query: [T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.

positive: Hockey stick controversy In the hockey stick controversy , the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed . Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries , and the name `` hockey stick graph '' was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures . These graphs were publicised to explain the scientific findings of climatology , and in addition to scientific debate over the reconstructions , they have been the topic of political dispute . The issue is part of the global warming controversy and has been one focus of political responses to reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards , and found indications that recent warming was exceptional . The reconstruction introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large-scale reconstructions , and its findings were disputed by Patrick Michaels at the United States House Committee on Science .   In 1998 , Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 . In ( MBH99 ) the methodology was extended back to 1000 . The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry D. Mahlman , to describe the pattern this showed , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' , followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the `` blade '' .  A version of this graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , along with four other reconstructions supporting the same conclusion . The graph was publicised , and became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th-century warmth was exceptional .   Those disputing the graph included Pat Michaels , the George C. Marshall Institute and Fred Singer . A paper by Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas claiming greater medieval warmth was used by the Bush administration chief of staff Philip Cooney to justify altering the first Environmental Protection Agency Report on the Environment . The paper was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy , but on July 28 , Republican Jim Inhofe spoke in the Senate citing it to claim `` that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people '' .   Later in 2003 , a paper by Steve McIntyre and Ross McKitrick disputing the data used in MBH98 paper was publicised by the George C. Marshall Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute . In 2004 , Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 , McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal component analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . The analysis therein was subsequently disputed by published papers , including and , which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . In June 2005 , Rep. Joe Barton launched what Sherwood Boehlert , chairman of the House Science Committee , called a `` misguided and illegitimate investigation '' into the data , methods and personal information of Mann , Bradley and Hughes . At Boehlert 's request , a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council was set up , which reported in 2006 , supporting Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result . Barton and U.S. Rep. Ed Whitfield requested Edward Wegman to set up a team of statisticians to investigate , and they supported McIntyre and McKitrick 's view that there were statistical failings , although they did not quantify whether there was any significant effect . They also produced an extensive network analysis which has been discredited by expert opinion and found to have issues of plagiarism . Arguments against the MBH studies were reintroduced as part of the Climatic Research Unit email controversy , but dismissed by eight independent investigations .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Over a dozen subsequent reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

negative: Compressed suffix array In computer science , a compressed suffix array is a compressed data structure for pattern matching . Compressed suffix arrays are a general class of data structure that improve on the suffix array . These data structures enable quick search for an arbitrary string with a comparatively small index .   Given a text T of n characters from an alphabet Σ , a compressed suffix array supports searching for arbitrary patterns in T. For an input pattern P of m characters , the search time is typically O ( m ) or O ( m + log ( n ) ) . The space used is typically , where is the k-th order empirical entropy of the text T . The time and space to construct a compressed suffix array are normally .   The original instantiation of the compressed suffix array solved a long-standing open problem by showing that fast pattern matching was possible using only a linear-space data structure , namely , one proportional to the size of the text T , which takes bits . The conventional suffix array and suffix tree use bits , which is substantially larger . The basis for the data structure is a recursive decomposition using the `` neighbor function , '' which allows a suffix array to be represented by one of half its length . The construction is repeated multiple times until the resulting suffix array uses a linear number of bits . Following work showed that the actual storage space was related to the zeroth-order entropy and that the index supports self-indexing . The space bound was further improved achieving the ultimate goal of higher-order entropy ; the compression is obtained by partitioning the neighbor function by high-order contexts , and compressing each partition with a wavelet tree . The space usage is extremely competitive in practice with other state-of-the-art compressors , and it also supports fast pattern matching .   The memory accesses made by compressed suffix arrays and other compressed data structures for pattern matching are typically not localized , and thus these data structures have been notoriously hard to design efficiently for use in external memory . Recent progress using geometric duality takes advantage of the block access provided by disks to speed up the I/O time significantly In addition , potentially practical search performance for a compressed suffix array in external-memory has been demonstrated .

negative: Generic String Encoding Rules Generic String Encoding Rules ( GSER ) are a set of ASN .1 encoding rules for producing a verbose , human-readable textual transfer syntax for data structures described in ASN .1 .   The purpose of GSER is to represent encoded data to the user or input data from the user , in a very straightforward format . GSER was originally designed for the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ( LDAP ) and is rarely used outside of it . The use of GSER in actual protocols is discouraged since not all character string encodings supported by ASN .1 can be reproduced in it .   The GSER encoding rules are specified in RFC 3641 and unlike other common types of encoding rules , are not standardised by ITU-T .   Category : ITU-T recommendations  Category : Data serialization formats

negative: Linked data structure In computer science , a linked data structure is a data structure which consists of a set of data records ( nodes ) linked together and organized by references ( links or pointers ) . The link between data can also be called a connector .   In linked data structures , the links are usually treated as special data types that can only be dereferenced or compared for equality . Linked data structures are thus contrasted with arrays and other data structures that require performing arithmetic operations on pointers . This distinction holds even when the nodes are actually implemented as elements of a single array , and the references are actually array indices : as long as no arithmetic is done on those indices , the data structure is essentially a linked one .   Linking can be done in two ways using dynamic allocation and using array index linking .   Linked data structures include linked lists , search trees , expression trees , and many other widely used data structures . They are also key building blocks for many efficient algorithms , such as topological sort and set union-find .

negative: Julian Todd Julian Todd is a British computer programmer and activist for freedom of information who works in Liverpool .   He was inventor and co-founder of Public Whip with Francis Irving , and also the affiliated TheyWorkForYou website , a project that parses raw Hansard data to track how members vote in the UK Parliament . Initially risking prosecution for reusing the raw data under Crown copyright , they were later successful in getting permission to use it . He has since extended this concept of parsing political transcripts to the General Assembly and Security Council of the United Nations to establish UNdemocracy.com in 2007 .   Todd is a Director of ScraperWiki .   Todd also writes science fiction short stories , and is cited as a major inspiration for the Mundane science fiction movement .

negative: Transactional IT Transactional IT is concerned with acquiring , processing and communicating raw data about a company 's supply chain and with the compilation and dissemination of reports summarizing these data .

negative: Computer-Aided Test Tool Computer-Aided Test Tool ( CATT ) is used to create automatic test cases by SAP consultants and ABAP programmers . It is also frequently used to upload master data or to make changes to master data records . The transactions run without user interaction . You can check system messages and test database changes . All tests are logged . The CATT records your keystrokes while performing the actual transaction . You then identify the fields that you wish to change in that view . Then export this data to a spreadsheet to populate with the data required . This is uploaded and executed saving you keying in the data manually .   CATT records one of the actual transactions you perform .  Identify the fields you wish to change in that view .  Export this data to a spreadsheet to populate with the data required .  This is uploaded and executed automatically so you do n't have to key in the data manually .   Category : SAP SE

negative: Serial Data Transport Interface Serial Data Transport Interface is a way of transmitting data packets over a Serial Digital Interface datastream . This means that standard SDI infrastructure can be used .   Developed to address the needs of the growing number of compressed video standards ( DV , DVCPRO , BetaSX , MPEG2 ) it allows lossless transfer of data to other devices which have the same codec , for example DV to DV or SX to SX .   Using a standard SDI transport , the extra data is placed within normal active video , between Start of Active Video ( SAV ) , and End of Active Video ( EAV ) . This gives 1440 10bit words of data at 270Mbit/s ( 1920 words in the 8bit 360Mbit/s standard ) .   If an SDTI stream is viewed using a standard SDI device , then the raw data can be seen as a small strip along the left hand side ( usually in purple ) . The DVCAM SDTI has video data at the top , control data in the middle ( Timecode , etc. ) and audio at the bottom just like it is organised on the tape .   Because SDTI is used for compressed data the area used is less than a full screen ; this allows for faster than realtime transfers .   SDTI is standardized as SMPTE 305M . A 1.5 GBit/s version , using the high definition serial digital interface , is standardized as SMPTE 348M .

negative: Binary-safe Binary-safe is a term mainly used in the PHP programming-language to describe expected behaviour when passing binary-data into functions whose main responsibility is text & string manipulating . The term is considered official enough to be used widely in the official PHP documentation .   A binary-safe function is essentially one that treats its input as a raw stream of bytes and ignores every textual aspect it may have . It would therefore be more correct to characterize a ` binary-safe ' text-function as one which incidentally works on text , but whose primary mode of operation is on raw binary data .

negative: C-MAC C-MAC is the variant approved by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) for satellite transmissions . The digital information is modulated using 2-4PSK ( phase-shift keying ) , a variation of quadrature PSK where only two of the phaser angles ( ± 90 ° ) are used .  The data capacity for C-MAC is 3Mbit/s .  C-MAC data has to be sent to the transmitter separately from the vision .  The transmitter switches between FM ( vision ) and PSK ( sound/data ) modulation during each television line period .

negative: OpenCorporates OpenCorporates is a website which shares data on corporate entities as open data under the share-alike attribution Open Database License . It was created by Chris Taggart and Rob McKinnon , under the auspices of their company , Chrinon Ltd , and launched on 20 December 2010 . It has the aims of creating a URL with such data for every corporate entity in the world , importing government data relating to companies and matching it to specific companies .   The site also shows groups of companies which are legally part of the same conglomerate . Basic company information is available as open data in XML or JSON format .   The OpenCorporates Advisory Board exists to advise OpenCorporates on policy , practice and principles , and to ensure that OpenCorporates remains true to its central mission of the opening of company data for the public good . It 's formed by three members actually : David Eaves , Kaitlin Lee and Andrew Stott .   The same team also operate OpenCharities , compiling data on registered charities .

negative: Compressed data structure The term compressed data structure arises in the computer science subfields of algorithms , data structures , and theoretical computer science . It refers to a data structure whose operations are roughly as fast as those of a conventional data structure for the problem , but whose size can be substantially smaller . The size of the compressed data structure is typically highly dependent upon the entropy of the data being represented .   Important examples of compressed data structures include the compressed suffix array and the FM-index , both of which can represent an arbitrary text of characters T for pattern matching . Given any input pattern P , they support the operation of finding if and where P appears in T . The search time is proportional to the sum of the length of pattern P , a very slow-growing function of the length of the text T , and the number of reported matches . The space they occupy is roughly equal to the size of the text T in entropy-compressed form , such as that obtained by Prediction by Partial Matching or gzip . Moreover , both data structures are self-indexing , in that they can reconstruct the text T in a random access manner , and thus the underlying text T can be discarded . In other words , they simultaneously provide a compressed and quickly searchable representation of the text T . They represent a substantial space improvement over the conventional suffix tree and suffix array , which occupy many times more space than the size of T . They also support searching for arbitrary patterns , as opposed to the inverted index , which can support only word-based searches . In addition , inverted indexes do not have the self-indexing feature .   An important related notion is that of a succinct data structure , which uses space roughly equal to the information-theoretic minimum , which is a worst-case notion of the space needed to represent the data . In contrast , the size of a compressed data structure depends upon the particular data being represented . When the data are compressible , as is often the case in practice for natural language text , the compressed data structure can occupy space very close to the information-theoretic minimum , and significantly less space than most compression schemes .

negative: Jiawei Han Jiawei Han ( ; born August 10 , 1949 ) is a Chinese computer scientist and Abel Bliss Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . He has been working on research into data mining , data warehousing , database systems , data mining from spatiotemporal data , Web data , and social/information network data .

negative: Universal Communication Format Universal communication format is a communication protocol developed by the IEEE for multimedia communication . Y. Hiranaka , H. Sakakibara and T. Taketa of Yamagata University proposed UCF in 2005 .   From the abstract :   Various intelligent equipments and software are gradually designed to communicate with other equipment or software . However , any data format that can be considered as universal and almost eternally usable is not available . In this paper , we present UCF as a candidate bidirectional communication data format , and show its typical application for multimedia data . UCF is formed with the object address and the data to be forwarded . Communications can be simply performed by sending UCF data in required directions .   UCF is a proprietary format used by Cisco for their WebEx Web conferencing application .

negative: Pure TalkUSA PureTalk USA is an American mobile virtual network operator headquartered in Covington , Georgia , United States . PureTalk USA 's mobile network operator is AT&T Mobility . PureTalk USA is a subsidiary of Telrite Corporation .   It is most notable for an industry-first offering of rollover data in their data add-on packages , which has since been discontinued .

negative: Comparison of T-carrier and E-carrier systems The DS designations are used in connection with the North American hierarchy only . Strictly speaking , a DS1 is the data carried on a T1 circuit , and likewise for a DS3 and a T3 , but in practice the terms are used interchangeably .   There are other data rates in use , e.g. , military systems that operate at six and eight times the DS1 rate . At least one manufacturer has a commercial system that operates at 90 Mbit/s , twice the DS3 rate . New systems , which take advantage of the high data rates offered by optical communications links , are also deployed or are under development . Higher data rates are now often achieved by using synchronous optical networking ( SONET ) or synchronous digital hierarchy ( SDH ) .   A DS3 is delivered native on a copper trunk . DS3 may be converted to an optical fiber run when needing longer distances between termination points . When a DS3 is delivered over fiber it is still an analog type trunk connection at the termination points . When delivering data over an OC3 or greater SONET is used . A DS3 transported over SONET is encapsulated in a STS-1 SONET channel . An OC-3 SONET link contains three STS-1s , and therefore may carry three DS3s . Likewise , OC-12 , OC-48 , and OC-192 may carry 12 , 48 , and 192 DS3s respectively .   Category : Multiplexing

negative: Rawdisk In computing , the term raw disk is used to refer to hard disk access at a raw , binary level , beneath the file system level , and using partition data at the MBR .   A notable example is in the context of platform virtualization , and a feature of certain virtualization software is the ability to access a hard disk at the raw level . Virtualization software may typically function via the usage of a virtual drive format like OVF , but some users may want the virtualization software to be able to run an operating system that has been installed on another disk or disk partition . In order to do this , the virtualization software must allow raw disk access to that disk or disk partition , and then allow that entire operating system to boot within the virtualization window .   Category : Hard disk drives  Category : Virtualization software


query: Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.

positive: Sea level Mean sea level ( MSL ) ( abbreviated simply sea level ) is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earth 's oceans from which heights such as elevations may be measured . MSL is a type of vertical datuma standardised geodetic reference pointthat is used , for example , as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation , or , in aviation , as the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured in order to calibrate altitude and , consequently , aircraft flight levels . A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is the midpoint between a mean low and mean high tide at a particular location .   Sea levels can be affected by many factors and are known to have varied greatly over geological time scales . The careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change , and sea level rise has been widely quoted as evidence of ongoing global warming .   The term above sea level generally refers to above mean sea level ( AMSL ) .

positive: Sea A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land . More broadly , `` the sea '' is the interconnected system of Earth 's salty , oceanic waters -- considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions . The sea moderates Earth 's climate and has important roles in the water cycle , carbon cycle , and nitrogen cycle . Although the sea has been traveled and explored since prehistory , the modern scientific study of the sea -- oceanography -- dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s . The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections -- including the International Hydrographic Organization 's four named oceans ( the Atlantic , Pacific , Indian , and Arctic ) and the Southern Ocean ; smaller , second-order sections , such as the Mediterranean , are known as seas .   Owing to the present state of continental drift , the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea ( a ratio of about 2:3 ) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic ( 1:4.7 ) . Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5 % by mass , although this can vary in more landlocked waters , near the mouths of large rivers , or at great depths . About 85 % of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride . Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature . Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides , the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun . The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth ( the Coriolis effect ) .   Former changes in sea levels have left continental shelves , shallow areas in the sea close to land . These nutrient-rich waters teem with life , which provide humans with substantial supplies of food -- mainly fish , but also shellfish , mammals , and seaweed -- which are both harvested in the wild and farmed . The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs . Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales ' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting . Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters : even under enormous depths and pressures , nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem . Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth 's atmosphere ; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea .   The sea is an essential aspect of human trade , travel , mineral extraction , and power generation . This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults ; powerful tsunami waves ; and hurricanes , typhoons , and cyclones produced in the tropics . This importance and duality has affected human culture , from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange , from burial at sea to Basho 's haikus to hyperrealist marine art , and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov 's `` The Sea and Sinbad 's Ship '' to A-mei 's `` Listen to the Sea '' . It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming , diving , surfing , and sailing . However , population growth , industrialization , and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution . Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts , lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification . The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem .

negative: James O'Brien (oceanographer) James O'Brien ( born August 10 , 1935 , died September 20 , 2016 ) is the emeritus Robert O. Lawton Professor of Meteorology and Oceanography at Florida State University . He believes sea levels are rising but predicts a more modest 18 in rise instead of 6 ft by 2100 targeted by some other scientists . He stated that `` sea level in Florida is going to continue to rise period . Unless we go back into an Ice age , we will continue to rise at over 8 in in 10 year . That 's without any global warming . ''

negative: Coral in non-tropical regions The poleward migration of coral species refers to the phenomenon brought on by rising sea temperatures, wherein corals are colonising cooler climates in an attempt to circumvent coral bleaching, rising sea levels and ocean acidification. In the age of Anthropocene, the changing global climate has disrupted fundamental natural processes and brought about observable changes in the submarine sphere. Whilst coral reefs are bleaching in tropical areas like the Great Barrier Reef, even more striking, and perhaps more alarming; is the growth of tropical coral species in temperate regions, which has taken place over the past decade. Coral reefs are frequently compared to the "canaries in the coal mine," who were used by miners as an indicator of air quality. In much the same way, "coral reefs are sensitive to environmental changes that could damage other habitats in the future," meaning they will be the first to visually exhibit the true implications of global warming on the natural world.

negative: Gowrie Little Plain, Queensland Gowrie Little Plain is a locality in the Toowoomba Region local government area on the Darling Downs in southern Queensland , Australia . At the 2011 Australian Census Gowrie Little Plain and several other nearby localities recorded a population of 1,977 . In the south of the locality are a series of hills which rise to around 600 m above sea level .

negative: Tide (disambiguation) A tide is the rise and fall of a sea level caused by the Moon 's gravity and other factors .   Tide may also refer to :

negative: Rises and falls Rises and falls is a category of the ballroom dance technique that refers to rises and falls of the body of a dancer achieved through actions of knees and feet ( ankles ) .   This technique is primarily recognized in International Standard and American Smooth dance categories . Rises and falls are important in Waltz , Foxtrot , Quickstep , and Viennese Waltz . Tango is described the `` level '' or `` flat '' dance , and its basic technique specifically eliminates rises/falls in the overall motion , with the exception of certain advanced figures and styles .   The expression `` rises and falls of the body '' is a rather vague one , and in attempts to be more precise some texts refer to center of gravity , rather than body . This may also be misleading if taken out of context : the center of gravity may be lowered , e.g. , by bends and sways . In addition , a certain amount of body rise and fall may be achieved by hip action , used in Latin dance , but absolutely proscribed in Standard and Smooth .   Rises and falls of the body is a natural phenomenon during casual walking : when feet are apart the body is closer to the ground than when the feet are together . Some dances , e.g. , Charleston , exaggerate this natural `` bobbing '' , while in many others bobbing at each step is considered to be bad style or lack of proper technique .

negative: Canadian Lakehead Exhibition The Canadian Lakehead Exhibition ( CLE ) is an annual regional fair in Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada . Similar in nature to the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto , it features local and regional artisans and farmers , a midway , concessions and numerous other activities geared towards families and people of all ages . The exhibition takes place yearly in early August and is held on the CLE grounds in the Intercity area .

negative: Pilbara newspapers Pilbara newspapers is a selection of newspapers published in the Pilbara region of Western Australia .   The rise and fall of some of the newspapers reflect the shifts and changes in population in various localities of the region as mining starts and moves through different zones , and also as some mining operations are exhausted or closed .

negative: Future sea level The rate of global mean sea-level rise ( ~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR ) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century ( ~ 2 mm/yr ) , but the rate of rise is locally variable . Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean . On Greenland , the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007 . On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75 % . Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about − 1.8 to − 4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about − 12 to − 14 m in the first decade of the 21st century . From 1961 to 2003 , ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming .   The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( 2007 ) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving . Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. ( 2008 ) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 ( favouring the low end of this range ) . Rahmstorf ( 2007 ) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century . Pielke ( 2008 ) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far . These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century . However , sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account .

negative: Type II Cepheid Type II Cepheids are variable stars which pulsate with periods typically between 1 and 50 days . They are population II stars : old , typically metal-poor , low mass objects .   Like all Cepheid variables , Type IIs exhibit a relationship between the star 's luminosity and pulsation period , making them useful as standard candles for establishing distances where little other data is available   Longer period Type II Cepheids , which are more luminous , have been detected beyond the Local Group in the galaxies NGC 5128 and NGC 4258 .

negative: Myoporum montanum Myoporum montanum , commonly known as waterbush or boobialla , is a shrub native to Australia , New Guinea and Timor . The species is extremely variable in size growth habit and leaf form , with three primary forms recognised . Its occurrence in many places is restricted to coastal regions , watercourses and other locales with more reliable water supplies . It was this association with water that gave rise to the name water bush .

negative: Orion variable An Orion variable is a variable star which exhibits irregular and eruptive variations in its luminosity and is typically associated with diffuse nebulae . It is thought that these are young stars which will later become regular , non-variable stars on the zero-age main sequence . Brightness fluctuations can be as much as several magnitudes .   T Tauri stars are Orion variables exhibiting characteristic fluorescent violet emission lines from singly ionized Iron ( FeII ) in their star spectra , and also emission from Lithium , a metal that usually is destroyed by the nuclear fusion in the stars .   FU Orionis stars or simply `` Fuors '' , are Orion variables that rise 5 -- 6 magnitudes , then sink up to one magnitude and stay there for many decades . The prototype is FU Orionis , and other specimens are V1057 Cygni and V1515 Cygni .   Of this diverse class of stars , some Orion variables may exhibit a small amplitude ( up to 1 magnitude ) periodic variation , some are characterized by abrupt fadings , and some show spectral characteristics indicating mass downfall upon the star ( YY Orionis stars ) . Many of these characteristics may occur in any one Orion variable .   The term ` Orion Variable ' was a handy catch-all term but is now tending to drop out of disuse among the astronomical community , though for historical reasons the GCVS still uses it . Astronomers use more specialised terms which refer to actual physical differences among the ` zoo ' of young variable stars , such as ` Classical T Tauri ' or ` UX Orionis ' stars .

negative: Nature reserve A nature reserve ( natural reserve , bioreserve , ( natural/nature ) preserve or ( national/nature ) conserve ) is a protected area of importance for wildlife , flora , fauna or features of geological or other special interest , which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research . Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries , or by private landowners , such as charities and research institutions , regardless of nationality . Nature reserves fall into different IUCN categories depending on the level of protection afforded by local laws .

negative: Discretization of continuous features In statistics and machine learning , discretization refers to the process of converting or partitioning continuous attributes , features or variables to discretized or nominal attributes/features/variables / intervals . This can be useful when creating probability mass functions -- formally , in density estimation . It is a form of discretization in general and also of binning , as in making a histogram . Whenever continuous data is discretized , there is always some amount of discretization error . The goal is to reduce the amount to a level considered negligible for the modeling purposes at hand .   Typically data is discretized into partitions of K equal lengths/width ( equal intervals ) or K % of the total data ( equal frequencies ) .   Mechanisms for discretizing continuous data include Fayyad & Irani 's MDL method , which uses mutual information to recursively define the best bins , CAIM , CACC , Ameva , and many others   Many machine learning algorithms are known to produce better models by discretizing continuous attributes .

negative: Continuous and discrete variable In mathematics , a variable may be continuous or discrete . If it can take on two particular real values such that it can also take on all real values between them ( even values that are arbitrarily close together ) , the variable is continuous in that interval . If it can take on a value such that there is a non-infinitesimal gap on each side of it containing no values that the variable can take on , then it is discrete around that value . In some contexts a variable can be discrete in some ranges of the number line and continuous in others .

negative: Local variable In computer science , a local variable is a variable that is given local scope . Local variable references in the function or block in which it is declared override the same variable name in the larger scope . In programming languages with only two levels of visibility , local variables are contrasted with global variables . On the other hand , many ALGOL-derived languages allow any number of nested levels of visibility , with private variables , functions , constants and types hidden within them , either by nested blocks or nested functions . Local variables are fundamental to procedural programming , and more generally modular programming : variables of local scope are used to avoid issues with side-effects that can occur with global variables .   Local variables may have a lexical or dynamic scope , though lexical ( static ) scoping is far more common . In lexical scoping ( or lexical scope ; also called static scoping or static scope ) , if a variable name 's scope is a certain block , then its scope is the program text of the block definition : within that block 's text , the variable name exists , and is bound to the variable 's value , but outside that block 's text , the variable name does not exist . By contrast , in dynamic scoping ( or dynamic scope ) , if a variable name 's scope is a certain block , then its scope is that block and all functions transitively called by that block ( except when overridden again by another declaration ) ; after the block ends , the variable name does not exist . Some languages , like Perl and Common Lisp , allow the programmer to choose static or dynamic scoping when defining or redefining a variable . Examples of languages that use dynamic scoping include Logo , Emacs lisp , and the shell languages bash , dash , and the MirBSD Korn shell ( mksh ) 's `` local '' declaration . Most other languages provide lexically scoped local variables .   In most languages , local variables are automatic variables stored on the call stack directly . This means that when a recursive function calls itself , local variables in each instance of the function are given distinct addresses . Hence variables of this scope can be declared , written to , and read , without any risk of side-effects to functions outside of the block in which they are declared .   Programming languages that employ call by value semantics provide a called subroutine with its own local copy of the arguments passed to it . In most languages , these local parameters are treated the same as other local variables within the subroutine . In contrast , call by reference and call by name semantics allow the parameters to act as aliases of the values passed as arguments , allowing the subroutine to modify variables outside its own scope .

negative: Muskrat Lake Muskrat Lake is located in the Whitewater Region of Renfrew County , Ontario , Canada . Said to be the home of the lake monster Mussie . Muskrat Lake drains into Muskrat River . Other than a few cottages and campgrounds , Cobden , is the only community on the lake 's shore . Along its eastern shores is Sturgeon Mountain   Like many other lakes Muskrat Lake was formed about 10,000 years ago when the glaciers of the last ice age receded . At that point it was superseded by the much larger Champlain Sea . Due to glacial recession the sea was brackish , its salt levels rising and falling over the years making it somewhat salty and somewhat fresh . About 6,000 years ago the water level dropped and the champlain sea disappeared , leaving behind the present day lakes and rivers .

negative: Natural disaster A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth ; examples include floods , hurricanes , tornadoes , volcanic eruptions , earthquakes , tsunamis , and other geologic processes . A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage , and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake , the severity of which depends on the affected population 's resilience , or ability to recover and also on the infrastructure available .   An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population . In a vulnerable area , however , such as Nepal during the 2015 earthquake , an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage , requiring years to repair .

negative: Free variables and bound variables In mathematics , and in other disciplines involving formal languages , including mathematical logic and computer science , a free variable is a notation that specifies places in an expression where substitution may take place . Some older books use the terms real variable and apparent variable for free variable and bound variable . The idea is related to a placeholder ( a symbol that will later be replaced by some literal string ) , or a wildcard character that stands for an unspecified symbol .   In computer programming , the term free variable refers to variables used in a function that are neither local variables nor parameters of that function . The term non-local variable is often a synonym in this context .   A bound variable is a variable that was previously free , but has been bound to a specific value or set of values . For example , the variable x becomes a bound variable when we write :   ` For all x , ( x + 1 ) 2 = x2 + 2x + 1 . '   or   ` There exists x such that x2 = 2 . '   In either of these propositions , it does not matter logically whether we use x or some other letter . However , it could be confusing to use the same letter again elsewhere in some compound proposition . That is , free variables become bound , and then in a sense retire from being available as stand-in values for other values in the creation of formulae .   The term `` dummy variable '' is also sometimes used for a bound variable ( more often in general mathematics than in computer science ) , but that use can create an ambiguity with the definition of dummy variables in regression analysis .

negative: Umgeni River The Umgeni River or Mgeni River ( Mngeni Umgenirivier ) , is a river in KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa . It rises in the `` Dargle '' in the KZN midlands , and its mouth is at Durban , some distance north of Durban 's natural harbour . The name is taken to mean place of the Acacia trees in Zulu , though other meanings have been proposed .   The river is approximately 232 km long with a catchment area of 4432 km2 . The Howick Falls are some famous waterfalls on the Mngeni .

negative: Mount Buggery (Wangaratta, Victoria) Mount Buggery is a mountain located in the Wangaratta Rural City local government area , near Abbeyard above the Buffalo River in the alpine region of Victoria , Australia .   Its summit rises to 1153 m above sea level .

negative: Champlain Sea The Champlain Sea was a temporary inlet of the Atlantic Ocean , created by the retreating glaciers during the close of the last ice age . The Sea once included lands in what are now the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario , as well as parts of the American states of New York and Vermont .   The mass of ice from the continental ice sheets had depressed the rock beneath it over millennia . At the end of the last ice age , while the rock was still depressed , the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa River valleys , as well as modern Lake Champlain , were below sea level and flooded with rising worldwide sea levels , once the ice no longer prevented the ocean from flowing into the region . As the land gradually rose again , in the process known as isostatic rebound , the sea coast gradually retreated to its current location .   The sea lasted from about 13,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago and was continuously shrinking during that time , since the rebounding continent was slowly rising above sea level . At its peak , the sea extended inland as far south as Lake Champlain and somewhat farther west than the city of Ottawa , Ontario , and farther up the Ottawa River past Pembroke . The remaining glaciers fed the sea during that time , making it more brackish than typical seawater . It is estimated that the sea was as much as 150 m above the level of today 's Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers .   The best evidence of this former sea is the vast clay plain deposited along the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers . This resulted in distinctive forest types , and large wetlands . Other modern evidence of the sea can be seen in the form of whale fossils , ( belugas , fin whales , and bowhead whales ) and marine shells that have been found near the cities of Ottawa , Ontario , and Montreal , Quebec . There are also fossils of oceanic fish such as capelin . The Sea also left ancient raised shorelines in the former coastal regions , and the Leda clay deposits in areas of deeper water .   The northern shore of the lake was in southern Quebec where outcrops of the Canadian shield form the Eardley Escarpment . This escarpment still has distinctive plants that may date back to the sea . The Eardley Escarpment is known locally as the Gatineau Hills ; part of the Mattawa fault at the southeastern edge of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben , in Eastern Ontario and the Outaouais region of Quebec , more commonly known as the Ottawa Valley .

negative: Meringandan West, Queensland Meringandan West is a locality in the Toowoomba Region local government area on the Darling Downs in southern Queensland , Australia . At the 2011 Australian Census Gowrie Little Plain and several other nearby localities recorded a population of 1,977 . The majority of the eastern boundary is aligned with Meringandan Creek   Mount Muniganeen is in the north of Meringandan West and rises to heights greater than 600 m above sea level . Central parts of the area have been developed into a residential estate . Meringandan cemetery is located in Peters Road . Meringandan West was part of a local planning scheme developed and adopted by the Toowoomba Region Council in August 2013 .

negative: High rising terminal The high rising terminal ( HRT ) , also known as upspeak , uptalk , rising inflection , or high rising intonation ( HRI ) , is a feature of some variants of English where declarative sentence clauses end with a rising-pitch intonation , until the end of the sentence where a falling-pitch is applied .   Empirically , one report proposes that HRT in American English and Australian English is marked by a high tone ( high pitch or high fundamental frequency ) beginning on the final accented syllable near the end of the statement ( the terminal ) , and continuing to increase in frequency ( up to 40 % ) to the end of the intonational phrase . New research suggests that the actual rise can occur one or more syllables after the last accented syllable of the phrase , and its range is much more variable than previously thought .

negative: Continuous signal A continuous signal or a continuous-time signal is a varying quantity ( a signal )  whose domain , which is often time , is a continuum ( e.g. , a connected interval of the reals ) . That is , the function 's domain is an uncountable set . The function itself need not be continuous . To contrast , a discrete time signal has a countable domain , like the natural numbers .   A signal of continuous amplitude and time is known as a continuous-time signal or an analog signal . This ( a signal ) will have some value at every instant of time . The electrical signals derived in proportion with the physical quantities such as temperature , pressure , sound etc. are generally continuous signals . Other examples of continuous signals are sine wave , cosine wave , triangular wave etc. .   The signal is defined over a domain , which may or may not be finite , and there is a functional mapping from the domain to the value of the signal . The continuity of the time variable , in connection with the law of density of real numbers , means that the signal value can be found at any arbitrary point in time .   A typical example of an infinite duration signal is :   A finite duration counterpart of the above signal could be :   and otherwise .   The value of a finite ( or infinite ) duration signal may or may not be finite . For example ,   and otherwise ,   is a finite duration signal but it takes an infinite value for .   In many disciplines , the convention is that a continuous signal must always have a finite value , which makes more sense in the case of physical signals .   For some purposes , infinite singularities are acceptable as long as the signal is integrable over any finite interval ( for example , the signal is not integrable , but is ) .   Any analog signal is continuous by nature . Discrete-time signals , used in digital signal processing , can be obtained by sampling and quantization of continuous signals .   Continuous signal may also be defined over an independent variable other than time . Another very common independent variable is space and is particularly useful in image processing , where two space dimensions are used .

negative: Alcohol in Somalia Alcohol in Somalia is prohibited by the country 's strict Muslim culture , but historically was allowed in the country and continues to exist illicitly . During the period of Italian Somalia , rum was produced from local sugarcane , continuing until the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 , though others report some local consumption of rum continues .

negative: Langevin equation In statistical physics , a Langevin equation ( Paul Langevin , 1908 ) is a stochastic differential equation describing the time evolution of a subset of the degrees of freedom . These degrees of freedom typically are collective ( macroscopic ) variables changing only slowly in comparison to the other ( microscopic ) variables of the system . The fast ( microscopic ) variables are responsible for the stochastic nature of the Langevin equation .

negative: Paleontology in Kansas Paleontology in Kansas refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Kansas . Kansas has been the source of some of the most spectacular fossil discoveries in US history . The fossil record of Kansas spans from the Cambrian to the Pleistocene . From the Cambrian to the Devonian , Kansas was covered by a shallow sea . During the ensuing Carboniferous the local sea level began to rise and fall . When sea levels were low the state was home to richly vegetated deltaic swamps where early amphibians and reptiles lived . Seas expanded across most of the state again during the Permian , but on land the state was home to thousands of different insect species . The popular pterosaur Pteranodon is best known from this state . During the early part of the Cenozoic era Kansas became a savannah environment . Later , during the Ice Age , glaciers briefly entered the state , which was home to camels , mammoths , mastodons , and saber-teeth . Local fossils may have inspired Native Americans to regard some local hills as the homes of sacred spirit animals . Major scientific discoveries in Kansas included the pterosaur Pteranodon and a fossil of the fish Xiphactinus that died in the act of swallowing another fish .

negative: Covariate In statistics , a covariate is a variable that is possibly predictive of the outcome under study . A covariate may be of direct interest or it may be a confounding or interacting variable .   The alternative terms explanatory variable , independent variable , or predictor , are used in a regression analysis . In econometrics , the term `` control variable '' is usually used instead of `` covariate '' .  An example is provided by the analysis of trend in sea level by . Here the dependent variable ( and variable of most interest ) was the annual mean sea level at a given location for which a series of yearly values were available . The primary independent variable was time . Use was made of a covariate consisting of yearly values of annual mean atmospheric pressure at sea level . The results showed that inclusion of the covariate allowed improved estimates of the trend against time to be obtained , compared to analyses which omitted the covariate .

negative: Level sensor Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids , including slurries , granular materials , and powders that exhibit an upper free surface . Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers ( or other physical boundaries ) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak . The substance to be measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form ( e.g. , a river or a lake ) . The level measurement can be either continuous or point values . Continuous level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place , while point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point . Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low .   There are many physical and application variables that affect the selection of the optimal level monitoring method for industrial and commercial processes . The selection criteria include the physical : phase ( liquid , solid or slurry ) , temperature , pressure or vacuum , chemistry , dielectric constant of medium , density ( specific gravity ) of medium , agitation ( action ) , acoustical or electrical noise , vibration , mechanical shock , tank or bin size and shape . Also important are the application constraints : price , accuracy , appearance , response rate , ease of calibration or programming , physical size and mounting of the instrument , monitoring or control of continuous or discrete ( point ) levels .  In short , level sensors are one of the very important sensors and play very important role in variety of consumer / industrial applications . As with other type of sensors , level sensors are available or can be designed using variety of sensing principles . Selection of an appropriate type of sensor suiting to the application requirement is very important .

negative: Variable retention Variable retention is a relatively new silvicultural system that retains forest structural elements for at least one rotation in order to preserve environmental values associated with structurally complex forests .   Some examples for environmental values are forest cover connectivity , soil stabilization , microclimate under retained trees , habitats associated with live or dead trees and species diversity due to habitat preservation , and wildlife corridor preservation . Variable retention also aids in emulation of natural disturbances by leaving behind some residual structure from previous stand which is typical for stand replacing disturbances Traditional silviculture systems such as clearcut , patch cut , shelterwood , etc. are focused on maximizing timber production and future regeneration of the trees . Variable retention on the other hand is focused on what is retained

negative: Mount Walker West, Queensland Mount Walker West is a locality split between the Scenic Rim Region and City of Ipswich local government areas of South East Queensland , Australia . At the 2011 Australia Census the locality and surrounds recorded a population of 392 .   Along the eastern extent of Mount Walker West the Bremer River marks the boundary . In the west elevations rise to around 250 metres above sea level .

negative: Tourist attraction A tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists visit , typically for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value , historical significance , natural or built beauty , offering leisure , adventure and amusement .


query: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

positive: James Hansen James Edward Hansen ( born 29 March 1941 ) is an American adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University . He is best known for his research in climatology , his 1988 Congressional testimony on climate change that helped raise broad awareness of global warming , and his advocacy of action to avoid dangerous climate change . In recent years he has become a climate activist to mitigate the effects of climate change , on a few occasions leading to his arrest .   In 2000 , Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years , arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via largely balanced each other out , and that the 0.74 ± 0.18 ° C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide , such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons . However , even then he wrote `` the future balance of forcings is likely to shift toward dominance of CO2 over aerosols ''

positive: Sea level rise A sea level rise is an increase in the volume of water in the world 's oceans , resulting in an increase in global mean sea level . Sea level rise is usually attributed to global climate change by thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting of Ice sheets and glaciers on land . Melting of floating ice shelves or icebergs at sea raises sea levels only slightly .   Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average . Local factors might include tectonic effects , subsidence of the land , tides , currents , storms , etc. .  Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries . Because of the slow inertia , long response time for parts of the climate system , it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 m for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years . IPCC Summary for Policymakers , AR5 , 2014 , indicated that the global mean sea level rise will continue during the 21st century , very likely at a faster rate than observed from 1971 to 2010 . Projected rates and amounts vary . A January 2017 NOAA report suggests a range of GMSL rise of 0.3 -- 2.5 m possible during the 21st century .   Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems .

positive: Cryosphere The cryosphere ( from the Greek κρύος kryos , `` cold '' , `` frost '' or `` ice '' and σφαῖρα sphaira , `` globe , ball '' ) is those portions of Earth 's surface where water is in solid form , including sea ice , lake ice , river ice , snow cover , glaciers , ice caps , ice sheets , and frozen ground ( which includes permafrost ) . Thus , there is a wide overlap with the hydrosphere . The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedbacks generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes , clouds , precipitation , hydrology , atmospheric and oceanic circulation . Through these feedback processes , the cryosphere plays a significant role in the global climate and in climate model response to global changes . The term deglaciation describes the retreat of cryospheric features . Cryology is the study of cryospheres .

negative: Whillans Whillans may refer to :   Don Whillans ( 1933 -- 1985 ) , British rock climber and mountaineer .  Ken Whillans ( 1927 -- 1990 ) , Canadian politician and mayor of Brampton , Ontario .  The Whillans Ice Stream , a glaciological feature of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet .

negative: Askaryan Radio Array The Askaryan Radio Array ( ARA ) is a new detector designed to detect a few GZK neutrinos a year . It measures the enhanced radio-frequency radiation emitted during the interaction of the neutrino in Antarctic ice sheet . The detection is based on the Askaryan effect , an idea by Gurgen Askaryan   This detection technique is also being used by the Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna ( ANITA ) and the Radio Ice Cerenkov Experiment ( RICE ) detectors . The ARA experiment will be built around the IceCube experiment , and will cover an area of approximately 100 square kilometers .   A 16-antenna prototype station , the `` ARA Testbed '' , of the ARA system was installed Jan 2011 and began operation allowing the ARA Collaboration to determine the estimated sensitivity of the array design : ARA-37 will cover 200 km2 with neutrino sensitivity of 1016 -- 1019 eV . Measurements of the radio background and ice attenuation length were reported .

negative: Kamb Glacier Kamb Glacier is a broad elevated glacier , 4 nmi ) long , in the Royal Society Range , Victoria Land , Antarctica , flowing northeast from Fogle Peak to enter Condit Glacier . It was named in 1992 by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after glaciologist Barclay Kamb of the California Institute of Technology , who was from the 1980s a principal investigator in United States Antarctic Research Program studies of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet , including the drilling of deep boreholes to the base of Siple Coast ice streams , and who undertook research in order to determine the mechanisms by which the ice streams are able to move at relatively greater speeds than the surrounding ice sheet .

negative: Alley Glacier The Alley Glacier is a glacier in Antarctica that drains the north slopes of Britannia Range in the vicinity of Ward Tower and flows north to Darwin Glacier . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Richard Alley of the Department of Geosciences , Pennsylvania State University , a United States Antarctic Program glaciologist who specialized in the study of ice streams of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet .

negative: Joseph Adhémar Joseph Alphonse Adhémar ( 1797 -- 1862 ) was a French mathematician . He was the first to suggest that ice ages were controlled by astronomical forces in his 1842 book Revolutions of the Sea .   The Earth 's orbit is elliptical , with the Sun at one focus ; lines drawn through the summer and winter solstice ; and the spring and autumn equinox ; intersect with the sun at right angles . The Earth is closest to the Sun ( perihelion ) near the northern hemisphere winter solstice . The earth moves faster through its orbit when closer to the sun . Hence , the period from the northern hemisphere 's autumn equinox to winter and spring is shorter by around seven days than the period from spring to summer to autumn ; the reverse is true in the southern hemisphere . Hence , northern hemisphere winter is shorter .   Because of this , Adhemar reasoned that because the southern hemisphere had more hours of darkness in winter , it must be cooling , and attributed the Antarctic ice sheet to this . Adhemar knew of the 22,000 year cycle of precession of the equinoxes , and theorised that the ice ages occurred in this cycle .   One immediate objection to the theory was that the total insolation during a year does not vary at all during the precessional cycle , only its seasonal distribution . Another was that the timing was wrong ; however this could not be tested by observations available at the time .   Adhemar 's theory was further developed , first by James Croll and later by Milutin Milanković .   Adhemar predicted the Antarctic ice sheet and theorised about its thickness by comparing the depths of the Arctic and circum-Antarctic oceans . Finding the Antarctic oceans deeper ( the measurements he used may not have been fully representative ) and attributing this to the gravitational attraction of the Antarctic ice sheet , he postulated a truly enormous ice sheet approximately 90 km thick .

negative: Nereson Glacier Nereson Glacier is a glacier about 5 nautical miles ( 9 km ) long draining the north side of Siple Island . Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) after Nadine A. Nereson , University of Washington , glaciologist whose research in West Antarctica during the 1990s focused on the history of ice flow , and the past and present stability of the ice sheet .   Category : Glaciers of Marie Byrd Land

negative: Stange Ice Shelf Stange Ice Shelf , is an Antarctic ice shelf in Stange Sound , English Coast , bounded to the east by Spaatz Island , to the northwest by Smyley Island , and to the west by fast ice in Carroll Inlet . Named in association with Stange Sound . In contrast to the some other ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula , for example the Larsen Ice Shelf , the Stange Ice Shelf has been relatively stable .

negative: Reeves Glacier Reeves Glacier is a broad glacier originating on the interior upland and descending between Eisenhower Range and Mount Larsen to merge with the Nansen Ice Sheet along the coast of Victoria Land . Discovered and named by the British Antarctic Expedition , 1907 -- 09 , under Shackleton . The New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( NZ-APC ) reported that the glacier is probably named for William Pember Reeves , former New Zealand Cabinet Minister , and the Agent-General for New Zealand in London , 1896-1909 .    Category : Glaciers of Victoria Land  Category : Scott Coast

negative: Anandakrishnan Glacier Anandakrishnan Glacier is a glacier about 15 nmi long draining through the Ruppert Coast north of Strauss Glacier in Antarctica . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Sridhar Anandakrishnan , a Penn State University geophysicist , whose glaciological interests focus on Antarctic ice sheet studies , ice stream migration , time-series investigations , and Antarctic tectonics .

negative: West Antarctic Rift The West Antarctic Rift is a major , active rift valley lying between East and West Antarctica . It encompasses the Ross Sea , the area under the Ross Ice Shelf and a part of West Antarctica . Its evolution is due to lithospheric thinning of the non-cratonic area of West Antarctica .   Exploration of the geology of the West Antarctic Rift is difficult , because , apart from peaks of the Transantarctic Mountains that protrude above the ice , the region is covered by the vast West Antarctic Ice Sheet . Thus , the rift is less well known than other major rift valleys . It is known , however , that like the East African Rift , the West Antarctic Rift is actually a number of much shorter rifts that cross Antarctica . There is also a sharp division between older , broader Paleogene rifts including the Ross Sea Basin and the younger , narrower Terror Rift . There are also a large number of failed rifts extending as far as Berkner Island .   Although many rifts within the West Antarctic Rift system are no longer active , it is now known that West Antarctica is moving away from the East Antarctic Craton in a north/northeasterly direction ( approximately in the direction of the South Georgia Islands ) at a rate of about 2 mm per year or 500,000 years per kilometre .   The West Antarctic Rift is the source of all the recently active volcanoes within Antarctica , and of most of the major Antarctic mountain systems outside the Antarctic Peninsula . It is also believed to have a major influence on ice flows in West Antarctica , because fast moving ice streams are believed to be influenced by the lubrication provided by water-saturated till , which some argue could help cause breakup of the ice sheet if global warming accelerates .

negative: Joughin Glacier Joughin Glacier is a glacier east of the Watson Peaks , flowing southeast into Wright Inlet on the Lassiter Coast . Named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 2008 after Ian Joughin , an electrical engineer who pioneered the use of interferometric synthetic aperture radar to estimate surface motion and topography of ice sheets both in Antarctica and Greenland . He has used remote sensing , field work , and modeling to study ice dynamics since the early 1990s .

negative: Joanne Johnson Joanne Johnson ( born 1977 , Birmingham , UK ) is a British geologist and prominent Antarctic scientist , currently working for British Antarctic Survey in the ` Palaeoenvironments , Ice Sheets and Climate Change ' team . Johnson joined British Antarctic Survey in 2002 . She is best known for her work on glacial retreat , and is the namesake of the Johnson Mesa in James Ross Island , Antarctica .

negative: Sovetskaya (lake) Sovetskaya Lake is a liquid subglacial lake found buried under the Antarctic ice sheet , 2 km below Sovetskaya Research Station . It covers about 1600 km2 .

negative: Mill Peak Mill Peak is a prominent peak , 1,760 m high , rising above the Antarctic ice sheet 10 nmi south of Pearce Peak and 30 nmi south of Cape Simpson . it was discovered in February 1931 by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition under Douglas Mawson , who named it for Dr. Hugh Robert Mill .

negative: List of environmental reports This is a list of notable environmental reports . In this context they relate to the impacts of human activity on the environment .   City-level Decoupling : Urban Resource Flows and the Governance of Infrastructure Transitions - by the International Resource Panel  Clean Energy Trends - a series of reports by Clean Edge - beginning in 2002  Copeland Report - for the U.S. government , completed in 1933  Copenhagen Diagnosis - written by twenty-six climate scientists from eight countries  Dioxin Reassessment Report - by the United States Environmental Protection Agency  Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport ( `` Leopold Report '' ) - United States Department of the Interior ( 1969 )  Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles - by the International Resource Panel  Forest Principles - United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED )  The Global 2000 Report to the President - Council on Environmental Quality ( 1981 )  Global Environment Outlook - United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP )  Hirsch report ( Peaking of World Oil Production : Impacts , Mitigation , and Risk Management ) - United States Department of Energy  Index of Leading Environmental Indicators - Pacific Research Institute  IPCC First Assessment Report - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC )  IPCC supplementary report , 1992 - IPCC  IPCC Second Assessment Report - IPCC  IPCC Third Assessment Report Climate Change 2001 - IPCC ( 2001 )  IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Climate Change 2007 - IPCC ( 2007 )  IPCC Fifth Assessment Report ( 2014 )  Leopold Report ( `` Wildlife Management in the National Parks '' ) - Special Advisory Board on Wildlife Management ( 1963 )  Livestock 's Long Shadow - Environmental Issues and Options - United Nations ( 2006 )  Living Planet Report - WWF , every two years  Making Sweden an Oil-Free Society - Government of Sweden ( 2006 )  Meat Atlas - published by the Heinrich Böll Foundation and Friends of the Earth Europe  Nuclear Power and the Environment - UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution - 1976  Our Common Future - World Commission on Environment and Development ( 1987 )  Outlook On Renewable Energy In America ( 2 volumes ) - American Council on Renewable Energy - 2007  Phase I Environmental Site Assessment - generic  Planning Policy Statement 10 : Planning for Sustainable Waste Management ( PPS 10 ) - British Government  Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation - United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) - planned for 2010  Report of the Royal Commission on Genetic Modification - Royal Commission on Genetic Modification ( 2001 )  State of the Climate - NOAA/NCDC ( published annually )  The State of the World - Worldwatch Institute ( published yearly since 1984 )  Wegman Report - to validate criticisms of reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years  Windscale : Britain 's Biggest Nuclear Disaster ( 2007 )  World Climate Report - Greening Earth Society  The World 's 25 Most Endangered Primates - selected and published by the IUCN Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group ( IUCN/SSC PSG ) , the International Primatological Society ( IPS ) , and Conservation International ( CI )

negative: Hudson Mountains The Hudson Mountains is a group of parasitic cones , forming nunataks just above the Antarctic ice sheet in west Ellsworth Land . They lie just east of Cranton Bay and Pine Island Bay at the eastern extremity of Amundsen Sea , and are bounded on the north by Cosgrove Ice Shelf and on the south by Pine Island Glacier .

negative: IPCC First Assessment Report The First Assessment Report ( FAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) was completed in 1990 . It served as the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) .   The report was issued in three main sections , corresponding to the three Working Groups of scientists that the IPCC had established .   Working Group I : Scientific Assessment of Climate Change , edited by J.T. Houghton , G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums  Working Group II : Impacts Assessment of Climate Change , edited by W.J. McG . Tegart , G.W. Sheldon and D.C. Griffiths  Working Group III : The IPCC Response Strategies   Each section included a summary for policymakers . This format was followed in subsequent Assessment Reports .   The executive summary of the policymakers ' summary of the WG I report includes :   We are certain of the following : there is a natural greenhouse effect ... ; emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases : CO2 , methane , CFCs and nitrous oxide . These increases will enhance the greenhouse effect , resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth 's surface . The main greenhouse gas , water vapour , will increase in response to global warming and further enhance it .  We calculate with confidence that : ... CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect ; long-lived gases would require immediate reductions in emissions from human activities of over 60 % to stabilise their concentrations at today 's levels ...  Based on current models , we predict : under -LSB- BAU -RSB- increase of global mean temperature during the -LSB- 21st -RSB- century of about 0.3 oC per decade ( with an uncertainty range of 0.2 to 0.5 oC per decade ) ; this is greater than that seen over the past 10,000 years ; under other ... scenarios which assume progressively increasing levels of controls , rates of increase in global mean temperature of about 0.2 oC -LSB- to -RSB- about 0.1 oC per decade .  There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing , magnitude and regional patterns of climate change , due to our incomplete understanding of : sources and sinks of GHGs ; clouds ; oceans ; polar ice sheets .  Our judgement is that : global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 oC over the last 100 years ... ; The size of this warming is broadly consistent with predictions of climate models , but it is also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability . Thus the observed increase could be largely due to this natural variability ; alternatively this variability and other human factors could have offset a still larger human-induced greenhouse warming . The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more .  under the IPCC business as usual emissions scenario , an average rate of global mean sea level rise of about 6 cm per decade over the next century ( with an uncertainty range of 3 -- 10 cm per decade ) , mainly due to thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of some land ice . The predicted rise is about 20 cm ... by 2030 , and 65 cm by the end of the next century .

negative: Gary Yohe Gary Wynn Yohe is the Huffington Foundation Professor of Economics and Environmental Studies at Wesleyan University , Middletown , Connecticut . He holds a PhD from Yale University .   Yohe specializes in Microeconomic theory , Natural Resources , and Environmental Economics . He is a researcher on the economics of climate change and integrated assessment modelling . Among other works , he is an editor of the book `` Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change '' and co-author ( with Edwin Mansfield ) of `` Microeconomics | Microeconomics : Theory and Applications '' . He is a senior member of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) that was awarded a share of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore . He has been involved with the IPCC since the mid-1990s , has served , among other capacities , as a Lead Author for four different chapters in the IPCC Third Assessment Report , and as Convening Lead Author for the last chapter of the contribution of Working Group II to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report . Yohe also worked with the Core Writing Team to prepare the overall Synthesis Report for the entire Assessment .   Yohe is also a member of the New York City Panel on Climate Change and the standing Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change of the National Academy of Sciences . He is also a standing member of the National Academy of Sciences ' Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change . He was a vice-chair of the Third National Climate Assessment .   He is one of the four co-signers of an open letter , dated March 12 , 2010 , regarding possible errors in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and regularly advises the US government .

negative: The Ice Sheet at Ogden The Ice Sheet at Ogden , also known as the Weber County Ice Sheet , is located 35 mi north of Salt Lake City on the campus of Weber State University in Ogden . The Ice Sheet opened in 1994 as a recreational training center for curling , ice hockey , and figure skating . During the 2002 Winter Olympics the Ice Sheet hosted the curling events .

negative: Scott Glacier (Transantarctic Mountains) The Scott Glacier is a major glacier , 120 mi long , that drains the East Antarctic Ice Sheet through the Queen Maud Mountains to the Ross Ice Shelf . The Scott Glacier is one of a series of major glaciers flowing across the Transantarctic Mountains , with the Amundsen Glacier to the west and the Leverett and Reedy glaciers to the east .

negative: Earth System Grid The Earth System Grid ( ESG ) is a data distribution portal whose development is funded mainly by the -LSB- United States Department of Energy -RSB- . It is the portal through which the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is distributing data for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and the 2014 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report .

negative: Fram Fram ( `` Forward '' ) is a ship that was used in expeditions of the Arctic and Antarctic regions by the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen , Otto Sverdrup , Oscar Wisting , and Roald Amundsen between 1893 and 1912 . It was designed and built by the Scottish-Norwegian shipwright Colin Archer for Fridtjof Nansen 's 1893 Arctic expedition in which the plan was to freeze Fram into the Arctic ice sheet and float with it over the North Pole .   Fram is said to have sailed farther north ( 85 ° 57 ` N ) and farther south ( 78 ° 41 'S ) than any other wooden ship . Fram is preserved at the Fram Museum in Oslo , Norway .

negative: Piers Forster Piers Forster is Professor of Physical Climate Change and Director of the Priestley International Centre for Climate at the University of Leeds .  A physicist by training , his research focuses on quantifying the different human causes of climate change and the way the Earth responds . He is best known for his work on radiative forcing , climate sensitivity , contrails and geoengineering . He has contributed heavily to the writing of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports , including acting as a Lead Author for both the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and IPCC Fifth Assessment Report .

negative: 2006 Antarctic Ice Marathon The second 2006 Antarctic Ice Marathon & 100k were held in Antarctica on 13 and 15 December 2006 , respectively .

negative: Lake CECs Lake CECs is a subglacial lake in Antarctica at approximately latitude 80 ° S . It has an estimated area of 18 km ² . The territory where the lake is located , some 160 km from Union Glacier , is claimed only by Chile .   The lake is located in a buffer zone of three major West Antarctic glaciers . The movement of the ice is almost nonexistent and the area is in a situation of low disturbance . This allows the body of water to be extremely stable , with minimal mass exchanges with its environment . This favors the hypothesis that the lake could support endemic life , which would have developed in extreme isolation .   Lake CECs was discovered by the Chilean research center Centro de Estudios Científicos ( CECs ) . The first signs of the lake were detected during Antarctic summer in January 2014 , when a mobile research station team journeyed through the central plateau of West Antarctica . Measurements showed unusual subglacial radar returns , indicating the presence of a waterbody at some 2.6 kilometers depth under the ice . An initial mapping with an ice-penetrating radar confirmed the finding . The research team returned in summer of 2015 and the mapping was completed . The findings were published in a Geophysical Research Letters report by four members of the CECs Glaciology Laboratory .

negative: Scott Glacier Scott Glacier may refer to any of these glaciers :   Scott Glacier ( Alaska ) , a glacier in the Chugach Mountains , near Cordova , Alaska  Scott Glacier ( Transantarctic Mountains ) , a major glacier flowing from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet through the Queen Maud subrange of the Transantarctic Mountains into the Ross Ice Shelf  Scott Glacier ( East Antarctica ) , a glacier on the outer coast of East Antarctica

negative: Fox Ice Stream Fox Ice Stream is an ice stream about 6 nmi long flowing into Eltanin Bay southwest of Wirth Peninsula , Antarctica . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Adrian Fox of the British Antarctic Survey , part of the USA -- UK cooperative project to compile Glaciological and Coastal-Change Maps of the Antarctic Peninsula ; he was active in field and mapping projects from the early 1990s onwards .

negative: Independent Police Complaints Council The Independent Police Complaints Council ( IPCC , ) is a civilian body of the Government of Hong Kong , part of the two-tier system in which the Hong Kong Police Force investigates complaints made by the public against its members and the IPCC monitors those investigations .   The IPCC was created as an independent body to monitor the review by the Complaints Against Police Office ( CAPO ) of complaints against members of the Police Force . Unlike CAPO , which is a unit of the police force , the IPCC is a civilian body not linked with the police that reports directly to the office of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong .   The IPCC was created in 1994 and succeeded an earlier independent review body , the Police Complaints Committee or PCC , to investigate police . The PCC was created in 1986 and reported to the then Governor of Hong Kong .   The IPCC is headed by a Secretariat and is governed by The Independent Police Complaints Council ( IPCC ) Ordinance , which enacted in July 2008 . On 1 June 2009 , after the ordinance came into operation , the Chinese official name of IPCC was changed from '' 投訴警方獨立監察委員會 '' to '' 獨立監察警方處理投訴委員會 '' and the English name remain .   There have been criticisms in LegCo that the IPCC has limited monitoring power .

negative: Prilednikovoye Lake Prilednikovoye Lake is a lake 1.25 nautical miles ( 2.3 km ) south-southwest of Tyuleniy Point in the Schirmacher Hills , situated at the edge of the continental ice sheet in Queen Maud Land . Mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1961 and named `` Ozero Prilednikovoye '' ( `` fore-glacier lake '' ) , presumably for its location .

negative: Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna ( ANITA ) experiment has been designed to study ultra-high-energy ( UHE ) cosmic neutrinos by detecting the radio pulses emitted by their interactions with the Antarctic ice sheet . This is to be accomplished using an array of radio antennas suspended from a helium balloon flying at a height of about 37,000 meters .   The neutrinos , with energies on the order of 1018 eV , produce radio pulses in the ice because of the Askaryan effect . It is believed that these high-energy cosmic neutrinos result from interaction of ultra-high-energy ( 1020 eV ) cosmic rays with the photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation . It is thus hoped that the ANITA experiment can shed light on the origin of these cosmic rays .

negative: Relief Inlet Relief Inlet is a narrow inlet at the southwest corner of Terra Nova Bay . The feature is formed along a shear plane caused by differential ice movement near the coast of Victoria Land involving the north edge of Drygalski Ice Tongue and south extremities of the Nansen Ice Sheet . So named by the South Magnetic Polar Party , led by T.W.E. David , of the British Antarctic Expedition , 1907 -- 09 , because , after almost giving up hope of rescue , the Nimrod picked up the party here .

negative: Français Glacier Français Glacier is a glacier 4 nmi wide and 12 nmi long , flowing north-northeast from the continental ice to the Antarctic coast close west of Ravin Bay . Though no glaciers were noted on Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville 's chart of this coast , the close correlation of his `` Baie des Ravins '' feature and narrative description with the indentation of the coast near the mouth of this glacier suggests first sighting of this feature by the French Antarctic Expedition , 1837 -- 40 . During December 1912 members of the Main Base Party of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition ( AAE ) camped on the upland slopes close east of the glacier , but no reference was made to the glacier in the AAE reports , though a clear view and unpublished sketch were obtained of the distant coast to the northwest . It was delineated from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump , 1946 -- 47 . The French Antarctic Expedition under Mario Marret , 1952 -- 53 , sledged west on the sea ice to the ice cliffs close east of the glacier . It was named after the Français , the expedition ship of the French Antarctic Expedition , 1903 -- 05 , under Dr. Jean-Baptiste Charcot .