query: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

positive: Philadelphia Philadelphia ( -LSB- ˌfɪləˈdɛlfi.ə -RSB- ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populous city in the United States , with an estimated population of 1,567,872 and more than 6 million in the seventh-largest metropolitan statistical area , . Philadelphia is the economic and cultural anchor of the Delaware Valleya region located in the Northeastern United States at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers with 7.2 million people residing in the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States .   In 1682 , William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution in 1787 . Several other key Philadelphia events during the Revolution include the First and Second Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , the Siege of Fort Mifflin , and the Philadelphia Convention . Philadelphia was one of the nation 's capitals in the Revolutionary War , and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. , was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and railroad hub that grew from an influx of European immigrants . The majority of European immigrants have come from Ireland , Italy and Germany -- the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city . The city became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration of the 20th century , as well as Puerto Ricans , surpassing two million occupants by 1950 .   The area 's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination , as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub . With a gross domestic product of $ 388 billion , Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation . Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies . The Philadelphia skyline is growing , with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several nationally prominent skyscrapers . The city is known for its arts , culture , and rich history , attracting over 41 million domestic tourists alone in 2015 . Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city . Fairmount Park , when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed , is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States . The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $ 10 billion generated by tourism . Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps , and is also the home of many U.S. firsts , including the first library ( 1731 ) , first hospital ( 1751 ) and medical school ( 1765 ) , first Capital ( 1777 ) , first stock exchange ( 1790 ) , first zoo ( 1874 ) , and first business school ( 1881 ) . Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States .

positive: Ozone depletion Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s : a steady decline of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth 's stratosphere ( the ozone layer ) , and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth 's polar regions . The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole . In addition to these well-known stratospheric phenomena , there are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events .   The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning but the most important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic halogens . The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of man-made halocarbon refrigerants , solvents , propellants , and foam-blowing agents ( chlorofluorocarbon ( CFCs ) , HCFCs , freons , halons ) . These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by winds after being emitted at the surface . Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased .   CFCs and other contributory substances are referred to as ozone-depleting substances ( ODS ) . Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths ( 280 -- 315 nm ) of ultraviolet light ( UV light ) from passing through the Earth 's atmosphere , observed and projected decreases in ozone generated worldwide concern , leading to adoption of the Montreal Protocol that bans the production of CFCs , halons , and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane . It is suspected that a variety of biological consequences such as increases in sunburn , skin cancer , cataracts , damage to plants , and reduction of plankton populations in the ocean 's photic zone may result from the increased UV exposure due to ozone depletion .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Dobson unit The Dobson unit ( DU ) is a unit of measurement of the amount of a trace gas in a vertical column through the Earth 's atmosphere . It originated , and continues to be primarily used in respect to , atmospheric ozone , whose total column amount , usually termed `` total ozone '' , and sometimes `` column abundance '' , is dominated by the high concentrations of ozone in the stratospheric ozone layer . One Dobson unit is equal to the number of ozone molecules needed to create a pure layer of ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at STP - standard conditions for temperature and pressure .   The Dobson Unit is defined as the thickness ( in units of 10 µm ) of that layer of pure gas which would be formed by the total column amount at STP . This is sometimes referred to as a ` milli-atmo-centimeter . ' A typical column amount of 300 DU of atmospheric ozone therefore would form a 3 mm layer of pure gas at the surface of the Earth if its temperature and pressure conformed to STP . The Dobson unit is named after Gordon Dobson , a researcher at the University of Oxford who in the 1920s built the first instrument to measure total ozone from the ground , making use of a double prism monochromator to measure the differential absorption of different bands of solar ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer . This instrument , called the Dobson ozone spectrophotometer , has formed the backbone of the global network for monitoring atmospheric ozone and was the source of the discovery in 1984 of the Antarctic ozone hole .

negative: Ozone Ozone -LSB- ˈoʊzoʊn -RSB- ( systematically named 1λ1 ,3 λ1-trioxidane and catena-trioxygen ) , or trioxygen , is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula . It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell . It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope , breaking down in the lower atmosphere to or dioxygen . Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also atmospheric electrical discharges , and is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth 's atmosphere ( stratosphere ) . In total , ozone makes up only of the atmosphere .   Ozone 's odour is sharp , reminiscent of chlorine , and detectable by many people at concentrations of as little as in air . Ozone 's O3 structure was determined in 1865 . The molecule was later proven to have a bent structure and to be diamagnetic . In standard conditions , ozone is a pale blue gas that condenses at progressively cryogenic temperatures to a dark blue liquid and finally a violet-black solid . Ozone 's instability with regard to more common dioxygen is such that both concentrated gas and liquid ozone may decompose explosively at elevated temperatures or fast warming to the boiling point .  It is therefore used commercially only in low concentrations .   Ozone is a powerful oxidant ( far more so than dioxygen ) and has many industrial and consumer applications related to oxidation . This same high oxidising potential , however , causes ozone to damage mucous and respiratory tissues in animals , and also tissues in plants , above concentrations of about . This makes ozone a potent respiratory hazard and pollutant near ground level . However , the ozone layer ( a portion of the stratosphere with a higher concentration of ozone , from two to eight ppm ) is beneficial , preventing damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth 's surface , to the benefit of both plants and animals .

negative: Cyclic ozone Cyclic ozone is a theoretically predicted form of ozone . Like ordinary ozone ( O3 ) , it would have three oxygen atoms . It would differ from ordinary ozone in how those three oxygen atoms are arranged . In ordinary ozone , the atoms are arranged in a bent line ; in cyclic ozone , they would form an equilateral triangle .   Some of properties of cyclic ozone have been predicted theoretically . It should have more energy than ordinary ozone .   There is evidence that tiny quantities of cyclic ozone exist at the surface of magnesium oxide crystals in air . Cyclic ozone has not been made in bulk , although at least one researcher has attempted to do so using lasers . Another possibility to stabilize this form of oxygen is to produce it inside confined spaces , e.g. , fullerene .   It has been speculated that , if cyclic ozone could be made in bulk , and if it proved to have good stability properties , it could be added to liquid oxygen to improve the specific impulse of rocket fuel .   Currently , the possibility of cyclic ozone is confirmed within diverse theoretical approaches .

negative: Dennis L. Hartmann Dennis L Hartmann is an American atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington . He has done research on ozone depletion and climate change .   In 2016 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences .

negative: Photoinitiator A photoinitiator is a molecule that creates reactive species ( free radicals , cations or anions ) when exposed to radiation ( UV or visible ) . Synthetic photoinitiators are key components in photopolymers ( i.e. photo-curable coatings , adhesives and dental restoratives ) .   Some small molecules in the atmosphere can also act as photoinitiators by decomposing to give free radicals ( in photochemical smog ) . For instance , nitrogen dioxide is produced in large quantities by gasoline-burning internal combustion engines . NO2 in the troposphere gives smog its brown coloration and catalyzes production of toxic ground-level ozone . Molecular oxygen ( O2 ) also serves as a photoinitiator in the stratosphere , breaking down into atomic oxygen and combining with O2 in order to form the ozone in the ozone layer .

negative: Jon Shanklin Jonathan Shanklin is a meteorologist who has worked at the British Antarctic Survey since 1977 . Together with Joe Farman and Brian G. Gardiner he discovered the `` Ozone Hole '' in the 1980s .   Shanklin has described his role at the BAS as being that of a `` general dogsbody '' at the time of the discovery of the `` ozone hole '' . He calibrated an instrument called the Dobson Ozone Spectrophotometer which provided data on atmospheric ozone .   In an article discussing the discovery , the BBC quotes him as saying  Perhaps the most startling lesson from the ozone hole is just how quickly our planet can change . Given the speed with which humankind can affect it , following the precautionary principle is likely to be the safest road to future prosperity .   Jon maintains the ozone pages at BAS .  He plays cricket , is a bell-ringer , an active local naturalist and is a keen amateur astronomer , being Director of the British Astronomical Association 's Comet Section .

negative: SBUV/2 The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer , or SBUV/2 , is a series of operational remote sensors on NOAA weather satellites in Sun-synchronous orbits which have been providing global measurements of stratospheric total ozone , as well as ozone profiles , since March 1985 . The SBUV/2 instruments were developed from the SBUV experiment flown on the Nimbus-7 spacecraft which improved on the design of the original BUV instrument on Nimbus-4 . These are nadir viewing radiometric instruments operating at mid to near UV wavelengths . SBUV/2 data sets overlap with data from SBUV and TOMS instruments on the Nimbus-7 spacecraft . These extensive data sets ( January 1979 to the present ) measure the density and vertical distribution of ozone in the Earth 's atmosphere from six to 30 miles .   SBUV/2 looks down at the Earth 's atmosphere and the reflected sunlight at wavelengths characteristic of ozone . The SBUV/2 wavelength `` channels '' range from 252 nanometer ( nm ) to 340 nm . Ozone is measured as a ratio of sunlight incident on the atmosphere to the amount of sunlight scattered back into space . From this information , the total ozone between the instrument and the ground can be calculated .   The SBUV/2 measures solar irradiance and Earth radiance ( backscattered solar energy ) in the near ultraviolet spectrum ( 160 to 400 nm ) . The SBUV is capable of determining the global ozone concentration in the stratosphere to an absolute accuracy of 1 percent ; the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone to an absolute accuracy of 5 percent ; the long-term solar spectral irradiance from 160 to 400 nm Photochemical process and the influence of `` trace '' constituents on the ozone layer .   The Ball Aerospace-built SBUV/2 helped to discover the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1987 , and continues to monitor this phenomenon . Atmospheric ozone absorbs the sun 's ultraviolet rays , which are believed to cause gene mutations , skin cancer , and cataracts in humans . Ultraviolet rays may also damage crops and aquatic ecosystems . The first SBUV/2 instrument was launched on NOAA-9 in December 1984 and the last instrument in this series was launched in February 2009 aboard the NOAA-19 spacecraft .

negative: MOZART (model) MOZART ( Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers ) is a chemistry transport model ( CTM ) developed jointly by the ( US ) National Center for Atmospheric Research ( NCAR ) , the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ( GFDL ) , and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology ( MPI-Met ) to simulate changes in ozone concentrations in the Earth 's atmosphere . MOZART was designed to simulate tropospheric chemical and transport processes , but has been extended into the stratosphere and mesosphere . It can be driven by standard meteorological fields from , e.g. ,  the National Centers for Environmental Prediction ( NCEP )  the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF )  the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office ( DMAO )  or by fields generated from general circulation models .

negative: Chlorine monoxide Chlorine monoxide is a chemical radical with the chemical formula ClO . It plays an important role in the process of ozone depletion . In the stratosphere , chlorine atoms react with ozone molecules to form chlorine monoxide and oxygen .   Cl · + → ClO · +   This reaction causes the depletion of the ozone layer . This reaction can go on and the ClO · radicals can go on to react as such :   ClO · + O · → Cl · +   regenerating the chlorine radical . In this way , the overall reaction for the decomposition of ozone is catalyzed by chlorine , as ultimately chlorine remains unchanged . The overall reaction is :   O · + → + 2   This has been a significant impact of the use of CFCs on the upper stratosphere , however many countries have agreed to ban the use of CFCs . The nonreactive nature of CFC 's allows them to pass into the stratosphere , where they undergo photo-dissociation to form Cl radicals . These then readily form chlorine monoxide , and this cycle can continue until two radicals react to form dichlorine monoxide , terminating the radical reaction . Because the concentration of CFCs in atmosphere is very low , the probability of a terminating reaction is exceedingly low , meaning each radical can decompose many thousands of molecules of ozone .   Even though the use of CFCs was banned in many countries , CFCs can stay in the atmosphere for about 50-500 years . This cause many chlorine radicals to be produced and hence a significant amount of ozone molecules are decomposed before the chlorine radicals are able to react with chlorine monoxide to form Dichlorine monoxide .

negative: Tropospheric ozone depletion events During springtime in the polar regions , unique photochemistry converts inert halide salt ions ( e.g. Br − ) into reactive halogen species ( e.g. Br atoms and BrO ) that episodically deplete ozone in the atmospheric boundary layer to near zero levels . Since their discovery in the late 1980s , research on these ozone depletion events ( ODEs ) has shown the central role of  bromine photochemistry . Due to the autocatalytic nature of the reaction mechanism , it has been called bromine explosion . It 's still not fully understood how salts are transported from the ocean and oxidized to become reactive halogen species in the air . Other halogens ( chlorine and iodine ) are also activated through mechanisms coupled to bromine chemistry . The main consequence of halogen activation is chemical destruction of ozone , which removes the primary precursor of atmospheric oxidation , and generation of reactive halogen atoms/oxides that become the primary oxidizing species . The different reactivity of halogens as compared to OH and ozone has broad impacts on atmospheric chemistry , including near complete removal and deposition of mercury , alteration of oxidation fates for organic gases , and export of bromine into the free troposphere . Recent changes in the climate of the Arctic and state of the Arctic sea ice cover are likely to have strong effects on halogen activation and ODEs .

negative: Peroxyacetyl nitrate Peroxyacetyl nitrate is a peroxyacyl nitrate . It is a secondary pollutant present in photochemical smog . It is thermally unstable and decomposes into peroxyethanoyl radicals and nitrogen dioxide gas . It is a lachrymatory substance .   Peroxyacetyl nitrate , or PAN , is an oxidant that is more stable than ozone . Hence , it is more capable of long-range transport than ozone . It serves as a carrier for oxides of nitrogen ( NOx ) into rural regions and causes ozone formation in the global troposphere .

negative: Smog Watch Smog Watch , also known as the Anti-Idling Sign , is a voluntary government protocol to prevent the Seattle , Washington , region from exceeding the federal health standards in relation to ozone . It aims at protection of public health during summers , where ozone levels are often found to be the highest . At certain times during the summer , agency meteorologists will issue a smog watch for 48 hours when there are elevated smog levels . During this 48-hour period , citizens of the Seattle district are encouraged to lower smog levels by taking steps to decrease pollution , including by : driving less , refueling when it is cool , refraining from using lawn mowers , partaking in pollution-free recreation , turning off car engines while idling , and volunteering for environmental sustainability programs .

negative: Ozone Falls Ozone Falls is a waterfall located in Cumberland County , Tennessee in the Ozone Falls State Natural Area and Cumberland Trail State Park . Ozone Falls is situated along Fall Creek , which drains a short section of the Cumberland Plateau between the Crab Orchard Mountains to the west and Walden Ridge to the east . The creek flows down from its source high in the Crab Orchard Mountains for a mile or so before steadying briefly as it enters the community of Ozone . Fall Creek enters the state natural area just after it passes under U.S. Route 70 , which runs perpendicular to it . The creek spills over Ozone Falls a few hundred meters south of US-70 . The trailhead is located along US-70 .

negative: Umkehr effect The Umkehr is the time variation of the ratio of the scattered intensity at two different wavelengths . The word means ` reversal ' in German . The Umkehr effect is observed when measurements are made with ultraviolet spectrophotometer of the ratio of the zenith sky light intensities of two wavelengths in the solar ultraviolet when the sun is near the horizon . The shorter of two wavelengths ( intensity I ) is strongly absorbed and other ( intensity I ' ) is weakly absorbed . If the value of log ( I/I ' ) is plotted against the sun 's zenith angle , it is observed that this log-intensity ratio decreases as the zenith angle increases until a minimum is reached for a zenith angle of about 80 ( when the wavelengths are 3114 and 3324 A0 ) . This effect was first noticed by Götz in 1930 . The Umkehr measurement is known as customarily N-value and is given by the logarithm base 10 of the ratio of cloudless zenith sky intensitities at two different wavelengths scaled by a multiplicative factor 100 plus a constant which depends on instruments and extraterrestrial radiation . Methods for deriving vertical distribution from the umkehr measurements were developed by Götz , Dobson and Meetham in 1934 , using the Dobson ozone spectrophotometer developed by Gordon Dobson . In 1964 Carlton Mateer provided analysis on information content in umkehr measurements .   Considering light which is scattered only once in the atmosphere , the light received by the instrument at surface is contributed by light scattered downward from all the levels in the atmosphere . The amount of light contributed by scattering at any particular level depends on ( a ) the number of air molecules at that level and ( b ) the absorption by ozone and scattering by air moleculaes both before and after scattering . As the height increases contribution of effect ( a ) decreases and contribution of effect ( b ) increases . For a given zenith angle , the scattered light contribution comes from well defined layer of atmosphere , which can be termed as an effective scattering height . The effective scattering height depends on the ozone absorption coefficient and on the solar zenith angle , increasing as with each of these . The effective scattering height will always be higher for shorter wavelength which is more strongly absorbed . As the sun approaches the horizon , the two intensities decreases , but intensity I decreasing more rapidly than I ' . However , when the effective scattering height for the short wavelength is above the ozone maximum , I decreases more slowly than I ' , because the ozone absorption occurs mostly in the shorter vertical path after the scattering event , and the ratio I/I '' ' increases until the effective scattering height for I ' '' is also above the ozone maximum . This reversal ( Umkehr ) or inversion implies the existence of maximum of ozone concentration at some level in the atmosphere .   The resulting ozone profile derived from reduction of these measurements is quite dependent on the algorithm used . The most current algorithm is I. Petropavlovskikh and P.K. Bhartia ( 2004 ) . Current description can be found here : http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/research/umkehr/

negative: Ozone therapy Ozone therapy is a form of alternative medicine treatment that purports to increase the amount of oxygen in the body through the introduction of ozone . Various techniques have been suggested , with purported benefits including the treatment of cancer , AIDS , and multiple sclerosis , among others . There is no credible , peer reviewed evidence to support the use of ozone as a type of medical therapy .   Ozone therapy is sold as an alternative treatment for various illnesses . Beginning in 1991 the FDA has prosecuted and sent to jail several people presenting themselves as medical doctors and selling ozone therapy products as a medical cure or operating medical clinics using ozone therapy for healing human illness . Arrests following similar activity have been made in other countries as well . At least 10 deaths have been related to ozone therapy or its lack of usefullness , in nine cases there had been investigation and in eight it was discovered that the practitioners had used false credentials .

negative: Ozone Monitoring Instrument The Ozone Monitoring Instrument ( OMI ) is on board the NASA Aura . OMI can distinguish between aerosol types , such as smoke , dust , and sulfates , and can measure cloud pressure and coverage , which provide data to derive tropospheric ozone . OMI follows in the heritage of TOMS , SBUV , GOME , SCIAMACHY , and GOMOS . It is a wide-field-imaging spectrometer with a 114 ° across-track viewing angle range that provides a 2600 km wide swath , enabling measurements with a daily global coverage . OMI is continuing the TOMS record for total ozone and other atmospheric parameters related to ozone chemistry and climate .   The OMI project is a cooperation between the Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programmes ( NIVR ) , the Finnish Meteorological Institute ( FMI ) and the National Aeronatautics and Space Agency ( NASA ) .   The OMI project was carried out under the direction of the NIVR and financed by the Ministries of Economic Affairs , Transport and Public Works and the Ministry of Education and Science . The instrument was built by Dutch Space in co-operation with Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research Science and Industry and SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research . The Finnish industry supplied the electronics . The scientific part of the OMI project is managed by KNMI ( principal investigator Prof. Dr. P.F. Levelt ) , in close co-operation with NASA and the Finnish Meteorological Institute .

negative: Atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth 's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied . It is a multidisciplinary approach of research and draws on environmental chemistry , physics , meteorology , computer modeling , oceanography , geology and volcanology and other disciplines . Research is increasingly connected with other arenas of study such as climatology .   The composition and chemistry of the Earth 's atmosphere is of importance for several reasons , but primarily because of the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms . The composition of the Earth 's atmosphere changes as result of natural processes such as volcano emissions , lightning and bombardment by solar particles from corona . It has also been changed by human activity and some of these changes are harmful to human health , crops and ecosystems . Examples of problems which have been addressed by atmospheric chemistry include acid rain , ozone depletion , photochemical smog , greenhouse gases and global warming . Atmospheric chemists seek to understand the causes of these problems , and by obtaining a theoretical understanding of them , allow possible solutions to be tested and the effects of changes in government policy evaluated .

negative: Lost in the Ozone Lost in the Ozone is the debut album by the Country rock band Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen . The album contains their hit cover version of `` Hot Rod Lincoln '' as well as the band 's live staples , `` Lost in the Ozone '' and `` Seeds and Stems ( Again ) . ''   The song `` Lost in the Ozone '' gave its name to Ozone House , an organization dealing with runaways and the needs of at-risk youth .

negative: Ozone House Ozone House , based in Ann Arbor , Michigan , is a 501 ( c ) 3 non-profit organization that works to `` meet the needs of runaway , homeless , and high-risk youth and their families . '' Ozone House addresses these objectives through a variety of services and venues , including a 24-hour youth crisis hotline , emergency youth shelter , transitional living programs , a drop-in center , and street outreach . It is a state-licensed Child Caring Institution and a Substance Abuse Prevention provider . Ozone Houses offers support throughout the state of Michigan , but is focused more directly in the surrounding Washtenaw County area . The organization takes its name from the Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen song , `` Lost in the Ozone '' owing to its roots as a drug-counseling program . Historically , it is among the first-generation alternative service providers that emerged in the 1960s dealing with runaways and the needs of at-risk youth .

negative: Hiroshi Kanzawa Hiroshi Kanzawa ( b. January 1953 in Maebashi , Gunma Prefecture , Japan ) is a Japanese meteorologist , environmental scientist and the dean of the Graduate School of Environmental Studies at the University of Nagoya . He is perhaps best known for his onsite atmospheric work in Antarctica and the papers he has co-authored on Ozone depletion , including : `` Large stratospheric sudden warming in Antarctic late winter and shallow ozone hole in 1988 '' ( with Sadao Kamaguchi ) and `` Sensitivity Map of LAI to Precipitation and Surface Air Temperature Variations in a Global Scale '' ( co-authored with his Japanese colleague Seita Emori and Jiahua Zhang and Congbin Fu of the START , Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Beijing , China ) . Kanzawa also sits on the board of Councilors of the Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Center at the University of Nagoya .

negative: John H. Seinfeld John H. Seinfeld is an expert in the causes and modelling of tropospheric pollution .   He grew up in Elmira , NY and attended the University of Rochester , where he received a B.S. in Chemical Engineering , and Princeton University , where he received a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering . His doctoral dissertation was concerned with the theory of control and optimization of distributed-parameter systems , that is , systems governed by partial differential equations .   He joined the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) as Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering in 1967 . Shortly after joining Caltech , he became intrigued with Los Angeles 's historic smog , which , at that time , was near record highs . Caltech biology professor Ari Haagen-Smit had , in the early 1950s , surmised that ozone , the principal gaseous component of smog , results from reactions involving volatile hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen ( NOx ) . Seinfeld realized that modeling the formation of smog over an urban area like Los Angeles would involve describing mathematically the three-dimensional transport , mixing , and chemical reactions in the atmosphere . A key component was describing the chemistry of the sunlight-driven hydrocarbon - NOx system . At the time of Haagen-Smit 's classic papers , the actual mechanism of the underlying chemistry was unknown . The essential role of the hydroxyl ( OH ) radical in tropospheric chemistry was not established until about 1970 . Seinfeld and his group formulated a chemical mechanism for ozone formation and in 1973 developed the first urban-scale atmospheric chemical-transport model , which was applied to the Los Angeles basin . This work , published in three papers in the journal , Atmospheric Environment , initiated what emerged as an entire field of scientific endeavor devoted to the modeling of tropospheric pollution . Although he continued to conduct research on optimization for several years , in the early 1970s he formed a major research group on atmospheric chemistry , aerosols , and atmospheric modeling . As of 2009 , he has served as mentor to 73 PhD graduates , about half of whom occupy faculty positions in major universities .

negative: Ozon Ozon may refer to :  François Ozon , a French film director and screenwriter  ozon.ru , a Russian online retailer  Ozon Radio ( disambiguation ) , various radio stations  Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego , a Polish political party  Titus Ozon a Romanian soccer player of the second half of 20th century  Ozon , Ardèche , a commune in the department of Ardèche , France  Ozon , Hautes-Pyrénées , a commune in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées , France

negative: Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory The Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory ( CMDL ) was a climate laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) / Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) . In October 2005 , it was merged with five other NOAA labs to form the Earth System Research Laboratory .   CMDL 's mission was to observe and understand , through accurate , long-term records of atmospheric gases , aerosol particles , and solar radiation , the Earth 's atmospheric system controlling climate forcing , ozone depletion and baseline air quality , in order to develop products that will advance global and regional environmental information and services .

negative: Hofmann Spur Hofmann Spur is an ice-covered spur between Allison Glacier and Dale Glacier on the west side of the Royal Society Range , Victoria Land , Antarctica . It was named after David J. Hofmann of the University of Wyoming and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , who has conducted upper atmospheric research through high-altitude ballooning in Antarctica for over 15 years , contributing greatly to the understanding of the ozone hole .

negative: Polar stratospheric cloud Polar stratospheric clouds or PSCs , also known as nacreous clouds ( -LSB- ˈneɪkriː.əs -RSB- , from nacre , or mother of pearl , due to its iridescence ) , are clouds in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15000 - . They are best observed during civil twilight when the sun is between 1 and 6 degrees below the horizon as well as in winter and in more northerly latitudes . They are implicated in the formation of ozone holes . The effects on ozone depletion arise because they support chemical reactions that produce active chlorine which catalyzes ozone destruction , and also because they remove gaseous nitric acid , perturbing nitrogen and chlorine cycles in a way which increases ozone destruction .

negative: Montreal Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ( a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer ) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion . It was agreed on 16 September 1987 , and entered into force on 01 January 1989 , followed by a first meeting in Helsinki , May 1989 . Since then , it has undergone eight revisions , in 1990 ( London ) , 1991 ( Nairobi ) , 1992 ( Copenhagen ) , 1993 ( Bangkok ) , 1995 ( Vienna ) , 1997 ( Montreal ) , 1998 ( Australia ) , 1999 ( Beijing ) and 2016 ( Kigali , adopted , but not in force ) . As a result of the international agreement , the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering . Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070 . Due to its widespread adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international co-operation , with Kofi Annan quoted as saying that `` perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol '' . In comparison , effective burden sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the ozone depletion challenge , where global regulation based on the Kyoto Protocol has failed to do so . In this case of the ozone depletion challenge , there was global regulation already being installed before a scientific consensus was established . Also , overall public opinion was convinced of possible imminent risks .   The two ozone treaties have been ratified by 197 parties , which includes 196 states and the European Union , making them the first universally ratified treaties in United Nations history .   These truly universal treaties have also been remarkable in the expedience of the policy making process at the global scale , where only 14 years lapsed between a basic scientific research discovery ( 1973 ) and the international agreement signed ( 1985 & 1987 ) .

negative: Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars ( GOMOS ) , is an instrument on board the European satellite Envisat launched 1 March 2002 . It is the first space instrument dedicated to the study of the atmosphere of the Earth by the technique of stellar occultation . The spectrum of stars in the ultraviolet , visible and the near infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum is observed . It is aimed to use GOMOS to build a climatology of ozone and related species in the middle atmosphere ( 15 to 100 km ) .

negative: Ozone, Arkansas Ozone is an unincorporated community in Johnson County , Arkansas , United States . Ozone is located on Arkansas Highway 21 11.5 mi north of Clarksville . Ozone has a post office with ZIP code 72854 .   Ozone has been noted for its unusual place name .

negative: Oliver Reynolds Wulf Oliver Reynolds Wulf ( 22 April 1897 , Norwich , Connecticut -- 11 January 1987 ) was a chemist , physicist , and meteorologist , known for his research on nitrogen fixation , ozone , atmospheric dynamics , and ions and winds in the ionosphere .

negative: Ozone monitor An ozone monitor is electronic equipment that monitors for ozone concentrations in the air . The instrument may be used to monitor ozone values for industrial applications or to determine the amount of ambient ozone at ground level and determine whether these values violate National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) .   The ozone molecule absorbs ultraviolet radiation , and most ozone monitors utilized in regulatory applications use ultraviolet absorption to accurately quantify ozone levels . An ozone monitor of this type operates by pulling an air sample from the atmosphere into the machine with an air pump . During one cycle , the ozone monitor will take one air sample through the air inlet , and scrub the ozone from the air ; for the next cycle , an air sample bypasses the scrubber and the ozone value calculated . The solenoid valve is electronically activated to shift the air flow either through the scrubber or to bypass it on a timed sequence . The difference between the two sampled values determines the actual ozone value at that time . The monitor may also have options to account for air pressure and air temperature to calculate the value of ozone .   The concentration of ozone is determined using the Beer-Lambert Law that basically says that the absorption of light is proportional to the concentration . For ozone , a 254 nanometer wavelength of light created by a mercury lamp is shined through a specific length of tubing with reflective mirrors . A photodiode at the other end of the tube detects the changes of brightness from the light .   The onboard electronics process the values obtained and display the value on the screen and can also output an electrical signal in volts or a 4-20 mA current that can be read by an electronic data logger . Other options for output are RS232 serial port or ethernet or internal data storage on flash memory .

negative: F. Sherwood Rowland Frank Sherwood `` Sherry '' Rowland ( June 28 , 1927 -- March 10 , 2012 ) was an American Nobel laureate and a professor of chemistry at the University of California , Irvine . His research was on atmospheric chemistry and chemical kinetics . His best-known work was the discovery that chlorofluorocarbons contribute to ozone depletion .

negative: UARS UARS may refer to :   Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite , an orbital observatory whose mission was to study the Earth 's atmosphere , particularly the protective ozone layer , and which crashed on Earth in 2011  Upper airway resistance syndrome , a sleep disorder characterized by airway resistance to breathing during sleep