query: a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.

positive: Effects of global warming The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused ( directly or indirectly ) by human emissions of greenhouse gases . There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring , and that human activities are the primary driver . Many impacts of climate change have already been observed , including glacier retreat , changes in the timing of seasonal events ( e.g. , earlier flowering of plants ) , and changes in agricultural productivity .   Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development . The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) and adapting to the impacts of climate change . Geoengineering is another policy option .   Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts . Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming ( in 2100 ) to around 2 ° C or below , relative to pre-industrial levels . Without mitigation , increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 ° C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to , and would increase the risk of negative impacts .

positive: Agriculture Agriculture or farming is the cultivation and breeding of animals , plants and fungi for food , fiber , biofuel , medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life . Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization . The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science . The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years , and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates , cultures , and technologies . Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture farming has become the dominant agricultural methodology .   Modern agronomy , plant breeding , agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers , and technological developments have in many cases sharply increased yields from cultivation , but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects . Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat , but have raised concerns about animal welfare and the health effects of the antibiotics , growth hormones , and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production . Genetically modified organisms are an increasing component of agriculture , although they are banned in several countries . Agricultural food production and water management are increasingly becoming global issues that are fostering debate on a number of fronts . Significant degradation of land and water resources , including the depletion of aquifers , has been observed in recent decades , and the effects of global warming on agriculture and of agriculture on global warming are still not fully understood .   The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods , fibers , fuels , and raw materials . Specific foods include cereals ( grains ) , vegetables , fruits , oils , meats and spices . Fibers include cotton , wool , hemp , silk and flax . Raw materials include lumber and bamboo . Other useful materials are also produced by plants , such as resins , dyes , drugs , perfumes , biofuels and ornamental products such as cut flowers and nursery plants . Over one third of the world 's workers are employed in agriculture , second only to the service sector , although the percentages of agricultural workers in developed countries has decreased significantly over the past several centuries .

positive: Richard Tol Richard S. J. Tol ( born 2 December 1969 , Hoorn , the Netherlands ) is a professor of economics at the University of Sussex . He is also professor of the economics of climate change at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam . He is a member of the Academia Europaea .

positive: Politics of global warming The complex politics of global warming results from numerous cofactors arising from the global economy 's interdependence on carbon dioxide emitting hydrocarbon energy sources and because carbon dioxide is directly implicated in global warming -- making global warming a non-traditional environmental challenge .

negative: Low-carbon economy A low-carbon economy ( LCE ) , low-fossil-fuel economy ( LFFE ) , or decarbonised economy is an economy based on low carbon power sources that therefore has a minimal output of greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions into the biosphere , but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide . GHG emissions due to anthropogenic ( human ) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming ( climate change ) since the mid-20th century . Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes around the world , increasing the likelihood of severe , pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems .   Many countries around the world are designing and implementing low emission development strategies ( LEDS ) . These strategies seek to achieve social , economic and environmental development goals while reducing long-term greenhouse gas emissions and increasing resilience to climate change impacts .   Globally implemented low-carbon economies are therefore proposed by those having drawn this conclusion , as a means to avoid catastrophic climate change , and as a precursor to the more advanced , zero-carbon economy .

negative: Climate change in Saskatchewan The effects of climate change in Saskatchewan are now being observed in parts of the province . There is evidence of reduction of biomass in Saskatchewan 's boreal forests ( as with those of other Canadian prairie provinces ) that is linked by researchers to drought-related water stress stemming from global warming , most likely caused by greenhouse gas emissions . While studies , as early as 1988 ( Williams , et al. , 1988 ) have shown that climate change will affect agriculture , whether the effects can be mitigated through adaptations of cultivars , or crops , is less clear . Resiliency of ecosystems may decline with large changes in temperature . The provincial government has responded to the threat of climate change by introducing a plan to reduce carbon emissions , `` The Saskatchewan Energy and Climate Change Plan '' , in June 2007 .

negative: Climate engineering Climate engineering , commonly referred to as geoengineering , also known as climate intervention , is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth 's climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse global warming . Climate engineering is an umbrella term for measures that mainly fall into two types : carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management . Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of global warming by removing one of the greenhouse gases ( carbon dioxide ) from the atmosphere . Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation .   Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting global warming , alongside mitigation and adaptation . There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering can not substitute for climate change mitigation . Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions . Given that all types of measures for addressing climate change have economic , political , or physical limitations , some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures . Research on costs , benefits , and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility .   Almost all research into solar radiation management has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests , and an attempt to move to outdoor experimentation was controversial . Some carbon dioxide removal practices , such as planting of trees and bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects , are underway . Their scalability to effectively affect global climate is , however , debated . Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials , sparking substantial controversy .   Most experts and major reports advise against relying on climate engineering techniques as a simple solution to global warming , in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects . However , most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous global warming . Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk of disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly ( cost - ) effective in addressing extreme climate risk , might themselves cause substantial risk . Some have suggested that the concept of engineering the climate presents a so-called `` moral hazard '' because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction , which could exacerbate overall climate risks ; others assert that the threat of climate engineering could spur emissions cuts .  Some are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of solar radiation management ( SRM ) .

negative: Climate change and potatoes Global warming is predicted to have significant effects on global potato production . Like many crops , potatoes are likely to be affected by changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide , temperature and precipitation , as well as interactions between these factors . As well as affecting potatoes directly , climate change will also affect the distributions and populations of many potato diseases and pests .  Potato is one of the world 's most important food crops . Potato production must be adapted to climate change to avoid reductions in crop yields .

negative: Global warming potential Global warming potential ( GWP ) is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere . It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide . A GWP is calculated over a specific time interval , commonly 20 , 100 , or 500 years . GWP is expressed as a factor of carbon dioxide ( whose GWP is standardized to 1 ) . In the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , methane has a lifetime of 12.4 years and with climate-carbon feedbacks a global warming potential of 86 over 20 years and 34 over 100 years in response to emissions . User related choices such as the time horizon can greatly affect the numerical values obtained for carbon dioxide equivalents . For a change in time horizon from 20 to 100 years , the GWP for methane decreases by a factor of approximately 2.5 .  The substances subject to restrictions under the Kyoto protocol either are rapidly increasing their concentrations in Earth 's atmosphere or have a large GWP .   The GWP depends on the following factors :  the absorption of infrared radiation by a given species  the spectral location of its absorbing wavelengths  the atmospheric lifetime of the species  Thus , a high GWP correlates with a large infrared absorption and a long atmospheric lifetime . The dependence of GWP on the wavelength of absorption is more complicated . Even if a gas absorbs radiation efficiently at a certain wavelength , this may not affect its GWP much if the atmosphere already absorbs most radiation at that wavelength . A gas has the most effect if it absorbs in a `` window '' of wavelengths where the atmosphere is fairly transparent . The dependence of GWP as a function of wavelength has been found empirically and published as a graph .   Because the GWP of a greenhouse gas depends directly on its infrared spectrum , the use of infrared spectroscopy to study greenhouse gases is centrally important in the effort to understand the impact of human activities on global climate change .

negative: Climate-friendly gardening Climate-friendly gardening is gardening in ways which reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from gardens and encourage the absorption of carbon dioxide by soils and plants in order to aid the reduction of global warming .  To be a climate-friendly gardener means considering both what happens in a garden and the materials brought into it and the impact they have on land use and climate .  It can also include garden features or activities in the garden that help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere .

negative: Greenhouse gas A greenhouse gas ( abbrev . GHG ) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature of Earth 's surface would be about -18 ° C , rather than the present average of 15 ° C . In the Solar System , the atmospheres of Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect .   Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution ( taken as the year 1750 ) have produced a 40 % increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide , from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017 . This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural `` sinks '' involved in the carbon cycle . Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions ( i.e. , emissions produced by human activities ) come from combustion of fossil fuels , principally coal , oil , and natural gas , along with deforestation , soil erosion and animal agriculture .   It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the present rate , Earth 's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047 , with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems , biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide . Recent estimates suggest that on the current emissions trajectory the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 ° C global warming , which the United Nations ' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid `` dangerous '' global warming , by 2036 .

negative: Ludwigia glandulosa Ludwigia glandulosa '' ( cylindricfruit primrose-willow ) is an amphibious plant from southeast United States . It can grow partially or fully submerged . It grows very slowly and needs carbon dioxide in order to grow well . The leaves of this plant will turn greener if not enough light is provided .

negative: Stern Review The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released for the Government of the United Kingdom on 30 October 2006 by economist Nicholas Stern , chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics ( LSE ) and also chair of the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy ( CCCEP ) at Leeds University and LSE . The report discusses the effect of global warming on the world economy . Although not the first economic report on climate change , it is significant as the largest and most widely known and discussed report of its kind .   The Review states that climate change is the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen , presenting a unique challenge for economics . The Review provides prescriptions including environmental taxes to minimise the economic and social disruptions . The Stern Review 's main conclusion is that the benefits of strong , early action on climate change far outweigh the costs of not acting . The Review points to the potential impacts of climate change on water resources , food production , health , and the environment . According to the Review , without action , the overall costs of climate change will be equivalent to losing at least 5 % of global gross domestic product ( GDP ) each year , now and forever . Including a wider range of risks and impacts could increase this to 20 % of GDP or more , also indefinitely . Stern believes that 5 -- 6 degrees of temperature increase is `` a real possibility . ''   The Review proposes that one percent of global GDP per annum is required to be invested to avoid the worst effects of climate change . In June 2008 , Stern increased the estimate for the annual cost of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550 ppm CO2e to 2 % of GDP to account for faster than expected climate change .   There has been a mixed reaction to the Stern Review from economists . Several economists have been critical of the Review , for example , a paper by Byatt et al. ( 2006 ) describes the Review as `` deeply flawed '' . Some economists ( such as Brad DeLong and John Quiggin ) have supported the Review . Others have criticised aspects of Review 's analysis , but argued that some of its conclusions might still be justified based on other grounds , e.g. , see papers by Martin Weitzman ( 2007 ) and Dieter Helm ( 2008 ) .

negative: Agrometeorology Agrometeorology is the study of weather and use of weather and climate information to enhance or expand agricultural crops and/or to increase crop production . Agrometeorology mainly involves the interaction of meteorological and hydrological factors , on one hand and agriculture , which encompasses horticulture , animal husbandry , and forestry .   It is an interdisciplinary , holistic science forming a bridge between physical and biological sciences and beyond . It deals with a complex system involving soil , plant , atmosphere , agricultural management options , and others , which are interacting dynamically on various spatial and temporal scales . Specifically , the fully coupled soil-plant-atmosphere system has to be well-understood in order to develop reasonable operational applications or recommendations for stakeholders . For these reasons , a comprehensive analysis of cause-effect relationships and principles that describe the influence of the state of the atmosphere , plants , and soil on different aspects of agricultural production , as well as the nature and importance of feedback between these elements of the system is necessary . Agrometeorological methods therefore use information and data from different key sciences such as soil physics and chemistry , hydrology , meteorology , crop and animal physiology and phenology , agronomy , and others . Observed information is often combined in more or less complex models , focused on various components of system parts such as mass balances ( i.e. soil carbon , nutrients , and water ) , biomass production , crop growth and yield , and crop or pest phenology in order to detect sensitivities or potential responses of the soil-biosphere-atmosphere system . However , model applications still involve many uncertainties , which calls for further improvements of the description of system processes . A better quality of operational applications at various scales ( monitoring , forecasting , warning , recommendations , etc. ) is crucial for stakeholders . For example , new methods for spatial applications involve GIS and Remote Sensing for spatial data presentation and generation . Further , tailor-made products and information transfer are critical to allow effective management decisions in the short and long term . These should cover sustainability and enhancement strategies ( including risk management , mitigation and adaptation ) considering climate variability and change . Papers are invited addressing these problems in the context of agrometeorological applications in `` atmosphere '' as an actual and important contribution to the state of the art .

negative: Carbon dioxide equivalent Carbon dioxide equivalent ( CDE ) and equivalent carbon dioxide ( e and eq ) are two related but distinct measures for describing how much global warming a given type and amount of greenhouse gas may cause , using the functionally equivalent amount or concentration of carbon dioxide as the reference .

negative: Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage ( BECCS ) is a future greenhouse gas mitigation technology which produces negative carbon dioxide emissions by combining bioenergy ( energy from biomass ) use with geologic carbon capture and storage . The concept of BECCS is drawn from the integration of trees and crops , which extract carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) from the atmosphere as they grow , the use of this biomass in processing industries or power plants , and the application of carbon capture and storage via CO2 injection into geological formations . There are other non-BECCS forms of carbon dioxide removal and storage that include technologies such as biochar , carbon dioxide air capture and biomass burial .   According to a recent Biorecro report , there is 550 000 tonnes CO2/year in total BECCS capacity currently operating , divided between three different facilities ( as of January 2012 ) .   In the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , BECCS was indicated as a key technology for reaching low carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration targets . The negative emissions that can be produced by BECCS has been estimated by the Royal Society to be equivalent to a 50 to 150 ppm decrease in global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and according to the International Energy Agency , the BLUE map climate change mitigation scenario calls for more than 2 gigatonnes of negative CO2 emissions per year with BECCS in 2050 . According to Stanford University , 10 gigatonnes is achievable by this date .   The Imperial College London , the UK Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research , the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research , the Walker Institute for Climate System Research , and the Grantham Institute for Climate Change issued a joint report on carbon dioxide removal technologies as part of the AVOID : Avoiding dangerous climate change research program , stating that `` Overall , of the technologies studied in this report , BECCS has the greatest maturity and there are no major practical barriers to its introduction into today 's energy system . The presence of a primary product will support early deployment . ''   According to the OECD , `` Achieving lower concentration targets ( 450 ppm ) depends significantly on the use of BECCS '' .

negative: Scott Denning A. Scott Denning is a climate scientist and professor of atmospheric science at Colorado State University , whose faculty he joined in 1998 . He is known for his research into atmosphere-biosphere interactions and atmospheric carbon dioxide . He firmly supports action to avoid dangerous climate change and has said that the science behind it is `` settled '' . He has also argued that , if no action is taken on the matter , global warming could cause the climate of Colorado to resemble the current climate of its neighbors to the south , such as southern New Mexico , Texas and Mexico .

negative: Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change The Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization based in Tempe , Arizona . The Center produces a weekly online science newsletter called CO2Science .   The Center was founded and is run by Craig D. Idso , along with Sherwood B. Idso , his father , and Keith E. Idso , his brother . They came from backgrounds in agriculture and climate . According to the Idsos , they became involved in the global warming controversy through their study of earth 's temperature sensitivity to radiative perturbations and plant responses to elevated CO2 levels and carbon sequestration . The Center sharply disputes the consensus scientific opinion on climate change shown in IPCC assessment reports , and believes that global warming will be beneficial to mankind .

negative: Robert O. Mendelsohn Robert O. Mendelsohn ( born 1952 in New York City ) is an American environmental economist . He is currently the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University , Professor of Economics in Economics Department at Yale University and Professor in the School of Management at Yale University.Professor Mendelsohn is a major figure in the economics of global warming , being for example a contributor to the first Copenhagen Consensus report . Mendelsohn received a BA in economics from Harvard University in 1973 and obtained his Ph.D. in economics from Yale University in 1978 .   Professor Mendelsohn has written over one hundred peer-reviewed articles and edited six books . The focus of his research has been the valuation of the environment . He has developed methods to value natural ecosystems including coral reefs , old-growth forests , non-timber forest products , ecotourism , and outdoor recreation . He has also developed methods to value pollution including emissions of criteria pollutants ( such as particulates and sulfur dioxide ) and hazardous waste sites . His most recent work values the impacts of greenhouse gases , including the effects of climate change on agriculture , forests , water resources , energy , and coasts . This research carefully integrates adaptation into impact assessment and has recently been extended to developing countries around the world . He has also been involved in studies of nonrenewable resources , forest management , and specifically carbon sequestration in forests .

negative: Simon Tett Simon Tett is a climatologist working at the University of Edinburgh . He used to work at the Hadley Centre .   His most-cited paper , is , and of it he says :   All attempts at detecting and attributing climate change signals need a reliable observed data set and simulations with mechanisms that drive climate change included . In a nutshell , this paper is important because it was the first study to investigate the effect of sulphate aerosols in a general circulation model of the climate system . The experiments simulate the climate back to 1860 ( which is when the global records of surface temperature became reliable ) ... After 1970 our model with greenhouse gases alone begins to depart significantly from the observations . However , when we included sulphate aerosols , which have a cooling effect , the model agreed with the data from the 1930s and onwards . The rapid warming that has taken place since 1970 is , according to the model , attributable to a heating effect from greenhouse gases and a cooling effect from sulphate aerosols .

negative: Peak wheat Peak wheat is the concept that agricultural production , due to its high use of water and energy inputs , is subject to the same profile as oil and other fossil fuel production . The central tenet is that a point is reached , the `` peak '' , beyond which agricultural production plateaus and does not grow any further , and may even go into permanent decline .   Based on current supply and demand factors for agricultural commodities ( e.g. changing diets in the emerging economies , biofuels , declining acreage under irrigation , growing global population , stagnant agricultural productivity growth ) , some commentators are predicting a long-term annual production shortfall of around 2 % which , based on the highly inelastic demand curve for food crops , could lead to sustained price increases in excess of 10 % a year - sufficient to double crop prices in seven years .   According to the World Resources Institute , global per capita food production has been increasing substantially for the past several decades .

negative: Tipping points in the climate system A tipping point in the climate system is a threshold that, when exceeded, can lead to large changes in the state of the system. Potential tipping points have been identified in the physical climate system, in impacted ecosystems, and sometimes in both. For instance, feedback from the global carbon cycle is a driver for the transition between glacial and interglacial periods, with orbital forcing providing the initial trigger. Earth's geologic temperature record includes many more examples of geologically rapid transitions between different climate states.Climate tipping points are of particular interest in reference to concerns about global warming in the modern era. Possible tipping point behaviour has been identified for the global mean surface temperature by studying self-reinforcing feedbacks and the past behavior of Earth's climate system. Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.Large-scale components of the Earth system that may pass a tipping point have been referred to as tipping elements. Tipping elements are found in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, possibly causing tens of meters of sea level rise. These tipping points are not always abrupt. For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries. Some tipping elements, like the collapse of ecosystems, are irreversible.

negative: Greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet 's atmosphere warms the planet 's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere .   If a planet 's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases ( i.e. , greenhouse gases ) the atmosphere will radiate energy in all directions . Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface , warming it . The downward component of this radiation -- that is , the strength of the greenhouse effect -- will depend on the atmosphere 's temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains .   On Earth , the atmosphere is warmed by absorption of infrared thermal radiation from the underlying surface ( heated by the sun ) , absorption of shorter wavelength radiant energy from the sun , and convective heat fluxes from the surface . Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere radiate energy , some of which is directed to the surface and lower atmosphere . The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect .   Earth 's natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life . Human activities , primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests , have intensified the natural greenhouse effect , causing global warming .   The mechanism is named after a faulty analogy with the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse . The way a greenhouse retains heat is fundamentally different , as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow and retaining warm air inside the structure .

negative: Technological Innovation for Climate Change Mitigation

negative: Kenneth Hare Fredrick Kenneth Hare , ( February 5 , 1919 -- September 3 , 2002 ) was a Canadian climatologist and academic , who researched atmospheric carbon dioxide , climate change , drought , and arid zone climates and was a strong advocate for preserving the natural environment .

negative: Climate footprint The term climate footprint has emerged from the field of carbon footprinting , and refers to a measure of the full set of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) controlled under the Kyoto Protocol . A climate footprint is a more comprehensive measure of anthropogenic impact upon the climate than a carbon footprint , but is also more costly and labour-intensive to calculate .   A climate footprint is a measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , methane ( CH4 ) , nitrous oxide ( N2O ) , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , perfluorocarbons ( PFCs ) and sulphur hexafluoride ( SF6 ) emissions of a defined population , system or activity , considering all relevant sources , sinks and storage within the spatial and temporal boundary of the population , system or activity of interest . Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent ( CO2e ) using the relevant 100-year global warming potential ( GWP100 ) .

negative: Migration of marine species in the Northern Atlantic Ocean The world 's oceans are warming due to climate change . Climate change is caused by three major factors which are the greenhouse effect , variation in the sun 's energy that reaches Earth , and changes in reflectivity within Earth 's atmosphere and its surface . The greenhouse effect is caused by greenhouse gases that absorb sunlight . Energy from the sun that reaches Earth is either retained or sent into space . Greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere such as carbon dioxide , methane , and water vapor absorb energy which cause a blanketing effect that warms the earth . Aerosols such as black carbon also catalyze the warming effect as they are unreflective and absorb energy from the sun supplementing greenhouse gases in the warming effect .   These combined factors are warming the Earth 's land as well as the oceans . Many fish species possess a certain range of water temperature that they are able to tolerate which is causing species to migrate to different areas where the water temperature is livable . The warming of the Atlantic Ocean is causing many fish species to shift north towards once cooler waters so they can live within their temperature range . Tropical species are being found outside their normal range and into more northern waters causing an array of ecological , economic , and fishery management problems .

negative: Carbon monitoring Carbon monitoring refers to tracking how much carbon dioxide or methane is produced by particular activity at a particular point in time . For example , it may refer to tracking methane emissions from agriculture , or carbon dioxide emissions from land use changes , such as deforestation , or from burning fossil fuels , whether in a power plant , automobile , or other device . Because carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas emitted in the largest quantities , and methane is an even more potent greenhouse gas , monitoring carbon emissions is widely seen as crucial to any effort to reduce emissions and thereby slow climate change . Monitoring carbon emissions is key to the cap-and-trade program currently being used in Europe , as well as the one in California , and will be necessary for any such program in the future , like the Paris Agreement . The lack of reliable sources of consistent data on carbon emissions is a significant barrier to efforts to reduce emissions .

negative: Cicer Cicer is a genus of the legume family Fabaceae and the only genus found in tribe Cicereae . Its native distribution is across the Middle East and Asia . Its best-known and only domesticated member is Cicer arietinum ; this species includes the chickpea , also known as garbanzo bean .   Possibilities of More Domesticated Species of the Cicer genus in the Future   Currently , the only domesticated species of the Cicer genus is Cicer arietinum , commonly known as the chickpea . The chickpea is a staple food source that is used in a large number of Middle eastern households and is becoming increasingly more common among households around the world . In the coming years , it will become more difficult to feed the growing population of the world , and in anticipation of this crisis , many researchers are trying to find new sources of food from undomesticated species of plants . The hope is that through research , domestication , and crop improvement , plants that were previously inedible can become a major source of food .   The wild progenitor of the chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) is Cicer reticulatum . Since the chickpea has descended from this wild plant , there is a possibility that this wild progenitor can offer other forms of edible chickpeas after domestication . In wild chickpea ( Cicer reticulatum ) , a considerable proportion of the mature pods remain intact , and this characteristic leads to the species being described as preadapted to domestication . This essentially means that the function of one of its traits can change , or evolve , as the progenitor is domesticated . This implies that traits such as texture , size , and most importantly , nutritional content can be adjusted in this species . Domesticated chickpea is considered vernalization insensitive ( it can flower at all times of the year ) , whereas wild Cicer reticulatum shows a considerable flowering advance ( of up to 30 days ) in response to vernalization -- which means that the plant would have to grow in areas where it is exposed to a prolonged period of cold before it can properly grow .   Although there is promise for some kind of domestication process to allow for and create new sources of food through Cicer reticulatum , there are several issues that make domestication of this wild species quite difficult . The first of these problems is that Cicer reticulatum may offer only limited adaptive allelic variation for improving the chickpea crop . Also , the narrow range of the Cicer reticulatum suggests that the prospects for improving the adaptive range of domesticated chickpea are quite limited . The patchy distribution of the wild plant , the small number of seeds produced per plant , and the relatively low allelic variation within populations ( of the wild progenitor ) makes germplasm conservation ( conservation of seeds or tissues , otherwise known as the living genetic resources of plants ) a bit difficult .   When tried in the past , chickpea breeding has faced problems because of the lack of genetic diversity . This has caused limitations in efforts to improve resistance to diseases such as Ascochyta blight and Fusarium wilt . There have also been problems such as insects susceptible to breaking through the chickpea pods and limitations in increasing tolerance to abiotic stresses such as terminal drought and extreme temperatures . To fix these limitations , the introduction of alleles controlling the traits of interest from wild germplasm is essential in order to increase the genetic diversity of cultivated chickpeas . Currently , the chickpea 's immediate ancestor , Cicer reticulatum , and its interfertile sister species Cicer echinospermum , are the main sources of new variation . Introgression is still possible from the more distantly related gene pools , but more research has to be done on this possibility . But the narrow variation of the wild progenitor ( Cicer reticulatum ) of the chickpea and the limited number of Cicer reticulatum accessions have caused a need to look for desired alleles in other more distantly related Cicer species   Resistances of Various Cicer perennials and Potential for Plant Improvement   Cicer perennials harbor great resistances in particular environments in comparison to the resistances of other herbaceous species . Although some Cicer perennials are difficult to harvest , there have been studies to improve the germination of particular species . Various studies highlight the specific resistances and improvements in fitness of particular Cicer perennial species . For example , one way in which Cicer canariense , a perennial species , was able to improve its fitness is by the help of scientific experimentation .   Cicer canariense , a perennial species , has a lowered field emergence due to a hard seed coats . However , various methods such as chemical scarification with concentrated sulphuric acid as well as hot water treatment can be used to improve germination . In one particular study , physical dormancy was overcome most effectively by mechanical scarification and sulphur immersion . More studies regarding crop development could introduce this species as a potential food source .   Another perennial species , Cicer anatolicum , resists ascochyta blight superior to the cultivated chickpea . Access to this resistance is barred due to hybridization barriers . A detailed study on endogenous hormones showed that interspecific hybrid production could occur if hormone profiles between the cultivated chickpea and the perennial are synchronized . Further experimentation on hormone profiles could open up hybridization barriers between the modern chickpea and Cicer anatolicum . Another barricade that could be overcome is the inability to cultivate specific Cicer perennials in different parts of the world .  Many Cicer perennials and annual plants grow in different environments . So far , none of the perennial Cicer species have been grown successfully in a tropical or subtropical setting in which annual Cicer species grow . If the pollen of perennial species can be preserved for use in the different parts of the world in which annual species grow , then crossability techniques can be performed more effectively . This difficulty in use of the perennial germplasm can be resolved by transshipping viable pollen across the ocean . If this issue were to be resolved , more Cicer perennials could be planted in various portions of the world .   Another constraint that affects the Cicer species is Helicoverpa armigera . The bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is one of the biggest problems for a chickpea 's survival . Host plant resistance is an effective method to resolve these pests . The study found that perennials such as Cicer canariense and Cicer microphyllum have high resistance to Helicoverpa armigera compared to Cicer judaicum , an annual plant . More experimentation on cross-breeding could give clues on the genetic origin of the proteins responsible for this resistance . Drought resistance is another opposition to overcome for many Cicer perennials .   About 90 % of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) in the world is grown with very little rainfall and where drought is a significant constraint to growth . This study assessed the resistance of drought of many perennials compared to annuals . When tested , the perennial wild Cicer species recovered after wilting and drying out and also tolerated high temperatures . Of all the perennials tested crossbreeding with Cicer anatolicum should be tested because of its close genetic affinities to the annual species .   These resistances and improvements in the Cicer perennial genome can be a potential reservoir of knowledge for the exploration of the genes that contribute to the perennials ' traits . Drought and pest resistance along with scientific improvements in crop development play a huge role in the evolution of many Cicer perennials . Further studies of genetic exchange and crossbreeding between Cicer perennials could potentially benefit the traits of contemporary food-bearing crops and provide extensive knowledge for innovation .

negative: Climate change in the United States Because of global warming , there has been concern in the United States and internationally , that the country should reduce total greenhouse gas which is relatively high per capita .   In 2012 , the United States experienced its warmest year on record . , the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998 , transcending those from 1880 .   From 1950 to 2009 , the American government 's surface temperature record shows an increase by 1 F-change , approximately . Global warming has caused many changes in the U.S. . According to a 2009 statement by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , trends include lake and river ice melting earlier in the spring , plants blooming earlier , multiple animal species shifting their habitat ranges northward , and reductions in the size of glaciers .   Predicting future climate changes are fraught with difficulty . Some research has warned against possible problems due to American climate changes such as the spread of invasive species and possibilities of floods as well as droughts . Changes in climate in the regions of the United States appear significant . Drought conditions appear to be worsening in the southwest while improving in the northeast for example .   President Barack Obama committed in the December 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Summit to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the range of 17 % below 2005 levels by 2020 , 42 % below 2005 levels by 2030 , and 83 % below 2005 levels by 2050 . In an address towards the U.S. Congress in June 2013 , Obama detailed a specific action plan to achieve the 17 % carbon emissions cut from 2005 by 2020 . He included such measures as shifting from coal-based power generation to solar and natural gas production .   Climate change is seen as a national security threat to the United States .   In 2015 , according to The New York Times and others , oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause global warming since the 1970s but , nonetheless , funded deniers for years .   2016 was an historic year for billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in U.S.

negative: Endophyte An endophyte is an endosymbiont , often a bacterium or fungus , that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease . Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date ; however , most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood . Some endophytes may enhance host growth , nutrient acquisition and may improve the plant 's ability to tolerate abiotic stresses , such as drought , and enhance resistance to insects , plant pathogens and herbivores . As often with other organisms associated with plants such as mycorrhizal fungus , endophytes gain carbon from their association with the plant host .

negative: Journal for Geoclimatic Studies The Journal for Geoclimatic Studies is the name given to a nonexistent journal which published a fabricated global warming study in November 2007 entitled , `` Carbon dioxide production by benthic bacteria : the death of manmade global warming theory ? '' The published study identified the Journal for Geoclimatic Studies as an official publication of Okinawa University 's Institute for Geoclimatic Studies ( The Institute for Geoclimatic Studies is also fraudulent and does not exist ) . The spurious study , ostensibly authored by Daniel Klein and Mandeep J. Gupta of the University of Arizona 's Department of Climatology , and Philip Cooper and Arne FR Jansson at the University of Gothenburg 's Department of Atmospheric Physics , claimed that global warming was not human caused , but the work of carbon-dioxide emitting bacteria based on the ocean floor .   The report was circulated by a number of global warming skeptics before discovery that the study authors and university departments identified in the publication did not exist . The website where the study was published was taken down once the deception was revealed , and its ownership was traced to David Thorpe , a science journalist and web designer based in the United Kingdom . The true author of the article is purportedly a man identifying himself as Mark Cox , who has claimed the hoax was designed to expose the gullibility and scientific illiteracy of global warming skeptics .

negative: Carbon rift Carbon rift is a theory attributing the input and output of carbon into the environment to human capitalistic systems . This is a derivative of Karl Marx 's concept of metabolic rift . In practical terms , increased commodity production demands that greater levels of carbon dioxide ( or CO2 ) be emitted into the biosphere via fossil fuel consumption . Carbon rift theory states that this ultimately disrupts the natural carbon cycle and that this `` rift '' has adverse effects on nearly every aspect of life . Many of the specifics regarding how this metabolic carbon rift interacts with capitalism are proposed by Brett Clark and Richard York in a 2005 article titled `` Carbon Metabolism : Global capitalism , climate change , and the biospheric rift '' in the journal Theory and Society . Researchers such as Jean P. Sapinski of the University of Oregon claim that , despite increased interest in closing the carbon rift , it is projected that as long as capitalism continues , there is little hope of reducing the rift .   Both deforestation and the emission of greenhouse gases have been linked to increased atmospheric CO2 levels . Carbon rift theory states that these are the result of human production through capitalistic systems . There are proposed solutions to climate change such as geoengineering proposed in the December 2015 Paris Agreement . However , some argue that the capitalist mode of production is at fault for the emission of greenhouse gas and that solutions must be found to this issue before climate change itself can be addressed .   Carbon rift theory , while rarely criticized directly , often indirectly receives criticism regarding the underlying causes of climate change and attributing the stated effects to alternative explanations for climate change , instead of as a result of human activity . Such explanations include the Chaotic Solar System Theory and that increased water vapor is responsible for climate change .


query: The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”

positive: Economy of Venezuela The economy of Venezuela is largely based on the petroleum sector and manufacturing . Revenue from petroleum exports accounts for more than 50 % of the country 's GDP and roughly 95 % of total exports . Venezuela is the sixth largest member of OPEC by oil production . From the 1950s to the early 1980s the Venezuelan economy experienced a steady growth that attracted many immigrants , with the nation enjoying the highest standard of living in Latin America . During the collapse of oil prices in the 1980s the economy contracted , the monetary sign commenced a progressive devaluation , and inflation skyrocketed to reach peaks of 84 % in 1989 and 99 % in 1996 , three years prior to Hugo Chávez taking office .   Venezuela manufactures and exports heavy industry products such as steel , aluminium and cement , with production concentrated around Ciudad Guayana , near the Guri Dam , one of the largest in the world and the provider of about three-quarters of Venezuela 's electricity . Other notable manufacturing includes electronics and automobiles , as well as beverages , and foodstuffs . Agriculture in Venezuela accounts for approximately 3 % of GDP , 10 % of the labor force , and at least one-fourth of Venezuela 's land area . Venezuela exports rice , corn , fish , tropical fruit , coffee , pork , and beef . The country is not self-sufficient in most areas of agriculture .   In spite of strained relations between the two countries , the United States has been Venezuela 's most important trading partner . U.S. exports to Venezuela have included machinery , agricultural products , medical instruments , and cars . Venezuela is one of the top four suppliers of foreign oil to the United States . About 500 U.S. companies are represented in Venezuela . According to Central Bank of Venezuela , the government received from 1998 to 2008 around 325 billion USD through oil production and export in general , and according to the International Energy Agency , to August 2015 has production of 2.4 million barrels per day , 500,000 of which go to the United States of America .   Since Hugo Chávez 's `` socialist revolution '' half-dismantled its PDVSA oil giant corporation in 2002 by firing most of its 20,000-strong dissident professional human capital , and imposed stringent currency controls in 2003 in an attempt to prevent capital flight , there has been a steady decline in oil production and exports and a series of stern currency devaluations , disrupting the economy . Further yet , price controls , expropriation of numerous farmlands and various industries , among other disputable government policies including a near-total freeze on any access to foreign currency at reasonable `` official '' exchange rates , have resulted in severe shortages in Venezuela and steep price rises of all common goods , including food , water , household products , spare parts , tools and medical supplies ; forcing many manufacturers to either cut production or close down , with many ultimately abandoning the country , as has been the case with several technological firms and most automobile makers . In 2015 , Venezuela had over 100 % inflation -- the highest in the world and the highest in the country 's history at that time . The rate increased to nearly 500 % by the end of 2016 with Venezuela spiraling into hyperinflation while the population poverty rate was between 76 % to 80 % according to independent sources .

positive: Technological and industrial history of China The technological and industrial history of China is extremely varied , and extensive . China 's industrial sector has shown great progress using most of its technology from the 1950s .

positive: Mineral industry of Africa The mineral industry of Africa is the largest mineral industries in the world . Africa is the second largest continent , with 30 million km ² of land , which implies large quantities of resources . For many African countries , mineral exploration and production constitute significant parts of their economies and remain keys to economic growth . Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of bauxite , cobalt , industrial diamond , phosphate rock , platinum-group metals ( PGM ) , vermiculite , and zirconium . Gold mining is Africa 's main mining resource .   The Central African Mining and Exploration Company ( CAMEC ) , one of Africa 's primary mining enterprises , is criticized for its unregulated environmental impact and minimal social stewardship . In the spring of 2009 , retired British cricket player Phil Edmonds ' assets were seized by the United Kingdom 's government due to CAMEC 's illicit association with self-appointed Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe .  CAMEC recently sold 95.4 % of its shares to the Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation . It is under restructuring and is no longer trading under the CAMEC brand .   African mineral reserves rank first or second for bauxite , cobalt , diamonds , phosphate rocks , platinum-group metals ( PGM ) , vermiculite and zirconium . Many other minerals are present in quantity . The 2012 share of world production from African soil was bauxite 7 % ; aluminium 5 % ; chromite 38 % ; cobalt 60 % ; copper 9 % ; gold 20 % ; iron ore 2 % ; steel 1 % ; lead ( Pb ) 2 % ; manganese 38 % ; zinc 1 % ; cement 4 % ; natural diamond 56 % ; graphite 2 % ; phosphate rock 21 % ; coal 4 % ; mineral fuels ( including coal ) & petroleum 12 % ; uranium 18 % .

negative: Mersbrass Valves manufacturer - China Yuhuan Mersbrass Co. , Ltd is a manufacturer of various brass ball valve , check valve , floor drain and various kinds of copper fitting etc. . Their products are used in a wide range of industry , such as , petroleum , chemical industry , metallurgical industry , chemical fibre , urban construction , power industry and cement .   The company has an accredited IS09001 certificate of quality system .

negative: Mining in Mauritania Mauritania 's mineral sector was dominated by iron ore mining and beneficiation . Other mineral commodities produced in the country included cement , copper , gold , gypsum , petroleum , salt , and steel . The Ministère des Mines et de l'Industrie was the Government agency responsible for enacting the Mining Code and for the coordination of all activities in the mining sector . The Direction des Mines et de la Géologie was the entity responsible for promoting the mineral sector and for providing geologic and mining information to potential investors ; the Direction des Hydrocarbures was in charge of the development of the petroleum sector ; and the Office Mauritanien des Recherches Géologiques was the Government entity responsible for evaluating areas of mineral potential for exploration . Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière ( SNIM ) was responsible for iron ore production and benefciation .   In 2007 , the total value of exports from Mauritania was estimated to be about $ 1.5 billion . Excluding fish exports , which amounted to $ 254 million , all the main export categories were either mining or hydrocarbon products . Iron ore exports , which were valued at $ 575 million , represented about 38 % of the country 's total exports ; crude oil exports were valued at $ 339 million and accounted for 23 % ; copper exports were valued at $ 184 million and accounted for about 13 % ; and gold exports were valued at $ 59 million and accounted for 4 % of total exports .   All mineral commodity production increased during the year with the exception of crude petroleum , which decreased by about 51 % to 5487000 oilbbl compared with 11168000 oilbbl in 2006 . Cement production increased by 14.6 % to 409,513 metric tons ( t ) compared with a revised 357,239 t in 2006 . Gypsum production increased by 8.9 % ; iron ore production , by 6.8 % ; salt production , by about 35.5 % ; and  crude steel production , by about 4.2 % . The sharp increase in copper and gold production was owing to the opening of the Guelb Mohgrein Mine in late 2006 .   Mining , which was one of the country 's most important sectors to the national economy , contributed about 12 % of the gross domestic product ( GDP ) and represented more than one-half of the country 's export earnings in 2005 . according to the Ministère des Mines et de l'industrie ( MMi ) , the development , diversification , and promotion of the mining sector have become the government 's priority in recent years . the number of foreign companies applying for prospecting licenses was increasing , and projects were at various stages ranging from grassroots exploration to mine development .

negative: Showa Steel Works The was a Japanese government-sponsored steel mill that was one of the showpieces of the industrialization program for Manchukuo in the late 1930s .   Shōwa Steel Works began as the Anshan Iron & Steel Works , a subsidiary of the South Manchurian Railway Company in 1918 . The city of Anshan in Liaoning was chosen for its proximity to the Takushan iron ore deposits and rail works at Mukden . The company used low grade iron ; in 1934 it mined 950,000 tonnes . In 1933 , after a reorganization , it was renamed the Shōwa Steel Works .   Shōwa Steel produced pig iron and steel , and the steel mill was soon surrounded by a large industrial complex of other factories to produce a variety of metal products . Sumitomo Steel Pipe established a plant to produce steel pipes , and Manchurian Roll Manufacturing Company to produce steel mill rolls . To feed the furnaces , coal mines were established at Fushun , 35 kilometers to the east , which also led to electric power plants , coal liquefaction plants , cement works , brick kilns . By the end of the 1930s , there were over 780 Japanese industrial plants in Fengtian province .   In 1937 , under the direction of the Kwangtung Army , Japanese industrialist Yoshisuke Aikawa organized a holding company called the Manshu Jukogyo Kaihatsu KK ( `` Mangyō '' ) , a Manchukuo zaibatsu with major shareholdings in the South Manchuria Railway , co-owned by Nissan and Manchukuo . The new zaibatsu invested heavily in Shōwa Steel , and took a controlling interest .   As part of the new business plan , Shōwa Steel licensed the Krupp-Renn process from German steel makers , and sent people to Germany for training from September 1937 . Equipment received from Krupp was installed by 1939 , greatly increasing production efficiencies .   Total production of processed iron in Manchuria reached 1,000,000 tonnes in 1931-32 , of which almost half was made by Shōwa Steel ; iron production grew to 7,000,000 of tonnes in 1938 . In 1941 , Shōwa Steel Works had a total capacity production of 1,750,000 tonnes of iron bars and 1,000,000 tonnes of processed steel . By 1942 , Shōwa Steel Works total production capacity reached 3,600,000 tonnes , making it one of the major iron and steel centers in the world .   It was therefore of strategic importance in the Pacific War , and was subject to constant attack by B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers of the USAAF . Japanese Army detached the 1st Chutai ( unit ) of 104th Sentai ( squadron ) of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force , to Anshan , with other air squadrons for industrial defense purposes . Although this unit was equipped with modern Nakajima Ki-84 Ia ( Manshu Type ) `` Hayate '' Frank fighters , manufactured by Manshūkoku Hikōki Seizo KK , the plant suffered heavy damage from the air raids , losing up to 30 % of its capacity .   After the end of the war , Soviet Red Army forces dismantled anything that was left of Shōwa Steel Works and shipped it to the Soviet Union . The Chinese communists then occupied the ruins , and rebuilt the factory into the Anshan Iron & Steel Works , which remains one of the major steel producing plants in modern China .   As a side note , on one of the B-29 missions , an aircraft commanded by Captain Howard Jarrel suffered engine damage through a Japanese antiaircraft burst over the Anshan target zone . Rather than crash-land in Japanese-held territory , he decided to land in Vladivostok , two hours to the northeast , in the Soviet Far East . As the Soviet Union was still neutral in the Pacific War , when the bomber landed , all crewmen were immediately arrested and the aircraft confiscated . This incident led to the development of the Soviet Tu-4 `` Bull '' bomber , a reverse-engineered copy of the B-29 .

negative: Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist) Benjamin Franklin Jones , Sr. ( August 8 , 1824 -- May 19 , 1903 ) was a pioneer of the iron and steel industry in Pittsburgh . Originally involved in the river barge industry , he purchased a share in American Iron Works in 1851 , along with Bernard Lauth . He later joined with James H. Laughlin to form Jones and Laughlin Steel Company , a steel mill heavily dependent on river transportation . The B.F. Jones Memorial Library in Aliquippa Pennsylvania , the site of J&L Steel 's Aliquippa Works , was built in his honor with funds donated by his daughter .

negative: History of the petroleum industry in Canada (natural gas liquids) Canada 's natural gas liquids industry dates back to the discovery of wet natural gas at Turner Valley , Alberta in 1914 . The gas was less important than the natural gasoline - `` skunk gas '' it was called , because of its distinctive odour - that early producers extracted from it . That natural gas liquid ( NGL ) could be poured directly into an automobile 's fuel tank .   As the natural gas industry grew with pipeline construction in the 1950s , many companies - Imperial , British American ( B/A ; later Gulf Canada ) and Shell , for example - constructed plants in Alberta to process newly discovered natural gas so it could be made pipeline-ready . Many of these plants extracted NGLs from natural gas as part of natural gas processing .   For NGLs to become a major business , however , took the efforts of large and imaginative players , plus the development of a much larger gas supply from which to extract these light hydrocarbons . Conditions were right in the 1960s , and the two companies that took advantage of the opportunity were Amoco Corporation and Dome Petroleum , neither of which is any longer in existence . Amoco took over Dome after the company essentially went bankrupt in 1988 , and BP took over Amoco in a friendly merger ten years later . Here is the story of how those two companies developed key components of the infrastructure for this vital niche industry .   Headquarters for Amoco Corporation were in Chicago , because that city is close to Whiting , Indiana . Whiting was home of Amoco 's largest oil refinery ( and one of the largest in the world ) . In operation since 1890 , Whiting originally refined sour crude oil from the neighbouring state of Ohio . And it was Standard of Indiana 's ( Amoco 's ) most important single asset after the US Supreme Court ordered the Standard Oil Trust broken up . In its early years , Amoco was primarily a refiner and a marketer of refined products to expanding Midwestern markets . Whiting provided products that could be marketed from Chicago -- a city that was itself a large market for petroleum products .   By 1970 , Amoco had become one of the largest integrated oil corporations in the world through both acquisitions and internal growth . Besides being a large-scale refiner and distributor of refined products , it was a powerful force in petrochemicals , oil and gas exploration and production , pipelines , and in the marketing of crude oil , natural gas and natural gas liquids ( NGLs ) .   The corporation was growing globally , but it was heavily focused in North America . And though its oil and gas activity was concentrated in the US southwest and in western Canada , its marketing presence was strongest in middle America . From its Chicago base , the corporation had unrivalled intelligence about hydrocarbon demand in the US Midwest .


query: When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend

positive: Hockey stick controversy In the hockey stick controversy , the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed . Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries , and the name `` hockey stick graph '' was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures . These graphs were publicised to explain the scientific findings of climatology , and in addition to scientific debate over the reconstructions , they have been the topic of political dispute . The issue is part of the global warming controversy and has been one focus of political responses to reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards , and found indications that recent warming was exceptional . The reconstruction introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large-scale reconstructions , and its findings were disputed by Patrick Michaels at the United States House Committee on Science .   In 1998 , Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 . In ( MBH99 ) the methodology was extended back to 1000 . The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry D. Mahlman , to describe the pattern this showed , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' , followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the `` blade '' .  A version of this graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , along with four other reconstructions supporting the same conclusion . The graph was publicised , and became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th-century warmth was exceptional .   Those disputing the graph included Pat Michaels , the George C. Marshall Institute and Fred Singer . A paper by Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas claiming greater medieval warmth was used by the Bush administration chief of staff Philip Cooney to justify altering the first Environmental Protection Agency Report on the Environment . The paper was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy , but on July 28 , Republican Jim Inhofe spoke in the Senate citing it to claim `` that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people '' .   Later in 2003 , a paper by Steve McIntyre and Ross McKitrick disputing the data used in MBH98 paper was publicised by the George C. Marshall Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute . In 2004 , Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 , McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal component analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . The analysis therein was subsequently disputed by published papers , including and , which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . In June 2005 , Rep. Joe Barton launched what Sherwood Boehlert , chairman of the House Science Committee , called a `` misguided and illegitimate investigation '' into the data , methods and personal information of Mann , Bradley and Hughes . At Boehlert 's request , a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council was set up , which reported in 2006 , supporting Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result . Barton and U.S. Rep. Ed Whitfield requested Edward Wegman to set up a team of statisticians to investigate , and they supported McIntyre and McKitrick 's view that there were statistical failings , although they did not quantify whether there was any significant effect . They also produced an extensive network analysis which has been discredited by expert opinion and found to have issues of plagiarism . Arguments against the MBH studies were reintroduced as part of the Climatic Research Unit email controversy , but dismissed by eight independent investigations .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Over a dozen subsequent reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

positive: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: Ulimang The village of Ulimang is where the Ngaraard State Office ( Ngaraard Branch ) is located . Note : Another state office branch is located in Meketii , Koror . Ngaraard Elementary school is located here .  Ulimang 's coast is an orange , sandy beach , and a small , high dock reaching out into the ocean . There is a large , red , public resting house near the dock .  The villages of Ngesang in Elab are located north of this village .  To the west is Ngebuked and to the south is Ngkeklau .   How to get to Ulimang is to go north on the compact road and when you see a sign that says Ngebuked , go down that road and turn right .  Keep on driving straight along the road until you see a sign that says Ngaraard Evangelical Church . When you see it , you are in Ulimang .   Category : Populated places in Palau  Category : Ngaraard

negative: Thomas A. Watson Thomas Augustus Watson ( January 18 , 1854 -- December 13 , 1934 ) was an assistant to Alexander Graham Bell , notably in the invention of the telephone in 1876 . He is best known because , as the recipient of the first telephone call -- although coming from just the next room -- his name became the first words ever said over the phone . `` Mr. Watson -- Come here -- I want to see you , ''  Bell said when first using the new invention , according to Bell 's laboratory notebook . There is some dispute about the actual words used , as Thomas Watson , in his own voice , remembered it as `` Mr. Watson -- Come here -- I want you , '' in a film made for Bell Labs in 1931 which is referenced below in `` The Engines of our Ingenuity . ''

negative: When Will I See You Again (disambiguation) `` When Will I See You Again '' is a 1974 song by American soul group The Three Degrees .   When Will I See You Again may also refer to :   When Will I See You Again ( Johnny Mathis album ) , 1975  When Will I See You Again ( Thomas Anders album ) , 1993

negative: Why Can't He Be You `` Why Ca n't He Be You '' ' is a song written by Hank Cochran that was originally recorded by American country artist Patsy Cline . Although the song was not actually released as an A-side single , it did become a minor chart hit was later included on Cline 's Greatest Hits album . It has since been notably covered by Loretta Lynn and Norah Jones .

negative: Acutezza Actuezza   Pronunciation : -LSB- akuˈtettsa -RSB- N or F   Definition : Acutezza is the act or use of word play . It is also an Italian derived word . Therefore , the direct translation from Italian to English is acuteness ; shrewdness ; shrillness   Acutezza in Rhetoric   Rhetors most commonly use word play to give the audience a relevance to themselves and a sense of likability . Rhetors also use Acutezza to mask an unpleasant sounding phrase as a means of persuasion . At times Acutezza can seem clever or witty as if the Rhetor is trying to `` pull one over '' on the audience similar to an enthymeme , which can be the case , but more often than not the speaker is only trying to make his case sound better and as positive as possible . However , in addition to speech , Acutezza can be seen visually as well . This is done through positioning the words in a certain manner on a page to reflect the actual content of the sentence or phrase . If you look to the picture on the left you see an example of physical word play in the Stinky Cheese Man . Notice how the words shrink on the page as you read about a giant talking to a small person . The reader becomes both physically and mentally persuaded through looking at the poem and understanding the content .

negative: When You See Me You Know Me When You See Me You Know Me is an early Jacobean history play about Henry VIII , written by Samuel Rowley and first published in 1605 .   The play was acted by Prince Henry 's Men , the company to which Rowley belonged through most of his acting career , and premiered most likely in 1604 at the Fortune Theatre . The play was entered into the Stationers ' Register on 12 Feb. 1605 ; the quarto that followed was published by the bookseller Nathaniel Butter .   Rowley 's play has been cited as a `` probable source '' for Shakespeare 's and Fletcher 's Henry VIII . The second quarto edition of When You See Me was issued in 1613 , the year in which Henry VIII was performed . Subsequent quartos of When You See Me appeared in 1621 and 1632 .   Inevitably , Rowley had to take a selective approach to the vast subject of Henry VIII 's biography ; he chose to emphasize the King 's conflict with Cardinal Wolsey and the birth and early education of Edward VI . Rowley 's approach is loose and broadly synthetic : the events depicted in the play actually spread over three decades ( 1514 -- 44 ) ; Wolsey is still alive at the end of the play , though he should have been long dead . The young Edward is depicted as an incipient hero of Protestantism , defending his sister Elizabeth and Thomas Cranmer when they are accused of treason .   Rowley also shows the King going out in disguise to mingle with his subjects , as in the legends surrounding Harun al-Rashid and similar figures . Henry is even shown getting into brawls and being arrested . Comic relief is provided by scenes of the King with his jester Will Summers .   Scholars have noted links between When You See Me and the `` B text '' or 1616 version of Marlowe 's Doctor Faustus . The Diary of Philip Henslowe records a payment to Rowley for additions to Marlowe 's play in Nov. 1602 . The common features between When You See Me and Faustus have been employed in an effort to trace Rowley 's contribution to the B text .

negative: Hang You Up `` Hang You Up '' is the second single from Yellowcard 's seventh album When You 're Through Thinking , Say Yes , released on February 22 , 2011 , on iTunes . The song was originally written by lead singer Ryan Key for the side project Big If , a project he was involved in between 2008 -- 2010 , while Yellowcard was on a hiatus .

negative: I Need You Now I Need You Now may refer to :   I Need You Now ( album ) , a 2002 album by Smokie Norful  `` I Need You Now '' ( 1954 song ) , a song written by Al Jacobs and Jimmie Crane  `` I Need You Now '' ( Agnes song ) , a 2009 song by Agnes Carlsson  '' ( I Need You Now ) More Than Words Can Say '' , a 1990 song by Alias

negative: If You See Her If You See Her is the fifth studio album by country music duo Brooks & Dunn , released in 1998 on Arista Nashville . The album featured five chart singles : `` If You See Him/If You See Her '' ( # 1 ) , `` How Long Gone '' ( # 1 ) , `` Husbands and Wives '' ( a cover of a Roger Miller song ) ( # 1 ) , `` I Ca n't Get Over You '' ( # 5 ) , and `` South of Santa Fe '' ( # 41 ) . This last song was the first ( and only ) single of Brooks & Dunn 's career to miss Top 40 entirely , and was the last single to feature Kix Brooks on lead vocals instead of Ronnie Dunn . The album is a counterpart to Reba McEntire 's album If You See Him ( released on the same day ) , which shared the track `` If You See Him/If You See Her '' . A bonus limited edition EP was made available when consumers bought both If You See Him and If You See Her at the same time .

negative: You Read to Me, I'll Read to You You Read to Me , I 'll Read to You : Very Short Mother Goose Tales to Read Together is the third book in the You Read to Me , I 'll Read to You series . It is written by Mary Ann Hoberman and illustrated by Michael Emberley .

negative: She's No You `` She 's No You '' is the second single in Jesse McCartney 's debut album , Beautiful Soul . The single was released in 2005 . McCartney , who co-wrote the song , says he was in a caffeine `` buzz '' when he wrote it , hence the fast pace it has . The radio edit was packaged into the 2006 Hannah Montana soundtrack CD .

negative: Now You See Me, Now You Don't Now You See Me , Now You Do n't may refer to :   `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' ( Pee-wee 's Playhouse ) , a 1986 episode of Pee-wee 's Playhouse  '' ( Now You See Me ) Now You Do n't '' , a song on Lee Ann Womack 's 1998 album Some Things I Know  Now You See Me , Now You Do n't ( album ) , a 1982 album by Cliff Richard and title-track of the album  `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' , a 2008 episode of America 's Next Top Model , Cycle 11  `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' , a 2013 episode in the fourth season of Pretty Little Liars  Now You See Me , Now You Do n't , a 1975 education film by Densey Clyne  Now You See Me , Now You Do n't , a 1994 film with Anthony Wong

negative: Zikzak Zikzak was an alternative pop music duo featuring San Francisco based singer-songwriter Todd Stadtman and multi-instrumentalist/arranger David Rubinstein . The pair released one full-length album - 2000 's See You There - and one seven inch single , both on the Bitter Records imprint , before disbanding in 2001 . AllMusic gave See You There 3/5 stars , comparing Stadtman 's voice to Morrissey , and praising tracks including `` You Say That Love Is Everything '' , `` Halfway Down '' , and `` Everything There Is to Have '' .

negative: When Did You Last See Your Money? When Did You Last See Your Money ? is the ninth episode of the fifth series of the British comedy series Dad 's Army that was originally transmitted on 1 December 1972 .

negative: You, John Jones! You , John Jones ! ( 1943 ) is a short film directed by Mervyn LeRoy , written by Carey Wilson , and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , and starring James Cagney , Ann Sothern , and Margaret O'Brien . The film credits the War Activities Committee of the Motion Picture Industry for its production . The title frame also says `` Produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as their contribution to United Nations Week '' .

negative: Stalingrad: Dogs, Do You Want to Live Forever? Stalingrad : Dogs , Do You Want to Live Forever ? ( German : Hunde , wollt ihr ewig leben ) is an 1959 West-German film , directed by Frank Wisbar and based on the eponymous novel by Fritz Wöss . The movie revolves around the Battle of Stalingrad . The title is drawn from Friedrich the Great 's words when he saw his soldiers fleeing at Kolin : `` You cursed rascals , do you want to live forever ? ''

negative: What Do You Say What Do You Say may refer to :  `` What Do You Say '' ( Reba McEntire song )  `` What Do You Say '' ( Filter song )

negative: Jules et Jim (band) Jules et Jim is a trip hop / drum and bass band consisting of Jean-Marc Lederman ( of The Weathermen ) and Julianne Regan ( of All About Eve ) . A 1999 press release describing their music reads : `` While their sound is eerie , the vocal 's in your face . When the voice whispers , the music slashes like a flick-knife . It 's warm but chilled , it 's groovy while discreet , it 's a night record you wan na hear when the sun comes up . ''

negative: Say You'll Be Mine (Amy Grant song) For the single by Steps , see Say You 'll Be Mine ( Steps song )   `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' is a 1994 single by Christian music singer Amy Grant . It was released as the second single from the House of Love album in the United Kingdom . However , unlike the previous singles from House of Love , `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' was not released in the United States . On her 2004 DVD release , Greatest Videos 1986-2004 , Grant revealed that `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' was planned as a U.S. single but the label pulled its release at the last minute . It performed better in the UK than its three predecessors , reaching # 41 .

negative: Salamat Salamat is the word for `` Thank You '' in many Filipino languages , including Malaysia , Tagalog , Cebuano , and Hiligaynon . It most likely comes from the triliteral Semitic root S-L-M , due to Arab influence . In its Arabic form سلامات , it is also used as a greeting in many Arabic cultures .  Arabs use this word informally to say `` wish you feel better soon '' .

negative: Tom Harris (botanist) Professor Tom Harris was a distinguished paleobotanist and keen gardener .   Tom Harris was an academic at the University of Reading who was Head of the Department of Botany .   Harris supervised William Chaloner ( botanist ) and Winifred Pennington , both later professors of botany .   Tom Harris would say to students : `` If you 're not prepared to die for botany , you 'd better be prepared to kill for it ! ''   The Harris Garden , located on the University of Reading 's Whiteknights Campus , was named after him .

negative: Calypso War War is a calypso form that has existed since at least the turn of the twentieth century . Originally it was sung in patois or French creole . The classic War form is an eight-line stanza , the first four lines in a minor key , then modulating into the major , and returning to the minor with the refrain `` santimanite '' ( `` sans humanité '' in patois , in English `` without humanity '' ) .   The object of War is to promote the calypsonian and defeat his competitors .   A War verse by Growling Tiger :   When I was a child at the age of five  And my dear old grandfather was alive  He would sit me upon his knee  And say `` boy listen to me ''  He said `` boy I will tell you your birth '' -LSB- i.e. fortune -RSB-  `` and it is to rule over men on this earth '' .  So I 'm sorry for the molesters who mess with this Tiger  Santimantay   A War verse by Mighty Terror :   If you want to see what I say is true  Just call a Jamaican singer to you  And ask him to sing extemporaneously  You will see he has n't this ability  But if you call me or Lord Kitchener  We will sing from January to December  Why ? For we are born Trinidadians and true calypsonians  Here in Great Britain

negative: When You Walk in the Room `` When You Walk in the Room '' is a song written and recorded by Jackie DeShannon , first released by her in 1963 but covered by many artists . The lyrics of the song attempt to detail the singer 's emotions when in the presence of the person he or she loves . There is also an expression of frustration by the singer that he or she can not manage to tell that person of his or her love .   DeShannon 's original version was released as a single on November 23 , 1963 . as the B-Side to `` Till You Say You 'll Be Mine '' . It was later rereleased as a single A-side in September 1964 , and later included on the album Breakin ' It Up on the Beatles Tour . The single charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States , peaking at # 99 .

negative: Don't Say You Love Me Do n't Say You Love Me may refer to :   `` Do n't Say You Love Me '' ( M2M song )  `` Do n't Say You Love Me '' ( Erasure song )  `` Do n't Say You Love Me '' , a song by The Corrs , from their album Talk on Corners  `` Do n't Say You Love Me '' , a song by Free , from their album Fire and Water  `` Do n't Say You Love Me '' , a song by Billy Squier , from his album Hear & Now

negative: Blairbuie Blairbuie is a hamlet in Coigach , Scotland . It has just 6 houses and a sheep shed . When driving past the junction which connects Blairbuie to the rest of Coigach , you see some fading writing in white paint on a rockface which reads ` Blairbuie ' ,

negative: Fossil hash Hash fossils are not actually one fossil , they are many fossils in the same rock . The term hash fossil describes the fossil formed when all the organic material in an environment falls to the ocean floor and fossilizes , hence the name `` hash '' . When you look at a hash fossil , you actually are looking at a piece of ancient seabed . In hash fossils you can usually find the pieces of corals , crinoids , bryzoans , and brachiopods . Also you can rarely find a piece of a trilobite . Hash fossils are very common , and are most easily found in limestone .

negative: Say, You Haven't Sacrificed at All! (March) `` Say , You Have n't Sacrificed at All ! ( March ) '' , also written as `` Say-You Have n't Sacrificed at All ! '' or `` Say-You Have-n ' t Sacrificed at All ! '' , is a World War I era song released in 1918 . Most sources have attributed the role of composer to Will E. Dulmage and lyricist to J. Fred Lawton , as it is credited on the sheet music cover . One source has their roles reversed , and another source claims both composed the music . The song was published by Chas E. Roat Music Co. of Battle Creek , Michigan . On the cover is a soldier with a head wound , pointing . Behind him are British , French , and American flags . It was written for both voice and piano .   The song 's lyrics conveys the message to listeners that they have n't done enough on their part to help the war effort . Only those who have actually fought in battle can say they have sacrificed for America . For those who are unable to fight , they are told they must give as much time and money as they can , because `` to loaf on Uncle Sammy is a crime . '' The chorus is as follows :  Have you had a gun up on your good right shoulder ?  Have you ever slept out in the mud ?  Have you performed your duties  among the rats and cooties ?  Have you ever shed a drop of blood for Uncle Sammy ?  Have you ever charged out there on No Man 's Land ?  Have you ever heard your captain call  Over the Top Till  you know how bullets sing  how they ring  how they sting  Say you have n't sacrificed at all   The sheet music can be found at the Library of Congress and Pritzker Military Museum & Library .

negative: Dave Franco Dave Franco ( born June 12 , 1985 ) is an American television and film actor . He began his career with small roles in films such as Superbad and Charlie St. Cloud , before making his breakthrough performance in the 2012 buddy comedy 21 Jump Street . He has also had roles in Fright Night , Now You See Me , Now You See Me 2 , Warm Bodies , Neighbors , Nerve and on the ninth season of the series Scrubs . He is the youngest of the three brothers Tom Franco and James Franco .

negative: Hold On (Badfinger song) `` Hold On '' is the third track from Badfinger 's 1981 album Say No More . Co-written by Tom Evans and Joe Tansin ( who had actually left the band prior to the recording of Say No More and was not credited on the original release ) , the track was their second to last new single ( the last being `` I Got You '' , also from Say No More ) .

negative: Say You Will (Fleetwood Mac song) `` Say You Will '' is a song from Fleetwood Mac 's 2003 album Say You Will . The song reached # 17 on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary chart in 2003 for three weeks , and was performed live on Fleetwood Mac 's Say You Will Tour . The song features vocals from American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow , bass guitarist John McVie 's daughter Molly McVie , singer Stevie Nicks ' niece Jessica Nicks and Jessica 's best friend Maddy Felsch .

negative: When Will I See You Again (Thomas Anders album) When Will I See You Again is the title of the fourth studio album by singer-songwriter & producer Thomas Anders . It was released in 1993 , and was produced by Ralf Stemmann and Christian De Walden ( Amanda Lear ) . It features a remake of The Three Degrees ' classics When Will I See You Again .  I 'll Love You Forever , The Love In Me and When Will I See You Again ( duet with The Three Degrees ) were released as singles .   Marathon Of Life was written by Ralf Stemmann for the Swedish movie `` Stockholm Marathon '' , where Anders played a small part .   I 'll Love You Forever was covered by Norwegian singer Wencke Myhre in 1994 and by Filipino trio `` Vanna Vanna '' in 1995 .

negative: Say You'll Be Mine Say You 'll Be Mine may refer to :   `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' ( Christopher Cross song ) , single by Christopher Cross from his self-titled 1980 album Christopher Cross  `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' ( Amy Grant song ) , a single by Amy Grant from her 1994 album House of Love  `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' ( Steps song ) , Side A of a Double-A side single `` Say You 'll Be Mine/Better the Devil You Know '' by Steps from their 1999 album Steptacular  `` Say You 'll be Mine '' , a 2008 song by Kitty , Daisy & Lewis