query: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

positive: Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a colorless gas with a density about 60 % higher than that of air ( 1.225 g/L ) that is odorless at normally encountered concentrations . Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms . It occurs naturally in Earth 's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent ( 400 ppm ) by volume . Natural sources include volcanoes , hot springs and geysers , and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids . Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water , it occurs naturally in groundwater , rivers and lakes , ice caps , glaciers and seawater . It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas .   As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth and its concentration in Earth 's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian has been regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena . Plants , algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water , with oxygen produced as a waste product .   Carbon dioxide is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration . It is returned to water via the gills of fish and to the air via the lungs of air-breathing land animals , including humans . Carbon dioxide is produced during the processes of decay of organic materials and the fermentation of sugars in bread , beer and winemaking . It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal , peat , petroleum and natural gas .   It is a versatile industrial material , used , for example , as an inert gas in welding and fire extinguishers , as a pressurizing gas in air guns and oil recovery , as a chemical feedstock and in liquid form as a solvent in decaffeination of coffee and supercritical drying . It is added to drinking water and carbonated beverages including beer and sparkling wine to add effervescence . The frozen solid form of , known as `` dry ice '' is used as a refrigerant and as an abrasive in dry-ice blasting .   Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth 's atmosphere . Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions - primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation - have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere , leading to global warming . Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid .

positive: Carbonic acid Not to be confused with Carbolic acid , an antiquated name for phenol .   Carbonic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2CO3 ( equivalently OC ( OH ) 2 ) . It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water ( carbonated water ) , because such solutions contain small amounts of H2CO3 . In physiology , carbonic acid is described as volatile acid or respiratory acid , because it is the only acid excreted as a gas by the lungs . It plays an important role in the bicarbonate buffer system to maintain acid -- base homeostasis .   Carbonic acid , which is a weak acid , forms two kinds of salts , the carbonates and the bicarbonates . In geology , carbonic acid causes limestone to dissolve producing calcium bicarbonate which leads to many limestone features such as stalactites and stalagmites .   It was long believed that carbonic acid could not exist as a pure compound . However , in 1991 it was reported that NASA scientists had succeeded in making solid H2CO3 samples .

positive: PH In chemistry , pH ( -LSB- piːˈeɪtʃ -RSB- ) ( potential of hydrogen ) is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution . It is approximately the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration , measured in units of moles per liter , of hydrogen ions . More precisely it is the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the activity of the hydrogen ion . Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic . Pure water is neutral , at pH 7 , being neither an acid nor a base . Contrary to popular belief , the pH value can be less than 0 or greater than 14 for very strong acids and bases respectively .   pH measurements are important in agronomy , medicine , biology , chemistry , agriculture , forestry , food science , environmental science , oceanography , civil engineering , chemical engineering , nutrition , water treatment and water purification , as well as many other applications .   The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement .  Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference , by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver chloride electrode .  The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured with a glass electrode and a pH meter , or an indicator .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

positive: Snowball Earth The Snowball Earth hypothesis proposes that Earth 's surface became entirely or nearly entirely frozen at least once , sometime earlier than 650 Mya ( million years ago ) . Proponents of the hypothesis argue that it best explains sedimentary deposits generally regarded as of glacial origin at tropical palaeolatitudes , and other enigmatic features in the geological record . Opponents of the hypothesis contest the implications of the geological evidence for global glaciation and the geophysical feasibility of an ice - or slush-covered ocean , and emphasize the difficulty of escaping an all-frozen condition . A number of unanswered questions remain , including whether the Earth was a full snowball , or a `` slushball '' with a thin equatorial band of open ( or seasonally open ) water .   The snowball Earth episodes occurred before the sudden radiation of multicellular bioforms , known as the Cambrian explosion . The most recent snowball episode may have triggered the evolution of multicellularity . Another , much earlier and longer snowball episode , the Huronian glaciation , which occurred 2400 to 2100 Mya , may have been triggered by the first appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere , the `` Great Oxygenation Event . ''

negative: Carbonate hardness Carbonate hardness , or carbonate alkalinity is a measure of the alkalinity of water caused by the presence of carbonate and bicarbonate anions . Carbonate hardness is usually expressed either as parts per million ( ppm or mg/L ) , or in degree KH ( dKH ) ( from the German `` Karbonathärte '' ) . One degree KH is equal to 17.848 mg/l ( ppm ) , e.g. one degree KH corresponds to the carbonate and bicarbonate ions found in a solution of approximately 17.848 milligrams of calcium carbonate per litre of water ( 17.848 ppm ) . Both measurements ( mg/L or KH ) are usually expressed as mg/L -- meaning the concentration of carbonate expressed as if calcium carbonate were the sole source of carbonate ions .   Carbonate and bicarbonate anions contribute to alkalinity due to their basic nature , hence their ability to neutralize acid . Mathematically , the carbonate anion concentration is counted twice due to its ability to neutralize two protons , while bicarbonate is counted once as it can neutralize one proton . Therefore , bicarbonates that are present in the water are converted to an equivalent concentration of carbonates when determining KH . For example :   An aqueous solution containing 120 mg NaHCO3 ( baking soda ) per litre of water will contain 1.4285 mmol/L of bicarbonate , since the molar mass of baking soda is 84.007 g/mol . This is equivalent in carbonate hardness to a solution containing 0.71423 mmol/L of ( calcium ) carbonate , or 71.485 mg/L of calcium carbonate ( molar mass 100.09 g/mol ) . Since one degree KH = 17.848 mg/L CaCO3 , this solution has a KH of 4.0052 degrees .   For water with a pH below 8.5 , the CO32 − will be less than 1 % of the HCO3 − .   In a solution where only CO2 affects the pH , carbonate hardness can be used to calculate the concentration of dissolved CO2 in the solution with the formula CO2 = 3 × KH × 10 ( 7-pH ) , where KH is degrees of carbonate hardness and CO2 is given in ppm .   The term carbonate hardness is also sometimes used as a synonym for temporary hardness , in which case it refers to that portion of hard water that can be removed by processes such as boiling or lime softening , and then separation of water from the resulting precipitate .

negative: Ocean acidification Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans , caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Seawater is slightly basic ( meaning pH > 7 ) , and the process in question is a shift towards pH-neutral conditions rather than a transition to acidic conditions ( pH < 7 ) . Ocean alkalinity is not changed by the process , or may increase over long time periods due to carbonate dissolution . An estimated 30 -- 40 % of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans , rivers and lakes . To achieve chemical equilibrium , some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid . Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion , thus increasing ocean acidity ( H + ion concentration ) . Between 1751 and 1996 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14 , representing an increase of almost 35 % in H + ion concentration in the world 's oceans . Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogues and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean .   Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms , such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms , and causing coral bleaching . By increasing the presence of free hydrogen ions , each molecule of carbonic acid that forms in the oceans ultimately results in the conversion of two carbonate ions into bicarbonate ions . This net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms , such as coral and some plankton , to form biogenic calcium carbonate , and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution . Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans . As members of the InterAcademy Panel , 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050 , global emissions be reduced by at least 50 % compared to the 1990 level .   While ongoing ocean acidification is anthropogenic in origin , it has occurred previously in Earth 's history . The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum ( PETM ) , which occurred approximately 56 million years ago . For reasons that are currently uncertain , massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere , and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins .   Ocean acidification has been called the `` evil twin of global warming '' and `` the other problem '' .

negative: Oceanic carbon cycle The oceans contain around 36,000 gigatons of carbon , mostly in the form of bicarbonate ion ( over 90 % , with most of the remainder being carbonate ) .   At the surface of the oceans towards the poles , seawater becomes cooler and more carbonic acid is formed as CO2 becomes more soluble . This is coupled to the ocean 's thermohaline circulation which transports dense surface water into the ocean 's interior ( see the entry on the solubility pump ) .  Although the deep ocean contains much more dissolved inorganic carbon than the surface ocean , the concentration is only 15 % higher in the deep ocean as compared to the surface ocean due to the higher volume of the deep ocean .  In upper ocean areas of high biological productivity , organisms convert reduced carbon to tissues , or carbonates to hard body parts such as shells and tests . These are , respectively , oxidized ( soft-tissue pump ) and redissolved ( carbonate pump ) at lower average levels of the ocean than those at which they formed , resulting in a downward flow of carbon ( see entry on the biological pump ) .  The flux or absorption of carbon dioxide into the world 's oceans is influenced by the presence of widespread viruses within ocean water , that infect many species of bacteria . The resulting bacterial deaths spawn a sequence of events that lead to greatly enlarged respiration of carbon dioxide , enhancing the role of the oceans as a carbon sink .  The balance of dissolved inorganic carbon ( DIC ) : dissolved organic carbon ( DOC ) : particle organic carbon is about 2000:38:1 .  The CaCO3 counter pump increases the partial pressure of CO2 in the ocean , thus leading to higher outgasing of carbon dioxide .  Higher ocean temperatures lead to stronger layering , thus less mixing and less capacity for thermohaline circulation to bring carbon into lower ocean layers .  The weathering of silicate rock ( see carbonate-silicate cycle ) . Carbonic acid reacts with weathered rock to produce bicarbonate ions . The bicarbonate ions produced are carried to the ocean , where they are used to make marine carbonates . Unlike dissolved CO2 in equilibrium or tissues , which decay , weathering does not move the carbon into a reservoir from which it can readily return to the atmosphere .  Much remains to be learned about the cycling of carbon in the deep ocean . For example , a recent discovery is that larvacean mucus houses ( commonly known as `` sinkers '' ) are created in such large numbers that they can deliver as much carbon to the deep ocean as has been previously detected by sediment traps . Because of their size and composition , these houses are rarely collected in such traps , so most biogeochemical analyses have erroneously ignored them .  The amount of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean is significantly higher in the deep layer ( below 300 m depth ) . This is caused by the solubility pump and the biological pump .

negative: Jamaican vomiting sickness Jamaican vomiting sickness is an acute illness caused by the toxin hypoglycin A , which is present in fruit of the ackee tree . While in the fully ripened arilli , hypoglycin A is at levels of less than 0.1 ppm , in unripe arilli it can be over 1000 ppm ; and cause vomiting and even death .

negative: Acute uric acid nephropathy Acute uric acid nephropathy ( AUAN , also acute urate nephropathy ) is a rapidly worsening ( decreasing ) kidney function ( renal insufficiency ) that is caused by high levels of uric acid in the urine ( hyperuricosuria ) .

negative: Muon g−2 Muon g-2 ( pronounced `` gee minus two '' ) is a particle physics experiment Fermilab to measure the anomaly of the magnetic moment of a muon to a precision of 0.14 ppm , which will be a sensitive test of the Standard Model . And it could provide evidence of the existence of entirely new particles .   The muon , like its lighter sibling the electron , acts like a spinning magnet . The parameter known as `` g '' indicates how strong the magnet is and the rate of its gyration . The value of g is slightly larger than 2 , hence the name of the experiment . This difference from 2 is caused by the presence of virtual particles that appear from the vacuum and then quickly disappear into it again . In measuring g-2 with high precision and comparing its value to the theoretical prediction , physicists will discover whether the experiment agrees with theory . Any deviation would point to as yet undiscovered subatomic particles that exist in nature .

negative: Persistent pupillary membrane Persistent pupillary membrane ( PPM ) is a condition of the eye involving remnants of a fetal membrane that persist as strands of tissue crossing the pupil . The pupillary membrane in mammals exists in the fetus as a source of blood supply for the lens . It normally atrophies from the time of birth to the age of four to eight weeks . PPM occurs when this atrophy is incomplete . It generally does not cause any symptoms . The strands can connect to the cornea or lens , but most commonly to other parts of the iris . Attachment to the cornea can cause small corneal opacities , while attachment to the lens can cause small cataracts . Using topical atropine to dilate the pupil may help break down PPMs .   In dogs , PPM is inherited in the Basenji but can occur in other breeds such as the Pembroke Welsh Corgi , Chow Chow , Mastiff , and English Cocker Spaniel . It is also rarely seen in cats , horses , and cattle .

negative: Malvalic acid Malvalic acid is a cyclopropenic fatty acid found in cottonseed oil . The cyclopropene ring is thought to be one of the causes of abnormalities that develop in animals that ingest cottonseed oil . This reactivity could be cause for concern depending on concentration . Hydrogenation of the oil destroys malvalic acid .

negative: Post Present Medium Post Present Medium ( or PPM ) is a record label started and run by Dean Allen Spunt , also from the band No Age . Since he started the label in 2001 with the release of a 7 '' by Portland/Olympia natives The Intima , PPM has released over 50 records . Some of those artists include Mika Miko , Abe Vigoda , Barr , Best Coast , No Age , Gun Outfit , Silk Flowers , John Wiese , Eric Copeland , Infinite Body , and SFV Acid .

negative: Calcium reactor __ NOTOC __   In marine and reef aquariums , a calcium reactor creates a balance of alkalinity . An acidic solution is produced by injecting carbon dioxide into a chamber with salt water and calcium rich media . The carbon dioxide lowers the pH by producing a solution high in carbonic acid , and dissolves calcium . The effluent is returned to the reef aquarium where the calcium is consumed by organisms , primarily corals when building skeletons . A calcium reactor is an efficient method to supply calcium to a reef aquarium . Reactors may be used in elaborate freshwater and brackish aquariums where freshwater clams and other invertebrates need a constant supply of calcium .   The reactor dissolves the calcium-laden media to provide bicarbonates HCO3 − ( alkalinity ) and calcium ( Ca + + ) ions at the sames rate as consumed during calcification . Effectively dissolving the media requires an acidic pH. Saltwater may have a pH of 7.8 or higher , so to reduce the pH carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) is used . The reaction formula is :   CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 < -- -- > Ca2 + + 2HCO3 −   Inside the reaction chamber , a calcium rich media ( aragonite ) , mainly CaCO3 , is forced into contact with water injected with carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) in order to create carbonic acid ( H2CO3 ) . This increases the solubility of the calcium carbonate . The reaction frees the calcium and carbonate , supplying the aquarium with water rich in Ca2 + and CO32 − , important for maintaining alkalinity and calcium levels .   The bubble counter measures carbon dioxide . The flow rate of carbon dioxide is monitored so that the dissolved gas goes into the solution , with a minimum unconsumed . A needle valve or solenoid valve regulates the CO2 bubble rate . Valves with precise adjustment abilities improve bubble control .   The feed pump controls the volume of water exchange . This is important because a high rate of water flow into the reactor reduces its efficiency , thus resulting in underproduction and a waste of CO2 .   Some reactors siphon water into the input of the reactor 's re-circulation pump . A potential complication is the medium in the reactor becoming compacted , increasing back pressure onto the pump and reducing water into the reactor . Placing a gate or needle valve on the reactor 's outlet side will improve flow characteristics compared to control from the inlet side .   A peristaltic pumps are effective operating against pressure , capable of supplying an adjustable and continuous flow over flow rates with minimal maintenance .   The pH control is connected to a probe in the reactor and adjusts the rate at which the calcium media dissolves . This probe monitors the pH level in the calcium reactor . The pH range for the typical calcium reactor is 6.5 - 6.8 . When the pH rises above a certain level , a valve opens , allowing carbon dioxide to enter the reactor . The control closes the valve as the pH falls below this level .   Some pH controllers have an interface for an air pump . This air pump is connected to an airstone in the sump or main tank . If the probe detects a low pH level , the pump activates . The bubbles raise the pH by dissipating the CO2 gas .

negative: Cyanuric acid amidohydrolase In enzymology , a cyanuric acid amidohydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   cyanuric acid + H2O biuret + CO2   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are cyanuric acid and H2O , whereas its two products are biuret and CO2 .   This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases , those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds , specifically in cyclic amides . The systematic name of this enzyme class is cyanuric acid amidohydrolase . This enzyme participates in atrazine degradation .

negative: Hydrogenacetylenedicarboxylate Hydrogenacetylenedicarboxylate ( often abbreviated as Hadc or HADC ) is a monovalent anion with the formula C4HO4 − or HO2C-C ≡ C-CO2 − . The anion can be derived from acetylenedicarboxylic acid by removal of a single proton , or from the acetylenedicarboxylate dianion by addition of a proton .   The name is also used for any salt of this anion ; which may also be called acid , hydrogen , or monobasic acetylenedicarboxylate .   The parent acid was synthetized by E. Bandrowski in 1877 . Salts of this anion are of interest in crystallography because they contain unusually short and strong hydrogen bonds .

negative: Uricosuria Uricosuria refers to uric acid in the urine . Urine levels of uric acid can be described as :  Hyperuricosuria , an abnormally high level of uric acid in the urine  Hypouricosuria , an abnormally low level of uric acid in the urine   Agents that increase uric acid in the urine are termed uricosurics .

negative: Hydrogenoxalate Hydrogenoxalate or hydrogen oxalate is an anion with chemical formula HC2O4 − or HO2C -- CO2 − , derived from oxalic acid by the loss of a single proton ; or , alternatively , from the oxalate anion C2O42 − by addition of a proton .   The name is also used for any salt containing this anion , such as NaHC2O4 , KHC2O4 , or NH3HC2O4 . Hydrogenoxalates may also be called ( especially in older literature ) bioxalates , acid oxalates , or monobasic oxalates .

negative: N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid hydrolase In enzymology , a N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid + H2O D-amino acid + NH3 + CO2   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid and H2O , whereas its 3 products are D-amino acid , NH3 , and CO2 .   This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases , those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds , specifically in linear amides . The systematic name of this enzyme class is '' '' '' .

negative: Clostridial aminopeptidase Clostridial aminopeptidase ( , Clostridium histolyticum aminopeptidase ) is an enzyme . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction   Release of any N-terminal amino acid , including proline and hydroxyproline , but no cleavage of Xaa-Pro -   This enzyme is secreted enzyme from Clostridium histolyticum . It requiring Mn2 + or Co2 + .

negative: Francis Hodgkinson Francis Hodgkinson ( died 1840 ) was professor of Regius civil law ( 1834 ) and history ( 1799 ) at Trinity College , Dublin . He was also vice-provost of the college from 1821 to 1832 . Hodgkinson did not deliver any lectures on history between the date of his appointment in 1799 and his death in 1840 , causing his assistant , George Miller , to develop his own lecture course which was subsequently published in several editions . Nor did Hodgkinson deliver any lectures on law .

negative: Cetyl myristoleate Cetyl myristoleate is a chemical compound which is a type of fatty acid ester or , more specifically , a cetylated fatty acid ( CFA ) . It is the cetyl ester of myristoleic acid . Although it is used as a dietary supplement , there is little clinical evidence to support a benefit for any medical condition .

negative: Hurricane Blanca The name Blanca has been used for ten tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean .  Hurricane Blanca ( 1966 ) never affected land and set a record for the farthest traveling storm that formed in the Eastern Pacific by traveling 4,300 miles .  Tropical Storm Blanca ( 1970 ) dissipated after 3 days and did not make landfall .  Tropical Storm Blanca ( 1974 ) did not make landfall .  Tropical Storm Blanca ( 1979 ) did not make landfall .  Hurricane Blanca ( 1985 ) did not affect any land .  Tropical Storm Blanca ( 1991 ) did not cause any casualties or damages .  Tropical Storm Blanca ( 1997 ) did not cause any major damage or casualties .  Tropical Storm Blanca ( 2003 ) did not have any effects on land .  Tropical Storm Blanca ( 2009 ) did not make landfall , but contributed to flooding in Mexico .  Hurricane Blanca ( 2015 ) was a record-breaking , two time Category 4 hurricane which made landfall in the Baja California Peninsula as a tropical storm , being the earliest storm on record to do so .   Category : Pacific hurricane disambiguation pages

negative: Inorganic anhydride An inorganic anhydride is a chemical compound that is related to another by the loss of the elements of water , H2O . It shares this definition with acid anhydrides but inorganic anhydrides do not contain any organic moiety . For example , carbon dioxide is the anhydride of carbonic acid :  H2CO3 -- H2O = CO2  Although the term is somewhat archaic , it survives in current use in the name of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase , which catalyzes this reaction . Other inorganic acids have anhydrides which are oxides . Examples include :  silicon dioxide is the anhydride of silicic acid : Si ( OH ) 4 -- 2H2O = SiO2  phosphorus pentoxide is the anhydride of phosphoric acid : 2H3PO4 -- 3H2O = P2O5 .  vanadium pentoxide is the anhydride of vanadic acid : 2H3VO4 -- 3H2O = V2O5 .  sulfur trioxide is the anhydride of sulfuric acid : H2SO4 = SO3 + H2O . This reaction is important in the manufacture of the acid .  chromium trioxide is the anydride of chromic acid : H2CrO4 -- H2O = CrO3  iron ( II ) oxide is the anhydride of the aqueous ferrous ion : -LSB- Fe ( H2O ) 6 -RSB- 2 + -- 6H2O = FeO + 2H + + 5H2O  A significant property of these anhydrides is that they are acidic oxides . This follows from the definition , since loss of water from an acid is not an acid-base reaction . Although it is difficult to classify these oxides as acids , the property is manifest in reactions with bases . For example , carbon dioxide reacts with alkali .  CO2 + OH − HCO3 − + OH − CO32 − + H2O  For this reason , alkali is kept in stoppered vessels to inhibit reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide . In geochemistry complex silicates are often written as though they are the products of an acid-base reaction . For example , the chemical formula of the mineral olivine can be written either as ( Mg , Fe ) 2SiO4 or as ( MgO , FeO ) 2SiO2 . This mineral is said to be ultramafic , meaning that it has a very high nominal content of the bases magnesium oxide and iron oxide and hence , a low content of the acid silicon dioxide .   Category : Inorganic compounds

negative: Citrazinic acid Citrazinic acid is a heterocyclic compound consisting of a dihydropyridine ring derived from citric acid . The yellow solid exists as multiple tautomers ; as seen also for the simpler 2-pyridone .   Citrazinic acid is very sparingly soluble in water , acid and methanol but is soluble in basic solutions ( e.g. ammonia water ) . For NMR purposes it is also sparingly soluble in d6-DMSO ( 2H , 6.20 ppm ) .   Category : Carboxylic acids  Category :2 - Pyridones

negative: Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria is a rare form of aminoaciduria ( 1:35 000 births ) which is an autosomal recessive disorder of urinary glutamate and aspartate due to genetic errors related to transport of these amino acids . Mutations resulting in a lack of expression of the SLC1A1 gene , a member of the solute carrier family , are found to cause development of dicarboxylic aminoaciduria in humans . SLC1A1 encodes for EAAT3 which is found in the neurons , intestine , kidney , lung , and heart . EAAT3 is part of a family of high affinity glutamate transporters which transport both glutamate and aspartate across the plasma membrane .

negative: Peak programme meter A peak programme meter ( PPM ) is an instrument used in professional audio for indicating the level of an audio signal .   There are many different kinds of PPM . They fall into broad categories :  True peak programme meter . This shows the peak level of the waveform no matter how brief its duration .  Quasi peak programme meter ( QPPM ) . This only shows the true level of the peak if it exceeds a certain duration , typically a few milliseconds . On peaks of shorter duration , it indicates less than the true peak level . The extent of the shortfall is determined by the ` integration time ' .  Sample peak programme meter ( SPPM ) . This is a PPM for digital audio -- which shows only peak sample values , not the true waveform peaks ( which may fall between samples and be up to 3 dB higher in amplitude ) . It may have either a ` true ' or a ` quasi ' integration characteristic .  Over-sampling peak programme meter . This is a sample PPM in which the signal has first been over-sampled , typically by a factor of four , to alleviate the problem with a basic sample PPM .   In professional usage , where consistent level measurements are needed across an industry , audio level meters often comply with a detailed formal standard . This ensures that all compliant meters indicate the same level for a given audio signal . The principal standard for PPMs is IEC 60268-10 . It describes two different quasi-PPM designs that have roots in meters originally developed in the 1930s for the AM radio broadcasting networks of Germany ( Type I ) and the United Kingdom ( Type II ) . The term Peak Programme Meter usually refers to these IEC-specified types and similar designs . Though originally designed for monitoring analogue audio signals , these PPMs are now also used with digital audio .   PPMs do not provide effective loudness monitoring . Newer types of meter do , and there is now a push within the broadcasting industry to move away from traditional level meters such as those featured in this article to two new types : loudness meters based on EBU Tech . 3341 and oversampling true PPMs . The former would be used to standardise broadcast loudness to − 23 LUFS and the latter to prevent digital clipping .

negative: Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride Triflic anhydride is the chemical compound with the formula ( CF3SO2 ) 2O . This compound is a particularly strong electrophile , useful for introducing the triflyl group , CF3SO2 . Triflic anhydride is the acid anhydride of the strong acid triflic acid , CF3SO2OH .   It can be assayed by 19F NMR spectroscopy : − 72.6 ppm vs. -77.3 for TfOH ( std CFCl3 ) .

negative: Tin sources and trade in ancient times Tin is an essential metal in the creation of tin bronzes , and its acquisition was an important part of ancient cultures from the Bronze Age onward . Its use began in the Middle East and the Balkans around 3000 BC . Tin is a relatively rare element in the Earth 's crust , with about 2 parts per million ( ppm ) , compared to iron with 50,000 ppm , copper with 70 ppm , lead with 16 ppm , arsenic with 5 ppm , silver with 0.1 ppm , and gold with 0.005 ppm . Ancient sources of tin were therefore rare , and the metal usually had to be traded over very long distances to meet demand in areas which lacked tin deposits .   Known sources of tin in ancient times include the southeastern tin belt that runs from Yunnan in China to the Malay Peninsula ; Devon and Cornwall in England ; Brittany in France ; the border between Germany and the Czech Republic ; Spain ; Portugal ; Italy ; and central and South Africa . Syria and Egypt have been suggested as minor sources of tin , but the archaeological evidence is inconclusive .

negative: Acetylenedicarboxylate Acetylenedicarboxylate ( often abbreviated as ADC or adc ) is a divalent anion with formula C4O42 − or -LSB- O2C -- C ≡ C -- CO2 -RSB- 2 − ; or any salt or ester thereof . The anion can be derived from acetylenedicarboxylic acid C4H2O4 by the loss of two protons . It is one of several oxocarbon anions which , like carbonate CO32 − and oxalate C2O42 − , consist solely of carbon and oxygen .   Removal of a single proton from the acid gives the monovalent hydrogenacetylenedicarboxylate anion , HC4O4 − .

negative: 3-Phosphoglyceric acid 3-Phosphoglyceric acid ( 3PG ) , or glycerate 3-phosphate ( GP ) , is a biochemically significant 3-carbon molecule that is a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle . This chemical is often termed PGA when referring to the Calvin cycle . In the Calvin cycle , 3-Phosphoglycerate is the product of the spontaneous split of an unstable 6-carbon intermediate formed by CO2 fixation . Thus , two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules are produced for each molecule of CO2 fixed .

negative: Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus ( XMRV ) is `` a laboratory-derived mouse virus that was generated through recombination between two endogenous murine retroviruses during propagation of a prostate cancer xenograft in the mid-1990 's . '' The chimeric virus was first described in 2006 as an apparently novel retrovirus and potential human pathogen . Initial reports erroneously linked the virus to prostate cancer and later to chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS ) , leading to considerable interest in the scientific and patient communities , investigation of XMRV as a potential cause of multiple medical conditions , and public health concerns about the safety of the donated blood supply .   XMRV has now been established as a laboratory contaminant . False positive detection of XMRV may also occur because of contamination of clinical specimens and laboratory reagents with other mouse retroviruses or related nucleic acids . Most scientific publications claiming an association of XMRV with CFS or prostate cancer have been retracted , and allegations of research misconduct were leveled against at least one CFS investigator . There is no evidence that XMRV can infect humans , nor has it been demonstrated that XMRV is associated with or causes any human disease .

negative: Ripening Ripening is a process in fruits that causes them to become more palatable . In general , fruit becomes sweeter , less green , and softer as it ripens . Even though the acidity of fruit increases as it ripens , the higher acidity level does not make the fruit seem tarter . This is attributed to the Brix-Acid Ratio .

negative: Fatty-acid peroxidase In enzymology , a fatty-acid peroxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   palmitate + 2 H2O2 pentadecanal + CO2 + 3 H2O   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are palmitate and H2O2 , whereas its 3 products are pentadecanal , CO2 , and H2O .   This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases , specifically those acting on a peroxide as acceptor ( peroxidases ) . The systematic name of this enzyme class is hexadecanoate : hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase . This enzyme is also called long chain fatty acid peroxidase .

negative: 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase In enzymology , a 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   6-carboxyhexanoyl-CoA + L-alanine 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CoA + CO2   Thus , the two substrates of this enzyme are 6-carboxyhexanoyl-CoA and L-alanine , whereas its 3 products are 8-amino-7-oxononanoate , CoA , and CO2 .   This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases , specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups . The systematic name of this enzyme class is 6-carboxyhexanoyl-CoA : L-alanine C-carboxyhexanoyltransferase ( decarboxylating ) . Other names in common use include 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid synthetase , 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic synthetase , and 8-amino-7-oxopelargonate synthase . This enzyme participates in biotin metabolism . It employs one cofactor , pyridoxal phosphate .

negative: Kolbe electrolysis The Kolbe electrolysis or Kolbe reaction is an organic reaction named after Hermann Kolbe . The Kolbe reaction is formally a decarboxylative dimerisation of two carboxylic acids ( or carboxylate ions ) The overall general reaction is :   If a mixture of two different carboxylates are used , all combinations of them are generally seen as the organic product structures :   3 R1COO − + 3 R2COO − → R1 − R1 + R1 − R2 + R2 − R2 + 6 CO2 + 6 e −   The reaction mechanism involves a two-stage radical process : electrochemical decarboxylation gives a radical intermediate , then two such intermediates combine to form a covalent bond . As an example , electrolysis of acetic acid yields ethane and carbon dioxide :  CH3COOH → CH3COO − → CH3COO · → CH3 · + CO2  2CH3 · → CH3CH3   Another example is the synthesis of 2,7-dimethyl-2 ,7 - dinitrooctane from 4-methyl-4-nitrovaleric acid :


query: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.

positive: Science Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe .   Contemporary science is typically subdivided into the natural sciences , which study the material universe ; the social sciences , which study people and societies ; and the formal sciences , which study logic and mathematics . The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations . Disciplines which use science , like engineering and medicine , may also be considered to be applied sciences .   From classical antiquity through the 19th century , science as a type of knowledge was more closely linked to philosophy than it is now , and in the Western world the term `` natural philosophy '' once encompassed fields of study that are today associated with science , such as astronomy , medicine , and physics . However , during the Islamic Golden Age foundations for the scientific method were laid by Ibn al-Haytham in his Book of Optics . While the classification of the material world by the ancient Indians and Greeks into air , earth , fire and water was more philosophical , medieval Middle Easterns used practical and experimental observation to classify materials .   In the 17th and 18th centuries , scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of physical laws . Over the course of the 19th century , the word `` science '' became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself as a disciplined way to study the natural world . It was during this time that scientific disciplines such as biology , chemistry , and physics reached their modern shapes . That same time period also included the origin of the terms `` scientist '' and `` scientific community '' , the founding of scientific institutions , and the increasing significance of their interactions with society and other aspects of culture .

positive: Scientific method The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena , acquiring new knowledge , or correcting and integrating previous knowledge . To be termed scientific , a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning . The Oxford Dictionaries Online define the scientific method as `` a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century , consisting in systematic observation , measurement , and experiment , and the formulation , testing , and modification of hypotheses '' . Experiments need to be designed to test hypotheses . The most important part of the scientific method is the experiment .   The scientific method is a continuous process , which usually begins with observations about the natural world . Human beings are naturally inquisitive , so they often come up with questions about things they see or hear and often develop ideas ( hypotheses ) about why things are the way they are . The best hypotheses lead to predictions that can be tested in various ways , including making further observations about nature . In general , the strongest tests of hypotheses come from carefully controlled and replicated experiments that gather empirical data . Depending on how well the tests match the predictions , the original hypothesis may require refinement , alteration , expansion or even rejection . If a particular hypothesis becomes very well supported a general theory may be developed .   Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another , identifiable features are frequently shared in common between them . The overall process of the scientific method involves making conjectures ( hypotheses ) , deriving predictions from them as logical consequences , and then carrying out experiments based on those predictions . A hypothesis is a conjecture , based on knowledge obtained while formulating the question . The hypothesis might be very specific or it might be broad . Scientists then test hypotheses by conducting experiments . Under modern interpretations , a scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable , implying that it is possible to identify a possible outcome of an experiment that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis ; otherwise , the hypothesis can not be meaningfully tested .   The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a hypothesis . Experiments can take place anywhere from a college lab to CERN 's Large Hadron Collider . There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method , however . Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps , it represents rather a set of general principles .  Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry ( or to the same degree ) , and are not always in the same order . Some philosophers and scientists have argued that there is no scientific method , such as Lee Smolin and Paul Feyerabend ( in his Against Method ) . Nola and Sankey remark that `` For some , the whole idea of a theory of scientific method is yester-year 's debate '' .

negative: Push-to-talk Push-to-talk ( PTT ) , also known as press-to-transmit , is a method of having conversations or talking on half-duplex communication lines , including two-way radio , using a momentary button to switch from voice reception mode to transmit mode .

negative: Hatch Park Hatch Park is a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) near Mersham and Brabourne , five miles ( 8 km ) from Ashford in Kent , England .   The site is of special interest for its unimproved acidic grassland , a scarce habitat  in Kent , with its ancient pollarded woodlands , supporting the richest  epiphytic lichen community in the county . The grassland is the remnant of a formerly much more extensive deerpark , and the turf here is believed to have remained unbroken for the last 500 years . The deerpark still exists but on a smaller scale , including some artificial ponds and marshy areas .

negative: Communalness Communalness , as suggested by Robert A. Freitas Jr. , is a level of an emergent phenomenon which originates from electronic sentience , and represents a broader mode of thinking than just normal consciousness . While consciousness is limited to the individual , communalness describes a complex organization of numerous individuals which on a higher level is tightly connected to each other . Such an organization would maybe have the same intimate awareness of its own existence as a whole as people have consciousness of their own bodies .

negative: NEC N343i The NEC N343i is a GSM 900 -- GSM 1800 -- GSM 1900 mobile phone which was manufactured by NEC . Announced in quarter 2 of 2005 , the phone 's most attractive point was its modern new looks ; at just 109 × 43 × 12.7 mm and weighing only 95 g , the phone was one of the smallest candy-bar models available in the UK .   The phone was one of the first coupled with the launch of telecommunication company O2 's i-mode service , a global system where operators design the compatible handsets , give strong editorial and usability rules to content providers , and propose an open business model to them . i-mode uses open standards as technologies : a light version of HTML is used for producing content , the i-mode mail is interoperable with e-mail , images and sound formats are the ones used on the Web . i-mode users have access to various services such as e-mail , sports results , weather forecast , games , financial services and ticket booking .   The N343i has been criticized for high temperatures , regular failure , and most commonly poor battery and reception levels and praised for its small form factor , low price and good looks .

negative: Pollard railway station Pollard was a railway station on the Shelbourne line between the townships of Bradford and Nuggetty .  It was originally called Bradford Station .   There was a ticket office , shelter and toilets .   There were no sidings so goods trains would leave trucks behind at Pollard on the way back to Maldon for the next train to push them into Shelbourne and then to their intended destination .  Nothing remains of the station today , other than the platform mound .

negative: Highway Book Shop The Highway Book Shop was a bookstore and publishing company , located on Ontario Highway 11 near Cobalt , Ontario , which operated from 1957 to 2011 . Considered a landmark and cultural institution in the region , it was one of the largest and most famous independent bookstores in Canada .   First established as a conventional printing business in 1957 by Douglas Pollard and his then-wife Jean ( née Hope ) , the business expanded into book sales after receiving a box of books as payment for a printing job . As the business grew , Pollard eventually expanded further into book publishing , releasing an extensive catalogue of titles in English , French and First Nations languages . Books about the history and culture of Northern Ontario were the publishing arm 's primary interest , although the company also published some fiction and poetry titles by local authors , as well as how-to and humour titles .   In addition to its physical store , the shop also maintained an extensive mail order business , as well as a search service for people interested in purchasing rare or out-of-print books , and frequently travelled throughout Ontario to sell books at regional fairs and festivals . At its peak , the store had over 300,000 titles in stock in a variety of locations , including the main building , on-site trailers and several warehouses . By the early 2000s , the store also had a presence on AbeBooks , increasing its visibility for international sales of its rare books .   Following Jean Pollard 's death , Douglas remarried in 1979 to Lois ( née Williams ) , who also became active in the store . Douglas Pollard was awarded an honorary doctorate by Nipissing University the following year , the first honorary degree ever granted by that institution .   Douglas Pollard was also active in the national literary community , including as a board member of the Ontario Arts Council and as a member of the committee for the Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour . He was inducted into the Order of Canada in 2008 , although he died in 2009 before his actual induction ceremony . Lois Pollard accepted the award on his behalf .   In her late 80s and keen to retire , Lois Pollard placed the store up for sale soon after Douglas ' death , but closed it in 2011 after failing to find a willing buyer . She published a history of the store , Highway Book Shop : Northern Ontario 's Unexpected Treasure , in 2011 , and donated a large collection of records and memorabilia from the store to the Laurentian University archives in 2010 and 2011 .   Although the physical store is no longer in operation , its website still exists and some titles published by the company are still available for sale through the site .

negative: Modal analysis using FEM The goal of modal analysis in structural mechanics is to determine the natural mode shapes and frequencies of an object or structure during free vibration . It is common to use the finite element method ( FEM ) to perform this analysis because , like other calculations using the FEM , the object being analyzed can have arbitrary shape and the results of the  calculations are acceptable . The types of equations which arise from modal analysis are those seen in eigensystems . The physical interpretation of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors which come from solving the system are that  they represent the frequencies and corresponding mode shapes . Sometimes , the only desired modes are the lowest frequencies because they can be the most prominent modes at which the object will vibrate , dominating all the higher frequency  modes .   It is also possible to test a physical object to determine its natural frequencies and mode shapes . This is called an Experimental Modal Analysis . The results of the physical test can be used to calibrate a finite element model to determine if the underlying assumptions made were correct ( for example , correct material properties and boundary conditions were used ) .

negative: Women in science Women have made significant contributions to science from the earliest times . Historians with an interest in gender and science have illuminated the scientific endeavors and accomplishments of women , the barriers they have faced , and the strategies implemented to have their work peer-reviewed and accepted in major scientific journals and other publications . The historical , critical and sociological study of these issues has become an academic discipline in its own right .   The involvement of women in the field of medicine occurred in several early civilizations , and the study of natural philosophy in ancient Greece was open to women . Women contributed to the proto-science of alchemy in the first or second centuries AD . During the Middle Ages , convents were an important place of education for women , and some of these communities provided opportunities for women to contribute to scholarly research . While the eleventh century saw the emergence of the first universities , women were , for the most part , excluded from university education . The attitude to educating women in medical fields in Italy appears to have been more liberal than in other places . The first known woman to earn a university chair in a scientific field of studies , was eighteenth-century Italian scientist , Laura Bassi .   Although gender roles were largely defined in the eighteenth century , women experienced great advances in science . During the nineteenth century , women were excluded from most formal scientific education , but they began to be admitted into learned societies during this period . In the later nineteenth century , the rise of the women 's college provided jobs for women scientists and opportunities for education . Marie Curie , the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize in 1903 ( physics ) , went on to become a double Nobel Prize recipient in 1911 ( chemistry ) , both for her work on radiation . Forty women have been awarded the Nobel Prize between 1901 and 2010 . 17 women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics , chemistry , physiology or medicine .

negative: Communal apartment Communal apartments ( singular : коммуналка , коммунальная квартира , kommunalka , kommunal ` naya kvartira ) appeared in the Soviet Union following the Russian revolution of 1917 . Communal apartments emerged as a response to a housing crisis in urban areas - authorities presented them as a product of the `` new collective vision of the future '' . Between two and seven families typically shared a communal apartment . Each family had its own room , which often served as a living room , dining room , and bedroom for the entire family . All the residents of the entire apartment shared the use of the hallways , kitchen ( commonly known as the `` communal kitchen '' ) , bathroom and telephone ( if any ) . The communal apartment became the predominant form of housing in the USSR for generations , and examples still exist in `` the most fashionable central districts of large Russian cities '' .

negative: Maintenance mode In the world of software development , maintenance mode refers to a point in a program 's life when it has reached all of its goals and is generally considered to be `` complete '' and bug-free . Continued development is deemed unnecessary or ill-advised , but occasional bug fixes and security patches are still issued , hence the term maintenance mode . Maintenance mode often transitions to abandonware .   Sometimes , when a popular free software project undergoes a major overhaul , the pre-overhaul version is kept active and put into maintenance mode because it will still be widely used in production for the foreseeable future . Project forks can also spawn from programs that go into maintenance mode too soon or have enough developer support for a more advanced version . A good example of this is the vi editor , which was in maintenance mode and forked into Vi IMproved . The Vim fork has many useful features that vi does not , such as syntax highlighting and the ability to have multiple open buffers .   Category : Software maintenance

negative: MouseText MouseText designed by Bruce Tognazzini is a set of 32 graphical characters first implemented in the Apple IIc . They were then retrofitted to the Apple IIe forming part of the Enhanced IIe upgrade . A slightly revised version was then released with the Apple IIgs .   By including box-drawing characters , MouseText made it possible to display simple text user interfaces resembling the Macintosh graphical user interface . Since the Apples lacked the ability to display user-defined characters in text mode , all GUI-like displays beyond crude ASCII art approximations had to use the slower and more memory-hungry graphical mode before MouseText was available . MouseText resulted in an eightfold increase in display speed for mouse applications , bringing such text-based applications as word processors up to the same speed as the original Macintosh . Word processors running on the two computers would not be confused with one another , however , as the mouse under MouseText would move in discrete jumps from character cell to character cell , rather than the smooth movement of the Macintosh , and text was still monospaced .

negative: Pollards Corner, Virginia Pollards Corner is an unincorporated community in King William County , Virginia , United States .

negative: Yaesu FT-1000MP The FT-1000MP is an amateur radio ( `` ham '' ) transceiver series , built by Yaesu . It is an `` all-mode '' set , operating in the High Frequency ( HF ) frequency range . The `` MP '' suffix in the name was an homage to Sako Hasegawa , the late founder of the company whose callsign was JA1MP , and who heavily influenced the design and feature set built into this radio .   The FT-1000MP was Yaesu 's flagship radio at the time of its introduction ( 1995 ) , being both the most feature-rich and the most expensive radio that Yaesu had offered to the amateur radio community . It was manufactured for approximately 10 years in several models , including the original , the Mark-V , and Mark-V Field .   Its features include Digital Signal Processing , dual receivers , up to 200 Watts of output power ( in some models ) and dual AC and 12VDC power ( again , in some models ) . Other advanced features include switchable Class ` A ' to improve linearity of the output signal , FM capability and being designed to allow operators to install special filter circuits for improved operation in various modes . At the same time , the radio was designed to be simple enough that newly-licensed operators would be able to rapidly become expert in its use . For instance , switching between the various operating bands is done by pressing a single push button on the front panel . Numerous frequencies can be stored in the radio 's memory for rapid return to them , and selecting between the two variable-frequency oscillators allows one frequency to be kept handy while the other VFO is used to chase signals from other stations . This can be especially useful during emergency operations or in contests such as ` Field Day . ''   The FT-1000MP series radios can be controlled by Yaesu 's Computer Aided Transceiver system , through an optional cable , connected between the radio and a computer .   The radio itself is fairly massive , even by the standards of the 1990s . However , the 5.3 '' x 16 '' ( 135mm x 410mm ) face allows for the many controls and indicators which make this radio easy and comfortable to use . The FT-1000MP Mk V Field model has a handle installed on the right side , and feet on the left , so that it can be carried similar to an item of luggage .   Although discontinued over a decade ago , it remains a favorite among radio amateurs , and pricing on the used market has stayed high as a result -- not common in amateur radio , as new `` flagship '' - level equipment tends to be rapidly overtaken by newer technology . While buyers of multi-thousand-dollar radios for hobby use tend to keep up with the times , many MPs are still in their original owners ' hands . Sales of MP-specific accessories also continue to be strong .

negative: Folded inverted conformal antenna The folded inverted conformal antenna ( FICA ) belongs to the microstrip antenna family . The FICA placement on the handset board and its feeding mechanisms are similar to those used currently for the great majority of handsets with internal planar inverted-F antenna ( PIFA ) components . Whereas multiband PIFAs exhibit two resonant modes , which operate by sharing the same available antenna volume , the FICA structure is synthesised in order to sustain three resonant modes that better reuse the volume . The implementation of volume reuse allows spreading of the reactive electromagnetic energy associated with each resonant mode across the entire antenna volume . This results in FICA modes exhibiting a lower Q factor and a wider fractional bandwidth than the corresponding PIFA modes .

negative: Model 500 telephone The Western Electric model 500 telephone series was the standard domestic desk telephone set issued by the Bell System in North America from 1950 through the 1984 Bell System divestiture . Millions of model 500-series phones were produced and were present in most homes in North America . Many are still in use today because of their durability and ample availability . Its modular construction compared to previous types simplified manufacture and repair , and facilitated a large number of variants with added features .   Touch-tone service was introduced to residential customers in 1963 with the model 1500 telephone , which had a push-button pad for the ten digits . The model 2500 telephone , introduced in 1968 , added the * and # keys , and is still produced by several manufacturers .

negative: Jewish prayer modes Jewish liturgical music is characterized by a set of musical modes .   The prayer modes form part of what is known as the musical nusach ( tradition ) of a community , and serve both to identify different types of prayer and to link those prayers to the time of year or even time of day in which they are set . Various Jewish traditions developed their own modal systems , such as the maqamat of the Middle Eastern Jewish communities . The modes discussed in this article are specific to the traditions of Eastern European ( Ashkenazi ) Jewish Communities .   There are three main modes , as well as a number of combined or compound modes . The three main modes are called Ahavah Rabbah , Magein Avot and Adonai Malach . Traditionally , the cantor ( hazzan ) improvised sung prayers within the designated mode , while following a general structure of how each prayer should sound . Over time many of these chants have been written down and standardized , yet the practice of improvisation still exists to this day . Early studies in the history of Jewish Prayer Modes concluded that the musical scales used were based upon ancient Biblical cantillation , but modern scholarship has questioned the validity of these findings .

negative: Henry Pollard Henry Pollard may refer to :   Henry Moses Pollard ( 1836 -- 1904 ) , U.S. Representative from Missouri  H. B. Pollard , first postmaster of Ashland , Kentucky  Henry Pollard ( tennis )  Henry Graham Pollard ( 1903 -- 1976 ) , British bookseller and bibliographer

negative: SINCGARS Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System ( SINCGARS ) is a Combat Net Radio ( CNR ) currently used by U.S. and allied military forces . The radios , which handle voice and data communications , are designed to be reliable , secure , and easily maintained . Vehicle-mount , backpack , airborne , and handheld form factors are available .   SINCGARS uses 25 kHz channels in the very high frequency ( VHF ) FM band , from 30.000 to 87.975 megahertz ( MHz ) . It has single-frequency and frequency hopping modes . The frequency-hopping mode hops 111 times a second .   The SINCGARS family has mostly replaced the Vietnam-war-era synthesized single frequency radios ( AN/PRC -77 and AN/VRC -12 ) , although it can work with them . The airborne AN/ARC -201 radio is phasing out the older tactical air-to-ground radios ( AN/ARC -114 and AN/ARC -131 ) .   Over 570,000 radios have been purchased . There have been several system improvement programs , including the Integrated Communications Security ( ICOM ) models , which have provided integrated voice and data encryption , the Special Improvement Program ( SIP ) models , which add additional data modes , and the advanced SIP ( ASIP ) models , which are less than half the size and weight of ICOM and SIP models and provided enhanced FEC ( forward error correction ) data modes , RS-232 asynchronous data , Packet Data formats , and direct interfacing to Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver ( PLGR ) devices providing radio level situational awareness capability .   In 1992 , the U.S. Air Force awarded a contract to replace the AN/ARC -188 for communications between Air Force aircraft and Army units .

negative: Intramodal dispersion In fiber-optic communication , an intramodal dispersion , is a category of dispersion that occurs within a single mode optical fiber . This dispersion mechanism is a result of material properties of optical fiber and applies to both single-mode and multi-mode fibers . Two distinct types of intramodal dispersion are : chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion .

negative: Pollard, Alabama Pollard is a town in Escambia County , Alabama , United States . It was the first established county seat of Escambia County , from its creation in 1868 until 1883 , when it lost that distinction to Brewton . At the 2010 census the population was 137 .

negative: Jacko (MTV) Jacko is an MTV-produced mini-series , currently shown entirely online . The 10-episode series follows the adventures of Jacko , a 23-year-old from the city of Stavros located in an unnamed Eastern European country , presumably Ukraine . Jacko , who has very poor English skills yet still narrates the series , dreams of becoming a photographer 's model . The series follows him as he journeys to Berlin to pursue his dream . For reasons left unexplained , Jacko does n't wear pants .   Jacko is partially animated , partially live action . Jacko himself , and his parents , appear as very crudely drawn , black and white pencil sketch cartoons , while his settings and most other characters are portrayed with still photographs or live-action footage .

negative: Harry Pollard (photographer) Harry Pollard ( 1880 -- 1968 ) was a Canadian photographer whose specialty was photographing First Nations ( Native American ) people .   He was born in Tillsonburg , Ontario , Canada . In 1899 , young Harry arrived in Calgary , and opened a photography studio there .   In 1924 , Pollard was press photographer for Associated Screen News , a subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Railway . He was hired to take promotional pictures of ocean cruises , and his job took him around the world 14 times .   The Harry Pollard photograph collection is in the Provincial Archives of Alberta , having been acquired by the provincial government in 1964 .

negative: Casio F-91W The Casio F-91W is a quartz digital watch model , manufactured by the Japanese company Casio Computer Co. , Ltd. . It is a part of the Casio F-series of digital watches . The original F-91W was introduced in 1991 and is still in production and demand . It is popular for its simplicity , reliability , and unpretentious , clean design . The watch is available in several variants . Casio does not release sales figures for the model , but admits it continues to sell `` well '' .

negative: Transition economy A transition economy or transitional economy is an economy which is changing from a centrally planned economy to a market economy . Transition economies undergo a set of structural transformations intended to develop market-based institutions . These include economic liberalization , where prices are set by market forces rather than by a central planning organization . In addition to this trade barriers are removed , there is a push to privatize state-owned enterprises and resources , state and collectively run enterprises are restructured as businesses , and a financial sector is created to facilitate macroeconomic stabilization and the movement of private capital . The process has been applied in China , the former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc countries of Europe and some Third world countries , and detailed work has been undertaken on its economic and social effects .   The transition process is usually characterized by the changing and creating of institutions , particularly private enterprises ; changes in the role of the state , thereby , the creation of fundamentally different governmental institutions and the promotion of private-owned enterprises , markets and independent financial institutions . In essence , one transition mode is the functional restructuring of state institutions from being a provider of growth to an enabler , with the private sector its engine . Another transition mode is change the way that economy grows and practice mode . The relationships between these two transition modes are micro and macro , partial and whole . The truly transition economics should include both the micro transition and macro transition . Due to the different initial conditions during the emerging process of the transition from planned economics to market economics , countries uses different transition model . Countries like P.R.China and Vietnam adopted a gradual transition mode , however Russia and some other East-European countries , such as the former Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia , used a more aggressive and quicker paced model of transition .   The term transition period is often used to describe the process of transition from capitalism to socialism , preceding the establishment of fully developed socialism .

negative: Demo mode The demo mode ( short for `` demonstration mode '' , also sometimes mentioned as floor mode or kiosk mode ) is a feature often found in consumer electronics . A demo mode is usually programmed into the floor model 's firmware , which may be accessed by the pressing of a combination of keys and/or the launch of a program . Demo mode is usually activated by retail stores on their consumer electronics floor models . The demo mode may also be pre-enabled on the floor model . The purpose of a demo mode is threefold :  It demonstrates the features of the unit in question  It catches the eye of the consumer with a flashy show of lights , entertaining sound , or both .  To reset or prevent malicious changes to the floor model .   The central idea behind a demo mode is in-store advertising , preview or premiere of the product .

negative: Crimepush CrimePush Inc. a Washington D.C. based company , created in 2012 by Shayan Pahlevani , his brother Eman Pahlevani , and friend Samier Mansur . The Company developed and published the crime reporting smartphone application , CrimePush Security .   Check in feature allows users to check in with friends and family to update loved ones in case of threat or emergency .   Upon launching the application , users will have the option of inputting emergency contact , personal , and medical information such as medical history , allergies , primary physician . Upon a medical emergency , the user 's distress will be pushed to emergency contacts and medical information will be pushed to ambulatory services , giving them the ability to better treat the patient .

negative: Arabidopsis Arabidopsis ( rockcress ) is a genus in the family Brassicaceae . They are small flowering plants related to cabbage and mustard . This genus is of great interest since it contains thale cress ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) , one of the model organisms used for studying plant biology and the first plant to have its entire genome sequenced . Changes in thale cress are easily observed , making it a very useful model .

negative: Push Access Protocol Push Access Protocol ( or PAP ) is a protocol defined in WAP-164 of the Wireless Application Protocol ( WAP ) suite from the Open Mobile Alliance . PAP is used for communicating with the Push Proxy Gateway , which is usually part of a WAP Gateway .   PAP is intended for use in delivering content from Push Initiators to Push Proxy Gateways for subsequent delivery to narrow band devices , including mobile phones and pagers . Example messages include news , stock quotes , weather , traffic reports , and notification of events such as email arrival . With Push functionality , users are able to receive information without having to request it . In many cases it is important for the user to get the information as soon as it is available .   The Push Access Protocol is not intended for use over the air .   PAP is designed to be independent of the underlying transport protocol . PAP specifies the following possible operations between the Push Initiator and the Push Proxy Gateway :   Submit a Push  Cancel a Push  Query for status of a Push  Query for wireless device capabilities  Result notification   The interaction between the Push Initiators and the Push Proxy Gateways is in the form of XML messages .

negative: Org-mode Org-mode ( also : Org mode ; -LSB- ˈɔːrɡ_moʊd -RSB- ) is an editing and organizing mode for notes , planning , and authoring in the free software text editor Emacs . The name is used to encompass plain text files ( `` org files '' ) that include simple marks to indicate levels of a hierarchy ( which could be the outline of an essay , a topic list with subtopics , nested computer code , ... ) , and an editor with functions that can read the markup and manipulate hierarchy elements ( expand/hide elements , move blocks of elements , check off to-do list items , ... ) .   Org-mode was created by Carsten Dominik in 2003 , originally to organize his life and work , and since the first release numerous users and developers have contributed to this free software package , Emacs includes Org-mode as a major mode . Bastien Guerry is the current maintainer , in cooperation with an active development community . Since its success in Emacs , some other systems have also begun providing functions to work with org files .

negative: First Battle of the Masurian Lakes The First Battle of the Masurian Lakes was a German offensive in the Eastern Front during the early stages of World War I . It pushed the Russian First Army back across its entire front , eventually ejecting it from Germany . Further progress was hampered by the arrival of the Russian Tenth Army on the Germans ' left flank .

negative: Pollard Meadows, Edmonton Pollard Meadows is a residential neighbourhood located in the Mill Woods area of south Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . It is a part of the Mill Woods community of Southwood .

negative: Rast (mode) Rast ( Rast ) is a musical modal system in traditional mugham music .   This is the first mode of main modes in mugham which kept its base and root , unchanged its function during the historical period of development . Rast mugam based on this mode is called `` mother of mugams '' . Rast mode consists of 1 +1 +0.5 tone , which is created in three tetra-chords in the result of amalgamation of reach method of the first main tetra-chord . Literaryly , Rast creates courage and cheerfulness at listener . Subgenres of Rast are : Bardasht ( with Novruzu-Ravanda ) , Maye , Ushshag , Huseyni , Vilayati , Dilkesh , Kurdu , Shikasteyi-fars ( Khojasta ) , Erag , Penjgah , Rak-Khorasani , Gerai , space for Rast . Other mugams relating to the Rast are : Mahur , Mahur-Hindi , Orta Mahur , Bayaty-Gajar , Gatar .