query: Beloved author African-American Nobel Prize Literature

positive: African-American literature African-American  literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent.  It begins with the works of such late 18th-century writers as Phillis Wheatley. Before the high point of slave narratives, African-American literature was dominated by autobiographical spiritual narratives. African-American literature reached early high points with slave narratives of the nineteenth century.

positive: Beloved (novel) Beloved is a 1987 novel by the American writer Toni Morrison. Set after the American Civil War (1861–1865), it is inspired by the story of an African-American slave, Margaret Garner, who escaped slavery in Kentucky late January 1856 by fleeing to Ohio, a free state. In the novel, the protagonist Sethe is also a slave who escapes slavery, running to Cincinnati, Ohio.

positive: Chinua Achebe Chinua Achebe (/ˈtʃɪnwɑː əˈtʃɛbɛ/, born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe; 16 November 1930 – 21 March 2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and critic.  His first novel Things Fall Apart (1958) was considered his magnum opus, and is the most widely read book in modern African literature.Raised by his parents in the Igbo town of Ogidi in South-Eastern Nigeria, Achebe excelled at school and won a scholarship for undergraduate studies.

positive: List of African-American writers This is a list of African-American authors and writers, all of whom are considered part of African-American literature, and who already have Wikipedia articles. The list also includes non-American authors and writers of African descent.Note: Consult Who is African-American? to gain a better sense as to who can be listed as an African-American writer.

positive:
List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates?oldid=683879293> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Concurrent_MetateM> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Concurrent MetateM is a multi-agent language in which each agent is programmed using a set of (augmented) temporal logic specifications of the behaviour it should exhibit. These specifications are executed directly to generate the behaviour of the agent.

positive: Orhan Pamuk Ferit Orhan Pamuk (generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk; born 7 June 1952) is a Turkish novelist, screenwriter, academic and recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. One of Turkey's most prominent novelists, his work has sold over eleven million books in sixty languages, making him the country's best-selling writer.Pamuk is the author of novels including The White Castle, The Black Book, The New Life, My Name Is Red, Snow and The Museum of Innocence.

positive: Paradise (novel) Paradise is a 1997 novel by Toni Morrison, and her first novel since winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.  According to the author, it completes a "trilogy" that begins with Beloved and includes Jazz.The book was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection January 1998. Morrison wanted to call the novel War but was overridden by her editor.

positive: Ralph Bunche Ralph Johnson Bunche (/bʌntʃ/; August 7, 1903 or 1904 – December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist, academic, and diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Israel. He was the first African American and the first American person of color to be so honored in the history of the prize. He was involved in the formation and administration of the United Nations. In 1963, he was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President John F.

positive: Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (/ˈluːɪs/; February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters." His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars.

positive: Sula (novel) Sula is a 1973 novel by Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison.

positive: Wole Soyinka Akinwande Oluwole "Wole" Babatunde Soyinka (Yoruba: Akinwándé Oluwo̩lé Babátúndé S̩óyinká, pronounced [wɔlé ʃójĩká]; born 13 July 1934) is a Nigerian playwright and poet. He was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature, the first African to be honored in that category.Soyinka was born into a Yoruba family in Abeokuta. After study in Nigeria and the UK, he worked with the Royal Court Theatre in London. He went on to write plays that were produced in both countries, in theatres and on radio.

negative: 1919 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 1919.

negative: 1948 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 1948.

negative: 1987 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 1987.

negative: 1988 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 1988.

negative: 2007 Nobel Peace Prize The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change".

negative: A Turn in the South A Turn in the South is a travelogue of the American South written by Nobel Prize-winning writer V. S. Naipaul.  The book was published in 1989 and is based upon the author's travels in the southern states of the United States.Naipaul has written fiction and non-fiction about life in the Caribbean, India, Africa and South America.  In this book the subject is the U.S.A., including  South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, et cetera.

negative: African literature African literature is literature of or from Africa and includes oral literature (or "ligature", in the term coined by Ugandan scholar Pio Zirimu).As George Joseph notes in his chapter on African literature in Understanding Contemporary Africa, whereas European views of literature often stressed a separation of art and content, African awareness is inclusive:"Literature" can also imply an artistic use of words for the sake of art alone.

negative: Alan Paton Alan Stewart Paton (11 January 1903 – 12 April 1988) was a South African author and anti-apartheid activist.

negative: Alice Munro Alice Ann Munro (/ˈælɨs ˌæn mʌnˈroʊ/, née Laidlaw /ˈleɪdlɔː/; born 10 July 1931) is a Canadian author. Munro's work has been described as having revolutionized the architecture of short stories, especially in its tendency to move forward and backward in time. Her stories have been said to "embed more than announce, reveal more than parade."Munro's fiction is most often set in her native Huron County in southwestern Ontario. Her stories explore human complexities in an uncomplicated prose style.

negative: American literature American literature is the literature written or produced in the area of the United States and its preceding colonies. For more specific discussions of poetry and theater, see Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United States. During its early history, America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United States. Therefore, its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader tradition of English literature.

negative: Art, Truth and Politics "Art, Truth and Politics" (also referred to and published as "Art, Truth & Politics" and Art, Truth and Politics) is the Nobel Lecture delivered on video by the 2005 Nobel Laureate in Literature Harold Pinter (1930–2008), who was at the time hospitalised and unable to travel to Stockholm to deliver it in person.The 46-minute videotaped lecture was projected on three large screens in front of the audience at the Swedish Academy, in Stockholm, on the evening of 7 December 2005.

negative: Cry, the Beloved Country Cry, the Beloved Country is a novel by South African author Alan Paton. It was first published in New York City in 1948 by Charles Scribner's Sons and in London by Jonathan Cape.

negative: Disgrace Disgrace is a novel by J. M. Coetzee, published in 1999. It won the Booker Prize. The writer was also awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature four years after its publication.

negative: Doris Lessing Doris May Lessing CH (née Tayler; 22 October 1919 – 17 November 2013) was a British novelist, poet, playwright, librettist, biographer and short story writer. Her novels include The Grass is Singing (1950), the sequence of five novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–69), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Good Terrorist (1985), and five novels collectively known as Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979–1983).Lessing was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature.

negative: Drückender Tango Drückender Tango is a book by Nobel Prize-winning author Herta Müller. It was first published in 1984.

negative: English literature The focus of this article is on English-language literature rather than limited merely to the literature of England, so that it includes writers from Scotland, the whole of Ireland, Wales, as well as literature in English from former British colonies, including the US.

negative: Este sau nu este Ion Este sau nu este Ion is a poetry collection by Nobel Prize-winning author Herta Müller. It was first published in 2005.

negative: French literature This article is a general introduction to French literature.  For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods, see the separate historical articles in the template to the right.French literature is, generally speaking, literature written in the French language, particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak traditional languages of France other than French.

negative: Hunger und Seide Hunger und Seide is a book of essays (or, "mixed prose") by Nobel Prize-winning author Herta Müller. It was first published in 1995.

negative: Ig Nobel Prize The Ig Nobel Prizes is a parody of the Nobel Prizes and is given out in early October each year for ten unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research.The stated aim of the prizes is to "honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think". The awards are sometimes veiled criticism (or gentle satire), but are also used to point out that even the most absurd-sounding avenues of research can yield useful knowledge.

negative: Isaac Bashevis Singer Isaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער; November 21, 1902 – July 24, 1991) was a Polish-born Jewish author in Yiddish, awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978. The Polish form of his birth name was Icek Hersz Zynger. He used his mother's first name in an initial literary pseudonym, Izaak Baszewis, which he later expanded to the form under which he is now known. He was a leading figure in the Yiddish literary movement, writing and publishing only in Yiddish.

negative: J. M. Coetzee John Maxwell "J. M." Coetzee (/kʊtˈsiː/, kuut-SEE; born 9 February 1940) is a South African novelist, essayist, linguist, translator and recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He relocated to Australia in 2002 and lives in Adelaide. He became an Australian citizen in 2006.In 2013, Richard Poplak of the Daily Maverick described Coetzee as "inarguably the most celebrated and decorated living English-language author".

negative: J. M. G. Le Clézio Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (French: [ʒɑ̃ maʁi ɡystav lə klezjo]; born 13 April 1940), usually identified as J. M. G. Le Clézio, is a French-Mauritian writer and professor. The author of over forty works, he was awarded the 1963 Prix Renaudot for his novel Le Procès-Verbal, as well as the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature for his life's work, as an "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization".

negative: Jazz (novel) Jazz is a 1992 historical novel by Pulitzer and Nobel Prize-winning American author Toni Morrison. The majority of the narrative takes place in Harlem during the 1920s; however, as the pasts of the various characters are explored, the narrative extends back to the mid-19th century American South.  The novel forms the second part of Morrison's Dantesque trilogy on African American history, beginning with Beloved and ending with Paradise.

negative: List of Christian Nobel laureates The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since 1969.

negative: List of Egyptian writers This is a list of Egyptian writers. Ahmed Shawki (1868–1932) Hafez Ibrahim (1872–1932) Salama Moussa (1887–1958) Taha Hussein (1889–1973) Fekry Pasha Abaza (1896–1979) Tawfik El Hakim (1898–1987), playwright. Muhammad Husayn Haykal (1909–1956) Abo El Seoud El Ebiary (1910–1969) Naguib Mahfouz, (1911–2006), novelist, short story writer and playwright awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature.

negative: List of Muslim Nobel laureates The Nobel Prize (Swedish pronunciation: [noˈbɛl], Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895.

negative: List of Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are  prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.

negative: List of Nobel laureates in Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.

negative: List of Rutgers University people This is an enumeration of notable people affiliated with Rutgers University, including graduates of the undergraduate and graduate and professional programs at all three campuses, former students who did not graduate or receive their degree, presidents of the university, current and former professors, as well as members of the board of trustees and board of governors, and coaches affiliated with the university's athletic program.

negative: List of black Nobel laureates The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since 1969. Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 800 individuals.Blacks have been the recipients in three of six award categories: Peace, Literature, and Economics. The first black recipient, Ralph Bunche, was awarded the Peace Prize in 1950.

negative: List of female Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of Chemistry, Physics, Literature, Peace, Physiology or Medicine and Economics. All but the economics prize were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.

negative: List of literary awards This is a list of literary awards from around the world. This list is not intended to be complete, and is instead a list of those literary awards with Wikipedia articles.

negative: Literature Literature, in its broadest sense, is any written work; etymologically the term derives from Latin litaritura/litteratura "writing formed with letters", although some definitions include spoken or sung texts. More restrictively, it is writing that possesses literary merit, and language that foregrounds literariness, as opposed to ordinary language.

negative: Margaret Garner Margaret Garner (called Peggy) was an enslaved African-American woman in pre-Civil War America who was notorious – or celebrated – for killing her own daughter rather than allowing the child to be returned to slavery. She and her family had escaped in January 1856 across the frozen Ohio River to Cincinnati, but they were apprehended by  U. S. Marshals acting under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.

negative: Mario Vargas Llosa Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, 1st Marquis of Vargas Llosa (/ˈvɑrɡəs ˈjoʊsə/; Spanish: [ˈmaɾjo ˈβaɾgas ˈʎosa]; born March 28, 1936) is a Peruvian writer, politician, journalist, essayist, college professor, and recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature. Vargas Llosa is one of Latin America's most significant novelists and essayists, and one of the leading writers of his generation.

negative: Nadine Gordimer Nadine Gordimer (20 November 1923 – 13 July 2014) was a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was recognized as a woman "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity".Gordimer's writing dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. Under that regime, works such as Burger's Daughter and July's People were banned.

negative: Naguib Mahfouz Naguib Mahfouz (Arabic: نجيب محفوظ Nagīb Maḥfūẓ, IPA: [næˈɡiːb mɑħˈfuːzˤ]; December 11, 1911 – August 30, 2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature. He is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers of Arabic literature, along with Tawfiq el-Hakim, to explore themes of existentialism. He published 34 novels, over 350 short stories, dozens of movie scripts, and five plays over a 70-year career. Many of his works have been made into Egyptian and foreign films.

negative: Neustadt International Prize for Literature The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is a biennial award for literature sponsored by the University of Oklahoma and its international literary publication, World Literature Today.

negative: Nigerian literature Nigeria has produced many prolific writers. Many have won accolades for their work, including Daniel O. Fagunwa, Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Femi Osofisan, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Cyprian Ekwensi, Buchi Emecheta, Elechi Amadi and Ben Okri.

negative: Nobel Committee A Nobel Committee is a working body responsible for most of the work involved in selecting Nobel Prize laureates. There are five Nobel Committees, one for each Nobel Prize.Four of these committees (for prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature) are working bodies within their prize awarding institutions, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, and the Swedish Academy.

negative: Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (officially Swedish: Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne, or the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel), commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics, and as a "category of the Nobel Prize" by the Nobel Foundation itself, which owns the name Nobel Prize, though the Foundation itself does not refer to it as such.

negative: Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature.

negative: Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize (Swedish pronunciation: [nʊˈbɛl], Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Norwegian: Nobelprisen) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of academic, cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901.

negative: Nobel Prize controversies After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes. Nobel's will specified that annual prizes are to be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes.

negative: Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.

negative: Nobel Prize in Literature Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) has been awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning).

negative: Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.

negative: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year  for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine. It is one of five Nobel Prizes established  in 1895 by  Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, in his will.

negative: Nobel laureates of India The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed on "those who conferred the greatest benefit on mankind" in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace and Economics. Instituted by Alfred Nobel's last will, which specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes, now known as the Nobel Prizes.

negative: Pearl S. Buck Pearl Sydenstricker Buck (June 26, 1892 – March 6, 1973), also known by her Chinese name Sai Zhenzhu (Chinese: 賽珍珠), was an American writer and novelist. As the daughter of missionaries, Buck spent most of her life before 1934 in China. Her novel The Good Earth was the best-selling fiction book in the United States in 1931 and 1932 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1932.

negative: Pulitzer Prize for Fiction The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes  distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, published during the preceding calendar year. As the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, it was one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year.

negative: Saul Bellow Saul Bellow (10 June 1915 – 5 April 2005) was a Canadian-born American writer. For his literary contributions, Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts.

negative: Song of Solomon (novel) Song of Solomon is a 1977 novel by American author Toni Morrison. It follows the life of Macon "Milkman" Dead III, an African-American man living in Michigan, from birth to adulthood.This book won the National Books Critics Award, was chosen for Oprah Winfrey's popular book club, and was cited by the Swedish Academy in awarding Morrison the 1993 Nobel Prize in literature. In 1998, the Radcliffe Publishing Course named it the 25th best English-language novel of the 20th century.

negative: South African literature South African literature is the literature of South Africa, which has 11 national languages: Afrikaans, English, Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Pedi, Tswana, Venda, SiSwati, Tsonga, and Ndebele.

negative: Southern literature Southern literature (sometimes called the literature of the American South) is defined as American literature about the Southern United States or by writers from this region.

negative: The Solitude of Latin America "The Solitude of Latin America" is the title of the speech given by Gabriel García Márquez upon receiving his Nobel Prize in Literature on 8 December 1982. The Nobel Prize was presented to Márquez by Professor Lars Gyllensten of the Swedish Academy.Márquez gained fame for his novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, first published in 1967.

negative: The Sweetest Dream The Sweetest Dream is a 2001 novel by British Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Doris Lessing. The novel begins in the 1960s leading up to the 1980s and is set in London and the fictional African nation, Zimlia, a thinly veiled reference to Zimbabwe.

negative: Thomas Mann Paul Thomas Mann ([paʊ̯l toːmas man]; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual.

negative: Toni Morrison Toni Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931) is an American novelist, editor, and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed characters. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye (1970), Sula (1973), Song of Solomon (1977), and Beloved (1987). She was also commissioned to write the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner, first performed in 2005.

negative: V. S. Naipaul Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, TC (/ˈnaɪpɔːl/ or /naɪˈpɔːl/; born 17 August 1932), is a Trinidad-born Nobel Prize-winning British writer known for his comic early novels set in Trinidad, his bleaker later novels of the wider world, and his autobiographical chronicles of life and travels. Naipaul has published more than 30 books, both of fiction and nonfiction, over some 50 years.Naipaul was married to Patricia Ann Hale from 1955 until her death in 1996.

negative: Waiting for the Barbarians Waiting for the Barbarians is a novel by the South African-born Nobel laureate J. M. Coetzee. First published in 1980, it was chosen by Penguin for its series Great Books of the 20th Century and won both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for fiction.

negative: Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa is a pan-African writing prize awarded biennially, to recognize the best literary work produced by an African. It was established by The Lumina Foundation in 2005 in honour of Africa's first Nobel Laureate in literature, Wole Soyinka, who normally presents the prize, chosen by an international jury of distinguished literary figures.

negative: World Book Club World Book Club is a radio programme on the BBC World Service. Each edition of the programme, which is broadcast on the first Saturday of the month with repeats into the following Monday, features a famous author discussing one of his or her books, often the most well-known one, with the public. Since the programme began in 2002 it has been presented by Harriett Gilbert  .


query: Which telecommunications organizations are located in Belgium?

positive: Aldi Talk Aldi Talk (also known as MEDIONmobile) is a mobile virtual network operator in Germany, Australia, Belgium, and the Netherlands. In Germany, it uses the E-Plus network. In Australia it uses Telstra. In Belgium, it uses Base. In the Netherlands, it uses KPN.

positive: BeTV (Belgium) BeTV (formerly  Canal+ Belgique) is a Belgian digital cable television platform launched on 29 August 2004, when the former platform Vivendi sold Canal+ Benelux.

positive: Belgacom Towers The Belgacom Towers (French: Tours Belgacom, Dutch: Belgacom-torens) are twin skyscrapers on King Albert II Street in the Northern Quarter central business district of Brussels, Belgium. The buildings take their name from the telecommunications company Belgacom. They are among the tallest buildings in Belgium.The towers are both 102 metres (335 ft) tall to the roof, and Tower 1 has a spire reaching 134 metres (440 ft) high with a Belgian flag mounted on top.

positive: Broadnet Holdings BV Broadnet Holdings BV "\Broadnet") was the holding company of the Broadnet group of companies.  Broadnet assembled a portfolio of wireless broadband internet licenses in Europe in the late 1990s and early 2000s.   The company marketed its services to other businesses.

positive: EDPnet Edpnet is a Belgian telecom provider that offers services worldwide. The company focuses on three markets: retail (in Belgium and The Netherlands), business to business (in Europe, Russia and North America) and wholesale (in Europe, Russia and North America).

positive: Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering The Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering (ICST) is a non-profit professional association dedicated to advancing technological innovation related to information and communication technologies.

positive: International Bell Telephone Company The International Bell Telephone Company (IBTC) of Brussels, Belgium was created in 1879 by the Bell Telephone Company of Boston, Massachusetts, a precursor entity to AT&T, initially to sell imported telephones and switchboards in Continental Europe.IBTC rapidly evolved into an important European telephone service provider and manufacturer, with major operations in several countries.AT&T, its U.S.

positive: Laboratory for the Analysis of Organisational Communication Systems LASCO is the Laboratory for the Analysis of Organizational Communication Systems located in Louvain-la-Neuve in Belgium.The LASCO was created in February 2000 as part of the Communication Department of the  Université catholique de Louvain, sometimes known as UCL. Its founders were Pierre de Saint-Georges, Axel Gryspeerdt and Vincent Defourny.

positive: Mobistar Mobistar is the second largest of Belgium's three mobile telecommunications operators. It competes with Proximus, owned by Belgian state owned telco Belgacom, and Base, a subsidiary of Dutch KPN.

positive: Option N.V. Option N.V. is a publicly quoted technology company, headquartered in Leuven, Belgium. Option specializes in the design, development, production and commercialization of broadband wireless technology devices. Option's mission statement is to provide "anywhere, anytime easy access to information". Option has been awarded Ernst & Young's ‘Company of the Year’ award for 2005.

positive: Proximus Group The Proximus Group is the largest telecommunications company in Belgium, headquartered in Brussels. Proximus Group is primarily state owned, with the Belgian state holding 53.3% + 1 share.

positive: Scarlet (company) Scarlet is a telecommunications company active in the Netherlands and Belgium as an Internet Service Provider and provider of fixed and mobile telephony.  It has minor operations in Luxembourg, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.The Belgacom Group announced its acquisition of Scarlet NA/SA on 15 February 2008, after the approval of the competition authorities.

positive: Simyo Simyo is an MVNO (mobile virtual network operator) operated by KPN in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain.

positive: Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) provides a network that enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions in a secure, standardized and reliable environment. SWIFT also sells software and services to financial institutions, much of it for use on the SWIFTNet Network, and ISO 9362.

positive: TV Vlaanderen Digitaal TV Vlaanderen is a digital satellite television service provider for the Flanders region in Belgium, using the SES Astra satellites at Astra 19.2°E and at Astra 23.5°E.TV Vlaanderen's customers are mostly people living in Flanders.

positive: Telecommunications in Belgium Communications in Belgium are extensive and advanced.  Belgium possesses the infrastructure for both mobile and land-based telecom, as well as having significant television, radio and internet infrastructure.  The country code for Belgium is BE.

positive: Telenet (Belgium) Telenet Group is the largest provider of cable broadband services in Belgium. Its business comprises the provision of analog and digital cable television, fixed and mobile telephone services, primarily to residential customers in Flanders and Brussels. In addition, Telenet offers services to business customers all across Belgium and in Luxembourg under its brand Telenet Solutions.Since 11 October 2005, Telenet has been listed on the Euronext stock exchange under the ticker TNET.

positive: Telindus Telindus was a legal entity based in Belgium that offered ICT services and solutions to the corporate and public sector, both in Belgium and internationally. These solutions also contained management and support services in relation to their ICT contracts.Telindus was founded by John Cordier in 1969. Based in Heverlee, which is a part of Leuven, it was listed on the stock market in 1985 and grew in Europe by taking over various companies.

negative: African Telecommunications Union The African Telecommunications Union (ATU) is an organization in Africa that combines countries and mobile telecommunications providers in an attempt to dramatically increase development of the continent's information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure.

negative: Albanian Mobile Communications Albanian Mobile Communications Sh.A. (AMC) was a telecommunications company that operated in Albania for 19 years. AMC has been part of the COSMOTE Group since 2000 and in 2008 joined the Deutsche Telekom group.Since July 2015, the company is operating as Telekom Albania

negative: Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions The Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) is a standards organization that develops technical and operational standards and solutions for the ICT industry, headquartered in Washington, D.C. The organization is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). It is the North American Organizational Partner for the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a founding Partner of the oneM2M global initiative, a member of and major U.S.

negative: Amateur radio Amateur radio (also called "ham" radio) describes the use of radio frequency spectra for purposes of non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, private recreation and emergency communication.

negative: Antwerp Maritime Academy The Antwerp Maritime Academy (Dutch: Hogere Zeevaartschool Antwerpen) is a university college in Belgium, located in the north of Antwerp. Future officers of the Merchant Navy and Belgian Navy are educated here. The Antwerp Maritime Academy is the only Vocational university in Belgium allowed to teach in both Vernaculars, being Dutch and French.There are two sections at the academy: Nautical science and Marine engineering.

negative: Asia-Pacific Telecommunity The Asia Pacific Telecommunity (APT) was founded on the joint initiatives of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).The APT was established by treaty; the treaty was concluded in Bangkok in March 1976 and came into force in February 1979. After the treaty came into force, APT was formally organized on 1 July 1979.

negative: Associated Carrier Group Associated Carrier Group (ACG) is an industry association of US CDMA cellular network operators.

negative: Aten Technology, Inc. ATEN Technology manufactures KVM switches and remote connectivity solutions to manage servers and other computer networking devices.  Starting in 1981, ATEN has been selling KVM products to businesses and other enterprise organizations.  Today ATEN stands as the largest KVM switch manufacturer in the world.

negative: Auxiliary Campus Enterprises and Services Auxiliary Campus Enterprises and Services (ACES),  is a non-profit auxiliary corporation that provides support services to Alfred State College in Alfred, New York in Allegany County, United States. ACES has been serving Alfred State since 1946 and its main offices are located in the Central Dining Hall Building. While services are varied, ACES offerings include dining services, telecommunications, fleet services, vending, and retail ventures.

negative: Belgian Association for Bioindustries BIO.be, the Belgian Association for Bioindustries is a Belgian non-profit organization of companies and professionals involved in biotechnology, and those servicing the biotechnology community. The organization works on innovation and entrepreneurship in the biotech industry. The headquarters of the organization are located in Brussels. The chairman is Philippe Stas (AlgoNomics) and the Secretary General is Hugo Francq.

negative: Belgian Badminton Federation The Belgian Badminton Federation (BBF) is the governing body for Badminton in Belgium. The administrative seat is located in Brussels. The federation was one of the 11 founding members of Badminton Europe.It groups both regional organizations in the country: Vlaamse Badminton Liga and Ligue Francophone Belge de Badminton.

negative: Bpost bpost, also known as the Belgian Post Group, is the Belgian company responsible for the delivery of national and international mail. The Belgian Post Group is one of the largest civilian employers in Belgium. It provides a range of postal, courier, direct marketing, banking, insurance and electronic services in a highly competitive European market.

negative: British Approvals Board for Telecommunications The British Approvals Board for Telecommunications (BABT) is a telecommunications certification body.

negative: Broadcasting Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model.  Broadcasting began with AM radio broadcasting which sprang up spontaneously around 1920.  Before this, all forms of electronic communication, radio, telephone, and telegraph, were "one-to-one", with the message intended for a single recipient.

negative: Brush Tunnel Brush Tunnel is a 914-foot railroad tunnel located about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Corriganville, Maryland.It was built in 1911 by the Western Maryland Railway, and is currently used by the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad, a tourist railroad running between Frostburg and Cumberland, Maryland, as well as the Allegheny Highlands Trail of Maryland (part of the Great Allegheny Passage rail trail).

negative: CERIAS The Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS) of Purdue University, USA, is a center for research and education in areas of information security for computing and communication infrastructures.Its research is focused on the following areas:Risk Management, Policies, and LawsTrusted Social and Human InteractionsSecurity Awareness, Education, and TrainingAssurable Software and ArchitecturesEnclave and Network SecurityIncident Detection, Response, and InvestigationIdentification, Authentication, and PrivacyCryptology and RightsCERIAS is one of the world’s leading academic institutions in this area.

negative: CFE (Belgium) CFE is a multidisciplinary company, active in civil engineering, construction, real estate, PPP-concessions, multitechnical and marine engineering sectors. The group is located all over the world.The CFE group forms a coherent whole in which each division is supported by the others.

negative: Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC, French: Conseil de la radiodiffusion et des télécommunications canadiennes) is a public organisation in Canada with mandate as a regulatory agency for broadcasting and telecommunications. It was created in 1976 when it took over responsibility for regulating telecommunication carriers.

negative: Caritas Europa Caritas Europa is a European confederation of Catholic relief, development and social service organisations operating in Europe. The organization was founded as Eurocaritas in 1971 and in 1992 became Caritas Europa and is one of the seven regions of Caritas Internationalis. The secretariat of the organization is located in Brussels (Belgium). Caritas Europa consists of 48 national member organisations that are working in 44 European countries.

negative: Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications (Simplified Chinese: 重庆邮电大学; abbreviation: CQUPT) is a public university located in China's fourth municipality: Chongqing, which focuses on the research and education in the field of information and communications and enjoys a nationwide reputation in the study of posts, telecommunications and information technology, especially for its research and commercialization in 3G mobile technologies, optical sciences and related digital research.

negative: Church of Scientology Western United States The Church of Scientology Western United States (CoSWUS) is a Californian 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation, located in Los Angeles. CoSWUS is integrated within the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Church of Scientology.

negative: Cibernet CTIA - The Wireless Association (previously the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association), the membership organization founded in 1984 to represent wireless communications companies in the United States, developed a process and protocol with the leading data clearinghouses at the time, namely GTE, now Syniverse, and Appex Lunayach Systems, to exchange call record information and invoice and pay each other for providing this service.The protocol developed required the use of a standard record format.

negative: Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation The Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation (CTO) is an international development partnership between Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth governments, business and civil society organisations. It is based in London, UK.

negative: Community of Christ Community of Christ, known from 1872 to 2001 as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS), is an American-based international church that claims as its mission "to proclaim Jesus Christ and promote communities of joy, hope, love and peace". The church reports approximately 250,000 members in 50 nations.

negative: Country code top-level domain A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, a sovereign state, or a dependent territory.All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs. In 2010, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code TLDs, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application.

negative: Cumberland Bone Cave The Cumberland Bone Cave is a fossil-filled cave along the western slope of Wills Mountain on the outskirts of Cumberland, Maryland near Corriganville in Allegany County, Maryland.

negative: Cumberland Narrows The Cumberland Narrows (or simply "The Narrows") is a water gap in western Maryland in the United States, just west of Cumberland, Maryland.  Wills Creek cuts through the central ridge of the Wills Mountain Anticline at a low elevation here between Wills Mountain to the north and Haystack Mountain to the south. Cliffs and talus of the two mountains' Tuscarora quartzite caprock are prominent within the Narrows.

negative: DNS Belgium DNS Belgium is a non-profit organisation responsible for managing the ccTDL .be top level domain, as well as the new gTLD domain extensions .brussels and .vlaanderen.

negative: Device Management Forum The Device Management Forum (DMF) is a company formed in December 2006 to promote the interests of major stakeholders in the development, distribution, management, security and use of information, communication and entertainment devices.

negative: Downtown Cumberland Historic District The Downtown Cumberland Historic District, also referred to as the Downtown Cumberland Mall, is the main shopping and dining district for the city of Cumberland, Maryland.

negative: ETSI The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an independent, not-for-profit, standardization organization in the telecommunications industry (equipment makers and network operators) in Europe, with worldwide projection.

negative: Ellingsrudåsen (station) Ellingsrudåsen is a subway station on the Oslo Metro, located at Ellingsrud in the Alna borough. Since its opening on 8 November 1981, it has been the end station for the Furuset Line (Line 2). Ellingsrudåsen is mostly a residential area, above the station are a few shops.Ellingsrudåsen is located deep underground, and elevators are the usual means of getting to and from the station. Like Romsås, Ellingsrudåsen has natural mountain walls.

negative: Emergency Telecommunications Cluster (ETC) The Emergency Telecommunications Cluster (ETC) is a global network of organizations that work together to provide shared IT and telecommunications services in humanitarian emergencies.Within 48 hours of a disaster, the ETC provides security communications services and voice and internet connectivity to assist humanitarian workers in their operations.

negative: Eurescom Eurescom is a private organisation for managing European research and development projects in telecommunications. Eurescom is based in Heidelberg, Germany, and currently has 16 network operators as members performing collaborative research and development.

negative: European Commission The European Commission (EC) is the executive body of the European Union responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.

negative: European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization CENELEC (French: Comité Européen de Normalisation Électrotechnique; English: European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) is responsible for European standardization in the area of electrical engineering. Together with ETSI (telecommunications) and CEN (other technical areas), it forms the European system for technical standardization.

negative: European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) was established on June 26, 1959, as a coordinating body for European state telecommunications and postal organizations.

negative: European Space Agency The European Space Agency (ESA; French: Agence spatiale européenne, ASE; German: Europäische Weltraumorganisation) is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, with 22 member states.

negative: European Union The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental-negotiated decisions by the member states. The institutions are: the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, the European Court of Auditors, and the European Parliament.

negative: Eurotransplant The Eurotransplant International Foundation, commonly known simply as Eurotransplant, is an international non-profit organization responsible for encouraging and coordinating organ transplants in Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and Slovenia. The organization was created by Jon J. van Rood in 1967 and legally founded on 12 May 1969.

negative: Eutelsat Eutelsat S.A. is a French-based  satellite provider. Providing coverage over the entire European continent, as well as the Middle East, Africa, India and significant parts of Asia and the Americas, it is one of the world's three leading satellite operators in terms of revenues.Eutelsat's satellites are used for broadcasting 5,800 television stations, of which 600 are in HD, and 1100 radio stations to over 250 million cable and satellite homes.

negative: Evitts Creek (North Branch Potomac River) Evitts Creek is a tributary stream of the North Branch Potomac River in the U.S. states of Pennsylvania and Maryland. The confluence of Evitts Creek and the North Branch Potomac River is located 2 miles (3 km) east of Cumberland, Maryland.Evitts Creek is 30.2 miles (48.6 km) long. It flows from southwestern Pennsylvania through western Maryland.

negative: FEFANA FEFANA is the European association for the producers of specialty feed ingredients and their mixtures, located in Brussels, Belgium (Europe).

negative: Federation of Belgian Enterprises The Federation of Enterprises in Belgium (Dutch: Verbond van Belgische Ondernemingen, VBO, French: Fédération des Entreprises de Belgique, FEB) is the only Belgian non-profit organization representing companies in all three regions of Belgium. Its members, the different Belgian sectorial employers' organizations, represent companies in key industrial and service sectors. All in all, it represents more than 30,000 businesses, of which 25,000 are small or medium-sized enterprises.

negative: Forest Industries Telecommunications Forest Industries Telecommunications (FIT) is a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) certified frequency coordinator and a non-profit association. Established in 1947,its members include those companies or individuals who employ or are eligible to use Land Mobile Radio Service (LMRS) two-way radios.They help manage radio frequency spectrum, perform engineering services, and prepare and certify applications for submission to the FCC.

negative: Fort Ashby, West Virginia Fort Ashby is a census-designated place (CDP) in Mineral County, West Virginia, USA, along Patterson Creek. It is part of the Cumberland, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,380 at the 2010 census. The community was originally chartered as Frankfort and then known as Alaska before it took the name of its well-known historic landmark.

negative: Freedom of speech Freedom of speech is the right to communicate one's opinions and ideas without fear of government retaliation or censorship. The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used.Governments restrict speech with varying limitations.

negative: Freedom of the press Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the freedom of communication and expression through mediums including various electronic media and published materials.

negative: Frietmuseum The Frietmuseum (Fries museum) is a museum in Bruges, Belgium, which is devoted to the history of potatoes and the production of Belgian fries. It describes itself as "the first and only museum dedicated to potato fries".

negative: Frøen (station) Frøen is a station on the Oslo Metro in the Vestre Aker borough, it is the first station on the Holmenkollen Line after Majorstuen. The name refers to Frøen Gård, a stately estate located near the present location of the t-bane station, of which now only the manor house remains. Previously, trains switched from third rail which was used on most of the network (now all), to overhead wire which was used on Holmenkollbanen, at Frøen.

negative: GS Telecom GS Telecom is a telecommunications and Internet service provider operating primarily in Africa.  The company is located in the Channel Islands of the United Kingdom.  GS has many corporate clients in Africa, including the telecommunications, banking, agriculture, manufacturing and mining industries.According to its website, the company is active in over 37 countries on the continent.  GS Telecom has maintenance bases in Ghana, Benin, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Angola and Nigeria.

negative: Global Standards Collaboration The Global Standards Collaboration (GSC) started life as The "Inter-regional Telecommunications Standards conference (ITSC) in 1990.  This was an initiative of the T1 Committee of the United States who invited the other founding partner organizations ITU-T, ETSI and the Japanese TTC to the first ISC Meeting in Fredericksburg, VA.

negative: Grønland (station) Grønland is a rapid transit station on the Oslo Metro in the Common Tunnel serving all six lines. It is located in the business and residential area Grønland, between the stations Jernbanetorget to the west and Tøyen to the east. The station was opened on 22 May 1966 with the opening of the subway, and underwent refurbishments 1988–92. Peer Qvam was the original architect.In terms of passenger volume, Grønland is one of the smaller stations in the Common Tunnel.

negative: Guifi.net Guifi.net is a free, open and neutral, mostly wireless telecommunications community network, with over 27,000 active nodes and about 36,465 km of wireless links. The majority of these nodes are located in Catalonia and the Valencian Community, in Spain, but the network is growing in other parts of the world. It is probably the largest community network in the world.

negative: Helsfyr (station) Helsfyr is a subway station on the east side of the Oslo Metro system located in the borough of Gamle Oslo. The station is shared by the Furuset Line (Line 2), the Østensjø Line (Line 3) and the Lambertseter Line (Line 4). In addition, Line 1, which runs on Holmenkollen Line in the west, terminates at Helsfyr (during rush hour, however, line 1 is extended to Ellingsrudåsen). The station is located between Ensjø in the west and Brynseng in the east.Helsfyr is located underground.

negative: Huawei Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. (/ˈhwɑːˌweɪ/) is a Chinese multinational networking and telecommunications equipment and services company headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong. It is the largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer in the world, having overtaken Ericsson in 2012.Huawei was founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengfei, a former engineer in the People's Liberation Army.

negative: INOC-DBA The INOC-DBA (Inter-Network Operations Center Dial-By-ASN) hotline phone system is a global voice telephony network deployed and managed by Packet Clearing House that connects the network operations centers and security incident response teams of critical Internet infrastructure providers such as backbone carriers, Internet service providers, and Internet exchanges as well as critical individuals within the policy, regulatory, Internet governance, security and vendor communities.INOC-DBA is a closed system, ensuring secure and authenticated communications, and uses a combination of redundant directory services and direct peer-to-peer communications between stations to create a resilient, high-survivability network.

negative: ITERA ITERA is the acronym for the Information and Telecommunications Education and Research Association.   ITERA is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and was founded on the principle that leading educational institutions can greatly benefit from cooperative development of curricular and research objectives.

negative: ITNEA ITNEA or Information and TMT Non-Executives' Association was founded in 1999 by David Tebbs and is the United Kingdom association for non-executive Directors (NEDs) and non-executive Chairmen of listed IT, telecommunications and related media companies. They are sometimes referred to as telecommunication, media and technology (TMT), or information and  computing technology (ICT) companies .

negative: ITU Radio Regulations The Radio Regulations (RR) is an intergovernmental treaty text of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Geneva-based specialized agency of the United Nations which coordinates and standardises the operation of telecommunication networks and services and advances the development of communications technology.

negative: Infranet The Infranet is a prospective architecture for the Internet and future packet-based telecommunications networks. The Internet's architecture is largely the result of the emergent behavior of the interacting protocols on the Internet and the business practices of telecommunications providers.

negative: Ingenieurs zonder Grenzen Ingenieurs zonder Grenzen, (Dutch for Engineers Without Borders) is a name used by two Belgian organizations, both of which are provisional members [1] of the Engineers Without Borders International network.

negative: Initialis Science Park The Initialis Science Park is a business incubator and science park located in Mons  in the province of Hainaut, Wallonia (Belgium). The science park is associated with the three universities of Mons; the University of Mons and the Facultés universitaires catholiques de Mons. The science park comprises two technopoles: Multitel, which groups telecommunications, signal and image processing and Materia Nova, which groups research and development on new materials such a ceramics.

negative: Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication EngineersIEICE is a Japanese institute specializing in the areas of electronic, information and communication engineering and associated fields. It was established in May, 1917. Its headquarters are located in Tokyo, Japan.

negative: Intelsat Intelsat, S.A. is a communications satellite services provider.Originally formed as International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT), it was—from 1964 to 2001—an intergovernmental consortium owning and managing a constellation of communications satellites providing international broadcast services.As of March 2011, Intelsat operates a fleet of 52 communications satellites, which is one of the world's largest fleet of commercial satellites.

negative: International Telecommunication Union The International Telecommunication Union (ITU; French: Union Internationale des Télécommunications), originally the International Telegraph Union (French: Union Télégraphique Internationale), is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies.The ITU coordinates the shared global use of the radio spectrum, promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, and assists in the development and coordination of worldwide technical standards.

negative: International Telecommunications Satellite Organization The International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) is an intergovernmental organisation charged with overseeing the public service obligations of Intelsat.As of June 2013, there are 149 states that are members of ITSO. States join ITSO by ratifying a multilateral treaty known as the Agreement relating to the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization. Bulgaria ratified the treaty in 1996 but denounced it and withdrew from the organization in 2012.

negative: Internet The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.

negative: Interoute Interoute Communications Ltd, is a privately held telecommunications company, it operates Europe's largest cloud services platform.

negative: Johanniter International Johanniter International (JOIN) is an international network of charities affiliated to the Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem. Founded in 2000 and with its office is based in Brussels, Belgium, its 16 member organisations are located in Europe and the Middle East and focus on emergency rescue, health and social services, and international humanitarian assistance, amongst other aims.  Together, the charities dispose of a volunteer base of over 100,000 persons.

negative: KPN KPN (in full Koninklijke KPN N.V., also Royal KPN N.V.)  is a Dutch landline and mobile telecommunications company.

negative: La Hulpe La Hulpe (Dutch: Terhulpen) is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant, 20 km south-east of the centre of Brussels, but only about 3 km from the edge of the Brussels-Capital Region. On January 1, 2007, La Hulpe had a total population of 7,309.

negative: Landline A landline telephone (also known as land line, land-line, main line, home phone, landline, fixed-line, and wireline) refers to a phone that uses a metal wire telephone line  for transmission as distinguished from a mobile cellular line, which uses radio waves for transmission.In 2003, the CIA reported approximately 1.263 billion main telephone lines worldwide. China had more than any other country at 350 million and the United States was second with 268 million.

negative: Liseberg railway station The Liseberg station is an underground railway station in Gothenburg, Sweden. It is named after the amusement park Liseberg which is located nearby. The station was completed in 1993. Local trains to and from Kungsbacka and Borås stop at the station.The nearest stops for local traffic are the tram stop Liseberg 200 metres (660 ft) west, and the major intersection Korsvägen, 500 metres (1,600 ft) west.

negative: List of mobile network operators of Europe A mobile network operator or MNO (also known as a wireless service provider, wireless carrier, cellular company, or mobile network carrier) is a provider of wireless communications services. The main MNOs in Europe are listed below.

negative: Lover's Leap Lover's Leap, or (in plural) Lovers' Leap, is a toponym given to a number of locations of varying height, usually isolated, with the risk of a fatal fall and the possibility of a deliberate jump. Legends of romantic tragedy are often associated with a Lovers' Leap.

negative: Lycamobile Lycamobile is a Mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) that operates in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Hongkong, the United States, Tunisia and the United Kingdom, where it is based. The Lycamobile brand is distinct from the Lycatel brand and operates with different national corporate entities.

negative: Mechelen-Zuid water tower The Mechelen-Zuid water tower is a 143 metre high, combined water and telecommunications tower constructed in 1978. Since 1979, it has supplied the water to the city of Mechelen, Belgium, while also hosting television and telecommunications aerials. The concrete spire passes through a wide disc holding water fifty metres above the ground. Higher up, a smaller disc supports telecommunications equipment.

negative: Mobile Manufacturers Forum The Mobile Manufacturers Forum is an international non-profit organization founded in 1998 by a number of leading manufacturers of mobile radio equipment, including Alcatel, Ericsson, Mitsubishi Electric, Motorola, Nokia, Karbonn Mobiles, Panasonic, Philips, Sagem, Samsung, Siemens, Sony Ericsson and TCL & Alcatel Mobile Phones.One of MMF's main objectives is to provide funds to key research projects concerning health and mobile phones, as well as to cooperate on standards and regulatory issues.

negative: Mount Savage Castle The Mount Savage Castle located in Mount Savage, Maryland was built in 1840 as a plain stone house by the Union Mining Company. Before the turn of the 20th century, the house was purchased by Andre Ramsey, an immigrant from Scotland who extensively modified the house and converted it into a replica of Craig Castle near his home in Scotland.  In 1984,  the castle was renovated for use as a bed and breakfast facility.

negative: National Adhering Organizations National Adhering Organizations in chemistry are the organizations that work as the authoritative power over chemistry in an individual country.  Their importance can be seen by their involvement in IUPAC.  There are currently fifty-seven IUPAC National Adhering Organizations.

negative: National Broadband Network The National Broadband Network (NBN) is a national wholesale-only, open-access data network and is under development in Australia.  It is based on the premise that fixed line and wireless broadband connections are sold to retail service providers (RSPs), who then sell Internet access and other services to consumers.

negative: National Cable & Telecommunications Association The National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA) is the principal trade association for the US cable television industry, representing more than 90% of the US cable market, more than 200 cable program networks, and equipment suppliers and providers of other services to the cable industry.Officially founded in 1952, NCTA's primary mission is to provide its members with a strong national presence by providing a single, unified voice on issues affecting the cable and telecommunications industry.

negative: Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command (COMNAVCOMTELCOM) was located at the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue and Nebraska Avenue within Naval Security Station in the American capital of Washington, D.C.

negative: Newsbytes News Network Newsbytes News Network, called “an Associated Press for tech-information junkies”   was founded in May, 1983 in San Francisco, California by broadcast journalist Wendy Woods, who remained editor in chief for the 19 years of its existence. It was the oldest continually publishing tech news wire service  (1983–2002).

negative: Next Generation Mobile Networks The Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Alliance is a mobile telecommunications association of mobile operators, vendors, manufacturers and research institutes. It was founded by major mobile operators in 2006 as an open forum to evaluate candidate technologies to develop a common view of solutions for the next evolution of wireless networks.

negative: Numericable Numericable is a cable operator and telecommunications services company. Numericable was originally created in 2007 from the merger between former competitors Noos and NC Numericable networks. Numericable Group SA was founded in August 2013 to act as the parent company of Numericable group companies and to offer its shares on the stock exchange.

negative: Nørreport Station Nørreport Station is a S-train, Copenhagen Metro and station located in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is the busiest railway station in the country, serving 165,000 people daily. The entire station is underground, with three pairs of platforms: one for S-trains, one for intercity trains and one for the Metro.

negative: ONPT ONPT (French: Office National des Postes et Télécommunications) (English: National Posts and Telecommunication Board was a Moroccan state-owned-industrial and economic institution. The body was in charge of all communications and telecommunications matters of Morocco.In 1998, ONPT was divided into two entities; Maroc Telecom for everything related to telecommunications and Barid Al Maghrib for everything related to postal services.

negative: OPASTCO OPASTCO (also known as the Organization for the Promotion and Advancement of Small Telecommunications Companies; formerly the Organization for the Protection and Advancement of Small Telephone Companies) was a United States telecommunications trade association for rural, independent telecommunications companies that operated apart from the Regional Bell Operating Companies.

negative: OTE Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (Greek: Οργανισμός Τηλεπικοινωνιών Ελλάδος Α.Ε. Organismos Tilepikinonion Ellados AE), usually known by its Greek initials OTE, is the dominant telecommunications provider in Greece. Along with its subsidiaries, is one of the largest telecom groups in South Eastern Europe.  OTE Group offers broadband services, fixed and mobile telephony, high-speed data communications and leased lines services.

negative: Oni Telecom Oni is a Portuguese telecommunications company (voice, data and internet), IT solutions (data centre, cloud computing, security, etc.) and ICT integration, exclusively focused in corporations, public organisms and International telecommunications operators.

negative: Ontario Telecommunications Association The Ontario Telecommunications Association is a non-profit organization which represents the telecommunications industry incumbent local exchange carriers in the Canadian province of Ontario.

negative: Open Mobile Alliance The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) is a standards body which develops open standards for the mobile phone industry.

negative: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an international economic organisation of 34 countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

negative: Outline of Belgium The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Belgium:Belgium – sovereign country located in northwest Europe.  It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters, as well as those of other major international organizations, including NATO.

negative: Outline of Luxembourg The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Luxembourg:Luxembourg – small sovereign country located in Western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany.  Luxembourg has a population of half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (999 sq mi).Luxembourg is a parliamentary representative democracy with a constitutional monarchy, ruled by a Grand Duke. It is the world's only remaining sovereign Grand Duchy.

negative: Pan-European Network Service The Pan-European Network Service (PENS) is a telecommunications network established (in 2009) by several European Air Navigation Service Providers with support of Eurocontrol with a view to build transport infrastructure for current and future aeronautical applications.

negative: Paul-Henri Spaak Foundation The Paul-Henri Spaak Foundation or Fondation Paul-Henri Spaak located in Brussels (Belgium) was founded in 1973, one year after the death Paul-Henri Spaak, to continue his work on European integration and transatlantic relations. The Foundation organises conferences and seminars, which are published and possesses a major part of Paul-Henri Spaak's archives. Viscount Étienne Davignon is the president of the Foundation.

negative: Postal codes in Belgium Postal codes in Belgium are numeric and consist of 4 numbers. The first digit indicates the province (except for the 3xxx numbers that are shared by the eastern part of Flemish Brabant and Limburg, the 6xxx that are shared between the Hainaut and Luxembourg province, and the 1xxx that are shared by the Brussels Capital Region, the western part of Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant). The more zeros though the higher the number of inhabitants of that city in the province.

negative: Queen Paola Foundation The Queen Paola Foundation, founded in December 1992, is a Belgian non-profit organization. The foundation was created at the request of Princess Paola of Belgium. The aim of the foundation is to provide support to Belgian organizations which help young people facing problems with re-integration into society, and to support education. The foundation has established the School of Hope programme, in order to support schools located in disadvantaged neighbourhoods.

negative: RTCM The Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM) is an international standards organization.The Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM) is an international non-profit scientific, professional and educational organization. RTCM members are organizations (not individuals) that are both non-government and government. Although started in 1947 as a U.S.

negative: Rwanda Rwanda (/ruːˈɑːndə/ or /ruːˈændə/ (About this sound listen); Kinyarwanda: U Rwanda [u.ɾɡwanda]), officially the Republic of Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y'u Rwanda; French: République du Rwanda), is a sovereign state in central and east Africa. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

negative: Satellite In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth's Moon.The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth.

negative: Science Parks of Wallonia Created in 2002, SPoW -Science Parks of Wallonia-, is an association of seven Belgian science parks located in Wallonia: Louvain-la-Neuve Science Park Liège Science Park Crealys Science Park Aéropole Science Park Initialis Science Park Qualitis Science Park Novalis Science ParkThe main objectives of the network are:  To take part to the regional development and the innovation process  To ensure the promotion of the Science Parks To foster relationships and collaborations between the innovative companies located on the Parks.

negative: Standard Telecommunication Laboratories Standard Telecommunication Laboratories was the UK Research Laboratories for the Standard Telephones and Cables Company (STC).Initially based in Enfield, North London, and moved to Harlow Essex in 1959. At this time STC was part of ITT.It is now recognised as the birthplace of optical fibre communications, for it is here that Sir Charles K. Kao, George Hockham and others pioneered the use of single-mode optical fibre made from low loss glass.

negative: Standard Telephones and Cables Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd (later STC plc) was a British telephone, telegraph, radio, telecommunications and related equipment R&D manufacturer. During its history STC invented and developed several groundbreaking new technologies including pulse code modulation (PCM) and optical fibres.The company was founded in London with the name International Western Electric in 1883. The company was owned from 1925 to mid-1982 by International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT).

negative: Stockholm City Station Stockholm City Station is a railway station which is under construction in downtown Stockholm, Sweden. Scheduled to open in 2017, the station is located on the Stockholm City Line and will be located directly below T-Centralen, the central station of the Stockholm Metro, and with interchange with Stockholm Central Station. The station will serve all Stockholm Commuter Rail trains.

negative: Submarine communications cable A submarine communications cable is a cable laid on the sea bed between land-based stations to carry telecommunication signals across stretches of ocean.  The first submarine communications cables, laid in the 1850s, carried telegraphy traffic.  Subsequent generations of cables carried telephone traffic, then data communications traffic.

negative: TSDSI Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India (TSDSI), recognized organization for Telecommunications standards development in India founded in Nov 2013. Mainly intended to develop standards that are suitable to Indian market. It recently signed up an agreement with ETSI.

negative: Technicolor SA Technicolor SA, formerly Thomson Inc  and Thomson Multimedia, is a French multinational corporation that provides services and products for the communication, media and entertainment industries. Technicolor's headquarters are located in Issy-les-Moulineaux – France.

negative: Tele2 Netherlands Tele2 Netherlands Holding N.V. (formerly Versatel Telecom International N.V) is a listed telecommunications company operating on the Dutch and Belgian market. It has more than 1,900 employees and over 1 million customers. Tele2 from Sweden owns over 75% of the shares.The company has a product portfolio of fixed telephony, data, internet and mobile telephony products.Versatel was founded in 1995 by entrepreneurs Gary Mesch, Marc van der Heijden, and Ken Wrede.

negative: Telecommunications Industry Association The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop voluntary, consensus-based industry standards for a wide variety of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) products, and currently represents nearly 400 companies.

negative: Telephone A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly.

negative: Telephone numbering plan A telephone numbering plan is a type of numbering scheme used in telecommunication to assign telephone numbers to subscriber telephones or other telephony endpoints. Telephone numbers are the addresses of participants in a telephone network, reachable by a system of destination code routing.

negative: Telephone numbers in Belgium A telephone number in Belgium is a sequence of nine or ten digits dialed on a telephone to make a call on the Belgian telephone network.

negative: Top-level domain A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is com.

negative: Ultratop Ultratop is an organization which generates and publishes the official record charts in Belgium, and it is also the name of most of those charts. Ultratop is a non-profit organization, created on the initiative of the Belgian Entertainment Association (BEA), the Belgian member organization of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.

negative: United States Telecom Association The United States Telecom Association (USTelecom) is an organization that represents telecommunications-related businesses based in the United States. As a trade association, they represent the converged interests of the country's telecommunications industry. Member companies represent a diverse set of communications-related businesses, including those that provide wireless, Internet, cable television, long distance, local exchange, and voice services.

negative: Voice over IP Security Alliance The Voice over IP Security Alliance (VOIPSA) was launched in early 2005 to bring together Voice over IP and information security vendors, providers, and thought leaders to address current and emerging security threats to VoIP.  The stated mission statement is:VOIPSA's mission is to promote the current state of VoIP security research, VoIP security education and awareness, and free VoIP testing methodologies and tools.

negative: Volta Laboratory and Bureau The Volta Laboratory (also known as the "Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory", the "Bell Carriage House" and the "Bell Laboratory") and the Volta Bureau were created in Georgetown, Washington, D.C.

negative: Wills Creek (North Branch Potomac River) Wills Creek is a 38.6-mile-long (62.1 km) tributary of the North Branch Potomac River in Pennsylvania and Maryland in the United States.Wills Creek drops off the Allegheny Mountains of southeastern Somerset County, Pennsylvania, and enters the North Branch Potomac River at Cumberland, Maryland.

negative: Zanzibar Zanzibar (/ˈzænzɨbɑr/) is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania in East Africa. It is composed of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25–50 kilometres (16–31 mi) off the coast of the mainland, and consists of many small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, referred to informally as Zanzibar) and Pemba. The capital is Zanzibar City, located on the island of Unguja.