query: Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.

positive: Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System . It is a giant planet with a mass one-thousandth that of the Sun , but two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined . Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants ; the other two giant planets , Uranus and Neptune are ice giants . Jupiter has been known to astronomers since antiquity . The Romans named it after their god Jupiter . When viewed from Earth , Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of − 2.94 , bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows , and making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus .   Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium , though helium comprises only about a tenth of the number of molecules . It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements , but like the other giant planets , Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface . Because of its rapid rotation , the planet 's shape is that of an oblate spheroid ( it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator ) . The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes , resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries . A prominent result is the Great Red Spot , a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by telescope . Surrounding Jupiter is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere . Jupiter has at least 67 moons , including the four large Galilean moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610 . Ganymede , the largest of these , has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury .   Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by robotic spacecraft , most notably during the early Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions and later by the Galileo orbiter . In late February 2007 , Jupiter was visited by the New Horizons probe , which used Jupiter 's gravity to increase its speed and bend its trajectory en route to Pluto . The latest probe to visit the planet is Juno , which entered into orbit around Jupiter on July 4 , 2016 . Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of its moon Europa .

positive: Neptune Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System . In the Solar System , it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter , the third-most-massive planet , and the densest giant planet . Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus , which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune.Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because Neptune 's greater mass gravitationally compresses the atmosphere more . Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 AU . It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol ♆ , a stylised version of the god Neptune 's trident .   Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation . Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet . Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier . Its largest moon , Triton , was discovered shortly thereafter , though none of the planet 's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century . The planet 's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size , making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes . Neptune was visited by Voyager 2 , when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989 . The advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar .   Neptune 's composition can be compared and contrasted with the Solar System 's other giant planets . Like Jupiter and Saturn , Neptune 's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium , along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen , but it contains a higher proportion of `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane . However , its interior , like that of Uranus , is primarily composed of ices and rock , which is why Uranus and Neptune are normally considered `` ice giants '' to emphasise this distinction . Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet 's blue appearance .   In contrast to the hazy , relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus , Neptune 's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns . For example , at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989 , the planet 's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter . These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System , with recorded wind speeds as high as 2100 km/h . Because of its great distance from the Sun , Neptune 's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System , with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K. Temperatures at the planet 's centre are approximately 5400 K. Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system ( labelled `` arcs '' ) , which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2 .

negative: Power Shift Network Power Shift Network is a North American non-profit organization made up of a network of youth-led social and environmental justice organizations working together to build the youth clean energy and climate movement . It runs campaigns in the United States and Canada to build grassroots power and advocate for tangible changes on climate change and social justice at local , state , national and international levels in North America . The organization changed its name from Energy Action Coalition in July 2016 in order to reflect its new leadership and it shift from a coalition to a network structure . The Power Shift Network 's members , which include other non-profit organizations and student groups focused on environmental justice , social justice , and climate change , focus their organizing and campaigns on campuses , communities , corporate practices , and politics . The Power Shift Network is part of the Global Youth Climate Movement .   The Power Shift Network was founded ( as Energy Action Coalition ) in June 2004 at a meeting of representatives from almost 20 environmental groups in Washington , D.C. . The founding of the organization was a result of the coordination of many local and national environmental networks in a day of action on April 1 , 2004 called Fossil Fools Day which advocated for reducing dependence for energy on fossil fuels , with more than 125 registered actions around the U.S.

negative: Effect of Sun angle on climate The amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of Sun angle on climate , as the angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth varies by location , time of day , and season due to the Earth 's orbit around the Sun and the Earth 's rotation around its tilted axis . Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight , caused by the tilt of the Earth 's axis , is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter . Change in day length is another factor . ( See also season . )

negative: Renewable energy in the Philippines Renewable energy accounts for 26.44 % of the total electrical energy needs in the Philippines , according to a 2013 survey . Renewable energy sources provided 19,903 gigawatt-hours of electrical energy out of a total need of 75,266 gigawatt-hours in 2013 . There are five main types of renewable energy used in the Philippines , hydropower , geothermal power , wind power , solar power and biomass power .   There has been pressure to increase the Philippines ' usage of renewable energy sources in recent years due to the negative effects of fossil fuels -- such as pollution , accelerated climate change and fluctuating prices . A number of laws have been passed by the Philippine Congress to support the use of renewable energy including the Electric Power Industry Reform Act ( 2001 ) , which promotes the use of local and sustainable energy sources to replace imported fossil fuel sources ; the Biofuels Act ( 2006 ) , which encourages the use of biomass fuels ; the Renewable Energy Act ( 2008 ) ; and the Climate Change Act ( 2009 ) , which provides a legal basis for the tackling of climate change through sustainable development .   The laws enacted by Congress have resulted in a significant degree of cooperation from private companies producing renewable energy , many of which have contracts with the Philippine Government .

negative: Turbosteamer A turbosteamer is a term used by BMW to describe a combined cycle engine . Waste heat energy from the internal combustion engine would be used generate steam ( see Waste Heat Recovery Unit ) for a steam engine which would create supplemental power for the vehicle . The turbosteamer device is affixed to the exhaust and cooling system . It salvages the heat wasted in the exhaust and radiator ( as much as 80 % of heat energy ) and uses a steam piston or turbine to relay that power to the crankshaft . The steam circuit produces 14 hp and 15 ft.lbf of torque at peak ( for a 1.8 Straight-4 engine ) , yielding an estimated 15 % gain in fuel efficiency . Unlike gasoline-electric hybrids , these gains increase at higher , steadier speeds .

negative: Vapor lock Vapor lock is a problem that mostly affects gasoline-fueled internal combustion engines .   It occurs when the liquid fuel changes state from liquid to gas while still in the fuel delivery system . This disrupts the operation of the fuel pump , causing loss of feed pressure to the carburetor or fuel injection system , resulting in transient loss of power or complete stalling . Restarting the engine from this state may be difficult .   The fuel can vaporize due to being heated by the engine , by the local climate or due to a lower boiling point at high altitude . In regions where higher volatility fuels are used during the winter to improve the starting of the engine , the use of `` winter '' fuels during the summer can cause vapor lock to occur more readily .

negative: Moons of Jupiter There are 67 known moons of Jupiter . This gives Jupiter the largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System . The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons , which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun . From the end of the 19th century , dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers , conquests , or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus . The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter , with the remaining 63 moons and its rings together comprising just 0.003 % of the total orbiting mass .   Of Jupiter 's moons , eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter 's equatorial plane . The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to their planetary mass , and so would be considered ( dwarf ) planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun . The other four regular satellites are much smaller and closer to Jupiter ; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter 's rings . The remainder of Jupiter 's moons are irregular satellites whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities . These moons were probably captured by Jupiter from solar orbits . Sixteen irregular satellites have been discovered since 2003 and have not yet been named .

negative: Heat Heat is the amount of energy flowing from one body to another spontaneously due to their temperature difference , or by any means other than through work or the transfer of matter . The transfer can be by contact between the source and the destination body , as in conduction ; or by radiation between remote bodies ; or by way of an intermediate fluid body , as in convective circulation ; or by a combination of these . . In thermodynamics , heat is often contrasted with work : heat applies to individual particles ( such as atoms or molecules ) , work applies to objects ( or a system as a whole ) . Heat involves stochastic ( or random ) motion equally distributed among all degrees of freedom , while work is directional , confined to a specific degrees of freedom .   Since heat ( like work ) represents a quantity of energy being transferred between two bodies by certain processes , neither body `` has '' a definite amount of heat ( much like a body in itself does n't `` have '' work ) ; in contrast , a body indeed has properties ( state functions ) such as temperature and internal energy . Thus , energy exchanged as heat during a given process changes the ( internal ) energy of each body by equal and opposite amounts . The sign of the quantity of heat can indicate the direction of the transfer , for example from system A to system B ; negation indicates energy flowing in the opposite direction .   Although heat flows spontaneously from a hotter body to a cooler one , it is possible to construct a heat pump or refrigeration system that does work to increase the difference in temperature between two systems . Conversely , a heat engine reduces an existing temperature difference to do work on another system .   Heat is a consequence of the microscopic motion of particles . When heat is transferred between two objects or systems , the energy of the object or system 's particles increases . As this occurs , the arrangement between particles becomes more and more disordered . In other words , heat is related to the concept of entropy .   Historically , many energy units for measurement of heat have been used . The standards-based unit in the International System of Units ( SI ) is the joule ( J ) . Heat is measured by its effect on the states of interacting bodies , for example , by the amount of ice melted or a change in temperature . The quantification of heat via the temperature change of a body is called calorimetry , and is widely used in practice . In calorimetry , sensible heat is defined with respect to a specific chosen state variable of the system , such as pressure or volume . Sensible heat causes a change of the temperature of the system while leaving the chosen state variable unchanged . Heat transfer that occurs at a constant system temperature but changes the state variable is called latent heat with respect to the variable . For infinitesimal changes , the total incremental heat transfer is then the sum of the latent and sensible heat .

negative: Gliese 777 b Gliese 777 b , also known as Gliese 777 Ab or HD 190360 b , is an extrasolar planet approximately 52 light-years away in the constellation of Cygnus . The planet was discovered orbiting the primary star of the Gliese 777 system in June 2002 ( by the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Team ) using the radial velocity method . The planet is at least one half more massive than Jupiter but roughly the same size as Jupiter . Because the inclination of the planet 's orbit is not known , the true mass is unknown . But it is unlikely to be much more than the given minimum mass .   The planet has one of the longest orbits currently known for an extrasolar planet . The planet 's mean distance from the star is close to the distance between Jupiter and the Sun . However , unlike Jupiter it has an eccentric orbit . At periastron the distance between the planet and the star is only 2.51 AU and at apastron the distance is as much as 5.33 AU ( compared to the Solar System , distance from the Sun to the inner asteroid belt and from Sun to just beyond the orbit of Jupiter ) .   The signal produced by the planet is very weak and the eccentricity was originally supposed to be very circular which led to speculations of a very Jupiter-like planet , with a system of several large moons like Jupiter itself . Fortunately , the inner system should be stable for Earth-like planets despite a known , smaller inner Neptune-like planet which is known to orbit the star at distance of 0.12 AU every 17 Earth days .

negative: Climate Change Performance Index The Climate Change Performance Index ( CCPI ) is an annual publication by Germanwatch and Climate Action Network Europe . It evaluates the climate protection performance of 58 countries , responsible for over 90 % of global energy-related emissions . CCPI 2013 publication covers emissions from the fossil fuels , except emissions from the shipping industry . Following CCPI 2013 publication may include emissions from deforestation , agriculture and waste . 50 % of the evaluation is based on emissions trend , 30 % on emissions level and 20 % on national and international climate policy assessments made by more than 200 experts . The most recent results ( published December 2014 ) illustrate that efforts are still insufficient to prevent dangerous climate change . Thus , no country received rankings one to three in the results for 2015 although Denmark which topped the list was praised for its efforts .

negative: International Wastewater Heat Exchange Systems International Wastewater Systems Inc. ( IWS ) , is a Canadian public corporation , based in Vancouver , British Columbia , that specializes in wastewater heat recovery . Founded in 2011 by Lynn Mueller , the company operates throughout North America . A subsidiary SHARC Energy Systems , based in Leicester , UK operates throughout Europe .   The company is one of only a few worldwide focusing on waste heat recovery as an alternative energy source , reducing the need to burn fossil fuels . Their systems can be used for domestic hot water production as well as building space heating & cooling .   IWHES 's feature product is the Sewage SHARC , a patent pending screen that removes solids from wastewater allowing it to effectively move through a heat exchanger and heat pump .

negative: 100% renewable energy The endeavor to use 100 % renewable energy for electricity , heating and cooling , and transport is motivated by global warming , pollution and other environmental issues , as well as economic and energy security concerns . Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system . In 2013 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand . Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated .   In 2014 , renewable sources such as wind , geothermal , solar , biomass , and burnt waste provided 19 % of the total energy consumed worldwide , with roughly half of that coming from traditional use of biomass . The most important sector is electricity with a renewable share of 22.8 % , most of it coming from hydropower with a share of 16.6 % , followed by wind with 3.1 % . There are many places around the world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy . At the national level , at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 % of the energy supply .   Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow of Princeton University have developed a series of `` Climate stabilization wedges '' that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change , and `` renewable energy sources , '' in aggregate , constitute the largest number of their `` wedges . ''   Mark Z. Jacobson , professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy program , says that producing all new energy with wind power , solar power , and hydropower by 2030 is feasible , and that existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050 . Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be `` primarily social and political , not technological or economic '' . Jacobson says that energy costs today with a wind , solar , and water system should be similar to today 's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies . The main obstacle against this scenario is the lack of political will .   Similarly , in the United States , the independent National Research Council has noted that `` sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change , energy security , and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States , taken collectively , can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand . ''   The main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are political rather than technological . According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report , which reviewed many international studies , the key roadblocks are : climate change denial , the fossil fuels lobby , political inaction , unsustainable energy consumption , outdated energy infrastructure , and financial constraints .

negative: Gravitational redshift In astrophysics , gravitational redshift or Einstein shift is the process by which electromagnetic radiation originating from a source that is in a gravitational field is reduced in frequency , or redshifted , when observed in a region at a higher gravitational potential . This is a direct result of gravitational time dilation -- if one is outside of an isolated gravitational source , the rate at which time passes increases as one moves away from that source . As frequency is inverse of time ( specifically , time required for completing one wave oscillation ) , frequency of the electromagnetic radiation is reduced in an area of higher gravitational potential . There is a corresponding reduction in energy when electromagnetic radiation is red-shifted , as given by Planck 's relation , due to the electromagnetic radiation propagating in opposition to the gravitational gradient . There also exists a corresponding blueshift when electromagnetic radiation propagates from an area of higher gravitational potential to an area of lower gravitational potential .   If applied to optical wavelengths , this manifests itself as a change in the colour of visible light as the wavelength of the light is shifted toward the red part of the light spectrum . Since frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional , this is equivalent to saying that the frequency of the light is reduced towards the red part of the light spectrum , giving this phenomenon the name redshift .

negative: Chemical energy In chemistry , chemical energy is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction to transform other chemical substances . Examples include batteries , food , gasoline , and more . Breaking or making of chemical bonds involves energy , which may be either absorbed or evolved from a chemical system .   Energy that can be released ( or absorbed ) because of a reaction between a set of chemical substances is equal to the difference between the energy content of the products and the reactants , if the initial and final temperatures are the same . This change in energy can be estimated from the bond energies of the various chemical bonds in the reactants and products . It can also be calculated from , the internal energy of formation of the reactant molecules , and the internal energy of formation of the product molecules . The internal energy change of a chemical process is equal to the heat exchanged if it is measured under conditions of constant volume and equal initial and final temperature , as in a closed container such as a bomb calorimeter . However , under conditions of constant pressure , as in reactions in vessels open to the atmosphere , the measured heat change is not always equal to the internal energy change , because pressure-volume work also releases or absorbs energy . ( The heat change at constant pressure is called the enthalpy change ; in this case the enthalpy of reaction , if initial and final temperatures are equal ) .   Another useful term is the heat of combustion , which is the energy mostly of the weak double bonds of molecular oxygen released due to a combustion reaction and often applied in the study of fuels . Food is similar to hydrocarbon and carbohydrate fuels , and when it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water , the energy released is analogous to the heat of combustion ( though not assessed in the same way as a hydrocarbon fuel -- see food energy ) .   Chemical potential energy is a form of potential energy related to the structural arrangement of atoms or molecules . This arrangement may be the result of chemical bonds within a molecule or otherwise . Chemical energy of a chemical substance can be transformed to other forms of energy by a chemical reaction . As an example , when a fuel is burned the chemical energy of molecular oxygen is converted to heat , and the same is the case with digestion of food metabolized in a biological organism . Green plants transform solar energy to chemical energy ( mostly of oxygen ) through the process known as photosynthesis , and electrical energy can be converted to chemical energy and vice versa through electrochemical reactions .   The similar term chemical potential is used to indicate the potential of a substance to undergo a change of configuration , be it in the form of a chemical reaction , spatial transport , particle exchange with a reservoir , etc. . It is not a form of potential energy itself , but is more closely related to free energy . The confusion in terminology arises from the fact that in other areas of physics not dominated by entropy , all potential energy is available to do useful work and drives the system to spontaneously undergo changes of configuration , and thus there is no distinction between `` free '' and `` non-free '' potential energy ( hence the one word `` potential '' ) . However , in systems of large entropy such as chemical systems , the total amount of energy present ( and conserved by the first law of thermodynamics ) of which this Chemical Potential Energy is a part , is separated from the amount of that energy -- Thermodynamic Free Energy ( which Chemical potential is derived from ) -- which ( appears to ) drive the system forward spontaneously as its entropy increases ( in accordance with the second law ) .

negative: Trombe wall A Trombe wall is a passive solar building design where a wall is built on the winter sun side of a building with a glass external layer and a high heat capacity internal layer separated by a layer of air . Light close to UV in the electromagnetic spectrum passes through the glass almost unhindered then is absorbed by the wall that then re-radiates in the far infrared spectrum which does not pass back through the glass easily , hence heating the inside of the building . Trombe walls are commonly used to absorb heat during sunlit hours of winter then slowly release the heat over night . The essential idea was first explored by Edward S. Morse and patented by him in 1881 . In the 1960s it was fully developed as an architectural element by French engineer Félix Trombe and architect Jacques Michel .   Trombe walls work on the basic greenhouse principle that heat from the sun in the form of near-visible shorter-wavelength higher-energy ultraviolet radiation passes through glass largely unimpeded .   When this radiation strikes objects the energy is absorbed and then re-emitted in the form of longer-wavelength infra-red radiation that does not pass through glass as readily . Hence heat becomes trapped and builds up in an enclosed structure with high internal heat capacity and glass surfaces that face the sun   How effectively objects absorb and shed radiant heat depends on a number of factors ; how dark they are in colour , how directly the surface of the object is opposed to the angle of the radiation striking it , how matte or reflective its surface is , the heat capacity of the object , and the surface conductivity of the object .  For Trombe walls to work effectively they are made from high heat capacity materials such as concrete or water , whose surface is dark and matte in colour and placed in direct opposition to the sun striking them .   The clearer the glass in front of a Trombe wall appears in the UV spectrum the more short wave radiation will penetrate and the more reflective or non transparent the glass appears in the infra-red spectrum the less re-emitted heat will be escape .

negative: Radiation In physics , radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium . This includes :   electromagnetic radiation , such as radio waves , microwaves , visible light , x-rays , and gamma radiation  particle radiation , such as alpha radiation , beta radiation , and neutron radiation ( particles of non-zero rest energy )  acoustic radiation , such as ultrasound , sound , and seismic waves ( dependent on a physical transmission medium )  gravitational radiation , radiation that takes the form of gravitational waves , or ripples in the curvature of spacetime .   Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles . Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 eV , which is enough to ionize atoms and molecules , and break chemical bonds . This is an important distinction due to the large difference in harmfulness to living organisms . A common source of ionizing radiation is radioactive materials that emit α , β , or γ radiation , consisting of helium nuclei , electrons or positrons , and photons , respectively . Other sources include X-rays from medical radiography examinations and muons , mesons , positrons , neutrons and other particles that constitute the secondary cosmic rays that are produced after primary cosmic rays interact with Earth 's atmosphere .   Gamma rays , X-rays and the higher energy range of ultraviolet light constitute the ionizing part of the electromagnetic spectrum . The lower-energy , longer-wavelength part of the spectrum including visible light , infrared light , microwaves , and radio waves is non-ionizing ; its main effect when interacting with tissue is heating . This type of radiation only damages cells if the intensity is high enough to cause excessive heating . Ultraviolet radiation has some features of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation . While the part of the ultraviolet spectrum that penetrates the Earth 's atmosphere is non-ionizing , this radiation does far more damage to many molecules in biological systems than can be accounted for by heating effects , sunburn being a well-known example . These properties derive from ultraviolet 's power to alter chemical bonds , even without having quite enough energy to ionize atoms .   The word radiation arises from the phenomenon of waves radiating ( i.e. , traveling outward in all directions ) from a source . This aspect leads to a system of measurements and physical units that are applicable to all types of radiation . Because such radiation expands as it passes through space , and as its energy is conserved ( in vacuum ) , the intensity of all types of radiation from a point source follows an inverse-square law in relation to the distance from its source . This law does not apply close to an extended source of radiation or for focused beams .

negative: Transfer of energy Transfer of energy may refer to :   Energy transformation , the process of changing one form of energy to another  Heat transfer , the exchange of thermal energy via conduction , convection and radiation  Collision , an event in which two or more bodies exert forces on each other over a relatively short time  Wireless power transfer , the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load , without the use of man-made conductors  Transfer of energy from one place to another :  Electric power transmission , the bulk movement of electrical energy from a power plant to an electrical substation  District heating , a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial space heating and water heating

negative: HD 114729 b HD 114729 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 114 light years away in the constellation of Centaurus . This planet is probably slightly less massive than Jupiter . It is an `` eccentric Jupiter '' meaning that it does not orbit very near the star like the famous 51 Pegasi b but further out and its orbit is very oval-shaped . The mean distance from the star is 2.11 AU , about twice the Earth 's distance from the Sun . At periastron , the planet is only 1.43 AU from the star ( comparable to the distance of Mars from the Sun ) , and at apoastron , the orbital distance is 2.72 AU ( inner asteroid belt ) .

negative: Balance point temperature The building balance point temperature is the outdoor air temperature when the heat gains of the building are equal to the heat losses . Internal heat sources due to electric lighting , mechanical equipment , body heat , and solar radiation may offset the need for additional heating although the outdoor temperature may be below the thermostat set-point temperature . The building balance point temperature is the base temperature necessary to calculate heating degree day to anticipate the annual energy demand to heat a building . The balance point temperature is a consequence of building design and function rather than outdoor weather conditions .

negative: Stirling engine A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas ( the working fluid ) at different temperatures , such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work . More specifically , the Stirling engine is a closed-cycle regenerative heat engine with a permanently gaseous working fluid . Closed-cycle , in this context , means a thermodynamic system in which the working fluid is permanently contained within the system , and regenerative describes the use of a specific type of internal heat exchanger and thermal store , known as the regenerator . The inclusion of a regenerator differentiates the Stirling engine from other closed cycle hot air engines .   Originally conceived in 1816 as an industrial prime mover to rival the steam engine , its practical use was largely confined to low-power domestic applications for over a century .   Stirling engines have a high efficiency compared to steam engines , being able to reach 50 % efficiency . They are also capable of quiet operation and can use almost any heat source . The heat energy source is generated external to the Stirling engine rather than by internal combustion as with the Otto cycle or Diesel cycle engines . Because the Stirling engine is compatible with alternative and renewable energy sources it could become increasingly significant as the price of conventional fuels rises , and also in light of concerns such as depletion of oil supplies and climate change . This type of engine is currently generating interest as the core component of micro combined heat and power ( CHP ) units , in which it is more efficient and safer than a comparable steam engine . However , it has a low power-to-weight ratio , rendering it more suitable for use in static installations where space and weight are not at a premium .

negative: Climate model Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the important drivers of climate , including atmosphere , oceans , land surface and ice . They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the climate system to projections of future climate .   All climate models take account of incoming energy from the sun as short wave electromagnetic radiation , chiefly visible and short-wave ( near ) infrared , as well as outgoing long wave ( far ) infrared electromagnetic . Any imbalance results in a change in temperature .   Models vary in complexity :  A simple radiant heat transfer model treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy  This can be expanded vertically ( radiative-convective models ) and/or horizontally  Finally , ( coupled ) atmosphere -- ocean -- sea ice global climate models solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange .  Box models can treat flows across and within ocean basins .  Other types of modelling can be interlinked , such as land use , allowing researchers to predict the interaction between climate and ecosystems .

negative: Recycled fuel Fuel made of residues as CO2 produced by using a primary fuel .   For example , CO2 pollution in the atmosphere , produced by petrol burning or other sources , can be extracted to produce fuel through an artificial photosynthesis based in nanotechnology , which helps to mitigate pollution , climate change and energy issues .

negative: Distant minor planet The term distant minor planet is used by the International Astronomical Union 's Minor Planet Center to refer collectively to those minor planets found in the outer Solar System that are not commonly thought of as `` asteroids '' . Included are the populations centaurs , Neptune trojans , and trans-Neptunian objects . All distant objects have a semi-major axis ( average distance from the Sun ) greater than 6 AU , which is just beyond the planet Jupiter .

negative: Jupiter (disambiguation) Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun .   Jupiter or Jupiters may also refer to :

negative: Automotive thermoelectric generator An automotive thermoelectric generator ( ATEG ) is a device that converts some of the waste heat of an internal combustion engine ( IC ) into electricity using the Seebeck Effect . A typical ATEG consists of four main elements : A hot-side heat exchanger , a cold-side heat exchanger , thermoelectric materials , and a compression assembly system . ATEGs can convert waste heat from an engine 's coolant or exhaust into electricity . By reclaiming this otherwise lost energy , ATEGs decrease fuel consumed by the electric generator load on the engine . However , the cost of the unit and the extra fuel consumed due to its weight must be also considered .

negative: Avedøre Power Station The Avedøre Power Station ( Avedøreværket ) is a combined heat and power station , located in Avedøre , Denmark , just south of Copenhagen , and is owned by DONG Energy A/S . Avedøre Power Plant is a high-technology facility and one of the world 's most efficient of its kind , being able to utilize as much as 94 % of the energy in the fuel and convert 49 % of the fuel energy into electricity . Apart from using coal , petroleum ( oil ) and natural gas , the plant runs on a wide variety of biomass fuels such as straw and wood pellets . The plant consists of two units with a total capacity of 793 MW of electricity and 918 MW of heat . The combination of producing electricity ( combined heat and power ) and heat for district heating at the same time is widely used in Denmark and the rest of Scandinavia , due to the need of domestic ( and industrial ) heating together with the Danish energy companies putting a big effort into optimising the energy plants .   The Avedøre Power Station was designed by the architects Claus Bjarrum and Jørgen Hauxner .

negative: WASP-15 WASP-15 is a magnitude 11 star located about 1000 light-years away in the constellation Hydra . The star , which is more massive , larger , hotter , and more luminous than the Sun , is also less metal-rich than the Sun . WASP-15 has one known planet in its orbit , WASP-15b ; the planet is a Hot Jupiter with an anomalously high radius , a phenomenon which may be explained by the presence of an internal heat source . The star was first observed by the SuperWASP program in 2006 ; future measurements in 2007 and 2008 , as well as follow-up observations and analysis , eventually led to the discovery of WASP-15b using the transit method and Doppler spectroscopy .

negative: Co-benefits of climate change mitigation Co-benefits of climate change mitigation as defined in the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are the positive benefits related to the reduction of greenhouse gases . Examples of such climate mitigation policies include improved energy efficiency of plants , renewable energy uptake and fuel switching which might enable a range of co-benefits such as air-pollution impacts , technological innovation , energy-supply security through increased energy diversity , reduced fuel cost and employment possibilities .

negative: Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) published a special report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation ( SRREN ) on May 9 , 2011 . The report developed under the leadership of Ottmar Edenhofer evaluates the global potential for using renewable energy to mitigate climate change . This IPCC special report provides broader coverage of renewable energy than was included in the IPCC 's 2007 climate change assessment report , as well as stronger renewable energy policy coverage .   Renewable energy can contribute to `` social and economic development , energy access , secure energy supply , climate change mitigation , and the reduction of negative environmental and health impacts '' . Under favourable circumstances , cost savings in comparison to non-renewable energy use exist .

negative: Energy in Australia Energy in Australia includes energy and electricity production , consumption and export in Australia . Energy policy of Australia describes the politics of Australia as it relates to energy .   Australia is a net energy exporter , and was the fourth-highest coal producer in the world in 2009 .   Historically -- and until recent times -- energy in Australia was sourced largely from coal and natural gas , however due to the increasing effects of global warming and human-induced climate change on the global environment , there has been a greater shift towards renewable energy such as solar power and wind power both in Australia and abroad . This in turn has led to a decrease in the demand of coal worldwide .

negative: Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility ( ARM Climate Research Facility ) is a United States Department of Energy scientific user facility for the study of global climate change by the national and international research community .   The ARM Climate Research Facility consists of global observation sites and research aircraft that measure radiative properties of the atmosphere , particularly cloud and aerosol formation processes . Continuous data from these sites , as well as supplemental data obtained through intensive field research campaigns , are available to scientists online through the ARM Data Archive . ARM is collaboratively managed by nine DOE national laboratories .

negative: Michelle Patron Michelle Naomi ( Billig ) Patron ( born 1974 ) is an energy policy expert who currently serves in the White House as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for energy and climate change on the U.S. National Security Staff .   Patron received her bachelor 's degree from Columbia University and her master 's degree in international studies from Johns Hopkins University in 1999 .   From 1999 to 2003 , Patron was an international policy advisor at the U.S. Department of Energy , advising on relations with major energy producing and consuming countries and designing strategies to address climate change , energy security , and market reform . During 2001 , she served as Energy Attach ¨ at the U.S. Embassy in Beijing .   Patron was an International Affairs Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in 2003-2004 and conducted energy research at Deutsche Bank in New York . She also worked at the International Energy Agency and the Center for International Environmental Law .   In 2004 , Patron moved to PIRA ( Petroleum Industry Research Associates ) Energy Group , an energy consulting firm in New York , where she was senior director , managing a research service that tracked global political and regulatory developments and assessing their impact on energy markets . She was at the same time an adjunct professor at New York University 's Center for Global  Affairs .   Patron is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has written for Foreign Affairs , Financial Times , and the Los Angeles Times .

negative: Geothermal energy Geothermal energy is heat energy generated and stored in the Earth . Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter . The geothermal energy of the Earth 's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials ( in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions ) . The geothermal gradient , which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface , drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface . The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots γη ( ge ) , meaning earth , and θερμος ( thermos ) , meaning hot .   Earth 's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth 's formation . Temperatures at the core -- mantle boundary may reach over 4000 ° C ( 7,200 ° F ) . The high temperature and pressure in Earth 's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically , resulting in portions of the mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock . Rock and water is heated in the crust , sometimes up to 370 ° C ( 700 ° F ) .   From hot springs , geothermal energy has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times , but it is now better known for electricity generation . Worldwide , 11,700 megawatts ( MW ) of geothermal power is online in 2013 . An additional 28 gigawatts of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district heating , space heating , spas , industrial processes , desalination and agricultural applications as of 2010 .   Geothermal power is cost-effective , reliable , sustainable , and environmentally friendly , but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries . Recent technological advances have dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources , especially for applications such as home heating , opening a potential for widespread exploitation . Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth , but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels .   The Earth 's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity 's energy needs , but only a very small fraction may be profitably exploited . Drilling and exploration for deep resources is very expensive . Forecasts for the future of geothermal power depend on assumptions about technology , energy prices , subsidies , plate boundary movement and interest rates . Pilot programs like EWEB 's customer opt in Green Power Program show that customers would be willing to pay a little more for a renewable energy source like geothermal . But as a result of government assisted research and industry experience , the cost of generating geothermal power has decreased by 25 % over the past two decades . In 2001 , geothermal energy costs between two and ten US cents per kWh .


query: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

positive: Retreat of glaciers since 1850 The retreat of glaciers since 1850 affects the availability of fresh water for irrigation and domestic use , mountain recreation , animals and plants that depend on glacier-melt , and , in the longer term , the level of the oceans . Studied by glaciologists , the temporal coincidence of glacier retreat with the measured increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases is often cited as an evidentiary underpinning of global warming . Mid-latitude mountain ranges such as the Himalayas , Alps , Rocky Mountains , Cascade Range , and the southern Andes , as well as isolated tropical summits such as Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa , are showing some of the largest proportionate glacial losses .   Glacier mass balance is the key determinant of the health of a glacier . If the amount of frozen precipitation in the accumulation zone exceeds the quantity of glacial ice lost due to melting or in the ablation zone a glacier will advance ; if the accumulation is less than the ablation , the glacier will retreat . Glaciers in retreat will have negative mass balances , and if they do not find an equilibrium between accumulation and ablation , will eventually disappear .   The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the present . Subsequently , until about 1940 , glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed substantially . Glacial retreat slowed and even reversed temporarily , in many cases , between 1950 and 1980 as global temperatures cooled slightly . Since 1980 , a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous , so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether , and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened . In locations such as the Andes of South America and Himalayas in Asia , the demise of glaciers in these regions has the potential to affect water supplies in those areas .   The retreat of mountain glaciers , notably in western North America , Asia , the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America , Africa and Indonesia , provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century . The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level , which would affect coastal regions .

positive: Physical impacts of climate change This article is about the physical impacts of climate change . For some of these physical impacts , their effect on social and economic systems are also described .   This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC . In their usage , `` climate change '' refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties , and that persists for extended periods , typically decades or longer ( IPCC , 2007d :30 ) . The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes and/or the result of human activity .

positive: West Antarctic Ice Sheet The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet ( WAIS ) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West ( or Lesser ) Antarctica , the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere . The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet , meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves . The WAIS is bounded by the Ross Ice Shelf , the Ronne Ice Shelf , and outlet glaciers that drain into the Amundsen Sea .   It is estimated that the volume of the Antarctic ice sheet is about 25.4 million km3 ( 6.1 million cu mi ) , and the WAIS contains just under 10 % of this , or 2.2 million km3 ( 530,000 cu mi ) . The weight of the ice has caused the underlying rock to sink by between 0.5 and 1 kilometres ( 0.31 -- 0.62 mi ) in a process known as isostatic depression .   Under the force of its own weight , the ice sheet deforms and flows . The interior ice flows slowly over rough bedrock . In some circumstances , ice can flow faster in ice streams , separated by slow-flowing ice ridges . The inter-stream ridges are frozen to the bed while the bed beneath the ice streams consists of water-saturated sediments . Many of these sediments were deposited before the ice sheet occupied the region , when much of West Antarctica was covered by the ocean . The rapid ice-stream flow is a non-linear process still not fully understood ; streams can start and stop for unclear reasons .   When ice reaches the coast , it either calves or continues to flow outward onto the water . The result is a large , floating ice shelf affixed to the continent .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Cache Col Glacier Cache Col Glacier is in North Cascades National Park in the U.S. state of Washington , on the east slope of Mix-up Peak . Cache Col Glacier retreated nearly 100 m between 1950 and 2005 . Cache Col Glacier is 1 mi northwest of Yawning Glacier .

negative: Hidden Creek Glacier Hidden Creek Glacier is in North Cascades National Park in the U.S. state of Washington and is on the northwest slope of Hagan Mountain . Retreat of this glacier from 1979 to 2005 exposed several rock outcroppings in the middle of the glacier . The terminus of Hidden Creek Glacier only retreated 50 m between 1979 and 2011 , however the increase in area of exposed rock outcroppings in the middle of the glacier indicates rapid thinning .

negative: Grant Glacier Grant Glacier is located in the US state of Montana in Flathead National Forest . The glacier is situated in a cirque and lies below the east slopes of Mount Grant ( 8590 ft ) . Grant Glacier is 1 mi southeast of Stanton Glacier and both 5 mi west of Glacier National Park ( U.S. ) . Images taken of the glacier in 1902 and from the same vantage point in 1998 indicate that the glacier retreated substantially during the 20th Century .

negative: ISAE 3000 ISAE 3000 is the standard for assurance over non-financial information . ISAE 3000 is issued by the International Federation of Accountants ( IFAC ) . The standard consists of guidelines for the ethical behavior , quality management and performance of an ISAE 3000 engagement .   Generally ISAE 3000 is applied for audits of internal control , sustainability and compliance with laws and regulations . ISAE 3402 assurance engagements also should be performed in accordance with the ISAE 3000 standard .   ISAE 3000 recognizes two types of reports , a type 1 and a type 2 report . A type 1 report provides assurance on the suitability of design and existence of controls and type 2 report provides assurance on suitability of design , existence and operational effectiveness .

negative: Canyons of the Teton Range The canyons of the Teton Range lie almost entirely within Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming . Ranging from 9 mi to less than 1 mi in length and up to 6000 ft deep , the canyons were carved primarily by glaciers over the past 250,000 years . The canyons in the Teton Range descend in altitude generally west to east and many have lakes at their outlets . The lakes were created by terminal moraines left behind by the now retreated glaciers . A few of the canyons have small glaciers that were created mostly during the Little Ice Age ( 1550-1850 ) . Fast retreating Schoolroom Glacier is a tiny glacier located at the head of the South Cascade Canyon . Most of the canyons have streams from which rain and snowmelt flow towards Jackson Hole valley , and due to the sometimes rapid altitude descent , waterfalls are common . The canyons offer the easiest hiking access into the Teton Range .

negative: Boston Glacier Boston Glacier is located in a large cirque below several mountain peaks in North Cascades National Park in the U.S. state of Washington . The glacier is approximately 1 mi long but nearly 3.5 mi wide and is the largest glacier in North Cascades National Park . Extending in an arc from the north of Forbidden Peak , the glacier is also flanked by Boston Peak to the southwest and Buckner Mountain at its eastern margin . Between Boston Peak and Buckner Mountain , the glacier lies below the arête known as Ripsaw Ridge . Another arete extending between Boston Mountain and Forbidden Peak and further north separate Boston Glacier from the nearly adjoining Quien Sabe and Forbidden Glaciers . Boston Glacier has been in an overall state of retreat since the end of the Little Ice Age around the year 1850 . A moderate advance occurred between 1950 and the mid-1970s however the retreat resumed and between the years 1972 and 2006 the glacier terminus retreated 1470 ft.

negative: Lower Fremont Glacier Lower Fremont Glacier is east of the Continental Divide in the northern Wind River Range in the U.S. state of Wyoming . The glacier is in the Fitzpatrick Wilderness of Shoshone National Forest , and is among the largest grouping of glaciers in the American Rocky Mountains . Lower Fremont Glacier flows to the southeast and the rapid retreat of this glacier has left behind lateral moraines and a proglacial lake . Lower Fremont Glacier is separated from the Bull Lake Glacier by a moraine and from the Upper Fremont Glacier by cliffs .

negative: Eliot Glacier Eliot Glacier is a glacier on the northeastern slopes of Mount Hood in the U.S. state of Oregon . Researchers have reported that Eliot Glacier covered an area of 395 acres in 2004 but had retreated 680 m since 1901 , though that decline was less than all but one other glacier on Mount Hood . The glacier 's situation on a northeast slope , its higher altitude accumulation zone close to the summit of Mount Hood and its high level of talus debris may explain its slower retreat .

negative: Heard Island glaciers The Heard Island glaciers covered 79 percent of Heard Island itself , in 1947 , covering 288 km2 ; by 1988 , this had decreased by 11 percent to 257 km2 . The glaciers fall under the Antarctic Environmental Gradient , which spans 30 degrees of latitude and includes a range of macro-climatic zones from cool temperate islands to the frigid and arid Antarctic continent . Glaciers extend from 2745 m to sea level , with ice up to 150 m deep.The geologic movement of the glaciers can appear fast-flowing due to the steep slope and high precipitation , and are particularly sensitive to climatic fluctuations . Measurements between 1947 and 1980 show glacial retreat , particularly on the eastern flanks , is correlated with changes in weather patterns .   A 29 % reduction in area of the Brown Glacier from 1947-2003 was observed . The volcano Big Ben , from which all the glaciers drain , has shown no sign of changing geothermal output to cause the melting ; a 1 degree Celsius warming has occurred over the same time period . Glaciologists continue to study the Brown Glacier , detailing surveys of the glacier 's snout and surface , which determine if glacial retreat is rapid or punctuated .   Measurements on the mass balance of the glacier , as well as more detailed ice thickness measurements using a portable radar echo sounder , were undertaken . Monitoring of climatic conditions continues , with emphasis on the impact of Foehn winds on glacier mass balance .   An expedition by scientists from the Australian Antarctic Division recently visited the volcanic island in 2009 , observing glaciers that had retreated 50 metres in three years . Repairs were made to an automatic weather station established in November 2000 .   Glaciologist Dr. Ian Allison cites that the latest aerial surveys that show continuous rapid melt and that satellite imagery shows the island double in size due to volcanic activity .

negative: Independent Police Complaints Council The Independent Police Complaints Council ( IPCC , ) is a civilian body of the Government of Hong Kong , part of the two-tier system in which the Hong Kong Police Force investigates complaints made by the public against its members and the IPCC monitors those investigations .   The IPCC was created as an independent body to monitor the review by the Complaints Against Police Office ( CAPO ) of complaints against members of the Police Force . Unlike CAPO , which is a unit of the police force , the IPCC is a civilian body not linked with the police that reports directly to the office of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong .   The IPCC was created in 1994 and succeeded an earlier independent review body , the Police Complaints Committee or PCC , to investigate police . The PCC was created in 1986 and reported to the then Governor of Hong Kong .   The IPCC is headed by a Secretariat and is governed by The Independent Police Complaints Council ( IPCC ) Ordinance , which enacted in July 2008 . On 1 June 2009 , after the ordinance came into operation , the Chinese official name of IPCC was changed from '' 投訴警方獨立監察委員會 '' to '' 獨立監察警方處理投訴委員會 '' and the English name remain .   There have been criticisms in LegCo that the IPCC has limited monitoring power .

negative: Indentation (typesetting) __ FORCETOC __  In the written form of many languages , an indentation is an empty space at the beginning of a line to signal the start of a new paragraph . Many computer languages have adopted this technique to designate `` paragraphs '' or other logical blocks in the program .   For example , the following lines are indented , using between one and six spaces :   This paragraph is indented by 1 space .   This paragraph is indented by 3 spaces .   This paragraph is indented by 6 spaces .   In computer programming , the neologisms outdent and unindent are used to describe the reversal of the indentation process , realigning text with the page margin ( or with previous , lesser , levels of indentation ) .   In right-to-left languages ( e.g. Hebrew and Arabic ) , indentation is used just the same , but from the right margin of the paper , where the line begins .

negative: Lewis Glacier (Oregon) Lewis Glacier is in the U.S. state of Oregon . The glacier is situated in the Cascade Range at an elevation generally above 9000 ft. Lewis Glacier is on the southeast slopes of South Sister , an inactive stratovolcano . Since its last maximum extent during the Little Ice Age ( 1350 -- 1850 A.D. ) where it descended to an elevation of 6447 ft , the glacier has been in a general state of retreat and the terminus of the glacier was reported in 2005 to be at approximately 8790 ft.

negative: Portage Lake (Alaska) Portage Lake is a glacial lake in the Chugach National Forest of Alaska . It sits in a long , heavily glaciated valley , and abuts the calving face of Portage Glacier at its southern end . The lake has only become visible since approximately 1914 , with the rapid retreat of Portage Glacier .

negative: Book of Discipline (United Methodist) The Book of Discipline constitutes the law and doctrine of the United Methodist Church . It follows similar works for its predecessor denominations .   It was originally published in 1784 , in the Methodist Episcopal Church , and has been published every four years thereafter following the meeting of the General Conference , which passes legislation that is included in the Book of Discipline . The most recent edition is that of 2016 .   The basic unit of reference is the paragraph , not the page , chapter or section . The paragraphs are numbered consecutively within each chapter or section , but numbers are skipped between chapters or sections . The paragraph is often only a few lines , but many are several pages long and they can be divided into multiple subdivisions . Paragraphs are first divided using Arabic numerals ( 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ) which can themselves be divided by italicized lower case letters with parentheses ( a ) , b ) , c ) , d ) ... ) which may be divided using Arabic numerals within double parentheses ( ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ... )   Traditionally a list of all the bishops with the year of their election is at the beginning of the book . That is followed by a brief history of the church , then the church constitution , and a statement concerning the doctrine and theology of the church . The Social Principles of the church follow . Finally the legislative section , by far the largest part of The Discipline , appears .

negative: Gary Yohe Gary Wynn Yohe is the Huffington Foundation Professor of Economics and Environmental Studies at Wesleyan University , Middletown , Connecticut . He holds a PhD from Yale University .   Yohe specializes in Microeconomic theory , Natural Resources , and Environmental Economics . He is a researcher on the economics of climate change and integrated assessment modelling . Among other works , he is an editor of the book `` Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change '' and co-author ( with Edwin Mansfield ) of `` Microeconomics | Microeconomics : Theory and Applications '' . He is a senior member of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) that was awarded a share of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore . He has been involved with the IPCC since the mid-1990s , has served , among other capacities , as a Lead Author for four different chapters in the IPCC Third Assessment Report , and as Convening Lead Author for the last chapter of the contribution of Working Group II to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report . Yohe also worked with the Core Writing Team to prepare the overall Synthesis Report for the entire Assessment .   Yohe is also a member of the New York City Panel on Climate Change and the standing Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change of the National Academy of Sciences . He is also a standing member of the National Academy of Sciences ' Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change . He was a vice-chair of the Third National Climate Assessment .   He is one of the four co-signers of an open letter , dated March 12 , 2010 , regarding possible errors in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and regularly advises the US government .

negative: Intrado Intrado Inc. provides 9-1-1 and emergency communications infrastructure , systems and services to telecommunications service providers and government public safety agencies in the United States and worldwide . Over 200 million calls are made to 9-1-1 annually . Intrado 's customers include all major U.S. wireline , wireless and VoIP carriers , as well as municipalities and over 3000 public safety agencies .

negative: Neumayer Glacier Neumayer Glacier is a glacier , 8 nautical miles ( 15 km ) long and 2 nautical miles ( 3.7 km ) wide , which flows east along the north flank of the Allardyce Range to the west side of the head of Cumberland West Bay , South Georgia . Charted by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenskiöld , 1901 -- 04 , and named for Georg von Neumayer .   Between 2005 and 2009 , the glacier retreated 1 km .

negative: Icy Bay (Alaska) Icy Bay is a body of water in southeast Alaska , formed in the last 100 years by the rapid retreat of the Guyot , Yahtse , and Tyndall Glaciers . It is part of the Wrangell-Saint Elias Wilderness .   At the beginning of the 20th century , the bay entrance was permanently blocked by a giant tidewater glacier face that calved icebergs directly into the Gulf of Alaska . A century-long glacial retreat has opened a multi-armed bay more than 30 miles long .   Icy Bay is popular destination for sea kayakers , and is reachable by bush plane from Yakutat .

negative: Knife Point Glacier Knife Point Glacier is on the east side Continental Divide in the northern Wind River Range in the U.S. state of Wyoming . The glacier is in the Fitzpatrick Wilderness of Shoshone National Forest , and is among the largest grouping of glaciers in the American Rocky Mountains . Knife Point Glacier flows to the north and starts below the summit of Knife Point Mountain ( 13001 mi ) .   Along with other glaciers in the Wind River Range , Knife Point Glacier 's rapid retreat since the end of the Little Ice Age in 1850 has exposed the remains of numerous specimens of the now believed to be extinct Rocky Mountain locust ( Melanoplus spretus ) and other related species .

negative: Ermine Glacier Ermine Glacier is located on north slopes of Glacier Peak in the U.S. state of Washington . As is true with all the glaciers found on Glacier Peak , Ermine Glacier is retreating . During the Little Ice Age , Ermine Glacier extended down to an altitude of 4400 ft and was connected to Vista Glacier to its west . From the end of the Little Ice Age to the mid-1950s , Ermine Glacier experienced a general retreat upslope , followed by an advance during a cooler and wetter period until the mid-1970s . However , between 1992 and 2005 , Ermine Glacier again retreated 308 m.

negative: Credner Glacier Credner Glacier is on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania , on the northwest slope of the peak and is a remnant of an icecap which once crowned the top of Mount Kilimanjaro . The glacier is situated at an elevation of between 5800 and . Credner Glacier is one of the largest glaciers on the mountain and descends from the Northern Ice Field . Credner is rapidly retreating due to its high exposure point on the northwest slope of Mount Kilimanjaro . A report published in 2013 indicated that in another decade the glacier may no longer exist .

negative: Scimitar Glacier Scimitar Glacier is located on the west and northwest slopes of Glacier Peak in the U.S. state of Washington . As is true with all the glaciers found on Glacier Peak , Scimitar Glacier is retreating . During the Little Ice Age Scimitar Glacier was connected to Kennedy Glacier to the north . From about 1850 to 1946 , the glacier retreated 5250 ft , but advanced 1738 ft during a colder and wetter period lasting until about 1980 . Scimitar Glacier has retreated since , but due to the thickness of the ice at the terminus , had not lost much of its length through the year 2005 .

negative: Luna Lake (Washington) Luna Lake is located in North Cascades National Park , in the U. S. state of Washington . Situated 1 mi southwest of Luna Peak which is the tallest mountain in the rugged Picket Range , Luna Lake is a proglacial lake impounded by the moraine of a retreated glacier .

negative: Emphasis of matter Emphasis of matter is a type of paragraph in , or section of , an auditors ' report on financial statements . Such a paragraph is added to indicate a significant uncertainty or other matter , which is disclosed appropriately in the notes forming part of the financial statements , but which the auditor considers is significant or important enough to warrant a mention in their report .   An emphasis of matter paragraph does not qualify the auditors ' opinion ; in fact , such paragraphs typically begin by stating Without qualifying our report ...   Under the framework of the International Standards on Auditing ( ISA ) , the emphasis of matter paragraph / section is placed after the opinion paragraph ( and , consequently , towards the end of the report ) , in the auditor 's report .   Category : Auditing

negative: North Guardian Glacier North Guardian Glacier is located on east slopes of Glacier Peak in the U.S. state of Washington . The glacier descends from 8600 ft to 6430 ft and is partially connected to Chocolate Glacier which lies to its south . As is true with all the glaciers found on Glacier Peak , North Guardian Glacier is retreating . North Guardian Glacier retreated approximately 1500 m between 1850 and 1946 , however during a cooler and wetter period from about 1950 to 1979 , the glacier advanced modestly . Since then North Guardian Glacier resumed retreating and thinning and by 2005 the glacier had returned to its minimum length as recorded in 1946 .

negative: Lyell Glacier Lyell Glacier is in the Sierra Nevada of California . The glacier was discovered by John Muir in 1871 , and was the largest glacier in Yosemite National Park . It lies on the northern slopes of Mount Lyell .   The glacier has retreated since the end of the Little Ice Age in the mid-19th century . During the mid-20th Century , the glacier split into two smaller glaciers occupying the high cirques of Mount Lyell .  Since 1883 , the glacier area has retreated up to 70 percent . Another glacier , the Maclure Glacier on nearby Mount Maclure , has also retreated significantly .   According to a study in 2013 , today the Lyell is no longer a glacier , having lost any movement and thus it should be considered an ice field .

negative: List of environmental reports This is a list of notable environmental reports . In this context they relate to the impacts of human activity on the environment .   City-level Decoupling : Urban Resource Flows and the Governance of Infrastructure Transitions - by the International Resource Panel  Clean Energy Trends - a series of reports by Clean Edge - beginning in 2002  Copeland Report - for the U.S. government , completed in 1933  Copenhagen Diagnosis - written by twenty-six climate scientists from eight countries  Dioxin Reassessment Report - by the United States Environmental Protection Agency  Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport ( `` Leopold Report '' ) - United States Department of the Interior ( 1969 )  Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles - by the International Resource Panel  Forest Principles - United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED )  The Global 2000 Report to the President - Council on Environmental Quality ( 1981 )  Global Environment Outlook - United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP )  Hirsch report ( Peaking of World Oil Production : Impacts , Mitigation , and Risk Management ) - United States Department of Energy  Index of Leading Environmental Indicators - Pacific Research Institute  IPCC First Assessment Report - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC )  IPCC supplementary report , 1992 - IPCC  IPCC Second Assessment Report - IPCC  IPCC Third Assessment Report Climate Change 2001 - IPCC ( 2001 )  IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Climate Change 2007 - IPCC ( 2007 )  IPCC Fifth Assessment Report ( 2014 )  Leopold Report ( `` Wildlife Management in the National Parks '' ) - Special Advisory Board on Wildlife Management ( 1963 )  Livestock 's Long Shadow - Environmental Issues and Options - United Nations ( 2006 )  Living Planet Report - WWF , every two years  Making Sweden an Oil-Free Society - Government of Sweden ( 2006 )  Meat Atlas - published by the Heinrich Böll Foundation and Friends of the Earth Europe  Nuclear Power and the Environment - UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution - 1976  Our Common Future - World Commission on Environment and Development ( 1987 )  Outlook On Renewable Energy In America ( 2 volumes ) - American Council on Renewable Energy - 2007  Phase I Environmental Site Assessment - generic  Planning Policy Statement 10 : Planning for Sustainable Waste Management ( PPS 10 ) - British Government  Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation - United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) - planned for 2010  Report of the Royal Commission on Genetic Modification - Royal Commission on Genetic Modification ( 2001 )  State of the Climate - NOAA/NCDC ( published annually )  The State of the World - Worldwatch Institute ( published yearly since 1984 )  Wegman Report - to validate criticisms of reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years  Windscale : Britain 's Biggest Nuclear Disaster ( 2007 )  World Climate Report - Greening Earth Society  The World 's 25 Most Endangered Primates - selected and published by the IUCN Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group ( IUCN/SSC PSG ) , the International Primatological Society ( IPS ) , and Conservation International ( CI )

negative: Cool Glacier Cool Glacier is located on east slopes of Glacier Peak in the U.S. state of Washington . The glacier descends from 10200 ft to 6900 ft and is partially connected to Chocolate Glacier which lies to its north just below the summit of Glacier Peak . As is true with all the glaciers found on Glacier Peak , Cool Glacier is retreating . Cool Glacier retreated approximately 1500 m between 1850 and 1946 , however during a cooler and wetter period from about 1950 to 1979 , the glacier advanced . Since then Cool Glacier resumed retreating and by 2005 the glacier was within 40 m of its minimum length recorded in 1946 .

negative: Widows and orphans In typesetting , widows and orphans are lines at the beginning or end of a paragraph , which are left dangling at the top or bottom of a column , separated from the rest of the paragraph . There is some disagreement about the definitions of widow and orphan ; what one source calls a widow another calls an orphan . The Chicago Manual of Style uses these definitions :   Widow A paragraph-ending line that falls at the beginning of the following page or column , thus separated from the rest of the text .  Orphan A paragraph-opening line that appears by itself at the bottom of a page or column , thus separated from the rest of the text .

negative: PageNet Founded in 1981 by entrepreneur George Perrin , PageNet ( Paging Network , Inc. ) grew to become the largest wireless messaging company in the world , with more than 10 million pagers in service and $ 1 billion in revenues , before the paging industry 's rapid decline in the late 1990s .

negative: Ptarmigan Glacier Ptarmigan Glacier is located on north slopes of Glacier Peak in the U.S. state of Washington . As is true with all the glaciers found on Glacier Peak , Ptarmigan Glacier is retreating . During the Little Ice Age , Ptarmigan Glacier extended down to an altitude of 4444 ft but aside from a small advance during the 1970s , has retreated significantly since the end of the Little Ice Age .

negative: Squak Glacier Squak Glacier is located on the southeast slopes of Mount Baker in the North Cascades of the U.S. state of Washington . Squak Glacier is connected to Easton Glacier to the east and Talum Glaciers to the west . Between 1850 and 1950 , Squak Glacier retreated 8202 ft. During a cooler and wetter period from 1950 to 1979 , the glacier advanced 305 ft but between 1980 and 2006 retreated back 869 ft.