query: "We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.

positive: Grissom Air Reserve Base Grissom Air Reserve Base is a United States Air Force base , located about 12 mi north of Kokomo in Cass County , Indiana and Miami County , Indiana . The facility was established as Naval Air Station Bunker Hill in 1942 and an active Air Force installation from 1954 to 1994 . Since then it is a joint-use civil airport/military base with the Grissom Aeroplex providing general aviation and charter service .   The base is named in memory of astronaut and Indiana native Virgil I. `` Gus '' Grissom , who , along with fellow astronauts Ed White and Roger Chaffee , perished in the Apollo 1 fire at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34 in 1967 .

positive: Palo Alto, California Palo Alto ( -LSB- ˌpæloʊ_ˈæltoʊ -RSB- ; -LSB- ˈpalo ˈalto -RSB- ; from palo , literally `` stick '' , colloquially `` tree '' , and alto `` tall '' ; meaning : `` tall tree '' ) is a charter city located in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County , California , in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States . The city shares its borders with East Palo Alto , Mountain View , Los Altos , Los Altos Hills , Stanford , Portola Valley , and Menlo Park . It is named after a coast redwood tree called El Palo Alto .   Palo Alto was established by Leland Stanford Sr. when he founded Stanford University , following the death of his son , Leland Stanford Jr. . The city includes portions of Stanford and is headquarters to a number of high-technology companies , including Hewlett-Packard ( HP ) , Space Systems/Loral , VMware , Tesla Motors , Ford Research and Innovation Center , PARC , IDEO , Skype , Palantir Technologies , and Houzz . It has also served as an incubator to several other high-technology companies such as Google , Facebook , Logitech , Intuit , Pinterest , and PayPal .   As of the 2010 census , the city 's total resident population is 64,403 . Palo Alto is one of the most expensive cities in the United States and its residents are amongst the highest educated in the country .

positive: Cooling tower A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature . Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or , in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers , rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature .   Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries , petrochemical and other chemical plants , thermal power stations and HVAC systems for cooling buildings . The classification is based on the type of air induction into the tower : the main types of cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers .   Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures ( as in the adjacent image ) that can be up to 200 m tall and 100 m in diameter , or rectangular structures that can be over 40 m tall and 80 m long . The hyperboloid cooling towers are often associated with nuclear power plants , although they are also used in some coal-fired plants and to some extent in some large chemical and other industrial plants . Although these large towers are very prominent , the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller , including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning .

negative: Drexel Manor station Drexel Manor station is a SEPTA Route 102 trolley station in Drexel Hill , Pennsylvania . The station is officially located near Burmont Road and Cheswold Road , although it is actually southwest of the Burmont Road grade crossing . Like the Marshall Road stop , the Route 102 line runs in between Cheswold and Blanchard Roads , both of which terminate at Burmont Road . Two schools are located in the vicinity of this station .   Trolleys arriving at this station travel between 69th Street Terminal in Upper Darby , Pennsylvania and Sharon Hill , Pennsylvania . The station contains an open concrete shelter on the northbound platform of the tracks with a connecting sidewalk between two houses on Blanchard Road . On the opposite side , the southbound platform can be found in front of a parking lot for a housing project across from the intersection of Cheswold and Lasher Roads .   A vacant lot on the southeast corner of the Burmont Road grade crossing could have served as the site of a former station house in the past . A sidewalk along Cheswold Road leads to the platform , and a retaining wall across the tracks may or may not have included another one at one time . Drexel Manor Station is located two blocks southwest of the Garrettford stop .

negative: Bleeding (roads) Bleeding or flushing is shiny , black surface film of asphalt on the road surface caused by upward movement of asphalt in the pavement surface . Common causes of bleeding are too much asphalt in asphalt concrete , hot weather , low space air void content and quality of asphalt .   Bleeding is a safety concern since it results in a very smooth surface , without the texture required to prevent hydroplaning .

negative: Exhaust air heat pump An Exhaust Air Heat Pump ( EAHP ) extracts heat from the exhaust air of a building and transfers the heat to the supply air , hot tap water and/or hydronic heating system ( underfloor heating , radiators ) . This requires at least mechanical exhaust , mechanical supply is optional , see mechanical ventilation . This type of heat pump requires a certain air exchange rate to maintain its output power . Since the inside air is approximately 20-22 degrees Celsius all year round , the maximum output power of the heat pump is not varying with the seasons and outdoor temperature .   Air leaving the building when the heat pump 's compressor is running is usually at around -1 ° in most versions , thus the unit is extracting heat from the air that needs to be changed ( at around a half an air change per hour ) . Air entering the house is of course generally warmer than the air processed through the unit so there is a net ` gain ' . Care must be taken that these are only used in the correct type of houses . Many specifiers mis-understand that low heat loss means small . Exhaust air heat pumps have minimum flow rates that when installed in a small flat the air flow chronically over ventilates the flat increasing the heat los by drawing in large amounts of unwanted outside air . For most exhaust air heat pumps there will be a low heat output to the hot water and heating of just around 1.2 Kw from the compressor / heat pump process but if that falls short of the building 's requirements additional heat will be automatically triggered in the form of immersion heaters or an external gas boiler . The immersion heater top up will be substantial and when a unit with a 6 kW immersion heater operates at full output it will cost # 1 per hour to run .   A newer version from Nibe Sweden the F730 takes in additional air from outdoors to the above process - this is a more powerful type of EAHP with an inverter controlled compressor . Out put from the heat pump can vary from 1.1 to 6 kW and the discharged air from this unit can be as low as -15 ° C

negative: IOI Mall Puchong IOI Mall Puchong , which was opened in the year 1998 , is situated in Bandar Puchong Jaya , 47100 Puchong , Selangor , Malaysia and is four stories tall . It has two buildings , the former named Old Wing and the latter New Wing . It has a outdoor parking lot and a rooftop one in the Old Wing , whereas the New Wing features a basement parking lot . It is located near the newly constructed IOI Puchong Jaya LRT Station .

negative: Impervious surface Impervious surfaces are mainly artificial structures -- such as pavements ( roads , sidewalks , driveways and parking lots ) that are covered by impenetrable materials such as asphalt , concrete , brick , stone -- and rooftops . Soils compacted by urban development are also highly impervious . Homer and others ( 2007 ) indicate that about 76 percent of the conterminous United States is classified as having less than 1 percent impervious cover , 11 percent as having an impervious cover of 1 to 10 percent , 4 percent of the nation as having an estimated impervious cover of 11 to 20 percent , 4.4 percent of the nation as having an estimated impervious cover of 21 to 40 percent , and about 4.4 percent of the nation as having an estimated impervious cover greater than 40 percent

negative: Boothstown Mines Rescue Station Boothstown Mines Rescue Station which served the collieries of the Lancashire and Cheshire Coal Owners on the Lancashire Coalfield opened in November 1933 on a site in Boothstown , close to the East Lancashire Road . The mines rescue station is Grade II listed and at the centre of a conservation area . The station replaced mines rescue stations at Howe Bridge , Denton , St Helens and Burnley .   The rescue station and its associated buildings were designed by Bradshaw , Gass and Hope of Bolton replacing Howe Bridge Mines Rescue Station . A two-storey building which fronts onto Ellenbrook Road contained a garage , shower rooms , laboratory , oxygen and equipment storage areas and offices , A board room and aviary for the station 's canaries were located on the first floor . At the rear , a single-storey section contained U-shaped training galleries representing underground workings . Observation halls overlooked the galleries so that training taking place in the galleries could be inspected . The galleries could be filled with smoke or heated to simulate the conditions that might be encountered in an emergency . A chimney exhausted the fumes and smoke after the training had concluded .   The permanent staff consisted of a superintendent , two instructors and two teams of six rescuers . They lived on site in a development of seven pairs of semi-detached houses and a superintendent 's house with allotments , parking , and recreation areas . The site had underground air raid shelters .

negative: Glassblower's cataract Glassblower 's cataracts are a form of cataract . They are formed by many years or decades of exposure to infrared radiation while working  in the occupation of glass blowing , or working close to hot or molten metals such with metal foundry workers or blacksmiths . Glassblower 's cataracts are due to chronic exposure to infrared radiation emitted due to heating of glass or molten metal . The infrared radiation is absorbed by the iris and lens of the eye . This causes cataracts after decades of exposure .  This condition may be prevented by wearing protective glasses while practicing these occupations .

negative: Glossary of HVAC terms HVAC ( heating , ventilation , and air conditioning ) is a major subdiscipline of mechanical engineering . The goal of HVAC design is to balance indoor environmental comfort with other factors such as installation cost , ease of maintenance , and energy efficiency . The discipline of HVAC includes a large number of specialized terms and acronyms , many of which are summarized in this glossary .   The hourly ventilation rate divided by the volume of a space . For perfectly mixed air or laminar flow spaces , this is equal to the number of times per hour that the volume the space is exchanged by mechanical and natural ventilation . Also called air change rate or air exchange rate . Abbreviated ACH or ac/hr .   An appliance , system , or mechanism designed to dehumidify and extract heat from an area . Usually this term is reserved for smaller self contained units such as a residential system .   A central unit consisting of a blower , heating and cooling elements , filter racks or chamber , dampers , humidifier , and other central equipment in direct contact with the airflow . This does not include the ductwork through the building . Abbreviated AH or AHU .   Any of several units of energy ( heat ) in the HVAC industry , each slightly more than 1 kJ . One BTU is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit , but the many different types of BTU are based on different interpretations of this `` definition '' . In the United States the power of HVAC systems ( the rate of cooling and dehumidifying or heating ) is sometimes expressed in BTU/hour instead of watts . Abbreviated BTU or Btu .   A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases .   A device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle . This cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes through coils in air handlers , fan-coil units , or other systems , cooling and usually dehumidifying the air in the building . Chillers are of two types ; air-cooled or water-cooled . Air-cooled chillers are usually outside and consist of condenser coils cooled by fan-driven air . Water-cooled chillers are usually inside a building , and heat from these chillers is carried by recirculating water to a heat sink such as an outdoor cooling tower .   Equipment that performs heat transfer to air when mounted inside an air handling unit or ductwork . It is heated or cooled by electrical means or by circulating liquid or steam within it .   A component in the basic refrigeration cycle that ejects or removes heat from the system . The condenser is the hot side of an air conditioner or heat pump . Condensers are heat exchangers , and can transfer heat to air or to an intermediate fluid ( such as water or an aqueous solution of ethylene glycol ) to carry heat to a distant sink , such as ground ( earth sink ) , a body of water , or air ( as with cooling towers ) .   A system designed to provide a constant air flow . This term is applied to HVAC systems that have variable supply-air temperature but constant air flow rates . Most residential forced-air systems are small CAV systems with on/off control . Abbreviated CAV .   A device that controls the operation of part or all of a system . It may simply turn a device on and off , or it may more subtly modulate the set point of components . Most controllers are automatic but have user input such as temperature set points , e.g. a thermostat . Controls may be analog or digital .   A plate or gate placed in a duct to control air flow by increasing friction in the duct .   The heat is rejected to deep lake regions to cool homes and offices , reducing the energy costs .   ( Also delta T ) a reference to a temperature difference . It is used to describe the difference in temperature of a heating or cooling medium as it enters and as it leaves a system .   Specialized housing for the air flow .   A dehumidifier is the equipment that extracts and removes humidity from the air . It works by cooling air to the point where water turns to liquid from vapor form and then the liquid is removed .   A diffuser is placed over ductwork , and it separates air with vanes going in differing directions . It evenly distributes air flow in the desired directions .   Dry bulb temperature is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer which is freely exposed to the air while it is shielded from radiation and moisture . It is usually thought of as air temperature , and it is the true thermodynamic temperature . It is a measurement of heat intensity independently of humidity and a dry bulb thermometer is used to measure it .   A dry bulb thermometer is a device that measures air temperature independently of humidity . It is freely exposed to the air it is measuring and is protected from the radiation and moisture .   An HVAC component that uses outside air , under suitable climate conditions , to reduce required mechanical cooling . When the outside air 's enthalpy is less than the required supply air during a call for cooling , an economizer allows a building 's mechanical ventilation system to use up to the maximum amount of outside air .   For a given sample of air , a measure of the total heat content ( the sum of the heat energy of the dry air and heat energy of the water vapor within it ) . It is typically used to determine the amount of fresh outside air that can be added to recirculated air for the lowest cooling cost .   A component in the basic refrigeration cycle that absorbs or adds heat to the system . Evaporators can be used to absorb heat from air or from a liquid . The evaporator is the cold side of an air conditioner or heat pump .   A small terminal unit that is often composed of only a blower and a heating and/or cooling coil , as is often used in hotels , condominiums , or apartments . Abbreviated FCU .   A transfer of fluid volume per unit time .   Abbreviated FAF .   Fresh air fraction quantifies action of the economizer , and is defined by ( Mass flow rate of fresh-air / Total air flow rate ) . Abbreviated faf .   An opening through which outside air is drawn into the building . This may be to replace air in the building that has been exhausted by the ventilation system , or to provide fresh air for combustion of fuel . Abbreviated FAI .   A component of an HVAC system that adds heat to air or an intermediate fluid by burning fuel ( natural gas , oil , propane , butane , or other flammable substances ) in a heat exchanger .   A gas furnace heat exchanger is responsible for the transfer of heat from inside the furnace into the air outside the furnace . The duct system then transfers this exchanged air to different rooms in the building or space .   A facing across a duct opening , often rectangular in shape , containing multiple parallel slots through which air may be delivered or withdrawn from a ventilated space . The grille directs the air flow in a particular direction and prevents the passage of large items .   A heating coil is the part of the system that conducts heat . It allows electricity to act as fire .   A heat exchanger is the part of the system that transfers heat from the hot parts of the machine or a system to the cold parts of the machine or system .   Terms for the amount of cooling ( heat gain ) or heating ( heat loss ) needed to maintain desired temperatures and humidities in controlled air . Regardless of how well-insulated and sealed a building is , buildings gain heat from sunlight , conduction through the walls , and internal heat sources such as people and electrical equipment . Buildings lose heat through conduction during cold weather . Engineers use heat load calculations to determine the HVAC needs of the space being cooled or heated .   A heat pump is a compressor that cycles hot or cold air . It is a device that is designed to move thermal energy in the opposite direction of heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space which is released to a warmer space .   Heat transfer happens when heat moves from one area to another . It is an important and vital step in the process of cooling a space .   Heating Seasonal Performance Factor is the measurement of heat efficiency over the period of a heating season .   A liquid or gas used to transfer heat between two heat exchangers . An intermediate fluid is used when the hot and cold fluids are too bulky ( such as air ) or difficult to handle ( such as halocarbon refrigerant ) to directly transfer the heat .   1 . Components made of multiple smaller blades , sometimes adjustable , placed in ducts or duct entries to control the volume of air flow . When used inside of ducts , their function is similar to that of a damper , but they can be manufactured to fit larger openings than a single-piece damper .  2 . Blades in a rectangular frame placed in doors or walls to permit the movement of air .   An air handler that conditions 100 % outside air . Typically used in industrial or commercial settings , or in `` once-through '' ( blower sections that only blow air one-way into the building ) , `` low flow '' ( air handling systems that blow air at a low flow rate ) , or `` primary-secondary '' ( air handling systems that have an air handler or rooftop unit connected to an add-on makeup unit or hood ) commercial HVAC systems . Abbreviated MAU .   The lowest amount of fresh air flow that can be allowed into a recirculating system . This limit is sent to ensure that the interior air remains safe and comfortable to breathe .   An automatic louver or damper that controls the fresh air flow into an air handler and modulates to the most energy efficient setting .   A measure of the air temperature outside a building . The temperature and humidity of air inside and outside the building are used in enthalpy calculations to determine when outside air can be used for free heating or cooling . Abbreviated OAT .   An air conditioner and heater combined into a single , electrically powered unit , typically installed through a wall and often found in hotels . Abbreviated PTAC .   An air-handling unit , defined as either `` recirculating '' or `` once-through '' design , made specifically for outdoor installation . They most often include , internally , their own heating and cooling devices . Very common in some regions , particularly in single-story commercial buildings . Also called a rooftop unit ( RTU )   An enclosed space inside a building or other structure , used for airflow . Often refers to the space between a dropped ceiling and the structural ceiling , or a raised floor and the hard floor . Distinct from ductwork as a plenum is part of the structure itself . Cable and piping within a plenum must be properly rated for its fire and smoke indices . See also : plenum chamber   The study of the behavior of air-water vapor mixtures . Water vapor plays an important role in energy transfer and human comfort in HVAC design .   Same as Air handler .   Usually metal panels suspended under the ceiling , insulated from the building structure . The primary cooling/heating agent temperature is close to the room 's temperature .   A type of radiant heating system where the building floor contains channels or tubes through which hot fluids such as air or water are circulated . The whole floor is evenly heated . Thus , the room is heated from the bottom up . Radiant floor heating eliminates the draft and dust problems associated with forced air heating systems .   The transfer of heat directly from one surface to another ( without heating the intermediate air acting as a transfer mechanism ) .   The SEER ( Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio ) rating of a unit is the cooling output during a typical cooling-season divided by the total electric energy input during the same period . The higher the unit 's SEER rating the more energy efficient it is .   A damper or adjustable louver designed to augment the ventilation of a space during a fire .   A split system is the combination of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit . This is the most common type of system .   A The number of degrees a vapor is above its boiling point at a specific pressure .   A The condition where liquid refrigerant is colder than the minimum temperature required to keep it from boiling which would change it from a liquid to a gas phase . Subcooling is the difference between its saturation temperature and the actual liquid refrigerant temperature .   General term used to refer to the set or a subset of components that perform a specific HVAC function within a building .   A small component that contains a heating coil , cooling coil , automatic damper , or some combination of the three . Used to control the temperature of a single room . Abbreviated TU .   An individual space or group of neighboring indoor spaces that the HVAC designer expects will have similar thermal loads . Building codes may require zoning to save energy in commercial buildings . Zones are defined in the building to reduce the number of HVAC subsystems , and thus initial cost . For example , for perimeter offices , rather than one zone for each office , all offices facing west can be combined into one zone . Small residences typically have only one conditioned thermal zone , plus unconditioned spaces such as garages , attics , and crawlspaces , and basements .   A thermostat is a system that monitors and regulates a heating or cooling system . It can be used to set the desired temperature at which it keeps the environment either heated or cooled .   A two-stage air conditioner is designed to operate on high and low settings during different weather conditions and seasons . The high setting is used during extreme weather , and the low setting is used during moderate weather . This type of air conditioner produces a balanced temperature and is in use for a longer period of time .   A thermostatic expansion valve is a piece of equipment that meters the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator while measuring the vapor refrigerant leaving the evaporator . It thereby controls the superheating at the outlet of the evaporator .   A method for providing ventilation and space conditioning by using the air plenum below a raised floor to distribute conditioned air through diffusers directly to the occupied zone . Abbreviated UFAD .   A unitary controller is a device that controls only one zone in a building .   An HVAC system that has a stable supply-air temperature , and varies the air flow rate to meet the temperature requirements . Compared to constant air volume systems , these systems conserve energy through lower fan speeds during times of lower temperature control demand . Most new commercial buildings have VAV systems . VAVs may be bypass type or pressure dependent . Pressure dependent type VAVs save energy while both types help in maintaining temperature of the zone that it feeds . Abbreviated VAV .   A zoning system sections a building or a space into zones which are controlled independently of each other . This is beneficial when different areas or rooms of a building have different temperatures as well as when the desired temperatures in different rooms are different . Temperature is controlled by different thermostats .

negative: Mahane Yehuda Police Station Mahane Yehuda Police Station is a historic two-story building located at 107 Jaffa Road in Jerusalem , Israel . Constructed in stages during the nineteenth century , it was built to house the British Consul-General of Jerusalem , Noel Temple Moore , and his family , and was home to other British consuls until World War I . In 1920 , when the British mandatory government went into effect , the house was converted into a police station . Following the establishment of the state of Israel , the Jerusalem District lost and found department was added to the police station .   The building is noted for the two stone lions mounted on pillars that originally flanked the entrance in the wall surrounding the property . During infrastructure work for the construction of the Jerusalem Light Rail , the wall and front garden were removed to accommodate the widening of the street and sidewalk . The lion pillars were moved next to the building 's entrance , which is now accessed directly from the sidewalk .

negative: Trombe wall A Trombe wall is a passive solar building design where a wall is built on the winter sun side of a building with a glass external layer and a high heat capacity internal layer separated by a layer of air . Light close to UV in the electromagnetic spectrum passes through the glass almost unhindered then is absorbed by the wall that then re-radiates in the far infrared spectrum which does not pass back through the glass easily , hence heating the inside of the building . Trombe walls are commonly used to absorb heat during sunlit hours of winter then slowly release the heat over night . The essential idea was first explored by Edward S. Morse and patented by him in 1881 . In the 1960s it was fully developed as an architectural element by French engineer Félix Trombe and architect Jacques Michel .   Trombe walls work on the basic greenhouse principle that heat from the sun in the form of near-visible shorter-wavelength higher-energy ultraviolet radiation passes through glass largely unimpeded .   When this radiation strikes objects the energy is absorbed and then re-emitted in the form of longer-wavelength infra-red radiation that does not pass through glass as readily . Hence heat becomes trapped and builds up in an enclosed structure with high internal heat capacity and glass surfaces that face the sun   How effectively objects absorb and shed radiant heat depends on a number of factors ; how dark they are in colour , how directly the surface of the object is opposed to the angle of the radiation striking it , how matte or reflective its surface is , the heat capacity of the object , and the surface conductivity of the object .  For Trombe walls to work effectively they are made from high heat capacity materials such as concrete or water , whose surface is dark and matte in colour and placed in direct opposition to the sun striking them .   The clearer the glass in front of a Trombe wall appears in the UV spectrum the more short wave radiation will penetrate and the more reflective or non transparent the glass appears in the infra-red spectrum the less re-emitted heat will be escape .

negative: Thermoregulation in humans As in other mammals , thermoregulation in humans is an important aspect of homeostasis . In thermoregulation , body heat is generated mostly in the deep organs , especially the liver , brain , and heart , and in contraction of skeletal muscles . Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates , including hot humid and hot arid . High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body , placing it in great danger of injury or even death . For humans , adaptation to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from evolution and behavioural mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations .   There are four avenues of heat loss : convection , conduction , radiation , and evaporation . If skin temperature is greater than that of the surroundings , the body can lose heat by radiation and conduction . But , if the temperature of the surroundings is greater than that of the skin , the body actually gains heat by radiation and conduction . In such conditions , the only means by which the body can rid itself of heat is by evaporation . So , when the surrounding temperature is higher than the skin temperature , anything that prevents adequate evaporation will cause the internal body temperature to rise . During sports activities , evaporation becomes the main avenue of heat loss . Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting sweat evaporation and thus heat loss .

negative: Kaarepere railway station The Kaarepere railway station is an historic railway station located in Kaarepere , Estonia .   The station is listed as a heritage building by the Estonian government 's Muinsuskaitseamet ( Estonian National Heritage Board ) , number 23960 . Construction on the building was finished in 1927 . A parking lot was added next to the station in 2011 .

negative: 3 Park Avenue 3 Park Avenue is a mixed-use office building and high school located on Park Avenue in Manhattan , New York City that was built in 1973 . The building , surrounded on three sides by a plaza , is categorized as a Midtown South address in the Kips Bay , Manhattan , Murray Hill , and Rose Hill neighborhoods . It is located between East 33rd and 34th Streets , close to the 33rd Street subway station , there is a sidewalk entrance into the NYC subway 6 train

negative: Decoupling (meteorology) In weather forecasting , decoupling is boundary-layer decoupling of atmospheric layers over land at night . During the day when the sun shines and warms the land , air at the surface of the earth is heated and rises . This rising air mixes the atmosphere near the earth . At night this process stops and air near the surface cools as the land loses heat by radiating in the infrared . If winds are light , air near the surface of the earth can become much colder , compared to the air above it , than if more mixing of air layers occurred .   Category : Weather forecasting

negative: Prospect Park station Prospect Park station is a station along the SEPTA Wilmington/Newark Line and Amtrak Northeast Corridor . Amtrak does not stop here ; only SEPTA serves this station . The station , located at Lincoln and Maryland Avenues in Prospect Park , Pennsylvania , includes a 44-space parking lot . Like the nearby Norwood Station , Prospect Park Station is located right next to the town 's library , in this case the Prospect Park Public Library . It is also located near the Borough Hall .   Prospect Park station was originally known as Moore station , and was built by the Philadelphia , Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad . According to the Pennsylvania Railroad Stations , Past & Present website , a property owner named Moore donated the property for this station . He did so , with the `` condition '' that the station should carry his family name for as long as it exists . The station was renamed to Moore by the Pennsylvania Railroad on April 1 , 1932 .   However , that same source indicates that the current station building is not the original PW&B structure . ( '' ... the original PW&B station ... predated the station that still exists '' ) . The current station building was constructed by the Pennsylvania Railroad .

negative: Harris's antelope squirrel Harris 's antelope squirrel ( Ammospermophilus harrisii ) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae . It is found in Arizona and New Mexico in the United States , and in Sonora in Mexico . They are adapted to hot weather conditions including a technique called `` heat dumping '' . They have a wide ranging diet , including both vegetation , insects , small rodents and carrion .

negative: Springfield Road station (SEPTA Route 101) Springfield Road station is a SEPTA Route 101 trolley stop in Springfield Township , Delaware County , Pennsylvania . It is located on Springfield Road between Windsor Circle and North Brookside Road , although SEPTA gives the address as being near Springfield and Rolling Roads .   Trolleys arriving at this station travel between 69th Street Terminal in Upper Darby , Pennsylvania and Orange Street in Media , Pennsylvania . The major SEPTA 101 line improvement project of 2008-2010 expanded , modernized , and refurbished this facility . Inbound ( toward 69th Street Terminal ) trolleys stop for passengers on the north side of Springfield Road at a platform equipped with a large shed with an overhanging roof . A second , smaller shelter was added to the inbound platform . Outbound trolleys stop along a new ( 2009 ) platform along the south side of Springfield Road , adjacent to the sizeable station parking lot . This long platform has two open-air metal benches and a bench in a small , roofed shelter to protect waiting passengers during inclement weather . The lighted , landscaped , free parking lot by this platform offers parking for approximately 30 vehicles , and includes spaces for handicapped drivers and a bicycle rack . Several additional free parking spaces for cars line the outbound tracks along North Rolling Road on the north side of Springfield Road across from Windsor Circle .

negative: Reservation Road Park Reservation Road Park is located at 110 Reservation Road , in Hyde Park , Massachusetts , United States . Geographically , the park is located between River Street and Hyde Park Avenue near the Shaw 's Supermarket . The park has a large parking lot , enough for about 100 cars . It contains both a skate park and turf field , that can be used for soccer or football . There is a small trail surrounding the field that goes into a wooded area . There are train tracks behind the park , separated by a large gate .   Category : Hyde Park , Boston  Category : Parks in Boston

negative: Automatic bleeding valve An automatic bleeding valve or air release valve ( ARV ) is a plumbing valve used to automatically release trapped air from a heating system .   Air , or other gas , may collect within plumbing . For water delivery systems to taps and basins , this air is flushed through with the water flow and does not cause a problem . In a closed heating system though , it has no other means of escape and builds up . An air bubble trapped within a radiator means that no hot water circulates in the upper part and so the heating power of the radiator is reduced . If air is trapped within the boiler this may cause pump cavitation or boiling and overheating within the heat exchanger .

negative: Palomino Hills (MVTA station) Palomino Park & Ride is a transit facility located in the northern vicinity of Apple Valley , Minnesota , United States . The park and ride lot has 304 parking spaces and is located next to Palomino Hills Park . The location had been considered for a station along the Cedar Avenue Bus Rapid Transitway , now known as the Red Line , but it has been dropped from the initial phase of the project .   According to Metropolitan Council bus stop data , the park-and-ride lot was established in 1993 . The lot is shared with the adjacent Christus Victor Church . Buses pick up passengers along Pennock Avenue , a road that parallels Cedar Avenue/Minnesota State Highway 77 just to the west .

negative: Pennbrook station Pennbrook station is a station along the SEPTA Lansdale/Doylestown Line , north of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . In FY 2013 , Pennbrook station had a weekday average of 467 boardings and 371 alightings .   The station is located at Church Road and Cherry Street in the Pennbrook section of the borough of Lansdale and features a 222 space parking lot . Most of these parking spaces are located on the east side of Church Road and are on Borough of Lansdale property . The lots on the west side of Church Road are on SEPTA property . Overnight parking is allowed by prior arrangement on the SEPTA lots . It is not allowed on the Lansdale lots . This station consists of two acrylic glass shelters on both platforms .

negative: Solar balloon A solar balloon is a balloon that gains buoyancy when the air inside is heated by solar radiation , usually with the help of black or dark balloon material . The heated air inside the solar balloon expands and has lower density than the surrounding air . As such , a solar balloon is similar to a hot air balloon . Usage of solar balloons is predominantly in the toy market , although it has been proposed that they be used in the investigation of planet Mars , and some solar balloons are large enough for human flight . A vent at the top can be opened to release hot air for descent and deflation .

negative: Paver (vehicle) A paver ( paver finisher , asphalt finisher , paving machine ) is a piece of construction equipment used to lay asphalt on roads , bridges , parking lots and other such places . It lays the asphalt flat and provides minor compaction before it is compacted by a roller .

negative: Friction blister Friction blisters are a skin condition that may occur at sites of combined pressure and friction , and may be enhanced by heat , moisture , or cotton socks . Friction blisters are characterized by vesicles or bullae .

negative: ATREX The ATREX engine ( Air Turbo Ramjet Engine with eXpander cycle ) developed in Japan is an experimental precooled jet engine that works as a turbojet at low speeds and a ramjet up to mach 6.0 .   ATREX uses liquid hydrogen fuel in a fairly exotic single-fan arrangement . The liquid hydrogen fuel is pumped through a heat exchanger in the air-intake , simultaneously heating the liquid hydrogen and cooling the incoming air . This cooling of the incoming air is critical in achieving a reasonable efficiency . The hydrogen then continues through a second heat exchanger positioned after the combustion section , where the hot exhaust is used to further heat the hydrogen , turning it in a very high pressure gas . This gas is then passed through the tips of the fan providing driving power to the fan at subsonic speeds . After mixing with the air , the hydrogen is burned in the combustion chamber .   The development of this engine lost focus in favor of the new hypersonic precooled turbojet engine ( PCTJ ) .

negative: Regenerative thermal oxidizer A regenerative thermal oxidizer ( RTO ) is a piece of industrial equipment used for the treatment of exhaust air . The system is a type of thermal oxidizer that uses a bed of ceramic material to absorb heat from the exhaust gas . It then uses this captured heat to preheat the incoming process gas stream and destroy air pollutants emitted from process exhaust streams at temperatures ranging from 815 ° C ( 1,500 F ) to 980 ° C ( 1,800 F ) .   These gas streams are usually produced by processes requiring ventilation , including paint booths , printing , and paper mills . Municipal waste treatment facilities such as mechanical biological treatment plants are required by law in Germany to incorporate these systems . Biological alternatives to this system include biofilters and bioscrubbers .   They are suited to applications with low VOC concentrations but high waste stream flow rates . This is due to their high thermal energy recovery . The basic operation of an RTO consists of passing a hot gas stream over a heat sink material in one direction and recovering that heat by passing a cold gas stream through that same heat sink material in an alternate cycle . They are used to destroy air toxins , odors , VOCs , and hazardous air pollutants ( HAPs ) that are discharged in industrial process exhausts .   There are a number of RTO suppliers throughout North America , Europe and Asia . From a technical stand point the most advanced form of RTO technology is the rotary valve RTO .

negative: Joo Koon Bus Interchange Joo Koon Bus Interchange ( Chinese : 裕群巴士转换站 ) is a bus transport facility located in Joo Koon , Singapore . Along with Joo Koon MRT Station and FairPrice Hub , it is part of the Joo Koon Integrated Transport Hub ( ITH ) . The facility is situated at the junction of Joo Koon Circle and Benoi Road , and located at the ground level of NTUC Fairprice 's Fairprice Hub , next to Joo Koon MRT Station . It is air conditioned and features glass walls for people to view the bus bay . The walls of the concourse is orange with a fusion of white . With three sawtooth boarding berths and eighteen parking lots , it is among the smallest bus interchanges in Singapore .

negative: Wild Horse Mountain Wild Horse Mountain is the smallest of the Glass House Mountains on the Sunshine Coast , Queensland , Australia . The peak rises to 123 m . It is located east of the Bruce Highway unlike all other peaks within the Glass House Mountains and thus provides great views of the other mountains .   It is arguably the most accessible mountain in the local range with a narrow asphalt and concrete road which runs directly to the top . It is locked with a gate and a larger car park is provided near the base providing a simple walk for most people . A rotunda style building with interpretive centre exists at the summit with views limited only by the weather and curvature .   The area is managed by National Parks and Forestry .   The nearby service station previously ran a regular bus as a tourist attraction for viewing the rest of the Glasshouse mountains .

negative: Burley Park railway station Burley Park railway station in Leeds , West Yorkshire is the first stop on the Harrogate Line , 2.25 mi north west of Leeds railway station towards Harrogate and York . The station was opened on 28 November 1988 by British Rail .   The line is heavily used by commuters into Leeds . It is also near the Headingley Stadium for rugby and cricket fans when Headingley station is busy .   It is near to the districts of Burley , Hyde Park and the southern end of Headingley . The journey time to Headingley station is 2 minutes , and around 5 minutes to Leeds station , which is typically much faster than driving or taking the bus . This station is near to main bus routes on Cardigan Road , Burley Road and Kirkstall Road , and parking is limited to the surrounding streets .   The station occasionally plays the role of Hotten railway station in the TV series Emmerdale .

negative: Heat cost allocator Heat cost allocators are devices attached to individual radiators in buildings that measure the total heat output of the individual radiator . Heat cost allocators can be either electronic , where one or two electronic thermosensors and a microcontroller are used to calculate the heat consumption of radiator by the temperatures of radiator and air in room , or evaporative , where a special , calibrated liquid in a capillary tube records the total heat output of the radiator .

negative: Mompiano (Brescia Metro) Mompiano is a station of the Brescia Metro , in the city of Brescia in northern Italy . The station is located on the west end of what was once a green area , south east of Via Boccaccia and Viale Europa , with the easterly portion now paved over for a parking lot . The Stadio Mario Rigamonti , a destination for football fans , is a short distance directly north , and beyond that lies Parco Benedetto Castelli .   The area adjacent to the station should be subject to increased urbanization , such as the recent construction of two new six storey buildings of 10,000 square feet on the south side . By the definition of public space , the designers have tried to relate the square to the surrounding environment ; with the garden of Piazzale Luigi Kossuth , the expansion of parking lots , and taking pedestrian routes into consideration .

negative: Norwood station Norwood station is a SEPTA train station on the Wilmington/Newark Line . While on tracks owned by the company , Amtrak trains do not stop here , as it is served only by SEPTA . The line offers southbound service to Marcus Hook , Wilmington and Newark , Delaware and northbound service to Philadelphia and points beyond ( most commonly Norristown ) .   The station , located at Winona & Welcome Avenues in Norwood , PA , includes a 62-space parking lot on its outbound platform side ( along Harrison Avenue ) . Pedestrian walkways and staircases connect the inbound and outbound platforms via the Amosland Road Bridge , which overpasses the tracks . Opposite the tracks from the SEPTA designated parking lot is metered street and lot parking .   The station 's inbound platform and ticket office is located next to the Norwood Public Library , a branch of the Delaware County Library System .


query: a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming

positive: Attribution of recent climate change Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent climate changes on Earth , commonly known as ` global warming ' . The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record , when records are most reliable ; particularly in the last 50 years , when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available . The dominant mechanisms are anthropogenic , i.e. , the result of human activity . They are :  increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases  global changes to land surface , such as deforestation  increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols .   There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations , changes in solar activity , and volcanic activity .   According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , it is `` extremely likely '' that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010 . The IPCC defines `` extremely likely '' as indicating a probability of 95 to 100 % , based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence .   Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities :  A basic physical understanding of the climate system : greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established .  Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual .  Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included .  Natural forces alone ( such as solar and volcanic activity ) can not explain the observed warming .   The IPCC 's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community , and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide ( see also : scientific opinion on climate change ) .

positive: Scientific consensus on climate change There is currently a strong scientific consensus that the Earth is warming and that this warming is mainly caused by human activities. This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.  Nearly all actively publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 2% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Global Warming: The Signs and The Science Global Warming : The Signs and The Science is a 2005 documentary film on global warming made by ETV , the PBS affiliate in South Carolina , and hosted by Alanis Morissette . The documentary examines the science behind global warming and pulls together segments filmed in the United States , Asia and South America and shows how people in these different locales are responding in different ways to the challenges of global warming to show some of the ways that the world can respond .

negative: Thermal Credits Thermal credits is a new holistic concept which corresponds to the percentage of the climate impact saving obtained through mitigation and adaptation measures applied against global warming , taking as reference the global temperature rise projected in a given time scale . Thermal credits are measured in percentages of global warming reduction in a given time .

negative: Global warming in Norway Global warming in Norway discusses global warming issues in Norway .

negative: Environmentalism in motorsport The issue of environmentalism in motorsport surrounds the whole of auto racing to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions contributing to global warming .

negative: Global warming in Luxembourg Global warming in Luxembourg discuss the global warming issues in Luxembourg .

negative: Cellome The cellome is the whole set of biological entities within cells and their interactions in the cell , and the totality of biological cells . They are both physical and informational . Proteins are major components of the cellome . The cellome concept is derived from the understanding that cells as a whole , rather than simply their DNA or RNA , can be used for therapeutic purposes . As a distinct group concept , cellome refers to cells and their genetic materials kept as a resource for biotechnology .   Cellomics is the study of the cellome .   Category : Cell biology

negative: Global warming in Belgium Global warming in Belgium describes the global warming related issues in Belgium .

negative: Man-made law Man-made law is law that is made by humans . It is a concept that is usually considered in opposition to concepts like natural law or divine law . As such , it is not an easy concept to pin down , given that it has varied over the years and across cultures .

negative: Global warming in Russia Global warming in Russia describes the global warming related issues in Russia . This includes climate politics , contribution to global warming and the influence of global warming on Russia . In 2009 Russia was ready to reduce emissions 20 -- 25 % from its 1990 emission levels by the year 2020 .

negative: Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow The Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow ( CFACT ) is a Washington , D.C.-based 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization founded in 1985 that advocates for free-market solutions to environmental issues , but has increasingly turned to climate denial . For example , CFACT co-founder Craig Rucker stated that mankind faces a threat `` not from man-made global warming , but from man-made hysteria . '' At the 29 April 2017 Climate March , leaflets distributed by CFACT claimed the scientific consensus that mankind is now driving global changes in the planet 's climate are `` bogus '' , that reports of record-setting temperatures are `` the hottest lie '' being told , and `` CO2 is not the ` control knob ' of the climate '' .

negative: Global studies Global studies is the interdisciplinary study of political , economic , ecological and cultural interconnectedness . Global studies is oriented around the study of globalization as it relates to the global economy , market relations , the movement of people and resources , global communications , politics , the effect of human activity on the environment , and many more topics . Global studies is often used to map global change and is both micro and macro in scope .   Global studies tackles the aforementioned topics by examining global power structures influenced by perspectives such as Orientalism and Eurocentrism . Global studies is distinguished from international studies by its broader focus -- international studies is only one aspect of global studies . In cases such as international studies or international relations , the concept of ` national ' confines the meaning of those fields of study . By comparison , global studies has a broader reach , from the global to the local .

negative: Long-term effects of global warming See also Effects of global warming . The focus of this article is on the effects beyond 2100 .   There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming . Most discussion and research , including that by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reports , concentrates on the effects of global warming up to 2100 , with only an outline of the effects beyond this .

negative: Extinction risk from global warming The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming .

negative: Politics of global warming The complex politics of global warming results from numerous cofactors arising from the global economy 's interdependence on carbon dioxide emitting hydrocarbon energy sources and because carbon dioxide is directly implicated in global warming -- making global warming a non-traditional environmental challenge .

negative: Economics of global warming The economics of global warming concerns the economic aspects of global warming ; this can inform policies that governments might consider in response . A number of factors make this a difficult problem from both economic and political perspectives : it is a long-term , intergenerational problem ; benefits and costs are distributed unequally both within and across countries ; and scientific and public opinions may diverge .   One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide . Around 20 % of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years . The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop `` scenarios '' of future environmental , social and economic changes . These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions .   The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity , sea level rise , increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events , and acidification of the oceans . Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms , but these assessments can be controversial .   The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming ( e.g. , by building levees in response to sea level rise ) . Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system ( e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth 's surface ) .   One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making . This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information , and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts . Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming . For instance , a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms , e.g. , the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples .   Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development . Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation . In some areas , policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives . In other areas , the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments ( the opportunity costs of climate change policy ) .

negative: Global warming in Antarctica The effects of global warming in Antarctica may include rising temperatures and increasing snow melt .

negative: Climate justice (disambiguation) Climate justice may refer to :  Climate justice , concept framing global warming as an ethical and political issue .  Climate Justice Now ! , coalition founded in 2007 .  Climate Justice Action , coalition founded in 2009 .  European Assembly for Climate Justice , organised in 2010 .

negative: Global Warming (Pitbull album) Global Warming is the seventh studio album recorded by American rapper Pitbull . It was released on November 16 , 2012 . A teaser to accompany the release of Global Warming was first released onto Pitbull 's official Facebook and YouTube channel on September 17 , 2012 .

negative: Whole Earth Discipline Whole Earth Discipline : An Ecopragmatist Manifesto is the sixth book by Stewart Brand , published by Viking Penguin in 2009 . He sees Earth and people propelled by three transformations : climate change ( global warming ) , urbanization and biotechnology . Brand tackles `` touchy issues '' like nuclear power , genetic engineering and geoengineering , `` fully aware that many of the environmentalist readers he hopes to reach will start out disagreeing with him '' .

negative: Rhett Allain Rhett Allain is an American associate professor of physics at Southeastern Louisiana University and the author of the Wired magazine science blog Dot Physics . He received his Ph.D. from North Carolina State University in 2001 and works in the field of physics education research .   In his blog , Dot Physics , Allain discusses physical concepts , answers questions related to physics and math , and debunks questionable physical claims . Many of his posts are supported by experiments , calculations and models . Recently , he has analyzed the physics behind the Angry Birds Space video game and behind a now-debunked video which purported to show a man flying with home-made wings . He has also criticized television shows , including Fight Science , that perform poorly controlled experiments which are presented as scientific .   In 2008 Allain rejected the concept of sailing dead downwind faster than the wind as a violation of conservation laws , stating that `` this is the same situation as people trying to make energy from nothing '' . When the concept was demonstrated to work in practice by the Blackbird in 2010 , Allain did n't offer further explanations and merely noted : `` If it works , does it matter what I say ? '' .

negative: Planetary equilibrium temperature The planetary equilibrium temperature is a theoretical temperature that a planet would be at when considered simply as if it were a black body being heated only by its parent star . In this model , the presence or absence of an atmosphere ( and therefore any greenhouse effect ) is not considered , and one treats the theoretical black body temperature as if it came from an idealized surface of the planet .   Other authors use different names for this concept , such as equivalent blackbody temperature of a planet , or the effective radiation emission temperature of the planet . Similar concepts include the global mean temperature , global radiative equilibrium , and global-mean surface air temperature , which includes the effects of global warming .

negative: Global peace system Global Peace System is a concept of global conflict resolution dependent on nonviolent processes to eradicate war . It relies upon a multi-strand approach to conflict resolution , incorporating broad social and political solutions . In contemporary peace and conflict studies , the concept of a global peace system has been evolving since the 1940s around the theory that there is a global infrastructure of peacebuilding and that there is a need for systems thinking in peacebuilding . The term `` global peace system '' was coined from the work of Robert Johansen , who explored the concept in 1978 's Toward a Dependable Place .

negative: Climate change in popular culture The issue of climate change and global warming , their possible effects , and related human-environment interaction have entered popular culture since the late 20th century .   Science historian Naomi Oreskes has noted , `` There 's a huge disconnect between what professional scientists have studied and learned in the last 30 years , and what is out there in the popular culture . '' An academic study contrasts the relatively rapid acceptance of ozone depletion as reflected in popular culture with the much slower acceptance of the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: The Carbon War The Carbon War : Global Warming and the End of the Oil Era is a 1999 book by former oil geologist Jeremy Leggett about global warming .

negative: Patrick Michaels Patrick J. ( `` Pat '' ) Michaels ( born February 15 , 1950 ) is an American climatologist . Michaels is a senior fellow in environmental studies at the Cato Institute . Until 2007 he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia , where he had worked from 1980 .   A self-described skeptic on the issue of global warming , he is a past president of the American Association of State Climatologists . He has written a number of books and papers on climate change , including Sound and Fury : The Science and Politics of Global Warming ( 1992 ) , The Satanic Gases ( 2000 ) , and Meltdown : The Predictable Distortion of Global Warming by Scientists , Politicians , and the Media ( 2004 ) . He 's also the co-author of Climate of Extremes : Global Warming Science They Do n't Want You to Know ( 2009 ) . Michaels ' viewpoint , as argued in a 2002 article in the journal Climate Research , is that the planet will see `` a warming range of 1.3 -- 3.0 ° C , with a central value of 1.9 ° C '' for the 1990 to 2100 period ( an analysis far smaller than the IPCC 's average predictions ) .

negative: Trade globalization Trade globalization is a type of economic globalization and a measure ( economic indicator ) of economic integration . On a national scale , it loosely represents the proportion of all production that crosses the boundaries of a country , as well as the number of jobs in that country dependent upon external trade . On a global scale , it represents the proportion of all world production that is used for imports and exports between countries .   For an individual country , trade globalization is measured as the proportion of that country 's total volume of trade to its Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) :   For the world as a whole , trade globalization is the share of total world trade in total world production ( GDP ) , where the sums are taken over all countries :

negative: Duncan Wingham Duncan John Wingham ( born 12 October 1957 ) is a British physicist who is Professor of Climate Physics at University College London , and was the first Director of the Centre for Polar Observation & Modelling . He is chief executive of the Natural Environment Research Council and Principal Scientist for the CryoSat Satellite Mission .   In the 1990s , Wingham was involved in a four-year satellite study of the Antarctic ice sheet . His conclusion then , and from later research , is that the Antarctic has contributed little to observed rising sea levels in the 20th century . However , he has also stated that `` it is possible that the consequences of global warming on sea level rise have been underestimated ... Other sources of rise must be underestimated . In particular it is possible that the effect of global warming on thermal expansion -LSB- on the oceans -RSB- is larger than we thought '' .   In a 2005 interview Wingham stated '' -LSB- t -RSB- he Antarctic is to some extent insulated from global warming because to its north are zonal flows in the atmosphere and ocean , unimpeded by other landmasses ... I am not denying global warming . ''

negative: Business action on climate change Business action on climate change includes a range of activities relating to global warming , and to influencing political decisions on global-warming-related regulation , such as the Kyoto Protocol . Major multinationals have played and to some extent continue to play a significant role in the politics of global warming , especially in the United States , through lobbying of government and funding of global warming skeptics . Business also plays a key role in the mitigation of global warming , through decisions to invest in researching and implementing new energy technologies and energy efficiency measures . ( See also individual and political action on climate change . )

negative: World Wide Views on Global Warming World Wide Views on Global Warming : A global project initiated by The Danish Board of Technology on the occasion of the United Nations Climate Change Conference ( COP15 ) held in Copenhagen December 2009 .   World Wide Views on Global Warming ( or just WWViews ) was an international citizens involvement project based on methods developed by The Danish Board of Technology for the purpose of involving citizens in the political decision-making processes .

negative: Climate change in Germany Climate change in Europe describes the climate change related issues in Europe . This includes the climate politics , contribution in the global warming and the influence of the global warming in Europe .

negative: Warming Warming may refer to :  People  Eugenius Warming , ( 1841 -- 1924 ) , Danish botanist  Thomas Warming , ( b. 1969 ) , Danish illustrator , painter and author  Other  Global warming  Warming up  Warming Land