query: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas

positive: Smart grid A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operational and energy measures including smart meters , smart appliances , renewable energy resources , and energy efficient resources . Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid .   Smart grid policy is organized in Europe as Smart Grid European Technology Platform . Policy in the United States is described in § 17381 .   Roll-out of smart grid technology also implies a fundamental re-engineering of the electricity services industry , although typical usage of the term is focused on the technical infrastructure .

positive: Energy policy of the United States The energy policy of the United States is determined by federal , state , and local entities in the United States , which address issues of energy production , distribution , and consumption , such as building codes and gas mileage standards . Energy policy may include legislation , international treaties , subsidies and incentives to investment , guidelines for energy conservation , taxation and other public policy techniques .   Several mandates have been proposed over the years , such as gasoline will never exceed $ 1.00 / gallon ( Nixon ) , and the United States will never again import as much oil as it did in 1977 ( Carter ) , but no comprehensive long-term energy policy has been proposed , although there has been concern over this failure . Three Energy Policy Acts have been passed , in 1992 , 2005 , and 2007 , which include many provisions for conservation , such as the Energy Star program , and energy development , with grants and tax incentives for both renewable energy and non-renewable energy .   There is also criticism that federal energy policies since the 1973 oil crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking , promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities . Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for American entrepreneurship and innovation , congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient , but whose prospects are doubtful , without adequate consideration of the dollar costs , environmental costs , or national security costs of their actions .   State-specific energy-efficiency incentive programs also play a significant role in the overall energy policy of the United States .  The United States refused to endorse the Kyoto Protocol , preferring to let the market drive CO2 reductions to mitigate global warming , which will require CO2 emission taxation . The administration of Barack Obama has proposed an aggressive energy policy reform , including the need for a reduction of CO2 emissions , with a cap and trade program , which could help encourage more clean renewable , sustainable energy development . Thanks to new technologies such as fracking , the United States has in 2014 resumed its former role as the top oil producer in the world .

positive: Efficient energy use Efficient energy use , sometimes simply called energy efficiency , is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services . For example , insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature . Installing fluorescent lights , LED lights or natural skylights reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared with using traditional incandescent light bulbs . Improvements in energy efficiency are generally achieved by adopting a more efficient technology or production process or by application of commonly accepted methods to reduce energy losses .   There are many motivations to improve energy efficiency . Reducing energy use reduces energy costs and may result in a financial cost saving to consumers if the energy savings offset any additional costs of implementing an energy efficient technology . Reducing energy use is also seen as a solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions . According to the International Energy Agency , improved energy efficiency in buildings , industrial processes and transportation could reduce the world 's energy needs in 2050 by one third , and help control global emissions of greenhouse gases .   Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars of sustainable energy policy and are high priorities in the sustainable energy hierarchy . In many countries energy efficiency is also seen to have a national security benefit because it can be used to reduce the level of energy imports from foreign countries and may slow down the rate at which domestic energy resources are depleted .

positive: Wind power Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power . Wind power , as an alternative to burning fossil fuels , is plentiful , renewable , widely distributed , clean , produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation , consumes no water , and uses little land . The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources .   Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network . Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electric power , competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants . Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land , and offshore farms have less visual impact , but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher . Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off-grid locations .   Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year to year but which has significant variation over shorter time scales . It is therefore used in conjunction with other electric power sources to give a reliable supply . As the proportion of wind power in a region increases , a need to upgrade the grid , and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur . Power management techniques such as having excess capacity , geographically distributed turbines , dispatchable backing sources , sufficient hydroelectric power , exporting and importing power to neighboring areas , using vehicle-to-grid strategies or reducing demand when wind production is low , can in many cases overcome these problems . In addition , weather forecasting permits the electric power network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur .   As of 2015 , Denmark generates 40 % of its electric power from wind , and at least 83 other countries around the world are using wind power to supply their electric power grids . In 2014 global wind power capacity expanded 16 % to 369,553 MW . Yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4 % of worldwide electric power usage , 11.4 % in the EU .

negative: Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council The Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council ( UPC ) is the strategic planning agency for the Abu Dhabi ( emirate ) , which supports the realisation of Abu Dhabi Vision 2030 through the creation and continuing evolution of an Emirate-wide strategic framework plan . Chaired by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan , Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Chairman of the Abu Dhabi Executive Council , the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council is responsible for defining the shape of the Emirate , along with the associated land uses , to ensure the development of professionally designed , sustainable and well-managed urban environments , which incorporate world-class transport and infrastructure systems and support the implementation of Economic Vision 2030 and Environment Vision 2030 .   The Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council 's primary purpose is to deliver upon the vision of His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan , President of the UAE , Ruler of Abu Dhabi for the continued fulfillment of the grand design envisaged by the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and the ongoing evolution of Abu Dhabi as a global capital city .   The mandate of the UPC is five-fold and Emirate-wide :   Develop comprehensive plans for blocks , neighbourhoods , districts and regions , both for the creation of new communities and the revitalisation of existing communities .   Assist in the implementation of all plans created by guiding , monitoring and working with those responsible for implementation .   Develop regulations , guidelines and policies that will help guide planning and development .   Review and assess major strategic developments to ensure alignment with Plans Capital 2030 , Al Ain 2030 , Al Gharbia 2030 and Maritime 2030 , and in compliance with internal and external plans , and policies , regulations and guidelines .   Ensure Estidama principles of sustainability are embedded -- based on Estidama 's four pillars ( Environmental , Economic , Social and Cultural ) -- and are incorporated into the built and natural environment through the mandatory Estidama Pearl Rating System .

negative: Wave power in the United States Wave power in the United States is under development in several locations off the east and west coasts as well as Hawaii . It has moved beyond the research phase and is producing reliable energy for the Grid . Its use to-date has been for situations where other forms of energy production are not economically viable and as such , the power output is currently modest . But major installations are planned to come on-line within the next few years .

negative: Texan Santa Fe Expedition The Texan Santa Fe Expedition was a commercial and military expedition to secure the Republic of Texas 's claims to parts of Northern New Mexico for Texas in 1841 . The expedition was unofficially initiated by the then President of Texas , Mirabeau B. Lamar , in an attempt to gain control over the lucrative Santa Fe Trail and further develop the trade links between Texas and New Mexico . The initiative was a major component of Lamar 's ambitious plan to turn the fledgling republic into a continental power , which the President believed had to be achieved as quickly as possible to stave off the growing movement demanding the annexation of Texas to the United States . Lamar 's administration had already started courting the New Mexicans , sending out a commissioner in 1840 , and many Texans thought that they might be favorable to the idea of joining the Republic of Texas .

negative: Crystatech CrystaTech Inc. is a supplier of process technology to the energy industry . CrystaTech commercializes the patented Crystasulf process . CrystaSulf is the first commercially available product to provide low cost hydrogen sulfide ( H2S ) removal from gas streams .   The company was founded in 1999 and is financially backed by the Gas Technology Institute and major energy companies through sponsored clean energy technology development . The corporate office is located in Austin , Texas .   CrystaTech is a member of the Gas Processors Suppliers Association .   Regional offices are in Alberta , Canada and Houston , Texas . All early stage R&D takes place at the Gas Technology Institute in Des Plaines , Illinois . Representative customers include Total , Petrobank Energy and Resources Ltd. , Queensland Energy Resources , U.S. Department of Energy , Luminant , and American Electric Power .   Key People   David Work - Chairman  Don Carlton - Independent Director

negative: Energy Storage as a Service (ESaaS) Energy Storage as a Service ( ESaaS ; pronounced / i 's æs / ) allows a facility to benefit from the advantages of an energy storage system by entering into a service agreement without purchasing the system . Energy storage systems provide a range of services to generate revenue , create savings , and improve electricity resiliency . The operation of the ESaaS system is a unique combination of an advanced battery storage system , an energy management system , and a service contract which can deliver value to a business by providing reliable power more economically .

negative: Bloom Energy Server The Bloom Energy Server ( the Bloom Box ) is a solid oxide fuel cell ( SOFC ) power generator made by Bloom Energy , of Sunnyvale , California , that takes a variety of input fuels , including liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons produced from biological sources , to produce electricity at or near the site where it will be used . This new class of distributed power generator produce clean , reliable , affordable electricity at the customer site . It can withstand temperatures of up to 1800 ° F . According to the company , a single cell ( one 100 mm × 100 mm plate consisting of three ceramic layers ) generates 25 watts .   Bloom stated in 2011 that two hundred servers had been deployed in California for corporations including eBay , Google , Yahoo , and Wal-Mart .

negative: Jack Spikes Jack Erwin Spikes ( born February 5 , 1937 ) is a former American football running back and placekicker . He played in the American Football League ( NFL ) for the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs , Houston Oilers , and the Buffalo Bills . He played college football at Texas Christian University ( TCU ) .   Spikes played a key role in professional football 's longest championship game , the 1962 American Football League Championship game between the Texans and the Houston Oilers . Spikes ' teammate Bill Hull intercepted the Oilers ' George Blanda late in the first overtime . Hull 's interception allowed the Texans to start the second overtime with two powerful runs by Spikes , to move the ball to the Oilers ' 25-yard line , and Tommy Brooker kicked a field goal to give the Texans the win , 20 -- 17 .

negative: Danish Energy Agency The Danish Energy Agency ( Danish : Energistyrelsen ) was established in 1975 as an agency of the Danish Ministry of Transport and was in 2007 transferred to the newly created Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy The agency is headquartered in 44 Amaliegade .   The agency is responsible for handling both national and international agreements and tasks linked to production , supply and consumption of energy , and is the responsible agency for efforts to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases . It oversees the legal and political frameworks for reliable , affordable and clean supply of energy in Denmark .

negative: Nuclear energy in Bangladesh Bangladesh first conceived building a nuclear power plant in 1961 . The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission was established after independence in 1973 . The country currently operates a TRIGA research reactor at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Savar .   More recently , in 2001 Bangladesh adopted a national Nuclear Power Action Plan . On 24 June 2007 , Bangladesh 's government announced plans to build a nuclear power plant to meet electricity shortages . In May 2010 , Bangladesh entered into a civilian nuclear agreement with the Russian Federation . It also has framework agreements for peaceful nuclear energy applications with the US , France and China .   In February 2011 , Bangladesh reached an agreement with Russia to build the 2,000 megawatt ( MW ) Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant with two reactors , each of which will generate 1,200 MW of power . The nuclear power plant will be built at Ruppur , on the banks of the Padma River , in the Ishwardi subdistrict of Pabna , in the northwest of the country . The RNPP is estimated to cost up to US$ 2 billion , and start operating by 2021 . The inter-governmental agreement ( IGA ) was officially signed on 2 November 2011 .   On 29 May 2013 Bangladesh 's Prime Minister declared that a second nuclear power plant will be constructed on an inland river island in southern region of the country .

negative: Nuclear power in Italy Nuclear power in Italy is a controversial topic . Italy started to produce nuclear energy in the early 1960s , but all plants were closed by 1990 following the Italian nuclear power referendum .   An attempt to change the decision was made in 2008 by the government ( see also nuclear power debate ) , which called the nuclear power phase-out a `` terrible mistake , the cost of which totalled over $ 50 billion '' . Minister of Economic Development Claudio Scajola proposed to build as many as 10 new reactors , with the goal of increasing the nuclear share of Italy 's electricity supply to about 25 % by 2030 .   However , following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents , the Italian government put a one-year moratorium on plans to revive nuclear power .  On 11 -- 12 June 2011 , Italian voters passed a referendum to cancel plans for new reactors . Over 94 % of the electorate voted in favor of the construction ban , with 55 % of the eligible voters participating , making the vote binding .

negative: Standard Market Design Established by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission , Standard Market Design is a set of established guidelines governing the sale of electrical power and the operations of electrical transmission lines in the United States of America .   Category : Electric power in the United States   The objective of standard market design for wholesale electric markets is to establish a common market framework that promotes economic efficiency and lower delivered energy costs , maintains power system reliability , mitigates significant market power and increases the choices offered to wholesale market participants . All customers should benefit from an efficient competitive wholesale energy market , whether or not they are in states that have elected to adopt retail access .

negative: Wind power in Kenya Wind power in Kenya contributes only a small amount of the country 's electrical power . However , its share in energy production is increasing . Kenya aims to generate 2,036 MW of wind power , or 9 % of the country 's total capacity , by 2030 .   Kenya has one major wind farm , Ngong Hills Wind Farm , located in Ngong , Kajiado County . It produces around 5.1 MW of electricity . It is owned by Kenya Electricity Generating Company ( KenGen ) and cost KES 1.6 billion ( US $ 18 million ) to construct .

negative: Economics of nuclear power plants The economics of new nuclear power plants is a controversial subject , since there are diverging views on this topic ( particularly around risk externalities involving disaster , cleanup , proliferation , disposal and resource conflict ) , and multibillion-dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source .   New nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs for building the first several plants , after which costs tend to fall for each additional plant built as the supply chains develop and the regulatory processes settle down . Fuel , operational , and maintenance costs are relatively small components of the total cost . The long service life and high productivity of nuclear power plants allow sufficient funds for ultimate plant decommissioning and waste storage and management to be accumulated , with little impact on the price per unit of electricity generated . Additionally , measures to mitigate climate change such as a carbon tax or carbon emissions trading , would favor the economics of nuclear power over fossil fuel power .   Nuclear power construction costs have varied significantly across the world and in time . Massive and rapid increases in cost occurred in the 1970s , especially in the US , but these trends were much milder in other countries . There were no construction starts of nuclear power reactors between 1979 and 2012 in the US , and recent cost trends in countries such as Japan and Korea have been very different , including periods of stability and decline in cost .   In more economically developed countries , a slowdown in electricity demand growth in recent years has made large-scale power infrastructure investments difficult . Very large upfront costs and long project cycles carry large risks , including political decision making and intervention such as regulatory ratcheting . In Eastern Europe , a number of long-established projects are struggling to find finance , notably Belene in Bulgaria and the additional reactors at Cernavoda in Romania , and some potential backers have pulled out . Where cheap gas is available and its future supply relatively secure , this also poses a major problem for clean energy projects . Former Exelon CEO John Rowe said in 2012 that new nuclear plants in the US `` do n't make any sense right now '' and wo n't be economic as long as gas prices remain low .   Current bids for new NPP 's in China have fallen below $ 2000/kW in 2016 , as China continues its accelerating new build program after the pause following the Fukushima meltdowns . Therefore , comparison with other power generation methods is strongly dependent on assumptions about construction timescales and capital financing for nuclear plants .   Analysis of the economics of nuclear power must take into account who bears the risks of future uncertainties . To date all operating nuclear power plants were developed by state-owned or regulated utility monopolies where many of the risks associated with political change and regulatory ratcheting were borne by consumers rather than suppliers . Many countries have now liberalized the electricity market where these risks , and the risk of cheap competition from subsidised energy sources emerging before capital costs are recovered , are borne by plant suppliers and operators rather than consumers , which leads to a significantly different evaluation of the risk of investing in new nuclear power plants .   Two of the four EPRs under construction ( the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in Finland and Flamanville in France ) , which are the latest new builds in Europe , are significantly behind schedule and substantially over cost . Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , costs are likely to go up for some types of currently operating and new nuclear power plants , due to new requirements for on-site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats .

negative: Renewable energy in Africa The developing nations of Africa are popular locations for the application of renewable energy technology . Currently , many nations already have small-scale solar , wind , and geothermal devices in operation providing energy to urban and rural populations . These types of energy production are especially useful in remote locations because of the excessive cost of transporting electricity from large-scale power plants . The applications of renewable energy technology has the potential to alleviate many of the problems that face Africans every day , especially if done so in a sustainable manner that prioritizes human rights .   Access to energy is essential for the reduction of poverty and promotion of economic growth . Communication technologies , education , industrialization , agricultural improvement and expansion of municipal water systems all require abundant , reliable , and cost-effective energy access .

negative: Mass Megawatts Wind Power Mass Megawatts Wind Power , Inc. is a company that produces wind turbines and sells wind-generated electricity . The company intends to build and operate wind energy power plants and plans to sell the electricity to the electric power exchange . Mass Megawatts Wind Power was founded on May 27 , 1997 and is headquartered in Worcester , Massachusetts , United States .   In late 2014 , the company announced plans to enter the American solar power market . The Solar Tracking System ( STS ) utilizes minimal moving parts and electrical components , resulting in increased stability and lower operating costs . The STS claims to improve solar energy production levels by more than 20 % .

negative: Chashma Nuclear Power Plant The Chashma Nuclear Power Plant ( CHASNUPP ) or Chashma Nuclear Power Complex , near Chashma Colony and Kundian town , Mianwali District , Punjab , Pakistan , is a commercial nuclear power plant consisting of two operating units ( CHASNUPP-I and CHASNUPP-II ) , two units under construction ( CHASNUPP-III and CHASNUPP-IV ) . Chashma Nuclear Power Plant reactors and other facilities are being built and operated by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) with Chinese support under the approval and guidelines of International Atomic Energy Agency .   The IAEA as well as the United States Department of Energy recognised the urgency of Pakistan 's energy needs , which is expected to grow seven to eight times by 2030 .   In November 2006 , The International Atomic Energy Agency approved an agreement with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission for new nuclear power plants to be built in the country with Chinese assistance . The 35-member Board of Governors of the IAEA unanimously approved the safeguards agreement for any future Nuclear Power Plants that Pakistan will be constructing .

negative: United Nations Security Council Resolution 866 United Nations Security Council resolution 866 , adopted unanimously on 22 September 1993 , after reaffirming resolutions 813 ( 1993 ) and 856 ( 1993 ) , the Council noted that United Nations involvement would contribute significantly to the effective implementation of the Peace Agreement in Liberia and went on to establish the United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia ( UNOMIL ) .   The Council noted the Peace Agreement signed on 25 July 1993 and to the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ( ECOMOG ) for help in implementing it . Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) would be responsible for the implementation of the military terms of the agreement while the United Nations would supervise , very much in the background . It would be the first time that a United Nations peacekeeping mission would cooperate alongside an already existing peacekeeping mission of another organisation . The importance of close cooperation between UNOMIL , ECOMOG and the Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) was stressed . At the same time , the Council welcomed the establishment of the Joint Cease-Fire Monitoring Committee ( JCMC ) composed of three Liberian parties , ECOMOG and the United Nations , and that the Peace Agreement called for elections to take place within seven months .   UNOMIL was then established under the direction of the Secretary-General through his Special Representative for a period of seven months , subject to the provision that it will continue beyond 16 December 1993 only upon a review by the Council on whether progress had been made in implementing the agreement . The mission would include military observers and medical , engineering , communications , transportation , electoral and support personnel in accordance with the Secretary-General 's report , and would have the following mandate :   ( a ) investigate violations of the ceasefire ;  ( b ) ensure compliance with the peace agreement ;  ( c ) monitor the electoral process ;  ( d ) assist in the coordination of humanitarian assistance ;  ( e ) develop a plan and assess financial requirements for the demobilisation of combatants ;  ( f ) report violations of international humanitarian law ;  ( g ) train ECOMOG personnel in the demining process ;  ( h ) cooperate with ECOMOG in its duties .   The intention of Boutros-Ghali to define the roles and responsibilities of UNOMIL and ECOWAS in the implementation of the Peace Agreement was welcomed , requesting African states to provide troops when required to ECOMOG . The Secretary-General had established a fund through which Member States could contribute to the mission .   The resolution called upon the parties in Liberia to disarm and demobilise . Their decision to form a provisional government was welcomed by Council and was urged to sign a status of mission agreement within sixty days of UNOMIL 's installation . Preparations for the Election Commission were told to be finalised so that organisation of the elections by March 1994 could begin , to be held as envisaged in the peace agreement . Finally , they were called together to work on the safe distribution of relief supplies and protect UNOMIL and humanitarian personnel , requesting the Secretary-General to report back on 16 December 1993 and 16 February 1994 on the implementation of the current resolution .

negative: 100% renewable energy The endeavor to use 100 % renewable energy for electricity , heating and cooling , and transport is motivated by global warming , pollution and other environmental issues , as well as economic and energy security concerns . Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system . In 2013 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand . Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated .   In 2014 , renewable sources such as wind , geothermal , solar , biomass , and burnt waste provided 19 % of the total energy consumed worldwide , with roughly half of that coming from traditional use of biomass . The most important sector is electricity with a renewable share of 22.8 % , most of it coming from hydropower with a share of 16.6 % , followed by wind with 3.1 % . There are many places around the world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy . At the national level , at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 % of the energy supply .   Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow of Princeton University have developed a series of `` Climate stabilization wedges '' that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change , and `` renewable energy sources , '' in aggregate , constitute the largest number of their `` wedges . ''   Mark Z. Jacobson , professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy program , says that producing all new energy with wind power , solar power , and hydropower by 2030 is feasible , and that existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050 . Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be `` primarily social and political , not technological or economic '' . Jacobson says that energy costs today with a wind , solar , and water system should be similar to today 's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies . The main obstacle against this scenario is the lack of political will .   Similarly , in the United States , the independent National Research Council has noted that `` sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change , energy security , and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States , taken collectively , can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand . ''   The main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are political rather than technological . According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report , which reviewed many international studies , the key roadblocks are : climate change denial , the fossil fuels lobby , political inaction , unsustainable energy consumption , outdated energy infrastructure , and financial constraints .

negative: Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East The Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East ( SESAME ) is an independent laboratory located in Allan in the Balqa governorate of Jordan , created under the auspices of UNESCO on 30 May 2002 .   Aimed at promoting peace between Middle Eastern countries , Jordan was chosen as the location for the laboratory , as it was then the only country that maintained diplomatic relations with all the other founding members ; Bahrain , Cyprus , Egypt , Iran , Israel , Pakistan , the Palestinian Authority , and Turkey . The project was launched in 1999 and the ground breaking ceremony was held on 6 January 2003 . Construction work began the following July , with a scheduled completion date of 2015 . However financial and technical infrastructural obstacles forced the project to be delayed . The laboratory was inaugurated on 16 May 2017 under the patronage and presence of King Abdullah II .   The project cost around $ 90 million , with $ 5 million donated each by Jordan , Israel , Turkey , Iran and the European Union . The rest was donated by CERN from existing equipment . Jordan became the greatest contributor to the project by donating land and building construction costs , and by pledging to build a $ 7 million solar power plant , which will make SESAME the first accelerator in the world to be powered by renewable energy . The annual operational cost of $ 6 million are pledged by the members according to the size of their economies .   The facility is the only synchrotron radiation facility in the Middle East and is one of around 60 in the world . , the president of the SESAME Council ( since 2008 ) is Christopher Llewellyn Smith , the chair of the ITER Council and a former Director-General of CERN . The first president of SESAME council ( 2004-2008 ) was Herwig Schopper , the former CERN director general . Khaled Toukan , the chairman of the Jordan Atomic Energy Commission , was a former vice-president of SESAME .

negative: Standard of living in India Standard of living in India varies from state to state . With one of the fastest growing economies in the world , clocked at a growth rate of 7.6 % in 2015 , India is on its way to becoming a large and globally important consumer economy . According to Deutsche Bank Research , there are between 30 million and 300 million middle-class people in India . If current trends continue , India 's share of world GDP will significantly increase from 7.3 in 2016 to 8.5 percent of the world share by 2020 . In 2011 , less than 22 percent of Indians lived under the global poverty line , nearly a 10 percent reduction from 29.8 percent just two years prior in 2009 .   According to NCAER , India 's middle class population would be 267 million in 2016 . Further ahead , by 2025-26 the number of middle class households in India is likely to more than double from the 2015-16 levels to 113.8 million households or 547 million individuals . Another estimate put the Indian middle class as numbering 475 million people by 2030 . It is estimated that average real wages will quadruple between 2013 and 2030 .   The standard of living in India shows large disparity . For example , there is widespread poverty in rural areas of India , where medical care tends to be very basic or unavailable , while cities boast of world class medical establishments . Similarly , the very latest machinery may be used in some construction projects , but many construction workers work without mechanisation in most projects . However , a rural middle class is now emerging in India , with some rural areas seeing increasing prosperity . In general , the southern Indian state of Kerala ranks top for most of the indices .   In 2010 , the per capita PPP-adjusted GDP for India was US$ 3,608 .

negative: Power pool Power pooling is used to balance electrical load over a larger network ( electrical grid ) than a single utility . It is a mechanism for interchange of power between two and more utilities which provide or generate electricity For exchange of power between two utilities there is an interchange agreement which is signed by them , but signing up an interchange agreement between each pair of utilities within a system can be a difficult task where several large utilities are interconnected . Thus , it is more advantageous to form a power pool with a single agreement that all join . That agreement provides established terms and conditions for pool members and is generally more complex than a bilateral agreement .   In one model , the power pool , formed by the utilities , has a control dispatch office from where the pool is administered . All the tasks regarding interchange of power and the settlement of disputes are assigned to the pool administrator .   The formation of power pools provide the following potential advantages :  Decrease in operating costs  Saving in reserve capacity requirements  Help from pool in unit commitment  Minimization of costs of maintenance scheduling  More reliable operation   The formation of a power pool is associated with a number of problems and constraints . These include :  Pool agreement may be very complex  Costs associated with establishing central dispatch office and the needed communication and computational facilities  The opposition of pool members to give up their rights to engage in independent transactions outside the pool .  The complexity towards dealing with regulatory authorities , if pool operates in more than one state .  The effort by each member of the pool to maximize its savings .   Power pooling is very important for extending energy control over a large area served by multiple utilities .

negative: Michael J. Osborne Michael J. Osborne - ( born : September 20 , 1949 in Amarillo , Texas . ) An author , inventor , entrepreneur , visionary and energy policymaker , Michael Osborne has been a pioneer in promoting Texas renewable energy resources for over three decades . He was one of three founding members of the Texas Renewable Energy Industries Alliance ( TREIA ) . His public service appointments have included the steering committees of the State of Texas Energy Policy Partnership ( STEPP ) and the Sustainable Energy Development Council under Governor Ann Richards ; and later , the Texas Energy Coordination Council appointed by Governor George W. Bush . As Chair of the Austin Electric Utility Commission , Osborne has traveled internationally to speak and consult about the Texas energy experience . In 2015 he was part of the Austin , Texas delegation to the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Paris , France .   Early Life and Education   The youngest of two sons born to Maxine Joan Chambers Osborne ( a businesswoman and investor ) and Jack Harold Osborne ( a WW II Navy pilot and rancher ) , Michael was born in Amarillo , Texas on Sept 20 , 1949 . When he was six , his family moved to the small town of Pampa , Texas where he later became captain of the Pampa High School golf team and played guitar and piano in two rock-and-roll bands . He graduated in 1967 . At the age of seventeen Michael moved to Austin , Texas to attend the University of Texas and majored in aerospace engineering and later , business marketing . He withdrew from school one semester short of a degree after his business school dean denied him project credit for an advertising agency , Directions Company , he had started on the side .   Professional Life   Marketing Music . As founder of Directions Company , Michael focused on marketing music venues such as Castle Creek , Mother Earth , and the legendary Armadillo World Headquarters ( 1973-1980 ) , a famed venue that led the Music of Austin Texas to national prominence . The Armadillo became a springboard for the careers of celebrated musicians such as : Willie Nelson , Waylon Jennings , Stevie Ray Vaughan , Marcia Ball , Joe Ely , Jerry Jeff Walker , Bruce Springsteen , Shiva 's Headband , and many more .   Renewable Energy Business . Influenced by architect , inventor and philosopher , Buckminster Fuller , who believed in the importance of renewable energy , Osborne began to focus on the renewable energy business in the late 1970s by building passive solar homes and selling energy-saving wood stoves . In 1981 he developed the first wind energy project ( consisting of five 25-kilowatt wind turbines ) that sold energy to an electric utility in Texas . in 1983 , he signed on as the first distributor in Texas for Solarex , a now-defunct maker of solar cells used then as power sources for such things as ranch gates , railroad signals and other places where stringing power lines was difficult or expensive . In the 1990s he ran the Texas operations for Zond Energy , which is now part of GE Wind Energy , the largest U.S. wind turbine maker . Throughout the 80 's and 90s , Osborne documented and leased the wind resource for Texas wind fields . Many of his exploits are documented in the book , The Great Texas Wind Rush .   In 1999 , Osborne was awarded Patent No . US5961739A for his invention of the Hemispheric Moving Focus Power Plant   Renewable Energy Policy . In 1984 Michael Osborne co-founded the Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association ( now Alliance ) ( TREIA ) with two partners and worked with other key individuals and organizations to bring the nascent renewable energy industry to the attention of policymakers on the state and federal level . Governor Ann Richards appointed him to the steering committees of the State of Texas Energy Policy Partnership and the Sustainable Energy Development Council followed by an appointment by Richards ' successor , George W. Bush to the Texas Energy Coordination Council .   In 2002 , Osborne was commissioned by the City of Austin to write a white paper funded by a U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) Grant , to develop a Sustainable Energy Plan for the City . The white paper was published as the book , Silver In The Mine . He was subsequently hired by the City to implement this sustainable energy plan as Director of Grants , Patents and R&D . Osborne served as Special Assistant to two Austin Energy General Managers and was charged with developing a vision for Austin which included a successful national campaign to get the automakers to support mass production of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles .   Upon leaving Austin Energy in 2014 , Osborne served as Chairman of the City of Austin Electric Utility Commission from 2014 to 2016 and currently serves as a member of that body . He was also appointed Chairman of the City of Austin Generation Resource Planning Task Force , which resulted in an adopted generation plan to bring Austin ( the nation 's 7th largest public power utility and the 11th largest city in America ) to 55 % renewable energy by 2025 . Michael is also the principal of The Osborne Companies . He lives in Austin with his longtime partner , Dr. Dana Sprute .   Author   Michael Osborne is a published writer . His book , Lightland ' , is a philosophical look at the human potential in light of the challenge of climate change . His book , Silver in the Mine , is a long term comprehensive energy plan for the City of Austin , Texas . His third is an allegory called Day of the Heart . His most recent work is Beyond Light and Dark .   Articles And Interviews About Michael Osborne and Renewable Energy in Texas  How Austin Came to Be A Solar Powerhouse , The Texas Sierra Club , Nov 5 , 2015 - http://www.sierraclub.org/texas/blog/2015/11/how-austin-came-be-solar-powerhouse  Austin Energy Offers Solar Expansion as City Zeroes in on Carbon-Free Goal , KUT Public Radio , Austin , Texas , Sept. 25 , 2014 - http://kut.org/post/austin-energy-offers-solar-expansion-city-zeroes-carbon-free-goal  Deep in the Heart of Texas : A Wind Energy Maverick Takes an Alberta Field Trip , Ecocide , Aug. 1 , 2014 - http://ecocidealert.com/?p=6392  Texas Solar Power May Have its Day in the Sun , The Texas Observer , March 27 , 2014 - https://www.texasobserver.org/texas-solar-power-day-sun/  A Mighty Wind , Texas Monthly , Aug. 2011 - http://www.texasmonthly.com/article/a-mighty-wind-2/  The Austin Chronicle :  Point Austin : A Funny Thing Happened , Dec. 11 , 2015 - http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2015-12-11/point-austin-a-funny-thing-happened/  Pioneers or Settlers ? , Jan. 16 , 2015 - http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2015-01-16/pioneers-or-settlers/  Affordability Key to Climate Plan Goals , July 17 , 2014 - http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2014-07-18/affordability-key-to-climate-plan-goals/  Fighting for the Right to Clean Energy , Nov. 19 , 2004 - http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2004-11-19/238560/External Links '  Austin Electric Utility Commission Chairman Michael Osborne on Austin Texas Solar Energy Programs : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yL3oyY2h2k  Michael Osborne on Predictable Renewable Energy : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHJVjFbOnio  Michael Osborne : Solar Energy A lot More Valuable Than Conventional Energy : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mj5mqt-lp80  Michael Osborne : The Solar Age Comes : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVRbQ0_Vayg  Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association ( TREIA ) Annual Conference , Michael Osborne - The Long Dawn - Part 1 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I44yCMufVmM  Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association Annual Conference ( TREIA ) , The Long Dawn - Part 2 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxgq2oCeelM  Voice of America Radio : `` The Maverick of Renewable Energy - Making Life Brighter with Michael J. Osborne '' : https://www.voiceamerica.com/guest/22834/michael-j-osborne

negative: Dirty dairying In New Zealand `` dirty dairying '' refers to damage to the ecological health of New Zealand 's freshwater environment by the intensification of dairy farming , and also to the high profile campaign begun in 2002 by the Fish and Game Council to highlight and combat this .   The campaign led to the creation in 2003 of the Dairying and Clean Streams Accord , a voluntary agreement between Fonterra , Ministry for the Environment , Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry , and regional councils . In 2014 the Dairying and Clean Streams Accord was succeeded by the Sustainable Dairying : Water Accord .

negative: Intermittent energy source An intermittent energy source is any source of energy or electrical power that is not continuously available due to some factor outside direct control . The intermittent source may be quite predictable , for example , tidal power , but can not be dispatched to meet the demand of a power system . Effective use of intermittent sources in an electric power grid usually relies on using the intermittent sources to displace fuel that would otherwise be consumed by non-renewable power stations , or by storing energy in the form of renewable pumped storage , compressed air or ice , or in batteries , for use when needed , or as electrode heating for district heating schemes .   The capacity of a reliable renewable power supply , can be fulfilled by the use of backup or extra infrastructure and technology , using mixed renewables to produce electricity above the intermittent average , which may be utilised to meet regular and unanticipated supply demands . Additionally , the storage of energy to fill the shortfall intermittency or for emergencies can be part of a reliable power supply .   The penetration of intermittent renewables in most power grids is low , global electricity production in 2014 was supplied by 3.1 % wind , and 1 % solar . Wind generates roughly 16 % of electric energy in Spain and Portugal , 15.3 % in Ireland , and 7 % in Germany . , wind provides 39 % of the electricity generated in Denmark . To operate with this level of penetration , Denmark exports surpluses and imports during shortfalls to and from neighbouring countries , particularly hydroelectric power from Norway , to balance supply with demand . It also uses large numbers of combined heat and power ( CHP ) stations which can rapidly adjust output .   The use of small amounts of intermittent power has little effect on grid operations . Using larger amounts of intermittent power may require upgrades or even a redesign of the grid infrastructure .

negative: Red Lily Wind Farm The Red Lily Wind Farm is a Red Lily Wind Energy Partnership facility situated north west of Moosomin , Saskatchewan , in the Rural Municipality of Moosomin . The facility is owned by Concorde Pacific and developed and constructed by Algonquin Power . The wind farm will consist of 16 , V82-1 .65 MW wind turbine , for a total of 25 MW . At a cost of $ 60 million , work on the project started in 2010 , with the facility coming online ( at 26.4 MW ) in February 2011 . The facility is being constructed under a long-term , 25-year , power purchase agreement with SaskPower .

negative: The Merton Rule The Merton Rule is named after the council in the United Kingdom that in 2003 adopted the first prescriptive planning policy that required new commercial buildings over 1,000 square meters to generate at least 10 % of their energy needs using on site renewable energy equipment . The policy was developed and implemented by policy officers at Merton Council ( initially by Nick Smart , the Council 's economic planner ) , who received corporate and political support . Its impact was such that the Mayor of London and many other councils also implemented it ; and it become part of national planning guidance .  Over the following few years , Merton worked closely with other authorities , professions and industry to embed the Rule into the UK mainstream . This work not only led to significant CO2 reductions in new buildings where previously there would have been none , but it also helped to support an emerging industry . In 2006 Merton won the Royal Town Planning Institute 's Silver Jubilee cup for the policy , and in 2008 Adrian Hewitt ( the Merton Council officer responsible for implementing and driving the policy ) won the UK Heating & Ventilation Contractors gold award .   In 2008 , the UK government published its central planning guidance Planning Policy Statement - Planning and Climate Change - PPS1 that requires all UK local planning authorities to adopt a `` Merton rule '' policy . Receiving Royal Assent in November 2008 , the Planning and Energy Act 2008 enables all councils in England and Wales to adopt a Merton Rule as well as specify energy efficiency standards over and above that of building regulations .   It was inevitable that such a radical policy would trigger a debate amongst property developers , energy companies , and practitioners .  The policy has been criticised for assuming that in all cases renewable energy generation represents the most effective method of reducing CO2 emissions at any given location . However , the policy is an incentive for architects and engineers to design more energy efficient buildings - with the core rationale that the more energy efficient the building the less renewable energy is required to meet a percentage target .   The policy has also met resistance from building developers because the onsite renewable energy equipment increases capital costs . Supporters of the Merton Rule ( and similar policies ) argue that the revenue benefit accrues to the subsequent owner/occupiers in the form of reduced energy bills and increased equity - and as such the buildings carry a retail premium . The advent of the UK Government 's Feed In Tariff has significantly reduced the payback time of photovoltaic , and wind/hydro turbine renewable energy capital costs .   The most in-depth review of the Merton Rule was undertaken by Bath University in 2008 .   Monitoring the Merton Rule ( and London Plan Policy 5.2 )  After several years of implementing prescriptive renewable policies like the Merton Rule , UK boroughs realized they had a problem with keeping track of what renewable equipment had been installed - and whether the 10 % target was actually being met . In 2013 Ealing Council in London implemented a policy ( the Ealing Condition ) that requires the automated remote monitoring of renewable/low-carbon energy in order to confirm compliance with their Local and London Plan ( 5.2 ) policies . The web-monitoring service is provided by Energence Ltd. http://www.ealing.gov.uk/info/1004/planning_policy/600/complying_with_planning_policy   In 2014 Ealing 's Automated Energy Monitoring Platform initiative was quoted as an example of Best Practice in the Mayor of London 's Sustainable Design & Construction Supplementary Planning Guidance Guidance https://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/consultations/draft-sustainable-design-and-construction ( page 54 ) .   Proposed repeal ( partial ) of the Planning and Energy Act .  The Government raised the possibility of repealing the Planning and Energy Act as part of the Housing Standards Review in 2013 . The rationale was to place all renewable energy requirements under the Building Regulations . Proponents of this approach believed that this would create a level playing field for the house building sectors , whilst opponents believed it would stifle innovation and adversely impact the low-carbon engineering sectors . However , the proposal was finally rejected in 2014 and the Merton Rule remains in place , though the ability of Councils to require additional energy efficiency measures in new buildings was removed .

negative: Astana Light Metro The Astana Metro is a planned light rail rapid transit system located in Astana , Kazakhstan , which is the capital of the country with a population of about 750,000 . Construction should have finished roughly about the same time as the Almaty Metro , which was estimated for 2010 . However , completion has been postponed until 2017 . Project authority Astana LRT LLP had signed an agreement with a consortium of China Railway International Group and Beijing State-Owned Assets Management Co for construction of the first phase of the capital 's light rail project on May 7 2015 .   The light metro is part of Nazarbayev 's Kazakhstan 2030 economic plan to transform Kazakhstan into an economic power . A great deal of construction has taken place in Astana since it became the capital in 1997 .

negative: Electric distribution network The electric distribution network is a power delivery system consisting of cables that deliver electric power from its point of generation to the end users .  Electrical distribution systems are primarily designed to meet the consumer 's demands for energy . This is achieved by taking energy from primary substations and delivering it to various customer substations through either underground cables or above ground lines . Because of the lack of space , some cities and towns primarily rely more on underground cables and rural areas lean more towards overhead lines . Choosing between underground or above grounds methods can depend on how much protection and control can be provided . When it comes to choosing which method is best for the area , there are three components of planning that are taken into consideration : long term planning , network planning , and construction planning . Long term planning refers to thinking ahead , or in other words , thinking of the future . There are some questions that should be taken into account when using this method , for instance , if there was a new establishment that needed an energy supply , would there be an easy fix to add on to the network ? This also falls directly into network planning which should make the distribution easier to manage if conducted effectively . Furthermore , construction planning is all the engineering work and actual mapping that goes into electrical distribution .  These distribution systems help to provide each home , business , and other organizations with electricity in order to perform daily functions . For example , some of the functions include keeping the refrigerator running to prevent spoilage of food or lighting up a room with artificial light . Having a reliable system is essential for productivity and the less mistakes that need to be fixed , the more efficient a business can run .   The entire network consists of the following parts :   Generation plant  Long-distance power transmission lines  Substations  Local power lines

negative: Catching the Sun (film) Catching the Sun is a documentary film on the growth of the solar power industry that premiered on Netflix in April , 2016 . Directed by Shalini Kantayya , the film features portraits of diverse personalities and their roles in the transition to solar power . Unemployed workers in Richmond , California , businessmen in China , Tea Party activists , and would be White House adviser are all featured in the film . The film attempts to debunk a false dilemma that clean energy requires sacrificing economic prosperity .

negative: Pearl River Delta Rapid Transit The Pearl River Delta Rapid Transit or Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Area Intercity Railway System is a regional rapid rail network being gradually constructed in the Pearl River Delta , People 's Republic of China . The project 's goal is to have every major urban center in the Pearl River Delta to be within one-hour travel by rail to Guangzhou . On March 16 , 2005 , the State Council examined and approved plans for a regional rapid rail transit network for the Bohai Economic Rim , Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta . According to the plan , by 2020 , Pearl River Delta Rapid Transit network will have a total route mileage of about 600 km . In September 2009 , the plan was expanded to 1478 km of routes split up into 23 lines . In the long term vision network length will reach 1890 km by 2030 . By then the network will provide basic coverage to the Pearl River Delta region .

negative: Non-Nuclear Futures Non-Nuclear Futures : The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy is a 1975 book by Amory B. Lovins and John H. Price . The main theme of the book is that the most important parts of the nuclear power debate are not technical disputes but relate to personal values , and are the legitimate province of every citizen , whether technically trained or not . Lovins and Price suggest that the personal values that make a high-energy society work are all too apparent , and that the values associated with an alternate view relate to thrift , simplicity , diversity , neighbourliness , craftsmanship , and humility . They also argue that large nuclear generators could not be mass-produced . Their centralization requires costly transmission and distribution systems . They are inefficient , not recycling excess thermal energy . The authors believed that nuclear reactors were less reliable ( a grossly incorrect prediction ) and take longer to build , exposing them to escalated interest costs , mistimed demand forecasts , and wage pressure by unions .   Lovins and Price suggest that these two different sets of personal values and technological attributes lead to two very different policy paths relating to future energy supplies . The first is high-energy nuclear , centralized , electric ; the second is lower energy , non-nuclear , decentralized , less electrified , softer technology .   Subsequent publications by other authors which relate to the issue of non-nuclear energy paths are Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy , Plan B 2.0 , Reaction Time , State of the World 2008 , The Clean Tech Revolution , and the work of Benjamin K. Sovacool .

negative: Nuclear energy in Poland In the 1980s , Poland had four Soviet VVER-440 reactors under construction , but the project was canceled in 1990 . The basis of cancellation of Żarnowiec Nuclear Power Plant was public opinion ( a referendum had an exit poll of strong `` no '' ) , and Chernobyl disaster was up-to-date event .   A new nuclear power plant was approved in the 2005 -- 2025 energy strategy document , and it is expected to be in operation by 2021 or 2022 . The Polish company PSE participates in the development of the Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant in Lithuania .   Around 95 % of the nation 's electricity is currently produced by burning coal ( of which Poland has the EU 's largest reserves ) but with the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions , in 2006 the nuclear option was reviewed . A 2006 feasibility study suggested it optimal to build an 11.5 GWe capacity nuclear power plant . However , this proving unaffordable in the immediate future , Poland decided to build a 4.5 GWe nuclear power plant by 2030 . In 2007 , a draft energy policy proposed a 10 GWe nuclear capacity by 2030 to provide 10 % of electricity . The deadline gives an estimated ten years for investment and construction and five years of public campaigning .   In July 2006 , Poland joined Lithuania , Estonia , and Latvia to build a new nuclear power plant in Lithuania to replace the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant being shut down due to pressure from the EU . Poland would invest 22 % with these other countries into the project , which will be operational by 2015 . The total costs of the project amounts to EUR 6 billion . Poland is guaranteed to have 1,200 MWe from the power plant and is in the process of upgrading transmission capacity between Lithuania and Poland .   In a public opinion poll , 60 % of the population supported construction of a nuclear power plant in Poland to reduce its dependence on foreign sources of energy . Additionally , 48 % supported construction of a nuclear power plant in their neighborhood , citing local benefits that include lower energy costs .   The popular Baltic Sea resort Mielno is one of three sites selected , however in February 2012 , residents voted overwhelmingly against the plan . Some 94 percent of the 2,389 people who took part in a referendum opposed the plant and only 5 percent supported it .


query: The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year

positive: Nuclear winter Nuclear winter is the severe global-climatic-cooling-effect , hypothesized to occur after the ignition of a number of firestorms , from nuclear bomb detonations , or wide spread bombardments . Such fires , which can inject soot into the stratosphere , have historically occurred in a number of cities , with nuclear winter researchers using both Hamburg and the less ferocious Hiroshima firestorms as the principal examples . However , as firestorms are most frequently encountered in much larger area wildfires , these latter fires are the most significant today in assessing both the initial and present-day `` nuclear winter '' computer models .

positive: Satellite temperature measurements The temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures can be inferred from satellite measurements . These measurements can be used to locate weather fronts , monitor the El Niño-Southern Oscillation , determine the strength of tropical cyclones , study urban heat islands and monitor the global climate . Wildfires , volcanos , and industrial hot spots can also be found via thermal imaging from weather satellites .   Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly . They measure radiances in various wavelength bands . Since 1978 microwave sounding units ( MSUs ) on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar orbiting satellites have measured the intensity of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric oxygen , which is related to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere . Measurements of infrared radiation pertaining to sea surface temperature have been collected since 1967 .   Satellite datasets show that over the past four decades the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere has cooled . Both of these trends are consistent with the influence of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases .

positive: Ozone depletion Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s : a steady decline of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth 's stratosphere ( the ozone layer ) , and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth 's polar regions . The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole . In addition to these well-known stratospheric phenomena , there are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events .   The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning but the most important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic halogens . The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of man-made halocarbon refrigerants , solvents , propellants , and foam-blowing agents ( chlorofluorocarbon ( CFCs ) , HCFCs , freons , halons ) . These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by winds after being emitted at the surface . Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased .   CFCs and other contributory substances are referred to as ozone-depleting substances ( ODS ) . Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths ( 280 -- 315 nm ) of ultraviolet light ( UV light ) from passing through the Earth 's atmosphere , observed and projected decreases in ozone generated worldwide concern , leading to adoption of the Montreal Protocol that bans the production of CFCs , halons , and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane . It is suspected that a variety of biological consequences such as increases in sunburn , skin cancer , cataracts , damage to plants , and reduction of plankton populations in the ocean 's photic zone may result from the increased UV exposure due to ozone depletion .

positive: Eocene The Eocene ( -LSB- pronˈiːəˌsiːn , _ ˈiːoʊ - -RSB- ) Epoch , lasting from , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era . The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch . The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C . The end is set at a major extinction event called the Grande Coupure ( the `` Great Break '' in continuity ) or the Eocene -- Oligocene extinction event , which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Siberia and in what is now Chesapeake Bay . As with other geologic periods , the strata that define the start and end of the epoch are well identified , though their exact dates are slightly uncertain .   The name Eocene comes from the Ancient Greek ἠώς ( ēṓs , `` dawn '' ) and καινός ( kainós , `` new '' ) and refers to the `` dawn '' of modern ( ` new ' ) fauna that appeared during the epoch .

negative: Warm-blooded Warm-blooded animal species can maintain a body temperature higher than their environment . In particular , homeothermic species maintain a stable body temperature by regulating metabolic processes . The only known homeotherms are birds , mammals and the Opah fish . Other species have various degrees of thermoregulation .   Animal body temperature control varies by species , so the terms `` warm-blooded '' and `` cold-blooded '' ( though still in everyday use ) suggest a false idea of there being only two categories of body temperature control , and are no longer used scientifically .

negative: Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pumps and refrigerators . A heat pump is a machine or device that moves heat from one location ( the ` source ' ) at a lower temperature to another location ( the ` sink ' or ` heat sink ' ) at a higher temperature using mechanical work or a high-temperature heat source . Thus a heat pump may be thought of as a `` heater '' if the objective is to warm the heat sink ( as when warming the inside of a home on a cold day ) , or a `` refrigerator '' if the objective is to cool the heat source ( as in the normal operation of a freezer ) . In either case , the operating principles are identical . Heat is moved from a cold place to a warm place .

negative: Ikogosi Warm Springs The Ikogosi Warm Springs is a tourist attraction located at Ikogosi , a town in Ekiti State , southwestern Nigeria . Flowing abreast the warm spring is another cold spring which meets the warm spring at a confluence , each maintaining its thermal properties .  These attributes make the spring a tourist attraction in Nigeria .  Research suggested that the warm spring has a temperature of about 70oC at the source and 37oC at the confluence .

negative: Marine Isotope Stage 13 Marine Isotope Stage 13 or MIS 13 is a Marine isotope stage in the geologic temperature record , in Britain covering the Cromerian interglacial period between ~ 524,000 and 474,000 years ago . It is split into three substages , MIS 13a MIS 13b , and MIS 13c . Some records indicate that MIS 13a was an unstable warm peak with a cold split in the middle at MIS 13.12 - separating warm MIS 13.11 and 13.13

negative: Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia ( WAIHA ) is the most common form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia . About half of the cases are of unknown cause , with the other half attributable to a predisposing condition or medications being taken . Contrary to cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia ( e.g. , cold agglutinin disease and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria ) which happens in cold temperature ( 28 -- 31 ° C ) , WAIHA happens in body temperature .

negative: Warm on a Cold Night Warm on a Cold Night is the debut studio album by British electronic duo Honne . It was released on 22 July 2016 by Tatemae and Atlantic Records . The album features guest appearance by British singer-songwriter Izzy Bizu .

negative: Climate of Moscow Moscow has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with warm , sometimes hot , somewhat humid summers and long , cold winters .  Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June , July and August are around 23 ° C , but during heat waves , which can occur anytime from May to September , daytime temperature highs often top 30 ° C for sometimes one or two weeks . In the winter , temperatures normally drop to approximately -10 ° C , though there can be periods of warmth with temperatures rising above 0 ° C. Summer lasts from mid-May to the beginning of September . Winter lasts from the beginning of November to the end of March .

negative: Honne (band) Honne ( stylised as HONNE ) are an English electronic music duo formed in 2014 in Bow , London , consisting of James Hatcher ( producer ) and Andy Clutterbuck ( singer , producer ) who both write , record and produce the music . The band released their first two EPs , Warm on a Cold Night and All in the Value , on Super Recordings in 2014 . In 2015 they released their third EP , Coastal Love , on their own imprint Tatemae Recordings . Their debut studio album Warm on a Cold Night was released on 22 July 2016 through Tatemae Recordings .

negative: Winter of 2010–11 in Great Britain and Ireland The winter of 2010 -- 2011 was a weather event that brought heavy snowfalls , record low temperatures , travel chaos and school disruption to the islands of Britain and Ireland . It included the UK 's coldest December since Met Office records began in 1910 , with a mean temperature of -1 ° C , breaking the previous record of 0.1 ° C in December 1981 . Also it was the second-coldest December in the narrower Central England Temperature ( CET ) record series which began in 1659 , falling 0.1 ° C short of the all-time record set in 1890 .   The winter of 2010 in England saw the earliest widespread winter snowfall since 1993 with snow falling as early as 24 November across Northumberland and North Yorkshire . A maximum snow depth of 30 in was recorded on 1 December in the Peak District , Sheffield , the Cotswold Hills and the Forest of Dean . In this event Scotland and Northern England were most severely affected . On 9 December temperatures recovered across much of the UK , causing a partial thaw .   Later , on Thursday 16 December a cold front reintroduced a cold , arctic airstream . This cold spell brought further snow and ice chaos back to the British Isles with Southern England , Wales , the Republic of Ireland ( excluding the westerly coastal regions ) and Northern Ireland bearing the brunt of the wintry conditions . This led to severe disruption to the road and rail network with several airports being closed including London Heathrow Airport for a time . Several local temperature records were broken including a new record low for Northern Ireland of -18.7 ° C recorded at Castlederg on 23 December 2010 .   By the new year a thaw had begun , and there was no recurrence of the extreme conditions for the remainder of the winter . There was some snowfall in early January , and there was an anticyclonic spell at the end of the month that brought some cold , frosty days . February was above average in temperature and ended on a mild note , although the snow returned in much of Scotland during March .

negative: Cold Women & Warm Beer `` Cold Women & Warm Beer '' is a CD single by The Black League , released in 2003 by Spinefarm Records ' sub label Ranch .

negative: Thermoreceptor A thermoreceptor is a non-specialised sense receptor , or more accurately the receptive portion of a sensory neuron , that codes absolute and relative changes in temperature , primarily within the innocuous range . In the mammalian peripheral nervous system , warmth receptors are thought to be unmyelinated C-fibres ( low conduction velocity ) , while those responding to cold have both C-fibers and thinly myelinated A delta fibers ( faster conduction velocity ) . The adequate stimulus for a warm receptor is warming , which results in an increase in their action potential discharge rate . Cooling results in a decrease in warm receptor discharge rate . For cold receptors their firing rate increases during cooling and decreases during warming . Some cold receptors also respond with a brief action potential discharge to high temperatures , i.e. typically above 45 ° C , and this is known as a paradoxical response to heat . The mechanism responsible for this behavior has not been determined .   In humans , temperature sensation enters the spinal cord along the axons of Lissauer 's tract that synapse on second order neurons in grey matter of the dorsal horn , one or two vertebral levels up . The axons of these second order neurons then decussate , joining the spinothalamic tract as they ascend to neurons in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Lego RoboRiders The RoboRiders was a short-lived series launched in 2000 by LEGO after the Slizers .   A total of seven official sets and four promotional sets were released while this series lasted . Special cans , when exposed to cold temperatures , would reveal codes used to play an online game . RoboRiders is also known to be the last line of action toys created in the Lego Technic line before Bionicle existed .

negative: Warm market Warm market is used in both the sales and direct marketing industries . In direct marketing it is similar to using the phrase `` permission marketing '' , which is also the title of a best selling book by Seth Godin . In sales and direct marketing your warm market is said to be people you know , which could be friends , relatives and existing customers , even referrals are said to be warm ( see referral marketing . )   `` Cold market '' refers to a sales person 's future or prospective customers .   Category : Sales  Category : Direct marketing  Category : Marketing terminology

negative: Australian ten-dollar note The Australian ten dollar banknote was issued when the currency was changed from the Australian pound to the Australian dollar on 14 February 1966 ; it replaced the # 5 note which had similar blue colouration . There have been three different issues of this denomination , a paper banknote , a commemorative 1988 polymer note to celebrate the bicentennial of Australian settlement ( the first polymer banknote of its kind ) , and from 1993 a polymer banknote .   According to Reserve Bank of Australia statistics , as at June 2016 there were 120 million $ 10 notes in circulation , with a net value of $ 1.196 billion . This was 2 % of the cash value of all banknotes in circulation , and 8 % of the number of all banknotes in circulation .   Since the start of issue of $ 10 notes , there have been eleven signature combinations , of which the 1967 issue is the most valued . It was issued for one year only , along with the Coombs/Wilson issue of 1966 .   Following the issue of a new $ 5 note last year ( September 2016 ) , the RBA revealed the design for the $ 10 note and will be issued on 1 September 2017 .

negative: Chilblains Chilblains ( -LSB- ˈtʃɪlbleɪnz -RSB- ) -- also known as pernio , Chill Burns and perniosis -- is a medical condition that occurs when a predisposed individual is exposed to cold and humidity , causing tissue damage . It is often confused with frostbite and trench foot . Damage to capillary beds in the skin causes redness , itching , inflammation , and sometimes blisters . Chilblains can be reduced by keeping the feet and hands warm in cold weather , and avoiding extreme temperature changes . Chilblains can be idiopathic ( spontaneous and unrelated to another disease ) , but may also be a manifestation of another serious medical condition that needs to be investigated . A history of chilblains is suggestive of a connective tissue disease ( such as lupus ) . Chilblains in infants , together with severe neurologic disease and unexplained fevers , can be seen in Aicardi -- Goutières syndrome , a rare inherited condition .

negative: Kazantsevo, Shushensky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai Kazantsevo is a rural locality ( a selo ) in Shushensky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai , Russia .   The climate is very warm in summer and very cold in winter , with temperatures reaching -40 C.   Warm summer weather allows local people to cultivate melons and watermelons .

negative: Boomerang Nebula The Boomerang Nebula is a protoplanetary nebula located 5,000 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Centaurus . It is also known as the Bow Tie Nebula and catalogued as  LEDA 3074547 . The nebula 's temperature is measured at 1 K making it the coolest natural place currently known in the Universe .   The Boomerang Nebula is believed to be a star system evolving toward the planetary nebula phase . It continues to form and develop due to the outflow of gas from its core where a star in its late stage life sheds mass and emits starlight illuminating dust in the nebula . Millimeter scale dust grains mask portions of the nebula 's center so most escaping visible light is in two opposing lobes forming a distinctive hourglass shape as viewed from Earth . The outflowing gas is moving outwards at a speed of about 164 km/s and expanding rapidly as it moves out into space ; this gas expansion results in the nebula 's unusually low temperature .   Keith Taylor and Mike Scarrott called it the `` Boomerang Nebula '' in 1980 after observing it with the Anglo-Australian telescope at the Siding Spring Observatory . Unable to view it with great clarity , the astronomers saw merely a slight asymmetry in the nebula 's lobes suggesting a curved shape like a boomerang . The nebula was photographed in detail by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1998 revealing a more symmetric hourglass shape .   In 1995 , using the 15-metre Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope in Chile , astronomers revealed that it is the coldest place in the Universe found so far , besides laboratory-created temperatures . With a temperature of − 272 ° C , it is only 1 ° C warmer than absolute zero ( the lowest limit for all temperatures ) . Even the − 270 ° C background glow from the Big Bang is warmer than the nebula . Aside from the CMB cold spot , it is the only object found so far that has a temperature lower than the background radiation .   In 2013 , observations of the ALMA radio interferometer revealed other features of the Boomerang Nebula . The visible double lobe of the Boomerang Nebula was observed to be surrounded by a larger spherical volume of cold gas seen only in sub-millimeter radio wavelengths . The nebula 's outer fringes appear to be gradually warming .

negative: Freezy Freakies Freezy Freakies were a winter fad in the early to mid-1980s . They were snow gloves , created by ski glove company Swany America that revealed fun colors and designs when exposed to cold temperatures . The gloves came in many designs , which catered to young kids . One design was of a fighter plane , and another was a pink castle scene .

negative: Overpeck, Ohio Overpeck ( other names : Overpeck Station , Overpecks , Overpecks Station ) is an unincorporated community in central St. Clair Township , Butler County , Ohio , United States . Although it is unincorporated , it has a post office , with the ZIP code of 45055 . It lies between New Miami and Trenton .   Overpeck is a part of the Cincinnati-Middletown-Wilmington , OH-KY-IN Combined Statistical Area .   A post office called Overpecks Station was established in 1860 , and the name was changed to Overpeck in 1882 . The community has the name of Isaac Overpeck , an early resident .

negative: Temperature record of the past 1000 years For information on the description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in various IPCC reports see MWP and LIA in IPCC reportsThe temperature record of the past 1,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale . Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional : the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that `` Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely '' the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . '' The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century . As of 2010 this broad pattern was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th-century `` shaft '' appears . Sparseness of proxy records results in considerable uncertainty for earlier periods .   Individual proxy records , such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology , are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap . Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions : tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures ( within the tropics trees do not form rings ) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean . Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions , incorporating proxies such as lake sediments , ice cores and corals which are found in different regions , and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records . The `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures ; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction ( CFR ) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas , making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models .   During the 1,900 years before the 20th century , it is likely that the next warmest period was from 950 to 1100 , with peaks at different times in different regions . This has been called the Medieval Warm Period , and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age . In the hockey stick controversy , contrarians have asserted that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than at present , and have disputed the data and methods of climate reconstructions .

negative: List of Spanish soups and stews This is a list of Spanish soups and stews . Spanish cuisine is a way of preparing varied dishes , which is enriched by the culinary contributions of the various regions that make up the country . It is a cuisine influenced by the people who , throughout history , have conquered the territory of that country . Soup is a primarily liquid food , generally served warm ( but may be cool or cold ) , that is made by combining ingredients such as meat and vegetables with stock , juice , water , or another liquid . Stew is a combination of solid food ingredients that have been cooked in liquid and served in the resultant gravy . Stews are typically cooked at a relatively low temperature ( simmered , not boiled ) , allowing flavors to mingle .

negative: Bombus frigidus Bombus frigidus , the frigid bumblebee , is a rare species of bumblebee largely found in Canada and parts of the United States .   These bees have adapted to their cold environment by being able to keep their internal temperature within a certain range while also being able to expel heat to keep the colony warm . An additional adaptation to the cold is their reduced length of copulation . Also , B. frigidus has developed a relationship with Mertensia paniculata so that the flowers ' color signals to the bees when to obtain nectar .

negative: Climate of Adelaide Adelaide has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ) , with mild to cool winters with moderate rainfall and warm to hot , dry summers .   Adelaide is the driest of the Australian capital cities and the past two decades have been far warmer than usual , with the past 8 years seeing an excess of 40 + degrees every summer . Alarmingly , the city has also recorded almost 10 consecutive years of below-average Spring rainfall , with 2014 on track to continuing this trend .   A spike in heat waves , droughts and record-breaking high temperatures over the past decade has led to some concerns over the effects of global warming and Man-made climate change ( AGW ) on the city . Nine of the ten warmest years recorded in Adelaide have occurred since 2002 , with 2013 being the hottest year and summer 2015 -- 2016 being the fourth-hottest summer recorded .

negative: Warm Fork Spring River The Warm Fork Spring River is a stream in Oregon County , Missouri and northern Fulton County , Arkansas . The stream begins in western Oregon County at the confluence of Howell Creek and Elk Creek at and the stream becomes the Spring River at its confluence with the cold springwaters of Mammoth Spring in northern Fulton County at .   The stream was named due to the temperature difference between its waters and the cold springwaters entering from Mammoth Spring .

negative: Secret Weapon Revealed at Last Secret Weapon Revealed at Last is the fourth studio album by Country Teasers . Finding it increasingly difficult for the entire band to congregate to perform or record , the album contains several older songs written between 1997 and 1998 and recorded during the Winter of 2002 . The liner notes make mention that `` Some members of the group were not present at the recordings '' .

negative: March 2012 North American heat wave In March 2012 , one of the greatest heat waves was observed in many regions of North America . Very warm air pushed northward west of the Great Lakes region , and subsequently spread eastward . The intense poleward air mass movement was propelled by an unusually intense low level southerly jet that stretched from Louisiana to western Wisconsin . Once this warm surge inundated the area , a remarkably prolonged period of record setting temperatures ensued .   NOAA 's National Climate Data Center reported that over 7,000 daily record high temperatures were tied or broken from 1 March through 27 March . In some places the temperature exceeded 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . For instance , in Grand Rapids , Michigan , the highest temperature recorded was 87 ° F on March 21 ; in Chicago a high of 87 ° F was also recorded on that same day . Records were broken in unusual ways . Chicago , for example , saw temperatures above 80 ° F every day between March 14 -- 18 , breaking records on all five days . Chicago would go on to record eight days at or above 80 ° F during the month , with many suburban areas recording an additional day in the 80s on March 19 ( that day , the city only tied its record high of 78 ° F ) . In context , the National Weather Service 's Chicago branch noted that Chicago typically averages only one day in the 80 's in April . And only once in 140 years of weather observations has April produced as many 80 ° F days as this March . In Traverse City , Michigan one day began with a low temperature ( 67 ° F ) higher than the previous record high for the day .   Temperature records across much of southern Canada also were shattered . Some of the most impressive readings came from Nova Scotia on March 22 , when the mercury climbed to 30.0 C at a climate station in Lake Major , making it the highest March temperature recorded in Nova Scotia , and the third highest March temperature recorded in Canada . That same day , the temperature hit 29.2 C at Western Head , Nova Scotia . The heat reached as far east as Cape Breton Island , with the temperature climbing to 24.0 C at Sydney , Nova Scotia on March 22 , a place historically surrounded by ice-jammed waters , frigid winds , and snow in March . The week of March 18 also set record temperatures in Manitoba and much of Ontario as well as into the Maritime Provinces . Non-severe thunderstorms were reported on the evening hours of March 21 , through to the early morning hours March 22 into northern Ontario .   In addition , NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data show that the atmospheric pattern was so persistent that much of the Midwest and Northeast , and up into Ontario , had temperature departures over periods of several days to a week or more of magnitudes which would be unusual even for a single day . Averaged over the seven-day period from March 16 to March 22 inclusive , nearly the entire area of the Midwest and Northeast U.S. and most of Ontario and Quebec had temperatures 10 ° C ( 18 ° F ) or more above the 1981-2010 average . Even more dramatically , most of Iowa and Minnesota , all of Wisconsin and Michigan , and most of southeastern Ontario had seven-day mean temperatures more than 15 ° C ( 27 ° F ) above the climatological average for the same period .   An 84 ° F high at Madison , WI in early March was 43 ° F above average and followed an overnight low of 60 ° F , 35 degrees above normal the daily high being more than seven standard deviations above the mean . The absolute temperature and departure statistically would be equivalent to a mid-July high at that station in excess of 125 ° F or more ; the highest temperature recorded there was 107 ° at least once during the heat waves of the middle 1930s .   This mild warm spell brought out spring peepers in northern Ontario on 23 March , which are usually not heard until mid-to-late April , or sometimes early May .   The warm weather was also responsible for several early-season tornado touchdowns , such as the EF3 that struck Dexter , Michigan , near Ann Arbor .

negative: Climate of North Dakota North Dakota 's climate is typical of a continental climate with cold winters and warm-hot summers . The state 's location in the Upper Midwest allows it to experience some of the widest variety of weather in the United States , and each of the four seasons has its own distinct characteristics . The eastern half of the state has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with warm to hot , somewhat humid summers and cold , windy winters , while the western half has a semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSk ) with less precipitation and less humidity but similar temperature profiles . The areas east of the Missouri River get slightly colder winters , while those west of the stream get higher summer daytime temperatures . In general , the diurnal temperature difference is prone to be more significant in the west due to higher elevation and less humidity .

negative: Warm glass Warm glass or kiln-formed glass is the working of glass , usually for artistic purposes , by heating it in a kiln . The processes used depend on the temperature reached and range from fusing and slumping to casting .   ` Warm ' glass is in contrast to the many cold-working glass processes , such as leaded glass . ` Hot ' glass , glass blowing or lampworking is the working of glass in a direct flame , such as for laboratory glassware and beadmaking .

negative: Cold World (Of Mice & Men album) Cold World is the fourth studio album by American metalcore/nu metal band Of Mice & Men , released on September 9 , 2016 through Rise Records . The album was produced by David Bendeth and is the follow-up to the group 's third studio album , Restoring Force ( 2014 ) . The lead single , `` Pain '' , was released on June 27 , 2016 . Another single , `` Real '' , was released on August 4 , 2016 and then another new song , `` Contagious '' , on August 29 , 2016 . The album was released early exclusively on Apple Music on September 2 . It received mixed reviews from critics . The album reached # 20 in the US selling 19,000 copies in its first week . This is the last album to feature Austin Carlile as he left the band later due to his health issues .

negative: Thermotime switch A thermotime switch , or TTS , is a sensor used to control the cold start enrichment process in some older fuel injection systems . An extra injector is placed in the inlet manifold designed to feed all of the cylinders , and whilst the other injectors have flow rates controlled by pulse duration , the cold start injector stays on during the initial cold starting procedure .   This duration is controlled by the thermotime switch , which is a bimetallic strip based device placed in the water jacket or in the case of an air-cooled engine , in the engine/timing case . When an engine first starts , the coolant temperature is cold and the bimetallic strip is closed , which in turn supplies the cold start injector with current .   A small heater coil is built into the thermotime switch , which effectively gives a timed output to the cold start injector with the timing duration dependent on the temperature of the engine . If the engine is started whilst warm the bimetallic strip remains open due to the higher temperature , meaning the cold start routine is not entered .

negative: Overpeck Overpeck may refer to :   People :  Lem Overpeck ( 1911 -- 2003 ) , the 29th Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota from 1965 to 1969   Settlements :  Overpeck Township , New Jersey , former township in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States , from 1897 to 1938  Overpeck , Ohio , unincorporated community in central St. Clair Township , Butler County , Ohio , United States   Geography :  Overpeck Creek , tributary of the Hackensack River in Bergen County in northeastern New Jersey in the United States  Overpeck County Park , 811 acre ( 3.28 km2 ) county park in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States   de : Overpeck  vo : Overpeck