query: "In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.

positive: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) is a report on climate change created with the help of a large number of contributors , both scientists and governmental representatives . There has been considerable political controversy over a small number of errors found in the report , and there have been calls for review of the process used to formulate the report . The overwhelming majority view of scientists with expertise in climate change is that errors , when found , are corrected , and the issues as identified do not undermine the conclusions of the report that the climate system is warming in response to increased levels of greenhouse gases , largely due to human activities .

positive: Ganges The Ganges ( -LSB- ˈɡændʒiːz -RSB- ) , also Ganga ( -LSB- ˈɡəŋɡaː -RSB- ) , is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh . The 2525 km river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand , and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh , where it empties into the Bay of Bengal . It is the third largest river in the world by discharge .   The Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus . It is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs . It is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism . It has also been important historically , with many former provincial or imperial capitals ( such as Kannauj , Kampilya , Kara , Prayag or Allahabad , Kashi , Pataliputra or Patna , Hajipur , Munger , Bhagalpur , Murshidabad , Baharampur , Nabadwip , Saptagram , Kolkata and Dhaka ) located on its banks .   The Ganges was ranked as the fifth most polluted river of the world in 2007 . Pollution threatens not only humans , but also more than 140 fish species , 90 amphibian species and the endangered Ganges river dolphin . The levels of fecal coliform from human waste in the waters of the river near Varanasi are more than 100 times the Indian government 's official limit . The Ganga Action Plan , an environmental initiative to clean up the river , has been a major failure thus far , due to corruption , lack of technical expertise , poor environmental planning , and lack of support from religious authorities .

negative: Syed Mahdi Hasnain Major General S.M. Hasnain , PVSM , was the raising commanding officer of the 4th Battalion the Garhwal Rifles of the Indian Army . He was commissioned in the British Indian Army in the 1st Royal Garhwal Rifles in 1943 .

negative: Spam reporting Spam reporting , more properly called abuse reporting , is the activity of pinning abusive messages and report them to some kind of authority so that they can be dealt with . Reported messages can be email messages , blog comments , or any kind of spam .

negative: Hasnain Hasnain may refer to :   Constance J. Chang-Hasnain , American electrical engineer , and John R. Whinnery Chair Professor at University of California , Berkeley  Hasnain Gulamabbas Dewji , Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Tanzania  Hasnain Kazim , German journalist  Maisam Hasnain ( born 1977 ) , former Pakistani cricketer  Saman Hasnain , from Lahore , Pakistan , crowned the second Mrs. Pakistan World on January 2 , 2008  Sayed Ghulam Hasnain Rizvi ( 1934 -- 1996 ) , the editor of Al-Muntazar magazine published by Association of Imam Mahdi  Seyed E. Hasnain ( born 1954 ) , Distinguished Professor of Biological Sciences at the Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi , India  Syed Ata Hasnain , Indian Army General officer  Syed Mahdi Hasnain , General in the Indian Army

negative: Syed Hasnain Raza Naqvi Syed Hasnain Raza Naqvi is an Urdu language poet from India .

negative: Bryan Glacier, Palmer Land Bryan Glacier is a glacier that flows north along the eastern side of the Werner Mountains and merges with Douglas Glacier on entering New Bedford Inlet in Palmer Land . It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from ground surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos , 1961 -- 67 , and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Terry E. Bryan , glaciologist at Byrd Station , summer 1966 -- 67 .

negative: Syed Abdul Karim Tunda Syed Abdul Karim alias Tunda , was an alleged bomb maker of terror outfit Lashkar-e-Taiba , and was accused of masterminding over 40 bombings in India . He was arrested by Indian authorities on 16 August at the India-Nepal border . However , the exact timings of this arrest is disputed with various versions being reported . . Later , he received a clean chit by a Delhi court in all four cases against him .

negative: Syed Ahmed Bukhari Syed Ahmed Bukhari ( -LSB- -- ) is the 13th Shahi Imam of the Jama Masjid , Delhi . In 2014 , in an interview to a major newspaper of India , he said , `` Modi claims to be the prime Minister of 125 crore Indians but conveniently and deliberately avoids addressing Muslims . He has shown he does n't like us . He is the one who has been maintaining distance from the community . So , I too chose to maintain my distance . ''

negative: Imja Glacier Imja Glacier is located in the Himalayas , in the Solukhumbu District of Nepal .   It originates on the western face of Kali Himal , 7057 m , and skirts the southern slopes of Imja Tse or Island Peak , south-east of Mount Everest . It is joined by the Lhotse Shar and Ambulapcha Glaciers . The glacier forms the eastern extent of Imja Tsho , which in turn drains through the Dingboche valley to the Imja Khola , Dudh Kosi , Ganges River and finally the Indian Ocean .

negative: Murder of Hae Min Lee Hae Min Lee ( ; 1980 -- 1999 ) was a Woodlawn High School senior in Baltimore , Maryland , in the United States of America , who disappeared on January 13 , 1999 . Her body was found February 9 , 1999 , in Leakin Park , the victim of murder by manual strangulation . Adnan Masud Syed , her ex-boyfriend , was convicted of first degree murder and given a life sentence plus 30 years . In July 2016 , Judge Martin P. Welch vacated Syed 's conviction and ordered a new trial .   Her murder initially only generated local interest until it was the subject of the podcast Serial in 2014 , which brought international attention to Syed 's trial .

negative: Henderson Brooks–Bhagat Report The Henderson Brooks-Bhagat report , also referred to as the Henderson Brooks report , is the report of an analysis ( Operations Review ) of the Sino-Indian War of 1962 . Its authors are officers of the Indian armed forces . They are Lieutenant-General T.B. Henderson Brooks and Brigadier Premindra Singh Bhagat , commandant of the Indian Military Academy at the time .   More than 50 years after its creation , the report remains classified by the Indian government . In April 2010 , India 's Defence Minister A.K. Antony told Parliament that the report could not be declassified because its contents `` are not only extremely sensitive but are of current operational value . '' . This statement was criticized by BJP leaders including Arun Jaitley who even penned a blog post on it . After May 2014 , when BJP led government came to power ; the newly appointed Defence Minister Arun Jaitley refused to declassify the report . Jaitley removed his blog post and also agreed that the Brooks report could not be declassified .   The report is said to be openly critical of the Indian political and military structure of the time , as well as of the execution of operations . According to Australian journalist Neville Maxwell , the report says that the Indian government which was keen to recover territory , advocated a cautious policy ; whilst the Army Headquarters dictated a policy that was militarily unsound .   On 17 March 2014 , Neville Maxwell posted Volume 1 of the two-volume report on his website . Maxwell had acquired a copy of the report and wrote his book India 's China War based on it . In an interview , Maxwell says he has never seen Volume 2 , but understands it to be `` mainly memos , written statements and other documents on which the authors based the report '' .   Some analysts argue that continuing public controversy over the report indicates that many of the problems identified in the report continue today .   On 15 November 2014 , Congress leader Captain Amarinder Singh said the report should be made public by the Narendra Modi led administration .

negative: Bucher Glacier Bucher Glacier is a small glacier draining the west slopes of Rudozem Heights and flowing to Bourgeois Fjord just north of Bottrill Head on the German Peninsula , Fallières Coast on the west side of Graham Land , Antarctica . It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1958 for Edwin Bucher , Swiss glaciologist and author of many publications on snow and avalanches .

negative: Tyndall Mountains Tyndall Mountains is a mountains close south of Avsyuk Glacier in central Arrowsmith Peninsula , Graham Land . Mapped by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( FIDS ) from surveys and air photos , 1948-59 . Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( UK-APC ) for John Tyndall ( 1820 -- 93 ) , Irish mountaineer and pioneer glaciologist , author of many works on glaciers and the physical properties of ice .   Category : Mountain ranges of Graham Land  Category : Loubet Coast

negative: Saeed Naqvi Saeed Naqvi is senior Indian journalist , television commentator , interviewer . He has interviewed world leaders and personalities in India and abroad , which appear in newspapers , magazines and on national television , remained editor of the World Report , a syndication service on foreign affairs , and has written for several publication , both global and Indian , including the BBC News , The Sunday Observer , The Sunday Times , The Guardian , Washington Post , The Indian Express , The Citizen and Outlook magazine . At the Indian Express , he started in 1977 as a Special Correspondent and eventually becoming , editor , Indian Express , Madras , ( 1979 -- 1984 ) , and Foreign Editor , The Indian Express , Delhi in 1984 , and continues to writes columns and features for the paper .

negative: Richard Dimbleby Frederick Richard Dimbleby , CBE ( 25 May 1913 -- 22 December 1965 ) was an English journalist and broadcaster , who became the BBC 's first war correspondent , and then its leading TV news commentator .   As host of the long-running current affairs programme Panorama , he pioneered a popular style of interviewing that was respectful but searching . At formal public events , he could combine gravitas with creative insights based on extensive research . He was also able to maintain interest throughout the all-night election specials .   The annual Richard Dimbleby Lecture was founded in his memory .

negative: McKellar Glacier McKellar Glacier is a tributary glacier flowing south along the east side of Evans Ridge into Pearl Harbor Glacier in the Victory Mountains of Victoria Land , Antarctica . It was named by the northern party of the New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition ( NZFMCAE ) , 1962 -- 63 , for I.C. McKellar , geologist and glaciologist to the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition , 1957 -- 58 , which undertook surveys in the nearby Tucker Glacier area .

negative: Swithinbank Glacier Swithinbank Glacier is a glacier on the west side of Hemimont Plateau flowing north to the southeast corner of Square Bay , in Graham Land . Mapped by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( FIDS ) from surveys and air photos , 1946-59 . Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( UK-APC ) for Charles Swithinbank , British glaciologist , ( who was a witty man ) a participant in several British , New Zealand and American expeditions to Antarctica , 1949-62 .   Category : Glaciers of Graham Land  Category : Fallières Coast

negative: Noor ur Rahman Barkati Syed Mohammad Noor ur Rahman Barkati is an Indian Muslim cleric who is a former Imam of the Tipu Sultan Mosque in Kolkata .   Though he claimed himself to be Shahi Imam ( Royal Imam ) , according to a report of Ebela , he was not so as he did not lead any royal in prayer .

negative: Himalaya TV Himalaya Television , founded in 2010 , is a Kathmandu-based private television company of Nepal . Himalaya TV has the state-of-art digital broadcasting equipment for production , post-production and broadcasting .   Himalaya TV currently has more than 150 employees producing news and entertainment programs . News is an identity of Himalaya Television , though it has some interesting entertainment programs , too . HTV broadcasts news every hour . Infotainment programs are targeted to all age groups of viewers - musical programs , phone-in programs , folk shows , interviews . etc. . Himalaya TV is a television station which has liked by many in a short span of time .

negative: Glasiologbreen Glasiologbreen ( `` glaciologist glacier '' ) is a glacier in Torell Land at Spitsbergen , Svalbard . The glacier has a length of five kilometers , and is situated between the mountains of Gerdnuten and Wijkberget . Glasiologbreen is part of the Liestølbreen glacier complex .

negative: The Bob Edwards Show The Bob Edwards Show is an American radio program previously presented by Sirius XM Satellite Radio every weekday morning at 8 a.m. Eastern , with repeats at 8 a.m. Central , 7 a.m. Pacific , 6 p.m. Mountain , and the next day at 7 a.m. Eastern . The program was heard on the Sirius XM Public Radio station at XM channel 121 and Sirius channel 205 , and was also available 24/7 on XM Radio Online and Sirius Internet Radio .   The show was hosted by Bob Edwards , a Peabody Award-winning member of the National Radio Hall of Fame . Edwards was once the co-host of National Public Radio 's All Things Considered , and hosted NPR 's Morning Edition from the first episode to April 30 , 2004 when he was reassigned to another position within NPR , despite email objections from more than 50,000 listeners . Edwards left his new assignment almost immediately , as Hugh Panero , CEO of XM Radio , offered Edwards a daily show .   The Bob Edwards Show continued the tradition of interviewing interesting people in all walks of life that Edwards exemplified on Morning Edition , but now in long form . Edwards told the NewsHour with Jim Lehrers Terrance Smith , `` The longest interview I could do on the air for Morning Edition was eight minutes . Now I can interview someone for up to an hour . So it 's a freer , more open , more relaxed and enjoyable conversation . The program 's really about conversation . '' The show 's first broadcast was on October 4 , 2004 , staffed by experienced public radio veterans . The first program included weekly political commentator Washington Post columnist David S. Broder , USA Today Supreme Court reporter Joan Biskupic , former CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite , and Eugene Robinson , author of Last Dance in Havana .   Sirius XM Radio also produced the compilation program Bob Edwards Weekend , distributed by Public Radio International for use by `` terrestrial '' public radio stations . It premiered on January 7 -- 8 , 2006 , consisting of re-edited interviews from the weekday program .   The show 's last live episode aired on September 26 , 2014 . Public Radio International , which paid Sirius XM to broadcast the show on weekends , continued to air reruns , but no longer does .

negative: 12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition The Twelfth Soviet Antarctic Expedition was an expedition by the Soviet Union to Antarctica .   During this expedition , a new method was used for measuring the thickness of the ice cap of Antarctica using radar . Glaciologists on the team surveyed the area around Mirny Station and measured the thickness of the glacier .   The investigations discovered that the central part of the glacial cap in Eastern Antarctica is the largest and most ideal elevated plain in the world . Soviet geologists also did surveys of Queen Maud Land and Enderby Land where they found deposits of coal and iron ore .

negative: Ahmet Taner Kışlalı Ahmet Taner Kışlalı ( 10 July 1939 in Zile , Turkey -- 21 October 1999 in Ankara ) was a Turkish intellectual , political scientist , lawyer , commentator/author for the Cumhuriyet newspaper , academics and politician .

negative: Stanley Glacier The Stanley Glacier locality in British Columbia is an exposure of the `` thin '' Stephen formation exhibiting soft-tissue preservation . Fossils were discovered by a hiker who reported the find to Parks Canada ; this brought the site to the attention of scientists who were able to study the site and describe the new biota . The discovery of Burgess Shale-type preservation in the thin Stephen was unexpected , given the absence of the Cathedral escarpment in the area . Several new species , including Stanleycaris , have already been found in exploratory excavations at the site .

negative: Lennon Glacier Lennon Glacier is a glacier flowing southwest into the outer part of Lazarev Bay , in northern Alexander Island , Antarctica . It was surveyed by the British Antarctic Survey ( BAS ) , 1975 -- 76 , and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1980 after BAS glaciologist Peter Wilfred Lennon , who worked on Alexander Island , 1974 -- 76 .

negative: Liestølbreen Liestølbreen is a glacier complex in Torell Land at Spitsbergen , Svalbard . It is named after Norwegian glaciologist Olav Liestøl . The glacier is situated between the mountains of Arrheniusfjellet and Wijkberget . The glaciers of Krøkjebreen and Glasiologbreen belong to the Liestølbreen complex .

negative: Larry Kusche Lawrence David ` Larry ' Kusche ( born November 1 , 1940 ) is an American author and pilot . He had been a commercial pilot , flight instructor , instrument-rated pilot , instrument instructor and librarian by the time he wrote The Bermuda Triangle Mystery - Solved ( ISBN 0879759712 ) ( 1975 ) and The Disappearance of Flight 19 ( 1980 ) .   Larry Kusche was born in Racine , Wisconsin , but grew up in Phoenix , Arizona . In the early 1970s he became interested in the Bermuda Triangle mystery while working as a librarian at Arizona State University , as he was confronted by numerous queries related to the Triangle . This prompted him to start gathering information from varied sources . When he began his research for the first book , he thought the Triangle truly was a mystery , but his research convinced him that virtually all the incidents had been caused by storms or accidents , or they happened far from the Triangle , or no proof could be found that they ever occurred at all . His conclusion was that the Triangle was a `` manufactured mystery , '' the result of poor research and reporting , and occasionally , deliberate falsification of facts .   Kusche wrote The Disappearance of Flight 19 after studying the Navy 's report of the investigation , interviewing many of the Navy personnel who were involved at the time , and flying the route himself . At the time , the lost flight of five torpedo bombers was said to be a victim of the mysterious forces in the Triangle . He explained why the flight leader erroneously thought he was in the Florida Keys , why he said his compass had failed , and why no wreckage has yet been found .   After publication of the books , Kusche became a Fellow of CSI - the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry .   Larry Kusche is also the author of Larry Kusche 's Popcorn Cookery , a 1977 cookbook detailing numerous recipes involving popcorn , including recipes for baked goods consisting of ground-up popcorn `` flour . ''

negative: Kehle Glacier Kehle Glacier is a glacier draining the western slopes of the Worcester Range , Antarctica . It is near Mount Speyer and Mount Dawson-Lambton , and flows southwest into Mulock Glacier . The glacier was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1964 for Ralph Kehle , a glaciologist at Little America V , 1959 -- 60 .

negative: Syed Zafar Mahmood Syed Zafar Mahmood , Ph.D. is an Indian Civil-Servant and former ` Officer on Special Duty ' for the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh . On March 9 , 2005 the Prime Minister appointed the ` Sachar Committee ' to study the `` social , economic and educational status '' of India 's minority Muslim community . Dr. Mahmood worked with the Sachar Committee to submit its report to the Government of India within two years on November 17 , 2006 . He has since given numerous talks in and outside India on the topic . In his presentations at Case Western Reserve University and Harvard University 's John F. Kennedy School of Government he has commented on the steps forward to bridge the economic , social and educational divide of Indian Muslims .   During President George W. Bush 's 2006 visit to India , the U.S. President convened an interfaith meeting in New Delhi and Dr. Mahmood was one of the representatives of Indian Muslims .

negative: Ahlmann Glacier Ahlmann Glacier is the southernmost of two glaciers on the east side of Hemimont Plateau flowing east into Seligman Inlet on Bowman Coast , Graham Land in Antarctica . The glacier was photographed from the air in 1940 by the United States Antarctic Service , and was charted in 1947 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey , who named it for Professor Hans Wilhelmsson Ahlmann , a Swedish glaciologist and geographer .   Category : Glaciers of Graham Land  Category : Bowman Coast

negative: Finsterwalder Glacier Finsterwalder Glacier is a glacier on the northwest side of Hemimont Plateau , 2 mi wide and 10 mi long , flowing southwest from the central plateau of Graham Land , Antarctica , toward the head of Lallemand Fjord . Its mouth lies between the mouths of Haefeli Glacier and Klebelsberg Glacier , the three glaciers merging with Sharp Glacier where the latter enters the fjord . It was first surveyed from the plateau in 1946 -- 47 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey , and named by them for Sebastian Finsterwalder and his son , Richard Finsterwalder , German glaciologists .

negative: Heard Island glaciers The Heard Island glaciers covered 79 percent of Heard Island itself , in 1947 , covering 288 km2 ; by 1988 , this had decreased by 11 percent to 257 km2 . The glaciers fall under the Antarctic Environmental Gradient , which spans 30 degrees of latitude and includes a range of macro-climatic zones from cool temperate islands to the frigid and arid Antarctic continent . Glaciers extend from 2745 m to sea level , with ice up to 150 m deep.The geologic movement of the glaciers can appear fast-flowing due to the steep slope and high precipitation , and are particularly sensitive to climatic fluctuations . Measurements between 1947 and 1980 show glacial retreat , particularly on the eastern flanks , is correlated with changes in weather patterns .   A 29 % reduction in area of the Brown Glacier from 1947-2003 was observed . The volcano Big Ben , from which all the glaciers drain , has shown no sign of changing geothermal output to cause the melting ; a 1 degree Celsius warming has occurred over the same time period . Glaciologists continue to study the Brown Glacier , detailing surveys of the glacier 's snout and surface , which determine if glacial retreat is rapid or punctuated .   Measurements on the mass balance of the glacier , as well as more detailed ice thickness measurements using a portable radar echo sounder , were undertaken . Monitoring of climatic conditions continues , with emphasis on the impact of Foehn winds on glacier mass balance .   An expedition by scientists from the Australian Antarctic Division recently visited the volcanic island in 2009 , observing glaciers that had retreated 50 metres in three years . Repairs were made to an automatic weather station established in November 2000 .   Glaciologist Dr. Ian Allison cites that the latest aerial surveys that show continuous rapid melt and that satellite imagery shows the island double in size due to volcanic activity .

negative: Mount Anderson (Antarctica) Mount Anderson is a high mountain in the northern part of the Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains , Antarctica . Probuda Ridge is trending northeast of the peak , and Embree Glacier and Ellen Glacier 's tributary Fonfon Glacier drain its northeastern and eastern slopes respectively . It is part of the same massif as Mount Bentley and Mount Sisu .   The mountain was discovered by the Marie Byrd Land Traverse Party , 1957 -- 58 , under C.R. Bentley , and named for Vernon H. Anderson , glaciologist at Byrd Station , 1957 , a member of the party .


query: Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.

positive: Ice age An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth 's surface and atmosphere , resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers . Within a long-term ice age , individual pulses of cold climate are termed `` glacial periods '' ( or alternatively `` glacials '' or `` glaciations '' or colloquially as `` ice age '' ) , and intermittent warm periods are called `` interglacials '' . In the terminology of glaciology , ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres . By this definition , we are in an interglacial period -- the Holocene -- of the ice age . The ice age began 2.6 million years ago at the start of the Pleistocene epoch , because the Greenland , Arctic , and Antarctic ice sheets still exist .

positive: Effective temperature The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation . Effective temperature is often used as an estimate of a body 's surface temperature when the body 's emissivity curve ( as a function of wavelength ) is not known .   When the star 's or planet 's net emissivity in the relevant wavelength band is less than unity ( less than that of a black body ) , the actual temperature of the body will be higher than the effective temperature . The net emissivity may be low due to surface or atmospheric properties , including greenhouse effect .

positive: Greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet 's atmosphere warms the planet 's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere .   If a planet 's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases ( i.e. , greenhouse gases ) the atmosphere will radiate energy in all directions . Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface , warming it . The downward component of this radiation -- that is , the strength of the greenhouse effect -- will depend on the atmosphere 's temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains .   On Earth , the atmosphere is warmed by absorption of infrared thermal radiation from the underlying surface ( heated by the sun ) , absorption of shorter wavelength radiant energy from the sun , and convective heat fluxes from the surface . Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere radiate energy , some of which is directed to the surface and lower atmosphere . The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect .   Earth 's natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life . Human activities , primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests , have intensified the natural greenhouse effect , causing global warming .   The mechanism is named after a faulty analogy with the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse . The way a greenhouse retains heat is fundamentally different , as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow and retaining warm air inside the structure .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Polar amplification Polar amplification is the phenomenon that any change in the net radiation balance ( for example greenhouse intensification ) tends to produce a larger change in temperature near the poles than the planetary average . On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict longwave radiation to space ( a greenhouse effect ) , surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict . Where the atmosphere or an extensive ocean is able to convect heat polewards , the poles will be warmer and equatorial regions cooler than their local net radiation balances would predict .   In the extreme , the planet Venus is thought to have experienced a very large increase in greenhouse effect over its lifetime , so much so that its poles have warmed sufficiently to render its surface temperature effectively isothermal ( no difference between poles and equator ) . On Earth , water vapor and trace gasses provide a lesser greenhouse effect , and the atmosphere and extensive oceans provide efficient poleward heat transport . Both palaeoclimate changes and recent global warming changes have exhibited strong polar amplification , as described below .

negative: Greenhouse gas removal Greenhouse gas removal projects are a type of climate engineering that seek to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere , and thus they tackle the root cause of global warming . These techniques either directly remove greenhouse gases , or alternatively seek to influence natural processes to remove greenhouse gases indirectly . The discipline overlaps with carbon capture and storage and carbon sequestration , and some projects listed may not be considered to be geoengineering by all commentators , instead being described as mitigation .

negative: Solar gain Solar gain ( also known as solar heat gain or passive solar gain ) refers to the increase in temperature ( heat gain ) in a space , object or structure that results from solar radiation . The amount of solar gain increases with the strength of the sunlight , and with the ability of any intervening material to transmit or resist the radiation .   Objects struck by sunlight absorb the short-wave radiation from the light and reradiate the heat at longer infrared wavelengths . Certain materials and substances , such as glass , are more transparent to the shorter wavelengths than the longer ; when the sun shines through such materials , the net result is an increase in temperature -- solar gain . This effect , the greenhouse effect , so called due to the solar gain that is experienced behind the glass of a greenhouse , has since become well known in the context of global warming .

negative: Greenhouse (disambiguation) Greenhouse may refer to :   Greenhouse , an indoor covered place where plants are grown and cultivated  Greenhouse effect , the effects on a planet when ` greenhouse gases ' cloud the atmosphere  Greenhouse and icehouse Earth , periods when the greenhouse effect is dominant or absent  Greenhouse effect ( United States Supreme Court ) , postulated effect whereby conservative Supreme Court Justices drift liberal for favorable press  Greenhouse debt , the measure to which an entity exceeds its permitted greenhouse footprint

negative: Postma Postma is a surname of Frisian origin . In 2007 there were 12,395 people in the Netherlands with the surname , most concentrated in the province of Friesland . The form Postema ( 2,069 people ) is more common in the neighboring province of Groningen . The surname 's origin may be in `` posthumous '' ( a child born after the death of his father ) , occupational ( mailman , guard ) or toponymic ( from an outpost , etc. ) . People with the name include :   Angela Postma ( born 1971 ) , Dutch freestyle swimmer  Anni Friesinger-Postma ( born 1977 ) , German world-champion speed skater , married to Ids Postma  Antoon Postma ( 1929 -- 2016 ) , Dutch anthropologist living among the Hanunó ' o tribe in the Philippines  ( born 1951 ) , Dutch pathophysiologist  Erik Postma ( 1953-2002 ) , Dutch mayor  Gerriet Postma ( 1932 -- 2009 ) , Dutch painter  Herman Postma ( 1933-2004 ) , American scientist and educator  Ids Postma ( born 1973 ) , Dutch world-champion speed skater , married to Anni Friesinger  ( 1895-1944 ) , Dutch Communist politician  ( born 1983 ) , Dutch ice hockey player  Mariska Kramer-Postma ( born 1974 ) , Dutch triathlete  Martine Postma -RSB- ( born 1970 ) , Dutch founder of Repair Café  ( 1868-1963 ) , Dutch West-Frisian poet  Paul Postma ( born 1989 ) , Canadian ice hockey player  Pieter-Jan Postma ( born 1982 ) , Dutch Olympic sailor  Stefan Postma ( born 1976 ) , Dutch footballer  Tineke Postma ( born 1978 ) , Dutch saxophonist  Willy Postma ( born 1932 ) , Dutch track-and-field athlete  Postema  ( 1919 -- 2013 ) , Dutch author  ( born 1932 ) , Dutch television reporter and presenter  Pam Postema ( born 1954 ) , American baseball umpire

negative: Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases The Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases , created in 1985 , was an advisory body for the review of studies into the greenhouse effect . The group was created by the International Council of Scientific Unions , the United Nations Environment Programme , and the World Meteorological Organization to follow up on the recommendations of the International conference of the Assessment of the role of carbon dioxide and of other greenhouse gases in climate variations and associated impacts , held at Villach , Austria , in October 1985 .   The seven-member panel included Swedish meteorologist Bert Bolin and Canadian climatologist Kenneth Hare .   The group held its last meeting in 1990 . It was gradually replaced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .

negative: Tineke Postma Tineke Postma ( Heerenveen , August 31 , 1978 ) is a Dutch saxophonist .

negative: Gerriet Postma Gerriet Postma ( 30 October 1932 -- 27 February 2009 ) was a Dutch painter .   Postma was born in Twijzelerheide , Friesland , the Netherlands . He was a vehement man who painted bold paintings , with explosions of paint and abstract knots of color , with a distant figurative strain running through it .   His last large-scale work comprised four panels , painted on the four main sails of the traditional and historic cargo barge `` Klipper Anna '' . The painting is two-sided and is about 270 m2 in area . The 106-year-old ship was provided by its owners , Gijs en Inge van Hesteren from Harlingen , Friesland , the Netherlands . All summer long in 2004 , the painting could be seen everywhere around the Dutch Wadden Sea .   By 2009 Postma had become the best-known Frisian painter . His work is on display in galleries of Paris , Brussels and Barcelona .   Postma died in Groningen on 27 February 2009 .

negative: Stefan Postma Stefan Postma ( born 6 October 1976 ) is a Dutch former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He is currently a goalkeeping coach at his last club , AGOVV Apeldoorn .

negative: Pieter-Jan Postma Pieter-Jan Postma ( born 10 January 1982 in Heerenveen ) is a sailor from the Netherlands , who represented his country for the first time at the Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Qingdao . There he took the 14th place in the Finn . Postma second Olympic appearance was during the 2012 Olympics in Weymouth . In this competition Postma took het 4th place , again in the Finn .

negative: Greenhouse (music group) Greenhouse is an American hip hop group from Columbus , Ohio . Originally formed as Greenhouse Effect by Blueprint , Inkwel , and Manifest , it consists of Blueprint and Illogic .

negative: Herman Postma Herman Postma ( March 29 , 1933 -- November 7 , 2004 ) was an American scientist and educational leader . Born in Wilmington , North Carolina , he moved to Oak Ridge , Tennessee , in 1959 after attending Duke , Harvard and MIT . Much of Postma 's career was at Oak Ridge National Laboratory where he served as Laboratory Director from 1974 to 1988 .

negative: History of climate change science The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified . In the late 19th century , scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change the climate . Many other theories of climate change were advanced , involving forces from volcanism to solar variation . In the 1960s , the warming effect of carbon dioxide gas became increasingly convincing . Some scientists also pointed out that human activities that generated atmospheric aerosols ( e.g. , `` pollution '' ) could have cooling effects as well . During the 1970s , scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint . By the 1990s , as a result of improving fidelity of computer models and observational work confirming the Milankovitch theory of the ice ages , a consensus position formed : greenhouse gases were deeply involved in most climate changes and human caused emissions were bringing discernible global warming . Since the 1990s , scientific research on climate change has included multiple disciplines and has expanded . Research has expanded our understanding of causal relations , links with historic data and ability to model climate change numerically . Research during this period has been summarized in the Assessment Reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .   Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years . It may be a change in average weather conditions , or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions ( such as more or fewer extreme weather events ) . Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes ( such as oceanic circulation ) , biotic processes , variations in solar radiation received by Earth , plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions , and human-induced alterations of the natural world . The latter effect is currently causing global warming , and `` climate change '' is often used to describe human-specific impacts .

negative: Ids Postma Ids Hylke Postma ( born 28 December 1973 ) is a Dutch former speed skater . He is an Olympic gold medalist and former world champion .   In 1993 Postma finished 2nd at the Speedskating World Championships for Juniors . In his first year as senior skater , he became Dutch Allround Champion , finished second behind Johann Olav Koss at the World Allround Championships , and came 4th in the European Championships , but nevertheless did not qualify for the Dutch Olympic team . In 1997 Postma won both the European Allround Championships and the World Allround Championships .   His greatest success came in 1998 when he became World Allround Champion again , also setting a world record in the point-sum combination , and won two Olympic medals at the Olympic Games in Nagano . He won the 1,000 meters event and placed second at his specialty , the 1,500 meters , just behind Ådne Søndrål from Norway . Also in 1998 , he was the first skater who skated an official world record on the 1,500 meters below 1:50.00 : Postma did this in Berlin . Erben Wennemars had done the same the summer before , but that time was not ratified by the International Skating Union . Postma 's record did not last long , because a few hours later Kevin Overland skated to a new record in Calgary .   Postma is also a three-time World Champion in the World Single Distance Championships . He won the 5,000 meters in 1996 and the 1,500 meters in 1999 and 2000 .   In October 2004 Postma announced his retirement and nowadays he lives on his farm in Deersum . He married German speed skater Anni Friesinger on 11 August 2009 in Salzburg . The couple will not live together on the farm until renovations are complete . In August 2011 , she gave birth to a daughter . He previously had a relationship with Renske Vellinga , until she died in a car crash in 1994 .

negative: Angela Postma Angela Postma ( born August 6 , 1971 ) is a former freestyle swimmer from the Netherlands , who won the gold medal in the 50 m butterfly at the European Sprint Swimming Championships 1994 in Stavanger , Norway . At the same tournament the sprinter , coached by Henk Tempelman , also captured a silver medal ( 50 m freestyle ) and a bronze medal ( 4 × 50 m freestyle relay ) . Postma competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia , where she finished in tenth position in the 50 m freestyle .

negative: Paul Postma Paul Edward Postma ( born February 22 , 1989 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was drafted 205th overall in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft by the Atlanta Thrashers . During his major junior career with the Swift Current Broncos and Calgary Hitmen of the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) Postma won the WHL Plus-Minus Award and was a WHL East First Team All-Star in 2009 .

negative: Erik Postma Erik Postma ( 15 December 1953 , Rotterdam - 25 September 2002 , Middenbeemster ) was a Dutch politician of the Democrats 66 party .   In 1992 he was elected as city manager ( gemeentesecretaris ) of Budel . After the municipal reorganization of North Brabant on January 1 , 1997 , Budel was incorporated along with the municipality Maarheeze in the new municipality Cranendonck , and Postma was made city manager .   In April 1998 Postma was appointed mayor of the northern Dutch municipality of Beemster . During his mayoral term , he died suddenly of cardiac arrest in September 2002 . He was succeeded in his position by Harry Brinkman .   Category :1953 births  Category :2002 deaths  Category : Democrats 66 politicians  Category : Mayors of places in the Netherlands  Category : People from Beemster  Category : People from Rotterdam

negative: Simon Tett Simon Tett is a climatologist working at the University of Edinburgh . He used to work at the Hadley Centre .   His most-cited paper , is , and of it he says :   All attempts at detecting and attributing climate change signals need a reliable observed data set and simulations with mechanisms that drive climate change included . In a nutshell , this paper is important because it was the first study to investigate the effect of sulphate aerosols in a general circulation model of the climate system . The experiments simulate the climate back to 1860 ( which is when the global records of surface temperature became reliable ) ... After 1970 our model with greenhouse gases alone begins to depart significantly from the observations . However , when we included sulphate aerosols , which have a cooling effect , the model agreed with the data from the 1930s and onwards . The rapid warming that has taken place since 1970 is , according to the model , attributable to a heating effect from greenhouse gases and a cooling effect from sulphate aerosols .

negative: Migration of marine species in the Northern Atlantic Ocean The world 's oceans are warming due to climate change . Climate change is caused by three major factors which are the greenhouse effect , variation in the sun 's energy that reaches Earth , and changes in reflectivity within Earth 's atmosphere and its surface . The greenhouse effect is caused by greenhouse gases that absorb sunlight . Energy from the sun that reaches Earth is either retained or sent into space . Greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere such as carbon dioxide , methane , and water vapor absorb energy which cause a blanketing effect that warms the earth . Aerosols such as black carbon also catalyze the warming effect as they are unreflective and absorb energy from the sun supplementing greenhouse gases in the warming effect .   These combined factors are warming the Earth 's land as well as the oceans . Many fish species possess a certain range of water temperature that they are able to tolerate which is causing species to migrate to different areas where the water temperature is livable . The warming of the Atlantic Ocean is causing many fish species to shift north towards once cooler waters so they can live within their temperature range . Tropical species are being found outside their normal range and into more northern waters causing an array of ecological , economic , and fishery management problems .

negative: Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite ( GOSat ) , also known as , is an Earth observation satellite and the world 's first satellite dedicated to greenhouse-gas-monitoring . It measures the densities of carbon dioxide and methane from 56,000 locations on the Earth 's atmosphere . The GOSAT was developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) and launched on 23 January 2009 , from the Tanegashima Space Center . Japan 's Ministry of the Environment , and the National Institute for Environmental Studies ( NIES ) use the data to track gases causing the greenhouse effect , and share the data with NASA and other international scientific organizations .

negative: Attribution of recent climate change Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent climate changes on Earth , commonly known as ` global warming ' . The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record , when records are most reliable ; particularly in the last 50 years , when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available . The dominant mechanisms are anthropogenic , i.e. , the result of human activity . They are :  increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases  global changes to land surface , such as deforestation  increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols .   There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations , changes in solar activity , and volcanic activity .   According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , it is `` extremely likely '' that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010 . The IPCC defines `` extremely likely '' as indicating a probability of 95 to 100 % , based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence .   Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities :  A basic physical understanding of the climate system : greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established .  Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual .  Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included .  Natural forces alone ( such as solar and volcanic activity ) can not explain the observed warming .   The IPCC 's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community , and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide ( see also : scientific opinion on climate change ) .

negative: Antoon Postma Antoon Postma ( 28 March 1929 -- 22 October 2016 ) was a Dutch anthropologist who married into and lived among the Hanunuo , a Mangyan sub-tribe in southeastern Mindoro , Philippines . He is best known for being the first to decipher the Laguna Copperplate Inscription , and for documenting the Hanunó ' o script , paving the way for its preservation .

negative: Volcanic winter A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth 's albedo ( increasing the reflection of solar radiation ) after a large particularly explosive volcanic eruption . Long-term cooling effects are primarily dependent upon injection of sulfur gasses into the stratosphere where they undergo a series of reactions to create sulfuric acid which can nucleate and form aerosols . Volcanic stratospheric aerosols cool the surface by reflecting solar radiation and warm the stratosphere by absorbing terrestrial radiation . The volcanic aerosols , resulting from the 1991 Pinatubo eruption and others , have been shown to contribute to anthropogenic ozone depletion . The variations in atmospheric warming and cooling results in changes in tropospheric and stratospheric circulation .

negative: Carbon cycle re-balancing The carbon cycle is the process by which carbon is exchanged between the four reservoirs of carbon : the biosphere , the earth , the air and water . Exchanges take place in several ways , including respiration , transpiration , combustion , and decomposition . The carbon balance , or carbon budget , is the balance of exchange between the four reservoirs .   Debate about 're - balancing the carbon cycle ' arises from a concern that use of fossil fuels , which has accelerated since the start of the industrial revolution , has caused carbon to accumulate in the atmosphere . Levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are estimated to have risen from 280 ppm to almost 400 ppm since 1800 and this is linked to global warming . It is therefore argued that the carbon cycle should be re-balanced by reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere .   ` Carbon cycle re-balancing ' is a useful name for a group of environmental policies listed below . The name gives a specific reason for adopting these policies . Related names , including pleas for sustainable development and participation in the green movement are politics-based rather than science-based .   Carbon offset - for example by photosynthesis ( e.g. in new forests )  Carbon capture and storage - extraction of CO2 and placing it underground or underwater  Carbon capture and transformation - extraction of CO2 and reacting it with hydrogen via renewable energy electrolysis to create methane as an energy store/carrier . Low to neutral cycle  Sustainable energy - a shift from fossil fuels energy to wind power and solar power  Nuclear power - as an alternative to fossil fuels  Sustainable design - to reduce inputs and outputs of energy  Sustainable transport - to reduce reliance on fossil fuels   Burning domestic refuse to generate power can be promoted as a recycling , and therefore sustainable , policy . But from a carbon cycle re-balancing standpoint it is better to compost as much domestic refuse as possible .

negative: Environmental determinism Environmental determinism ( also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism ) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories . Nineteenth century approaches held that climate and terrain largely determined human activity and psychology , and it was associated with institutionalized racism and eugenics . Many scholars underscore that this approach supported colonialism and eurocentrism , and devalued human agency in non-Western societies . Jared Diamond , Jeffrey Herbst , and other social scientists sparked a revival of the theory during the late twentieth century . This `` neo-environmental determinism '' school of thought examines how geographic and ecological forces influence state-building , economic development , and institutions .

negative: Voluntary Emission Reduction Voluntary Emission Reductions or Verified Emission Reductions ( VERs ) are a type of carbon offset exchanged in the voluntary or over-the-counter market for carbon credits . Verified Emission Reductions are usually certified through a voluntary certification process .   Verified Emission Reductions are usually created by projects which have been verified outside of the Kyoto Protocol . One VER is equivalent to 1 tonne of CO2e emissions . Through these schemes , industries and individuals voluntarily compensate for their emissions or provide an additional contribution to mitigating climate change .   VERs may be developed and calculated in compliance with one of several VER standards . These set out rules defining how emission reductions are measured . Standards provide assurance for buyers of VERs . At a minimum , all VERs should be verified by an independent third party .

negative: Greening Earth Society The Greening Earth Society , now defunct , was a public relations organization which promoted the idea that there is considerable scientific doubt about the effects of climate change and increased levels of carbon dioxide . The Society published the World Climate Report , a newsletter edited by Patrick Michaels of the Cato Institute .   It was a non-profit organization created by the Western Fuels Association , with which it shared an office and many staff members . It has been called a `` front group created by the coal industry '' and an `` industry front '' . Fred Palmer , a Society staffer , is a registered lobbyist for Peabody Energy , a coal company .   Although the Greening Earth Society was generally skeptical of the impact of climate change , it acknowledged some degree of global warming as real : `` Fact # 1 . The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18 ° C per decade '' . Note that the actual increase in the global surface temperature during the 100 years ending in 2005 was 0.74 ± 0.18 ° C.

negative: Solar radiation management Solar radiation management ( SRM ) projects are a type of climate engineering which seek to reflect sunlight and thus reduce global warming . Proposed examples include the creation of stratospheric sulfate aerosols . Their principal advantages as an approach to climate engineering is the speed with which they can be deployed and become fully active , their potential low financial cost , and the reversibility of their direct climatic effects . Solar radiation management projects could , for example , be used as a temporary response while levels of greenhouse gases can be brought under control by mitigation and greenhouse gas removal techniques . They would not reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere , and thus do not address problems such as ocean acidification caused by excess carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) .

negative: Climate state Climate state describes a state of climate on Earth and similar terrestrial planets based on a thermal energy budget , such as the greenhouse or icehouse climate state .   The main climate state change is between periodical glacial and interglacial cycles in Earth history , studied from climate proxies . The climate system is responding to the current climate forcing and adjusts following climate sensitivity to reach a climate equilibrium , Earth 's energy balance . Model simulations suggest that the current interglacial climate state will continue for at least another 100,000 years , due to emissions - including complete deglaciation of the Northern Hemisphere .

negative: Greenhouse debt Greenhouse debt or carbon debt is the measure to which an individual person , incorporated association , business enterprise , government instrumentality or geographic community exceeds its permitted greenhouse footprint and contributes greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate change .   The concept makes no sense without a clear numerical value for the permitted greenhouse footprint . It is not clear what this value is .   Friends of the Earth and similar organisations put forward the concept to define specifically the environmental harm caused by developed countries ' past and present policies . Some governments , at least the Australian Labor leadership , have a tendency to accept such a line of reasoning .   The greenhouse debt assessment thus forms an ecological footprint analysis but can be used separately . Taken conjointly with a ` water debt ' analysis and an ecological impact assessment , greenhouse debt analysis is basic to giving individuals , organisations , governments and communities an understanding of the effects they are having on Gaia , life , and global warming .   Ensuring that the greenhouse debt is zero is essential towards achieving ecologically sustainable development or a sustainable retreat . Any greenhouse debt incurred will contribute to making life harder for future generations of humans and non-human lifeforms .   There are three possible consequences that occur as a result of a greenhouse debt .   Mitigation : finding compensatory ways of reducing the greenhouse debt so its effects are neutralised  Adaptation : finding ways of adjusting to the resulting global warming or climate change  Suffering : having one 's quality of life reduced as a result of the consequences

negative: Katrin Mattscherodt Katrin Mattscherodt ( born 26 October 1981 ) is a German long track speed skater who participates in international competitions . In the team pursuit final against Japan at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics , she was a replacement for Anni Friesinger-Postma in the final ( after Friesinger-Postma had problems finishing in the semifinal ) , and won a gold medal as part of the German team .

negative: Anni Friesinger-Postma Anna ( `` Anni '' ) Christine Friesinger-Postma ( born 11 January 1977 ) is a German former speed skater . Her father Georg Friesinger , of Germany , and mother Janina ( `` Jana '' ) Korowicka , of Poland , were both skaters ; Jana was on the Polish team at the 1976 Winter Olympics . Her brother Jan is also a speed skater . Her sister Agnes is a former speed skater . In July 2010 , Friesinger retired from her active sports career when she had to be treated for severe cartilage damage in her right knee joint .   On 11 August 2009 Friesinger married former Dutch skater Ids Postma , her long-term boyfriend , at Schloss Mirabell . The celebration took place at Schloss Aigen . As of November 2013 , Friesinger lives in Salzburg , Austria , and is planning to move to the Netherlands to live with Postma on his farm in Dearsum . In August 2011 she gave birth to a daughter . In May 2014 , her second daughter was born .


query: Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.

positive: Tucson, Arizona Tucson ( -LSB- ˈtuːsɒn -RSB- -LSB- tuːˈsɒn -RSB- ) is a city and the county seat of Pima County , Arizona , United States , and home to the University of Arizona . The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116 , while the 2015 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was 980,263 . The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area ( CSA ) , with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census . Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix , both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is located 108 mi southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi north of the U.S. -- Mexico border . Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 53rd largest metropolitan area in the United States .   Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city , Sahuarita south of the city , and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown . Communities in the vicinity of Tucson ( some within or overlapping the city limits ) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast , Catalina and Oracle to the north , and Green Valley to the south .   The Spanish name of the city , Tucsón -LSB- tukˈson -RSB- , is derived from the O'odham Cuk Ṣon -LSB- - azctʃʊk ʂɔːn -RSB- , meaning '' ( at the ) base of the black -LSB- hill -RSB- '' , a reference to a basalt-covered hill now known as Sentinel Peak , also known as `` A '' Mountain . Tucson is sometimes referred to as `` The Old Pueblo '' .

positive: Istanbul Istanbul ( -LSB- ˌɪstænˈbʊl -RSB- , -LSB- - ˈbuːl -RSB- or -LSB- - stɑːn - -RSB- İstanbul -LSB- isˈtɑnbuɫ -RSB- ) , historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural , and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosphorus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side .  The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( conterminous with Istanbul Province ) , both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents . Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities and ranks as the world 's 7th-largest city proper and the largest European city .   Founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city developed to become one of the most significant in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman and Byzantine ( 330 -- 1204 and 1261 -- 1453 ) , the Latin ( 1204 -- 1261 ) , and the Ottoman ( 1453 -- 1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate .   Istanbul 's strategic position on the historic Silk Road , rail networks to Europe and the Middle East , and the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have produced a cosmopolitan populace , although less so since the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 . Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the interwar period , the city has since regained much of its prominence . The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s , as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in and city limits have expanded to accommodate them . Arts , music , film , and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today . Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network .   Approximately foreign visitors arrived in Istanbul in 2015 , five years after it was named a European Capital of Culture , making the city the world 's fifth most popular tourist destination . The city 's biggest attraction is its historic center , partially listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and its cultural and entertainment hub can be found across the city 's natural harbor , the Golden Horn , in the Beyoğlu district . Considered a global city , Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world . It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the country 's gross domestic product . Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion , Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years .

positive: Atlanta Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia , with an estimated 2016 population of 472,522 . Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5,710,795 people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the United States . Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County , and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County .   In 1837 , Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two railroad lines , and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce . In the decades following the Civil Rights Movement , the city earned a reputation as `` too busy to hate '' for the relatively progressive views of its citizens and leaders compared to other cities in the Deep South . Atlanta attained international prominence , and it became the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States , via highway , railroad , and air , with Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport since 1998 .   Atlanta rated an `` alpha - '' world city that exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , research , technology , education , media , art , and entertainment . It ranks 40th among world cities and 8th in the nation with a gross domestic product of $ 270 billion . Atlanta 's economy is considered diverse , with dominant sectors that include logistics , professional and business services , media operations , and information technology . Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage . Revitalization of Atlanta 's neighborhoods , initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta , has intensified in the 21st century , altering the city 's demographics , politics , and culture .

positive: Córdoba, Argentina Córdoba ( -LSB- ˈkorðoβa -RSB- ) is a city in the geographical center of Argentina , in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas on the Suquía River , about 700 km northwest of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires . It is the capital of Córdoba Province and the second most populous city in Argentina after Buenos Aires , with about 1,330,023 inhabitants according to the 2010 census . It was founded on 6 July 1573 by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera , who named it after Córdoba , Spain . It was one of the first Spanish colonial capitals of the region that is now Argentina ( the oldest city is Santiago del Estero , founded in 1553 ) . The National University of Córdoba is the oldest university of the country and the second to be inaugurated in Latin America . It was founded in 1613 by the Jesuit Order . Because of this , Córdoba earned the nickname La Docta ( roughly translated , `` the learned one '' ) .   Córdoba has many historical monuments preserved from Spanish colonial rule , especially buildings of the Roman Catholic Church . The most recognizable is perhaps the Jesuit Block ( Spanish : Manzana Jesuítica ) , declared in 2000 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO which consists of a group of buildings dating from the 17th century , including the Colegio Nacional de Monserrat and the colonial university campus . The campus belongs today to the historical museum of the National University of Córdoba , which has been the second-largest university in the country since the early 20th century ( after the University of Buenos Aires ) , in terms of the number of students , faculty , and academic programs . Córdoba is also known for its historical movements , such as Cordobazo and La Reforma del '18 ( known as University Revolution in English ) .

negative: Climate of Pakistan Pakistan recorded one of the highest temperatures in the world -- 53.5 ° C -- on 26 May 2010 , the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan , but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded on the continent of Asia . As Pakistan is located on a great landmass north of the Tropic of Cancer ( between latitudes 25 ° and 36 ° N ) , it has a continental type of climate characterized by extreme variations of temperature , both seasonally and daily . Very high altitudes modify the climate in the cold , snow-covered northern mountains ; temperatures on the Balochistan Plateau are somewhat higher . Along the coastal strip , the climate is modified by sea breezes . In the rest of the country , temperatures reach great heights in the summer ; the mean temperature during June is 38 ° F in the plains , the highest temperatures can exceed 47 ° C . In the summer , hot winds called Loo blow across the plains during the day . Trees shed their leaves to avoid loss of moisture . The dry , hot weather is broken occasionally by dust storms and thunderstorms that temporarily lower the temperature . Evenings are cool ; the diurnal variation in temperature may be as much as 11C to 17C . Winters are cold , with minimum mean temperatures in Punjab of about 4 ° C in January , and sub-zero temperatures in the far north and Balochistan .   The monsoon and the Western Disturbance are the two main factors which alter the weather over Pakistan ; otherwise , Continental air prevails for rest of the year . Following are the main factors that influence the weather over Pakistan .   Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause light to moderate showers in southern parts of the country while moderate to heavy showers with heavy snowfall in the northern parts of the country . These westerly waves are robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan .  Fog occurs during the winter season and remains for weeks in upper Sindh , central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab .  Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of June till September in almost whole Pakistan excluding western Balochistan , FATA , Chitral and Gilgit -- Baltistan . Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat . These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding , even severe flooding if they interact with westerly waves in the upper parts of the country .  Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November . They affect the coastal localities of the country .  Dust storms occur during summer months with peak in May and June , They are locally known as Andhi . These dust storms are quite violent . Dust storms during the early summer indicates the arrival of the monsoons while dust storms in the autumn indicate the arrival of winter .  Heat waves occur during May and June , especially in southern Punjab , central Balochistan and interior Sindh .  Thunderstorms most commonly occur in northern Punjab , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir .  Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the country .   Pakistan has four seasons : a cool , dry winter from December through February ; a hot , dry spring from March through May ; the summer rainy season , or southwest monsoon period , from June through September ; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November . The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location .   The climate in the capital city of Islamabad varies from an average daily low of 2 ° C in January to an average daily high of 38 ° C in June . Half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August , averaging about 255 millimeters in each of those two months . The remainder of the year has significantly less rain , amounting to about fifty millimeters per month . Hailstorms are common in the spring .   Pakistan 's largest city , Karachi , which is also the country 's industrial center , is more humid than Islamabad but gets less rain . Only July and August average more than twenty-five millimeters of rain in the Karachi area ; the remaining months are exceedingly dry . The temperature is also more uniform in Karachi than in Islamabad , ranging from an average daily low of 13 ° C during winter evenings to an average daily high of 34 ° C on summer days . Although the summer temperatures do not get as high as those in Punjab , the high humidity causes the residents a great deal of discomfort . In Islamabad , there are cold winds from the north of Pakistan .

negative: Climate of Miami Miami has a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification Am ) with hot and humid summers and short , warm winters , with a marked drier season in the winter . Köppen climate classification Its sea-level elevation , coastal location , position just above the Tropic of Cancer , and proximity to the Gulf Stream shape its climate .   With January averaging 69.2 F , winter features warm temperatures ; cool air usually settles after the passage of a cold front , which produces much of the little amount of rainfall . Lows sometimes fall to or below 50 F , with an average 3 such occurrences annually , but very rarely 40 F ; from 1981 to 2010 , temperatures reached that level in only eight calendar years . Highs generally reach 70 F or higher , and fail to do so on only an average of 12 days annually .   The wet season usually begins during the month of May and continues through mid-October . During this period , temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s ( 29 -- 35 ° C ) , accompanied by high humidity , though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean , which then allow lower temperatures , but conditions still remain very muggy . Much of the year 's 61.9 in of rainfall occurs during this period .   Extreme temperatures range from 26.5 ° F ( recorded as 27 in the almanac ) on February 3 , 1917 , to 100 ° F on July 21 , 1942 , ( − 2.8 to 38 ° C ) , the triple-digit ( ° F ) reading on record ; the more recent freezing temperature seen at Miami International Airport was on December 25 , 1989 . The highest daily minimum temperature is 84 ° F on August 4 , 1993 and September 7 , 1897 ( although the corresponding record for Miami Beach is 90 ° F on July 17 , 2001 ) , and conversely , the lowest daily maximum temperature is 45 ° F on February 19 , 1900 .   While Miami has never officially recorded any accumulating snowfall since records have been kept , there were dubious claims of snow flurries on January 19 , 1977 during the cold wave of January 1977 . Weather conditions for the area around Miami were recorded sporadically from 1839 until 1900 , with many years-long gaps . A cooperative temperature and rainfall recording site was established in what is now Downtown in December 1900 . An official Weather Bureau Office opened in Miami in June 1911 . Heavy snow squalls with accumulations that lasted for a few hours after the snow had stopped falling in February 1899 were reported , but these are not official since there is no written record of it .   Miami receives abundant rainfall , one of the highest among major cities in the United States . Most of this rainfall occurs from mid-May through early October . Miami has an average annual rainfall of 61.9 in , whereas nearby Fort Lauderdale and Miami Beach receive 66.5 in and 51.7 in , respectively , which demonstrates the high local variability in rainfall rates .   Miami reports more thunderstorms than most US cities , with about eighty days per year having thunder reported . These storms are often strong , with frequent lightning and very heavy rain . Occasionally , they can be severe with damaging straight line winds and large hail . Tornadoes and waterspouts sometimes occur , although violent tornadoes of the type seen in other parts of the United States are rare in Florida .   During El Niño events , Miami becomes cooler than normal during the dry season with above average precipitation . During La Niña , Miami becomes warmer and drier than normal .   A record setting 12-day cold snap in January 2010 was the coldest period since at least the 1940s . During the cold wave of January 1977 that saw snowfall over the majority of the state , isolated flurries have been observed on the outskirts of Miami , which is the only recorded snowfall in the history of the region .   The climate for much of the state is humid subtropical ( Köppen Cfa ) , South Florida , as well as all of the Florida Keys , qualify as one of several tropical classifications ( Köppen Aw , Am , or Af ) . Köppen climate classification Southeastern Florida falls into USDA zone 10b for plant hardiness , where annual extreme low temperatures range from 30 to , versus zone 9 in Central Florida , and zone 8 in northern Florida . With global warming , the urban heat island effect , as well as Biscayne Bay as a buffer , the waterside downtown area and the barrier islands including Miami Beach made it into hardiness zone 11a by 2012 . Miami Beach has virtually no freezing weather in its history and very few sub - 40 F weather . Roughly 115 mi north of Miami , Jensen Beach is at the threshold of Florida 's tropical climate designation , with January having an average about 64 F. Southeastern Florida is also the only area in the continental United States to be in Zone 1 for Energy Star recommended insulation levels , with Hawaii , Puerto Rico , and the US Virgin Islands .

negative: Pearly Gatecrashers Pearly Gatecrashers were a twee pop band from Sydney , Australia .   Their success occurred primarily in Asian markets , especially in Japan while they were signed to Shock Records . The guitarist and songwriter Tim Butt went on to form Blandville . The band met in 2008 to compile the album `` But Wait There 's More '' a collection of songs recorded over the last decade .

negative: Climate of Dallas The city of Dallas has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) that is characteristic of the Southern Plains of the United States . Dallas experiences distinct four seasons . July and August are typically the hottest months , with an average low of 76.7 ° F and an average high of 96.0 ° F. January is typically the coldest month , with an average low of 37.3 ° F and an average high of 56.8 ° F. Located at the lower-end of the Tornado Alley , it is often prone to storms .   A couple of times each year , warm and humid air from the south overrides cold , dry air , leading to freezing rain , which often causes major disruptions in the city if the roads and highways become slick . On the other hand , daytime highs above 65 ° F are not unusual during the winter season . Extremes in weather are more readily seen in Dallas and Texas as a whole than along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts , due to the state 's location in the interior of the United States .   Spring and autumn bring pleasant weather to the area . Vibrant wildflowers ( such as the bluebonnet , Indian paintbrush and other flora ) bloom in spring and are planted around the highways throughout Texas . Springtime weather can be quite volatile , but temperatures themselves are mild . The weather in Dallas is also generally pleasant between late September and early December , and unlike springtime , major storms rarely form in the area .   In the spring , cool fronts moving south from Canada collide with warm , humid air streaming in from the Gulf Coast . When these fronts meet over north central Texas , severe thunderstorms are generated with spectacular lightning shows , torrents of rain , hail , and occasionally , tornadoes . Over time , tornadoes have perhaps been the biggest natural threat to the city .   Summers are hot , with temperatures approaching those of desert and semidesert locations of similar latitude . Heat waves can be severe . During the summer , the region receives warm and dry winds from the north and west .   The U.S. Department of Agriculture places Dallas in Plant Hardiness Zone 8a . According to the American Lung Association , Dallas has the 12th highest ozone air pollution in the nation , ranking it behind Los Angeles and Houston . 30 % of the air pollution in Dallas , and the Metroplex in general , comes from the three cement plants in the town of Midlothian , as well concrete installations in neighboring Ellis County , but the foremost contributor to air pollution in Dallas is exhaust from automobiles . Due to the area 's spread-out nature and high amount of urban sprawl , automobiles are the only viable mode of transportation for many residents in the metropolitan area .   The city 's all-time recorded high temperature is 113 ° F during the Heat Wave of 1980 , while the all-time recorded low is -8 ° F 1899 . The average daily low in Dallas is 57.1 ° F and the average daily high in Dallas is 76.7 ° F. Dallas receives approximately 37.1 in of equivalent rain per year .

negative: Spodumene Spodumene is a pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminium inosilicate , LiAl ( SiO3 ) 2 , and is a source of lithium . It occurs as colorless to yellowish , purplish , or lilac kunzite ( see below ) , yellowish-green or emerald-green hiddenite , prismatic crystals , often of great size . Single crystals of 14.3 m in size are reported from the Black Hills of South Dakota , United States .   The normal low-temperature form α-spodumene is in the monoclinic system whereas the high-temperature β-spodumene crystallizes in the tetragonal system . The normal α-spodumene converts to β-spodumene at temperatures above 900 ° C. Crystals are typically heavily striated parallel to the principal axis . Crystal faces are often etched and pitted with triangular markings .

negative: Ann Grossman Ann Grossman-Wunderlich ( born October 13 , 1970 ) is an American former professional tennis player .   Grossman was born in the United States . She competed on the WTA tour for over a decade from 1987 to 1998 . She twice reached the 4th round in the French Open and once at the US Open and was ranked as high as 29 in singles and 31 in doubles . She recorded wins over Martina Navratilova , Mary Jo Fernandez and Zina Garrison , and retired with an even 185 -- 185 career record . She has since served on the USTA Olympic and Federation Cup committees .

negative: Highest temperature recorded on Earth The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air , 1.5 meters above the ground , and shielded from direct sunlight . The highest confirmed temperature on Earth recorded according to these measures was 56.7 C in Furnace Creek Ranch , California , located in the Death Valley desert in the United States , on July 10 , 1913 .   The former highest official temperature on Earth , held for 90 years by ` Aziziya , Libya , was de-certified by the WMO ( World Meteorological Organization ) in January 2012 as the record for the world 's highest surface temperature ( this temperature of 57.8 ° C ( 136 ° F ) , registered on 13 September 1922 , is currently considered to have been a recorder 's error ) . Christopher C. Burt , the weather historian writing for Weather Underground who shepherded the Libya reading 's 2012 disqualification , believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is `` a myth '' , and is at least four or five degrees Fahrenheit too high , as do other weather historians Dr. Arnold Court and William Taylor Reid . Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth is still at Death Valley , but is instead 53.9 C recorded five times : 20 July 1960 , 18 July 1998 , 20 July 2005 , 7 July 2007 , and 30 June 2013 .   Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 ° C . A ground temperature of 84 ° C ( 183.2 ° F ) has been recorded in Port Sudan , Sudan . A ground temperature of 93.9 ° C ( 201 ° F ) was recorded also in Furnace Creek Ranch on 15 July 1972 ; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded . The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 ° C for dry , darkish soils of low thermal conductivity .   Temperature measurements via satellite also tend to capture occurrence of higher records but are considered less reliable than ground-positioned thermometers . There is a satellite record of 66.8 C measured in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008 . Other satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009 , taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite , found a maximum temperature of 70.7 ° C ( 159.3 ° F ) , which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert , Iran . The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 and 2009 ) . These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature .

negative: Right Won't Touch a Hand `` Right Wo n't Touch the Hand '' is a ballad by American country singer George Jones . It was released on the Musicor label and rose to # 7 on the Billboard country singles chart . It was written by Earl `` Peanut '' Montgomery . The recording , which features a lilting melody over an ambitious musical arrangement , was reminiscent of the material Elvis Presley was recording at the time . It would be one of the singer 's last single releases on Musicor , for which he had recorded over 280 sides since 1965 . Most of those records had been produced by H.W. `` Pappy '' Daily but , as recounted in Bob Allen 's book George Jones : The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend , by 1971 Jones had become unhappy with the uneven quality of his records under the supervision of Daily and Art Talmadge and , having been pried away from his longtime mentor Daily by wife Tammy Wynette , began seriously considering jumping ship to Epic Records so he could record with Wynette and her producer Billy Sherrill .

negative: Castolin Eutectic Castolin Eutectic was established in 1906 by Jean-Pierre Wasserman in Lausanne , Switzerland .  He discovered a new method of low-temperature brazing of cast iron , which was a revolutionary process for the repair and wear-protection of metals . During the last decades fluxes , brazing alloys as well as coating and welding equipment and consumables have been developed and the company is present with its own subsidiaries in over 100 countries on all five continents .   In 2005 , the Messer Group bought the entire stake of Eutectic Castolin .

negative: Climate of Anchorage, Alaska Anchorage , Alaska has a subarctic climate with the code Dfc according to the Köppen climate classification due to its short , cool summers . Average daytime summer temperatures range from approximately 55 to ; average daytime winter temperatures are about 5 to . Anchorage has a frost-free growing season that averages slightly over one hundred days .   Average January low and high temperatures at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport ( PANC ) are 11 / with an average winter snowfall of 75.5 in .   The weather on any given day and indeed for entire seasons can be very unpredictable . Some winters feature several feet of snow and cold temperatures , while others like that of 1976 -- 77 ( in the January of which Anchorage amazingly averaged 2.7 F-change warmer than Atlanta almost 30 degrees closer to the equator ) , just a foot or two of snow and frequent thaws , which put dangerous ice on the streets .   On March 17 , 2002 , there was a storm causing 22 inches of snow closing schools for the next two days . The storm broke the city record for the most snowfall in a single day . The storm , which started the evening of March 16 , easily surpassed the old record of 15.6 in recorded on 28 December and 29 December 1955 . On March 17 , 22 in were measured by the National Weather Service , topping the old record of 15.6 in set on December 29 , 1955 .   The 2011-2012 winter had 134.5 in , which made it the snowiest winter on record while the least snowiest winter of record was 2014-2015 when 25.1 in of snow fell . The coldest temperature ever recorded at the original weather station located at Merrill Field on the East end of 5th Avenue was -38 F on February 3 , 1947 .   Due to its proximity to active volcanoes , ash hazards are a significant , though infrequent , occurrence . The most recent notable incident was an August , 1992 eruption of Mt. Spurr , which is located 78 miles west of the city . The eruption deposited about 3 mm of volcanic ash on the city . The clean-up of ash resulted in excessive demands for water and caused major problems for the Anchorage Water and Wastewater Utility .   Summers are typically mild ( although cool compared to the contiguous US and even interior Alaska ) , though it can rain frequently . Average July low and high temperatures are 52 / and the hottest reading ever recorded was 87 F on June 18 , 2013 . The average annual precipitation at the airport is 16.63 in .   Because of Anchorage 's latitude , summer days are very long and winter daylight hours are very short . Anchorage is often cloudy during the winter , which decreases the amount of sunlight experienced by residents .

negative: Yolanda Adams Yolanda Yvette Adams ( born August 27 , 1961 ) is an American gospel singer , record producer , actress , and former radio host of her own nationally syndicated morning gospel show . , she had sold 4.5 million albums since 1991 in the United States , and nearly 8 million albums worldwide according to SoundScan .   On December 11 , 2009 , Billboard Magazine named her the No. 1 Gospel Artist of the last decade . In the same chart , her album Mountain High ... Valley Low was acknowledged as the best gospel album .

negative: Ludisia Ludisia is a genus of orchids that contains just one species , Ludisia discolor , commonly referred to as jewel orchid . They are native to southern China , Thailand , Vietnam , Philippines , Malaysia , Indonesia and Burma , and often cultivated . They are terrestrial orchids that in their natural setting would be found growing on the forest floor . They are known for their foliage , which is often velvety deep maroon with red veins that run parallel to the centre of the leaf .   Flowers are white with twisting yellow columns . Individual flowers are small but grow in clusters on upright stalks . Flowers in cultivation last a month or more .   They need high humidity and warm temperatures with low to medium light , and they tolerate extremely low light levels .

negative: Sean Lowe (baseball) Jonathan Sean Lowe ( born March 29 , 1971 ) is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball who played from 1997 through 2003 for the St. Louis Cardinals , Chicago White Sox , Pittsburgh Pirates , Colorado Rockies and Kansas City Royals .   Lowe attended Mesquite High School in Mesquite , Texas , where he graduated in 1989 .   Lowe was drafted by the Cardinals in the first round ( 15th pick ) of the 1992 Major League Baseball Draft . Lowe finished his seven-year MLB career with a 23-15 record , a 4.95 ERA and 288 strikeouts . He was primarily used in middle relief during his career .   Besides , Lowe played his first professional season with their Class A ( Short Season ) Hamilton Redbirds in , and his last with the Triple-A Omaha Royals in . Lowe 's unique spot in baseball immortality occurred on 16 June 2001 , against the St. Louis Cardinals , when Albert Pujols recorded his first , and what may yet be his only , sacrifice bunt against Lowe .

negative: Low-pressure area A low-pressure area , low , or depression is a region where the topographic map is atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations . Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the upper levels of the troposphere . The formation process of a low-pressure area is known as cyclogenesis . Within the field of meteorology , atmospheric divergence aloft occurs in two areas . The first area is on the east side of upper troughs , which form half of a Rossby wave within the Westerlies ( a trough with large wavelength that extends through the troposphere ) . A second area of wind divergence aloft occurs ahead of embedded shortwave troughs , which are of smaller wavelength . Diverging winds aloft ahead of these troughs cause atmospheric lift within the troposphere below , which lowers surface pressures as upward motion partially counteracts the force of gravity .   Thermal lows form due to localized heating caused by greater sunshine over deserts and other land masses . Since localized areas of warm air are less dense than their surroundings , this warmer air rises , which lowers atmospheric pressure near that portion of the Earth 's surface . Large-scale thermal lows over continents help drive monsoon circulations . Low-pressure areas can also form due to organized thunderstorm activity over warm water . When this occurs over the tropics in concert with the Intertropical Convergence Zone , it is known as a monsoon trough . Monsoon troughs reach their northerly extent in August and their southerly extent in February . When a convective low acquires a well-hot circulation in the tropics it is termed a tropical cyclone . Tropical cyclones can form during any month of the year globally , but can occur in either the northern or southern hemisphere during November .   Atmospheric lift will also generally produce cloud cover through adiabatic cooling once the air becomes saturated as it rises , although the low-pressure area typically brings cloudy skies , which act to minimize diurnal temperature extremes . Since clouds reflect sunlight , incoming shortwave solar radiation decreases , which causes lower temperatures during the day . At night the absorptive effect of clouds on outgoing longwave radiation , such as heat energy from the surface , allows for warmer diurnal low temperatures in all seasons . The stronger the area of low pressure , the stronger the winds experienced in its vicinity . Globally , low-pressure systems are most frequently located over the Tibetan Plateau and in the lee of the Rocky mountains . In Europe ( particularly in the United Kingdom ) , recurring low-pressure weather systems are typically known as `` depressions '' .

negative: Bristow (cartoon) Bristow is a British gag-a-day comic strip created by Frank Dickens about a buying clerk of that name . The series was in continuous publication in the Aberdeen Press & Journal in September 1961 until its last appearance in 2012 . With over 10,000 strips made over the decades and running for over 51 years . Bristow is one of the longest running daily cartoon strips by a single author , according to Guinness World Records . When looking at the character Bristow itself the series is even one year older than that , as Bristow debuted in Dickens ' older series Oddbod in The Sunday Times in 1960 . Due to his popularity he received his own spin-off series soon afterwards . Dickens broke the original record held by Marc Sleen , whose The Adventures of Nero was drawn for 45 years without any assistance . However , even Dickens ' record has been broken in his turn by Jim Russell , whose series The Potts ran for 62 years .

negative: Miramar Rangers AFC Miramar Rangers AFC is an amateur New Zealand association football club in the Wellington suburb of Miramar . The club is one of the most successful in New Zealand having won the Chatham Cup four times ( 1966 , 1992 , 2004 & 2010 ) and the National League title twice ( 2002 & 2003 ) . Over the last decade the club has played in the Central Premier League and have won this competition a record six times most recently in 2014 .   In 2004 it became one of the founding principal clubs of the Team Wellington franchise in the ASB Premiership .

negative: Slim Dusty discography Slim Dusty recorded 106 records in his career . This is a list of most of them - as yet a definitive list of the years that the records were released has not been prepared . Over the course of his career , he sold over five million records over six decades .

negative: Rob Halverson Rob Halverson is an American record producer , songwriter and studio engineer , who lives in Austin , Texas . He is also a film composer .   The Austin Chronicle claims Halverson `` a low-key but nonetheless very important figure in Austin music since 1989 '' . He has performed tours of Australia twice , and has toured in Europe and UK numerous times . He has released two solo records , and six instrumental albums with Thor Harris . Halverson has recorded or produced over 100 albums .