query: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

positive: North Atlantic oscillation The North Atlantic Oscillation ( NAO ) is a weather phenomenon in the North Atlantic Ocean of fluctuations in the difference of atmospheric pressure at sea level ( SLP ) between the Icelandic low and the Azores high . Through fluctuations in the strength of the Icelandic low and the Azores high , it controls the strength and direction of westerly winds and location of storm tracks across the North Atlantic . It is part of the Arctic oscillation , and varies over time with no particular periodicity .   The NAO was discovered through several studies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Unlike the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean , the NAO is a largely atmospheric mode . It is one of the most important manifestations of climate fluctuations in the North Atlantic and surrounding humid climates .   The North Atlantic Oscillation is closely related to the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) or Northern Annular Mode ( NAM ) , but should not be confused with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) .

positive: 2014–16 El Niño event The 2014 -- 16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line . These unusually warm waters influenced the world 's weather in a number of ways , which in turn significantly affected various parts of the world . These included drought conditions in Venezuela , Australia and a number of Pacific islands while significant flooding was also recorded . During the event more tropical cyclones than normal occurred within the Pacific Ocean , while fewer than normal occurred in the Atlantic Ocean .

positive: Instrumental temperature record The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth 's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures . Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations , buoys and ships around the globe . The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series , that starts in 1659 . The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850 . In recent decades more extensive sampling of ocean temperatures at various depths have begun allowing estimates of ocean heat content but these do not form part of the global surface temperature datasets .

negative: Global temperature record The global temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time.  The most detailed information exists since 1850, when methodical thermometer-based records began.  There are numerous estimates of temperatures since the end of the Pleistocene glaciation, particularly during the current Holocene epoch.  Older time periods are studied by paleoclimatology.

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Dōshite Kimi o Suki ni Natte Shimattandarō? , released on July 16 , 2008 , is Tōhōshinki 's 23rd Japanese single . Approximately two months prior to the official release of the song , a leak of the recording grossed many hits on the internet .   On July 22 , 2008 , Tohoshinki became the first non-Japanese Asian artist to have three number one hits on the weekly Oricon singles chart , when their single `` Dōshite Kimi o Suki ni Natte Shimattandarō ? '' attained the number one position with weekly sales of 68,417 copies . After Tohoshinki 's invitation and performance in the prestigious Japanese year-end music festival , Kōhaku Uta Gassen , the group saw a surge in sales yet again in 2009 as well as interest in the music video on online streaming sites from Japanese viewers .

negative: Sea level rise A sea level rise is an increase in the volume of water in the world 's oceans , resulting in an increase in global mean sea level . Sea level rise is usually attributed to global climate change by thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting of Ice sheets and glaciers on land . Melting of floating ice shelves or icebergs at sea raises sea levels only slightly .   Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average . Local factors might include tectonic effects , subsidence of the land , tides , currents , storms , etc. .  Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries . Because of the slow inertia , long response time for parts of the climate system , it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 m for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years . IPCC Summary for Policymakers , AR5 , 2014 , indicated that the global mean sea level rise will continue during the 21st century , very likely at a faster rate than observed from 1971 to 2010 . Projected rates and amounts vary . A January 2017 NOAA report suggests a range of GMSL rise of 0.3 -- 2.5 m possible during the 21st century .   Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems .

negative: El Niño–Southern Oscillation El Niño -- Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) is an irregularly periodical variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean , affecting much of the tropics and subtropics . The warming phase is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña . Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric component , coupled with the sea temperature change : El Niño is accompanied with high , and La Niña with low air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific . The two periods last several months each ( typically occur every few years ) and their effects vary in intensity .   The two phases relate to the Walker circulation , discovered by Gilbert Walker during the early twentieth century . The Walker circulation is caused by the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific Ocean , and a low pressure system over Indonesia . When the Walker circulation weakens or reverses , an El Niño results , causing the ocean surface to be warmer than average , as upwelling of cold water occurs less or not at all . An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña , resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling .   Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study . The extremes of this climate pattern 's oscillations cause extreme weather ( such as floods and droughts ) in many regions of the world . Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing , particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean , are the most affected .

negative: Global Historical Climatology Network The Global Historical Climatology Network ( GHCN ) is a database of temperature , precipitation and pressure records managed by the National Climatic Data Center , Arizona State University and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center .   The aggregate data are collected from many continuously reporting fixed stations at the Earth 's surface and represent the input of approximately 6000 temperature stations , 7500 precipitation stations and 2000 pressure stations .   This work has often been used as a foundation for reconstructing past global temperatures , and was used in previous versions of two of the best-known reconstructions , that prepared by the National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) , and that prepared by NASA as its Goddard Institute for Space Studies ( GISS ) temperature set . The average temperature record is 60 years long with ~ 1650 records greater than 100 years and ~ 220 greater than 150 years ( based on GHCN v2 in 2006 ) . The earliest data included in the database were collected in 1697 .

negative: Climate change in the Arctic The effects of global warming in the Arctic , or climate change in the Arctic include rising temperatures , loss of sea ice , and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly , observed in recent years . Potential methane release from the region , especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates , is also a concern . The Arctic warms twice as fast compared to the rest of the world . The pronounced warming signal , the amplified response of the Arctic to global warming , it is often seen as a leading indicator of global warming . The melting of Greenland 's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification . According to a study published in 2016 , about 0.5 ◦ C of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980 .

negative: Ame no Hi ni wa Ame no Naka o Kaze no Hi ni wa Kaze no Naka o `` Ame no Hi ni wa Ame no Naka o Kaze no Hi ni wa Kaze no Naka o '' ( 雨の日には 雨の中を 風の日には 風の中を , In the Rain When It 's Rainy , In the Wind When It 's Windy ) , is the twenty-eighth single and second collaboration single released by J-Pop singer Hitomi Shimatani . It is set to be released on June 25 , 2008 , and restricted to a CD-only format . It was released on the same day as a solo single from Hitomi , entitled Wake You Up/Ame no Hi ni wa Ame no Naka o Kaze no Hi ni wa Kaze no Naka o/Marvelous , which contains the tracks Wake You Up and Marvelous , which are not included on this single . However , it will not contain Amaoto , a b-side which will be included on this version of the single .   This single will also contain bonus rap and duet versions of the title track , and the jacket artwork is said to be based on the book , Ame no Hi ni Wa .

negative: Jamrat El Ma Jamrat El Ma , `` embers of the sea '' in English , is the period of the year corresponding to 27 February according to the Berber calendar . It is known to be marked by the raise of the sea temperature .

negative: Devo Plus Devo Plus is a cross-party and non-party grouping which has been set up by Reform Scotland to promote the idea of the Scottish Parliament , as far as possible , raising the money it spends , and its objective is to see the creation of a system which allows for this to happen .   In the plans set out by Reform Scotland the Scottish Parliament would take control of most taxes , with the exceptions of VAT and National Insurance , to raise the income necessary to meet the Scottish Parliament 's expenditure responsibilities . Westminster would continue to raise the money it spends in Scotland through VAT and NI .   The group is led by former Lib Dem MSP Jeremy Purvis and chaired by Reform Scotland chairman Ben Thomson . Members of the group include Conservative MSP Alex Fergusson , Lib Dem MSP Tavish Scott and Labour MSP Duncan McNeil .

negative: El Niño El Niño -LSB- ɛl_ˈniːnjoʊ -RSB- ( -LSB- el ˈniɲo -RSB- ) is the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation ( commonly called ENSO ) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific ( between approximately the International Date Line and 120 ° W ) , including off the Pacific coast of South America . El Niño Southern Oscillation refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperatures , as measured by sea surface temperature , SST , of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean . El Niño is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific . The cool phase of ENSO is called `` La Niña '' with SST in the eastern Pacific below average and air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific . The ENSO cycle , both El Niño and La Niña , cause global changes of both temperatures and rainfall .   Developing countries that are dependent upon agriculture and fishing , particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean , are usually most affected . In American Spanish , the capitalized term `` El Niño '' refers to `` the little boy '' , so named because the pool of warm water in the Pacific near South America is often at its warmest around Christmas . The original name , `` El Niño de Navidad '' , traces its origin centuries back to Peruvian fisherman , who named the weather phenomenon in reference to the newborn Christ . `` La Niña '' , chosen as the ` opposite ' of El Niño , literally translates to `` the little girl '' .

negative: Climate of Adelaide Adelaide has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ) , with mild to cool winters with moderate rainfall and warm to hot , dry summers .   Adelaide is the driest of the Australian capital cities and the past two decades have been far warmer than usual , with the past 8 years seeing an excess of 40 + degrees every summer . Alarmingly , the city has also recorded almost 10 consecutive years of below-average Spring rainfall , with 2014 on track to continuing this trend .   A spike in heat waves , droughts and record-breaking high temperatures over the past decade has led to some concerns over the effects of global warming and Man-made climate change ( AGW ) on the city . Nine of the ten warmest years recorded in Adelaide have occurred since 2002 , with 2013 being the hottest year and summer 2015 -- 2016 being the fourth-hottest summer recorded .

negative: Omar Ahmed El Ghazaly Omar Ahmed El Ghazaly ( born 9 February 1984 in Cairo ) is an Egyptian discus thrower .   He originally played handball , while his siblings were on the Egyptian national swimming team .   In 1999 he was recruited by former African shot put champion Nagui Asaad , who was setting up a throwing school that also included hammer thrower Mohsen El Anany and shot putter Yasser Fathy . After having a try with the different implements , he settled for the discus and rapidly made his debut in the national team . In 2000 , aged 16 , he was selected for the Egyptian team for the World Junior Championships , where he finished in 17th . That year he also won the Arab Championships with a throw of 53.07 m . At the 2002 World Junior Championships , a poor result of 10th was due to a shoulder injury . In 2003 , his final year as a junior , he set a new junior world record of 65.88 .   His personal best throw is 66.58 metres , achieved in June 2007 in Helsingborg . This is the current national record . In 2007 , he also became the first Egyptian athlete to reach the final of an event at the Athletics World Championships .   His 2008 season did not go as well due to a series of injuries .   In June 2009 , El Ghazaly gave a strong showing at a meeting in Sollentuna , Sweden , registering a number of throws over 65 metres and winning with 66.34 m . This was an African season 's best throw and highlighted him as a possible finalist for the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . He again reached the final , but could only achieve 9th place .   His 2010 season was again marred by injury .

negative: Timeline of the 2016 Pacific hurricane season The 2016 Pacific hurricane season is an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation , in which tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific Ocean . The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific -- east of 140 ° W -- and on June 1 in the central Pacific -- between the International Date Line and 140 ° W -- and will last until November 30 . These dates typically cover the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific basin . However the first storm , Pali , formed 5 months before the official start of the season on January 7 , which broke the record for having the earliest forming storm within the basin .   So far , seven tropical depressions developed , six of which became tropical storms . Four of the tropical storms reached hurricane strength , with two achieving major hurricane intensity . With the formation of Estelle , the season has had record amount of named storms in July , with six .   Four time zones are utilized in the basin : Central for storms east of 106 ° W , Mountain between 114.9 ° W and 106 ° W , Pacific between 140 ° W and 115 ° W , and Hawaii -- Aleutian for storms between the International Date Line and 140 ° W. However , for convenience , all information is listed by Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) first with the respective local time included in parentheses . This timeline includes information that was not operationally released , meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center is included . This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations , strengthening , weakening , landfalls , extratropical transitions , and dissipations during the season .

negative: Atlantic Equatorial mode The Atlantic Equatorial Mode or Atlantic Niño is a quasiperiodic interannual climate pattern of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean . It is the dominant mode of year-to-year variability that results in alternating warming and cooling episodes of sea surface temperatures accompanied by changes in atmospheric circulation . The term Atlantic Niño comes from its close similarity with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) that dominates the tropical Pacific basin . The Atlantic Niño is not the same as the Atlantic Meridional ( Interhemispheric ) Mode that consists of a north-south dipole and operates more on decadal timescales . The equatorial warming and cooling events associated with the Atlantic Niño are known to be strongly related to atmospheric climate anomalies , especially in African countries bordering the Gulf of Guinea . Therefore , understanding of the Atlantic Niño ( or lack thereof ) has important implications for climate prediction in those regions . Although the Atlantic Niño is an intrinsic mode to the equatorial Atlantic , there may be a tenuous causal relationship between ENSO and the Atlantic Niño in some circumstances .

negative: List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years This list of large scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years includes climate reconstructions which have contributed significantly to the modern consensus on the temperature record of the past 2000 years .   The instrumental temperature record only covers the last 150 years at a hemispheric or global scale , and reconstructions of earlier periods are based on climate proxies . In an early attempt to show that climate had changed , Hubert Lamb 's 1965 paper generalised from temperature records of central England together with historical , botanical and archeological evidence to produce a qualitative estimate of temperatures in the north Atlantic region . Subsequent quantitative reconstructions used statistical techniques with various climate proxies to produce larger scale reconstructions . Tree ring proxies can give an annual resolution of extratropical regions of the northern hemisphere , and can be statistically combined with other sparser proxies to produce multiproxy hemispherical or global reconstructions .   Quantitative reconstructions have consistently shown earlier temperatures below the temperature levels reached in the late 20th century . This pattern as seen in was dubbed the hockey stick graph , and as of 2010 this broad conclusion was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears .

negative: 1982–83 El Niño event The 1982 -- 83 El Niño event was one of the strongest El Niño events since records were kept .   It led to widespread flooding across the southern United States , droughts in Indonesia and Australia , and lack of snow in northern areas of the United States . The estimated economic impact was over US$ 8 billion . This El Niño event also led to an abnormal amount of hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean during this time span ; the strongest hurricane up to 1983 hit Hawaii during this El Niño event .   It led to declines of 77 % among Galápagos penguins and 49 % among flightless cormorants . In addition to these losses in penguins and cormorants , this El Niño event caused a quarter of adult native sea lions and fur seals on Peru 's coast to starve , while the entirety of both seals ' pup populations perished . In Ecuador heavy rainfall and flooding led to high fish and shrimp harvests , however the large amounts of standing water also allowed mosquito populations to thrive , leading to large outbreaks of malaria .

negative: Bed O' Roses Handicap The Bed O ' Roses Handicap is an American Thoroughbred horse race run at Belmont Park on Long Island in New York in the spring of the year . The Grade III event is for fillies and Mares four-year-olds and older , and is set at a distance of seven furlongs . Since 1997 , the Bed O ' Roses has offered a purse of $ 150,000 added .   The race was named for Alfred G. Vanderbilt II 's Hall of Fame inductee , Bed O ' Roses , the American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly in 1949 and the American Champion Older Female Horse of 1952 .   This race was first run at Jamaica Racetrack and continued there until 1959 , after which it moved to Aqueduct Racetrack , where it was run until 2010 . It was run in two divisions in 1964 and 1979 and its distance for its first three years was a mile and a sixteenth and then again in 1977 and 1978 . It was contested at one mile from 1960 through 2005 with the exception of 1984 when it was set at a mile and seventy yards .

negative: 2016 California wildfires The 2016 California wildfires were a series of wildfires that burned across the state of California during 2016 . A total of 6,986 fires had burned 565,070 acres , according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection .   Climatologists had predicted an extreme version of El Niño known as Super El Niño to occur during the winter of 2015 -- 16 . Although the Pacific Ocean 's warming water had been expected to bring strong storms to parts of the southwestern United States , actual precipitation totals generally underperformed those expectations . Early in 2016 , The National Interagency Fire Center predicted that conditions from May through at least August would put much of the western United States in above-normal wildfire danger .

negative: Microwave digestion Microwave digestion is a common technique used by elemental scientists to dissolve heavy metals in the presence of organic molecules prior to analysis by inductively coupled plasma , atomic absorption , or atomic emission measurements .   This technique is usually accomplished by exposing a sample to a strong acid in a closed vessel and raising the pressure and temperature through microwave irradiation . This increase in temperature and pressure of the low pH sample medium increases both the speed of thermal decomposition of the sample and the solubility of heavy metals in solution . Once these heavy metals are in solution , it is possible to quantify the sample through elemental techniques .

negative: La Niña La Niña ( -LSB- lɑːˈniːnjə -RSB- , -LSB- la ˈniɲa -RSB- ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño -- Southern Oscillation climate pattern . The name La Niña originates from Spanish , meaning `` the little girl '' , analogous to El Niño meaning `` the little boy '' . It has also in the past been called anti-El Niño , and El Viejo ( meaning `` the old man '' ) . During a period of La Niña , the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5 ° C . In the United States , an appearance of La Niña persists for at least five months . It has extensive effects on the weather in North America , even affecting the Atlantic Hurricane Season .

negative: MS Viking Valiant Pride of Le Havre was the name of ferry for P&O Ferries that sailed between Portsmouth and Le Havre from 1989 to 1994 . From launch until 1994 , she was known as the Viking Valiant for Townsend Thoresen and P&O . In 1994 she was renamed Pride of Cherbourg2 for P&O and continued under this name until she was sold to El Salam Maritime in 2002 . El Salam Maritime renamed her Pride of Al Salam 1 for El Salam Maritime . In 2004 she was renamed Nador and chartered to Comanav , she was again renamed Mogador for Comanav in 2005 , sailing under this name until being scrapped in 2010 .

negative: 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves The 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves included severe heat waves that impacted most of the United States , Kazakhstan , Mongolia , China , Hong Kong , North Africa and the European continent as a whole , along with parts of Canada , Russia , Indochina , South Korea and Japan during May , June , July , and August 2010 . The first phase of the global heatwaves was caused by a moderate El Niño event , which lasted from June 2009 to May 2010 . The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010 , and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected . But it also set new record high temperatures for most of the area affected , in the Northern Hemisphere . The second phase ( the main , and most devastating phase ) was caused by a very strong La Niña event , which lasted from June 2010 to June 2011 . According to meteorologists , the 2010 -- 11 La Niña event was one of the strongest La Niña events ever observed . That same La Niña event also had devastating effects in the Eastern states of Australia . The second phase lasted from June 2010 to October 2010 , caused severe heat waves , and multiple record-breaking temperatures . The heatwaves began on April 2010 , when strong anticyclones began to develop , over most of the affected regions , in the Northern Hemisphere . The heatwaves ended in October 2010 , when the powerful anticyclones over most of the affected areas dissipated .   The heat wave during the summer of 2010 was at its worst in June , over the Eastern United States , Middle East , Eastern Europe and European Russia , and over Northeastern China and southeastern Russia . June 2010 marked the fourth consecutive warmest month on record globally , at 0.66 ° C ( 1.22 ° F ) above average , while the period April -- June was the warmest ever recorded for land areas in the Northern Hemisphere , at 1.25 ° C ( 2.25 ° F ) above average . The previous record for the global average temperature in June was set in 2005 at 0.66 ° C ( 1.19 ° F ) , and the previous warm record for April -- June over Northern Hemisphere land areas was 1.16 ° C ( 2.09 ° F ) , set in 2007 . Sometime during June 2010 , the highest recorded temperature caused by the heatwave was 53.5 ° C , in Southeastern Russia , just north of Kazakhstan . The strongest of the anticyclones , the one situated over Siberia , registered a maximum high pressure of 1040 millibars . The weather caused forest fires in China , where three in a team of 300 died fighting a fire that broke out in the Binchuan County of Dali , as Yunnan suffered the worst drought in 60 years by February 17 . A major drought was reported across the Sahel as early as January . In August , a section of the Petermann Glacier tongue connecting northern Greenland , the Nares Strait and the Arctic Ocean broke off , the biggest ice shelf in the Arctic to detach in 48 years . By the time the heatwaves had ended in late October 2010 , about $ 500 billion ( 2011 USD ) of damage was done , in the Northern Hemisphere alone .   The World Meteorological Organization stated that the heat waves , droughts and flooding events fit with predictions based on global warming for the 21st century , include those based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's 2007 4th Assessment Report . Some climatologists argue that these weather events would not have happened if the atmospheric carbon dioxide was at pre-industrial levels .

negative: Climate oscillation A climate oscillation or climate cycle is any recurring cyclical oscillation within global or regional climate , and is a type of climate pattern . These fluctuations in atmospheric temperature , sea surface temperature , precipitation or other parameters can be quasi-periodic , often occurring on inter-annual , multi-annual , decadal , multidecadal , century-wide , millennial or longer timescales . They are not perfectly periodic and a Fourier analysis of the data does not give a sharp spectrum .   A prominent example is the El Niño Southern Oscillation , involving sea surface temperatures along a stretch of the equatorial Central and East Pacific Ocean and the western coast of tropical South America , but which affects climate worldwide .   Records of past climate conditions are recovered through geological examination of proxies , found in glacier ice , sea bed sediment , tree ring studies or otherwise .

negative: Målilla Målilla is a locality situated in Hultsfred Municipality , Kalmar County , Sweden with 1,524 inhabitants in 2010 .   It is more commonly known as the temperature capital of Sweden due to the frequent records , both high and low , being set there . A Swedish record high temperature of +38 ° C ( 100.4 ° F ) was set on June 29 , 1947 . This record is shared with Ultuna in Uppland . The lowest temperature recorded is − 33.8 ° C , one of the lowest ever recorded in southern Sweden .   Being famous for the extremes in temperature , visitors are welcomed by a 15 metre high thermometer in the middle of the town 's only roundabout . Shortly after its inauguration in December 2000 , it was hit by a car and the bulb had to be replaced .   Målilla is further famous for motorcycle speedway . Almost since the birth of the sport the local team has been amongst the best in Sweden . Dackarna Målilla , the original name of the team has lately changed names due to sponsorship deals . Luxo Stars and Team Svelux were two passing names until the original name once again was reinstated .   The other two things which has put Målilla on the Swedish map is their bandy team Målilla Bandy which has had quite big success during the years and adventurer and mountaineer Janne Corax who is the only Swedish alpinist with first ascents in the Himalayas on the CV .   The legendary pop band The Beach Boys founders , the Wilson and Love families , have their roots in Målilla .

negative: Suki ni Naru Sono Shunkan o: Kokuhaku Jikkō Iinkai Suki ni Naru Sono Shunkan o : Kokuhaku Jikkō Iinkai is an 2016 Japanese animated youth romance film directed by Tetsuya Yanagisawa , written by and produced by Qualia Animation . The film is based on Vocaloid songs from Kokuhaku Jikkō Iinkai ~ Renai Series ~ by HoneyWorks . It is the second film based on Kokuhaku Jikkō Iinkai ~ Renai Series ~ songs , following Zutto Mae Kara Suki Deshita . It was released in Japan by Aniplex on 17 December 2016 .

negative: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .


query: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

positive: Polar bear The polar bear ( ursus #Latin maritimus #Latin ) is a carnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle , encompassing the Arctic Ocean , its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses . It is a large bear , approximately the same size as the omnivorous Kodiak bear ( Ursus arctos middendorffi ) . A boar ( adult male ) weighs around 350 -- , while a sow ( adult female ) is about half that size . Although it is the sister species of the brown bear , it has evolved to occupy a narrower ecological niche , with many body characteristics adapted for cold temperatures , for moving across snow , ice and open water , and for hunting seals , which make up most of its diet . Although most polar bears are born on land , they spend most of their time on the sea ice . Their scientific name means `` maritime bear '' and derives from this fact . Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice , often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present . Because of their dependence on the sea ice , polar bears are classified as marine mammals ; an alternative basis for classification as marine mammals is that they depend on the ocean as their main food source .   Because of expected habitat loss caused by climate change , the polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species , and at least three of the nineteen polar bear subpopulations are currently in decline . For decades , large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species , but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect . For thousands of years , the polar bear has been a key figure in the material , spiritual , and cultural life of circumpolar peoples , and polar bears remain important in their cultures .

negative: Polar ice cap A polar ice cap or polar cap is a high-latitude region of a planet , dwarf planet , or natural satellite that is covered in ice .   There are no requirements with respect to size or composition for a body of ice to be termed a polar ice cap , nor any geological requirement for it to be over land ; only that it must be a body of solid phase matter in the polar region . This causes the term `` polar ice cap '' to be something of a misnomer , as the term ice cap itself is applied more narrowly to bodies that are over land , and cover less than 50,000 km ² : larger bodies are referred to as ice sheets .   The composition of the ice will vary . For example , Earth 's polar caps are mainly water ice , whereas Mars 's polar ice caps are a mixture of solid carbon dioxide and water ice .   Polar ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy in the form of solar radiation from the Sun than equatorial regions , resulting in lower surface temperatures .   Earth 's polar caps have changed dramatically over the last 12,000 years . Seasonal variations of the ice caps takes place due to varied solar energy absorption as the planet or moon revolves around the Sun . Additionally , in geologic time scales , the ice caps may grow or shrink due to climate variation .

negative: Ursid hybrid An ursid hybrid is an animal with parents from two different species or subspecies of the Ursidae ( bear ) family . Species and subspecies of bear known to have produced offspring with another bear species or subspecies include brown bears , black bears , grizzly bears and polar bears , all of which are members of the Ursus genus . Bears not included in Ursus , such as the giant panda , are probably unable to produce hybrids . Note all of the confirmed hybrids listed here have been in captivity ( except grizzly/polar bear ) , but there have been hybrids in the wild .   A recent study found genetic evidence of multiple instances and species combinations where genetic material has passed the species boundary in bears ( a process called introgression by geneticists ) . Specifically , species with evidence of past intermingling were ( 1 ) brown bear and American black bear , ( 2 ) brown bear and polar bear , ( 3 ) American black bear and Asian black bear , ( 4 ) bears currently distributed in Asia ( sloth bear , sun bear and Asian black bear ) . Overall , this study shows that evolution in the bear family ( Ursidae ) has not been strictly bifurcation , but instead showed complex evolutionary relationships .

negative: Minimalist shoe Minimalist shoes are shoes intended to closely approximate barefoot running conditions . They have reduced cushioning , thin soles , and are of lighter weight than other running shoes , allowing for more sensory contact for the foot on the ground while simultaneously providing the feet with some protection from ground hazards and conditions ( such as pebbles and dirt ) . Research shows that wearing a minimlist shoe can help improve foot strength and arch function .

negative: Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa , often referred to simply as anorexia , is an eating disorder characterized by a low weight , fear of gaining weight , a strong desire to be thin , and food restriction . Many people with anorexia see themselves as overweight even though they are in fact underweight . If asked they usually deny they have a problem with low weight . Often they weigh themselves frequently , eat only small amounts , and only eat certain foods . Some will exercise excessively , force themselves to vomit , or use laxatives to produce weight loss . Complications may include osteoporosis , infertility and heart damage , among others . Women will often stop having menstrual periods .   The cause is not known . There appear to be some genetic components with identical twins more often affected than non-identical twins . Cultural factors also appear to play a role with societies that value thinness having higher rates of disease . Additionally , it occurs more commonly among those involved in activities that value thinness such as high-level athletics , modelling , and dancing . Anorexia often begins following a major life-change or stress-inducing event . The diagnosis requires a significantly low weight . The severity of disease is based on body mass index ( BMI ) in adults with mild disease having a BMI of greater than 17 , moderate a BMI of 16 to 17 , severe a BMI of 15 to 16 , and extreme a BMI less than 15 . In children a BMI for age percentile of less than the 5th percentile is often used .   Treatment of anorexia involves restoring a healthy weight , treating the underlying psychological problems , and addressing behaviors that promote the problem . While medications do not help with weight gain , they may be used to help with associated anxiety or depression . A number of types of therapy may be useful including an approach where parents assume responsibility for feeding their child , known as Maudsley family therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy . Sometimes people require admission to hospital to restore weight . Evidence for benefit from nasogastric tube feeding , however , is unclear . Some people will just have a single episode and recover while others may have many episodes over years . Many complications improve or resolve with regaining of weight .   Globally , anorexia is estimated to affect 2.9 million people as of 2015 . It is estimated to occur in 0.9 % to 4.3 % of women and 0.2 % to 0.3 % of men in Western countries at some point in their life . About 0.4 % of young females are affected in a given year and it is estimated to occur ten times less commonly in males . Rates in most of the developing world are unclear . Often it begins during the teen years or young adulthood . While anorexia became more commonly diagnosed during the 20th century it is unclear if this was due to an increase in its frequency or simply better diagnosis . In 2013 it directly resulted in about 600 deaths globally , up from 400 deaths in 1990 . Eating disorders also increase a person 's risk of death from a wide range of other causes , including suicide . About 5 % of people with anorexia die from complications over a ten-year period , a nearly 6 times increased risk . The term anorexia nervosa was first used in 1873 by William Gull to describe this condition .

negative: Unprotected cruiser An unprotected cruiser was a type of naval warship in use during the late Victorian or pre-dreadnought era ( about 1880 to 1905 ) . The name was meant to distinguish these ships from `` protected cruisers '' which had become accepted in the 1880s . A protected cruiser did not have side armor on its hull like a battleship or `` armored cruiser '' but had only a curved armored deck built inside the ship -- like an internal turtle shell -- which prevented enemy fire penetrating through the ship down into the most critical areas such as machinery , boilers , or ammunition storage . An unprotected cruiser of course lacked even this level of internal protection . The definitions had some gray areas because individual ships could be built with a protective deck that did not cover more than a small area of the ship , or was so thin as to be of little value ( the same was true of the side armor on some armored cruisers ) . An unprotected cruiser was generally cheaper and less effective than a protected cruiser , while a protected cruiser was generally cheaper and less effective than an armored cruiser ( with some exceptions in each case ) .

negative: Pole shift hypothesis The cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis suggests that there have been geologically rapid shifts in the relative positions of the modern-day geographic locations of the poles and the axis of rotation of the Earth , creating calamities such as floods and tectonic events .   There is evidence of precession and changes in axial tilt , but this change is on much longer time-scales and does not involve relative motion of the spin axis with respect to the planet . However , in what is known as true polar wander , the solid Earth can rotate with respect to a fixed spin axis . Research shows that during the last 200 million years a total true polar wander of some 30 ° has occurred , but that no super-rapid shifts in the Earth 's pole were found during this period . A characteristic rate of true polar wander is 1 ° or less per million years . Between approximately 790 and 810 million years ago , when the supercontinent Rodinia existed , two geologically rapid phases of true polar wander may have occurred . In each of these , the magnetic poles of the Earth shifted by approximately 55 ° .

negative: Sea ice Sea ice arises as seawater freezes . Because ice is less dense than water , it floats on the ocean 's surface ( as does fresh water ice , which has an even lower density ) . Sea ice covers about 7 % of the Earth 's surface and about 12 % of the world 's oceans . Much of the world 's sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent , a natural process upon which depends the Arctic ecology , including the ocean 's ecosystems . Due to the action of winds , currents and temperature fluctuations , sea ice is very dynamic , leading to a wide variety of ice types and features . Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs , which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean . Depending on location , sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs .

negative: Polar desert Polar deserts are areas with annual precipitation less than 250 mm and a mean temperature of less than 10 C during the warmest months . Polar deserts on Earth cover nearly 5,000,000 km2 and consist primarily of hard bedrock or gravel plains .   Polar deserts are one of two polar biomes : polar deserts and Arctic tundra . These biomes are located at the poles of the earth , specifically , the Arctic , northernmost North America , Europe , and Asia , and Antarctica . Polar deserts are located in the Arctic and Antarctic . Unlike the tundra that can support plant and animal life in the summer , polar deserts are barren with permanent layers of ice . However , there is evidence of life in this seemingly inhospitable environment.The thick ice contains sediments of organic and inorganic substances which create a habitable environment for microbial organisms . These organisms are closely related to cyanobacteria which have a variety of functions , particularly , fixing carbon dioxide from the melting water .   Temperature changes in polar deserts frequently cross the freezing point of water . This `` freeze-thaw '' alternation forms patterned textures on the ground , as much as 5 m in diameter ( as seen in the picture on the right ) .   Most of the interior of Antarctica is polar desert , despite the thick ice cover . Conversely , the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica , although they have had no ice for thousands of years due to katabatic wind , are not necessarily polar desert .   Polar deserts are relatively common during ice ages , as ice ages tend to be dry .   Climate scientists have voiced concerns about the effects of global warming to the ice poles in these polar biomes .

negative: Hard keeper A hard keeper or ( British English ) poor doer is a horse or other livestock animal that is naturally prone to be thin , will lose weight quickly , and has difficulty gaining weight .   A horse that is too thin is not necessarily a hard keeper . The animal may be ill , elderly , or has not been provided adequate nutrition . Whenever a horse is too thin , it is well-advised to have a veterinarian give the horse a thorough examination and recommend the best course of action .   The opposite of a hard keeper is an easy keeper ( good doer ) ; an animal that can live on relatively little food and is prone to obesity and other health problems associated with a too-rich diet . In contrast , a truly hard keeper is almost never fat under any circumstances .   It is extremely rare for a pony or a donkey to be a hard keeper . The condition is most often seen in light horse breeds that have either a naturally high-strung temperament or breeds that tend to a very lean phenotype and are then subjected to stressful conditions . Breeds with a higher percentage of hard keepers include race horses such as the Thoroughbred , and certain types of show horses bred for style and animation , such as the American Saddlebred .   It is natural for a normal horse to require more nutrition to avoid weight loss if it is pregnant , lactating , under stress due to illness or management conditions , or when subjected to hard work . With a normal horse , adjusting the animal 's diet to compensate for the conditions it is facing will usually return the animal to its normal condition .   If an animal is truly a hard keeper , proper nutrition requires a calorie-rich diet , but one that will not make the horse `` hot '' and prone to excess energy that may lead to yet more nervous behavior and continued weight loss . Forages that are highly nutritious and calorie-dense , such as alfalfa and beet pulp are often recommended . Concentrated feeds that are high in fat but low in carbohydrates , such as rice bran , ground flaxseed , or corn oil are often added to a basic grain or pelleted feed ration to assist weight gain without creating excess energy . High-energy feeds containing significant amounts of sugars , such as molasses , are not usually recommended because they have a tendency to make a horse `` hot '' or more excitable . However , in cases where a hard keeper also has work with high energy requirements , such as horse racing , an extra , but carefully balanced source of energy may be necessary .   A horse that has not previously had trouble maintaining weight that suddenly begins to lose weight for no apparent reason is not a hard keeper . This type of weight loss is usually a sign of a health problem . In most cases , the horse may require worming to remove internal parasites , or it could have a dental problem that requires floating of the teeth . Sometimes , weight loss is a symptom of a more serious medical condition . Any horse with an unexplained weight loss usually should be examined by a veterinarian .   A normal horse may become a hard keeper when it becomes older , particularly when over the age of 20 to 25 years . There are some body weight distribution changes that are linked to age , including a loss of muscle tone along the spine and hip that lead to somewhat more visible withers , hipbones , and ribs . However , these areas still should maintain good flesh . It is not natural for an old horse to be excessively thin . Sometimes the digestive system of older horses becomes less efficient , and a change in diet to `` senior '' feeds that are easier to digest is in order . However , weight loss in an older horse is more often linked to a dental problem and proper equine dentistry can often result in a return to normal weight , provided the horse still has enough functional teeth remaining .   In extreme old age , such as when a horse is over 30 years old , the animal may no longer have any molars left , and may require a diet of mushy foods such as hay cubes soaked in water , beet pulp , or other specialized feeds . In such cases , these horses will appear to be too thin , but if obtaining proper nutrition will still have a healthy hair coat , flesh over bone , and other indicators of good health .   In some animal cruelty cases where starvation is alleged , the caretakers of such animals often will claim that too-thin animals are `` just a hard keeper '' as a defense . However , the weight distribution and musculature of a hard keeper , particularly in the neck and hindquarters , is distinct from that of a starving horse , and a veterinarian can usually provide an expert opinion as to what is normal and what is not .

negative: Grade beam A grade beam or grade beam footing is a component of a building 's foundation . It consists of a reinforced concrete beam that transmits the load from a bearing wall into spaced foundations such as pile caps or caissons . It is used in conditions where the surface soil 's load-bearing capacity is less than the anticipated design loads .   A grade beam differs from a wall footing because a grade beam is designed for bending and typically spans between pile caps or caissons , while a wall footing bears on soil and transmits the weight of the wall directly into the ground . It also differs from a strap beam because a grade beam is reinforced to distribute the weight of a wall to separate foundations , while a strap beam is designed to redistribute the weight of a column between footings .   Grade beams may also be used in conjunction with spread footings , in a case with large moments from lateral loads , in order to reduce the size of each spread footing .

negative: Size–weight illusion The size -- weight illusion , also known as the Charpentier illusion , is named after the French physician Augustin Charpentier because he was the first to demonstrate the illusion experimentally . The illusion occurs when a person underestimates the weight of a larger object ( e.g. a box ) when compared to a smaller object of the same mass . Similar illusions occurs with differences in material and colour : metal containers feel lighter than wooden containers of the same size and mass , and darker objects feel heavier than brighter objects of the same size and mass . These illusions can all be described as contrast with the expected weight . The expected weight or density can be measured by matching visible and hidden weights , lifted in the same manner . This gives an expected density of about 1.7 for metal canisters and 0.14 for polystyrene blocks . Density expectations may assist in selecting suitable objects to throw .   An early explanation of these illusions was that people judge the weight of an object from its appearance and then lift it with a pre-determined force . They expect a larger object to be heavier and therefore lift it with greater force : the larger object is then lifted more easily than the smaller one , causing it to be perceived as lighter . This hypothesis was disproved by an experiment in which two objects of the same mass , same cross section , but different height were placed on observers ' supported hands , and produced a passive size -- weight illusion . Recent studies have also shown that the lifting force quickly adapts to the true mass of the objects , but the size -- weight illusion remains . The illusion therefore can not be explained by the manner of lifting , and must be due to some perceptual rescaling based on prior expectations . The rescaling has been described as sub-optimal ( anti-Bayesian ) , in that the central nervous system integrates prior expectations with current proprioceptive information in a way that emphasises the unexpected information rather than taking an average of all information . It has also recently been suggested that the illusion may not be anti-Bayesian , but may instead rely on more complex yet still optimal inference processes than traditionally suggested .   Other models describe the rescaling as partly beneficial , in that it enhances discrimination . Contrast effects are common in many perceptual modalities , and are similar to physiological adaptation . Adaptation can be explained as a change in the gain of the system , the gain being set to the appropriate level for maximum discrimination and for protection against sensory overload . Contrast effects may similarly be related to efficient neural coding . If the selected range is either too high or too low , as in the size -- weight illusion , there is both a contrast illusion and a loss of discrimination . It has been found that weight discrimination deteriorates if objects are lighter than their expected density , or heavier than their expected density . Models of this type can account for perceptual rescaling without involving the manner of lifting .

negative: Neanderthal anatomy Neanderthal anatomy differed from modern humans in that they had a more robust build and distinctive morphological features , especially on the cranium , which gradually accumulated more derived aspects , particularly in certain isolated geographic regions . Evidence suggests they were much stronger than modern humans while they were comparable in height ; based on 45 long bones from at most 14 males and 7 females , Neanderthal males averaged 164 -- and females 152 -- tall . Samples of 26 specimens in 2010 found an average weight of 77.6 kg for males and 66.4 kg for females .  A 2007 genetic study suggested some Neanderthals may have had red hair .

negative: 2011 Svalbard polar bear attack On 5 August 2011 , a starving polar bear in the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard attacked a party of school children , organised by the British Schools Exploring Society ( BSES ) , who had camped near the Von Post glacier , some 25 miles ( 40 km ) from the settlement of Longyearbyen . The bear was reported as being starving and emaciated .   The BSES party of eighty members had planned their trip to run from 23 July to 28 August -- the trip was cut short after the incident . BSES , a youth charity , was founded in 1932 by Surgeon Commander George Murray Levick , a member of Captain Scott 's expedition of 1910 -- 13 .   Seventeen-year-old Horatio Chapple , a pupil of Eton College , was with a party of twelve at the time of the attack , and would die of injuries sustained . Four others were hurt , two seriously , and all were flown to Tromsø on mainland Norway for treatment . Chapple 's grandfather , Sir John Lyon Chapple , was formerly the president of BSES .   The bear was shot dead by one of the expedition 's leaders , Spike Reid , who himself suffered severe head and face injuries .

negative: Polar meteorology Polar meteorology is the study of the atmosphere of Earth 's polar regions .  Surface temperature inversion is typical of polar environments and leads to the katabatic wind phenomenon . The vertical temperature structure of polar environments tends to be more complex than in mid-latitude or tropical climates .

negative: Judo at the 1980 Summer Olympics The Judo competition at the 1980 Summer Olympics was the first time that the medal count was not dominated by Japan , since the country joined the boycott of the games because of the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . Medals were awarded to male judoka in eight competitions , seven weight classes and the open competition -- two more than in 1976 . All events were held at the Palace of Sports of the Central Lenin Stadium at Luzhniki ( south western part of Moscow ) . The schedule started on July 27 and ended on August 2 .

negative: Project Boreas Project Boreas was a study conducted between 2003 and 2006 by the British Interplanetary Society to design a station on the Planum Boreum at the Martian North Pole . The project was international , involving over 25 scientists and engineers , co-ordinated by Charles S. Cockell . Pole Station was designed to operate for three summers and two polar winters . Amongst a diversity of scientific objectives the station occupants were to retrieve a deep core from within the Martian polar ice cap . Expeditions were planned to numerous locations across the Martian north polar cap , including the Chasma Boreale and the polar layered terrains . The study involved wide ranging investigations of the scientific priorities for a human presence at the Martian polar ice caps through to detailed architectural and design studies for the station . Studies were undertaken on mobility and communications and psycho-social issues for long-term operation at the Martian polar station .

negative: Inattentional blindness Inattentional blindness , also known as perceptual blindness , is a psychological lack of attention that is not associated with any vision defects or deficits . It may be further defined as the event in which an individual fails to perceive an unexpected stimulus that is in plain sight . When it simply becomes impossible for one to attend to all the stimuli in a given situation , a temporary blindness effect can take place as a result ; that is , individuals fail to see objects or stimuli that are unexpected and quite often salient . The term was coined by Arien Mack and Irvin Rock in 1992 and was used as the title of their book of the same name , published by MIT press in 1998 , in which they describe the discovery of the phenomenon and include a collection of procedures used in describing it . A famous study that demonstrated inattentional blindness asked participants whether or not they noticed a gorilla walking through the scene of a visual task they had been given .   Research on inattentional blindness suggests that the phenomenon can occur in any individual , independent of cognitive deficits . However , recent evidence shows that patients with ADHD performed better attentionally when engaging in inattentional blindness tasks than control patients did , suggesting that some mental deficits may decrease the effects of this phenomenon . Recent studies have also looked at age differences and inattentional blindness scores , and results show that the effect increases as humans age . There is mixed evidence that consequential unexpected objects are noticed more : Some studies suggest that we can detect threatening unexpected stimuli more easily than nonthreatening ones , but other studies suggest that this is not the case . There is some evidence that objects associated with reward are noticed more .   Numerous experiments have demonstrated that inattentional blindness also has an effect on people 's perception .

negative: Media depictions of body shape Body shape refers to the many physical attributes of the human body that make up its appearance , including size and countenance . Body shape has come to imply not only sexual/reproductive ability , but wellness and fitness . In the West , slenderness is associated with happiness , success , youth , and social acceptability . Being overweight is associated with laziness . The media promote a weight-conscious standard for women more often than for men . Deviance from these norms result in social consequences . The media perpetuate this ideal in various ways , particularly glorifying and focusing on thin actors and actresses , models , and other public figures while avoiding the use or image of overweight individuals . This thin ideal represents less than 5 % of the American population .

negative: Gouldian finch The Gouldian finch ( Erythrura gouldiae ) , also known as the Lady Gouldian finch , Gould 's finch or the rainbow finch , is a colourful passerine bird endemic to Australia . There is strong evidence of a continuing decline , even at the best-known site near Katherine in the Northern Territory . Large numbers are bred in captivity , particularly in Australia . In the state of South Australia , National Parks & Wildlife Department permit returns in the late 1990s showed that over 13,000 Gouldian finches were being kept by aviculturists . If extrapolated to an Australia-wide figure this would result in a total of over 100,000 birds . In 1992 , it was classified as `` endangered in the wild '' under IUCN 's criteria C2ai . This was because the viable population size was estimated to be less than 2,500 mature individuals , no permanent subpopulation was known to contain more than 250 mature individuals , and that a continuing decline was observed in the number of mature individuals . It is currently subject to a conservation program .

negative: Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? Polar Bear , Polar Bear , What Do You Hear ? is a children 's picture book , published in 1991 , written and illustrated by Bill Martin , Jr. and Eric Carle .   The book is designed to help toddlers identify zoo animals and the noises they make . It features a polar bear , a lion , a hippopotamus , a flamingo , a zebra , a boa constrictor , an elephant , a leopard , a peacock , a walrus , a zoo keeper and some children .   This is a companion book to Brown Bear , Brown Bear , What Do You See ? , published by Carle and Martin in 1967 , replacing the earlier text 's colours and common animals with sounds and less common creatures .

negative: Drift ice Drift ice is any sea ice other than fast ice , the latter being attached ( `` fastened '' ) to the shoreline or other fixed objects ( shoals , grounded icebergs , etc. ) . Drift ice is carried along by winds and sea currents , hence its name . When drift ice is driven together into a large single mass ( > 70 % coverage ) , it is called pack ice . Wind and currents can pile up that ice to form ridges up to several metres in height . These represent a challenge for icebreakers and offshore structures operating in cold oceans and seas .   Drift ice consists of floes , individual pieces of sea ice 20 m or more across . There are names for various floe sizes : small -- 20 m to 100 m ; medium -- 100 m to 500 m ; big -- 500 m to 2000 m ; vast -- 2 km to 10 km ; and giant -- more than 10 km .   Seasonal ice drift in the Sea of Okhotsk by the northern coast of Hokkaidō , Japan has become a tourist attraction of this area with harsh climate , and is one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan . The Sea of Okhotsk is the southernmost area in the Northern hemisphere where drift ice may be observed .   Drift ice affects :  Security of navigation  Climatic impact ( see Polar ice packs )  Geological impact  Biosphere influence ( see Ecology of sea ice )   The two major ice packs are the Arctic ice pack and the Antarctic ice pack . The most important areas of pack ice are the polar ice packs formed from seawater in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs significantly change their size during seasonal changes of the year . Because of vast amounts of water added to or removed from the oceans and atmosphere , the behavior of polar ice packs has a significant impact on global changes in climate .

negative: Polar Class Polar Class ( PC ) refers to the ice class assigned to a ship by a classification society based on the Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships developed by the International Association of Classification Societies ( IACS ) . Seven Polar Classes are defined in the rules , ranging from PC 1 for year-round operation in all polar waters to PC 7 for summer and autumn operation in thin first-year ice .   The IACS Polar Class rules should not be confused with International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters ( Polar Code ) by the International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) .

negative: Augustin Charpentier Augustin Charpentier ( 1852 - 4 August 1916 ) was a French physician .   In 1891 he carried out the first experiment providing evidence of the size-weight illusion . He carried out a various number of procedures comparing what people thought was the heaviness of lifted weights . He realized that lifters thought that larger objects were lighter than smaller objects of the same mass .

negative: Composite bearing A composite bearing is used to maintain separation and control friction between two moving parts . The distinguishing characteristic of a composite bearing is that the bearing is made from a combination of materials such as a resin reinforced with fibre and this may also include friction reducing lubricants and ingredients . A composite bearing is not simply a PTFE bearing in a carrier of another material , this is a PTFE bearing in a carrier . The plain composite bearing can be lighter than a rolling element bearing but this is not always a feature as some composites are extremely dense which results in lower porosity . Another distinctive feature of the composite bearing is its lightweight design - it can be one-tenth the weight of the traditional rolling element bearing . No heavy metals are used in its manufacture .   Composite bearings can be customized to meet the individual requirements of many applications , such as wear - or high-temperature resistance . The weight of the composite bearing can vary depending on its backing . The PTFE liner can be applied on steel or aluminum backing . Through filler compounds , various properties of the composite bearing , such as resistance to creep , wear and electrical conductivity , can be optimized .

negative: Protected areas of Cameroon Many protected areas in Cameroon are still in pristine condition , mostly because there is less tourism in Cameroon than other regions of Africa . According to reported statistics , there were ten protected areas from 1932 to 1960 . Six protected areas were added between 1960 and 1980 , five more were added between 1980 and 2004 , and eight protected areas are under consideration within a final approval process .

negative: Starving artist A starving artist is an artist who sacrifices material well-being in order to focus on their artwork . They typically live on minimum expenses , either for a lack of business or because all their disposable income goes toward art projects . Related terms include starving actor and starving musician .   Some starving artists desire mainstream success but have difficulty due to high barriers to entry in fields such as the visual arts , the film industry , and theatre . These artists frequently take temporary positions such as waitering or other service industry jobs while they focus their attention on `` breaking through '' in their preferred field . The Starving Artists Project describes these artists as those who have not yet broken into their careers .   Other artists may find enough satisfaction in living as artists to choose voluntary poverty regardless of their prospects for future financial reward or broad recognition . Virginia Nicholson writes in Among the Bohemians : Experiments in Living 1900 -- 1939 :   Fifty years on we may judge that Dylan Thomas 's poverty was noble , while Nina Hamnett 's was senseless . But a minor artist with no money goes as hungry as a genius . What drove them to do it ? I believe that such people were not only choosing art , they were choosing the life of the artist . Art offered them a different way of living , one that they believed more than compensated for the loss of comfort and respectability .

negative: Eat Smart, Move More, Weigh Less Eat Smart , Move More , Weigh Less is a 15-week adult weight management program that uses strategies based on evidence for weight loss and/or weight maintenance . The Eat Smart Move More Weigh Less classes focus on the 12 evidence-based eating and physical activity behaviors for weight management . The program does not provide a prescriptive diet plan , it teaches small lifetime changes . The program teaches mindfulness as a strategy to become more aware of eating and physical activity . Eat Smart , Move More , Weigh Less includes methods for planning and tracking healthy eating and physical activity behaviors . In 2007 , Eat Smart , Move More , Weigh Less curriculum was developed by a writing team from NC State University and NC Division of Public Health . A complete listing of authors and their respective affiliations can be found on the program website . The 15-lesson curriculum was peer reviewed by state and local nutrition and physical activity professionals , representatives from the medical community , and a CDC project officer .

negative: Easy keeper An easy keeper , easy doer or ( British English ) good doer is a livestock animal that can live on relatively little food . The opposite of an easy keeper is a hard keeper ( poor doer ) , an animal that is prone to be too thin and has difficulty maintaining adequate weight .   Easy keepers tend to be found most often in breeds originally developed to survive under harsh conditions . Most pony breeds are easy keepers , and smaller , hardy horse breeds such as the Arabian or Mustang have many representatives with this trait . Many draft horse breeds , such as the Percheron are also easy keepers , as are most mules and donkeys . If overfed with a too rich modern diet , the easy keeper is prone to obesity and other health problems , including laminitis and metabolic disorders .   Easy keepers may be confused with a mare that is pregnant . However , an easy keeper tends to gain weight all over its body , not just in the belly . Easy keepers are not always easy to distinguish from a normal horse that is too fat from simple overfeeding . However , an easy keeper will gain weight more quickly and lose weight more slowly than an ordinary horse , and when fed a standard diet geared toward an average horse , will gain , rather than maintain , weight .   While it is not a problem to keep enough weight on an easy keeper , modern animal husbandry practices are often a challenge to such animals , as a modern diet can lead to a number of health problems , including obesity and , in some cases , laminitis . Some easy keepers may be prone to insulin resistance , Equine Metabolic Syndrome ( EMS ) , and possibly are more likely to develop Cushing 's disease later in life . Easy keepers with a susceptibility to various metabolic problems are also more prone to develop a `` cresty '' neck , and to not lose weight in that area , even when placed on a diet . Regularly monitoring the horse 's body condition score on a regular basis assists in helping the horse maintain proper weight .

negative: Quark Expeditions Quark Expeditions ® is the leader in Arctic and Antarctic expedition travel . The adventure travel company offers Polar Region expeditions aboard purpose-built small expedition ships and icebreakers carrying fewer than 200 passengers , and on unique land-based adventures . Each polar expedition ship features ice-strengthened hulls for superior navigation in ice-packed polar waters , and Zodiacs ( inflatable landing craft ) for safe , comfortable transfers ship to shore , allowing passengers to reach some of the world 's most remote places . Expedition team members are experts in various disciplines including polar history , biology , geology , photography , ornithology , glaciology and more . Additionally , many expeditions feature renowned special guests and speakers . Adventure activities are offered on each expedition .

negative: Beverage-can stove A beverage-can stove , or pop-can stove , is a do it yourself , ultralight , alcohol-burning portable stove . The simple design is made entirely from aluminium cans , lending itself to countless variations .   Total weight , including a windscreen/stand , can be less than one ounce ( 28 g ) . The design is popular in ultralight backpacking due to its low cost and lighter weight than commercial stoves . This advantage may be lost on long hiking trips , where a lot of fuel is packed , since alcohol has less energy per weight than some other stove fuels .   Of the available fuels , methanol delivers the least energy , ethanol somewhat more , butanol is hardly ever used , and isopropanol delivers the most . All but isopropanol burn with a smokeless flame ; it can provide both light and heat .

negative: Hierarchy of evidence Evidence hierarchies reflect the relative authority of various types of biomedical research . Although there is no single , universally-accepted hierarchy of evidence , there is broad agreement on the relative strength of the principal types of research , or epidemiological studies . Randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ) rank above observational studies , while expert opinion and anecdotal experience are ranked at the bottom . Some evidence hierarchies place systematic review and meta analysis above RCTs , since these often combine data from multiple RCTs , and possibly from other study types as well . Evidence hierarchies are integral to evidence-based medicine .   The use of evidence hierarchies has been criticized as allowing RCTs too much authority . Not all research questions can be answered through RCTs , either because of practical issues or because of ethical issues . Moreover , even when evidence is available from high-quality RCTs , evidence from other study types may still be relevant .   Greenhalgh suggests that   `` the relative weight carried by the different types of primary study when making decisions about clinical interventions ( the `` hierarchy of evidence '' ) puts them in the following order :   Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of `` RCTs with definitive results '' .  RCTs with definitive results ( confidence intervals that do not overlap the threshold clinically significant effect )  RCTs with non-definitive results ( a point estimate that suggests a clinically significant effect but with confidence intervals overlapping the threshold for this effect )  Cohort studies  Case-control studies  Cross sectional surveys  Case reports

negative: Lunar water Lunar water is water that is present on the Moon . Liquid water can not persist at the Moon 's surface , and water vapor is decomposed by sunlight , with hydrogen quickly lost to outer space . However , scientists have since the 1960s conjectured that water ice could survive in cold , permanently shadowed craters at the Moon 's poles . Water molecules are also detected in the thin layer of gases above the lunar surface .   Water ( H2O ) , and the chemically related hydroxyl group ( - OH ) , can also exist in forms chemically bound as hydrates and hydroxides to lunar minerals ( rather than as free water ) , and evidence strongly suggests that this is indeed the case in low concentrations over much of the Moon 's surface . In fact , adsorbed water is calculated to exist at trace concentrations of 10 to 1000 parts per million . In 1978 it was reported that samples returned by the Soviet Luna 24 probe contained 0.1 % water by mass sample . Inconclusive evidence of free water ice at the lunar poles was accumulated from a variety of observations suggesting the presence of bound hydrogen .   On 18 November 2008 , the Moon Impact probe was released from India 's Chandrayaan-1 at a height of 100 km . During its 25-minute descent , the impact probe 's Chandra 's Altitudinal Composition ( CHACE ) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra gathered in the thin atmosphere above the Moon 's surface . In September 2009 , NASA payload Moon Mineralogy Mapper onboard Chandrayaan-1 detected water on the Moon surface and hydroxyl absorption lines in reflected sunlight .  In November 2009 , NASA re-confirmed water on moon with its LCROSS space probe which detected a significant amount of hydroxyl group in the material thrown up from a south polar crater by an impactor ; this may be attributed to water-bearing materials -- what appears to be `` near pure crystalline water-ice '' .  In March 2010 , it was reported that the Mini-SAR on board Chandrayaan-1 had discovered more than 40 permanently darkened craters near the Moon 's north pole that are hypothesized to contain an estimated 600 million metric tonnes ( 1.3 trillion pounds ) of water-ice .   Water may have been delivered to the Moon over geological timescales by the regular bombardment of water-bearing comets , asteroids and meteoroids or continuously produced in situ by the hydrogen ions ( protons ) of the solar wind impacting oxygen-bearing minerals .   The search for the presence of lunar water has attracted considerable attention and motivated several recent lunar missions , largely because of water 's usefulness in rendering long-term lunar habitation feasible .