query: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

positive: NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA -LSB- ˈnæsə -RSB- ) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research .   President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian ( rather than military ) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science . The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29 , 1958 , disestablishing NASA 's predecessor , the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency became operational on October 1 , 1958 .   Since that time , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . Currently , NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program ( LSP ) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches .   NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System , advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program , exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons , and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs . NASA shares data with various national and international organizations such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite . Since 2011 , NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency , achieving little results in return for high development costs .

positive: Instrumental temperature record The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth 's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures . Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations , buoys and ships around the globe . The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series , that starts in 1659 . The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850 . In recent decades more extensive sampling of ocean temperatures at various depths have begun allowing estimates of ocean heat content but these do not form part of the global surface temperature datasets .

negative: Berkeley Earth Berkeley Earth is a Berkeley , California based independent 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit focused on land temperature data analysis for climate science . Berkeley Earth was founded in early 2010 ( originally called the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project ) with the goal of addressing the major concerns from outside the scientific community regarding global warming and the instrumental temperature record . The project 's stated aim was a `` transparent approach , based on data analysis . '' In February 2013 , Berkeley Earth became an independent non-profit . In August 2013 , Berkeley Earth was granted 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax-exempt status by the US government . The primary product is air temperatures over land , but they also produce a global dataset resulting from a merge of their land data with HadSST .   Berkeley Earth founder Richard A. Muller told The Guardian  '' ... we are bringing the spirit of science back to a subject that has become too argumentative and too contentious , ... we are an independent , non-political , non-partisan group . We will gather the data , do the analysis , present the results and make all of it available . There will be no spin , whatever we find . We are doing this because it is the most important project in the world today . Nothing else comes close . ''   Berkeley Earth has been funded by unrestricted educational grants totaling ( as of December 2013 ) about $ 1,394,500 . Large donors include Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , the Charles G. Koch Foundation , the Fund for Innovative Climate and Energy Research ( FICER ) , and the William K. Bowes , Jr. . Foundation . The donors have no control over how Berkeley Earth conducts the research or what they publish .   The team 's preliminary findings , data sets and programs were published in journals operated by OMICS Group , a predatory open access publisher beginning in December 2012 . The study addressed scientific concerns including urban heat island effect , poor station quality , and the risk of data selection bias . The Berkeley Earth group concluded that the warming trend is real , that over the past 50 years ( between the decades of the 1950s and 2000s ) the land surface warmed by 0.91 ± 0.05 ° C , and their results mirror those obtained from earlier studies carried out by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the Hadley Centre , NASA 's Goddard Institute for Space Studies ( GISS ) Surface Temperature Analysis , and the Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ) at the University of East Anglia . The study also found that the urban heat island effect and poor station quality did not bias the results obtained from these earlier studies .

negative: Gliese 581g Gliese 581g -LSB- ˈɡliːzə -RSB- , unofficially known as Zarmina ( or Zarmina 's World ) , is an unconfirmed ( and disputed ) exoplanet claimed to orbit within the Gliese 581 planetary system , twenty light-years from Earth . It was discovered by the Lick -- Carnegie Exoplanet Survey , and is the sixth planet orbiting the star ; however , its existence could not be confirmed by the European Southern Observatory ( ESO ) / High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher ( HARPS ) survey team , and its existence remains controversial . It is thought to be near the middle of the habitable zone of its star . That means it could sustain liquid water -- a necessity for all known life -- on its surface , if there are favorable atmospheric conditions on the planet .   Gliese 581g was claimed to be detected by astronomers of the Lick -- Carnegie Exoplanet Survey . The authors stated that data sets from both High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer ( HIRES ) and HARPS were needed to sense the planet ; however , the ESO/HARPS survey team could not confirm its existence . The planet remained unconfirmed as consensus for its existence could not be reached . Additional reanalysis only found evidence for four planets , but the discoverer , Steven S. Vogt , did not agree with those conclusions ; another study by Guillem Anglada-Escudé later supported the planet 's existence . In 2012 , a reanalysis by Vogt supported its existence . A new study in 2014 concluded that it was a false positive ; however , in 2015 , a reanalysis of the data suggested that it could still exist . The planet is thought to be tidally locked to its star . If the planet has a dense atmosphere , it may be able to circulate heat . The actual habitability of the planet depends on the composition of its surface and the atmosphere . It is thought to have temperatures around − 37 to − 11 ° C ( − 35 to 10 ° F ) . By comparison , Earth has an average surface temperature of 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) -- while Mars has an average surface temperatures of about − 63 ° C ( − 81 ° F ) . The planet has , according to Vogt , a `` 100 % '' chance of supporting life , but this is disputed . The supposed detection of Gliese 581g foreshadows what Vogt calls `` a second Age of Discovery '' .

negative: Evergreen forest Tropical evergreen forests ( or tropical rain forests ) are usually found in areas receiving more than 200 cm of rainfall and having a monthly mean temperature of 18 ° C or higher in the coldest months . They occupy about seven percent of the Earth 's land surface and harbour more than half of the planet 's terrestrial plants and animals . Tropical evergreen forests are dense , multi-layered , and harbour many types of plants and animals .

negative: Coastal-Marine Automated Network The Coastal-Marine Automated Network ( C-MAN ) is a meteorological observation network along the coastal United States . Consisting of about sixty stations installed on lighthouses , at capes and beaches , on near shore islands , and on offshore platforms , the stations record atmospheric pressure , wind direction , speed and gust , and air temperature ; however , some C-MAN stations are designed to also measure sea surface temperature , water level , waves , relative humidity , precipitation , and visibility .   The network is maintained by the National Data Buoy Center ( NDBC ) of the National Weather Service ( NWS ) , which is part of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , and data is ingested into numerical weather prediction computer models . It was created in the early 1980s to maintain observations that were about to be discontinued by other programs . Data is processed and transmitted similarly to the moored buoy system .   In 2002 , C-MAN was added to the NOAA Observing System Architecture ( NOSA ) .

negative: Surface Water Ocean Topography Mission The Surface Water Ocean Topography ( SWOT ) Mission is a future satellite mission , jointly developed by NASA and CNES , the French space agency , to make the first global survey of Earth 's surface water and measure submesoscale ocean circulation . It is one of 15 missions that the 2007 National Research Council 's Decadal Survey of Earth Science and Applications recommends NASA implement in the coming decade . Launch by a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket is planned for April 2021 .   SWOT is being developed by an international group of hydrologists and oceanographers to provide a better understanding of the world 's oceans and its terrestrial surface waters . It will give scientists their first comprehensive view of Earth 's freshwater bodies from space and more much detailed measurements of the ocean surface than ever before .   SWOT is collaboration between NASA , CNES , the French space agency , and the Canadian Space Agency ( CSA ) . The NASA contributions are currently being designed and constructed at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) . It builds on the very successful 25-year partnership between the two agencies to use radar altimetry to measure the surface of the ocean that began with the TOPEX/Poseidon mission .   The primary instrument on SWOT is based a new type of radar called the Ka-band Radar Interferometer ( KaRIN ) , which uses radar interferometery technology . The satellite will fly two radar antennae at either end of a 10-meter ( 33-foot ) mast , allowing it to measure the elevation of the surface along a 120 - kilometer ( 75-mile ) - wide swath below . The new radar system is smaller but similar to the one that flew on NASA 's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission , which made high-resolution measurements of Earth 's land surface in 2000 .   The mission 's science goals are to  Provide sea surface heights and terrestrial water heights over a 120-kilometer wide swath with a ± 10-kilometer gap at the nadir track .  Over the deep oceans , provide sea surface heights within each swath with a posting every two kilometers x two kilometers , and a precision not to exceed 0.5 centimeters when averaged over the area .  Over land , download the raw data for ground processing and produce a water mask able to resolve 100-meter-wide rivers and ( 250 m ) 2 lakes and reservoirs . Associated with this mask will be water level elevations with an accuracy of 10 centimeters and a slope accuracy of one centimeter/one kilometer .  Cover at least 90 percent of the globe . Gaps are not to exceed 10 percent of Earth 's surface .   SWOT will have a mission lifetime of three years . NASA contributions to the total mission costs are $ 755M , with additional contributions from CNES , including launch service costs slated at $ 112 million .

negative: NOAAS Okeanos Explorer (R 337) NOAAS Okeanos Explorer ( R 337 ) is a converted United States Navy ship ( formerly ) , now an exploratory vessel for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , officially launched in 2010 . Starting in 2010 , NOAA entered into a five-year partnership with the San Francisco Exploratorium . The focus is on gathering scientific information about oceans for the public as well as for scientific uses . As much as 95 % of the ocean remains unexplored , NOAA officials said . The ship is equipped with cameras and will provide real-time viewing of the ocean floor for scientists and for the public .   This is a pioneering use of what NOAA calls `` telepresence technology '' . The Okeanos Explorer is the only vessel owned by the U.S. government that is dedicated to exploring the seabed and ocean crust . The ship is named after Okeanos , the Ancient Greek god of the sea , from which also comes the word `` ocean '' .

negative: List of exoplanets discovered using the Kepler spacecraft The list of exoplanets detected by the Kepler spacecraft contains bodies with a wide variety of properties , with significant ranges in orbital distances , masses , radii , composition , habitability , and host star type . , the Kepler spacecraft and its follow-up observations have detected 2,300 confirmed planets , including hot Jupiters , super-Earths , circumbinary planets , and planets located in the circumstellar habitable zones of their host stars . In addition , Kepler has detected over 3,601 unconfirmed planet candidates and 2,165 eclipsing binary stars .   In addition to detecting planets itself , Kepler has also uncovered the properties of three previously known extrasolar planets . Public Kepler data has also been used by groups independent of NASA , such as the Planet Hunters citizen-science project , to detect several planets orbiting stars collectively known as Kepler Objects of Interest .   Kepler , launched on March 7 , 2009 , was designed to observe a fixed portion of the sky in visible light and measure the light curves of the various stars in its field of view , looking for planets crossing in front of their host stars via the transit method . Since the launch of the spacecraft , though , both the Kepler team at NASA and independent researchers have found new ways of detecting planets , including the use of the transit timing variation method and relativistic beaming . In addition , gravitational microlensing has been proposed as a method of using Kepler to detect compact objects , such as white dwarfs , neutron stars , and black holes . Kepler has also measured the reflected light from some planets already known , discovering planets undetectable with the transit method as well as improving knowledge of the characteristics of planets already discovered .   On February 26 , 2014 , NASA announced the discovery of 715 newly verified exoplanets around 305 stars by the Kepler Space Telescope . The exoplanets were found using a statistical technique called `` verification by multiplicity '' . 95 % of the discovered exoplanets were smaller than Neptune and four , including Kepler-296f , were less than 2 1/2 the size of Earth and were in habitable zones where surface temperatures are suitable for liquid water .   On May 10 , 2016 , NASA announced that Kepler mission has verified 1,284 new planets . Based on their size , about 550 could be rocky planets . Nine of these orbit in their stars ' habitable zone .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Kepler-1520 Kepler-1520 ( formally known as KIC 12557548 ) is a K-type main-sequence star located in the constellation Cygnus . The star is particularly important , as measurements taken by the Kepler spacecraft indicate that the variations in the star 's light curve cover a range from about 0.2 % to 1.3 % of the star 's light being blocked . This indicates that there may be a rapidly disintegrating planet , a prediction not yet conclusively confirmed , in orbit around the star , losing mass at a rate of 1 Earth mass every billion years . The planet itself is about 0.1 Earth masses , or just twice the mass of Mercury , and is expected to disintegrate in about 100-200 million years . The planet orbits its star in just 15.7 hours , at a distance only two stellar diameters away from the star 's surface , and has an estimated effective temperature of about 2255 K . The orbital period of the planet is one of the shortest ever detected in the history of the extrasolar planet search . In 2016 , the planet was confirmed as part of a data release by the Kepler spacecraft .

negative: Giovanni (meteorology) Giovanni ( meteorology ) - Web interface that allows users to analyze NASA 's gridded data from various satellite and surface observations .   Giovanni provides researchers with the capability to examine data on atmospheric chemistry , atmospheric temperature , water vapor and clouds , atmospheric aerosols , precipitation , and ocean chlorophyll and surface temperature . The primary data consist of global gridded data sets with reduced spatial resolution . Basic analytical functions performed by Giovanni currently are carried out by the Grid Analysis and Display System ( GrADS ) .   The GES-DISC Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure ( Giovanni ) allows to explore satellite data using sophisticated analyses and visualizations .  Giovanni allows access to data from multiple remote sites , supports multiple data formats including Hierarchical Data Format ( HDF ) , HDF-EOS , network Common Data Form ( netCDF ) , GRIdded Binary ( GRIB ) , and binary , and multiple plot types including area , time , Hovmoller , and image animation .

negative: Environmental Technology Laboratory The Environmental Technology Laboratory ( ETL ) was a laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) / Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) . In October 2005 , it was merged with five other NOAA labs to form the Earth System Research Laboratory .   ETL developed remote sensing instrumentation to allow meteorologists and oceanographers to peer inside the Earth 's atmosphere to diagnose its behavior and study its interaction with land , water , and ice surfaces . ETL 's engineering and scientific expertise help NOAA as it seeks to better monitor , observe , understand and describe the atmosphere so as to provide improved forecasts of its future state .

negative: SCATSAT-1 SCATSAT-1 ( Scatterometer Satellite-1 ) is a miniature satellite providing weather forecasting , cyclone prediction , and tracking services to India . It has been developed by ISRO Satellite Centre , Bangalore whereas its payload is was developed by Space Applications Centre , Ahmedabad . The satellite took the place of Oceansat-2 which became dysfunctional after its life span of four-and-a-half years . India was dependent on NASA 's ISS-RapidScat for prediction of cyclone forecasting and weather prediction . The data generated by this mini-satellite will be used by NASA , EUMETSAT and NOAA .

negative: Kepler-62e Kepler-62e ( also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-701 .03 ) is a super-Earth exoplanet ( extrasolar planet ) discovered orbiting within the habitable zone of Kepler-62 , the second outermost of five such planets discovered by NASA 's Kepler spacecraft . Kepler-62e is located about 1200 ly from Earth in the constellation of Lyra . The exoplanet was found using the transit method , in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured . Kepler-62e may be a terrestrial or ocean-covered planet ; it lies in the inner part of its host star 's habitable zone .   Kepler-62e orbits its host star every 122 days and is roughly 60 percent larger ( in diameter ) than Earth .

negative: Schiaparelli EDM lander Schiaparelli EDM lander -LSB- skjapaˈɾɛlːi -RSB- was the Entry , Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module ( EDM ) of the ExoMars programme -- a joint mission of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) and the Russian space agency Roscosmos . It was built in Italy and was intended to test technology for future soft landings on the surface of Mars . It also had a limited but focused science payload that would have measured atmospheric electricity on Mars and local meteorological conditions .   Launched together with the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter ( TGO ) on 14 March 2016 , Schiaparelli attempted a landing on 19 October 2016 . Telemetry signals from Schiaparelli , monitored in real time by the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope in India ( and confirmed by Mars Express ) , were lost about one minute from the surface during the final landing stages . On 21 October 2016 , NASA released an image by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showing what appears to be the lander 's crash site . The telemetry data accumulated by the TGO and ESA 's Mars Express orbiters are being used to investigate the failure modes of the landing technology employed .

negative: Kepler-20e Kepler-20e is an exoplanet orbiting Kepler-20 . The planet is notable as it is the first planet with a smaller radius than Earth found orbiting a Sun-like star . The planet is second-closest to the star after Kepler-20b , and at 1040 K , it is far too hot to have liquid water on its surface . Along with the other four planets in the system , Kepler-20e was announced on 20 December 2011 . `` Kepler-20e is the first planet smaller than the Earth discovered to orbit a star other than the sun . A year on Kepler-20e only lasts 6 days , as it is much closer to its host star than the Earth is to the sun . The temperature at the surface of the planet , around 1400 degrees Fahrenheit , is much to hot to support life , as we know it .  Kepler-20e is likely to be entirely rocky and without an atmosphere . The planet is tidally locked , always showing the same side to its host star , as the moon to the Earth , and could have large temperature differences between its permanent night and day sides .  Astronomers think that the planet is likely to be geologically active , due to its own formation process and the strong gravitational interactions with its host star . In this artistic depiction , the planet is represented with active volcanoes on both the night and day sides . ''

negative: Hypercane A hypercane is a hypothetical class of extreme tropical cyclone that could form if ocean temperatures reached 50 C , which is 15 C-change warmer than the warmest ocean temperature ever recorded . Such an increase could be caused by a large asteroid or comet impact , a large supervolcanic eruption , or extensive global warming . There is some speculation that a series of hypercanes resulting from an impact by a large asteroid or comet contributed to the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs . The hypothesis was created by Kerry Emanuel of MIT who also coined the term .

negative: Landsat 5 Landsat 5 was a low Earth orbit satellite launched on March 1 , 1984 to collect imagery of the surface of Earth . A continuation of the Landsat Program , Landsat 5 was jointly managed by the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . Data from Landsat 5 was collected and distributed from the USGS 's Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science ( EROS ) .   After 29 years in space , Landsat 5 was officially decommissioned on June 5 , 2013 . Near the end of its mission , Landsat 5 's use was hampered by equipment failures , and it was largely superseded by Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 . Mission scientists anticipated the satellite will re-enter Earth 's atmosphere and disintegrate around 2034 .   Recognized by Guinness World Records as the longest-operating Earth-observing satellite mission in history , Landsat 5 orbited the planet more than 150,000 times while transmitting more than 2.5 million images of land surface conditions around the world , greatly outliving its original three-year design life .

negative: Brown ocean effect The brown ocean effect is an observed weather phenomenon where tropical cyclones , which are commonly expected to lose energy when they make landfall , instead maintain strength or intensify over land surfaces . While these systems are highly common in the United States and China , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) names Australia the most conducive environment after 30 years of research . In Australia such storm systems are called agukabams .   One source of the brown ocean effect has been identified as the large amount of latent heat that can be released from extremely wet soils . A 2013 NASA study found that , from 1979-2008 , 45 of 227 tropical storms either gained or maintained strength after making landfall . The press release stated , `` The land essentially mimics the moisture-rich environment of the ocean , where the storm originated . '' Originally , countless research devoted to extratropical cyclones , storms that first derive energy from the warm ocean waters and later from the conjecture of various air masses , explained the intensification of storms after landfall . However , as research into these storms persists , Anderson and Shepherd , the two leading scientists behind the NASA study , discovered that some of these storms were not transitioning from warm-core to cold-core but were actually maintaining their warm-core dynamics , while ultimately outputting a greater measure of rainfall . In order for the brown ocean effect to take place , three land conditions must be met : `` First , the lower level of the atmosphere mimics a tropical atmosphere with minimal variation in temperature . Second , soils in the vicinity of the storms need to contain ample moisture . Finally , evaporation of the soil moisture releases latent heat , which the team found must measure at least 70 watts averaged per square meter . '' Storm systems impacted by the brown ocean effect gave rise to a new sub-category of tropical storm type called Tropical Cyclone Maintenance and Intensification Event or TCMI . Another study concluded that latent surface heat flux from land surfaces actually have the potential to be larger than from the ocean , albeit for brief periods only . Anderson and Shepherd are also examining the effects of climate change on TCMIs , looking into the potential intensification of these storms due to increase or decrease in the degree of wetness and dryness in areas susceptible to these systems .

negative: NSSL Doppler NOAA 's 10cm Doppler Weather Radar was a 10cm wavelength S-band Doppler Weather Radar , commonly referred to as `` NSSL Doppler '' and was used to track severe weather and related meteorological phenomena . The radar became operational soon after its donation , collecting its first data in May of 1971 . Data was collected on magnetic tapes and processed on a NASA computer post event due to the lack of real-time capability at the time .

negative: Atmospheric Infrared Sounder The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ( AIRS ) is one of six instruments flying on board NASA 's Aqua satellite , launched on May 4 , 2002 . The instrument is designed to support climate research and improve weather forecasting .   Working in combination with its partner microwave instrument , the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit ( AMSU-A ) , AIRS observes the global water and energy cycles , climate variation and trends , and the response of the climate system to increased greenhouse gases . AIRS uses infrared technology to create three-dimensional maps of air and surface temperature , water vapor , and cloud properties . AIRS can also measure trace greenhouse gases such as ozone , carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide , and methane .   AIRS and AMSU-A share the Aqua satellite with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS ) , Clouds and the Earth 's Radiant Energy System ( CERES ) , and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS ( AMSR-E ) . Aqua is part of NASA 's `` A-train , '' a series of high-inclination , Sun-synchronous satellites in low Earth orbit designed to make long-term global observations of the land surface , biosphere , solid Earth , atmosphere , and ocean .   AIRS data is free and available to the public through the Goddard Earth Sciences Data Information and Services Center .  NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena , California , manages AIRS for NASA 's Science Mission Directorate in Washington , D.C.

negative: One Percent for the Planet One Percent for the Planet is an international organization whose members contribute at least one percent of their annual sales to environmental causes . Their mission is to `` build , support and activate an alliance of businesses financially committed to creating a healthy planet . '' One Percent for the Planet members assist non-profit organisations that protect land , forests , rivers , oceans and also encourage sustainable methods of energy production .

negative: Climate of Estonia Estonia lies in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate . Because Estonia ( and all of Northern Europe ) is continuously warmed by maritime air influenced by the heat content of the northern Atlantic Ocean , it has a milder climate despite its northern latitude . The Baltic Sea causes differences between the climate of coastal and inland areas . Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length . Average temperatures range from 16.3 ° C on the Baltic islands to 18.1 ° C inland in July , the warmest month , and from -3.5 ° C on the Baltic islands to -7.6 ° C inland in February , the coldest month . The average annual temperature in Estonia is 5.2 ° C . The average temperature in February , the coldest month of the year , is -5.7 ° C . The average temperature in July , which is considered the warmest month of the year , is 16.4 ° C . The climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean , the North-Atlantic Stream and the Icelandic Minimum , which is an area known for the formation of cyclones and where the average air pressure is lower than in neighbouring areas . Estonia is located in a humid zone in which the amount of precipitation is greater than total evaporation . The average precipitation in 1961 -- 1990 ranged from 535 to per year and was heaviest in late summer . There were between 102 and 127 rainy days a year , and average precipitation was most plentiful on the western slopes of the Sakala and Haanja Uplands . Snow cover , which is deepest in the south-eastern part of Estonia , usually lasts from mid-December to late March .

negative: Seasat Seasat was the first Earth-orbiting satellite designed for remote sensing of the Earth 's oceans and had on board the first spaceborne synthetic aperture radar ( SAR ) . The mission was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of global satellite monitoring of oceanographic phenomena and to help determine the requirements for an operational ocean remote sensing satellite system . Specific objectives were to collect data on sea-surface winds , sea-surface temperatures , wave heights , internal waves , atmospheric water , sea ice features and ocean topography . Seasat was managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and was launched on 27 June 1978 into a nearly circular 800 km orbit with an inclination of 108 ° . Seasat operated for 106 days until 10 October 1978 , when a massive short circuit in the satellite 's electrical system ended the mission .   Seasat carried five major instruments designed to return the maximum information from ocean surfaces :  Radar altimeter to measure spacecraft height above the ocean surface  Microwave scatterometer to measure wind speed and direction  Scanning multichannel microwave radiometer to measure sea surface temperature  Visible and infrared radiometer to identify cloud , land and water features  Synthetic Aperture Radar ( SAR ) L-band , HH polarization , fixed look angle to monitor the global surface wave field and polar sea ice conditions -LCB- the antenna is the light parallelogram in the picture -RCB- . The SAR support structure was designed and manufactured by Northrop Grumman Astro Aerospace in Carpinteria , CA . The structure deployed on orbit .   Many later remote sensing missions owe their legacy to Seasat . These include imaging radars flown on NASA 's Space Shuttle , altimeters on Earth-orbiting satellites such as TOPEX/Poseidon , and scatterometers on NASA Scatterometer ( NSCAT ) , QuikSCAT , and Jason 1 .

negative: Solar System in fiction The Solar System and its various bodies ( planets , asteroids , moons , etc. ) were the earliest objects to be treated as fictional locations in works of science fiction . Among these , imaginary voyages to and explorations of Earth 's Moon are found in seventeenth century literature . By the early twentieth century , following the increase in scientific and technological development spurred by the Industrial Revolution , fictional journeys to ( or from ) the Solar System 's other planets had become common in fiction .   Early literature regarding the Solar System , following scientific speculations dating back to the 17th century , assumed that every planet hosted its own native life forms -- often assumed to be human in form , if not in attitudes . Later literature began to accept that there were limits set by temperature , gravity , atmospheric pressure and composition , or the presence of liquids that would set bounds on the possibility of life as we know it existing on other planets . By the 19th century the Moon was given up as an airless desert , incapable of supporting life on its surface ( hopes for subsurface life continued until later ) . Jupiter and the planets beyond were too large , too cold , and had atmospheres composed of poisonous chemicals . Mercury was too close to the Sun and its surface was exposed to extremes of temperature . The asteroids were too tiny and airless . By the early 20th century , prospects for life in the Solar System focused on Venus , the larger moons of Jupiter and Saturn , and especially Mars .   With the onset of the Space Age , planetary probes cast increasing doubt on the likelihood of extraterrestrial life in the Solar System , at least life of any magnitude greater than organisms such as bacteria . By the mid-1960s , it was firmly established that life could have no foothold on the hostile surfaces of Mercury or Venus , and that Mars could hardly support any macroscopic life forms on its surface , much less an advanced civilization . In the 1980s it was shown that the surfaces of Jupiter 's moons were just as hostile to life .  More recent fiction focused on the Solar System has thus tended to address its exploration for purposes such as terraforming , the engineering of planets for human habitation , than the possibility of any existing life .

negative: HAT-P-33b HAT-P-33b is a planet in the orbit of HAT-P-33 , which lies 1,367 light years away from Earth . Its discovery was reported in June 2011 , although it was suspected to be a planet as early as 2004 . The planet is about three-fourths the mass of Jupiter , but is almost eighty percent larger than Jupiter is ; this inflation has , as with the discovery of similar planets WASP-17b and HAT-P-32b , raised the question of what ( other than temperature ) causes these planets to become so large .   HAT-P-33b was difficult to confirm because its star experiences high jitter , which disrupted the ability to obtain accurate measurements . As such , a greater number of radial velocity observations were collected to make the confirmation , although it was later determined that HAT-P-33b could not be determined using the radial velocity method . The planet 's confirmation came about after the planet 's light curve was collected , and the Blendanal process ruled out most false positive scenarios .

negative: Irrsee Irrsee is a lake in the Salzkammergut , Austria , located at . Its surface is approximately 3.5 km2 and its maximum depth is 32 metres . It is a popular tourist destination , also thanks to the warmest water temperature of all lakes in Salzkammergut .   Category : Lakes of Upper Austria

negative: Water on Mars Almost all water on Mars today exists as ice , though it also exists in small quantities as vapor in the atmosphere and occasionally as low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil . The only place where water ice is visible at the surface is at the north polar ice cap . Abundant water ice is also present beneath the permanent carbon dioxide ice cap at the Martian south pole and in the shallow subsurface at more temperate latitudes . More than five million cubic kilometers of ice have been identified at or near the surface of modern Mars , enough to cover the whole planet to a depth of 35 meters . Even more ice is likely to be locked away in the deep subsurface .   Some liquid water may occur transiently on the Martian surface today , but only under certain conditions . No large standing bodies of liquid water exist , because the atmospheric pressure at the surface averages just 600 Pa -- about 0.6 % of Earth 's mean sea level pressure -- and because the global average temperature is far too low ( 210 K ) , leading to either rapid evaporation ( sublimation ) or rapid freezing . Before about 3.8 billion years ago , Mars may have had a denser atmosphere and higher surface temperatures , allowing vast amounts of liquid water on the surface , possibly including a large ocean that may have covered one-third of the planet . Water has also apparently flowed across the surface for short periods at various intervals more recently in Mars ' history . On December 9 , 2013 , NASA reported that , based on evidence from the Curiosity rover studying Aeolis Palus , Gale Crater contained an ancient freshwater lake that could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life .   Many lines of evidence indicate that water is abundant on Mars and has played a significant role in the planet 's geologic history . The present-day inventory of water on Mars can be estimated from spacecraft imagery , remote sensing techniques ( spectroscopic measurements , radar , etc. ) , and surface investigations from landers and rovers . Geologic evidence of past water includes enormous outflow channels carved by floods , ancient river valley networks , deltas , and lakebeds ; and the detection of rocks and minerals on the surface that could only have formed in liquid water . Numerous geomorphic features suggest the presence of ground ice ( permafrost ) and the movement of ice in glaciers , both in the recent past and present . Gullies and slope lineae along cliffs and crater walls suggest that flowing water continues to shape the surface of Mars , although to a far lesser degree than in the ancient past .   Although the surface of Mars was periodically wet and could have been hospitable to microbial life billions of years ago , the current environment at the surface is dry and subfreezing , probably presenting an insurmountable obstacle for living organisms . In addition , Mars lacks a thick atmosphere , ozone layer , and magnetic field , allowing solar and cosmic radiation to strike the surface unimpeded . The damaging effects of ionizing radiation on cellular structure is another one of the prime limiting factors on the survival of life on the surface . Therefore , the best potential locations for discovering life on Mars may be in subsurface environments . On November 22 , 2016 , NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice on the planet Mars -- the volume of water detected is equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior .   Understanding water on Mars is vital to assess the planet 's potential for harboring life and for providing usable resources for future human exploration . For this reason , ` Follow the Water ' was the science theme of NASA 's Mars Exploration Program ( MEP ) in the first decade of the 21st century . Discoveries by the 2001 Mars Odyssey , Mars Exploration Rovers ( MERs ) , Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO ) , and Mars Phoenix lander have been instrumental in answering key questions about water 's abundance and distribution on Mars . The ESA 's Mars Express orbiter has also provided essential data in this quest . The Mars Odyssey , Mars Express , MER Opportunity rover , MRO , and Mars Science Lander Curiosity rover are still sending back data from Mars , and discoveries continue to be made .

negative: HD 209458 b HD 209458 b ( sometimes unofficially called Osiris ) is an exoplanet that orbits the solar analog HD 209458 in the constellation Pegasus , some 150 light-years from the Solar System . The radius of the planet 's orbit is 7 million kilometres , about 0.047 astronomical units , or one eighth the radius of Mercury 's orbit . This small radius results in a year that is 3.5 Earth days long and an estimated surface temperature of about 1,000 ° C ( about 1,800 ° F ) . Its mass is 220 times that of Earth ( 0.69 Jupiter masses ) and its volume is some 2.5 times greater than that of Jupiter . The high mass and volume of HD 209458 b indicate that it is a gas giant .   HD 209458 b represents a number of milestones in extraplanetary research . It was the first of many categories :  a transiting extrasolar planet  the first planet detected through more than one method  an extrasolar planet known to have an atmosphere  an extrasolar planet observed to have an evaporating hydrogen atmosphere  an extrasolar planet found to have an atmosphere containing oxygen and carbon  one of the first two extrasolar planets to be directly observed spectroscopically  the first extrasolar gas giant to have its superstorm measured  the first planet to have its orbital speed measured , determining its mass directly .  Based on the application of new , theoretical models , as of April 2007 , it is alleged to be the first extrasolar planet found to have water vapor in its atmosphere .   In July , 2014 , NASA announced finding very dry atmospheres on HD 209458 b and two other exoplanets ( HD 189733 b and WASP-12b ) orbiting Sun-like stars .

negative: Saturn in fiction The picturesque planet Saturn is featured in numerous works of science fiction . Early works of science fiction used Saturn itself as a location for stories , but modern science has shown that the planet has no solid surface on which one could land , and that its atmosphere and temperature are hostile to human life . As a result , the Saturnian system as a whole , including its planetary rings and its extensive system of moons , is a more common setting for science fiction .

negative: HD 25171 HD 25171 is a star in the southern constellation of Reticulum , the reticle . With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.79 , this star is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye . However , it is readily visible through a small telescope from the southern hemisphere . Parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission place it at a distance of roughly 179 ly from Earth . It has a planetary companion that was announced December 2009 .   Based upon its spectrum , this is an ordinary F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of F8 V . It is slightly larger than the Sun , with 9 % more mass and an 18 % greater radius . As such , it is radiating 189 % of the Sun 's luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 6,160 K . This gives it the yellow-white hued glow of an F-type star . It appears to be roughly the same age as the Sun ; around four billion years .   The planetary companion was discovered with the HARPS instrument , which measured the radial velocity displacement caused by the gravitational perturbation of the star by the planet . This data provided an orbital period of 1,845 days and set a lower bound of the planet 's mass at 95 % of the mass of Jupiter .

negative: Deforestation and climate change Deforestation is one of the main contributors to climate change . It is the second largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere , after fossil fuel combustion . Deforestation and forest degradation contribute to atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions through combustion of forest biomass and decomposition of remaining plant material and soil carbon . It used to account for more than 20 % of carbon dioxide emissions , but it 's currently somewhere around the 10 % mark . By 2008 , deforestation was 12 % of total , or 15 % if peatlands are included . These proportions are likely to have fallen since given the continued rise of fossil fuel use .   Averaged over all land and ocean surfaces , temperatures warmed roughly 1.53 ° F ( 0.85 ° C ) between 1880 and 2012 , according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . In the Northern Hemisphere , 1983 to 2012 were the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years .

negative: Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere The Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere ( CIRA ) is a scientific research institution at Colorado State University ( CSU ) that operates under a cooperative agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) and the National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ( NESDIS ) . Atmospheric research at CIRA focuses on augmenting operational meteorology with advanced techniques in satellite observations and retrievals , numerical modeling and computational techniques , and data analysis , visualization , and storage . Along with NOAA , CIRA also partners with the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Park Service ( NPS ) , and the Department of Defense ( DoD ) .   It is one of 16 NOAA Cooperative Institutes ( CIs ) .   Specific research themes at CIRA include :  Satellite algorithm development , training and education  Regional to global scale modeling systems  Data assimilation  Climate-weather processes  Data distribution  Societal and economic impacts of weather and climate  Education and public outreach on climate systems   The CIRA campus is located on the Foothills Campus of Colorado State University , in Fort Collins .


query: For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.

positive: Climate change and agriculture -RSB-   Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes , both of which take place on a global scale . Climate change affects agriculture in a number of ways , including through changes in average temperatures , rainfall , and climate extremes ( e.g. , heat waves ) ; changes in pests and diseases ; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations ; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods ; and changes in sea level .   Climate change is already affecting agriculture , with effects unevenly distributed across the world . Future climate change will likely negatively affect crop production in low latitude countries , while effects in northern latitudes may be positive or negative . Climate change will probably increase the risk of food insecurity for some vulnerable groups , such as the poor .   Agriculture contributes to climate change by ( 1 ) anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) , and ( 2 ) by the conversion of non-agricultural land ( e.g. , forests ) into agricultural land . Agriculture , forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25 % to global annual emissions in 2010 .   There are a range of policies that can reduce the risk of negative climate change impacts on agriculture , and to reduce GHG emissions from the agriculture sector .

positive: Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a colorless gas with a density about 60 % higher than that of air ( 1.225 g/L ) that is odorless at normally encountered concentrations . Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms . It occurs naturally in Earth 's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent ( 400 ppm ) by volume . Natural sources include volcanoes , hot springs and geysers , and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids . Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water , it occurs naturally in groundwater , rivers and lakes , ice caps , glaciers and seawater . It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas .   As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth and its concentration in Earth 's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian has been regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena . Plants , algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water , with oxygen produced as a waste product .   Carbon dioxide is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration . It is returned to water via the gills of fish and to the air via the lungs of air-breathing land animals , including humans . Carbon dioxide is produced during the processes of decay of organic materials and the fermentation of sugars in bread , beer and winemaking . It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal , peat , petroleum and natural gas .   It is a versatile industrial material , used , for example , as an inert gas in welding and fire extinguishers , as a pressurizing gas in air guns and oil recovery , as a chemical feedstock and in liquid form as a solvent in decaffeination of coffee and supercritical drying . It is added to drinking water and carbonated beverages including beer and sparkling wine to add effervescence . The frozen solid form of , known as `` dry ice '' is used as a refrigerant and as an abrasive in dry-ice blasting .   Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth 's atmosphere . Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions - primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation - have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere , leading to global warming . Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid .

positive: Greenhouse A greenhouse ( also called a glasshouse , or , if with sufficient heating , a hothouse ) is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material , such as glass , in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown . These structures range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings . A miniature greenhouse is known as a cold frame . The interior of a greenhouse exposed to sunlight becomes significantly warmer than the external ambient temperature , protecting its contents in cold weather .   Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers . The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment including screening installations , heating , cooling , lighting , and may be controlled by a computer to optimize conditions for plant growth . Different techniques are then used to evaluate optimality-degrees and comfort ratio of greenhouse micro-climate ( i.e. , air temperature , relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit ) in order to reduce production risk prior to cultivation of a specific crop .

negative: CO2 fertilization effect The fertilization effect or carbon fertilization effect suggests that the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases the rate of photosynthesis in plants . The effect varies by species and availability of water .   From a quarter to half of Earth 's vegetated lands has shown significant greening over the last 35 years largely due to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide .   One related trend may be what has been termed `` Arctic greening . '' Scientists have been finding , of late , that as northern portions of the planet warm up even as total atmospheric carbon dioxide increases , there 's been an increase in plant growth in these regions .   Studies led by Trevor Keenan from the Department of Energy 's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( Berkeley Lab ) show that , from 2002 to 2014 , plants appear to have gone into overdrive , starting to pull more carbon dioxide out of the air than they have done before . The result was that the rate at which carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere did not increase during this time period , although previously , it had grown considerably in concert with growing greenhouse gas emissions .

negative: Carbon sequestration Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide . Carbon sequestration involves long-term storage of carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to mitigate or defer global warming . It has been proposed as a way to slow the atmospheric and marine accumulation of greenhouse gases , which are released by burning fossil fuels .   Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological , chemical , and physical processes . Artificial processes have been devised to produce similar effects , including large-scale , artificial capture and sequestration of industrially produced using subsurface saline aquifers , reservoirs , ocean water , aging oil fields , or other carbon sinks .

negative: Biosequestration Biosequestration is the capture and storage of the atmospheric greenhouse gas carbon dioxide by biological processes .   This may be by increased photosynthesis ( through practices such as reforestation / preventing deforestation and genetic engineering ) ; by enhanced soil carbon trapping in agriculture ; or by the use of algal bio sequestration ( see algae bioreactor ) to absorb the carbon dioxide emissions from coal , petroleum ( oil ) or natural gas-fired electricity generation .   Biosequestration as a natural process has occurred in the past , and was responsible for the formation of the extensive coal and oil deposits which are now being burned . It is a key policy concept in the climate change mitigation debate . It does not generally refer to the sequestering of carbon dioxide in oceans ( see carbon sequestration and ocean acidification ) or rock formations , depleted oil or gas reservoirs ( see oil depletion and peak oil ) , deep saline aquifers , or deep coal seams ( see coal mining ) ( for all see geosequestration ) or through the use of industrial chemical carbon dioxide scrubbing .

negative: Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal ( ECCO2R ) is the removal of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) from the bloodstream in people who have elevated levels of carbon dioxide as a result of respiratory failure .   The use of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal is currently considered experimental , but it has been studied in a number of situations , specifically severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in adult respiratory distress syndrome where conventional mechanical ventilation would cause excessive lung damage .   It requires the insertion of a tube similar to a dialysis catheter into a large vein . Blood is pumped through a machine where the carbon dioxide is filtered out .

negative: Carbon dioxide flooding Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) flooding is a process whereby carbon dioxide is injected into an oil reservoir in order to increase output when extracting oil .   When a reservoir 's pressure is depleted through primary and secondary production , carbon dioxide flooding can be an ideal tertiary recovery method . It is particularly effective in reservoirs deeper than 2,500 ft. , where will be in a supercritical state , with API oil gravity greater than 22 -- 25 ° and remaining oil saturation greater than 20 % . It should also be noted that carbon dioxide flooding is not affected by the lithology of the reservoir area , but simply by the reservoir porosity and permeability , so that it is viable in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs .  By injecting CO2 into the reservoir , the viscosity of any hydrocarbon will be reduced and hence will be easier to sweep to the production well .   As an oil field matures and production rates decline , there is growing incentive to intervene and attempt to increase oil output utilizing tertiary recovery techniques ( also termed improved or enhanced oil recovery ) . Petroleum engineers assess available options for increasing well productivity , options that include chemical injection , thermal/steam injection , and CO2 injection . Based on data-gathering and computer simulations , the most optimal enhanced oil-recovery technique to maximize well-productivity is determined . To increase the rate of oil production , the pressure within the reservoir must be increased .   In CO2 flooding , the first step is injection of water into the reservoir , which will cause the reservoir pressure to increase . Once the reservoir has sufficient pressure , the next step is to pump the CO2 down through the same injection wells . The CO2 gas is forced into the reservoir to come into contact with the oil . This creates a miscible zone that can be moved more easily to the production well . Normally the CO2 injection is alternated with water injection and the water acts to sweep the oil towards the production zone .   CO2 flooding is the second most common tertiary recovery technique and is used in facilities around the world . In connection with greenhouse gas emissions and global warming , CO2 flooding sequesters underground and therefore offsets CO2 emissions elsewhere .

negative: Carbon dioxide reforming Carbon dioxide reformation ( also known as dry reformation ) is a method of producing synthesis gas ( mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide ) from the reaction of carbon dioxide with hydrocarbons such as methane . Synthesis gas is conventionally produced via the steam reforming reaction . In recent years , increased concerns on the contribution of greenhouse gases to global warming have increased interest in the replacement of steam as reactant with carbon dioxide .   The dry reforming reaction may be represented by :  CO2 + CH4 → 2 H2 + 2 CO  Thus , two greenhouse gases are consumed and useful chemical building blocks , hydrogen and carbon monoxide , are produced . A challenge to the commercialization of this process is that the hydrogen that is produced tends to react with the carbon dioxide . For example , the following reaction typically proceeds with a lower activation energy than the dry reforming reaction itself :  CO2 + H2 → H2O + CO  Typical catalysts are noble metals , Ni or Ni alloys . In addition , a group of researchers in China investigated the use of activated carbon as an alternative catalyst .

negative: Calcium reactor __ NOTOC __   In marine and reef aquariums , a calcium reactor creates a balance of alkalinity . An acidic solution is produced by injecting carbon dioxide into a chamber with salt water and calcium rich media . The carbon dioxide lowers the pH by producing a solution high in carbonic acid , and dissolves calcium . The effluent is returned to the reef aquarium where the calcium is consumed by organisms , primarily corals when building skeletons . A calcium reactor is an efficient method to supply calcium to a reef aquarium . Reactors may be used in elaborate freshwater and brackish aquariums where freshwater clams and other invertebrates need a constant supply of calcium .   The reactor dissolves the calcium-laden media to provide bicarbonates HCO3 − ( alkalinity ) and calcium ( Ca + + ) ions at the sames rate as consumed during calcification . Effectively dissolving the media requires an acidic pH. Saltwater may have a pH of 7.8 or higher , so to reduce the pH carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) is used . The reaction formula is :   CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 < -- -- > Ca2 + + 2HCO3 −   Inside the reaction chamber , a calcium rich media ( aragonite ) , mainly CaCO3 , is forced into contact with water injected with carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) in order to create carbonic acid ( H2CO3 ) . This increases the solubility of the calcium carbonate . The reaction frees the calcium and carbonate , supplying the aquarium with water rich in Ca2 + and CO32 − , important for maintaining alkalinity and calcium levels .   The bubble counter measures carbon dioxide . The flow rate of carbon dioxide is monitored so that the dissolved gas goes into the solution , with a minimum unconsumed . A needle valve or solenoid valve regulates the CO2 bubble rate . Valves with precise adjustment abilities improve bubble control .   The feed pump controls the volume of water exchange . This is important because a high rate of water flow into the reactor reduces its efficiency , thus resulting in underproduction and a waste of CO2 .   Some reactors siphon water into the input of the reactor 's re-circulation pump . A potential complication is the medium in the reactor becoming compacted , increasing back pressure onto the pump and reducing water into the reactor . Placing a gate or needle valve on the reactor 's outlet side will improve flow characteristics compared to control from the inlet side .   A peristaltic pumps are effective operating against pressure , capable of supplying an adjustable and continuous flow over flow rates with minimal maintenance .   The pH control is connected to a probe in the reactor and adjusts the rate at which the calcium media dissolves . This probe monitors the pH level in the calcium reactor . The pH range for the typical calcium reactor is 6.5 - 6.8 . When the pH rises above a certain level , a valve opens , allowing carbon dioxide to enter the reactor . The control closes the valve as the pH falls below this level .   Some pH controllers have an interface for an air pump . This air pump is connected to an airstone in the sump or main tank . If the probe detects a low pH level , the pump activates . The bubbles raise the pH by dissipating the CO2 gas .

negative: Greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet 's atmosphere warms the planet 's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere .   If a planet 's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases ( i.e. , greenhouse gases ) the atmosphere will radiate energy in all directions . Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface , warming it . The downward component of this radiation -- that is , the strength of the greenhouse effect -- will depend on the atmosphere 's temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains .   On Earth , the atmosphere is warmed by absorption of infrared thermal radiation from the underlying surface ( heated by the sun ) , absorption of shorter wavelength radiant energy from the sun , and convective heat fluxes from the surface . Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere radiate energy , some of which is directed to the surface and lower atmosphere . The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect .   Earth 's natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life . Human activities , primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests , have intensified the natural greenhouse effect , causing global warming .   The mechanism is named after a faulty analogy with the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse . The way a greenhouse retains heat is fundamentally different , as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow and retaining warm air inside the structure .

negative: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Carbon dioxide is an important trace gas in Earth 's atmosphere . Currently it constitutes about 0.041 % ( equal to 410 parts per million ; ppm ) by volume of the atmosphere . Despite its relatively small concentration is a potent greenhouse gas and plays a vital role in regulating Earth 's surface temperature through radiative forcing and the greenhouse effect . Reconstructions show that concentrations of in the atmosphere have varied , ranging from as high as 7,000 ppm during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years .   Carbon dioxide is an integral part of the carbon cycle , a biogeochemical cycle in which carbon is exchanged between the Earth 's oceans , soil , rocks and the biosphere . Plants and other photoautotrophs use solar energy to produce carbohydrate from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis . Almost all other organisms depend on carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis as their primary source of energy and carbon compounds .   The current episode of global warming is attributed to increasing emissions of and other greenhouse gases into Earth 's atmosphere . The global annual mean concentration of in the atmosphere has increased by more than 40 % since the start of the Industrial Revolution , from 280 ppm , the level it had for the last 10,000 years leading up to the mid-18th century , to 399 ppm as of 2015 . The present concentration is the highest in at least the past 800,000 years and likely the highest in the past 20 million years . The increase has been caused by anthropogenic sources , particularly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation . The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 . It is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating . An estimated 30 -- 40 % of the released by humans into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans , rivers and lakes , which contributes to ocean acidification .

negative: Oceanic carbon cycle The oceans contain around 36,000 gigatons of carbon , mostly in the form of bicarbonate ion ( over 90 % , with most of the remainder being carbonate ) .   At the surface of the oceans towards the poles , seawater becomes cooler and more carbonic acid is formed as CO2 becomes more soluble . This is coupled to the ocean 's thermohaline circulation which transports dense surface water into the ocean 's interior ( see the entry on the solubility pump ) .  Although the deep ocean contains much more dissolved inorganic carbon than the surface ocean , the concentration is only 15 % higher in the deep ocean as compared to the surface ocean due to the higher volume of the deep ocean .  In upper ocean areas of high biological productivity , organisms convert reduced carbon to tissues , or carbonates to hard body parts such as shells and tests . These are , respectively , oxidized ( soft-tissue pump ) and redissolved ( carbonate pump ) at lower average levels of the ocean than those at which they formed , resulting in a downward flow of carbon ( see entry on the biological pump ) .  The flux or absorption of carbon dioxide into the world 's oceans is influenced by the presence of widespread viruses within ocean water , that infect many species of bacteria . The resulting bacterial deaths spawn a sequence of events that lead to greatly enlarged respiration of carbon dioxide , enhancing the role of the oceans as a carbon sink .  The balance of dissolved inorganic carbon ( DIC ) : dissolved organic carbon ( DOC ) : particle organic carbon is about 2000:38:1 .  The CaCO3 counter pump increases the partial pressure of CO2 in the ocean , thus leading to higher outgasing of carbon dioxide .  Higher ocean temperatures lead to stronger layering , thus less mixing and less capacity for thermohaline circulation to bring carbon into lower ocean layers .  The weathering of silicate rock ( see carbonate-silicate cycle ) . Carbonic acid reacts with weathered rock to produce bicarbonate ions . The bicarbonate ions produced are carried to the ocean , where they are used to make marine carbonates . Unlike dissolved CO2 in equilibrium or tissues , which decay , weathering does not move the carbon into a reservoir from which it can readily return to the atmosphere .  Much remains to be learned about the cycling of carbon in the deep ocean . For example , a recent discovery is that larvacean mucus houses ( commonly known as `` sinkers '' ) are created in such large numbers that they can deliver as much carbon to the deep ocean as has been previously detected by sediment traps . Because of their size and composition , these houses are rarely collected in such traps , so most biogeochemical analyses have erroneously ignored them .  The amount of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean is significantly higher in the deep layer ( below 300 m depth ) . This is caused by the solubility pump and the biological pump .

negative: Carboxysome Carboxysomes are bacterial organelles consisting of polyhedral protein shells filled with the enzyme Ribulose-1 ,5 - biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ( RuBisCO ) - the predominant enzyme in carbon fixation and the rate limiting enzyme in the Calvin Cycle-and a carbonic anhydrase . Carboxysomes are thought to have evolved as a consequence of the increase in oxygen concentration in the ancient atmosphere ; this is because oxygen is a competing substrate to carbon dioxide in the RuBisCO reaction . To overcome the inefficiency of RuBisCO , carboxysomes concentrate carbon dioxide inside the shell by means of co-localized carbonic anhydrase activity , which produces carbon dioxide from the bicarbonate that diffuses into the carboxysome . The resulting production of carbon dioxide near RuBisCO decreases the proportion of ribulose-1 ,5 - bisphosphate oxygenation and thereby avoids costly photorespiratory reactions . The surrounding shell provides a barrier to carbon dioxide loss , helping to increase its concentration around RuBisCO . The carboxysome is an essential part of the carbon-concentrating mechanism ( CCM ) .   Carboxysomes are the best studied example of a bacterial microcompartment ( BMC ) , the term for functionally diverse organelles that are alike in having a protein shell .

negative: Seawater greenhouse A seawater greenhouse is a greenhouse structure that enables the growth of crops in arid regions , using seawater and solar energy . The technique involves pumping seawater ( or allowing it to gravitate if below sea level ) to an arid location and then subjecting it to two processes : first , it is used to humidify and cool the air , and second , it is evaporated by solar heating and distilled to produce fresh water . Finally , the remaining humidified air is expelled from the greenhouse and used to improve growing conditions for outdoor plants . The technology was introduced by British inventor Charlie Paton in the early 1990s and is being developed by his UK company Seawater Greenhouse Ltd. . The more concentrated salt water may either be further evaporated for the production of salt and other elements , or discharged back to the sea . The seawater greenhouse is a response to the global water crisis and peak water .

negative: Bottle garden A bottle garden is a container similar to a terrarium in which plants are grown . They usually consist of a plastic or glass bottle with a narrow neck and a small opening . Plants are grown inside the bottle with little or no exposure to the outside environment , and can be contained indefinitely inside the bottle if properly illuminated . The oldest bottle garden in existence is alleged to have been planted in 1960 , and to have remained sealed from 1972 until at least 2013 .

negative: Scientific glassblowing Scientific glassblowing is a specialty field of glass blowing used in industry , science , art and design used in research and production . Scientific glassblowing has been used in chemical , pharmaceutical , electronic and physics research including Galileo 's thermometer , Thomas Edison 's light bulb , and vacuum tubes used in early radio , TV and computers . More recently , the field has helped advance fiber optics , lasers , atomic and subatomic particle research , advanced communications development and semiconductors . The field combined hand skills using lathes and torches with modern computer assisted furnaces , diamond grinding and lapping machines , lasers and ultra-sonic mills .

negative: Bio-geoengineering Bio-geoengineering is a form of climate engineering which seeks to use or modify plants or other living things to modify the Earth 's climate .   Bio-energy with carbon storage , afforestation projects , and ocean nourishment ( including iron fertilization ) could be considered examples of bio-geoengineering .   Biogenic aerosols can be grown to replace those beneficial aerosols lost as the result of the death of 50 % of Earth 's boreal forests . Agricultural production of atmospheric aerosols called `` monoterpenes '' is possible if crops that are rich in monoterpenes are grown .

negative: Greenhouse (car) The greenhouse ( or glasshouse ) of a car comprises the windshield , rear and side windows , the pillars separating them ( designated A-pillar , B-pillar and so on , starting from the car 's front ) , and the car 's roof .   The shape and position of the greenhouse have a defining influence on the looks of the car and are a prime factor in differentiating between body styles such as saloon/sedan , coupé , estate/wagon and hatchback .   In the 2000s and 2010s , greenhouses have become narrower because of design trends and crash regulations .   Some manufacturers incorporate trademark design features in the greenhouse that are present across several model series , one example being the BMW Hofmeister kink .

negative: Haldane effect The Haldane effect is a property of hemoglobin first described by John Scott Haldane . Oxygenation of blood in the lungs displaces carbon dioxide from hemoglobin which increases the removal of carbon dioxide . This property is the Haldane effect . Conversely , oxygenated blood has a reduced affinity for carbon dioxide .

negative: EcoBot EcoBot is short for Ecological Robot and it refers to a class of energetically autonomous robots that can remain self-sustainable by collecting their energy from material , mostly waste matter , in the environment . The only by-product from this process is carbon dioxide , which would have been produced from the natural biodegradation of the fuel regardless . This carbon dioxide production belongs to the immediate carbon cycle of our planet and does not impose to the already increasing problem of the greenhouse effect .

negative: Solar gain Solar gain ( also known as solar heat gain or passive solar gain ) refers to the increase in temperature ( heat gain ) in a space , object or structure that results from solar radiation . The amount of solar gain increases with the strength of the sunlight , and with the ability of any intervening material to transmit or resist the radiation .   Objects struck by sunlight absorb the short-wave radiation from the light and reradiate the heat at longer infrared wavelengths . Certain materials and substances , such as glass , are more transparent to the shorter wavelengths than the longer ; when the sun shines through such materials , the net result is an increase in temperature -- solar gain . This effect , the greenhouse effect , so called due to the solar gain that is experienced behind the glass of a greenhouse , has since become well known in the context of global warming .

negative: Carbon dioxide laser The carbon dioxide laser ( CO2 laser ) was one of the earliest gas lasers to be developed . It was invented by Kumar Patel of Bell Labs in 1964 , and is still one of the most useful . Carbon dioxide lasers are the highest-power continuous wave lasers that are currently available . They are also quite efficient : the ratio of output power to pump power can be as large as 20 % .  The CO2 laser produces a beam of infrared light with the principal wavelength bands centering on 9.4 and 10.6 micrometers ( μm ) .

negative: Hypoxic drive The hypoxic drive is a form of respiratory drive in which the body uses oxygen chemoreceptors instead of carbon dioxide receptors to regulate the respiratory cycle .   Normal respiration is driven mostly by the levels of carbon dioxide in the arteries , which are detected indirectly by central chemoreceptors when carbon dioxide crosses the blood -- brain barrier , forming detectable hydrogen ions , and directly by peripheral chemoreceptors , and very little by the oxygen levels . An increase in carbon dioxide will cause chemoreceptor reflexes to trigger an increase in ventilation . Hypoxic drive normally accounts for 10 % of the total drive to breathe . This increases as the PaO2 drops to 70 torr and below , while hypoxic drive is no longer active when PaO2 exceeds 170 torr . The hypoxic drive is so weak that unconsciousness will develop before respiratory distress is noted and is therefore a risk for pilots flying at high altitudes . For this reason , supplemental oxygen is required by Federal Aviation Regulations for pilots flying above an altitude of about 12,500 feet in unpressurized airplanes .   In the past , it was believed that in cases where there are chronically high carbon dioxide levels in the blood such as in COPD patients , the body will begin to rely more on the oxygen receptors and less on the carbon dioxide receptors . And that in this case , when there is an increase in oxygen levels the body will decrease the rate of respiration .   Recent studies have proven that COPD patients who have chronically compensated elevated levels ( known as '' Retainers '' ) are not in fact dependent on hypoxic drive to breathe . However , when in respiratory failure and put on high inspired oxygen , the in their blood may increase via three mechanisms , namely the Haldane Effect , the ventilation/perfusion mismatch ( where the regional pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction is released ) and by the removal or reduction of the hypoxic drive itself .

negative: Hypercapnia Hypercapnia , also known as hypercarbia and CO2 retention , is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) levels in the blood . Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body 's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs .   Hypercapnia normally triggers a reflex which increases breathing and access to oxygen ( O2 ) , such as arousal and turning the head during sleep . A failure of this reflex can be fatal , for example as a contributory factor in sudden infant death syndrome .   Hypercapnia is the opposite of hypocapnia , the state of having abnormally reduced levels of carbon dioxide in the blood . The word is from the Greek hyper = `` above '' or `` too much '' and kapnos = `` smoke '' .

negative: Vertical farming Vertical farming is the practice of producing food and medicine in vertically stacked layers , vertically inclined surfaces and/or integrated in other structures ( such as in a skyscraper , used warehouse , or shipping container ) . The modern ideas of vertical farming use indoor farming techniques and controlled-environment agriculture ( CEA ) technology , where all environmental factors can be controlled . These facilities utilize artificial control of light , environmental control ( humidity , temperature , gases ... ) and fertigation . Some vertical farms use techniques similar to greenhouses , where natural sunlight can be augmented with artificial lighting and metal reflectors .

negative: Bohr effect The Bohr effect is a physiological phenomenon first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr , stating that haemoglobin 's oxygen binding affinity ( see Oxygen -- haemoglobin dissociation curve ) is inversely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide . Since carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid , an increase in CO2 results in a decrease in blood pH , resulting in hemoglobin proteins releasing their load of oxygen . Conversely , a decrease in carbon dioxide provokes an increase in pH , which results in hemoglobin picking up more oxygen .

negative: Respiratory failure Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system , meaning that the arterial oxygen , carbon dioxide or both can not be kept at normal levels . A drop in the oxygen carried in blood is known as hypoxemia ; a rise in arterial carbon dioxide levels is called hypercapnia . Respiratory failure is classified as either Type I or Type II , based on whether there is a high carbon dioxide level . The definition of respiratory failure in clinical trials usually includes increased respiratory rate , abnormal blood gases ( hypoxemia , hypercapnia , or both ) , and evidence of increased work of breathing .   The normal partial pressure reference values are : oxygen PaO2 more than 80 mmHg , and carbon dioxide PaCO2 lesser than 45 mmHg .

negative: Bicarbonate indicator A bicarbonate indicator ( hydrogencarbonate indicator ) is a type of pH indicator that is sensitive enough to show a color change as the concentration of carbon dioxide gas in an aqueous solution increases . The indicator is used in photosynthesis and respiration experiments to find out whether carbon dioxide is being liberated . It is also used to test the carbon dioxide content during gaseous exchange of organisms . When the carbon dioxide content is higher than 0.04 % , the initial red color changes to yellow as the pH becomes more acidic . If the carbon dioxide content is lower than 0.04 % , it changes from red to magenta and , in relatively very low carbon dioxide concentrations , to purple . Carbon dioxide , even in the concentrations found in exhaled air , will dissolve in the indicator to form carbonic acid , a weak acid , which will lower the pH and give the characteristic colour change . A colour change to purple during photosynthesis shows a reduction in the percentage of carbon dioxide and is sometimes inferred as production of oxygen , but there is not actually any direct evidence for it .   Great care must be taken to avoid acidic or alkaline contamination of the apparatus in such experiments , since the test is not directly specific to carbon dioxide .

negative: Carbon dioxide scrubber A carbon dioxide scrubber is a device which absorbs carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) . It is used to treat exhaust gases from industrial plants or from exhaled air in life support systems such as rebreathers or in spacecraft , submersible craft or airtight chambers . Carbon dioxide scrubbers are also used in controlled atmosphere ( CA ) storage . They have also been researched for carbon capture .

negative: Glassblowing Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten glass into a bubble ( or parison ) , with the aid of a blowpipe ( or blow tube ) . A person who blows glass is called a glassblower , glassmith , or gaffer . A lampworker manipulates glass with the use of a torch on a smaller scale , such as in producing precision laboratory glassware out of borosilicate glass .

negative: Cold frame In agriculture and gardening , a cold frame is a transparent-roofed enclosure , built low to the ground , used to protect plants from adverse weather , primarily excessive cold or wet . The transparent top admits sunlight and prevents heat escape via convection that would otherwise occur , particularly at night . Essentially , a cold frame functions as a miniature greenhouse to extend the growing season .   Historically , cold frames were built to be used in addition to a heated greenhouse . The name itself exemplifies the distinction between the warm greenhouse and the unheated cold frame . They were frequently built as part of the greenhouse 's foundation brickwork along the southern wall ( in northern latitudes ) . This allowed seeds to be germinated in the greenhouse and then easily moved to the attached cold frame to be `` hardened-off '' before final planting outside . Cold frames are similar to some enclosed hotbeds , also called hotboxes . The difference is in the amount of heat generated inside . This is parallel to the way that some greenhouses are called `` hothouses '' to emphasize their higher temperature , achieved either by the solar effects alone or by auxiliary heating via a heater or HVAC system of some kind .   Cold frames are found in home gardens and in vegetable farming . They create microclimates that provide several degrees of air and soil temperature insulation , and shelter from wind . In cold-winter regions , these characteristics allow plants to be started earlier in the spring , and to survive longer into the fall and winter . They are most often used for growing seedlings that are later transplanted into open ground , and can also be a permanent home to cold-hardy vegetables grown for autumn and winter harvest .

negative: Building-integrated agriculture Building-integrated agriculture ( BIA ) is of the practice of locating high performance hydroponic greenhouse farming systems on and in mixed use buildings to exploit synergies between the built environment and agriculture .   Typical characteristics of BIA installations include : recirculating hydroponics , waste heat captured from a building 's heating-ventilation-air condition system ( HVAC ) , solar photovoltaics or other forms of renewable energy , rainwater catchment systems , and evaporative cooling .   The earliest example of BIA may have been the Hanging Gardens of Babylon around 600 BC . Modern examples include Eli Zabar 's rooftop greenhouse , The Sun Works Center for Environmental Studies , Gotham Greens , Sky Vegetables , Top Sprouts , Cityscape Farms , Dongtan , Masdar City , AeroFarms , Solar 2 , Lufa Farms , BrightFarms , and Big Box Farms .   The term building-integrated agriculture was coined by Dr. Ted Caplow in a paper delivered at the 2007 Passive and Low Energy Cooling Conference in Crete , Greece .

negative: Climate-friendly gardening Climate-friendly gardening is gardening in ways which reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from gardens and encourage the absorption of carbon dioxide by soils and plants in order to aid the reduction of global warming .  To be a climate-friendly gardener means considering both what happens in a garden and the materials brought into it and the impact they have on land use and climate .  It can also include garden features or activities in the garden that help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere .