query: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

positive: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum The Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum ( PETM ) , alternatively ( ETM1 ) , and formerly known as the `` Initial Eocene '' or '' '' was a time period with more than 8 ° C warmer global average temperature than today . This climate event began at the time boundary between the Paleocene and Eocene geological epochs . The exact age and duration of the event is uncertain but it is estimated to have occurred around 55.5 million years ago .   The associated period of massive carbon injection into the atmosphere has been estimated to have lasted no longer than 20,000 years . The entire warm period lasted for about 200,000 years . Global temperatures increased by 5 -- 8 ° C . The carbon dioxide was likely released in two pulses , the first lasting less than 2,000 years . Such a repeated carbon release is in line with current global warming . A main difference is that during the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum , the planet was essentially ice-free .   The onset of the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum has been linked to an initial 5 ° C temperature rise and to extreme changes in Earth 's carbon cycle . The period is marked by a prominent negative excursion in carbon stable isotope records from around the globe ; more specifically , there was a large decrease in 13C/12C ratio of marine and terrestrial carbonates and organic carbon .   Stratigraphic sections of rock from this period reveal numerous other changes . Fossil records for many organisms show major turnovers . For example , in the marine realm , a mass extinction of benthic foraminifera , a global expansion of subtropical dinoflagellates , and an appearance of excursion , planktic foraminifera and calcareous nanofossils all occurred during the beginning stages of PETM . On land , modern mammal orders ( including primates ) suddenly appear in Europe and in North America . Sediment deposition changed significantly at many outcrops and in many drill cores spanning this time interval .   At least since 1997 , the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum has become a focal point of considerable geoscience research because it probably provides the best past analog by which to understand impacts of global climate warming and of massive carbon input to the ocean and atmosphere , including ocean acidification . Although it is now widely accepted that the PETM represents a `` case study '' for global warming and massive carbon input to Earth 's surface , the cause , details and overall significance of the event remain perplexing .

positive: Sea level rise A sea level rise is an increase in the volume of water in the world 's oceans , resulting in an increase in global mean sea level . Sea level rise is usually attributed to global climate change by thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting of Ice sheets and glaciers on land . Melting of floating ice shelves or icebergs at sea raises sea levels only slightly .   Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average . Local factors might include tectonic effects , subsidence of the land , tides , currents , storms , etc. .  Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries . Because of the slow inertia , long response time for parts of the climate system , it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 m for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years . IPCC Summary for Policymakers , AR5 , 2014 , indicated that the global mean sea level rise will continue during the 21st century , very likely at a faster rate than observed from 1971 to 2010 . Projected rates and amounts vary . A January 2017 NOAA report suggests a range of GMSL rise of 0.3 -- 2.5 m possible during the 21st century .   Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems .

negative: Hypsometry Hypsometry ( from Greek ὕψος , hupsos , `` height '' and μέτρον , metron , `` measure '' ) is the measurement of land elevation relative to sea level . Bathymetry is the underwater equivalent . A hypsometer is an instrument used in hypsometry , which estimates the elevation by boiling water -- water boils at different temperatures depending on the air pressure , and thus altitude .   On Earth , the elevations can take on either positive or negative ( below sea level ) values , and are bimodal due to the contrast between the continents and oceans . On other planets within this solar system , elevations are typically unimodal , owing to the lack of oceans on those bodies .

negative: Sea ice Sea ice arises as seawater freezes . Because ice is less dense than water , it floats on the ocean 's surface ( as does fresh water ice , which has an even lower density ) . Sea ice covers about 7 % of the Earth 's surface and about 12 % of the world 's oceans . Much of the world 's sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent , a natural process upon which depends the Arctic ecology , including the ocean 's ecosystems . Due to the action of winds , currents and temperature fluctuations , sea ice is very dynamic , leading to a wide variety of ice types and features . Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs , which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean . Depending on location , sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs .

negative: Climate inertia Climate inertia describes the widespread inherent characteristic of the climate , ecological , and socio-economic systems . Inertia from anthropogenic impacts may be slow to become apparent , or could be irreversible if climate change crosses associated thresholds . Melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica take time to respond to the emissions of fossil fuel carbon in the climate system . The global warming also causes thermal inertia , thermal expansion of the oceans , which contributes to sea level rise . It has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 meters for each degree of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years .

negative: Regional effects of global warming Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

negative: Cap carbonate Cap carbonates are layers of distinctively textured carbonate rocks which typically form the uppermost layer of sedimentary sequences reflecting major glaciations in the geological record .   The rising temperatures , and increased oceanic surface area - due to reduced ice cover and rising sea levels - at the end of a glaciation increase the rate of precipitation .   High concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) must build up in the atmosphere to overcome the effect of the high reflectivity ( albedo ) of ice and allow temperatures to rise sufficiently to begin melting .   Increased precipitation dissolves carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , falling as a weak carbonic acid - acid rain .   This would weather exposed silicate and carbonate rock , including readily-attacked glacial debris , which would release large amounts of calcium . When washed into the ocean , these precipitate to form distinctively textured layers of carbonate sedimentary rock .   A heavily debated cap carbonate appears at the top of the Gaskiers glaciation , believed by many to be global in extent .

negative: Pressure system A pressure system is a relative peak or lull in the sea level pressure distribution . The surface pressure at sea level varies minimally , with the lowest value measured 87 kPa and the highest recorded 108.57 kPa . High - and low-pressure systems evolve due to interactions of temperature differentials in the atmosphere , temperature differences between the atmosphere and water within oceans and lakes , the influence of upper-level disturbances , as well as the amount of solar heating or radiationized cooling an area receives . Pressure systems cause weather to be experienced locally . Low-pressure systems are associated with clouds and precipitation that minimize temperature changes throughout the day , whereas high-pressure systems normally associate with dry weather and mostly clear skies with larger diurnal temperature changes due to greater radiation at night and greater sunshine during the day . Pressure systems are analyzed by those in the field of meteorology within surface weather maps .

negative: Fisheries and climate change Rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification are radically altering aquatic ecosystems . Climate change is modifying fish distribution and the productivity of marine and freshwater species . This has impacts on the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture , on the livelihoods of the communities that depend on fisheries , and on the ability of the oceans to capture and store carbon ( biological pump ) . The effect of sea level rise means that coastal fishing communities are in the front line of climate change , while changing rainfall patterns and water use impact on inland ( freshwater ) fisheries and aquaculture .

negative: Climate sensitivity Climate sensitivity is the equilibrium temperature change in response to changes of the radiative forcing . Therefore , climate sensitivity depends on the initial climate state , but potentially can be accurately inferred from precise palaeoclimate data . Slow climate feedbacks , especially changes of ice sheet size and atmospheric CO2 , amplify the total Earth system sensitivity by an amount that depends on the time scale considered .   Although climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , it is thought of as a general property of the climate system : the change in surface air temperature ( ΔTs ) following a unit change in radiative forcing ( RF ) , and thus is expressed in units of ° C / ( W/m2 ) . For this to be useful , the measure must be independent of the nature of the forcing ( e.g. from greenhouse gases or solar variation ) ; to first order this is indeed found to be so .   The climate sensitivity specifically due to is often expressed as the temperature change in ° C associated with a doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere .   For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models ( e.g. CMIP5 ) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter , but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters . By contrast , simpler energy-balance models may have climate sensitivity as an explicit parameter .   The terms represented in the equation relate radiative forcing ( RF ) to linear changes in global surface temperature change ( ΔTs ) via the climate sensitivity λ .   It is also possible to estimate climate sensitivity from observations ; however , this is difficult due to uncertainties in the forcing and temperature histories .

negative: Effects of global warming on oceans Global warming can affect sea levels , coastlines , ocean acidification , ocean currents , seawater , sea surface temperatures , tides , the sea floor , weather , and trigger several changes in ocean bio-geochemistry ; all of these affect the functioning of a society .

negative: Antarctic ice sheet The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth . It covers about 98 % of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth . It covers an area of almost 14 e6km2 and contains 26.5 e6km3 of ice . Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet , an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise . In East Antarctica , the ice sheet rests on a major land mass , but in West Antarctica the bed can extend to more than 2,500 m below sea level . Much of the land in this area would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there .   In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice , sea ice around Antarctica was expanding . The reasons for this are not fully understood , but suggestions include the climatic effects on ocean and atmospheric circulation of the ozone hole , and/or cooler ocean surface temperatures as the warming deep waters melt the ice shelves .

negative: Ocean surface topography The ocean surface has highs and lows , similar to the hills and valleys of Earth 's land surface depicted on a topographic map . These variations , called ocean surface topography ( or sea surface topography ) , also dynamic topography , are mapped using direct ( usually satellite-based ) or indirect measurements of sea surface height relative to Earth 's geoid . Earth 's geoid is a calculated surface of equal gravitational potential energy and represents the shape the sea surface would be if the ocean were not in motion . The main purpose of measuring ocean surface topography is to understand the large-scale circulation of the ocean .   On a daily basis , SSH is most obviously affected by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the Earth . Over longer timescales , SSH is influenced by ocean circulation . Typically , SSH anomalies resulting from these forces differ from the mean by less than ± 1 m at the global scale . Other influences include temperature , salinity , tides , waves , and the loading of atmospheric pressure . The slowest and largest variations are due to changes in the Earth 's gravitational field ( geoid ) due to the rearrangement of continents , formation of sea mounts and other redistribution of rock .   Since the Earth 's gravitational field is relatively stable on decadal to centennial timescales , ocean circulation plays a more significant role in the observed variation of SSH . Across the seasonal cycle changes in patterns of warming , cooling and surface wind forcing affect circulation and influence SSH . Variations in SSH can be measured by satellite altimetry ( e.g. TOPEX/Poseidon ) and used to calculate determine sea level rise and properties such as ocean heat storage .

negative: Josh Willis Joshua `` Josh '' K. Willis is an oceanographer at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory . His area of expertise is current sea level rise , as well as measuring ocean temperatures . When sea level fell from 2010 to 2011 , Willis stated that this was due to an unusually large La Niña transferring more rainfall over land rather than over the ocean as usually happens . In addition , Willis is the project scientist for Jason-3 .

negative: Copenhagen Diagnosis The Copenhagen Diagnosis is a report written by twenty-six climate scientists from eight countries . It was published in 2009 and was a summary of the peer-reviewed literature to date .   The Copenhagen Diagnosis is a follow-up of the previous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's Working Group 1 Report . The studies summarized , which date back to the cutoff point of the Working Group 1 Report , are those that authors viewed most relevant to the discussions at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference . The Copenhagen Diagnosis served as the midpoint between IPCC -- AR4 and IPCC-AR5 .   In total , the Copenhagen Diagnosis contains eight main sections , which are :   Surging Greenhouse gas emissions  Since 1990 , the combined global emission of carbon dioxide from various origins , such as cement production , deforestation , and fossil fuel burning , has increased 27 % .  Human-induced warming  Studies conducted by Lee and Rind show that only 10 % of global warming over the past century was due to the Sun .  Acceleration of melting ice caps  Glaciers and melting ice caps can contribute to about 8/10ths of a meter to global sea level rise .  Rapid Arctic sea-ice decline  According to simulations run by NCAR Climate System Model version 3 , the Arctic summer is expected to be ice-free by 2040 .  Underestimation of changing sea levels  In contrast to previous IPCC , the rate of sea level rise ( 3.4 mm/yr over the past 15 years ) has increased around 80 % faster than previously predicted .  Damage due to inaction  A region of permafrost , called the Yedoma , stores about 500 Gt of CO2 and , once released due to rising global temperatures , will increase global temperatures even more .  Turning point must come soon  The largest climate science conference , held in 2009 , has stated , `` Temperature rises above 2 ° C will be difficult for contemporary societies to cope with , and are likely to cause major societal and environmental disruptions through the rest of the century and beyond . ''  The Future  By 2100 , global mean air-temperature is projected to warm by 2 ° C -- 7 ° C above pre-industrial levels .

negative: Annual cycle of sea level height The annual cycle of sea level height ( or seasonal cycle or annual harmonic ) describes the variation of sea level that occurs with a period of one year . Historically , analysis of the annual cycle has been limited by locations with tide gauge records , i.e. , coastlines and some islands in the deep ocean , and by sparse records in the Southern Hemisphere . Since 1992 , satellite-based altimeters have provided near global coverage of sea level variability , allowing for a more thorough understanding of the annual cycle both in the deep ocean and in coastal margins .

negative: Marine transgression A marine transgression is a geologic event during which sea level rises relative to the land and the shoreline moves toward higher ground , resulting in flooding . Transgressions can be caused either by the land sinking or the ocean basins filling with water ( or decreasing in capacity ) . Transgressions and regressions may be caused by tectonic events such as orogenies , severe climate change such as ice ages or isostatic adjustments following removal of ice or sediment load .   During the Cretaceous , seafloor spreading created a relatively shallow Atlantic basin at the expense of deeper Pacific basin . This reduced the world 's ocean basin capacity and caused a rise in sea level worldwide . As a result of this sea level rise , the oceans transgressed completely across the central portion of North America and created the Western Interior Seaway from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean .   The opposite of transgression is regression , in which the sea level falls relative to the land and exposes former sea bottom . During the Pleistocene Ice Ages , so much water was removed from the oceans and stored on land as year-round glaciers that the ocean regressed 120 m , exposing the Bering land bridge between Alaska and Asia .

negative: Clathrate gun hypothesis The clathrate gun hypothesis is the popular name given to the hypothesis that increases in sea temperatures ( and/or drops in sea levels ) can trigger the sudden release of methane from methane clathrate compounds buried in seabeds and that are contained within seabed permafrost which , because methane itself is a powerful greenhouse gas , leads to further temperature rise and further methane clathrate destabilization -- in effect initiating a runaway process as irreversible , once started , as the firing of a gun .   In its original form , the hypothesis proposed that the `` clathrate gun '' could cause abrupt runaway warming on a timescale less than a human lifetime . It was thought to be responsible for warming events in and at the end of the last glacial maximum , however this is now thought to be unlikely .   However , there is stronger evidence that runaway methane clathrate breakdown may have caused drastic alteration of the ocean environment ( such as ocean acidification and ocean stratification ) and of the atmosphere of earth on a number of occasions in the past , over timescales of tens of thousands of years . These events include the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum 56 million years ago , and most notably the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , when up to 96 % of all marine species became extinct , 252 million years ago .

negative: Future sea level The rate of global mean sea-level rise ( ~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR ) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century ( ~ 2 mm/yr ) , but the rate of rise is locally variable . Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean . On Greenland , the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007 . On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75 % . Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about − 1.8 to − 4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about − 12 to − 14 m in the first decade of the 21st century . From 1961 to 2003 , ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming .   The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( 2007 ) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving . Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. ( 2008 ) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 ( favouring the low end of this range ) . Rahmstorf ( 2007 ) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century . Pielke ( 2008 ) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far . These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century . However , sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account .

negative: The Greening of Planet Earth The Greening of Planet Earth is a half-hour-long video produced by the coal industry , which argues that rising CO2 levels will be beneficial to agriculture , and that policies intending to reduce CO2 levels are therefore misguided . The video argues that rising CO2 levels both directly stimulate plant growth and , as a result of their warming properties , cause winter temperatures to rise , thereby indirectly stimulating plant growth . It was produced in 1991 and released the following year . A sequel , entitled , The Greening of Planet Earth Continues , was released in 1998 . The video was narrated by Sherwood Idso . After the video was made , it was distributed to thousands of journalists by a coal industry group . The video became very popular viewing in the George H. W. Bush White House and elsewhere in Washington , where it was promoted before the 1992 Earth Summit , and , according to some reports , became especially popular with then-chief of staff John H. Sununu .

negative: CO2 is Green CO2 is Green is a non-profit organization supporting public policy on environmental issues . A main focus of the organization are federal proposals that may `` interfere with natures dependence on carbon dioxide . '' CO2 is Green does not view carbon dioxide as a pollutant and advocates for federal law and regulations to support this thinking .

negative: Earth's energy budget Earth 's energy budget accounts for the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Much of this energy is lost when the earth re-radiates it back into outer space , and the rest of the energy is distributed throughout the five components of Earth 's climate system . This system is made up of earth 's water , ice , atmosphere , rocky crust , and all living things .   Quantifying changes in these amounts is required to accurately model the Earth 's climate .   Received radiation is unevenly distributed over the planet , because the Sun heats equatorial regions more than polar regions . Energy is absorbed by the atmosphere , hydrosphere , and lithosphere , and , in a process informally described as Earth 's heat engine , the solar heating is redistributed through evaporation of surface water , convection , rainfall , winds , and ocean circulation . When the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space , the Earth is said to be in radiative equilibrium and under that condition , global temperatures will be stable .   Disturbances of Earth 's radiative equilibrium , such as an increase of greenhouse gases , will change global temperatures in response . However , Earth 's energy balance and heat fluxes depend on many factors , such as atmospheric composition ( mainly aerosols and greenhouse gases ) , the albedo ( reflectivity ) of surface properties , cloud cover and vegetation and land use patterns . Changes in surface temperature due to Earth 's energy budget do not occur instantaneously , due to the inertia of the oceans and the cryosphere . The net heat flux is buffered primarily by becoming part of the ocean 's heat content , until a new equilibrium state is established between radiative forcings and the climate response .

negative: Climate system Earth's climate arises from the interaction of five major climate system components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things). Climate is the average weather, typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes in the climate system, such as ocean currents and wind patterns. Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans is primarily driven by solar radiation and transports heat from the tropical regions to regions that receive less energy from the Sun. The water cycle also moves energy throughout the climate system. In addition, different chemical elements, necessary for life, are constantly recycled between the different components. The climate system can change due to internal variability and external forcings. These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans. Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming. Human activity also releases cooling aerosols, but their net effect is far less than that of greenhouse gases. Changes can be amplified by feedback processes in the different climate system components.

negative: Sunken Forests of New Hampshire The Sunken Forests of New Hampshire are two large areas of tree stumps submerged off New Hampshire 's coast . They sank below sea level after the ending of the Wisconsin Glaciation and subsequent rise in temperature ; isostatic rebound has not kept pace with the rise in sea level , and former coastal forests were overtaken by the Atlantic Ocean .   The trees could not thrive , even when they were in the early stages of sinking , because they can not live in salt water for very long . All that is left of the forests are stumps .

negative: Atmospheric temperature Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth 's atmosphere . It is governed by many factors , including incoming solar radiation , humidity and altitude . When discussing surface temperature , the annual atmospheric temperature range at any geographical location depends largely upon the type of biome , as measured by the Köppen climate classification .

negative: Atlantic multidecadal oscillation The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) is a climate cycle that affects the sea surface temperature of the North Atlantic Ocean based on different modes on multidecadal timescales . While there is some support for this mode in models and in historical observations , controversy exists with regard to its amplitude , and in particular , the attribution of sea surface temperature change to natural or anthropogenic causes , especially in tropical Atlantic areas important for hurricane development .

negative: Sea level equation The sea level equation ( SLE ) is the linear , integral equation that describes the sea-level variations associated with the Glacial Isostatic Adjustement ( GIA ) .   The basic idea of the SLE dates back to 1888 , when Woodward published his pioneering work on the form and position of mean sea level , and only later has been refined by Platzman and Farrell in the context of the study of the ocean tides . In the words of Wu and Peltier , the solution of the SLE yields the space -- and time -- dependent change of ocean bathymetry which is required to keep the gravitational potential of the sea surface constant for a specific deglaciation chronology and viscoelastic earth model . The SLE theory was then developed by other authors as Mitrovica & Peltier , Mitrovica et al. and Spada & Stocchi . In its simplest form , the SLE reads   where is the sea -- level change , is the sea surface variation as seen from Earth 's center of mass , and is vertical displacement .   In a more explicit form the SLE can be written as follow :     where is colatitude and is longitude , is time , and are the densities of ice and water , respectively , is the reference surface gravity , is the sea -- level Green 's function ( dependent upon the and viscoelastic load -- deformation coefficients - LDCs ) , is the ice thickness variation , represents the eustatic term ( i.e. the ocean -- averaged value of ) , and denote spatio-temporal convolutions over the ice - and ocean-covered regions , and the overbar indicates an average over the surface of the oceans that ensures mass conservation .

negative: Pyrenoid Pyrenoids are sub-cellular micro-compartments found in chloroplasts of many algae , and in a single group of land plants , the hornworts . Pyrenoids are associated with the operation of a carbon-concentrating mechanism ( CCM ) . Their main function is to act as centres of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) fixation , by generating and maintaining a CO2 rich environment around the photosynthetic enzyme ribulose-1 ,5 - bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ( Rubisco ) . Pyrenoids therefore seem to have a role analogous to that of carboxysomes in cyanobacteria .   Algae are restricted to aqueous environments , even in terrestrial habitats , and this has implications for their ability to access CO2 for photosynthesis . CO2 diffuses 10,000 times slower in water than in air , and is also slow to equilibrate . The result of this is that water , as a medium , is often easily depleted of CO2 and is slow to gain CO2 from the air . Finally , CO2 equilibrates with bicarbonate ( HCO3 − ) when dissolved in water , and does so on a pH-dependent basis . In sea water for example , the pH is such that dissolved inorganic carbon ( DIC ) is mainly found in the form of HCO3 − . The net result of this is a low concentration of free CO2 that is barely sufficient for an algal Rubisco to run at a quarter of its maximum velocity , and thus , CO2 availability may sometimes represent a major limitation of algal photosynthesis .

negative: LOWERN LOWERN is an acronym for 6 factors that affect climate .   Latitude . Depending on how close or how far it is to the equator .  Ocean currents . Certain ocean currents have different temperatures . Warm ocean currents warm the air above it , which warms the coast . Cold ocean currents cool the air above it , which cools the coast . This helps keep the coast a consistent temperature .  Wind and Air masses . Heated ground causes air to rise which results in lower air pressure . As it rises it cools and descends to the ground resulting in high air pressure . This cycle repeats which creates wind . These air masses absorb the climate of the air below it .  Elevation . The higher up you are , the colder and drier it will be . When air rises it expands due to low air pressure which causes it to cool .  Relief . The differences in the elevation in land . As air is forced to rise over a piece of land ( e.g. a mountain ) the temperature decreases and condensation increases . As it condensates water droplets get bigger and heavier and are forced to fall . Once the air mass goes over the mountain the temperature and evaporation increases but condensations decreases , resulting in a halt in precipitation and rain shadows .  Nearness to Water . Water heats up and cools down slower than land does , having a moderating effect . On colder days , the water heats up the land , whereas on hotter days , the land is cooled down by the water . These areas also experience more precipitation .   Category : Climatology

negative: Climate variability Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. In the time since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities that are causing global warming and climate change.The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth's energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling. The energy moving through Earth's climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region's climate. Such changes can be the result of "internal variability", when natural processes inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate variability can also result from external forcing, when events outside of the climate system's components nonetheless produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism. Climate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies.

negative: Ieodo Ocean Research Station Ieodo Ocean Research Station is an ocean platform constructed by South Korea and placed on the submerged Socotra Rock in the East China Sea . The stated purpose of the platform is the collection of meteorological data , provision for maritime safety , and fisheries monitoring . However , as South Korea and China both claim that Socotra Rock lies in their respective Exclusive Economic Zones , the platform does have strategic implications .   The platform was officially opened in June 2003 . The platform has a helipad a couple of lower decks for equipment and workspace . Although the station has residential facilities that can comfortably accommodate 8 people for 15 days , the station is typically uninhabited and operated remotely .   While Socotra Rock rises to a maximum of 4.6 m below sea level , the platform is founded on a portion of the rock that is substantially deeper at 40m below sea level . As a result , the platform is approximately 700m from the rock 's `` peak . '' The platform rises approximately 36m from sea level .

negative: David Archer (scientist) David Archer is a computational ocean chemist , and has been a professor at the Geophysical Sciences department at the University of Chicago since 1993 . He has published research on the carbon cycle of the ocean and the sea floor . He has worked on the history of atmospheric CO2 concentration , the expectation of fossil fuel CO2 over geologic time scales in the future , and the impact of CO2 on future ice age cycles , ocean methane hydrate decomposition , and coral reefs .   He is a contributor to the RealClimate blog .

negative: Economics of global warming The economics of global warming concerns the economic aspects of global warming ; this can inform policies that governments might consider in response . A number of factors make this a difficult problem from both economic and political perspectives : it is a long-term , intergenerational problem ; benefits and costs are distributed unequally both within and across countries ; and scientific and public opinions may diverge .   One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide . Around 20 % of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years . The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop `` scenarios '' of future environmental , social and economic changes . These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions .   The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity , sea level rise , increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events , and acidification of the oceans . Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms , but these assessments can be controversial .   The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming ( e.g. , by building levees in response to sea level rise ) . Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system ( e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth 's surface ) .   One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making . This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information , and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts . Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming . For instance , a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms , e.g. , the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples .   Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development . Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation . In some areas , policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives . In other areas , the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments ( the opportunity costs of climate change policy ) .

negative: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Carbon dioxide is an important trace gas in Earth 's atmosphere . Currently it constitutes about 0.041 % ( equal to 410 parts per million ; ppm ) by volume of the atmosphere . Despite its relatively small concentration is a potent greenhouse gas and plays a vital role in regulating Earth 's surface temperature through radiative forcing and the greenhouse effect . Reconstructions show that concentrations of in the atmosphere have varied , ranging from as high as 7,000 ppm during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years .   Carbon dioxide is an integral part of the carbon cycle , a biogeochemical cycle in which carbon is exchanged between the Earth 's oceans , soil , rocks and the biosphere . Plants and other photoautotrophs use solar energy to produce carbohydrate from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis . Almost all other organisms depend on carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis as their primary source of energy and carbon compounds .   The current episode of global warming is attributed to increasing emissions of and other greenhouse gases into Earth 's atmosphere . The global annual mean concentration of in the atmosphere has increased by more than 40 % since the start of the Industrial Revolution , from 280 ppm , the level it had for the last 10,000 years leading up to the mid-18th century , to 399 ppm as of 2015 . The present concentration is the highest in at least the past 800,000 years and likely the highest in the past 20 million years . The increase has been caused by anthropogenic sources , particularly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation . The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 . It is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating . An estimated 30 -- 40 % of the released by humans into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans , rivers and lakes , which contributes to ocean acidification .


query: CO2 limits won't cool the planet

positive: Gaia hypothesis The Gaia hypothesis ( -LSB- ˈɡaɪ.ə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈɡeɪ.ə -RSB- ) , also known as the Gaia theory or the Gaia principle , proposes that organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic self-regulating , complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet . Topics of interest include how the biosphere and the evolution of life forms affect the stability of global temperature , ocean salinity , oxygen in the atmosphere , the maintenance of a hydrosphere of liquid water and other environmental variables that affect the habitability of Earth .   The hypothesis was formulated by the chemist James Lovelock and co-developed by the microbiologist Lynn Margulis in the 1970s . The hypothesis was initially criticized for being teleological , and contradicting principles of natural selection , but later refinements aligned the Gaia hypothesis with ideas from fields such as Earth system science , biogeochemistry and systems ecology , with Lovelock referring to the `` geophysiology '' of the Earth . Even so , the Gaia hypothesis continues to attract criticism , and today some scientists consider it to be only weakly supported by , or at odds with , the available evidence . In 2006 , the Geological Society of London awarded Lovelock the Wollaston Medal in part for his work on the Gaia hypothesis .

positive: Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a colorless gas with a density about 60 % higher than that of air ( 1.225 g/L ) that is odorless at normally encountered concentrations . Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms . It occurs naturally in Earth 's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent ( 400 ppm ) by volume . Natural sources include volcanoes , hot springs and geysers , and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids . Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water , it occurs naturally in groundwater , rivers and lakes , ice caps , glaciers and seawater . It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas .   As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth and its concentration in Earth 's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian has been regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena . Plants , algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water , with oxygen produced as a waste product .   Carbon dioxide is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration . It is returned to water via the gills of fish and to the air via the lungs of air-breathing land animals , including humans . Carbon dioxide is produced during the processes of decay of organic materials and the fermentation of sugars in bread , beer and winemaking . It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal , peat , petroleum and natural gas .   It is a versatile industrial material , used , for example , as an inert gas in welding and fire extinguishers , as a pressurizing gas in air guns and oil recovery , as a chemical feedstock and in liquid form as a solvent in decaffeination of coffee and supercritical drying . It is added to drinking water and carbonated beverages including beer and sparkling wine to add effervescence . The frozen solid form of , known as `` dry ice '' is used as a refrigerant and as an abrasive in dry-ice blasting .   Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth 's atmosphere . Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions - primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation - have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere , leading to global warming . Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Funky T. Cool T. Funky T. Cool T. is the fifth album Lester Bowie recorded for the Japanese DIW label and the second album by his `` New York Organ Ensemble '' . It was released in 1991 and features performances by Bowie , Steve Turre , Amina Claudine Myers James Carter , Phillip Wilson and Famoudou Don Moye .

negative: Joe Cool's Dodgem School Joe Cool 's Dodgem School is a dodgem ride for kids and is themed to the Cedar Fair kids area which is Planet Snoopy . It is located at two parks :  Joe Cool 's Dodgem School at Kings Island  Joe Cool 's Dodgem School at Canada 's Wonderland

negative: List of named minor planets: T This is a partial list containing all named minor planets starting with letter T . It is ordered in a case-insensitive , alphabetical manner and contains a total of 1,040 entries . have no article and redirect to the list of minor planets instead ( see ) .

negative: Class T Class T may refer to :  Class-T amplifier , electronic audio amplifier by Tripath  Class T , a class of brown dwarf stars  A fictional classification for planets and planetoids used in Star Trek , see Class M planet

negative: Cool Change (film) Cool Change is a 1986 action film directed by George T. Miller . It stars Jon Blake and Lisa Armytage .

negative: Pumice Pumice ( -LSB- pronˈpʌmᵻs -RSB- ) , called pumicite in its powdered or dust form , is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass , which may or may not contain crystals . It is typically light colored . Scoria is another vesicular volcanic rock that differs from pumice in having larger vesicles , thicker vesicle walls and being dark colored and denser .   Pumice is created when super-heated , highly pressurized rock is violently ejected from a volcano . The unusual foamy configuration of pumice happens because of simultaneous rapid cooling and rapid depressurization . The depressurization creates bubbles by lowering the solubility of gases ( including water and CO2 ) that are dissolved in the lava , causing the gases to rapidly exsolve ( like the bubbles of CO2 that appear when a carbonated drink is opened ) . The simultaneous cooling and depressurization freezes the bubbles in a matrix . Eruptions under water are rapidly cooled and the large volume of pumice created can be a shipping hazard for cargo ships .

negative: Wharf T&T Wharf T&T Limited , is , as of 2010 , the second largest fixed line telecommunication operator in Hong Kong .   A member of The Wharf ( Holdings ) , one of the largest conglomerates in Hong Kong , it was formerly known as New T&T Limited and Wharf New T&T Limited .

negative: Lists of Star Trek planets The following lists of Star Trek planets are arranged alphabetically :   List of Star Trek planets ( A -- B )  List of Star Trek planets ( C -- F )  List of Star Trek planets ( G -- L )  List of Star Trek planets ( M -- Q )  List of Star Trek planets ( R -- S )  List of Star Trek planets ( T -- Z )   Star Trek planets  Category : Star Trek planets  Star Trek  Planets

negative: Cool Change Cool Change may refer to :  Cool Change ( CSI ) , an episode of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation from 2000  `` Cool Change '' ( song ) , a 1979 hit by the Australian rock group , Little River Band  Cold front , or cool change , leading edge of a cooler mass of air  Cool Change ( film ) , a 1986 action film directed by George T. Miller

negative: SPECULOOS SPECULOOS ( Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars ) is a project in development that will consist of four Ritchey-Chretien design telescopes of 1-metre primary aperture , made by ASTELCO . Each telescope will be equipped with a NTM-1000 robotic mount , that will be installed at the Paranal Observatory in Chile to search for Earth-sized planets around 1000 ultra-cool stars and brown dwarfs over the next five years . The robotic observations of each of the four telescopes will be controlled by the program ACP Expert . There is a sister project in the northern hemisphere .

negative: Play It Cool Play It Cool may refer to :   Play It Cool ( film ) , a 1962 British musical starring Billy Fury  `` Play It Cool '' ( song ) , by Super Furry Animals  Play It Cool ( Wilber Pan album ) , 2007  Play It Cool ( Lea DeLaria album ) , 2001  Play It Cool ( radio show ) , a BBC Radio comedy from the 1960s  `` Play It Cool '' , a song by 7L & Esoteric from The Soul Purpose  `` Play It Cool '' , a song by George Jones from Grand Ole Opry 's New Star  `` Play It Cool '' , a song by Grand Puba from 2000  `` Play It Cool '' , a song by Münchener Freiheit  `` Play It Cool '' , a song by Ray Campi  `` Play It Cool '' , a song by Gangrene featuring Samuel T. Herring and Earl Sweatshirt from Welcome to Los Santos

negative: One Planet One People One Planet One People is the debut studio album by the American punk rock band The Lookouts . It was released in 1987 through Lookout ! Records and was the first ever release on the label . One Planet One People is the first recording featuring Tré Cool of Green Day . Lyrical topics in their songs are religion and establishment , with some silly funny songs .

negative: Wright T-3 Tornado The Wright T-3 Tornado , also given the USAF designation Wright V-1950 was an American liquid-cooled aircraft piston engine , designed in the early 1920s .

negative: 2060 Chiron 2060 Chiron , also known as 95P/Chiron , is a minor planet in the outer Solar System , orbiting the Sun between Saturn and Uranus . Discovered in 1977 by Charles T. Kowal ( precovery images have been found as far back as 1895 ) , it was the first-identified member of a new class of objects now known as centaurs -- bodies orbiting between the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt .944 Hidalgo , discovered in 1920 , also fits this definition , but was not identified as belonging to a distinct population . Besides the four giant planets , Chiron and 10199 Chariklo , also a centaur , are the only other bodies in the Solar System known to have rings .   Although it was initially called an asteroid and classified only as a minor planet with the designation `` 2060 Chiron '' , it was later found to exhibit behavior typical of a comet . Today it is classified as both a minor planet and a comet , and is accordingly also known by the cometary designation `` 95P/Chiron '' .   Chiron is named after the centaur Chiron in Greek mythology .   Michael Brown lists it as possibly a dwarf planet with a measured diameter of 206 km ( 128 miles ) which is near the lower limit for an icy dwarf planet ( around 200 km , or 124 miles ) .

negative: HD 17156 c HD 17156 c is a plausible extrasolar planet approximately 255 light-years away in the constellation of Cassiopeia . The planet is thought to be orbiting the yellow giant star HD 17156 . This planet has a mass of 0.063 Jupiter mass ( or 20 Earth masses ) and takes about 111.314 days or 0.305 year to orbit the star , classifying the planet as a cool Neptunian planet . This put it in the distance of 0.481 astronomical units or 72.0 gigameters with a moderate eccentricity .   The two planets `` exchange angular momentum in a 5:1 mean motion resonance '' .   This planet was discovered on the vernal equinox of 2008 by analyzing perturbations with the inner planet HD 17156 b . The paper was submitted to Astrophysical Journal Letters 20 March and revised 14 June .

negative: The One-T ODC ODC is the debut album from French electronic music project `` One-T & Cool-T '' . ODC ` s album music genre is mainly electro-clubbing but also targets more commercial genres closely relating to Pop music and electrodance .

negative: Prima Cool Prima Cool is a private Czech television station .   Prima Cool is TV Prima 's second channel . It is targeted primarily at young male audiences .   Prima Cool launched on April 1 , 2009 as TV Prima 's new digital channel . It is available on Czech DVB-T multiplex 2 , where it is freely broadcast ( covering up to 72 % of the population of the Czech republic , mainly in Bohemia ) . The channel is also broadcast through DVB-S on satellite ASTRA1G , and available on cable TV ( in all packages , due to the must-carry law ) . It is also known as `` Ninja Warrior ''

negative: A Planet Called Utopia A Planet Called Utopia is a science fiction novel written by J. T. McIntosh and first published in August , 1979 in New York by Zebra Books .  This book is the last book ( as of the year 2010 ) published by the author in 31 years .

negative: Red Planet Red Planet is a nickname for the planet Mars , due to its surface color .  It may also refer to :   Red Planet ( novel ) by Robert A. Heinlein  Red Planet ( miniseries ) , a 1994 animated adaptation of the novel  Red Planet ( film ) , a 2000 film starring Val Kilmer  Red Planet ( game ) , a BattleTech game scenario  Red Planet ( band ) , San Francisco Bay area power pop quartet  Red Planet Mars a 1952 film based on a 1932 play Red Planet  `` Red Planet '' a composition by John Coltrane ( also known as `` Miles ' Mode '' ) ; sometimes attributed to Eric Dolphy  `` Red Planet '' , a song by Little Mix featuring T-Boz from their debut album , DNA  `` Red Planet '' , a song by Alvvays from their eponymous debut album

negative: Calix Limited Calix Limited is a multi-award-winning Australian technology company that is developing new processes and materials to solve global challenges . Their core technology is a world-first , patented `` kiln '' built in Bacchus Marsh , Victoria that produces `` mineral honeycomb '' .   Calix 's technology has also been adopted overseas , where they work with some of the world 's largest companies , governments and research institutions on CO2 capture .

negative: TRAPPIST-1b TRAPPIST-1b , also designated as 2MASS J23062928-0502285 b , is an exoplanet orbiting around the ultra-cool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 , located approximately 39 light-years ( 12 parsecs ) away in the constellation Aquarius . The planet was detected using the transit method , where a planet dims the host star 's light as it passes in front of it . It was first announced on May 2 , 2016 .

negative: TTK Prestige TTK Prestige limited is one of the oldest business of India , founded by T T Krishnamachari in the year 1928 .

negative: Francis Bitter Francis Bitter ( July 22 , 1902 -- July 26 , 1967 ) was an American physicist .   Bitter invented the Bitter plate used in resistive magnets ( also called Bitter electromagnets ) . He also developed the water cooling method inherent to the design of Bitter magnets . Prior to this development , there was no way to cool electromagnets , limiting their maximum flux density .

negative: TW Hydrae b TW Hydrae b is a likely extrasolar planet orbiting the young T Tauri star TW Hydrae approximately 176 light-years ( 54 parsecs , or nearly km ) away in the constellation of Hydra . It is likely a Neptune-like planet orbiting at a distance of nearly 22 AU from its star .

negative: Magirus Mercur The Magirus Mercur is a German 5 ton truck that was built by Magirus Deutz in Germany from 1951 to 1972 . Other series from this manufacturer were also named after stars and planets , possibly because of the `` sun and planet '' gears at the rear axle . The trucks were equipped with different variations of air cooled Diesel engines , from 4R to V12 . The initially round hood was eventually changed to a square design in all wheel drive models to improve off road capabilities .

negative: Daily Planet (brothel) Daily Planet Elsternwick is a licensed bordello in Melbourne , Australia . The bordello has won the Australian Adult Industry Award for `` Best Brothel Overall '' and `` Best Brothel Reception & Staff '' in the years 2004 -- 2011 .   The 18-room establishment is located at 7 -- 12 Horne Street , Elsternwick , a southern suburb of Melbourne . It was also mentioned in interviews and promoted by blink 182 during an Australian tour in 1998 .   Daily Planet Elsternwick was founded in 1975 by John Trimble , who remains the owner .   In 2003 the bordello 's operation was separated from its real estate holdings , and the real estate property trust , named The Daily Planet Ltd. , proceeded with an initial public offering . Heidi Fleiss had been hired to generate publicity . The company acquired strip club businesses in 2003 . Andrew Harris , who served as the public company 's CEO from 2002 until 2006 , stated in 2002 that the operation generated annual profits of about A$ 2 million .   In 2003 the public company resolved to sell the Daily Planet building for about A$ 5.7 million . The company changed its name to Planet Platinum Limited and went on to pursue its investments in strip clubs . However , the sale of the Daily Planet building never happened and the property was taken off the market in 2006 .

negative: Green Power Usage Effectiveness Green Power Usage Effectiveness ( GPUE ) is a proposed measurement of both how much sustainable energy a computer data center uses , its carbon footprint per usable kilowatt hour ( kWh ) and how efficiently it uses its power ; specifically , how much of the power is actually used by the computing equipment ( in contrast to cooling and other overhead ) . It is an addition to the power usage effectiveness ( PUE ) definition and was first proposed by Greenqloud .   The Green Grid has developed the Power Usage Effectiveness metric or PUE to measure a data centers ' effectiveness of getting power to IT equipment . What the PUE tells in simple terms is how much extra energy is needed for each usable kWh for the IT equipment due to the power going into cooling , power distribution loss etc. and it 's a simple formula ( in theory ) :   PUE = Total Facility Power/IT Equipment Power   The PUE can change depending on where measurements are made , when they are made and the timespan the measurements are made in .  Data centers are subtracting factors from their PUE to lower it e.g. district heating . Some of the issues with PUE are being addressed with the PUEx definition .   GPUE is a way to `` weigh '' the PUE to better see which data centers are truly green in the sense that they indirectly cause the least amount of CO2 to be emitted by their use of sustainable or unsustainable energy sources .   This new metric GPUE or Green Power Usage Effectiveness is defined as :   GPUE = G × PUEx ( for inline comparison of data centers )  or = G @ PUEx ( a better display and for CO2 emission calculations )   The `` G '' is the key factor here and it is a simple calculated value :   G = Weighed sum of energy sources and their lifecycle KG CO2/KWh   G = ∑ ( % EnergySource × ( 1 + weight ) )   Adding 1 to the weight is to `` weigh '' ( multiply ) with the PUE to get a number that is comparable to PUE . The weights taken directly from the `` lifecycle CO2/kWh for electricity generation by power source '' table above we got from the 2008 Sovacool Study e.g. the weight for unscrubbed coal is e.g. 1.050 ( kg of CO2/kWh ) while hydroelectric river generation has a weight of 0.013 . An unknown energy source or a `` mix '' will get the same as the maximum value which for now is the same as coal .   Example :   PUE 1.20 , 50/50 Coal/Hydro  G = 0.5 * ( 1 +1.050 ) + 0.5 * ( 1 +0.013 )  G = 1.531 , GPUEx = 1.84 or 1.531@1.20   Kg CO2 per usable kWh = ( G-1 ) × PUEx = 0.64 kg

negative: 83 Leonis 83 Leonis , abbreviated 83 Leo , is a binary star system approximately 58 light-years away in the constellation of Leo ( the Lion ) . The primary star of the system is a cool orange subgiant star , while the secondary star is an orange dwarf star . The two stars are separated by at least 515 astronomical units from each other . Both stars are presumed to be cooler than the Sun .   In 2005 , an extrasolar planet was confirmed to be orbiting the secondary star within the system .   In 2010 the second planet was discovered .

negative: L & T Mutual Fund L&T Mutual Fund is a mutual fund company in India . It caters to the investment needs of investors through various mutual fund schemes . The company claims to have sound investment management practices and a knowledgeable fund management team .   The Asset Management Company ( AMC ) for all L&T Mutual Fund schemes is L&T Investment Management Limited . The sponsor for the AMC is L&T Finance Holdings Limited ( LTFH ) which is a listed company and registered with RBI as an NBFC .

negative: Lost (T)apes Lost ( T ) apes is a compilation album by Guano Apes . It contains previously unreleased demos , originally recorded in 1994 and 1995 .   Half of the demo 's were later re-recorded for all three of Guano Apes albums whilst 6 were left completely unreleased until this album   A deluxe edition , titled The Best & The Lost ( T ) apes also exists . Disc one is simply the standard edition of the Planet of the Apes compilation , and disc two is the Lost ( T ) apes album .

negative: WAGR T class (diesel) The T class was a class of diesel locomotives built by Tulloch Limited , Rhodes for the Western Australian Government Railways between 1967 and 1970 .


query: When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.

positive: Ice age An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth 's surface and atmosphere , resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers . Within a long-term ice age , individual pulses of cold climate are termed `` glacial periods '' ( or alternatively `` glacials '' or `` glaciations '' or colloquially as `` ice age '' ) , and intermittent warm periods are called `` interglacials '' . In the terminology of glaciology , ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres . By this definition , we are in an interglacial period -- the Holocene -- of the ice age . The ice age began 2.6 million years ago at the start of the Pleistocene epoch , because the Greenland , Arctic , and Antarctic ice sheets still exist .

positive: Greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet 's atmosphere warms the planet 's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere .   If a planet 's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases ( i.e. , greenhouse gases ) the atmosphere will radiate energy in all directions . Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface , warming it . The downward component of this radiation -- that is , the strength of the greenhouse effect -- will depend on the atmosphere 's temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains .   On Earth , the atmosphere is warmed by absorption of infrared thermal radiation from the underlying surface ( heated by the sun ) , absorption of shorter wavelength radiant energy from the sun , and convective heat fluxes from the surface . Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere radiate energy , some of which is directed to the surface and lower atmosphere . The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect .   Earth 's natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life . Human activities , primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests , have intensified the natural greenhouse effect , causing global warming .   The mechanism is named after a faulty analogy with the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse . The way a greenhouse retains heat is fundamentally different , as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow and retaining warm air inside the structure .

positive: Greenhouse gas A greenhouse gas ( abbrev . GHG ) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature of Earth 's surface would be about -18 ° C , rather than the present average of 15 ° C . In the Solar System , the atmospheres of Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect .   Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution ( taken as the year 1750 ) have produced a 40 % increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide , from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017 . This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural `` sinks '' involved in the carbon cycle . Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions ( i.e. , emissions produced by human activities ) come from combustion of fossil fuels , principally coal , oil , and natural gas , along with deforestation , soil erosion and animal agriculture .   It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the present rate , Earth 's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047 , with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems , biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide . Recent estimates suggest that on the current emissions trajectory the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 ° C global warming , which the United Nations ' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid `` dangerous '' global warming , by 2036 .

negative: Photochemical carbon dioxide reduction Photochemical carbon dioxide reduction harnesses solar energy to convert into higher-energy products . The chemical conversion of CO2 already occurs on an industrial scale in the manufacture of solvents such as formic acid , but photochemical reduction differs in that it relies on a renewable energy source , the sun . Because CO2 is a greenhouse gas , there is environmental interest in producing artificial systems that are efficient photocatalysts , but the low turn-over rates of current methods have prohibited wide-scale industrial application .

negative: Higher than the Sun Higher than the Sun may refer to :   `` Higher than the Sun '' ( song ) , a 2013 song by Keane  `` Higher than the Sun '' , a 1991 song by Primal Scream from Screamadelica  `` Higher than the Sun '' , a 2003 song by Natalia Druyts from This Time  `` Higher than the Sun '' , a 2005 episode of Eureka Seven  `` Higher than the Sun '' , a 2013 song by Peace from In Love

negative: Wine cooler A wine cooler is an alcoholic beverage made from wine and fruit juice , often in combination with a carbonated beverage and sugar . It is often of lower strength alcoholic content .   Traditionally home-made , wine coolers have been bottled and sold by commercial distributors since the early 1980s , especially in areas where their lower alcohol content causes them to come under less restrictive laws than wine itself . Because most of the flavor in the wine is obscured by the fruit and sugar , the wine used in wine coolers tends to be of the cheapest available grade . Since January 1991 when United States Congress quintupled the excise tax on wine , most producers of wine coolers dropped wine from the mix , substituting it with cheaper malt . These malt-based coolers , while sometimes referred to as `` wine coolers '' , are in a different category of beverage -- sometimes called `` malt beverage '' , `` malternative '' , or just `` cooler '' . Bartles & Jaymes refers to their malt beverage as a `` flavored malt cooler '' .   In Germany , however , wine coolers became popular in 2004 , when the German Government imposed an extra duty on alcopops ( pre-mixed spirits ) of 0.80 to 0.90 euro per bottle effective 1 August 2004 . To circumvent higher taxation , some German producers have switched to wine coolers , which are being marketed in the same way as alcopops .

negative: ECOnetic ECOnetic is a tradename for certain car models produced by Ford of Europe , currently consisting of one model in each of the Fiesta , the Focus and the Mondeo range , with an emphasis on higher fuel efficiency and low-CO2 emissions .

negative: Compensation point The ( light ) compensation point is the amount of light intensity on the light curve where the rate of photosynthesis exactly matches the rate of respiration . At this point , the uptake of CO2 through photosynthetic pathways is exactly matched to the respiratory release of carbon dioxide , and the uptake of O2 by respiration is exactly matched to the photosynthetic release of oxygen .   In assimilation terms , at compensation point , the net carbon dioxide assimilation is zero . Leaves release CO2 by photorespiration and day respiration , but CO2 is also converted into carbohydrate by photosynthesis . Assimilation is therefore the difference in the rate of these processes . At a normal partial pressure of CO2 ( 0.343 hPa in 1980 ) , there is an irradiation at which the net assimilation of CO2 is zero . For instance , in the early morning and late evenings , the compensation point may be reached as photosynthetic activity decreases and respiration increases . Therefore , the partial pressure of CO2 at the compensation point , also known as gamma , is a function of irradiation . The irradiation dependence of the compensation point is explained by the RuBP ( ribulose-1 ,5 - bisphosphate ) concentration . When the acceptor RuBP is in saturated concentration , gamma is independent of irradiation . However at low irradiation , only a small fraction of the sites on RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase enzyme ( Rubisco ) have the electron acceptor RuBP . This decreases the photosynthetic activity and therefore affects gamma . The intracellular concentration of CO2 affects the rates of photosynthesis and photo respiration . At higher carbon dioxide concentrations , the photosynthesis rate is higher , while at low CO2 concentrations , photo respiration is higher .

negative: Mesopause The mesopause is the temperature minimum at the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere atmospheric regions . Due to the lack of solar heating and very strong radiative cooling from carbon dioxide , the mesosphere is the coldest region on Earth with temperatures as low as -100 ° C ( -148 ° F or 173 K ) . The altitude of the mesopause for many years was assumed to be at around 85 km ( 53 mi . ) , but observations to higher altitudes and modeling studies in the last 10 years have shown that in fact the mesopause consists of two minima - one at about 85 km and a stronger minimum at about 100 km . ( 62 mi . )   Another feature is that the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter ( sometimes referred to as the mesopause anomaly ) . It is due to a summer-to-winter circulation giving rise to upwelling at the summer pole and downwelling at the winter pole . Air rising will expand and cool resulting in a cold summer mesopause and conversely downwelling air results in compression and associated increase in temperature at the winter mesopause . In the mesosphere the summer-to-winter circulation is due to gravity wave dissipation , which deposits momentum against the mean east-west flow , resulting in a small north-south circulation .   In recent years the mesopause has also been the focus of studies on global climate change associated with increases in CO2 . Unlike the troposphere , where greenhouse gases result in the atmosphere heating up , increased CO2 in the mesosphere acts to cool the atmosphere due to increased radiative emission . This results in a measurable effect - the mesopause should become cooler with increased CO2 . Observations do show a decrease of temperature of the mesopause , though the magnitude of this decrease varies and is subject to further study . Modeling studies of this phenomenon have also been carried out .

negative: Gliese 179 Gliese 179 is a 12th magnitude M-type main sequence star located approximately 40 light years away in the constellation Orion . This star is smaller , cooler , fainter , and less massive than our Sun . Also its metal content is twice as much as the Sun . In 2009 , a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star .

negative: Pheophorbidase Pheophorbidase ( , phedase , PPD ) is an enzyme with systematic name pheophorbide-a hydrolase . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction   pheophorbide a + H2O pyropheophorbide a + methanol + CO2 ( overall reaction )  ( 1a ) pheophorbide a + H2O C-132-carboxypyropheophorbide a + methanol  ( 1b ) C-132-carboxypyropheophorbide a pyropheophorbide a + CO2 ( spontaneous )   This enzyme participates in the chlorophyll degradation in higher plants and algae .

negative: COROT-7 COROT-7 ( TYC 4799-1733-1 ) is a G-type main sequence star , slightly smaller and cooler than the Sun . It has an apparent magnitude 11.67 , fainter than Proxima Centauri ( mag . 11.05 ) , the nearest star to the Sun . This star is located in the Monoceros constellation .

negative: Hawnay Troof Hawnay Troof is the electronic indie solo project of Vice Cooler formed in late 2001 .   Regardless of the band 's American punk and electronic background , many untraditional ideas have been incorporated into its sound . Combining many elements of pop , dance-punk , electronica , soul , noise music and club lyrically covering an array of subjects such as relationships , politics , death , celebration , and tragedy . In the past Cooler has cited his daily life as his main muse . According to Cooler the purpose of the band has always been to create a unity for people through music . Since the band 's inception , this has been executed by a number of live shows and records . Unifying past language barriers , the band has performed in many strange places throughout the world and put out a handful of albums to a positive response .

negative: HD 63765 HD 63765 is an 8th-magnitude G-type main sequence star located approximately 106 light years away in the constellation Carina . This star is smaller , cooler , dimmer , and less massive than the Sun . It has a lower iron content than our Sun , with approximately 69 % of the Sun 's iron-to-hydrogen ratio . In 2009 , a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star .

negative: HD 101930 HD 101930 is a dim 8th magnitude star located approximately 95 light years away in the constellation of Centaurus . It is an orange dwarf ( spectral class K2V ) , somewhat dimmer and cooler than our Sun .

negative: HD 44219 HD 44219 is an 8th magnitude G-type main sequence star located approximately 164 light years away in the constellation Monoceros . This star is larger , cooler , brighter , and about the same mass as our Sun . Also its metal content is one-fifteenth more than the Sun . In 2009 , a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star .

negative: Epilimnion The epilimnion or surface layer is the top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake , occurring above the deeper hypolimnion . It is warmer and typically has a higher pH and higher dissolved oxygen concentration than the hypolimnion .   Being exposed at the surface , it typically becomes turbulently mixed as a result of surface wind-mixing . It is also free to exchange dissolved gases such as O2 and CO2 with the atmosphere . Because this layer receives the most sunlight it contains the most phytoplankton . As they grow and reproduce they absorb nutrients from the water , when they die they sink into the hypolimnion resulting in the epilimnion becoming depleted of nutrients .

negative: HD 6718 HD 6718 is an 8th magnitude G-type main sequence star located approximately 179 light years away in the constellation Cetus . This star is slightly larger , cooler , brighter , and more massive than our Sun . Also its metal content is seven-eighths as much as the Sun . In 2009 , a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star .

negative: HD 93083 HD 93083 is an 8th magnitude star located approximately 91 light years away in the southern constellation of Antlia . It is an orange dwarf ( spectral class K2V ) , somewhat cooler and less luminous than our Sun .

negative: HD 125595 HD 125595 is a 9th magnitude K-type main sequence star located approximately 89 light years away in the constellation Centaurus . This star is smaller , cooler , dimmer , and less massive than our Sun . Also its metal content is 4 % more than the Sun . In 2009 , a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star .

negative: HD 290327 HD 290327 is a 9th magnitude G-type subgiant star located approximately 180 light years away in the constellation Orion . This star is larger , cooler , fainter , and less massive than our Sun . Also its metal content is seven-ninths as much as the Sun . In 2009 , a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star .

negative: TY Coronae Australis TY Coronae Australis ( abbreviated as TY CrA ) , is a young star system around 3 million years old in the constellation Corona Australis . It is composed of a blue-white B-class star around triple the Sun 's mass and a cooler smaller companion around half its mass ( or 1.6 times that of the Sun ) . The system is an eclipsing binary with a period of 2.8 days .

negative: HD 103197 HD 103197 is a 9th magnitude K-type main sequence star located approximately 170 light years away in the constellation Centaurus . This star is smaller , cooler , dimmer , and less massive than our Sun . Also its metal content is thirteen-eighths as much as the Sun . In 2009 , a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star .

negative: HD 43197 HD 43197 is a 9th magnitude G-type main sequence or subgiant star located approximately 180 light years away in the constellation Canis Major . This star is larger , cooler , fainter , and less massive than our Sun . Also its metal content is five halves as much as the Sun . In 2009 , a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star .

negative: HD 28254 HD 28254 is an 8th magnitude G-type main sequence star located approximately 178 light years away in the constellation Dorado . This star is larger , cooler , brighter , and less massive than our Sun . Also its metal content is 2.3 times as much as the Sun . In 2009 , a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star .

negative: Laptop cooler A laptop/notebook cooler , cooler pad or chill mat is an accessory for laptop computers that helps reduce their operating temperature , which is normally used when the laptop is unable to sufficiently cool itself . Laptop coolers are intended to protect both the laptop from overheating and the user from suffering heat related discomfort . A cooling pad may house active or passive cooling methods and rests beneath the laptop . Active coolers move air or liquid to direct heat away from the laptop quickly , while passive methods may rely on thermally conductive materials or increasing passive airflow .

negative: HD 70642 HD 70642 is a yellow dwarf star in the constellation of Puppis located 92 light years away . This star has about the same mass and radius as the Sun , is slightly cooler and less luminous , and is richer in abundance of iron relative to hydrogen .

negative: Capping inversion A capping inversion is an elevated inversion layer that caps a convective boundary layer .   The boundary layer is the part of the atmosphere which is closest to the ground . Normally , the sun heats the ground , which in turn heats the air just above it . Thermals form when this warm air rises into the cold air ( warm air is less dense than cold air ) , a process described by convection . A convective layer such as this has the potential for cloud formation , since condensation occurs as the warm air rises and cools .   An inversion occurs when the normal temperature ( warm air below , cold air above ) profile is reversed , creating a stable configuration of dense , cold air sitting below lighter , warm air . An elevated inversion layer is thus a region of warm air above a region of cold air , but higher in the atmosphere ( generally not touching the surface ) .   A capping inversion occurs when there is a boundary layer with a normal temperature profile ( warm air rising into cooler air ) and the layer above that is an inversion layer ( cooler air below warm air ) . Cloud formation from the lower layer is `` capped '' by the inversion layer . If the capping inversion layer or `` cap '' is too strong ( too close to the surface ) , it will prevent thunderstorms from developing . A strong cap can result in foggy conditions .   However , if the air at the surface is unstable enough , strong updrafts can be forced through the capping inversion . This selective process of only allowing the strongest updrafts to form thunderstorms often results in outbreaks of severe weather .

negative: HD 104067 HD 104067 is an 8th magnitude K-type main sequence star located approximately 69 light years away in the constellation Corvus . This star is smaller , cooler , dimmer , and 80 % as massive than our Sun . Also its metal content is seven-eighths as much as the Sun . In 2009 , a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star .

negative: Alpha Mensae α Mensae ( latinised as Alpha Mensae , abbreviated to α Men or Alpha Men ) is the brightest star in the constellation Mensa . At a magnitude of 5.09 , it is the dimmest lucida ( a constellation 's brightest star ) in the sky . Due to its declination , on Earth it is best visible from higher latitudes of the southern hemisphere , yet can also be seen , though low in the sky , from just north of the Equator when near its daily arc 's highest point , the culmination .   This star has a stellar classification of G7 V , indicating that it is a G-type main sequence star that is generating energy by fusing hydrogen into helium at its core . It is of similar size but slightly cooler than the Sun , with 110 % of the mass , 99 % of the radius , and 83 % of the Sun 's luminosity . The effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is 5,587 K , and it has a slightly higher ( 112 % ) proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium -- what Astronomers call the star 's metallicity -- compared to the Sun . The estimated age of this star is 5.4 billion years , and is rotating at a relatively leisurely projected rotational velocity of 1.7 km/s .   Located about 33 light years distant from the Sun , Alpha Mensae has a relatively high proper motion across the sky . An infrared excess has been detected around this star , most likely indicating the presence of a circumstellar disk at a radius of over 147 AU . The temperature of this dust is below 22 K. No planetary companions have yet been discovered around it . It has a red dwarf companion star at an angular separation of 3.05 arcseconds ; equivalent to a projected separation of roughly 30 AU .

negative: HD 1237 HD 1237 is a binary star system approximately 57 light-years away in the constellation of Hydrus ( the Water Snake ) .   The visible star in the system , A , is considered to be a solar analog due close mass to the sun . HD 1237 differs from the sun in that HD 1237 is much younger , has high metallicity , has much cooler temperature and is in a binary system . As of 2000 , it has been confirmed that an extrasolar planet orbits the star . It is of note for being a relatively Sun-like star not very far from the Sun that is home to an extrasolar planet .

negative: HD 24496 HD 24496 is a 7th magnitude G-type wide binary star and M-type located approximately 67 light years away in the constellation Taurus . This star is smaller , cooler , fainter , and less massive than our Sun . Also its metal content is just 2 % greater than the Sun . In 2009 , a gas giant planet was discovered of HD 24496 A.

negative: Granule (solar physics) Granules on the photosphere of the Sun are caused by convection currents ( thermal columns , Bénard cells ) of plasma within the Sun 's convective zone . The grainy appearance of the solar photosphere is produced by the tops of these convective cells and is called granulation .   The rising part of the granules is located in the center where the plasma is hotter . The outer edge of the granules is darker due to the cooler descending plasma . ( The terms darker and cooler are strictly by comparison to the brighter , hotter plasma . ) In addition to the visible appearance , which would be explained by convective motion , Doppler shift measurements of the light from individual granules provides evidence for the convective nature of the granules .   A typical granule has a diameter on the order of 1,500 kilometers and lasts 8 to 20 minutes before dissipating . At any one time , the Sun 's surface is covered by about 4 million granules . Below the photosphere is a layer of `` supergranules '' up to 30,000 kilometers in diameter with lifespans of up to 24 hours .

negative: 39 Cygni 39 Cygni ( 39 Cyg ) is a star in the constellation Cygnus , approximately 260 light years away from Earth . It is an orange star of the spectral type K3III , meaning it has a surface temperature of 3,500 to 5,000 kelvins . It is cooler , but much larger and brighter , than the Sun .

negative: Pyrenoid Pyrenoids are sub-cellular micro-compartments found in chloroplasts of many algae , and in a single group of land plants , the hornworts . Pyrenoids are associated with the operation of a carbon-concentrating mechanism ( CCM ) . Their main function is to act as centres of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) fixation , by generating and maintaining a CO2 rich environment around the photosynthetic enzyme ribulose-1 ,5 - bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ( Rubisco ) . Pyrenoids therefore seem to have a role analogous to that of carboxysomes in cyanobacteria .   Algae are restricted to aqueous environments , even in terrestrial habitats , and this has implications for their ability to access CO2 for photosynthesis . CO2 diffuses 10,000 times slower in water than in air , and is also slow to equilibrate . The result of this is that water , as a medium , is often easily depleted of CO2 and is slow to gain CO2 from the air . Finally , CO2 equilibrates with bicarbonate ( HCO3 − ) when dissolved in water , and does so on a pH-dependent basis . In sea water for example , the pH is such that dissolved inorganic carbon ( DIC ) is mainly found in the form of HCO3 − . The net result of this is a low concentration of free CO2 that is barely sufficient for an algal Rubisco to run at a quarter of its maximum velocity , and thus , CO2 availability may sometimes represent a major limitation of algal photosynthesis .