009 and $ 2.6 million in 2010 . A 2014 review by the state found the `` business-as-usual '' model predicted that the state 's 2025 goals would not be met .   In 2005 , New Hampshire 's largest solar array was the 50 kW installation on the roof of the Stonyfield Farm yogurt factory . It remained the largest in the state until PSNH installed a 51 kW array on their roof in 2009 . In 2012 , New Hampshire 's largest solar array was the 525 kW facility on the top level of the Manchester Airport parking garage . It was removed because of glare , and reinstalled with the panels facing East instead of South . Additional panels were installed to maintain the same output .   In 2015 , the largest solar farm in the state was at the Peterborough wastewater treatment plant , a 942 kW installation with 3,100 solar panels on 5 acre .   In a pilot program , a solar panel was installed on a few utility poles , four in Nashua and four in Berlin .   New Hampshire 's average electricity price of 16.47 cents / kWh is the sixth highest in the country .

negative: Solar car A solar car is a solar vehicle used for land transport .   Solar cars only run on solar power from the sun . To keep the car running smoothly , the driver must monitor multiple gauges to spot possible problems . Cars without gauges almost always feature wireless telemetry , which allows the driver 's team to monitor the car 's energy consumption , solar energy capture and other parameters and thereby freeing the driver to concentrate on driving .   Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace , bicycle , alternative energy and automotive industries . The design of a solar vehicle is severely limited by the amount of energy input into the car . Most solar cars have been built for the purpose of solar car races . Some solar cars are designed also for public use List of prototype solar-powered cars   Solar cars depend on a solar array that uses photovoltaic cells ( PV cells ) to convert sunlight into electricity . Unlike solar thermal energy which converts solar energy to heat for either household purposes , industrial purposes or to be converted to electricity , PV cells directly convert sunlight into electricity . When sunlight ( photons ) strike PV cells , they excite electrons and allow them to flow , creating an electric current . PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys of indium , gallium and nitrogen . Crystalline silicon is the most common material used and has an efficiency rate of 15-20 % . The first solar family car was built in 2013 . Researchers at Case Western Reserve University , have also developed a better solar car which can recharge more quickly , due to better materials used in the solar panels .   Chinese solar panel manufacturer Hanergy plans to build and sell solar cars equipped with lithium-ion batteries to consumers in China . Hanergy says that five to six hours of sunlight should allow the cars ' thin-film solar cells to generate between 8-10 kWh of power a day , allowing the car to travel about 80 km ( 50 mi ) on solar power alone . Maximum range is about 350 km ( 217 mi ) .

negative: Solar power in space Solar panels on spacecraft , covers using solar power on spacecraft  Space-based solar power , is the concept using spacecraft in space for Earth power .

negative: Solar Energy Corporation of India Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd. ( SECI ) is a company of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy , Government of India , established to facilitate the implementation of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission . It is the only public sector undertaking dedicated to the solar energy sector . The company 's mandate has been broadened to cover the entire renewable energy domain and the company will be renamed to Renewable Energy Corporation of India ( RECI ) .   The company is responsible for implementation of a number of government schemes , major ones being the VGF schemes for large-scale grid-connected projects under JNNSM , solar park scheme and grid-connected solar rooftop scheme , along with a host of other specialised schemes such as defence scheme , canal-top scheme , and Indo-Pak border scheme .   In addition , SECI has ventured into solar project development on turnkey basis for several PSUs . The company also has a power-trading licence and is active in this domain through trading of solar power from projects set up under the schemes being implemented by it .

negative: Nanosolar Nanosolar was a developer of solar power technology . Based in San Jose , CA , Nanosolar developed and briefly commercialized a low-cost printable solar cell manufacturing process . The company started selling thin-film CIGS panels mid-December 2007 , and planned to sell them at 99 cents per watt , much below the market at the time . However , prices for solar panels made of crystalline silicon declined significantly during the following years , reducing most of Nanosolar 's cost advantage . By February 2013 Nanosolar had laid off 75 % of its work force . Nanosolar began auctioning off its equipment in August 2013 . Co-Founder of Nanosolar Martin Roscheisen stated on his personal blog that nanosolar `` ultimately failed commercially . '' and that he would not enter this industry again because of slow-development cycle , complex production problems and the impact of cheap Chinese solar power production . Nanosolar ultimately produced less than 50 MW of solar power capacity despite having raised more than $ 400 million in investment .

negative: Solar power forecasting Solar power forecasting involves knowledge of the Sun ´ s path , the atmosphere 's condition , the scattering processes and the characteristics of a solar energy plant which utilizes the Sun 's energy to create solar power . Solar photovoltaic systems transform solar energy into electric power . The power output depends on the incoming radiation and on the solar panel characteristics . Photovoltaic power production is increasing nowadays . Forecast information is essential for an efficient use , the management of the electricity grid and for solar energy trading . Common solar forecasting method include stochastic learning method , local and remote sensing method , and hybrid method ( Chu et al. 2016 ) .

negative: Solar power in Georgia (U.S. state) Solar power in Georgia on rooftops can provide 31 % of all electricity used in Georgia .   Net metering is limited to 100 kW for non-residential consumers and 10 kW for residential consumers , up to 0.2 % of previous years peak demand . Georgia was given an F for net metering . Georgia is not a Net Metering State .   The state 's first solar community is located at Weatherford Place in Roswell . All homes are LEED Certified Platinum and monitored . The solar generation is compared to GP totals each month . The past 6 years of data monitoring show that GP meter consistently records less produced power . GP does not pay `` time of day rates '' as do many other states and also requires the homeowner to sign over all `` environmental attributes '' -LSB- solar renewable energy credits or SRECs -RSB- if the homeowner chooses to sell back all solar energy . Similar results are being seen at a Zero Net Energy home -LSB- the architectural design and training was a pro-bono project of Cadmus Design-Build and is being monitored by UGA -RSB- located in Tifton , GA. . In other states such as California , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , etc -RSB- the accumulated SRECs can be sold by the owner of the system . Georgia does not allow the sale of SRECs . Georgia Power is also charging the homeowner tax on the solar energy that is sold back to GP . According to the Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy , Renewable energy is not taxable .   Georgia Power has a solar purchase program , SP-1 , for up to 100 kW systems which pays 17 cents / kWh . A second meter is installed for the solar generation , all of which is purchased by Georgia Power . The consumer then purchases back any electricity consumed as if they did not have solar power . The program has an aggregate limit of 4.4 MW and is fully subscribed , but will be expanded as consumers purchase `` Premium Green Energy '' , for an additional $ 5.00 / 100kWh . Once a consumer enters the program there is no reason to also purchase green energy , as doing so would reduce the 17 cent payment to 12 cents . By comparison , Ontario paid 80 cents Canadian/kWh , and Germany $ 34.05 cents / kWh , both with 20 year contracts , vs. the 5 year contract from Georgia Power . Long term power agreements are essential to renewable energy projects , as you pay upfront for 25 years of electricity - the `` fuel '' , the sun or wind , is free , and most of the cost of wind power or solar power is the installation cost .   Approved by the state 's Public Service Commission in 2012 and significantly expanded in the following year , Georgia Power 's ` Advanced Solar Initiative ' is expected to bring online 865 MW of solar capacity by the end of 2016 .   In 1982 the country 's largest industrial solar installation was completed , the 400 kW Solar Total Energy Project , which operated until 1991 .   The $ 5 million 1 MW Spectro PowerCap on the Hickory Ridge Landfill near Atlanta was one of Georgia 's largest solar arrays , when it was completed in October 2011 . Another 1MW solar farm in Blairsville was completed in January 2011 .   A 30 MW solar farm is being developed in Social Circle , and is expected to be completed in 2015 .   In 2011 , Georgia was one of three states being considered for a 400 MW solar park , to consist of 20 20 MW sections . Other states being considered were Florida and North Carolina . Gadsden County , Florida , was chosen . The company , National Solar , is planning 3,000 MW of solar farms in the Southeast .

negative: List of prototype solar-powered cars This list of prototype solar-powered cars comprises multiperson , relatively practical vehicles powered completely or significantly by solar cells ( panels or arrays , mounted on the vehicle ) which convert sunlight into electricity to drive electric motors while the vehicle is in motion and have a homologation for public streets .

negative: Morgan Solar Inc Morgan Solar , Inc. is a Canadian solar power and optical technology company based in Toronto , Ontario . The company 's two main products are the Sun Simba concentrated photovoltaic ( CPV ) solar panel and the Savanna Dual-Axis Tracker .

negative: Solar rickshaw A solar rickshaw is a vehicle , usually three-wheeled , driven by an electric motor and powered either by solar panels or by a battery charged by solar panels .   A solar rickshaw may be a type of :  Cycle rickshaw , if it is equipped with both pedals and an assisting electric motor  Electric rickshaw , if its only means of propulsion is one or more electric motors

negative: Charles Fritts Charles Fritts ( 1850 -- 1903 ) was the American inventor credited with creating the first working Selenium Cell in 1883 .   The world 's first rooftop solar array , using Fritts ' selenium cells , was installed in 1884 on a New York City rooftop .   Fritts coated the semiconductor material selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold . The resulting cells had a conversion electrical efficiency of only about 1 % owing to the properties of selenium , which in combination with the material 's high cost prevented the use of such cells for energy supply . Selenium cells found other applications however , for example as light sensors for exposure timing in photo cameras , where they were common well into the 1960s .   Solar cells later became practical for power uses after Russell Ohl 's 1941 development of silicon p/n junction cells that reached efficiencies above 5 % by the 1950s/1960s .   Today 's best silicon solar cells are over 40 % efficient , with industrial average over 17 % .

negative: Beneixama photovoltaic power plant Beneixama photovoltaic power plant is a 20 MW photovoltaic power plant located in Beneixama , Spain . The plant consists of approximately 100,000 solar panels , encompassing an area of approximately 500,000 m2 . The panels are City Solar PQ 200 modules made of polycrystalline silicon solar cells .  In addition , 200 units of Siemens photovoltaic inverters `` Sinvert Solar 100 Master '' were installed .   The plant was built by City Solar , and completed in September , 2007 .

negative: Solar cable A solar cable is the interconnection cable used in photovoltaic power generation . Solar cables interconnect solar panels and other electrical components of a photovoltaic system . Solar cables are designed to be UV resistant and weather resistant . They can be used within a large temperature range and are generally laid outside .

negative: Guadarranque Solar Power Plant Guadarranque solar power plant ( also known as Cádiz solar power plant , Parque Solar Guadarranque , or Planta Solar Guadarranque ) is a photovoltaic solar power plant in the Guadarranque industrial park in San Roque , Cádiz , Spain . The plant is owned and operated by Endesa .   In 2007 , Endesa received a municipal permit to build a 20.1 megawatt ( MW ) photovoltaic solar power plant . Construction on the first stage of the plant began in July 2007 and was finished in September 2008 . The first stage has installed capacity of 12.3 MW and it covers 37 ha . It consists of 123 photovoltaic installations , each including 550 220-watt solar panels . The first stage cost $ 90 million and its annual generation is estimated about 24 GWh .   Electricity production at the plant will increase during the summer months due to the higher number of daylight hours . This will help to meet the significant rise in power demand in Andalusia in the summer .

negative: Waldpolenz Solar Park The Waldpolenz Solar Park is a 52-megawatt ( MW ) photovoltaic power station built by German developer and operator Juwi at a former military air base near Leipzig , Eastern Germany . When completed by the end of 2008 , it was the world 's largest thin-film solar park using CdTe-modules .   Initially , the solar power plant 's nameplate capacity was 40 MW , consisting of 500,000 state-of-the-art solar panels provided by U.S. manufacturer First Solar , and generated 40,000 MWh of electricity per year . The solar park was then extended with another 153,650 panels , also provided by First Solar , to a final capacity of 52 MWP in 2011   The installation is located in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany , built on half of the location 's 220 ha in the townships of Brandis and Bennewitz . The investment costs for the Waldpolenz solar park have amounted to some 130 million euro .

negative: Mithapur Solar Power Plant Mithapur Solar Power Plant is a 25 MW solar power plant located in Mithapur , Gujarat . It is expected to produce 40,734 MWh/year . 108,696 230 Wp panels were used .

negative: SunEdison SunEdison , Inc. is a global renewable energy company headquartered in the U.S. . In addition to developing , building , owning , and operating solar power plants and wind energy plants , it also manufactures high purity polysilicon , monocrystalline silicon ingots , silicon wafers , solar modules , solar energy systems , and solar module racking systems . Originally a silicon-wafer manufacturer established in 1959 as the Monsanto Electronic Materials Company , a former business unit of Monsanto Company , Monsanto sold the company in 1989 . Prior to May 30 , 2013 , the company was known as MEMC Electronic Materials ; the name change to SunEdison reflects the company 's focus on solar energy . SunEdison 's corporate headquarters are in Maryland Heights , Missouri , and the company 's operational and solar headquarters are in Belmont , California with offices throughout the world .   Established in the early stages of the semiconductor electronics industry in 1959 , MEMC was for the next half century a major and pioneering manufacturer of silicon wafers , the most basic element of semiconductor-chip manufacturing . The company entered the solar market in a major way beginning in 2006 , with longterm contracts to manufacture and sell solar wafers to several large Asian solar-energy companies . Contracts with other solar-energy companies followed , as did joint-venture projects on solar power plants . With the acquisition of the large , successful , and pioneering solar-energy systems company SunEdison LLC in late 2009 and the smaller solar-power companies Axio and Fotowatio in 2011 , MEMC focused increasingly on the burgeoning solar-energy industry to offset the cyclical downturns in the semiconductor market . The company now develops , finances , and maintains solar power systems and plants for a widespread commercial , public-sector , and power-plant customer base , and its name change in 2013 to SunEdison , Inc. reflects its main focus . It is one of the leading solar-power companies worldwide , and with its acquisition of wind-energy company First Wind in 2014 , SunEdison is the leading renewable energy development company in the world . SunEdison 's subsidiaries TerraForm Power and TerraForm Global own and operate renewable-energy projects around the globe . In 2015 , SunEdison sold off its subsidiary SunEdison Semiconductor , which manufactures silicon wafers for the electronics industry . The divestiture marked the completion of SunEdison , Inc. 's transition from a semiconductor-wafer company to a dedicated renewable-energy corporation .   Following years of major expansion and the announcement of the intent -- which eventually fell through -- to acquire the residential-rooftop solar company Vivint Solar in 2015 , SunEdison 's stock plummeted and its more than $ 11billion in debt caused it to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on April 21 , 2016 .

negative: Solar cell fabric Solar cell fabric is a fabric with embedded photovoltaic ( PV ) cells which generate electricity when exposed to light .   Traditional silicon based solar cells are expensive to manufacture , rigid and fragile . Although less efficient , thin-film cells and organic polymer based cells can be produced quickly and cheaply . They are also flexible and can be stitched onto fabric .   According to an article from New Scientist researchers have built a PV cell in the layers around a fiber , creating a tiny cylindrical cell . No longer limited to rooftops and poles , solar collection could work silently and unobtrusively from everyday objects .


query: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

positive: Attribution of recent climate change Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent climate changes on Earth , commonly known as ` global warming ' . The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record , when records are most reliable ; particularly in the last 50 years , when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available . The dominant mechanisms are anthropogenic , i.e. , the result of human activity . They are :  increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases  global changes to land surface , such as deforestation  increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols .   There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations , changes in solar activity , and volcanic activity .   According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , it is `` extremely likely '' that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010 . The IPCC defines `` extremely likely '' as indicating a probability of 95 to 100 % , based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence .   Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities :  A basic physical understanding of the climate system : greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established .  Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual .  Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included .  Natural forces alone ( such as solar and volcanic activity ) can not explain the observed warming .   The IPCC 's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community , and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide ( see also : scientific opinion on climate change ) .

positive: Instrumental temperature record The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth 's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures . Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations , buoys and ships around the globe . The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series , that starts in 1659 . The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850 . In recent decades more extensive sampling of ocean temperatures at various depths have begun allowing estimates of ocean heat content but these do not form part of the global surface temperature datasets .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: David Parker (climatologist) David Parker is head of climate monitoring at the Hadley Centre , Exeter , England .   He has published extensively on the land and marine temperature record and its consistency . In 2002 , he was an organiser of a `` Workshop on Advances in the Use of Historical Marine Climate Data '' .   In 2004 , he has published a paper in Nature , showing that the urban heat island effect has not affected the historical temperature record . In this article , Parker shares his observations of the minimum temperature over 24 hours worldwide since 1950 that were expressed as anomalies . Also it includes his reasoning to why urbanization has not systematically exaggerated the observed global warming trends in minimum temperature . He further goes on to mention how the criterion for `` calm '' was changed while the global trend for minimum temperature remained unchanged . From his analysis he finds that windy and calm nights warmed at the same rate . Both the windy and calm increased at a rate of ( 0.16 + 0.03 C ) . He compares his small sample of 26 stations in North America and Siberia with global trends from 1950 to 1953 , covering over 5,000 stations . Estimates of recent global warming , supported by Parker 's analysis shows that urban warming has not introduced significant biases . `` The reality and magnitude of global-scale warming is supported by the near-equality of temperature trends on windy nights with trends based on all data . '' ( Parker ) This paper has been commented on by Roger Pielke , Sr. , et al. .

negative: Climate change in New Zealand Climate change in New Zealand refers to change in the climate of New Zealand on the scale of years , decades , centuries and longer periods of time . New Zealand is being affected by climate change and the impacts are predicted to increase in future . Anthropogenic global warming during the 20th century is apparent in the instrumental temperature record , in New Zealand 's participation in international treaties , and in social and political debates .   Climate change is being responded to in a variety of ways by civil society and the government of New Zealand . An emissions trading scheme has been established and from 1 July 2010 , the energy and liquid fossil fuel sectors have obligations to report emissions and to obtain and surrender emissions units ( carbon credits ) .

negative: Temperature data logger A temperature data logger , also called temperature monitor , is a portable measurement instrument that is capable of autonomously recording temperature over a defined period of time . The digital data can be retrieved , viewed and evaluated after it has been recorded . A data logger is commonly used to monitor shipments in a cold chain and to gather temperature data from diverse field conditions .

negative: Climate change in South Korea In recent decades most countries have been experiencing huge industrial progress . Urban and industrial areas in South Korea also had fast development from 1960s to 1980s . Industrialization and the increase in population have produced various pollutants and greenhouse gases , which are anthropogenic factors for climate change . South Korea is experiencing changes in climate parameters , including annual temperature , rainfall amounts , and precipitation . The most distinct climate change predicted for South Korea is an increase in the range of temperature fluctuation throughout the four seasons . The number of record minimum temperature days has decreased rapidly , and maximum precipitation during the summer has increased . Ongoing global climate change has produced local climate changes and extreme weather that affects : social , economy , industry , culture , and many other sectors . The increased possibility for new types of strong weather damage evokes the seriousness and the urgency of climate change . To quickly adapt to climate change , the South Korean government began an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions , and is one step closer to having a low-carbon based socio-economic nation .

negative: Climate change in Nevada Climate change in Nevada has been measured over the last century , with the average temperature in Elko , Nevada increasing by 0.6 F-change , and precipitation increasing by up to 20 % in many parts of the state . These past trends may or may not continue into the future .

negative: Pseudoproxy A pseudoproxy is a synthetic dataset used in paleoclimatology to test methods of reconstruction of global or hemispherical climate change from temperature records , developed for reconstructing the temperature record of the past 1000 years using proxies for periods before the instrumental temperature record . In May 2002 Michael E. Mann and Scott Rutherford published a paper introducing this method of adding artificial noise to actual temperature records or to climate model simulations to produce what they called `` pseudoproxies '' . When the reconstruction algorithms were used with these pseudoproxies , the result was then compared with the original record or simulation to see how closely it had been reconstructed . They discussed the issue that regression methods of reconstruction tended to underestimate the amplitude of variation .

negative: UAH satellite temperature dataset The UAH satellite temperature dataset , developed at the University of Alabama in Huntsville , infers the temperature of various atmospheric layers from satellite measurements of radiance .   It was the first global temperature datasets developed from satellite information and has been used as a tool for research into surface and atmospheric temperature changes .  The dataset is published by John Christy et al. and formerly jointly with Roy Spencer .

negative: Temperature coefficient A temperature coefficient describes the relative change of a physical property that is associated with a given change in temperature . For a property R that changes by dR when the temperature changes by dT , the temperature coefficient α is defined by   Here α has the dimension of an inverse temperature and can be expressed e.g. in 1/K or K − 1 .   If the temperature coefficient itself does not vary too much with temperature , a linear approximation can be used to determine the value R of a property at a temperature T , given its value R0 at a reference temperature T0 :   where ΔT is the difference between T and T0 .  For strongly temperature-dependent α , this approximation is only useful for small temperature differences ΔT .   Temperature coefficients are specified for various applications , including electric and magnetic properties of materials as well as reactivity . The temperature coefficient of most of the reactions lies between - 2 & 3

negative: Gordon Manley Gordon Valentine Manley , FRGS ( 3 January 1902 -- 29 January 1980 ) was an English climatologist who has been described as `` probably the best known , most prolific and most expert on the climate of Britain of his generation '' . He assembled the Central England temperature ( CET ) series of monthly mean temperatures stretching back to 1659 , which is the longest standardised instrumental record available for anywhere in the world . It provides a benchmark for proxy records of climatic change for the period covered , and is a notable example of scientific scholarship and perseverance ( it took over thirty years to complete ) . His two papers describing the work are available online .

negative: Divergence problem The divergence problem is an anomaly from the field of dendroclimatology , the study of past climate through observations of old trees , primarily the properties of their annual growth rings . It is the disagreement between the temperatures measured by the thermometers ( instrumental temperatures ) and the temperatures reconstructed from the latewood densities or , in some cases , widths of tree rings in the far northern forests .   While the thermometer records indicate a substantial late 20th century warming trend , many tree rings from such sites do not display a corresponding change in their maximum latewood density . In some studies this issue has also been found with tree ring width . A temperature trend extracted from tree rings alone would not show any substantial warming since the 1950s . The temperature graphs calculated in these two ways thus `` diverge '' from one another , which is the origin of the term .

negative: Thermo-hygrograph A thermo-hygrograph or hygrothermograph is a chart recorder that measures and records both temperature and humidity ( or dew point ) . Similar devices that record only one parameter are a thermograph for temperature and hygrograph for humidity .   Thermographs where the variations are recorded using photography were described by several scientists as early as 1845 , including Francis Ronalds who was Honorary Director of the Kew Observatory . An updated model of the initial machine was deployed across the national observational network set up by the new UK Met Office in 1867 and coordinated by Kew Observatory . These instruments then saw extended use around the world .   An alternative thermograph configuration has a pen that records temperature on a revolving cylinder . The pen is at the end of a lever that is controlled by a bi-metal strip of temperature-sensitive metal which bends as the temperature changes . A human hair bundle can be used for humidity in such machines .

negative: Målilla Målilla is a locality situated in Hultsfred Municipality , Kalmar County , Sweden with 1,524 inhabitants in 2010 .   It is more commonly known as the temperature capital of Sweden due to the frequent records , both high and low , being set there . A Swedish record high temperature of +38 ° C ( 100.4 ° F ) was set on June 29 , 1947 . This record is shared with Ultuna in Uppland . The lowest temperature recorded is − 33.8 ° C , one of the lowest ever recorded in southern Sweden .   Being famous for the extremes in temperature , visitors are welcomed by a 15 metre high thermometer in the middle of the town 's only roundabout . Shortly after its inauguration in December 2000 , it was hit by a car and the bulb had to be replaced .   Målilla is further famous for motorcycle speedway . Almost since the birth of the sport the local team has been amongst the best in Sweden . Dackarna Målilla , the original name of the team has lately changed names due to sponsorship deals . Luxo Stars and Team Svelux were two passing names until the original name once again was reinstated .   The other two things which has put Målilla on the Swedish map is their bandy team Målilla Bandy which has had quite big success during the years and adventurer and mountaineer Janne Corax who is the only Swedish alpinist with first ascents in the Himalayas on the CV .   The legendary pop band The Beach Boys founders , the Wilson and Love families , have their roots in Målilla .

negative: Carl Mears Carl Mears is a Senior Scientist , at Remote Sensing Systems , since 1998 . He has worked on validation of SSM/I derived winds , and rain-flagging algorithm for the QuikScat scatterometer . He is best known for his work with Frank Wentz in developing a satellite temperature record from MSU and AMSU . Intercomparison of this record with the earlier UAH satellite temperature record , developed by John Christy and Roy Spencer , revealed deficiencies in the earlier work ; specifically , the warming trend in the RSS version is larger than the UAH one .   Mears was a major contributor to Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere : Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences , the first released report from the US Climate Change Science Program . He also contributed to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Working Group one report , Climate Change 2007 - The Physical Science Basis .

negative: Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals Climate change has had a significant direct effect on terrestrial animals , by being a major driver of the processes of speciation and extinction . The best known example of this is the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse which occurred 350 million years ago . This event decimated amphibian populations and spurred on the evolution of reptiles .   Climate change is a natural event that has occurred throughout history . However , with the recent increased emission of CO2 in the Earth 's atmosphere , abrupt climate change has occurred . It has been hypothesized that anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing has significantly influenced global climate since about 8000 before present ( Van Hoof 2006 ) .   Animals have had specific responses to climate change . Species respond to climate changes by migration , adaptation , or if neither of those occur , death . These migrations can sometimes follow an animal 's preferred temperature , elevation , soil , etc. , as said terrain moves due to climate change . Adaptation can be either genetic or phenological , and death can occur in a local population only ( extirpation ) or as an entire species , otherwise known as extinction .   Climate changes is projected to affect individual organisms , populations , species distributions and ecosystem composition and function both directly ( ex . Increased temperatures and changes in precipitation ) and indirectly ( through climate changing the intensity and frequency of disturbances such as wildfires and severe storms ) ( IPCC 2002 ) .   Every organism has a unique set of preferences or requirements , a niche and biodiversity has been tied to the diversity of animals ' niches . These can include or be affected by temperature , aridity , resource availability , habitat requirements , enemies , soil characteristics , competitors , and pollinators . Since the factors that compose a niche can be so complex and interconnected , the niches of many animals are bound to be affected by climate change ( Parmesan Yohe 2003 ) .   One study done by Camille Parmesan and Gary Yohe from University of Texas , Austin shows the global fingerprint of climate change on natural systems . The results of their global analysis of 334 species were recorded to demonstrate the correlation of patterns consistent with global climate change of the 20th century . Using the IPCC 's ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) ` levels of confidence ' , this study proved significant nonrandom behavioral changes due to global climate change with very high confidence ( > 95 ) . Furthermore , an accuracy of 74-91 % change in species has displayed predicted change for species in response to climate change .

negative: Tuff Gong Worldwide Tuff Gong Worldwide is a record label formed by Ziggy Marley . He used the same name as his father 's label , but changed the word international to worldwide .

negative: Phil Jones (climatologist) Philip Douglas Jones ( born April 22 , 1952 ) retired from his positions as the Director of the Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ) and as a Professor in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia ( UEA ) at the end of 2016 . Jones was replaced as CRU director by Tim Osborn and has taken up a position as a Professorial Fellow at the UEA from January 2017 .   His research interests include instrumental climate change , palaeoclimatology , detection of climate change and the extension of riverflow records in the UK . He has also published papers on the temperature record of the past 1000 years .   He is known for maintaining a time series of the instrumental temperature record . This work was featured prominently in both the 2001 and 2007 IPCC reports , where he was a contributing author to Chapter 12 , Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes , of the Third Assessment Report and a Coordinating Lead Author of Chapter 3 , Observations : Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change , of the AR4 .

negative: Highest temperature recorded on Earth The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air , 1.5 meters above the ground , and shielded from direct sunlight . The highest confirmed temperature on Earth recorded according to these measures was 56.7 C in Furnace Creek Ranch , California , located in the Death Valley desert in the United States , on July 10 , 1913 .   The former highest official temperature on Earth , held for 90 years by ` Aziziya , Libya , was de-certified by the WMO ( World Meteorological Organization ) in January 2012 as the record for the world 's highest surface temperature ( this temperature of 57.8 ° C ( 136 ° F ) , registered on 13 September 1922 , is currently considered to have been a recorder 's error ) . Christopher C. Burt , the weather historian writing for Weather Underground who shepherded the Libya reading 's 2012 disqualification , believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is `` a myth '' , and is at least four or five degrees Fahrenheit too high , as do other weather historians Dr. Arnold Court and William Taylor Reid . Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth is still at Death Valley , but is instead 53.9 C recorded five times : 20 July 1960 , 18 July 1998 , 20 July 2005 , 7 July 2007 , and 30 June 2013 .   Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 ° C . A ground temperature of 84 ° C ( 183.2 ° F ) has been recorded in Port Sudan , Sudan . A ground temperature of 93.9 ° C ( 201 ° F ) was recorded also in Furnace Creek Ranch on 15 July 1972 ; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded . The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 ° C for dry , darkish soils of low thermal conductivity .   Temperature measurements via satellite also tend to capture occurrence of higher records but are considered less reliable than ground-positioned thermometers . There is a satellite record of 66.8 C measured in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008 . Other satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009 , taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite , found a maximum temperature of 70.7 ° C ( 159.3 ° F ) , which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert , Iran . The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 and 2009 ) . These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature .

negative: Science On a Sphere Science On a Sphere ( SOS ) is a spherical projection system created by NOAA . It presents high-resolution video on a suspended globe rather than a flat screen , with the aim of better representing global phenomena . Animated images of atmospheric storms , climate change , and ocean temperature can be shown on the sphere to explain these complex environmental processes . SOS systems are most frequently installed in science museums , universities , zoos , and research institutions , although new and novel uses for these systems in a variety of presentation spaces and contexts are starting to emerge .   The system has been installed in more than 130 locations worldwide .

negative: Dilatometer A dilatometer is a scientific instrument that measures volume changes caused by a physical or chemical process . A familiar application of a dilatometer is the mercury-in-glass thermometer , in which the change in volume of the liquid column is read from a graduated scale . Because mercury has a fairly constant rate of expansion over ambient temperature ranges , the volume changes are directly related to temperature .

negative: Climate change in the Arctic The effects of global warming in the Arctic , or climate change in the Arctic include rising temperatures , loss of sea ice , and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly , observed in recent years . Potential methane release from the region , especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates , is also a concern . The Arctic warms twice as fast compared to the rest of the world . The pronounced warming signal , the amplified response of the Arctic to global warming , it is often seen as a leading indicator of global warming . The melting of Greenland 's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification . According to a study published in 2016 , about 0.5 ◦ C of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980 .

negative: Bathythermograph The bathythermograph , or BT , also known as the Mechanical Bathythermograph , or MBT ; is a small torpedo-shaped device that holds a temperature sensor and a transducer to detect changes in water temperature versus depth down to a depth of approximately 285 meters ( 935 feet ) . Lowered by a small winch on the ship into the water , the BT records pressure and temperature changes on a coated glass slide as it is dropped nearly freely through the water . While the instrument is being dropped , the wire is paid out until it reaches a predetermined depth , then a brake is applied and the BT is drawn back to the surface . Because the pressure is a function of depth ( see Pascal 's law ) , temperature measurements can be correlated with the depth at which they are recorded .

negative: Sperm thermotaxis Sperm thermotaxis is a form of sperm guidance , in which sperm cells ( spermatozoa ) actively change their swimming direction according to a temperature gradient , swimming up the gradient . Thus far this process has been discovered in mammals only .

negative: Recording thermometer A recording thermometer is a type of thermometer that records temperature changes over a period of time . One end of the strip is attached to a long , light metal lever that holds a special pen . Tiny movement of the bimetallic strip causes much larger movement of the free end of the lever and the pen . The pen traces a rising and falling line on a strip of paper attached to a slowly turning drum . The drum usually makes one turn every seven or so days , so afterwards each strip of paper contains a complete and accurate record of temperature changes for a whole week . There are normally two types of metal on the bimetallic strip . Mostly one is steel and one is copper . Because these metals expand and contract at different rates.When one of these metals expand it curls tighter , when one contracts it uncurl slightly . When it curls or uncurls , the data is converted into electric signals , which record the temperature change .   Category : Thermometers

negative: Thermotropism Thermotropism or thermotropic movement is the movement of a plant or part of a plant in response to a change in temperature . A common example is the curling of Rhododendron leaves in response to cold temperatures . Mimosa pudica also show thermotropism by the collapsing of leaf petioles leading to the folding of leaflets , when temperature drops .   The term `` thermotropism '' was originated by French botanist Philippe Van Tieghem in his 1884 textbook Traité de botanique . Van Tieghem stated that a plant irradiated with an optimum growth temperature on one side laterally , and a much higher or lower temperature on the opposite side , would exhibit faster growth on the side exposed to optimum temperature .   The precise physiological mechanism enabling plant thermotropism is not yet understood . It has been noted that one of the earliest physiological responses by plants to cooling is an influx of calcium ions from the cell walls into the cytosol , which increases calcium ion concentration in the intracellular space . This calcium influx is dependent upon mechanical changes in the actin cytoskeleton that alter the fluidity of the cell membrane , which allows calcium ion channels to open . From this information , a hypothesis has formed that the plant cell plasma membrane is an important site of plant temperature perception .

negative: Autoclave tape Autoclave tape is an adhesive tape used in autoclaving ( heating under high pressure with steam to sterilise ) to indicate whether a specific temperature has been reached . Autoclave tape works by changing color after exposure to temperatures commonly used in sterilization processes , typically 121 ° C in a steam autoclave .   Small strips of the tape are applied to the items before they are placed into the autoclave . The tape is similar to masking tape but slightly more adhesive , to allow it to adhere under the hot , moist conditions of the autoclave . One such tape has diagonal markings containing an ink which changes colour ( usually beige to black ) upon heating .   It is important to note that the presence of autoclave tape that has changed color on an item does not ensure that the product is sterile , as the tape will change color upon exposure only . For steam sterilization to occur , the entire item must completely reach and maintain 121 ° C for 15 -- 20 minutes with proper steam exposure to ensure sterilization .   The color-changing indicator of tape is usually lead carbonate based , which decomposes to lead ( II ) oxide . To protect users from lead -- and because this decomposition can occur at many moderate temperatures -- manufactures may protect the lead carbonate layer with a resin or polymer that is degraded under steam at high temperature .

negative: Global change Global change refers to planetary-scale changes in the Earth system . The system consists of the land , oceans , atmosphere , polar regions , life , the planet 's natural cycles and deep Earth processes . These constituent parts influence one another . The Earth system now includes human society , so global change also refers to large-scale changes in society .   More completely , the term `` global change '' encompasses : population , climate , the economy , resource use , energy development , transport , communication , land use and land cover , urbanization , globalization , atmospheric circulation , ocean circulation , the carbon cycle , the nitrogen cycle , the water cycle and other cycles , sea ice loss , sea-level rise , food webs , biological diversity , pollution , health , over fishing , and more .

negative: Fahrenheit Fahrenheit is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by Amsterdam-based physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit ( 1686 -- 1736 ) , after whom the scale is named . It uses the degree Fahrenheit ( symbol ° F ) as the unit . Several accounts of how he originally defined his scale exist . The lower defining point , 0 ° F , was established as the temperature of a solution of brine made from equal parts of ice and salt . Further limits were established as the melting point of ice ( 32 ° F ) and his best estimate of the average human body temperature ( 96 ° F , about 2.6 ° F less than the modern value due to a later redefinition of the scale ) . The scale is now usually defined by two fixed points : the temperature at which water freezes into ice is defined as 32 ° F , and the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 ° F , a 180 ° F separation , as defined at sea level and standard atmospheric pressure .   By the end of the 20th century , Fahrenheit was used as the official temperature scale only in the United States ( including its unincorporated territories ) , its freely associated states in the Western Pacific ( Palau , the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands ) , the Bahamas , Belize , and the Cayman Islands . All other countries in the world now use the Celsius scale , defined since 1954 by absolute zero being − 273.15 ° C and the triple point of water being at 0.01 ° C.

negative: 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was one of the most powerful eruptions in recorded history , with a Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ) of 7 . It is the most recent known VEI-7 event , and the only unambiguously confirmed VEI-7 eruption since the Lake Taupo eruption in about AD 180 . ( The 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain might also have been VEI-7 . )   The eruption of the volcano , on the island of Sumbawa in the Dutch East Indies ( present-day Indonesia ) , reached a climax on 10 April 1815 and was followed by between six months and three years of increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions . The ash from the eruption column dispersed around the world and lowered global temperatures , leading to worldwide harvest failures in an event sometimes known as the Year Without a Summer in 1816 . The eruption resulted in a brief period of significant climate change that led to various cases of extreme weather . Several climate forcings coincided and interacted in a systematic manner that has not been observed since , despite other large eruptions that have occurred since the early Stone Age . Although the link between the post-eruption climate changes and the Tambora event has been established by various scientists , the understanding of the processes involved is incomplete .

negative: Climate system Earth's climate arises from the interaction of five major climate system components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things). Climate is the average weather, typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes in the climate system, such as ocean currents and wind patterns. Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans is primarily driven by solar radiation and transports heat from the tropical regions to regions that receive less energy from the Sun. The water cycle also moves energy throughout the climate system. In addition, different chemical elements, necessary for life, are constantly recycled between the different components. The climate system can change due to internal variability and external forcings. These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans. Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming. Human activity also releases cooling aerosols, but their net effect is far less than that of greenhouse gases. Changes can be amplified by feedback processes in the different climate system components.

negative: Animal migration tracking For years scientists have been tracking animals and the ways they migrate . One of the many goals of animal migration research has been to determine where the animals are going ; however , researchers also want to know why they are going `` there '' . Researchers not only look at the animals ' migration but also what is between point a and point b to determine if a species is moving to new locations based on food density , a change in water temperature , and the animal 's ability to adapt to these changes .

negative: Lunz am See Lunz am See is a municipality in the district of Scheibbs , Lower Austria , Austria .   Since May 2007 Lunz am See has been the home of the `` Wasser Cluster Lunz '' . It has been recorded as the coldest place in Central Europe , as a temperature of -52.6 Celsius was measured here on 19 February 1932 at .

negative: The Machine That Changed the World (book) The Machine That Changed the World is a book based on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's $ 5 million , five-year study on the future of the automobile , written by James P. Womack , Daniel T. Jones , and Daniel Roos .   This book made the term lean production known worldwide . It has been translated into eleven languages and has been sold more than 600,000 times . A revised edition was published in 2007 .