query: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

positive: Fossil fuel Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms , containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis . The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years , and sometimes exceeds 650 million years . Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum , coal , and natural gas . Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane . Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon to hydrogen ratios like methane , to liquids like petroleum , to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon , like anthracite coal . Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone , associated with oil , or in the form of methane clathrates .   The theory that fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth 's crust over millions of years was first introduced by Georgius Agricola in 1556 and later by Mikhail Lomonosov in the 18th century .   The Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2007 the primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0 % , coal 27.4 % , natural gas 23.0 % , amounting to an 86.4 % share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world . Non-fossil sources in 2006 included nuclear 8.5 % , hydroelectric 6.3 % , and others ( geothermal , solar , tidal , wind , wood , waste ) amounting to 0.9 % . World energy consumption was growing about 2.3 % per year .   Although fossil fuels are continually being formed via natural processes , they are generally considered to be non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form and the known viable reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made .   The use of fossil fuels raises serious environmental concerns . The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes ( 21.3 gigatonnes ) of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) per year . It is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount , so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year . Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming . A global movement towards the generation of renewable energy is underway to help reduce global greenhouse gas emissions .

positive: Wind power Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power . Wind power , as an alternative to burning fossil fuels , is plentiful , renewable , widely distributed , clean , produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation , consumes no water , and uses little land . The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources .   Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network . Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electric power , competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants . Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land , and offshore farms have less visual impact , but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher . Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off-grid locations .   Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year to year but which has significant variation over shorter time scales . It is therefore used in conjunction with other electric power sources to give a reliable supply . As the proportion of wind power in a region increases , a need to upgrade the grid , and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur . Power management techniques such as having excess capacity , geographically distributed turbines , dispatchable backing sources , sufficient hydroelectric power , exporting and importing power to neighboring areas , using vehicle-to-grid strategies or reducing demand when wind production is low , can in many cases overcome these problems . In addition , weather forecasting permits the electric power network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur .   As of 2015 , Denmark generates 40 % of its electric power from wind , and at least 83 other countries around the world are using wind power to supply their electric power grids . In 2014 global wind power capacity expanded 16 % to 369,553 MW . Yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4 % of worldwide electric power usage , 11.4 % in the EU .

positive: Wind turbine A wind turbine is a device that converts the wind 's kinetic energy into electrical power .   Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis types . The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs . Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid . Arrays of large turbines , known as wind farms , are becoming an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels .

positive: Petroleum Petroleum ( from petra #Greek : `` rock '' + oleum #Latin : `` oil '' . ) is a naturally occurring , yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth 's surface , which is commonly refined into various types of fuels . Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation .   It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic compounds . The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil . A fossil fuel , petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms , usually zooplankton and algae , are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure .   Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling ( natural petroleum springs are rare ) . Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology ( at the reservoir scale ) , sedimentary basin analysis , and reservoir characterization ( mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures ) have been completed . It is refined and separated , most easily by distillation , into a large number of consumer products , from gasoline ( petrol ) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals . Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials , and it is estimated that the world consumes about 95 million barrels each day .   Concern over the depletion of the earth 's finite reserves of oil , and the effect this would have on a society dependent on it , is a concept known as peak oil . The use of fossil fuels , such as petroleum , will have a negative impact on Earth 's biosphere , damaging ecosystems through events such as oil spills and releasing a range of pollutants into the air including ground-level ozone and sulfur dioxide from sulfur impurities in fossil fuels . The burning of fossil fuels plays the major role in the current episode of global warming .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Spoiled (film) Spoiled ( stylized as spOILed ) is a 2011 documentary film about energy myths , environmental issues with energy , the problems with alternative energy , and the global warming controversy associated with energy . Spoiled also discusses wind energy , solar energy , fossil fuels , green energy , alternative energy , and sustainable energy as a part of its renewable energy documentary scope .

negative: Vestas Vestas Wind Systems A/S is a Danish manufacturer , seller , installer , and servicer of wind turbines . It was founded in 1945 , and as of 2013 , it is the largest wind turbine company in the world . The company operates manufacturing plants in Denmark , Germany , India , Italy , Romania , the United Kingdom , Spain , Sweden , Norway , Australia , China , and the United States , and employs more than 21,000 people globally .

negative: Underwood Wind Farm The Underwood Wind Farm ( Enbridge Ontario Wind Farm ) is a wind farm located in Bruce County , Ontario , near the shores of Lake Huron . It was developed by Enbridge Inc. , a Canadian corporation better known for involvement in fossil fuels and their distribution .   The farm consists of 110 Vestas V82 wind turbines , each rated at 1.65 MW , for a total nameplate capacity of 181.5 MW . The project includes a substation to step up the power generated by the turbines to 230kV for transmission .   The Enbridge Ontario Wind Farm is not the only energy development in the area ; Bruce County also boasts the Huron Wind wind farm , and the Bruce Nuclear Generating Station .

negative: Save the Climate Save The Climate ( Sauvons le Climat ) is a French association created in 2004 by Hervé Nifenecker , Roger Balian , Rémy Carle and Bernard Lerouge . In May 2012 , five associations are members and thousands of people have signed its manifesto .   Its purpose is to fight against global warming and provide public information on topics fundamental to sustainable development , the environment , and energy , through eliminating the use of fossil fuels in France by maintaining the share of nuclear power generation in parallel with the use of `` heat-like '' renewable energy .   The association is approved by the French government as a combination of popular education .

negative: Power to Save the World Power to Save the World : The Truth About Nuclear Energy ( Knopf , 2007 ) , by Gwyneth Cravens , is an introduction to the benefits of nuclear power and the science behind it . It is written for members of the lay public who want to learn more about nuclear power , environmentalists concerned about global warming due to fossil fuel combustion ; and scientists and others who work in the nuclear world .

negative: Henrik Stiesdal Henrik Stiesdal ( born April 14 , 1957 ) is a Danish inventor and businessman in the modern wind power industry . In 1978 , he designed one of the first wind turbines representing the so-called `` Danish Concept '' which dominated the global wind industry through the 1980s . Until 2014 , Stiesdal was the Chief Technology Officer of Siemens Wind Power . During his professional career , Stiesdal has made more than 175 inventions and has received more than 650 patents related to wind power technology .

negative: List of energy resources These are modes of energy production , energy storage , or energy conservation , listed alphabetically . Note that not all sources are accepted as legitimate or have been proven to be tappable .   Atomic energy  Banki turbine -- hydro power , like overshot or even like turbine ...  Battery ( electricity )  Bioalcohol  Biodiesel  Biodiesel production  Biofuel  Biogas  Biomass  Bio-nano generator  Bitumen  Breeder reactor  Bubble fusion -- a nuclear fusion reaction hypothesized to occur during sonoluminescence , an extreme form of acoustic cavitation .  Coal  Coal mining  Cold fusion  Combustion  Compound turbine -- two axle , steam  Compressed air energy storage  Concentrated solar power  Deep lake water cooling  Diesel  Dyson sphere  Electrical grid  Energy tower  External combustion engine   Fischer-Tropsch process  Flywheel ( storage )  Fossil fuel  Fossil-fuel power station  Francis turbine  Fuel -- a substance used as a source of energy , usually by the heat produced in combustion .  Fuel cell  Fuel efficiency  Fusion power  Gas turbine  Gasohol  Geothermal exchange heat pump  Geothermal heating  Geothermal power  Grid energy storage  High-altitude wind power - Energy can be captured from the wind by kites , aerostats , airfoil matrices , balloons , bladed turbines , kytoon , tethered gliders sailplanes  Hydroelectricity  Hydrogen economy  Hydrogen storage , Underground hydrogen storage  Hydropower-Energy from moving water  Implosion  Kaplan turbine  Light crude  Liquid fuel  Liquid nitrogen economy  Marine current power  Magnetohydrodynamic , generator , MHD generator or dynamo transforms thermal energy or kinetic energy directly into electricity  Methane clathrate  Methanol  Methanol economy  Natural gas  Natural gas field  Natural gas vehicle  Nuclear energy -- energy in the nucleus or core of atoms  Nuclear fusion  Nuclear reactor  Nuclear reprocessing  Oil drilling  Oil platform  Oil refinery  Oil shale  Oil well  Osmotic power - or salinity gradient power - is the energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water  OTEC -- Ocean thermal energy conversion  Oxidation  Peat  Perpetuum Mobile  Petroleum  Photovoltaics  Piezoelectricity  Pneumatics -- compressed air  Products based on refined oil  Propellant  Pumped-storage hydroelectricity  Pyrolysis  Renewable energy  Savonius wind turbine -- wind  Small hydro   Solar box cooker  Solar cell  Solar chimney  Solar panel  Solar energy  Solar power satellite  Solar thermal energy  Solar updraft tower -- large version of the solar chimney concept  Solar water heating  Solid fuel  Sonoluminescence -- the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound .  SSTAR -- small , sealed , transportable , autonomous reactor  Steam turbine  Stirling engine  Straight vegetable oil  Stranded gas reserve  Sulfur-iodine cycle  Sustainable design  Synfuel  Syngas  Tar sands  Tesla turbine  Thermal depolymerization  Thermal power station  Thorium  Tidal power  Transmutation  Turgo turbine -- impulse water turbine designed for medium head applications  Tyson turbine -- for river flow harnessing   UASB  Uranium  Vacuum energy  Vibration energy scavenging  Vortex energy  Water turbine  Wave power  Wind energy  Wind farm  Wind turbine  Wood fuel  Wood gas  Zero-point energy

negative: The Phoenix Project: Shifting from Oil to Hydrogen The Phoenix Project : Shifting from Oil To Hydrogen is a 360-page book authored by Harry Braun that provides a plan for the USA to shift from oil and other fossil and nuclear fuels to wind powered hydrogen production systems by 2020 . From a technology perspective , wind machines are no more difficult to manufacture than automobiles , which is why they could have been mass-produced for large-scale hydrogen production in the 1920s . Making hydrogen from the wind and water is the `` silver bullet '' that can make the USA energy independent of all fossil and nuclear fuels . Indeed , it is the only energy option that is pollution-free , carbon-free and can displace all fossil and nuclear fuels worldwide forever because it is completely renewable . Every green plant on the earth is a solar hydrogen machine that extracts hydrogen from water ( H20 ) with the energy of the sun . Rather than waiting for fuel cells or hybrid vehicles , the Phoenix Project advocates simply modifying every existing vehicle ( and power plant ) to use hydrogen .   Category : Hydrogen economy  Category : Environmental non-fiction books

negative: Hambantota Wind Farm The Hambantota Wind Farm is the first wind farm to be commissioned in Sri Lanka . The farm is located along south-eastern coast of Hambantota , and consists of five NEG Micon M1500-600 wind turbines of each . With a total installed capacity of , the wind farm generates up to approximately of power annually .   The wind farm stretches about 1500 km2 in size , and cost approximately Rs .280 million ( 1999 rates ) , of which 34 % were local funds and 66 % were foreign funds . Foreign funds were raised by the Global Environmental Facility and the World Bank . Studies on the project dated as early as 1988 , more than a decade before it was commissioned in 1999 . The project is now owned by the Ceylon Electricity Board .

negative: Wind power industry The wind power industry is involved with the design , manufacture , construction , and maintenance of wind turbines . The modern wind power industry began in 1979 with the serial production of wind turbines by Danish manufacturers . The industry is currently undergoing a period of rapid globalization and consolidation .

negative: Energy in Germany Energy in Germany is sourced predominantly by fossil fuels , followed by nuclear power , biomass ( wood and biofuels ) , wind , hydro and solar .   The German economy is large and developed , ranking fourth in the world by GDP . Because of this , Germany ranked sixth in global energy consumption between 2004 and 2007 . Germany was Europe 's largest consumer of electricity in 2002 ; electricity consumption that year totaled 512.9 terawatt-hours . In 2013 Germany 's electricity production reached 631.4 TWh .   Key to Germany 's energy policies and politics is the `` Energiewende '' , meaning `` energy turnaround '' or `` energy transformation '' . Germany intends to eliminate current use of nuclear power by 2022 . Some plants have already been closed ahead of their intended retirement dates . It is presumed that fossil fuels , wind power , solar power , biofuels , and energy conservation will be enough to replace the existing capacity from nuclear power . The policy includes phasing out nuclear power , and progressive replacement of fossil fuels by renewables .

negative: Green paradox The green paradox , identified by German economist Hans-Werner Sinn , is the observation that an environmental policy that becomes greener with the passage of time acts like an announced expropriation for the owners of fossil fuel resources , inducing them to accelerate resource extraction and hence to accelerate global warming .

negative: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: Lillgrund Wind Farm Lillgrund Wind Farm is located about 10 km off the coast of southern Sweden , just south of the Öresund Bridge , where average wind speeds are 8 to . With 48 wind turbines ( Siemens SWT-2 .3 -93 ) and a capacity of 110 megawatts ( MW ) , Lillgrund is Sweden 's largest offshore wind farm , which will meet the domestic electricity demand of more than 60,000 homes ( 5000 kWh per home ) . The farm 's turbines have a rotor diameter of 93 metres and a total height of 115 metres .   A 2016 study found no significant effect on marine life .

negative: Wildorado Wind Ranch The Wildorado Wind Ranch , completed in 2007 , is located on approximately 16000 acre 25 mi west of Amarillo , Texas and consists of 161 MW of wind turbines ( 70 Siemens Mk II turbines each capable of generating 2.3 MW at peak wind speeds ) . These turbines have the capacity to meet the electricity demand of more than 50,000 households . The Wildorado Wind Ranch was developed by Cielo Wind Power , of Austin , Texas , in conjunction with Edison Mission Group of Irvine , California .

negative: Paderborn Wind Farm The Paderborn Wind Farm in Germany consists of 11 Vestas V-66 wind turbines , each 76m high with a 1.65 MW rated power , making a total installed capacity of 18.2 MW . The wind farm is sited near Paderborn in North Rhine-Westphalia , was initiated locally by a group of developers , and is owned by 91 shareholders . Commissioning was in November 2000 .   Germany is the world 's largest user of wind power with an installed capacity of 20,621 MW in 2006 . More than 18,000 wind turbines are located in the German federal area and the country has plans to build more wind turbines .

negative: Westmill Wind Farm Co-operative Westmill Wind Farm Co-operative Ltd is a community-owned Industrial and Provident Society that owns 100 % of the Westmill Wind Farm which is an onshore wind farm near the village of Watchfield in the Vale of White Horse , England . It has five 1.3 MW wind turbines erected in a line along the disused runway of the former RAF Watchfield . The wind farm has a power output of up to 6.5 MW , projected to produce as much electricity in a year as used by more than 2,500 homes . The turbines were erected in 8 days and the first fully month of generation was March 2008 . It has an open day usually in June each year .   The wind energy cooperative was established in 2004 and has more than 2,000 members . The wind farm is intended to help to reduce dependence on fossil fuels whose emissions are considered to contribute to climate change . In 2007 Westmill Wind Farm Co-operative received a Schumacher Award . Westmill Wind Farm was originally developed by Adam Twine who was in the later stages assisted by Energy4All , a company founded to enable community owned renewable energy projects by Baywind Energy Co-operative .   Westmill Sustainable Energy Trust ( WeSET ) is a charity formed in 2010 that receives 0.5 % of the wind farm 's revenue each year . Its objective is to encourage and promote the deployment of sustainable energy , in particular ( but not exclusively ) within a 25-mile radius from Westmill Wind Farm . Its website has educational material and details of how to visit Westmill Wind Farm .   The community-owned Westmill Solar Park is located on an adjoining site . Westmill Woodland Burial Ground , a natural burial site , is also close to the wind farm .

negative: Warm air intake A warm air intake or WAI is a system to decrease the amount of the air going into a car for the purpose of increasing the fuel economy of the internal-combustion engine . This term may also be used to describe a short ram air intake , a totally different intake modification .   All warm air intakes operate on the principle of decreasing the amount of oxygen available for combustion with fuel . Warm air from inside the engine bay is used opposed to air taken from the generally more restrictive stock intake . Warmer air is less dense , and thus contains less oxygen to burn fuel in . The car 's ECU compensates by opening the throttle wider to admit more air . This , in turn , decreases the resistance the engine must overcome to suck air in . The net effect is for the engine to intake the same amount of oxygen ( and thus burn the same amount of fuel , producing the same power ) but with less pumping losses , allowing for a gain in fuel economy , at the expense of top-end power .   Opposite principle of a cold air intake ( CAI ) which significantly differs by collecting air from a colder source outside the engine .   In the extreme , a warm air intake can eliminate the need for a conventional throttle and thus eliminate throttle losses .

negative: Global Warming Policy Foundation The Global Warming Policy Foundation ( GWPF ) is a think tank in the United Kingdom , whose stated aims are to challenge `` extremely damaging and harmful policies '' envisaged by governments to mitigate anthropogenic global warming .   It promotes climate change denial . In 2014 , when the Charity Commission ruled that the GWPF had breached rules on impartiality , a non-charitable organisation called the `` Global Warming Policy Forum '' or `` GWPF '' was created as a wholly owned subsidiary , to do lobbying that a charity could not .  The GWPF website carries an array of articles `` sceptical '' of scientific findings of anthropogenic global warming and its impacts .

negative: Gunning Wind Farm The Gunning Wind Farm project is a wind farm development in the Cullerin Range , north-east of Gunning , in New South Wales . Wind turbines in the farm are visible from the Hume Highway .   The Gunning Wind Farm comprises an electrical substation and operation and maintenance facilities plus 31 turbines which send power to the substation via 17km of underground cabling .  A 14km-long 132kV transmission line was constructed to connect the wind farm to the 132kV Yass-Goulburn transmission line . Turbines generate electricity at 12kV which travels via underground cables to the substation where it is stepped up to 132kV to match the grid voltage .  Construction began in April 2010 and created about 100 jobs , bringing significant economic activity to the Gunning region . The wind farm was completed in May 2011 .  A great deal of work was done prior to development of the wind farm . Technical studies identified constraints and the best design , with independent consultants engaged to report on :  flora and fauna  cultural heritage  traffic and transport  geology and hydrology  landscape and visual amenity  sound   The wind farm is capable of producing 46.5 MW of clean , renewable energy .  Each of the 1.5 MW turbines at the Gunning Wind Farm can provide sufficient renewable energy to power approximately 750 homes and save more than 5,250 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions a year .  The 31 turbines can power 23,250 homes and save more than 162,750 tonnes of greenhouse gases a year .   ACCIONA Energy has established a Community Benefit Fund to deliver tangible benefits to the local community . This initiative will run for the life of the project ( 25 years ) .  The Fund support services , events and projects which directly and indirectly benefit the community in the vicinity .  ACCIONA Energy also provides sponsorship support to local groups and events .

negative: WinWinD WinWinD was a wind turbine manufacturer headquartered in Espoo , Finland . It manufactured and supplied wind turbines with capacity of 1 and 3 MW .   The company was founded in 2000 in Oulu . In 2006 , Chinnakannan Sivasankaran 's Siva Group of India acquired majority control in WinWinD . In September 2008 , the Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company ( Masdar ) invested $ 120million in WinWinD acquiring 40 % stake of the company . In addition to Siva and Masdar , the Finnish investment fund Suomen Teollisuussijoitus ( Finnish Industry Investment ) has a stake in WinWinD .   WinWinD has assembly factories in Hamina , Finland , and Chennai , India . It employs more than 800 people globally . In addition to Finland , WinWinD turbines produce energy in Sweden , Estonia , France , Portugal , the Czech Republic and India .

negative: TUGE Energia TUGE Energia is a wind turbine manufacturer headquartered in Tallinn , Estonia . It manufactures and supplies small wind turbines with capacity of 10 kW . Development of a 50 kW unit has started in the beginning of 2016 and the company is working on a 3-5 kW wind turbine based on Hugh Piggott 's design .   The company was founded in 2015 in Tallinn . At the beginning of 2017 , it has more than 20 small wind turbines installed in Estonia and Finland . Company also provides complementary solar and battery storage solutions .   The company is a member of Estonian Wind Power Association , Finnish Wind Power Association and World Wind Energy Association .

negative: Union Pacific GTELs Union Pacific operated the largest fleet of gas turbine-electric locomotives ( GTELs ) of any railroad in the world . The prototype , UP 50 was the first in a series built by General Electric , marketed by the Alco-GE partnership until 1953 , for Union Pacific 's long-haul cargo services . The prototype was introduced in 1948 and was followed by three series of production locomotives . At one point Union Pacific said the turbines hauled more than 10 % of the railroad 's freight .   Fuel economy was poor , the turbine consumed roughly twice as much fuel as an equally powerful diesel engine . This was initially not a problem , because Union Pacific 's turbines were fueled by Bunker C heavy fuel oil . This highly viscous fuel was less expensive than diesel , but difficult to handle . When cold , its consistency is similar to tar or molasses . To solve this problem , a heater was built into the fuel tanks ( and later into fuel tenders ) to heat the fuel to 200 ° F before being fed into the turbine . Eventually UP switched from Bunker C to modified No. 6 heavy fuel oil , which contained fewer pollutants and solvents . Soot buildup and blade erosion caused by corrosive ash plagued all of the turbines . Changes to the air intake systems on the production turbine locomotives improved the air quality reaching the turbine which in turn reduced the wear to the turbine blades and increased the overall running life of the turbine . They were operated into late 1969 and the final two ( #s 18 , 26 ) were stored at the Cheyenne roundhouse in operating condition until being retired in Feb 1970 .

negative: Carbon cycle re-balancing The carbon cycle is the process by which carbon is exchanged between the four reservoirs of carbon : the biosphere , the earth , the air and water . Exchanges take place in several ways , including respiration , transpiration , combustion , and decomposition . The carbon balance , or carbon budget , is the balance of exchange between the four reservoirs .   Debate about 're - balancing the carbon cycle ' arises from a concern that use of fossil fuels , which has accelerated since the start of the industrial revolution , has caused carbon to accumulate in the atmosphere . Levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are estimated to have risen from 280 ppm to almost 400 ppm since 1800 and this is linked to global warming . It is therefore argued that the carbon cycle should be re-balanced by reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere .   ` Carbon cycle re-balancing ' is a useful name for a group of environmental policies listed below . The name gives a specific reason for adopting these policies . Related names , including pleas for sustainable development and participation in the green movement are politics-based rather than science-based .   Carbon offset - for example by photosynthesis ( e.g. in new forests )  Carbon capture and storage - extraction of CO2 and placing it underground or underwater  Carbon capture and transformation - extraction of CO2 and reacting it with hydrogen via renewable energy electrolysis to create methane as an energy store/carrier . Low to neutral cycle  Sustainable energy - a shift from fossil fuels energy to wind power and solar power  Nuclear power - as an alternative to fossil fuels  Sustainable design - to reduce inputs and outputs of energy  Sustainable transport - to reduce reliance on fossil fuels   Burning domestic refuse to generate power can be promoted as a recycling , and therefore sustainable , policy . But from a carbon cycle re-balancing standpoint it is better to compost as much domestic refuse as possible .

negative: WAsP WAsP ( Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program ) is a Windows program for predicting wind climates , wind resources , and energy yields from wind turbines and wind farms . The predictions are based on wind data measured at meteorological stations in the same region , or on generalized wind climates derived from mesoscale model results . The program includes a complex terrain flow model , a roughness change model , a model for sheltering obstacles , a wind turbine wake model and a model for the average atmospheric stability conditions at the site . The software package further contains a Climate Analyst for creating the wind-climatological inputs , a Map Editor for creating and editing the topographical inputs , and a Turbine Editor for creating the wind turbine inputs to WAsP . The fundamentals of WAsP and the wind atlas methodology are described in the European Wind Atlas . WAsP is developed and distributed by the Department of Wind Energy at the Technical University of Denmark , Denmark . Current version is WAsP 11.5 .   WAsP is used for :  Wind farm production  Wind farm efficiency  Micro-siting of wind turbines  Power production calculations  Wind resource mapping  Wind climate estimation  Wind atlas generation  Wind data analysis

negative: Hurricane Katrina and global warming The tremendous destruction caused by recent Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones , such as Hurricanes Katrina , Wilma , and Sandy caused a substantial upsurge in interest in the subject of global warming by news media and the wider public , and concerns that global climatic change may have played a significant role in those events . Time Magazine , for example , published an article titled , `` Is Global Warming Fueling Katrina ? '' -- however , the article itself addressed hurricanes in general , rather than Katrina specifically , and was inconclusive .   Shortly after the hurricane , former Boston Globe reporter Ross Gelbspan wrote an op-ed piece for the Globe titled , `` Katrina 's Real Name '' , declaring that the hurricane 's `` real name is global warming . '' Gelbspan went on to assert :  `` Although Katrina began as a relatively small hurricane that glanced off south Florida , it was supercharged with extraordinary intensity by the relatively blistering sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico . ''  Gelbspan did not single out Katrina from other recent storms in that regard ; in the article he went on to attribute other major weather events over the preceding year to global warming , including a blizzard in Los Angeles , high winds in Scandinavia , wildfires in Spain , and a drought centered in Missouri .   Britain 's then deputy prime minister , John Prescott , has linked Katrina with global warming , and statements made shortly after the hurricane by Germany 's environment minister , Jürgen Trittin , indicate he believes that global warming is responsible for an increase in the frequency of destructive natural events .   Kerry Emanuel had recently published a paper in the journal Nature that found a good correlation between hurricane intensity and sea surface temperatures . Some journalists have claimed Emanuel 's paper concludes that the recent increase in intense Atlantic storms is due to global warming , but Emanuel stated that `` it would be absurd to attribute the Katrina disaster to global warming '' .   The Internet blog RealClimate has written that `` there is no way to prove that Katrina either was , or was not , affected by global warming '' .

negative: Global Wind Day Global Wind Day is a worldwide event that occurs annually on 15 June . It is organised by EWEA ( European Wind Energy Association ) and GWEC ( Global Wind Energy Council ) . It is a day when wind energy is celebrated , information is exchanged and adults and children find out about wind energy , its power and the possibilities it holds to change the world .  In association with EWEA and GWEC , national wind energy associations and companies involved in wind energy production organise events in many countries around the world . In 2011 , there were events organised in 30 countries , on 4 continents . Events included visits to onshore and offshore wind farms , information campaigns , demonstration turbines being set up in cities , wind workshops and a wind parade . Many events happened on Global Wind Day ( 15 June ) itself , but there were also events on the days and weeks before and afterwards . In 2012 there were 250 events around the globe and a very popular photo competition .

negative: Red Hills Wind Farm The 123 megawatt ( MW ) Red Hills Wind Farm is located in Roger Mills and Custer counties , near Elk City , Oklahoma . The wind farm has 82 Acciona 1.5-MW wind turbines , and the Red Hills facility is spread across 5000 acre . Acciona Energy North America opened the wind farm in June 2009 .   Red Hills Wind Farm created 15 new full-time local jobs and more than 200 people were employed during the construction phase . Long-term lease agreements have been completed with 12 local landowners or land trusts . With the exception of the small footprint made by the 82 turbines , at about 1 acre each , land use is dominated by cattle grazing which co-exists with the wind power production .

negative: Carbon bubble The carbon bubble is a hypothesized bubble in the valuation of companies dependent on fossil-fuel-based energy production , because the true costs of carbon dioxide in intensifying global warming are not yet taken into account in a company 's stock market valuation . Currently the price of fossil fuels companies ' shares is calculated under the assumption that all fossil fuel reserves will be consumed . An estimate made by Kepler Chevreux puts the loss in value of the fossil fuel companies due to the impact of the growing renewables industry at US$ 28 trillion over the next two decades-long . A more recent analysis made by Citi puts that figure at $ 100 trillion .   Analysts in both the petroleum and financial industries are concluding that the `` age of oil '' has already reached a new stage where the excess supply that appeared in late 2014 may continue to prevail in the future .  A consensus appears to be emerging that an international agreement will be reached to introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 ° C that is consensually predicted to limit environmental harm to tolerable levels .   According to the UK 's Committee on Climate Change , overvaluing companies that produce fossil fuels and greenhouse gases poses a serious threat to the economy . The committee warned the British government and Bank of England of the risks of the carbon bubble in 2014 . The following year , Mark Carney , the Governor of the Bank of England , in his lecture to Lloyd 's of London , warned that limiting global warming to 2 ° C appears to require that the `` vast majority '' of fossil fuel reserves be `` stranded '' , or `` literally unburnable without expensive carbon-capture technology '' , resulting in `` potentially huge '' exposure to investors in that sector . He concluded that `` the window of opportunity is finite and shrinking '' for responding to the threat that climate change poses to financial resilience and longer-term prosperity , which he called the `` tragedy of the horizon '' . That same month , the Prudential Regulation Authority of the Bank of England issued a report discussing the risks and opportunities that climate change presents to the insurance industry .   In his speech announcing his denial of the proposal to build the Keystone XL oil pipeline , U.S. President Barack Obama gave as one reason for the decision '' ... ultimately , if we 're going to prevent large parts of this Earth from becoming not only inhospitable but uninhabitable in our lifetimes , we 're going to have to keep some fossil fuels in the ground ... '' .

negative: United States Wind Energy Policy Modern United States Wind Energy Policy coincided with the beginning of modern wind industry of the United States , which began in the early 1980s with the arrival of utility-scale wind turbines in California ( see Altamont Pass ) . Since then , the industry has had to endure the financial uncertainties caused by a highly fluctuating tax incentive program . Because these early wind projects were fueled by investment tax credits based on installation rather than performance , they were plagued with issues of low productivity and equipment reliability . Those investment tax credits expired in 1986 , which forced investors to focus on improving the reliability and efficiency of their turbines . The 1990s saw rise to a new type of tax credit , the production tax credit , which propelled technological improvements to the wind turbine even further by encouraging investors to focus on electricity output rather than installation .   Wind energy policy is generally directed at three categories of constituents :  Research and Development Organizations  Commercial/Residential Generators  Manufacturers and Producers   with one of two goals :  to provide incentives or require production and installation of wind turbines or production of electricity from wind , or  facilitate the appropriate location of wind turbines .   Historically , incentives have come in the form of production or installation tax credits , grants , and renewable portfolio standards , at the federal , state , and local levels of government . Policy facilitating appropriate location has historically come in the form of local ordinances and permitting requirements .   __ TOC __

negative: Vertical axis wind turbine Vertical-axis wind turbines ( VAWTs ) are a type of wind turbine where the main rotor shaft is set transverse to the wind ( but not necessarily vertically ) while the main components are located at the base of the turbine . This arrangement allows the generator and gearbox to be located close to the ground , facilitating service and repair . VAWTs do not need to be pointed into the wind , which removes the need for wind-sensing and orientation mechanisms . Major drawbacks for the early designs ( Savonius , Darrieus and giromill ) included the significant torque variation or `` ripple '' during each revolution , and the large bending moments on the blades . Later designs addressed the torque ripple issue by sweeping the blades helically .   A VAWT tipped sideways , with the axis perpendicular to the wind streamlines , functions similarly . A more general term that includes this option is `` transverse axis wind turbine '' or `` cross-flow wind turbine . '' For example , the original Darrieus patent , US Patent 1835018 , includes both options .   Drag-type VAWTs such as the Savonius rotor typically operate at lower tipspeed ratios than lift-based VAWTs such as Darrieus rotors and cycloturbines .


query: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

positive: Marshall Islands The Marshall Islands , officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands ( Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ ) , Pronunciations : * English : Republic of the Marshall Islands -LSB- ˈmɑrʃəl_ˈaɪləndz -RSB- * Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ ( -LSB- iconhahawweweylyeyPyayn_hahawwowohrhohKhuyn_mhhahahJyehlh -RSB- ) is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean , slightly west of the International Date Line . Geographically , the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia . The country 's population of 53,158 people ( at the 2011 Census ) is spread out over 29 coral atolls , comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets .   The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west , Wake Island to the north , Wake Island is claimed as a territory of the Marshall Islands , but is also claimed as an unorganized , unincorporated territory of the United States , with de facto control vested in the Office of Insular Affairs ( and all military defenses managed by the United States military ) . Kiribati to the southeast , and Nauru to the south . About 27,797 of the islanders ( at the 2011 Census ) live on Majuro , which contains the capital .   Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC , with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts . Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s , with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526 . Other expeditions by Spanish and English ships followed . The islands derive their name from British explorer John Marshall , who visited in 1788 . The islands were historically known by the inhabitants as `` jolet jen Anij '' ( Gifts from God ) .   The European powers recognized Spanish sovereignty over the islands in 1874 . They had been part of the Spanish East Indies formally since 1528 . Later , Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884 , and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885 . In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands , which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate . In World War II , the United States conquered the islands in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign . Along with other Pacific Islands , the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands governed by the US . Self-government was achieved in 1979 , and full sovereignty in 1986 , under a Compact of Free Association with the United States . Marshall Islands has been a United Nations member state since 1991 .   Politically , the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States , with the US providing defense , subsidies , and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS . With few natural resources , the islands ' wealth is based on a service economy , as well as some fishing and agriculture ; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands ' gross domestic product . The country uses the United States dollar as its currency .   The majority of the citizens of the Marshall Islands are of Marshallese descent , though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States , China , Philippines , and other Pacific islands . The two official languages are Marshallese , which is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian languages , and English . Almost the entire population of the islands practises some religion , with three-quarters of the country either following the United Church of Christ -- Congregational in the Marshall Islands ( UCCCMI ) or the Assemblies of God .

positive: Hilda Heine Hilda Cathy Heine ( born April 6 , 1951 ) is a Marshallese educator and politician , currently serving as the eighth President of the Marshall Islands . Prior to assuming office , she served as the Minister of Education . She was the first individual in the Marshall Islands to earn a doctorate degree , and the founder of the women 's rights group Women United Together Marshall Islands ( WUTMI ) .   Heine is the first woman to hold the presidency of the Marshall Islands . She is also the first female president of any Micronesian country , and only the fourth woman to serve as head of government for any independent Pacific nation ( following Jenny Shipley and Helen Clark of New Zealand and Julia Gillard of Australia ) . She is one of only three women currently serving in the Nitijeļā , the country 's legislature , as of January 2016 .

negative: Migration and global environmental change (Report) Migration and Global Environmental Change was a report about the influence of climate change on patterns of human migration and displacement published in 2011 . The report was produced by the Foresight unit at the UK 's Government Office of Science . It became known colloquially as ` The Foresight Report ' among people working in the field of climate-linked migration . The report was led by Professor Richard Black of Sussex University .   The report was one of the first assessments of all the existing evidence and research on the connections between climate change and migration . The report authors also commissioned a number of new peer reviewed articles on migration and climate change , significant adding to the evidence base of the topic . The report attracted significant media attention on its release .   The report was critical of previous predictions of the number of people who could be forced to move by climate change . It argued that making such numerical predictions was impossible because attributing climate change as the sole cause of someone 's migration was difficult .   The report popularized the idea of trapped populations . The report argued that as well as being forced to move by climate change impacts , people might also be forced to stay where they are . The report drew on evidence showing that as people become poorer as a result of a degraded environment , they become less able to migrate . The idea of trapped populations had been present in the academic literature for sometime , however the media attention results from the release of the report brought the idea to a wider public for the first time .   The report also popularized the idea of migration as climate change adaptation . Again , the authors drew on existing academic literature on the topic . They made the case that migration should be seen as a legitimate and empowering way for some people to adapt to the impacts of climate change .

negative: Climate change in Grenada The issue of climate change has received significant public and political attention in Grenada . As of 2013 , the mitigation of its effects has been high on the agenda of the Government of Grenada , which seeks to set an example through innovation and green technology .   Given its small size , Grenada is not a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions , but does use fossil fuel to generate 90 % of its electricity . The Government of Grenada has set a goal of generating 50 % of its energy from solar and wind power by 2030 , and is taking steps to abolish Grenlec , the state-run electric utility . Because tourism is a mainstay of the economy , there is also interest in exploring the use of seawater for air-conditioning .   As of 2013 , Grenada had a US$ 6.9 million pilot project to adapt its irrigation system to climate change and conduct local and regional water planning , funded by the German International Climate Initiative ( IKI ) . Groundwater depletion , lower water tables , disruption of water supply by hurricanes ( such as Hurricane Ivan ) , saltwater intrusion , and rising sea levels pose challenges for providing a consistent water supply for agriculture and tourism .   In 2013 , the newspaper The Washington Diplomat profiled Grenada 's ambassador to the United States , Angus Friday , who has served as a `` senior climate policy specialist at the World Bank . '' In his earlier posting as Grenadian Ambassador to the United Nations , `` he frequently advocated for small Caribbean and Pacific island nations threatened by rising ocean levels . ''

negative: Alliance of Small Island States Alliance of Small Island States ( AOSIS ) is an intergovernmental organization of low lying coastal and small island countries . Established in 1990 , the main purpose of the alliance is to consolidate the voices of Small Island Developing States ( SIDS ) to address global warming . AOSIS has been very active from its inception , putting forward the first draft text in the Kyoto Protocol negotiations as early as 1994 . At the 2013 Warsaw climate change conference , AOSIS also pushed for the establishment of an international mechanism on loss and damages stressed by the wreckage of Supertyphoon Haiyan . As the existence of many AOSIS states are put at risk by climate change AOSIS has threatened lawsuits . The results of a recent review of the literature show that potential liability for climate change-related losses for the Alliance of Small Island States is over $ 570 trillion .   Many of the member states were present at the December 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference ( COP15 ) . Democracy Now ! reported that members from the island state of Tuvalu interrupted a session of the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference on 10 December 2009 to demand that global temperature rise be limited to 1.5 ° C instead of the proposed 2 ° C.   AOSIS has a membership of 44 states , of which 39 are members of the United Nations and 5 observers from all around the world . The alliance represents 28 % of the developing countries , and 20 % of the UN 's total membership .

negative: Effects of global warming on Australia Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent 's environment , economy , and communities . Australia has been designated as one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change , according to the Stern Review and others , due partially to the importance of its agricultural sector and the prominence of its coast .   Australia is vulnerable to the effects of global warming projected for the next 50 to 100 years because of its extensive arid and semi-arid areas , an already warm climate , high annual rainfall variability , and existing pressures on water supply . The continent 's high fire risk increases this susceptibility to change in temperature and climate . Additionally , Australia 's population is highly concentrated in coastal areas , and its important tourism industry depends on the health of the Great Barrier Reef and other fragile ecosystems . The impacts of climate change in Australia will be complex and to some degree uncertain , but increased foresight may enable the country to safeguard its future through planned mitigation and adaptation . Mitigation may reduce the ultimate extent of climate change and its impacts , but requires global solutions and cooperation , while adaptation can be performed at national and local levels .

negative: Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) published a special report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation ( SRREN ) on May 9 , 2011 . The report developed under the leadership of Ottmar Edenhofer evaluates the global potential for using renewable energy to mitigate climate change . This IPCC special report provides broader coverage of renewable energy than was included in the IPCC 's 2007 climate change assessment report , as well as stronger renewable energy policy coverage .   Renewable energy can contribute to `` social and economic development , energy access , secure energy supply , climate change mitigation , and the reduction of negative environmental and health impacts '' . Under favourable circumstances , cost savings in comparison to non-renewable energy use exist .

negative: Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands) Ministry of the Education or the MOE is one of the government branches in the Marshall Islands that controls and taking care of Education and every public schools in the Marshall Islands . The Minister of the MOE which is the head of MOE is one of the senators of the Marshall Islands and was appointed by the president of the Marshall Islands . Wilbur Heine is currently the Minister for the MOE .

negative: Paul Ingrassia Paul Ingrassia ( born c. 1950 ) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and retired Managing Editor for Reuters , a division of Thomson Reuters , headquartered in New York City . In June 2016 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Loeb Foundation for accomplishments in business and financial journalism . Ingrassia drew media attention in 2013 when David Fogarty , climate change reporter at Reuters for nearly 20 years , resigned and later told the press of Ingrassia 's suspected climate change denial . Ingrassia had allegedly told Fogarty in 2012 that he was a ` climate change skeptic ' who wanted to see more evidence mankind was changing the global climate . Following what Fogarty claims to be a time of heavy climate change censorship he described as a ` Climate of Fear ' in Reuters , Ingrassia supposedly denounced climate change coverage in early 2013 and abolished Fogarty 's role , triggering his resignation .   However , that allegation notwithstanding ,   `` Reuters led the pack in climate change coverage '' in 2013 , reported The Daily Climate , an independent , foundation-funded news service that has aggregated climate coverage since 2007 . Reuters ' total of nearly 1,100 stories on the topic during that year outstripped the Associated Press , the Guardian and The New York Times .   Even during the period of supposed `` suppression '' of climate coverage , from mid-April to mid-October 2012 , Reuters ran an average of nearly two stories a day on the topic . While the number of Reuters stories on climate issues did drop during 2011 , it also dropped at The New York Times , the Guardian and virtually every other major publication -- partly because carbon-emissions trading failed to evolve into a broad market , as had once seemed likely .

negative: Majuro Declaration The Majuro Declaration is an initiative of the Pacific Islands Forum , which was signed on 5 September 2013 at Majuro in the Marshall Islands during the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit . At the summit the leaders of the Pacific Islands Forum nations recognised the need for strengthened national systems to plan for , access , deliver , absorb and monitor climate change and for donor countries to continue to simplify and harmonise their assessment , implementation and reporting processes for financing projects directed to climate change adaptation , mitigation and risk reduction .   The intention of the Majuro Declaration is to highlight the commitment of the leaders of the Pacific Islands Forum nations to the reduction and phasing down of greenhouse gas pollution worldwide , with the leaders wanting to spark a `` new wave of climate leadership '' .

negative: Climate change in New Zealand Climate change in New Zealand refers to change in the climate of New Zealand on the scale of years , decades , centuries and longer periods of time . New Zealand is being affected by climate change and the impacts are predicted to increase in future . Anthropogenic global warming during the 20th century is apparent in the instrumental temperature record , in New Zealand 's participation in international treaties , and in social and political debates .   Climate change is being responded to in a variety of ways by civil society and the government of New Zealand . An emissions trading scheme has been established and from 1 July 2010 , the energy and liquid fossil fuel sectors have obligations to report emissions and to obtain and surrender emissions units ( carbon credits ) .

negative: Ngedikes Olai Uludong Ngedikes `` Olai '' Uludong is a Diplomat from the Republic of Palau , currently serving as the Permanent Representative from Palau to the United Nations and the Palau Ambassador to the European Union in the Kingdom of Belgium . Prior to her role as a diplomat , Uludong was Climate Change Advisor in environmental policy and management throughout the Micronesia and Pacific region . She is an active public servant that has coordinated environment and climate change work in the Republic of Palau , Republic of the Marshall Islands , Republic of Nauru , Republic of Maldives , the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) process , and served as the Lead Negotiator for the United Nations Negotiating Bloc : The Alliance of Small Islands States ( AOSIS ) in New York City . As the Current Palau 's Ambassador to the European Union and Ambassador on Climate Change .

negative: National Climate Assessment The National Climate Assessment ( NCA ) is a United States government interagency ongoing effort on climate change science conducted under the auspices of the Global Change Research Act of 1990 . The NCA is a major product of the U.S. Global Change Research Program ( USGCRP ) which coordinates a team of experts and receives input from a Federal Advisory Committee . The Fourth National Climate Assessment is being developed . For the Third National Climate Assessment , released in 2014 , USGCRP coordinated hundreds of experts and received advice from a sixty-member Federal Advisory Committee . NCA research is integrated and summarized in the mandatory ongoing National Climate Assessment Reports . The reports are `` extensively reviewed by the public and experts , including federal agencies and a panel of the National Academy of Sciences .   The First National Climate Assessment was published in 2000 . The First National Climate Assessment Report was `` prepared by the National Assessment Synthesis Team ( NAST ) , an advisory committee chartered under the Federal Advisory Committee Act to help the US Global Change Research Program fulfill its mandate under the Global Change Research Act of 1990 . The National Science and Technology Council forwarded the report to the President and Congress for their consideration as required by the Global Change Research Act . Administrative support for the US Global Change Research Program is provided by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research , which is sponsored by the National Science Foundation ( NCA 2000 ) . '' Between 2002 and 2009 , USGCRP previously known as the U.S. Climate Change Science Program ( CCSP ) , produced twenty-one Synthesis and Assessment Products ( SAPs ) . The second NCA was published in 2009 and the third was released in 2014 .   NCA 's overarching goal according to their May 20 , 2011 engagement strategy summary , `` is to enhance the ability of the U.S. to anticipate , mitigate , and adapt to changes in the global environment ( NCA 2011:2 ) . ''   According to the USGCRP official website the NCA ,   In 2013 , the President 's Climate Action Plan released by the Executive Office of the President specifically noted the importance of the National Climate Assessments in achieving the goal of `` Using Sound Science to Manage Climate Impacts '' .

negative: Thomas Heine Thomas Heine is a Marshallese politician and government minister . He has had a term as Minister of Transportation and Communications , and as of 2012 he was Minister of Justice . In 2012 he was elected to the Board of Directors of the Marshall Islands Legal Services Corporation , and as of 2014 he was Chairman of the Central Pacific Shipping Commission .

negative: Climate Disclosure Standards Board The Climate Disclosure Standards Board ( CDSB ) is a non-profit organization working to provide material information for investors and financial markets through the integration of climate change-related information into mainstream financial reporting . CDSB operates on the premise that investors and financial institutions can make better and informed decisions if companies are open , transparent and analyse the risks and opportunities associated with climate change-related information . To this end , CDSB acts as a forum for collaboration on how existing standards and practices can be used to link financial and climate change-related information using its Climate Change Reporting Framework .  The Framework is a standards-ready tool for companies to disclose climate change-related information in mainstream financial reports . Launched in September 2010 , the Climate Change Reporting Framework adopts and relies on relevant provisions of existing standards and practices , including the Greenhouse Gas Protocol and International Financial Reporting Standards as well as reflecting regulatory and voluntary reporting and carbon trading rules . The distinctiveness of the Framework is that it references standards instead of creating a new one . The Framework also adopts relevant principles and objectives of financial reporting to complement mainstream financial reporting models .

negative: Climate Change Science Program The Climate Change Science Program ( CCSP ) was the program responsible for coordinating and integrating research on global warming by U.S. government agencies from February 2002 to June 2009 . Toward the end of that period , CCSP issued 21 separate climate assessment reports that addressed climate observations , changes in the atmosphere , expected climate change , impacts and adaptation , and risk management issues . Shortly after President Obama took office , the program 's name was changed to U.S. Global Change Research Program ( USGCRP ) which was also the program 's name before 2002 . Nevertheless , the Obama Administration generally embraced the CCSP products as sound science providing a basis for climate policy . Because those reports were mostly issued after the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , and in some cases focused specifically on the United States , they were generally viewed within the United States as having an importance and scientific credibility comparable to the IPCC assessments for the first few years of the Obama Administration .

negative: Jared Heine Jared Heine ( born September 6 , 1984 ) is a Marshallese swimmer , who specialized in backstroke events . He acquired a dual citizenship to participate internationally for the Marshall Islands at the 2008 Summer Olympics , placing himself among the top 45 swimmers in the 100 m backstroke .   Heine was one of the five athletes to mark an Olympic debut for the Marshall Islands at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , competing in the men 's 100 m backstroke . He cleared a minute barrier to finish the opening heat with a lifetime bodysuit best of 58.86 for a third-place finish and forty-third overall on the evening prelims , failing to advance to the semifinals .   Heine is an information science graduate at the Florida State University in Tallahassee , Florida , and a member and senior coach of Kamehameha Swim Club in his hometown Honolulu .

negative: Pan-African Media Alliance on Climate Change The Pan-African Media Alliance for Climate Change ( PAMACC ) is one of Africa 's associations of environment journalists . It was created in June 2013 at a workshop the PanAfrican Climate Justice Alliance organised for African journalists .   PAMACC 's aim is to support journalists to improve their reporting on climate change and has set up a website to share their stories .   It has regional coordinators , who will encourage journalists to set up national bodies in each country . The coordinator for Southern Africa , Sellina Nkowani from Malawi , has also stated that she wants the alliance to encourage more women journalists to report on climate change .  The other regional coordinators are Elias Ngalame from Cameroon ( for Central Africa ) , Atayi Babs Opaluwah from Nigeria ( for West Africa ) and Kizito Makoye from Tanzania ( for East Africa ) . Isaiah Esipisu from Kenya will act as the continent-wide coordinator .

negative: Ambo Declaration The Ambo Declaration was adopted at the Tarawa Climate Change Conference on 10 November 2010 by Australia , Brazil , China , Cuba , Fiji , Japan , Kiribati , Maldives , Marshall Islands , New Zealand , Solomon Islands and Tonga . The declaration calls for more and immediate action to be undertaken to address the causes and adverse impacts of climate change . The Ambo Declaration , named after the village in Kiribati where parliament sits , was slated to be a non-legally-binding agreement between the nations to present at the larger international climate change summit , COP16 in Cancun , Mexico .   The United States , the United Kingdom and Canada , who also attended the conference , chose not to be part of the declaration by taking Observer status .   The purpose of the conference was to support the initiative of the President of Kiribati , Anote Tong , to hold a consultative forum between vulnerable states and their partners with a view of creating an enabling environment for multi-party negotiations under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . The conference was a successor event to the Climate Vulnerable Forum first held in November 2009 in the Maldives , when eleven climate vulnerable countries signed the Bandos Island declaration pledging to show moral leadership and commence greening their economies by voluntarily committing to achieving carbon neutrality . Based on the lessons learned in the COP process , the TCCC proposed a more inclusive format of consultations , involving key partners among major developed and developing nations . The ultimate objective of TCCC was to reduce the number and intensity of various fault lines between parties to the COP process , explore elements of agreement between the parties and thereby to support Kiribati 's and other parties ' contribution to COP16 to be held in Cancun , Mexico , from 29 November to 10 December 2010 .

negative: Dennis Tirpak Dennis Tirpak is an expert on Climate Change . He is a Senior Fellow at the World Resources Institute .   He was the director of Global Climate Change Policy at the United States Environmental Protection Agency for ten years . He was the Coordinator of Science and Technology at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for nine years . He was the head of the climate change unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) for three years . He has also worked on the Montreal Protocol and held positions in industry with Texaco and Alcoa .   He is one of the coordinating lead authors of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former US Vice President Al Gore . He advises national governments and industry as an associate with the International Institute for Sustainable Development in Canada and a senior fellow at the World Resources Institute in Washington , D.C.   He was the Chairman of The International Scientific Steering Committee for Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations which took place at the invitation of the British Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2005 .   In 1989 he co-authored the first report to Congress , The Potential Effects Of Global Climate Change on the United States , and has written a scientific and policy history on climate change and contributed to many publications including the New York Times in an op-ed titled `` How Green is My Taxi '' .

negative: Piers Forster Piers Forster is Professor of Physical Climate Change and Director of the Priestley International Centre for Climate at the University of Leeds .  A physicist by training , his research focuses on quantifying the different human causes of climate change and the way the Earth responds . He is best known for his work on radiative forcing , climate sensitivity , contrails and geoengineering . He has contributed heavily to the writing of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports , including acting as a Lead Author for both the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and IPCC Fifth Assessment Report .

negative: World Climate Report World Climate Report , a newsletter edited by Patrick Michaels , was produced by the Greening Earth Society , a non-profit organization created by the Western Fuels Association .   Early editions were paper based ; it was then transferred to a web-only format , having ceased publication as a physically based report with Volume 8 in 2002 . It continues to exist in blog form at www.worldclimatereport.com , although the website itself has not been updated since late 2012 .   World Climate Report presents a scientific skeptical view of populist anthropogenic-driven mass global climate change , or as it describes , ` Global Warming Alarmism ' . However , it does not reject the concepts of global climate change or greenhouse theory ( or other well-established and widely accepted scientific theories or empirical studies ) , in general attempting to engender itself as giving a well balanced and scientific view of the sources ( though often at a contrary expense of its perceived adversaries : the aforementioned alleged ` Global Warming Alarmists ' ) .   WCR says of itself :   World Climate Report , a concise , hard-hitting and scientifically correct response to the global change reports which gain attention in the literature and popular press . As the nation 's leading publication in this realm , World Climate Report is exhaustively researched , impeccably referenced , and always timely . This popular biweekly newsletter points out the weaknesses and outright fallacies in the science that is being touted as `` proof '' of disastrous warming . It 's the perfect antidote against those who argue for proposed changes to the Rio Climate Treaty , such as the Kyoto Protocol , which are aimed at limiting carbon emissions from the United States ... World Climate Report has become the definitive and unimpeachable source for what nature now calls the `` mainstream skeptic '' point of view . .   In addition to Patrick Michaels ( chief editor ) , the staff is listed as Robert C. Balling , Jr ( contributing editor ) , Robert Davis ( contributing editor ) , and Paul Knappenberger ( Administrator ) .   New Hope Environmental Services , an advocacy science consulting firm , claims WCR as its biweekly newsletter .

negative: List of people who have expressed views relating to overpopulation as a problem The people in this list have expressed concerns about human overpopulation .

negative: Forever Marshall Islands Forever Marshall Islands is the national anthem of the Marshall Islands . The music and lyrics were created by former President Amata Kabua . It was adopted in 1991 .   It replaced the previous national anthem , Ij Io̧kwe Ļo̧k Aelōn̄ Eo Aō .

negative: Marshall Islands at the 2008 Summer Olympics The Marshall Islands took part in the 2008 Summer Olympics , which were held in Beijing , China from 8 to 24 August 2008 . The 2008 Summer Olympics were the Marshall Islands ' first appearance at the Olympics . The delegation included five athletes , two in athletics , two in swimming , and one in taekwondo . The Marshall Islands failed to win an Olympic medal at these Games .   Athletes representing the Marshall Islands participated in four different events . Anju Jason was the first Marshallese athlete ever to qualify for the Olympic Games . Jason was the only athlete to meet the qualification standards , the other five athletes at the Games were all wildcard entries . He represented his country in taekwondo . Jared Heine is a swimmer and competed in the 100 meter backstroke . In athletics , the nation was represented by Roman Cress who ran in the men 's 100 meters . Haley Nemra also represented the Marshall Islands running in the women 's 800 meters .

negative: Public opinion on climate change Public opinion on climate change is the aggregate of attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population concerning the science , economics , and politics of global warming . It is affected by media coverage of climate change .

negative: Elections in the Marshall Islands Elections in Marshall Islands gives information on election and election results in Marshall Islands .   Marshall Islands elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature . The president is elected for a four-year term by the parliament . The Legislature ( Nitijela ) has 33 members , elected for a four-year term in single-seat and five multi-seat constituencies . The Legislature was last elected 17 November 2003 without the participation of parties , though part of the members could be members of the United Democratic Party . The Marshall Islands is a state in which political parties have not been active .   There have been a number of local and national elections since the Republic of the Marshall Islands was founded . The United Democratic Party , running on a reform platform , won the 1999 parliamentary election , taking control of the presidency and cabinet . The new government has publicly confirmed its commitment to an independent judiciary .   The first two presidents were chiefs . Kessai Note is a commoner .

negative: Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow The Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow ( CFACT ) is a Washington , D.C.-based 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization founded in 1985 that advocates for free-market solutions to environmental issues , but has increasingly turned to climate denial . For example , CFACT co-founder Craig Rucker stated that mankind faces a threat `` not from man-made global warming , but from man-made hysteria . '' At the 29 April 2017 Climate March , leaflets distributed by CFACT claimed the scientific consensus that mankind is now driving global changes in the planet 's climate are `` bogus '' , that reports of record-setting temperatures are `` the hottest lie '' being told , and `` CO2 is not the ` control knob ' of the climate '' .

negative: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Climate Change 2007 , the Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific , technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change , its potential effects , and options for adaptation and mitigation . The report is the largest and most detailed summary of the climate change situation ever undertaken , produced by thousands of authors , editors , and reviewers from dozens of countries , citing over 6,000 peer-reviewed scientific studies .   It supersedes the Third Assessment Report ( 2001 ) , and is superseded by the Fifth Assessment Report .   The headline findings of the report were : `` warming of the climate system is unequivocal '' , and `` most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations . ''

negative: Christopher Heins Christopher Heins ( died October 1689 ) was a lieutenant and interim Governor-General of The Danish West Indies during two short periods , respectively 29 June 1686 to March 1687 and from October 1688 to 1689 . Little is known about his career or personal life outside his reigns under company rule .   When Gabriel Milan was appointed governor in 1684 , Heins accompanied him to the West Indies , and would succeed him in the event of his death ( after Niels Lassen who was the direct successor ) .   When Milan 's rule fell into disfavor with the Danish administration in 1686 and he was removed from office , he gave the charge of the fortress to Heins . However , Mikkel Mikkelsen of the Danish party was the official governor until 29 June 1686 when official charge of the islands was given to Heins .   The official reporter , Andrew Brock , said about the incidents ( in a letter to Albert Gyldensparre ) : `` May God in heaven aid him ( Heins ) oto carry on his government better than his predecessors , which I expect him to do , as he has shown himself only as an honest and upright man . ''   After the initial confusion of the Milan deposement , Adolph Esmit was reinstated as governor in 1687 , leaving Heins as vice-governor . However , this rule was short , as the company quickly found that Esmit was unable to fulfill his obligations in a satisfactory manner , and he was recalled to Denmark the year after .   Vice-admiral Ivar Hoppe who was taking Esmit back called the inhabitants together on 8 July 1688 and told them that he wished to know if Esmit 's statement that he held the affection of all on the island was true . `` If you want Adolph Esmit to become governor , speak now while there is yet time , '' the vice-admiral said . To this the planters all responded as with one voice , `` No ! if that should happen , we should all leave the land ! '' When asked concerning vice-governor Heins , they replied that they asked for no better governor . Heins was reinstated as governor ad interim in October of that year .   This reign would be short , however , as he died only a year after .

negative: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report The Fifth Assessment Report ( AR5 ) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is the fifth in a series of such reports . The IPCC was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) to assess scientific , technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change , its potential effects and options for adaptation and mitigation .   The Fifth Assessment Report was finalized in 2014 . As had been the case in the past , the outline of the AR5 was developed through a scoping process which involved climate change experts from all relevant disciplines and users of IPCC reports ; in particular representatives from governments . Governments and organizations involved in the Fourth Report were asked to submit comments and observations in writing with the submissions analysed by the panel . The report was delivered in stages , starting with Working Group I 's report on the physical science basis , based on 9,200 peer-reviewed studies . The summaries for policy makers were released on 27 September 2013 for the first report , on 31 March 2014 for the second report entitled `` Impacts , Adaptation , and Vulnerability '' , and on 14 April 2014 for the third report entitled `` Mitigation of Climate Change '' . The Synthesis Report was released on 2 November 2014 , in time to pave the way for negotiations on reducing carbon emissions at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris during late 2015 .

negative: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .