query: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

positive: Effects of global warming The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused ( directly or indirectly ) by human emissions of greenhouse gases . There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring , and that human activities are the primary driver . Many impacts of climate change have already been observed , including glacier retreat , changes in the timing of seasonal events ( e.g. , earlier flowering of plants ) , and changes in agricultural productivity .   Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development . The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) and adapting to the impacts of climate change . Geoengineering is another policy option .   Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts . Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming ( in 2100 ) to around 2 ° C or below , relative to pre-industrial levels . Without mitigation , increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 ° C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to , and would increase the risk of negative impacts .

positive: Sea level rise A sea level rise is an increase in the volume of water in the world 's oceans , resulting in an increase in global mean sea level . Sea level rise is usually attributed to global climate change by thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting of Ice sheets and glaciers on land . Melting of floating ice shelves or icebergs at sea raises sea levels only slightly .   Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average . Local factors might include tectonic effects , subsidence of the land , tides , currents , storms , etc. .  Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries . Because of the slow inertia , long response time for parts of the climate system , it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 m for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years . IPCC Summary for Policymakers , AR5 , 2014 , indicated that the global mean sea level rise will continue during the 21st century , very likely at a faster rate than observed from 1971 to 2010 . Projected rates and amounts vary . A January 2017 NOAA report suggests a range of GMSL rise of 0.3 -- 2.5 m possible during the 21st century .   Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems .

positive: Space and survival Space and survival refers to the idea that the long-term survival of the human species and civilization requires proper use of the resources of outer space and the need for space colonization and space science . The concept posits that inaction could lead to human extinction . A related observation is that limited time and resources may be available for the colonization of space . Various scenarios for human survival have been discussed in science and popular culture , particularly humanity 's prospects after catastrophic events in the solar system and factors that could help or hinder survival .   The earliest appearance of a connection between space exploration and human survival appears in Louis J. Halle 's 1980 article in Foreign Affairs , in which he stated colonization of space will keep humanity safe should global nuclear warfare occur . This idea has received more attention in recent years as advancing technology makes cheap space travel more feasible .

positive: Solar System The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies . The International Astronomical Union , the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature , specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects , but uses mixed `` Solar System '' and `` solar system '' in their naming guidelines document . The name is commonly rendered in lower case ( `` solar system '' ) , as , for example , in the Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster 's 11th Collegiate Dictionary . is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it , either directly or indirectly.The natural satellites ( moons ) orbiting the Solar System 's planets are an example of the latter . Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly , the largest eight are the planets , Historically , several other bodies were once considered planets , including , from its discovery in 1930 until 2006 , Pluto . See Former planets . with the remainder being significantly smaller objects , such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies . Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly , the moons , two are larger than the smallest planet , Mercury.The two moons larger than Mercury are Ganymede , which orbits Jupiter , and Titan , which orbits Saturn . Although bigger than Mercury , both moons have less than half the mass of Mercury .   The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud . The vast majority of the system 's mass is in the Sun , with the majority of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter . The four smaller inner planets , Mercury , Venus , Earth and Mars , are terrestrial planets , being primarily composed of rock and metal . The four outer planets are giant planets , being substantially more massive than the terrestrials . The two largest , Jupiter and Saturn , are gas giants , being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium ; the two outermost planets , Uranus and Neptune , are ice giants , being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium , called volatiles , such as water , ammonia and methane . All planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic .   The Solar System also contains smaller objects . The asteroid belt , which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter , mostly contains objects composed , like the terrestrial planets , of rock and metal . Beyond Neptune 's orbit lie the Kuiper belt and scattered disc , which are populations of trans-Neptunian objects composed mostly of ices , and beyond them a newly discovered population of sednoids . Within these populations are several dozen to possibly tens of thousands of objects large enough that they have been rounded by their own gravity . Such objects are categorized as dwarf planets . Identified dwarf planets include the asteroid Ceres and the trans-Neptunian objects Pluto and Eris . In addition to these two regions , various other small-body populations , including comets , centaurs and interplanetary dust clouds , freely travel between regions . Six of the planets , at least four of the dwarf planets , and many of the smaller bodies are orbited by natural satellites , See List of natural satellites of the Solar System for the full list of natural satellites of the eight planets and first five dwarf planets usually termed `` moons '' after the Moon . Each of the outer planets is encircled by planetary rings of dust and other small objects .   The solar wind , a stream of charged particles flowing outwards from the Sun , creates a bubble-like region in the interstellar medium known as the heliosphere . The heliopause is the point at which pressure from the solar wind is equal to the opposing pressure of the interstellar medium ; it extends out to the edge of the scattered disc . The Oort cloud , which is thought to be the source for long-period comets , may also exist at a distance roughly a thousand times further than the heliosphere . The Solar System is located in the Orion Arm , 26,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way .

negative: Miss Earth 2005 Miss Earth 2005 , the 5th edition of Miss Earth pageant , took place on 23 October 2005 in Quezon City , Philippines . A total of 80 candidates from around the globe took part in the event .   At the conclusion of the pageant , Alexandra Braun of Venezuela was crowned Miss Earth 2005 by outgoing titleholder , Miss Earth 2004 , Priscilla Meirelles of Brazil . Like Brazil , Venezuela made history by becoming the second country to win all the Big Four international beauty pageants .

negative: Matureivavao Matureivavao , or Maturei-vavao is an uninhabited atoll in the Acteon Group in the southeastern part of the Tuamotu Islands . It is the largest atoll within the Acteon Group , and like others in this group , is administratively part of the commune of the Gambier Islands .

negative: Kahouanne Kahouanne is a part of Guadeloupe , in the commune of Saint-François .   It is located at the very tip of Grande-Terre , close to Chassaing . The Islet of Kahouanne is part of Guadeloupe to the north of Basse-Terre , administratively belonging to Deshaies and 1.5 km from the coast to the northwest of the town .   The island is about 0.541 km ² in area and is a protected site . The island is uninhabited but in 2014 some sailors were shipwrecked there .   Like its neighbor Tête à l'Anglais , it is home to an endemic species , the Anolis kahouannensis .

negative: Søren Norby Islands Søren Norby Islands ( Søren Norbyes Øer ) , named after Søren Norby , is an uninhabited archipelago close to the shores of Eastern Greenland . Administratively it is part of the Sermersooq municipality .

negative: WR 104 WR 104 is part of a triple star system located about 7,500 light years from Earth . The primary is a Wolf-Rayet star , abbreviated as WR , with a B0 .5 main sequence star in close orbit with another more distant fainter companion .   The WR star is surrounded by a distinctive Wolf -- Rayet nebula , often referred to as the Pinwheel Nebula , and is now considered among a new object class of so-called pinwheel nebulae . The rotational axis of the binary system , and likely of the two closest stars , is directed approximately towards Earth . Within the next few hundred thousand years , the Wolf-Rayet star is predicted to probably become a core-collapse-supernova with a small chance of producing a long duration gamma-ray burst .

negative: Io (island) Io , is an uninhabited Greek islet , close to the coast of Lasithi , eastern Crete , and in the Libyan Sea . It is part of the Lefki municipality .

negative: Pontikaki Pontikaki ( Ποντικάκι , `` little mouse '' ) is an uninhabited islet off the coast of western Crete that is close to the islet of Pondikonisi . Administratively , it is part of the municipality Kissamos , in Chania regional unit .

negative: 2017 AG13 is an Aten asteroid that made a close approach of 0.54 lunar distances from Earth on January 9 , 2017 . It was the largest asteroid to pass less than 1 lunar distance from Earth since on August 28 , 2016 . The Catalina Sky Survey discovered it on January 7 , 2017 , only two days before its closest approach . At its brightest , reached apparent magnitude 14.8 . Shortly after , it moved too close to the Sun to be seen by telescopes .   The asteroid frequently makes close approaches to Earth , possibly passing as close as 127000 km to Earth on January 9 , 2069 , however it will most likely pass much further away .   is most likely 13 -- 41 meters across , assuming a typical asteroid albedo of between 0.05 and 0.3 .

negative: Hope Island (Ontario) Hope Island is the northern of three islands in south eastern Georgian Bay , of Lake Huron , in the Canadian province of Ontario . It has an elevation of 187 meters ( 613 feet ) above sea level and is currently uninhabited and not presently slated for development . It was named by Henry Bayfield after he surveyed it in the 19th century . Like its neighbours , Beckwith Island and Christian Island , the uninhabited island is part of an Ojibwa reserve .

negative: Ewing Island, New Zealand Ewing Island is an uninhabited island , part of the Auckland Islands group , a subantarctic chain that forms part of the New Zealand Outlying Islands . It lies in the north-east of the group , close to the mouth of Port Ross , immediately to the south of the larger Enderby Island and off the north-eastern tip of the main Auckland Island .

negative: Civilization: Beyond Earth Sid Meier 's Civilization : Beyond Earth is a turn-based strategy , 4X video game in the Civilization series developed by Firaxis Games , published by 2K Games and released for Microsoft Windows on October 24 , 2014 , the Mac App Store on November 27 , 2014 and for Linux on December 18 , 2014 . A spiritual successor to Alpha Centauri , Beyond Earth shares much of that game 's development team , as well as some concepts which were introduced in the 1999 title . The game 's setting is unique to the Civilization series in that it takes place in the future , with mankind traveling through space and founding colonies on extraterrestrial planets after Earth becomes uninhabitable due to an undescribed disaster known as `` the Great Mistake '' .   An expansion pack , titled Rising Tide , was released on October 9 , 2015 .

negative: 1221 Amor 1221 Amor is the namesake of the Amor asteroids , a group of near-Earth asteroids whose orbits range between those of Earth and Mars . Amors are often Mars-crossers but they are not Earth-crossers .   Eugène Joseph Delporte photographed Amor as it approached Earth to within 16 million kilometers ( about 40 times the distance from Earth to the moon ) ; this was the first time that an asteroid was seen to approach Earth so closely . A month later , 1862 Apollo was seen to cross Earth 's orbit , and the scientific community suddenly realised the potential threat these flying mountains presented .   Amor is named after the Roman god of love , better known as Cupid . See also 763 Cupido and 433 Eros , which is named after Cupid 's Greek counterpart . Coincidentally , 433 Eros , like 1221 Amor , makes close approaches to Earth . It is a Mars-crosser as well .

negative: Kavaloi Kefali redirects here ; Kefali may also refer to a former village on the island of Kalamos   Kavaloi , is a group of three uninhabited Greek islets , close to the coast of Lasithi , eastern Crete . The close group comprises the islets Anavatis ( Αναβάτης `` rider '' ) , Kavallos , and Kefali ( Κεφαλή `` head '' ) . Administratively the islets are part of the municipal unit Lefki .

negative: Round Rock, British Virgin Islands Round Rock is an uninhabited island in the British Virgin Islands , to the south of Virgin Gorda , close to Fallen Jerusalem Island .   Category : Islands of the British Virgin Islands  Category : Uninhabited islands of the British Virgin Islands

negative: Gliese 1132 b Gliese 1132 b ( often shortened to GJ 1132 b ) is an exoplanet orbiting a red dwarf star ( Gliese 1132 ) 39 light years ( 12 parsecs ) from Earth , in the constellation Vela . The planet is considered uninhabitable but cool enough to possess an atmosphere . Gliese 1132 b was discovered by the MEarth-South array in Chile .   It has been called `` one of the most important planets ever discovered beyond the Solar System '' : Due to its relative proximity to Earth , telescopes should be able to determine the composition of its atmosphere , the speed of its winds and the color of its sunsets . This is due in part to the small diameter of its parent star ( 21 % that of the Sun ) , which increases the effect on the star 's light of its transits . The planet 's diameter is approximately 20 % larger than that of the Earth and its mass is estimated at 1.6 times that of Earth , implying that it has an Earth-like rocky composition . Gliese 1132 b orbits its star every 1.6 days at a distance of 1.4 million miles .   The planet receives 19 times more stellar radiation than Earth . The temperature of the top of its atmosphere is estimated at 500 F . The planet is estimated to be hotter than Venus , as higher temperatures may prevail near the surface . ( cf. Atmosphere of Venus , Colonization of Venus ) It is possible that one side of the planet is cooler , because it is presumed to be tidally locked due to its proximity to its star ; however , under most circumstances where an atmosphere is thick , it would be able to transfer heat to the far side .   In April 2017 , an atmosphere was confirmed around Gliese 1132 b . It is the most Earth-like exoplanet to date that is known to have an atmosphere .

negative: Shui Cham Tsui Pai Shui Cham Tsui Pai is an uninhabited island in North District , Hong Kong . It is located in Starling Inlet , within the Frontier Closed Area .   Category : Uninhabited islands of Hong Kong  Category : North District , Hong Kong

negative: Daskaleia Daskaleia , is an uninhabited Greek islet , in the Aegean Sea , close to the northeastern coast of Crete . The small islet lies close to the island of Kyriamadi . Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi .

negative: Polloc Polloc Island is an uninhabited island in the province of Romblon in the Philippines . It is part of barangay Yabawon in the municipality of Banton .   Category : Islands of Romblon  Category : Uninhabited islands of the Philippines

negative: Veliki Brijun Veliki Brijun ( literally meaning Great Brijun , Brioni Grande ) is an uninhabited island in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea . It is located off the west coast of Istria in northern Adriatic and is the largest island in the Brijuni Islands ( also known as the Brioni or the Brionian Islands ) archipelago . Like most of the archipelago , Veliki Brijun is part of the Brijuni National Park , established in 1983 .

negative: Görecek Island Görecek Island is an Aegean island of Turkey .   The island is a part of Bodrum ilçe ( district ) of Muğla Province at . It is more or less a rectangular island where the longest dimension ( north to south is over 1 km . Its area is 750000 m2 . It is quite close to the mainland ( Anatolia ) . The nearest point on the mainland is as close as 250 m . The uninhabited island is a private property .

negative: Exiles on Asperus Exiles on Asperus ( ISBN 0-340-24046-6 ) is a collection of science fiction short stories by John Wyndham , writing as John Benyon , published in 1979 after his death by Coronet Books .   The collection contains :   Exiles on Asperus ( 1933 )  No Place Like Earth ( 1951 )  The Venus Adventure ( 1932 )   Exiles tells the story of a human crew who are transporting a group of Martian dissidents to a penal colony only for the captives to revolt leading to the crew , prisoners , and the survivors of a previous crash becoming embroiled in a battle for survival against the indigenous life form of the planet Asperus .   No Place Like Earth sees a survivor of the Earth 's destruction facing a slow , quiet life on Mars or becoming part of the efforts to keep humanity alive on Venus , and the repercussions of his decision .   The Venus Adventure tells of an early flight to Venus and the surprising world the crew of the Fyra discover . Not only are there intelligent indigenous lifeforms , and a breathable atmosphere , there are also fellow humans .   Category :1979 short story collections  Category : Short story collections by John Wyndham  Category : Books published posthumously

negative: 4581 Asclepius 4581 Asclepius , provisional designation , is a sub-kilometer-sized asteroid , classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group that makes close orbital passes with Earth . Discovered on 31 March 1989 , by American astronomers Henry Holt and Norman Thomas at Palomar Observatory , Asclepius is named after the Greek demigod of medicine and healing .   Asclepius passed by Earth on 22 March 1989 , at a distance of 0.00457 AU . Although this exceeds the Moon 's orbital radius , the close pass received attention at that time , especially since the asteroid passed through the exact position of Earth only six hours earlier . `` On the cosmic scale of things , that was a close call , '' said Dr. Henry Holt . Geophysicists estimate that collision with Asclepius would release energy comparable to the explosion of a 600 megaton atomic bomb . The asteroid was discovered 31 March 1989 , nine days after its closest approach to the Earth .   Subsequent discoveries revealed that a whole class of such objects exists . Close approaches by objects the size of Asclepius pass by every two or three years , undetected until the start of computerized near-Earth object searches .   On 24 March 2051 , the asteroid will pass 0.0123 AU from the Earth . It will be the eighth pass of less than 30 Gm in this century . JPL shows that the uncertainty region of the asteroid will cause it to mostly likely pass from 0.02 AU to 0.17 AU from the Earth in 2135 .

negative: List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2011 Below is the list of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2011 .

negative: Sugar Loaf Island (Grenada) Sugar Loaf Island is a small , privately owned island that is located a few hundred metres off the coast of the northeast corner of Grenada , near Levera National Park . It is part of a small archipelago and is in close proximity to Green Island and Sandy Island , which are both uninhabited . A cottage is located at the southwest end of the island .

negative: List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2015 Below is the list of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2015 .

negative: List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2017 Below is the list of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2017 .

negative: 28P/Neujmin 28P/Neujmin , also known as Neujmin 1 , is a large periodic comet in the Solar System . With a perihelion distance ( closest approach to the Sun ) of 1.5 AU , this comet does not make close approaches to the Earth .   The comet nucleus is estimated to be 21.4 kilometers in diameter with a low albedo of 0.025 . Since 28P has such a large nucleus , it will become brighter than the 20th magnitude in early 2019 , roughly 2 years before coming to perihelion . When it comes to opposition in May 2020 , when it is still 3.5 AU from the Sun , it will likely have an apparent magnitude around 16.9 . But during the 2021 perihelion passage the comet will be on the opposite side of the Sun as the Earth . The comet is not known for bright outbursts of activity .

negative: List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2013 Below is the list of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2013 .

negative: List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2009 Below is the list of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2009 .

negative: Lower Horse Lower Horse is an uninhabited island off the English coast , lying in the Thames Estuary between Canvey Island and Stanford-le-Hope , close to . Consisting mainly of marshland it is part of the group of islands ( five of which later re-clustered to form Canvey Island ) that broke away from the English coastline in the medieval period .   Administratively it is part of Thurrock unitary authority ; the border with Essex running between it and Canvey Island .

negative: 2009 VA 2009 VA is an asteroid that came within 14000 km of Earth on November 6 , 2009 making it the 3rd closest non-impacting approach of a cataloged asteroid . With a diameter of only 7 m , scientists think that even if it had been on a direct collision course with Earth , it would have likely burned up in the atmosphere . The space rock made its pass by Earth just fifteen hours after its discovery .   The asteroid was first discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey at the University of Arizona . It was determined that the object would make a pass well within the orbit of the Moon , but would not strike Earth . The object passed so close to Earth that its orbit was modified by Earth 's gravity .

negative: Maclean Island The Maclean Island , part of the Waterhouse Island Group , is a 1.11 ha uninhabited granite islet , situated in Banks Strait , part of Bass Strait , lying close to the north-eastern coast of Tasmania , Australia .   Other islands in the Waterhouse Group include Ninth , Tenth , Waterhouse , Little Waterhouse , Baynes , St Helens , Foster , Swan , Little Swan , Cygnet and Paddys islands and Bird Rock and George Rocks islets .


query: The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.

positive: Waste heat Waste heat is by necessity produced both by machines that do work and in other processes that use energy , for example in a refrigerator warming the room air or a combustion engine releasing heat into the environment . The need for many systems to reject heat as a by-product of their operation is fundamental to the laws of thermodynamics . Waste heat has lower utility ( or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower exergy or higher entropy ) than the original energy source . Sources of waste heat include all manner of human activities , natural systems , and all organisms .   Instead of being `` wasted '' by release into the ambient environment , sometimes waste heat ( or cold ) can be utilized by another process ( such as using hot engine coolant to heat a vehicle ) , or a portion of heat that would otherwise be wasted can be reused in the same process if make-up heat is added to the system ( as with heat recovery ventilation in a building ) .   Thermal energy storage , which includes technologies both for short - and long-term retention of heat or cold , can create or improve the utility of waste heat ( or cold ) . One example is waste heat from air conditioning machinery stored in a buffer tank to aid in night time heating . Another is seasonal thermal energy storage ( STES ) at a foundry in Sweden . The heat is stored in the bedrock surrounding a cluster of heat exchanger equipped boreholes , and is used for space heating in an adjacent factory as needed , even months later . An example of using STES to utilize natural waste heat is the Drake Landing Solar Community in Alberta , Canada , which , by using a cluster of boreholes in bedrock for interseasonal heat storage , obtains 97 percent of its year-round heat from solar thermal collectors on the garage roofs . Another STES application is storing winter cold underground , for summer air conditioning .   On a biological scale , all organisms reject waste heat as part of their metabolic processes , and will die if the ambient temperature is too high to allow this .   Anthropogenic waste heat is thought by some to contribute to the urban heat island effect . The biggest point sources of waste heat originate from machines ( such as electrical generators or industrial processes , such as steel or glass production ) and heat loss through building envelopes . The burning of transport fuels is a major contribution to waste heat .

negative: Urban heat island An urban heat island ( UHI ) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities . The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day , and is most apparent when winds are weak . UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter . The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces . Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor . As a population center grows , it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature . The less-used term heat island refers to any area , populated or not , which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area .   Monthly rainfall is greater downwind of cities , partially due to the UHI . Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons , and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes . The UHI decreases air quality by increasing the production of pollutants such as ozone , and decreases water quality as warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems .   Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island . Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of lighter-colored surfaces in urban areas , which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat .   There are concerns raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming . Research on China and India indicates that urban heat island effect contributes to climate warming by about 30 % . On the other hand , one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends . Many studies reveal increases in the severity of the effect with the progress of climate change .

negative: Waste-to-energy Waste-to-energy ( WtE ) or energy-from-waste ( EfW ) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste . WtE is a form of energy recovery . Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion , or produce a combustible fuel commodity , such as methane , methanol , ethanol or synthetic fuels .

negative: Climate change in Germany Climate change in Europe describes the climate change related issues in Europe . This includes the climate politics , contribution in the global warming and the influence of the global warming in Europe .

negative: Biodrying Biodrying is the process by which biodegradable waste is rapidly heated through initial stages of composting to remove moisture from a waste stream and hence reduce its overall weight .  In biodrying processes , the drying rates are augmented by biological heat in addition to forced aeration . The major portion of biological heat , naturally available through the aerobic degradation of organic matter , is utilized to evaporate surface and bound water associated with the mixed sludge . This heat generation assists in reducing the moisture content of the biomass without the need for supplementary fossil fuels , and with minimal electricity consumption . It can take as little as 8 days to dry waste in this manner . This enables reduced costs of disposal if landfill is charged on a cost per tonne basis . Biodrying may be used as part of the production process for refuse-derived fuels .  Biodrying does not however greatly affect the biodegradability of the waste and hence is not stabilised . Biodried waste will still break down in a landfill to produce landfill gas and hence potentially contribute to climate change . In the UK this waste will still impact upon councils LATS allowances . Whilst biodrying is increasingly applied within commercial mechanical biological treatment ( MBT ) plants , it is also still subject to on-going research and development .

negative: Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean The Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean ( SHEBA ) study was a National Science Foundation-funded research project designed to quantify the heat transfer processes that occur between the ocean and the atmosphere over the course of a year in the Arctic Ocean , where the sun is above the horizon from spring through summer and below the horizon the rest of the time . The study was designed to provide data for use in global climate models , which scientists use to study global climate change .

negative: World Climate Research Programme The World Climate Research Programme ( WCRP ) was established in 1980 , under the joint sponsorship of International Council for Science and the World Meteorological Organization , and has also been sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO since 1993 . It is a component of the World Climate Programme . The objectives of the programme are to develop the fundamental scientific understanding of the physical climate system and climate processes needed to determine to what extent climate can be predicted and the extent of human influence on climate . The programme encompasses studies of the global atmosphere , oceans , sea ice , land ice ( such as glaciers , ice caps and ice sheets ) , and the land surface which together constitute the Earth 's physical climate system .   WCRP activities address issues of scientific uncertainty in the Earth 's climate system including transport and storage of heat by the ocean , the global energy and hydrological cycle , the formation of clouds and their effects on radiative transfer , and the role of the cryosphere in climate . These activities match the scientific priorities identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , and provide the basis for responding to issues raised in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . WCRP also lays the scientific foundation for meeting the research challenges posed in Agenda 21 . Together with the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and the International Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme , WCRP provides the international framework for scientific cooperation in the study of global climate change .   Scientific guidance for the programme is provided by a Joint Scientific Committee consisting of 18 scientists selected by mutual agreement between the three sponsoring organizations .

negative: John Zillman John W. Zillman AO ( born 28 July 1939 ) is an Australian meteorologist , and former President of the World Meteorological Organization and the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering ( ATSE ) . He was born and was educated in Brisbane , Queensland . Through his leadership in professional organizations and advisory groups , Zillman has contributed to shaping science and innovation policy in Australia . More widely , he has contributed to raising awareness to the consequences of global climate change through involvement in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) .

negative: Heat transfer coefficient The heat transfer coefficient or film coefficient , or film effectiveness , in thermodynamics and in mechanics is the proportionality constant between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat ( i.e. , the temperature difference , ΔT ) :   where :  q : amount of heat transferred ( heat flux ) , W/m2 i.e. , thermal power per unit area , q = d/dA  h : heat transfer coefficient , W / ( m2 • K )  ΔT : difference in temperature between the solid surface and surrounding fluid area , K.   It is used in calculating the heat transfer , typically by convection or phase transition between a fluid and a solid . The heat transfer coefficient has SI units in watts per squared meter kelvin : W / ( m2K ) .   The heat transfer coefficient is the reciprocal of thermal insulance . This is used for building materials ( R-value ) and for clothing insulation .   There are numerous methods for calculating the heat transfer coefficient in different heat transfer modes , different fluids , flow regimes , and under different thermohydraulic conditions . Often it can be estimated by dividing the thermal conductivity of the convection fluid by a length scale . The heat transfer coefficient is often calculated from the Nusselt number ( a dimensionless number ) . There are also online calculators available specifically for heat transfer fluid applications . Experimental assessment of the heat transfer coefficient poses some challenges especially when small fluxes are to be measured ( e.g. ) .

negative: Climate change feedback Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing , and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state . Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity , and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first . Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it .   The term `` forcing '' means a change which may `` push '' the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling . An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases . By definition , forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal ; in essence , feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system . Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system ; others may be tightly coupled ; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes . Forcings , feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes . The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere , which in turn leads to further warming . The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan -- Boltzmann law , the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth 's surface and atmosphere .   Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks , which contribute directly to further global warming . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's ( IPCC ) Fourth Assessment Report states that `` Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible , depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change . ''

negative: 0W 0W ( zero W ) or 0-W may refer to :   0W , zero west , or 0 ° W , coordinate of the prime meridian  0W or ZW , or zero width , a non-printing character used in computer typesetting of some complex scripts  Zero-width joiner  Zero-width non-joiner  Zero-width space  Zero-width non-breaking space  Zero waste , an environmental concept

negative: Waste heat recovery unit A waste heat recovery unit ( WHRU ) is an energy recovery heat exchanger that recovers heat from hot streams with potential high energy content , such as hot flue gases from a diesel generator or steam from cooling towers or even waste water from different cooling processes such as in steel cooling .

negative: Climate change and agriculture -RSB-   Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes , both of which take place on a global scale . Climate change affects agriculture in a number of ways , including through changes in average temperatures , rainfall , and climate extremes ( e.g. , heat waves ) ; changes in pests and diseases ; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations ; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods ; and changes in sea level .   Climate change is already affecting agriculture , with effects unevenly distributed across the world . Future climate change will likely negatively affect crop production in low latitude countries , while effects in northern latitudes may be positive or negative . Climate change will probably increase the risk of food insecurity for some vulnerable groups , such as the poor .   Agriculture contributes to climate change by ( 1 ) anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) , and ( 2 ) by the conversion of non-agricultural land ( e.g. , forests ) into agricultural land . Agriculture , forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25 % to global annual emissions in 2010 .   There are a range of policies that can reduce the risk of negative climate change impacts on agriculture , and to reduce GHG emissions from the agriculture sector .

negative: Global Climate Observing System As an outcome of the Second World Climate Conference , the Global Climate Observing System ( GCOS ) was established in 1992 to ensure that the observations and information needed to address climate-related issues are obtained and made available to all potential users . The GCOS is co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) , the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ( IOC ) of UNESCO , the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , and the International Council for Science ( ICSU ) . In order to assess and monitor the adequacy of in-situ observation networks as well as satellite-based observing systems , GCOS regularly reports on the adequacy of the current climate observing system to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , and thereby identifies the needs of the current climate observing system .   The Global Climate Observing System ( GCOS ) is a system that comprises the climate-relevant components of many contributing observing systems and networks . The mission of the GCOS programme is to help ensure that these contributing systems , taken as a whole , provide the comprehensive information on the global climate system that is required by users , including individuals , national and international organizations , institutions and agencies . The programme promotes the sustained provision and availability of reliable physical , chemical and biological observations and data records for the total climate system - across the atmospheric , oceanic and terrestrial domains , including the Hydrological cycle , the Carbon cycle and the Cryosphere .

negative: Climate sensitivity Climate sensitivity is the equilibrium temperature change in response to changes of the radiative forcing . Therefore , climate sensitivity depends on the initial climate state , but potentially can be accurately inferred from precise palaeoclimate data . Slow climate feedbacks , especially changes of ice sheet size and atmospheric CO2 , amplify the total Earth system sensitivity by an amount that depends on the time scale considered .   Although climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , it is thought of as a general property of the climate system : the change in surface air temperature ( ΔTs ) following a unit change in radiative forcing ( RF ) , and thus is expressed in units of ° C / ( W/m2 ) . For this to be useful , the measure must be independent of the nature of the forcing ( e.g. from greenhouse gases or solar variation ) ; to first order this is indeed found to be so .   The climate sensitivity specifically due to is often expressed as the temperature change in ° C associated with a doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere .   For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models ( e.g. CMIP5 ) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter , but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters . By contrast , simpler energy-balance models may have climate sensitivity as an explicit parameter .   The terms represented in the equation relate radiative forcing ( RF ) to linear changes in global surface temperature change ( ΔTs ) via the climate sensitivity λ .   It is also possible to estimate climate sensitivity from observations ; however , this is difficult due to uncertainties in the forcing and temperature histories .

negative: Breeding for heat stress tolerance Plant breeding is process of development of new cultivars . Plant breeding involves development of varieties for different environmental conditions -- some of them are not favorable . Among them , heat stress is one of such factor that reduces the production and quality significantly . So breeding against heat is a very important criterion for breeding for current as well as future environments produced by global climate change ( e.g. global warming ) .

negative: Kirk Bryan (oceanographer) Kirk Bryan ( Jr. ) ( born 1929 , son of Kirk Bryan , Sr. ( geologist,1888-1950 ) is an American oceanographer who is considered to be the founder of numerical ocean modeling . Starting in the 1960s at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory , then located in Washington , D.C. , Bryan worked with a series of colleagues to develop numerical schemes for solving the equations of motion describing flow on a sphere . His work on these schemes led to the so-called `` Bryan-Cox code '' with which many early simulations were made , and which led to the Modular Ocean Model currently used by many numerical oceanographers and climate scientists .   In addition to his important contributions in developing numerical codes , Bryan was also involved in early efforts to apply them to understanding the global climate system . In 1967 , he published , with Michael Cox , the first model of the 3-dimensional circulation of the ocean , forced by both winds and thermodynamic forcing . In 1969 , a paper with Syukoro Manabe was the first to present integrations of a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean model , demonstrating the importance of ocean heat transport to the climate . This work was recently named one of the top ten breakthroughs in the history of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration . Bryan 's 1971 paper with the noted dynamicist Adrian Gill demonstrated the important role played by bottom topography in setting the structure of the global ocean circulation , and played a major role in suggesting links between changes in continental topography and climate , continuing a long-term interest in the role of oceanic heat transport in determining global climate . Dr. Bryan was a lead author of the `` Transient Climate Change '' section of the 1989 scientific assessment report to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .   Bryan has been awarded the Maurice Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union for his contributions to the field of ocean science .

negative: Christopher Field Chris Field , Ph.D is an American scientist and researcher , who has contributed to the field of climate change . The author of more than 200 scientific publications , Field 's research emphasizes impacts of climate change , from the molecular to the global scale . His work includes major field experiments on responses of California grassland to multi-factor global change , integrative studies on the global carbon cycle , and assessments of impacts of climate change on agriculture . Field 's work with models includes studies on the global distribution of carbon sources and sinks , and studies on environmental consequences of expanding biomass energy .

negative: Global warming in Russia Global warming in Russia describes the global warming related issues in Russia . This includes climate politics , contribution to global warming and the influence of global warming on Russia . In 2009 Russia was ready to reduce emissions 20 -- 25 % from its 1990 emission levels by the year 2020 .

negative: Aquifer thermal energy storage Aquifer thermal energy storage ( ATES ) is the storage and recovery of thermal energy in the subsurface . ATES is applied to provide heating and cooling to buildings .  Storage and recovery of thermal energy is achieved by extraction and injection of groundwater from aquifers using groundwater wells . Systems commonly operate in a seasonal mode . The groundwater that is extracted in summer , is used for cooling by transferring heat from the building to the groundwater by means of a heat exchanger . Subsequently , the heated groundwater is injected back into the aquifer , which creates a storage of heated groundwater . In wintertime , the flow direction is reversed such that the heated groundwater is extracted and can be used for heating ( often in combination with a heat pump ) . Therefore , operating an ATES system uses the subsurface as a temporal storage to buffer seasonal variations in heating and cooling demand . When replacing traditional fossil fuel dependent heating and cooling systems , ATES can serve as a cost-effective technology to reduce the primary energy consumption of a building and the associated CO2 emissions .   In 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen , Denmark , many countries and regions have made targets for global climate protection . The European Union also set a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions , increase use of sustainable energy and improve energy efficiency . For this target , ATES can actually contribute significantly , as about 40 % of global energy consumption is done by buildings , and is mainly for heating and cooling . Therefore , the development of ATES has been paid a lot of attention and the number of ATES has increased dramatically , especially in Europe . For example , in the Netherlands , it was estimated that about 20,000 ATES systems could be achieved by 2020 . This can yield a CO2 emission reduction of about 11 % , for the target of the Netherlands . Besides the Netherlands , Belgium , Germany , Turkey , and Sweden are also increasing the application of ATES .  ATES can be applied worldwide , as long as the climatic conditions and geohydrological conditions are right . As ATES systems cumulate in urban areas optimisation of subsurface space requires attention in areas with suitable conditions .

negative: Global climate regime A global climate regime is a global framework that aims at regulating the interaction of human activity with the global climate system , to mitigate global climate change .

negative: UTC Climate, Controls & Security UTC Climate , Controls & Security is a global provider of building technologies offering fire safety , security , building automation , heating , ventilating , air-conditioning and refrigeration systems and services . A wholly owned subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation , UTC Climate , Controls & Security is a $ 16.7 billion company with 55,000 employees serving customers in more than 180 countries .

negative: Energy mix The energy mix is the group of different primary energy sources from which secondary energy for direct use - usually electricity - is produced . Primary energy in the form of fossil fuels is nowadays still mostly used directly for motor-driven vehicles , i.e. transport . Further energy conversion of the co-produced waste heat after burning is not possible .   In 2009 , the global primary energy use corresponded to 12.5 e6t oil equivalent corresponding to 145,375 GWh ) . According to the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) 13,6 % of that was used by the EU . Within the EU , 75.9 % came from fossil fuels , 14.1 % from nuclear energy , 7 % from biofuels , 2.9 from renewable energy resources .   Overall primary energy consumption in the U.S. in 2015 relied most on petroleum ( 35 e15BTU ) , natural gas ( 29 e15BTU ) and coal ( 16 e15BTU ) . Renewables contributed 9 e15BTU and nuclear power 8 e15BTU .  In the same year , about 4 million GWh of electricity were generated in the U.S. , 67 % of which was generated from fossil fuels ( coal , natural gas , and < 1 % petroleum ) , 20 % from nuclear power , 6 % hydropower and 7 % other renewables .   While the rise of global energy consumption with the global population growth can not immediately be counteracted , the sustainability of growth can partially be improved by changing the energy mix towards renewables . The main forces in this process are national and transnational energy policy and the energy industry together with their lobbyists .

negative: Cogeneration Cogeneration or combined heat and power ( CHP ) is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time . Trigeneration or combined cooling , heat and power ( CCHP ) refers to the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector .   Cogeneration is more thermally efficient use of fuel than electricity generation alone . In separate production of electricity some energy must be rejected as waste heat , but in cogeneration this thermal energy is put to good use .   Combined heat and power ( CHP ) plants recover otherwise wasted thermal energy for heating . This is also called combined heat and power district heating ( CHPDH ) . Small CHP plants are an example of decentralized energy . By-product heat at moderate temperatures ( 100 -- 180 ° C , 212 -- 356 ° F ) can also be used in absorption refrigerators for cooling .   The supply of high-temperature heat first drives a gas or steam turbine-powered generator . The resulting low-temperature waste heat is then used for water or space heating . At smaller scales ( typically below 1 MW ) a gas engine or diesel engine may be used . Trigeneration differs from cogeneration in that the waste heat is used for both heating and cooling , typically in an absorption refrigerator . CCHP systems can attain higher overall efficiencies than cogeneration or traditional power plants . In the United States , the application of trigeneration in buildings is called building cooling , heating and power ( BCHP ) . Heating and cooling output may operate concurrently or alternately depending on need and system construction .   Cogeneration was practiced in some of the earliest installations of electrical generation . Before central stations distributed power , industries generating their own power used exhaust steam for process heating . Large office and apartment buildings , hotels and stores commonly generated their own power and used waste steam for building heat . Due to the high cost of early purchased power , these CHP operations continued for many years after utility electricity became available .

negative: Global Change Observation Mission GCOM ( Global Change Observation Mission ) , is a series of JAXA Earth observation satellites as a successor to the ill-fated ADEOS 2 satellite and to the Aqua Mission . GCOM is , together with the GPM Mission , Japan 's contribution to the GEOSS ( Global Earth Observation System of Systems ) .   To increase security and scientific output , JAXA made the decision to split the original ADEOS 2 mission into two models of smaller satellites , GCOM-W for water observation and GCOM-C for climate observation . It is planned to launch three satellites for each mission during the next decade , with each subsequent satellite overlapping to provide continuous coverage .

negative: Heat flux Heat flux or thermal flux is the rate of heat energy transfer through a given surface per unit time . The SI derived unit of heat rate is joule per second , or watt . Heat flux density is the heat rate per unit area . In SI units , heat flux density is measured in -LSB- W/m2 -RSB- . The dimensional unit is . Heat rate is a scalar quantity , while heat flux is a vectorial quantity . To define the heat flux at a certain point in space , one takes the limiting case where the size of the surface becomes infinitesimally small .   Heat flux is often denoted , the subscript q specifying heat rate , as opposed to mass or momentum rate . Fourier 's law is an important application of these concepts .

negative: Climatic Research Unit The Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ) is a component of the University of East Anglia and is one of the leading institutions concerned with the study of natural and anthropogenic climate change .   With a staff of some thirty research scientists and students , the CRU has contributed to the development of a number of the data sets widely used in climate research , including one of the global temperature records used to monitor the state of the climate system , as well as statistical software packages and climate models .

negative: Green Zone Community Climate Action Green Zone Community Climate Action is a charitable unincorporated association formed in November 2016 . Based in Broomfield , Essex , this organisation delivers climate change awareness at a grass roots level to improve public understanding of Global warming and promote individual actions that can help to address this . The charity works with Marks & Spencer through the project Neighbourly among other retailers to reduce food waste and share unsold food within the community . The charity also supports climate education for primary school children through clubs . The charity took part in the worldwide 24 Hours of Reality campaign broadcast by The Climate Reality Project . Working alongside additional community charities Green Zone Community Climate Action is one of many new projects created to assist the UK in meeting the United Nations global Sustainable Development Goals

negative: Global Underground 028: Shanghai Global Underground 028 : Nick Warren , Shanghai is a DJ mix album in the Global Underground series , compiled and mixed by Nick Warren . The album peaked at # 14 on the Billboard Top Electronic Albums . Though Warren was inspired by the Shanghai scene , the album 's music came from producers of thirteen different nationalities .   Warren 's 2003 Reykjavik mix was supposed to be his last for Global Underground . Disillusioned with the non-stop DJing treadmill , he had planned to settle in the studio and focus on his Way Out West production work , yet was constantly being asked when his next GU instalment would appear .   He was also frustrated by the lack of a platform for some of the unsigned music he was regularly being given by new producers from around the world , so he agreed to do `` one more '' GU mix , with the focus on showcasing new talent and a wider range of music than his Icelandic mix .

negative: Lucia Liljegren Lucia Liljegren is an American mechanical engineer who has worked at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory ( on projects related to remediation and storage of radioactive waste ) and as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at Iowa State University . She is best known ( as Lucia ) for her global warming/climate change blog The Blackboard ( Where Climate Talk Gets Hot ! ) , online since 2007 . Professor Judith Curry , a climatologist at Georgia Tech , calls Lucia `` probably the least controversial person in the climate blogosphere , because of her cheerfulness and sense of humor , honesty , and open mindedness . ''   In the climate change debate , Lucia classifies herself as a `` lukewarmer '' : a person who recognizes global warming , but doubts the severity of the problem , and the certainty of climate science predictions .   The Blackboard was one of the first sites to post some of the CRU emails leaked in the 2009 Climatic Research Unit email controversy .

negative: Black carbon Chemically , black carbon ( BC ) is a component of fine particulate matter ( PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter ) . Black carbon consists of pure carbon in several linked forms . It is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels , biofuel , and biomass , and is emitted in both anthropogenic and naturally occurring soot .   Black carbon causes human morbidity and premature mortality .   In climatology , black carbon is a climate forcing agent . Black carbon warms the Earth by absorbing sunlight and heating the atmosphere and by reducing albedo when deposited on snow and ice ( direct effects ) and indirectly by interaction with clouds , with the total forcing of 1.1 W/m2 . Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks , whereas carbon dioxide has an atmospheric lifetime of more than 100 years .   The term black carbon is also used in soil sciences and geology , referring either to deposited atmospheric black carbon or to directly incorporated black carbon from vegetation fires . Especially in the tropics , black carbon in soils significantly contributes to fertility as it is able to absorb important plant nutrients .

negative: Renewable thermal energy Renewable thermal energy is the technology of gathering thermal energy from a renewable energy source for immediate use or for storage in a thermal battery for later use . An example of Renewable Thermal is a Geothermal Heat Pump ( GHP ) system , where excess thermal energy due to solar heating from the sun is removed from the structure via the heating and cooling system and stored in the ground , and that same energy is then extracted from the ground to later heat the same building in another season . This example system is `` renewable '' because the source of excess heat energy is a reliably recurring process that occurs each summer season ; in this case it is even a natural renewable energy source .

negative: Heat current A heat current is a kinetic exchange rate between molecules , relative to the material in which the kinesis occurs . It is defined as , where is heat and is time .   For conduction , heat current is defined by Fourier 's law as   where  is the amount of heat transferred per unit time -LSB- W -RSB- and   is an oriented surface area element -LSB- m2 -RSB-  The above differential equation , when integrated for a homogeneous material of 1-D geometry between two endpoints at constant temperature , gives the heat flow rate as :   where  A is the cross-sectional surface area ,  is the temperature difference between the ends ,  is the distance between the ends .   For thermal radiation , heat current is defined as   where the constant of proportionality is the Stefan -- Boltzmann constant , is the radiating surface area , and is temperature .   Heat current can also be thought of as the total phonon distribution multiplied by the energy of one phonon , times the group velocity of the phonons . The phonon distribution of a particular phonon mode is given by the Bose-Einstein factor , which is dependent on temperature and phonon energy .