query: the media created the term "polar vortex" and the cold air proves "the ice isn't melting."

positive: Early 2014 North American cold wave The 2014 North American cold wave was an extreme weather event that extended through the late winter months of the 2013 -- 2014 winter season , and was also part of an unusually cold winter affecting parts of Canada and parts of the north-central and upper eastern United States . The event occurred in early 2014 and was caused by a southward shift of the North Polar Vortex . Record-low temperatures also extended well into March .   On January 2 , an Arctic cold front initially associated with a nor'easter tracked across Canada and the United States , resulting in heavy snowfall . Temperatures fell to unprecedented levels , and low temperature records were broken across the United States . Business , school , and road closures were common , as well as mass flight cancellations . Altogether , more than 200 million people were affected , in an area ranging from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean and extending south to include roughly 187 million residents of the Continental United States .

positive: Cloud In meteorology , a cloud is an aerosol comprising a visible mass of minute liquid droplets , frozen crystals , or particles suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body . The droplets and crystals may be made of water or various chemicals . On Earth , clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the air when it is cooled to its dew point , or when it gains sufficient moisture ( usually in the form of water vapor ) from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient temperature . They are seen in the Earth 's homosphere ( which includes the troposphere , stratosphere , and mesosphere ) . Nephology is the science of clouds which is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology .   There are two systems of naming clouds in their respective layers of the atmosphere ; Latin in the troposphere and mostly alpha-numeric above the troposphere . Cloud types in the troposphere , the atmospheric layer closest to Earth 's surface , have Latin names due to the universal adaptation of Luke Howard 's nomenclature . Formally proposed in 1802 , it became the basis of a modern international system that classifies clouds into five physical forms and three altitude levels ( formerly known as étages ) . These physical types , in approximate ascending order of convective activity , include stratiform sheets , cirriform wisps and patches , stratocumuliform layers ( mainly structured as rolls , ripples , and patches ) , cumuliform heaps , and very large cumulonimbiform heaps that often show complex structure . The physical forms are cross-classified by the altitude levels to produce ten basic genus-types , most of which can be divided into species , and subdivided into varieties .   Two cirriform clouds that form higher up in the stratosphere and mesosphere have common names for their main types , but are sub-classified alpha-numerically . They are relatively uncommon and are mostly seen in the polar regions of Earth . Clouds have been observed in the atmospheres of other planets and moons in the Solar System and beyond . However , due to their different temperature characteristics , they are often composed of other substances such as methane , ammonia , and sulfuric acid as well as water .   Homospheric types determined by cross-classification of forms and levels .   '' Homospheric types include the ten tropospheric genera and two additional major types above the troposphere . The cumulus genus includes three variants as defined by vertical size .

positive: Arctic methane emissions Arctic methane release is the release of methane from seas and soils in permafrost regions of the Arctic . While a long-term natural process , it is exacerbated by global warming . This results in a positive feedback effect , as methane is itself a powerful greenhouse gas .   The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane . Global warming accelerates its release , due to both release of methane from existing stores , and from methanogenesis in rotting biomass . Large quantities of methane are stored in the Arctic in natural gas deposits , permafrost , and as undersea clathrates . Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming , thus large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming . Other sources of methane include submarine taliks , river transport , ice complex retreat , submarine permafrost and decaying gas hydrate deposits .   Concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere are higher by 8 -- 10 % than that in the Antarctic atmosphere . During cold glacier epochs , this gradient decreases to practically insignificant levels . Land ecosystems are considered the main sources of this asymmetry , although it has been suggested that `` the role of the Arctic Ocean is significantly underestimated . '' Soil temperature and moisture levels have been found to be significant variables in soil methane fluxes in tundra environments .

positive: Arctic The Arctic ( -LSB- ˈɑrktɪk -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɑrtɪk -RSB- ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth . The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean , adjacent seas , and parts of Alaska ( United States ) , Canada , Finland , Greenland ( Denmark ) , Iceland , Norway , Russia and Sweden . Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover , with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra . Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places .   The Arctic region is a unique area among Earth 's ecosystems . For example , the cultures in the region and the Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to its cold and extreme conditions . In recent years , Arctic sea ice decline has been caused by global warming . Life in the Arctic includes organisms living in the ice , zooplankton and phytoplankton , fish and marine mammals , birds , land animals , plants and human societies . Arctic land is bordered by the subarctic .

negative: Polar vortex A polar vortex is an upper level low-pressure area lying near the Earth 's pole . There are two polar vortices in the Earth 's atmosphere , which overlie the North , and South Poles . Each polar vortex is a persistent , large-scale , low pressure zone that rotates counter-clockwise at the North Pole ( called a cyclone ) , and clockwise at the South Pole . The bases of the two polar vortices are located in the middle and upper troposphere and extend into the stratosphere . Beneath that lies a large mass of cold , dense arctic air . The vortices weaken and strengthen from year to year . When the vortex of the arctic is strong it is well defined , there is a single vortex and the arctic air is well contained ; when weaker , which it generally is , it will break into two or more vortices ; when very weak , the flow of arctic air becomes more disorganized and masses of cold arctic air can push equatorward , bringing with it a rapid and sharp temperature drop . The interface between the cold dry air mass of the pole and the warm moist air mass further south defines the location of the polar front . The polar front is centered , roughly at 60 ° latitude . A polar vortex strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer due to its dependence on the temperature difference between the equator and the poles . The vortices span less than 1,000 kilometers ( 620 miles ) in diameter within which they rotate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere , and in a clockwise fashion in the Southern Hemisphere . As with other cyclones , their rotation is driven by the Coriolis effect .   When the polar vortex is strong , there is a single vortex with a jet stream that is `` well constrained '' near the polar front . When the northern vortex weakens , it separates into two or more vortices , the strongest of which are near Baffin Island , Canada and the other over northeast Siberia . The Antarctic vortex of the Southern Hemisphere is a single low pressure zone that is found near the edge of the Ross ice shelf near 160 west longitude . When the polar vortex is strong , the mid-latitude Westerlies ( winds at the surface level between 30 ° and 60 ° latitude from the west ) increase in strength and are persistent . When the polar vortex is weak , high pressure zones of the mid latitudes may push poleward , moving the polar vortex , jet stream , and polar front equatorward . The jet stream is seen to `` buckle '' and deviate south . This rapidly brings cold dry air into contact with the warm , moist air of the mid latitudes , resulting in a rapid and dramatic change of weather known as a `` cold snap '' .   Ozone depletion occurs within the polar vortices -- particularly over the Southern Hemisphere -- reaching a maximum depletion in the spring .

negative: Stefan number The Stefan number ( St or Ste ) is defined as the ratio of sensible heat to latent heat . It is given by the formula   where  cp is the specific heat ,  cp is the specific heat of solid phase in the freezing process while cp is the specific heat of liquid phase in the melting process .  ∆ T is the temperature difference between phases ,  L is the latent heat of melting .   It is a dimensionless parameter that is useful in analyzing a Stefan problem . The parameter was developed from Josef Stefan 's calculations of the rate of phase change of water into ice on the polar ice caps .

negative: Polar desert Polar deserts are areas with annual precipitation less than 250 mm and a mean temperature of less than 10 C during the warmest months . Polar deserts on Earth cover nearly 5,000,000 km2 and consist primarily of hard bedrock or gravel plains .   Polar deserts are one of two polar biomes : polar deserts and Arctic tundra . These biomes are located at the poles of the earth , specifically , the Arctic , northernmost North America , Europe , and Asia , and Antarctica . Polar deserts are located in the Arctic and Antarctic . Unlike the tundra that can support plant and animal life in the summer , polar deserts are barren with permanent layers of ice . However , there is evidence of life in this seemingly inhospitable environment.The thick ice contains sediments of organic and inorganic substances which create a habitable environment for microbial organisms . These organisms are closely related to cyanobacteria which have a variety of functions , particularly , fixing carbon dioxide from the melting water .   Temperature changes in polar deserts frequently cross the freezing point of water . This `` freeze-thaw '' alternation forms patterned textures on the ground , as much as 5 m in diameter ( as seen in the picture on the right ) .   Most of the interior of Antarctica is polar desert , despite the thick ice cover . Conversely , the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica , although they have had no ice for thousands of years due to katabatic wind , are not necessarily polar desert .   Polar deserts are relatively common during ice ages , as ice ages tend to be dry .   Climate scientists have voiced concerns about the effects of global warming to the ice poles in these polar biomes .

negative: Publications Ice Shelf Publications Ice Shelf is an ice shelf about 35 nautical miles ( 60 km ) long on the south shore of Prydz Bay , between Mount Caroline Mikkelsen and Stornes Peninsula . Several glaciers , listed from southwest to northeast , nourish the ice shelf : Polar Times Glacier , Il Polo Glacier , Polarforschung Glacier , Polar Record Glacier and Polararboken Glacier . The feature was first mapped from air photos by the Lars Christensen Expedition , 1936-37 . The name `` Publication Glacier Tongues '' was applied by John H. Roscoe in 1952 following his study of U.S. Navy Operation Highjump ( 1946 -- 47 ) air photos of the area , but the term ice shelf is more descriptive . So named by Roscoe because the several glaciers in the area commemorate polar publications .   Category : Ice shelves of Antarctica  Category : Landforms of Princess Elizabeth Land

negative: Ice sock An ice sock is a sock filled with ice , used by cyclists participating in brevets ( long-distance rides ) to avoid overheating . A white athletic sock is filled with ice , which the cyclist drapes around his/her neck . This is a low-cost and effective method to keep the cyclist 's temperature in check and prevent overheating .   Other mentions of ice socks include cold weather sock products to offer feet protection against cold weather , as well as ice melt socks to prevent ice dams on roofs .

negative: Vortex ring toy A vortex ring toy is any of several toys that generate vortex rings -- rolling torus-shapes of fluid , similar in structure to smoke rings -- that move through the fluid ( most often air , and sometimes water ) .   Because of the way they rotate , a vortex ring can hold itself together and travel for quite a distance . Toys that blow air vortices , like the air vortex cannon , are mainly used to tickle people or animals at a distance with an `` invisible hand '' . An interesting demonstration is to have a smoker blow a smoke cloud into the toy just before firing , to create a large smoke ring . Some toys have a built-in smoke generator for this purpose .

negative: Coudersport Ice Mine The Coudersport Ice Mine is an ice cave located in Sweden Township , Pennsylvania ( east of Coudersport ) that forms icicles in the spring and summer but not in the winter . Ice formations appear in the shaft during the spring of the year , continue through the hot weather , and disappear in winter . Ice appears in various shapes and forms , often as huge icicles measuring from 1 to 3 ft in thickness , and from 15 to 25 ft in length ; the ice is generally clear and sparkling .   A theory about the origin of this mine states that during the winter , cold air over the hilltop sinks into rock openings in the Lock Haven Formation ( Devonian age ) and slowly expels the warm air that had penetrated these openings during the preceding summer . Ordinarily this process takes place locally , but here the interconnection of the rock crevices tends to be so arranged that the air circulation over a wide region is focused on one spot . Thus , from April or May to September , cold air comes in contact with percolating groundwater , forming ice during the hot months of the year ; from September to late spring , warm air trapped in the rocks from the preceding summer , escapes and melts the ice .   Discovered in 1894 , the cave is about 40 ft deep , about 8 ft wide , and 10 ft long . The cave was open to the public for many decades   The ice mine property was purchased by new owners who began a restoration in 2013 . After being closed for nearly a quarter of a century , the Coudersport Ice Mine was re-opened in 2014 .

negative: Cooling bath A cooling bath , in laboratory chemistry practice , is a liquid mixture which is used to maintain low temperatures , typically between 13 ° C and − 196 ° C . These low temperatures are used to collect liquids after distillation , to remove solvents using a rotary evaporator , or to perform a chemical reaction below room temperature ( see : kinetic control ) .   Cooling baths are generally one of two types : ( a ) a cold fluid ( particularly liquid nitrogen , water , or even air ) -- but most commonly the term refers to ( b ) a mixture of 3 components : ( 1 ) a cooling agent ( such as dry ice or water ice ) ; ( 2 ) a liquid ` carrier ' ( such as liquid water , ethylene glycol , acetone , etc. ) , which transfers heat between the bath and the vessel ; ; and ( 3 ) an additive to depress the melting-point of the solid/liquid system .   A familiar example of this is the use of an ice/rock-salt mixture to freeze ice cream . Adding salt lowers the freezing temperature of water , lowering the minimum temperature attainable with only ice .

negative: Chasma Boreale Chasma Boreale is a large canyon in Mars 's north polar ice cap in the Mare Boreum quadrangle of Mars at 83 ° north latitude and 47.1 ° west longitude . It is about 560 km long and was named after a classical albedo feature name . The canyon 's sides reveal layered features within the ice cap that result from seasonal melting and deposition of ice , together with dust deposits from Martian dust storms . Information about the past climate of Mars may eventually be revealed in these layers , just as tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth . Both polar caps also display grooved features , probably caused by wind flow patterns . The grooves are also influenced by the amount of dust . The more dust , the darker the surface . The darker the surface , the more melting as dark surfaces absorb more energy .

negative: Glacier A glacier ( -LSB- pronˈɡleɪʃər -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɡlæsiə -RSB- ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight ; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation ( melting and sublimation ) over many years , often centuries . Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight , creating crevasses , seracs , and other distinguishing features . They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines . Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water .   On Earth , 99 % of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions , but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia , and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands . Between 35 ° N and 35 ° S , glaciers occur only in the Himalayas , Andes , Rocky Mountains , a few high mountains in East Africa , Mexico , New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran . Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth 's land surface . Continental glaciers cover nearly 5 e6sqmi or about 98 percent of Antarctica 's 5.1 e6sqmi , with an average thickness of 7,000 ft. Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers .   Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth . Many glaciers from temperate , alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt , creating a water source that is especially important for plants , animals and human uses when other sources may be scant . Within high altitude and Antarctic environments , the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater .   Because glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes , e.g. , precipitation , mean temperature , and cloud cover , glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level .   A large piece of compressed ice , or a glacier , appears blue as large quantities of water appear blue . This is because water molecules absorb other colors more efficiently than blue . The other reason for the blue color of glaciers is the lack of air bubbles . Air bubbles , which give a white color to ice , are squeezed out by pressure increasing the density of the created ice .

negative: Ice age (disambiguation) __ NOTOC __  An ice age is a geologic period characterized by the presence of polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers .  Periods of major glaciation ( commonly also referred to as ice ages ) are scientifically termed glacial periods .   Ice Age may also refer to :

negative: IceMole IceMole is an autonomous ice research probe , incorporating a new type of ice-melting tip for the exploration of polar regions , glaciers , ice sheets , and extraterrestrial regions , developed by a team from the FH Aachen , a Fachhochschule ( University of Applied Sciences ) in Aachen , Germany . The advantage over previous probes is that the IceMole can change its direction and can be recovered after being used . A driving ice screw allows the probe to drill through soil layers and other contaminations in the ice .

negative: Drift station A drift station is a temporary or semi-permanent facility built on an ice floe . During the Cold War the Soviet Union and the United States maintained a number of stations in the Arctic Ocean on floes such as Fletcher 's Ice Island for research and espionage , the latter of which were often little more than quickly constructed shacks . Extracting personnel from these stations proved difficult and in the case of the United States , employed early versions of the Fulton surface-to-air recovery system .

negative: Ryssberget Ryssberget is a hill in the municipality of Sölvesborg , in the southeastern Swedish province of Blekinge . Ryssberget is made up of some of the oldest stone in Blekinge , so-called metavulcanites created about 1700 million years ago .   As the ice age came to an end , the ice melted away creating the Baltic Glacier lake . This covered most of what is now mainland Blekinge and Scania . The highest level of the lake can be seen on Ryssberget and is called the highest coast line . As the glaciers continued to melt , land began to rise and this created in turn what is now the Baltic Sea .

negative: ICS Vortex Simen Hestnæs , also known as I.C.S. Vortex or simply Vortex , is a Norwegian musician . He is the vocalist of the similarly named band ICS Vortex , the avant-garde metal band Arcturus , and the doom metal band Lamented Souls . He is also the vocalist and bass guitarist to the progressive black metal band Borknagar , and the former bass guitarist and backing vocalist for the Norwegian symphonic black metal band Dimmu Borgir .

negative: Glaciovolcanism Glaciovolcanism is volcanism and related phenomena associated with glacial ice . The ice commonly constrains the erupted material and melts to create meltwater . Considerable melting of glacial ice can create massive lahars and glacial outburst floods known as jökulhlaups .   Three forms of glaciovolcanism are known . Subglacial eruptions occur when a volcano erupts under ice . Such activity can produce landforms such as tuyas and subglacial mounds . Ice-marginal volcanism takes place when material from a subaerial eruption makes lateral contact with ice . Ice-marginal lava flows are a product of this phenomenon . Supraglacial eruptions deposit ejecta onto the surface of an ice sheet .

negative: Horseshoe vortex The horseshoe vortex model is a simplified representation of the vortex system of a wing . In this model the wing vorticity is modelled by a bound vortex of constant circulation , travelling with the wing , and two trailing wingtip vortices , therefore having a shape vaguely reminiscent of a horseshoe . A starting vortex is shed as the wing begins to move through the fluid , which dissipates under the action of viscosity , as do the trailing vortices far behind the aircraft .   The trailing wingtip vortices are responsible for the component of the downwash which creates induced drag .   The horseshoe vortex model is unrealistic in that it implies uniform circulation ( and hence , according to the Kutta -- Joukowski theorem , uniform lift ) at all sections on the wingspan . In a more realistic model , the lifting-line theory , the vortex strength varies along the wingspan , and the loss in vortex strength is shed as a vortex sheet all along the trailing edge , rather than as a single trail at the wing-tips . Nevertheless , the simpler horseshoe vortex model used with a reduced effective wingspan but same mid-plane circulation provides an adequate model for the flows induced far from the aircraft .   The term horseshoe vortex is also used in wind engineering to describe the flow pattern created by strong winds around the base of a tall building . This effect is amplified by the presence of a low-rise building just upwind . This effect was studied at the UK Building Research Establishment between 1963 and 1973 and the cause of the effect is described in contemporary wind engineering text books .   In hydrodynamics , a form of horseshoe vortex forms around bluff bodies in the flowing water , for instance around bridge piers . They can cause scouring of bed materials from both upstream and downstream of the pier .

negative: Vortex generator A vortex generator ( VG ) is an aerodynamic device , consisting of a small vane usually attached to a lifting surface ( or airfoil , such as an aircraft wing ) or a rotor blade of a wind turbine . VGs may also be attached to some part of an aerodynamic vehicle such as an aircraft fuselage or a car . When the airfoil or the body is in motion relative to the air , the VG creates a vortex , which , by removing some part of the slow-moving boundary layer in contact with the airfoil surface , delays local flow separation and aerodynamic stalling , thereby improving the effectiveness of wings and control surfaces , such as flaps , elevators , ailerons , and rudders .

negative: Polar Circle Marathon The Polar Circle Marathon in Kangerlussuaq , Greenland is an annual marathon ( 42.195 km or 26.219 mi ) that has the distinction of being situated on 66 degrees northern latitude , also known as the Polar Circle .   The Polar Circle Marathon is organized by Albatross Adventures and has been run every year since 2001 . The race is far more demanding than usual marathons due to the cold weather and slippery surfaces on portions of the race that go over the actual ice cap . The temperatures generally hover around -10 to -15 degrees Celsius in October when the yearly race is held . The marathon course takes the runners over the permanent , 3 km thick ice cap and through tundras , moraine landscapes , glaciers , among other outstanding nature sceneries . Marathoners often encounter musk oxen , reindeer and other animals inhabiting the arctic desert .

negative: Vortex Col Vortex Col is a col leading from the plateau into the south side of Wright Upper Glacier in Victoria Land . At this locality , winds carrying clouds of snow from the polar plateau are deflected by Mount Fleming and funneled down this depression . The descriptive name was given by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( NZ-APC ) .   Category : Mountain passes of Victoria Land  Category : McMurdo Dry Valleys

negative: Vortex stretching In fluid dynamics , vortex stretching is the lengthening of vortices in three-dimensional fluid flow , associated with a corresponding increase of the component of vorticity in the stretching direction -- due to the conservation of angular momentum .   Vortex stretching is associated with a particular term in the vorticity equation . For example , vorticity transport in an incompressible inviscid flow is governed by   where D/Dt is the convective derivative . The source term on the right hand side is the vortex stretching term . It amplifies the vorticity when the velocity is diverging in the direction parallel to .   A simple example of vortex stretching in a viscous flow is provided by the Burgers vortex .   Vortex stretching is at the core of the description of the turbulence energy cascade from the large scales to the small scales in turbulence . In general , in turbulence fluid elements are more lengthened than squeezed , on average . In the end , this results in more vortex stretching than vortex squeezing . For incompressible flow -- due to volume conservation of fluid elements -- the lengthening implies thinning of the fluid elements in the directions perpendicular to the stretching direction . This reduces the radial length scale of the associated vorticity . Finally , at the small scales of the order of the Kolmogorov microscales , the turbulence kinetic energy is dissipated into heat through the action of molecular viscosity .

negative: Cold as Ice Cold as Ice may refer to :   Cold as Ice ( album ) , an album by Charli Baltimore  `` Cold as Ice '' ( Foreigner song ) , 1977  `` Cold as Ice '' , a 2001 song by No Angels on the album Elle ` ments  `` Cold as Ice '' , a 2006 song by London singer Nathan  `` Cold as Ice '' , a 2001 song by M.O.P. ( Mash Out Posse )  `` Cold as Ice '' ( Sarah Connor song ) , 2010  Cold as Ice ( novel ) , a 1992 science fiction novel by Charles Sheffield  Cold as Ice , a novel by Anne Stuart

negative: Melt pond Melt ponds are pools of open water that form on sea ice in the warmer months of spring and summer . The ponds are also found on glacial ice and ice shelves . Ponds of melted water can also develop under the ice .   Melt ponds are usually darker than the surrounding ice , and their distribution and size is highly variable . They absorb solar radiation rather than reflecting it as ice does and , thereby , have a significant influence on Earth 's radiation balance . This differential , which had not been scientifically investigated until recently , has a large effect on the rate of ice melting and the extent of ice cover .   Melt ponds can melt through to the ocean 's surface . Seawater entering the pond increases the melt rate because the salty water of the ocean is warmer than the fresh water of the pond . The increase in salinity also depresses the water 's freezing point .   Water from melt ponds over land surface can run into crevasses or moulins -- tubes leading under ice sheets or glaciers -- turning into meltwater . The water may reach the underlying rock . The effect is an increase in the rate of ice flow to the oceans , as the fluid behaves like a lubricant in the basal sliding of glaciers .

negative: Encompassment ordering In theoretical computer science , in particular in automated theorem proving and term rewriting ,  the containment , or encompassment , preorder on the set of terms , is defined by  s ≤ t if a subterm of t is a substitution instance of s.  It is used e.g. in the Knuth -- Bendix completion algorithm .

negative: Polar ice pack Polar ice pack may refer to :   Arctic ice pack  Antarctic sea ice  Drift ice

negative: Air vortex cannon An air vortex cannon is a device that releases doughnut-shaped air vortices -- similar to smoke rings but larger , stronger and invisible . The vortices are able to ruffle hair , disturb papers or blow out candles after travelling several metres .   The design consists of a short and broad barrel with a slight taper , closed by a flexible diaphragm at the larger end . The diaphragm is internally attached to the barrel by elastic strips . The cannon is `` armed '' by pulling the diaphragm out , distending the elastic bands , and is `` fired '' by releasing the diaphragm . The diaphragm quickly pushes a quantity of air out of the open end , creating a vortex ring .   An air vortex cannon can be made easily at home , from just a cardboard box . A toy commercial version , with a barrel 12 in wide and useful range of 20 ft is sold under the name Air bazooka or Airzooka .   Air cannons are used in some amusement parks such as Universal Studios to spook or surprise visitors .   The Wham-O Air Blaster toy introduced in 1965 could blow out a candle at 25 ft. The commercial Airzooka was developed by Brian S. Jordan who claims to have conceived it when still a boy . A feature of the Airzooka is a loose non-elastic polythene membrane , tensioned by a bungee cord , rather than elastic membranes . This allows a much greater volume of air to be displaced .   A large air vortex cannon , with a 9 ft wide barrel and a displacement volume of 2873 USgal was built in March 2008 at the University of Minnesota , and was able to blow out candles at 180 ft.   In 2012 a large air vortex cannon was built for Czech television show Zázraky přírody ( English : Wonders of Nature ) . It was capable of bringing down a wall of cardboard boxes from 100 m in what was claimed to be a world record .

negative: Ice algae Ice algae are any of the various types of algal communities found in annual and multi-year sea or terrestrial ice . On sea ice in polar regions of the oceans , ice algae communities play an important role in primary production . The timing of blooms of the algae is especially important for supporting higher trophic levels at times of the year when light is low and ice cover still exists . Sea ice algal communities are mostly concentrated in the bottom layer of the ice , but can also occur in brine channels within the ice , in melt ponds , and on the surface .   Because terrestrial ice algae occur in freshwater systems , the species composition differs greatly from that of sea ice algae . These communities are significant in that they often change the color of glaciers and ice sheets , impacting the reflectivity of the ice itself .

negative: Central Swedish ice-edge zone The central Swedish ice-edge zone was formed when the melting of inland ice slowed down during a cold period approximately 12,000 years ago and the ice edge stood relatively still for around 800 years . This occurred during the cold part of the Younger Dryas period .   The central Swedish ice-edge zone contains many terminal moraines , including moraine ridges . The zone is therefore sometimes referred to as the central Swedish terminal moraines . The area also features many sandy delta areas and other ice river deposits of stones , gravel and sand .   The zone stretches from southern Norway , through Dalsland , Västergötland , Östergötland and up through Södermanland . The area then continues with terminal moraines through southern Finland ( where it is known as Salpausselkä ) and into Russia along a curve up towards the Arctic Ocean .

negative: Fractional vortices In a standard superconductor , described by a complex field fermionic condensate wave function ( denoted ) , vortices carry quantized magnetic fields because the condensate wave function is invariant to increments of the phase by . There a winding of the phase by creates a vortex which carries one flux quantum . See quantum vortex .   The term Fractional vortex is used for two kinds of very different quantum vortices which occur when :   ( i ) A physical system allows phase windings different from , i.e. non-integer or fractional phase winding . Quantum mechanics prohibits it in a uniform ordinary superconductor , but it becomes possible in an inhomogeneous system , for example , if a vortex is placed on a boundary between two superconductors which are connected only by an extremely weak link ( also called a Josephson junction ) ; such a situation also occurs in some cases in polycrystalline samples on grain boundaries etc. . At such superconducting boundaries the phase can have a discontinuous jump . Correspondingly , a vortex placed onto such a boundary acquires a fractional phase winding hence the term fractional vortex . A similar situation occurs in Spin-1 Bose condensate , where a vortex with phase winding can exist if it is combined with a domain of overturned spins .   ( ii ) A different situation occurs in uniform multicomponent superconductors which allow stable vortex solutions with integer phase winding , where , which however carry arbitrarily fractionally quantized magnetic flux .

negative: Vortex banded mountain snail The vortex banded mountain snail or whorled mountain snail , scientific name Oreohelix vortex , is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Oreohelicidae . This species is endemic to the United States .

negative: Dorsa Argentea Formation The Dorsa Argentea Formation ( DAF ) is thought to be a large system of eskers that were under an ancient ice cap in the south polar region of Mars . The ancient ice cap was at least twice the size of the present ice cap and may have been 1500-2000 meters thick . This group of ridges extends from 270 -- 100 E and 70 -- 90 S , around the south pole of Mars . It sits under the Late Amazonian South Polar Layered Deposits ( SPLD ) , in the Mare Australe quadrangle . The amount of these ridges is huge , one study studied seven different ridge systems which contained almost 4,000 ridges that had a total length 51,000 km .   Most eskers are thought to be formed inside ice-walled tunnels by streams which flowed within and under glaciers . After the retaining ice walls melted away , stream deposits remained as long winding ridges .   Crater counts show that the ridges are of two different ages . One dates from Early Hesperian , while the other group dates to the Late Noachian . These dates correspond to the time when Mars had lakes and valley networks which formed from runoff , drainage and storage of liquid water on the surface of Mars .   The Dorsa Argentea Formation represents a time when there was melting and drainage of meltwater from a giant ice sheet around the Martian South Pole . Various mechanisms may have caused the ice to melt . Possible mechanisms may have been a warmer atmosphere , volcanism , or increased thickness of the ice cap from accumulating snow .   MARSIS radar data suggest that significant areas of layered , potentially ice-rich parts of the Dorsa Argentea Formation remain today .   Twenty-one mountains are associated with this formation . Their shapes suggest they are volcanoes and that most were associated with glaciers . Some probably erupted under a sheet of ice . Some resemble volcanic land forms called tuyas and tindars . These features are common in Iceland and Antarctica .

negative: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory The Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory ( CRREL ) is a United States Army Corps of Engineers , Engineer Research and Development Center research facility headquartered in Hanover , New Hampshire , that provides scientific and engineering support to the U.S. government and its military with a core emphasis on cold environments . CRREL also provides technical support to non-government customers .   CRREL arose from a consolidation of three antecedent organizations whose purpose was to understand frozen ground , permafrost , snow and ice as factors which were important in strategic northern areas during the Cold War . In its first 25 years CRREL researchers contributed to the understanding of polar ice caps , permafrost , and the engineering technology for developing natural resources in cold climates , such as Alaska . More recently , CRREL researchers have made contributions to science in climate change , the understanding of wave propagation for sensor systems , the control of snow on structures and ice in navigable waterways , and the environmental remediation of military installations .


query: If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.

positive: Sea level rise A sea level rise is an increase in the volume of water in the world 's oceans , resulting in an increase in global mean sea level . Sea level rise is usually attributed to global climate change by thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting of Ice sheets and glaciers on land . Melting of floating ice shelves or icebergs at sea raises sea levels only slightly .   Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average . Local factors might include tectonic effects , subsidence of the land , tides , currents , storms , etc. .  Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries . Because of the slow inertia , long response time for parts of the climate system , it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 m for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years . IPCC Summary for Policymakers , AR5 , 2014 , indicated that the global mean sea level rise will continue during the 21st century , very likely at a faster rate than observed from 1971 to 2010 . Projected rates and amounts vary . A January 2017 NOAA report suggests a range of GMSL rise of 0.3 -- 2.5 m possible during the 21st century .   Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems .

positive: Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( -LSB- ˈhɪləri_daɪˈæn_ˈrɒdəm_ˈklɪntən -RSB- born October 26 , 1947 ) is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 , U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009 , First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001 , and the Democratic Party 's nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election .   Born in Chicago , Illinois , and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge , Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969 , and earned a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1973 . After serving as a congressional legal counsel , she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975 . In 1977 , she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families . She was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year . As First Lady of Arkansas , she led a task force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansas 's public schools .   As First Lady of the United States , Clinton was an advocate for gender equality and healthcare reform . Her relationship with her husband came under public speculation during the Lewinsky scandal , forcing her to issue a statement reaffirming her commitment to the marriage . Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York . She was re-elected to the Senate in 2006 . Running for president in 2008 , she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate , but lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama .   As Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013 , Clinton responded to the Arab Spring , during which she advocated the U.S. military intervention in Libya . She helped organize a diplomatic isolation and international sanctions regime against Iran , in an effort to force curtailment of that country 's nuclear program ; this would eventually lead to the multinational Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action agreement in 2015 . Leaving office after Obama 's first term , she wrote her fifth book and undertook speaking engagements .   Clinton made a second presidential run in 2016 . She received the most votes and primary delegates in the 2016 Democratic primaries , and formally accepted her party 's nomination for President of the United States on July 28 , 2016 with vice presidential running mate Senator Tim Kaine . She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party . Despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote , Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican opponent Donald Trump . Following her loss , in 2017 she decided to focus on being a self-described `` activist citizen '' .

negative: Long Black Veil `` Long Black Veil '' is a 1959 country ballad , written by Danny Dill and Marijohn Wilkin and originally recorded by Lefty Frizzell .   A saga song , `` Long Black Veil '' is told from the point of view of an executed man falsely accused of murder . He refuses to provide an alibi , since on the night of the murder he was having an affair with his best friend 's wife , and would rather die and take their secret to his grave than admit the truth . The chorus describes the woman 's mourning visits to his grave site , wearing a long black veil and enduring a wailing wind . Another possibility , if the lyrics are considered more precisely , is that of a more sinister and haunting tale . For example , `` She walks these hills in a long , black veil . '' is the behavior of a spirit , not that of a flesh and blood woman . As a second example , if the woman were alive , she too would know the situation on that night ten years prior , but the lyrics repeat the clue , `` Nobody sees ( the woman 's spirit is invisible to others ) , nobody knows but me . '' Those clues and others ( '' ... shed not a tear ... '' ) in the song suggest that the executed person ( a very young man ) in fact murdered the woman ( he knows details about the lighting at the crime scene ) , in what was supposed to have been a murder-suicide perhaps ( we run out of clues here and the mystery endures ) , and her spirit haunts even his bones in his grave .

negative: 2016 Western & Southern Open – Women's Singles Serena Williams was the two-time defending champion , but withdrew before the tournament began due to injury .   Angelique Kerber was in contention for the world No. 1 ranking , which she would have attained had she won the title . However , by losing in the final she remained No. 2 .   Karolína Plíšková won her sixth WTA singles title , defeating Kerber in the final , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 .   The two would play each other three weeks later , in the final of the US Open . Having already claimed the No. 1 ranking following Williams ' defeat in the semifinals , Kerber avenged her loss by beating Plíšková in three sets .

negative: Seven Princesses of Mediacorp The Seven Princesses of Mediacorp is made up of Jeanette Aw , Rui En , Felicia Chin , Joanne Peh , Fiona Xie , Jesseca Liu & Dawn Yeoh . They have been in acting industry for a very long time .   Three out of Seven Princesses have already took the All Time Favourite Award . Jeanette Aw took the award in 2015 . Rui En took the award in 2016 and Joanne Peh took in 2017.2 out of the seven princess , Fiona Xie & Dawn Yeoh would not be eligible for Top 10 Most Popular Female Artist and would not be able to take the All Time Favourite Award .   Jesseca Liu finished her contract with Mediacorp in 2010 . In 2015 , she renew her contract with Mediacorp again . Joanne Peh married actor Qi Yuwu and had suggested to move to China but soon after , Joanne Peh came back to Singapore.Felicia Chin has announced that she would continue on her studies but after that she came back to acting and would not continue on her studies .

negative: Witchduck station Witchduck Station was a planned Tide Light Rail station in Virginia Beach , Virginia . It was scheduled to open in 2019 , however , due to the 2016 Virginia Beach City referendum regarding light rail being a no-majority , work on light rail has been ceased as of December 2016 . The station would have served the communities along Witchduck Road . It was to be situated on former Norfolk Southern-owned track now owned by the city .

negative: Bibliography of Hillary Clinton This is a list of books and scholarly articles by and about Hillary Clinton , as well as columns by her .   Books are broken out by point of view . Columns about Clinton are not included , as they would be too numerous to list .

negative: We Are Looking at You, Agnes `` We Are Looking at You , Agnes '' is short story by Erskine Caldwell , originally published 1931 , included in We Are the Living ( 1933 ) .   The entire story is told as a single interior monologue of the protagonist , a young woman named Agnes .   From the way that her family members ( father , mother , brother and sister ) look at her , Agnes is sure that they know her guilty secret -- but never talk about it . As the reader learns , five years before Agnes was sent to Birmingham , Alabama in order to study stenography at a business school , for which purpose her father gave her fifty dollars . Instead , however , she went to a `` beauty-culture school '' and learned to be a manicurist .   Afterwards , Agnes worked as a manicurist in a series of barber shops at Birmingham , Nashville , Memphis and finally on Canal Street , New Orleans -- each of a lesser quality than the earlier . In each she found herself wanted for purposes other than as a manicurist , by men who `` put their hands down the neck of my dress and squeezed until I screamed '' and who afterwards talked to her about things which she `` never heard of at home '' .   After some time , finding that she was `` making more money on the outside than at the -LSB- manicuring -RSB- table '' , Agnes left the barber shop altogether and went to live in `` a cheap hotel '' .   Agnes is still coming every year to spend Christmas with her family . From the way that they look at her , and from the fact that they never ask any questions about her supposed work as a stenographer in Birmingham , she feels sure that they know how she actually earns her living -- but they never speak of it . She in fact desperately hopes that they would , whereupon she would tell the truth and then she wo n't have to come again in the following years for visits which have plainly become an ordeal . But they never do speak up , and neither does Agnes herself .   Near the end , the reader learns that Agnes ' parents regard her as literally `` unclean '' : Whenever she leaves the room , her father wipes the chair she sat on with a cloth soaked in alcohol , and after meals her mother takes the dishes she had used and scalds them in the sink .   Still , the parents and siblings never speak up , and the story ends as it began : with the others sitting at the other side of the parlor and looking at Agnes , silently and accusingly .

negative: Peto's paradox Peto 's Paradox is the observation , due to Richard Peto , that at the species level , the incidence of cancer does not appear to correlate with the number of cells in an organism . For example , the incidence of cancer in humans is much higher than the incidence of cancer in whales . This is despite the fact that a whale has many more cells than a human . If the probability of carcinogenesis were constant across cells , one would expect whales to have a higher incidence of cancer than humans .

negative: USS Trepang (SS-412) The first USS Trepang ( SS/AGSS -412 ) was a Balao-class submarine in the United States Navy . She was named for the trepang , a marine animal sometimes called a ` sea slug ' or a ` sea cucumber ' , having a long , tough , muscular body and found in the coral reefs of the East Indies .   When the contract to build her was awarded to Mare Island Navy Yard in Vallejo , California , SS-412 was to be named Senorita , which would have made her the only USN ship to be named for the senorita , a brilliantly colored kelpfish found along the California coast . She was renamed Trepang on 24 September 1942 , and her keel was laid down on 25 June 1943 . She was launched on 23 March 1944 sponsored by Mrs. R. M. Davenport , the wife of the submarine 's prospective commanding officer , and commissioned on 22 May 1944 with Commander Roy Milton Davenport -- already a three-time Navy Cross winner -- in command .   Following shakedown out of San Diego , California , Trepang departed the West Coast on 15 August 1944 and proceeded to Hawaii where her crew trained and prepared the ship for combat .

negative: Polly Barber Polly Barber ( Polly Scovill ; 25 September 1803 -- 23 February 1898 ) , was born in Lower Canada and , at various times was a teacher , farmer , and businesswoman .   Polly , ( Mary by birth ) , started out as a school teacher and married Stephen Scovill Jr , a farmer from Sutton Township . They had a successful farm when her husband died leaving her a widow and pregnant at the age of 44 . She was able to carry on developing the farm , raising children , and starting a successful clothing factory .   The widow Scovill was important in history because she was able to rise above the prejudices which would have been prevalent toward a woman in business at that time . She set an example that was beneficial to future women in business .

negative: Roberta Collins Roberta Collins ( November 17 , 1944 -- August 16 , 2008 ) was a film and television actress who was known for her attractive physique , blonde , curly hair , and Marilyn Monroe appearance . She starred in many exploitation films , including the prostitute Clara in Tobe Hooper 's Eaten Alive , and as `` Matilda the Hun : in the science fiction film Death Race 2000 .   Jack Hill , who directed her in The Big Doll House , once gave her as an example of `` really great actresses who could have excellent careers but could n't get their personal lives together ... she would be fantastic one day , do everything right , and then she would be out until 4 A.M. partying and the next day she would be useless . ''

negative: Gráinne Murphy Gráinne Murphy is an Irish swimmer representing Ireland at international level . She qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , though due to illness only swam the heats of the 400m Freestyle . She was forced to withdraw from the rest of the meet , including her focus event ( the 800m Freestyle ) , where she would have been in contention for a place in the final .

negative: Alice Caymmi (album) Alice Caymmi is the debut album by Brazilian artist of same name , released in 2012 , produced by Flávio Mendes , with Caymmi being the art director herself . She described the album as follows : `` The album has an aquatic environment , a reference to my grandfather ( Dorival Caymmi ) , to the mythic sea he created . But I like the more obscure things . I brought the more tragic side of his songs , the night sea , darker . -LSB- ... -RSB- Not that I feel I am the avant-guarde-ist , but I want out of the comfort zone . I could have made the album one would expect from the young granddaughter of Caymmi . But there would be no album , it would n't be so emotional . For this album , I wanted the noise , the noise language . I do n't think I made it , because the songs did n't have this head . But I tried to bring them to this tragic , noisy environment of sea , of night '' . Originally , the album would be entirely performed by Alice alone and would feature seven tracks . However , producer Flávio Mendes convinced her to enlarge the track list and invite more musicians .   Some of the lyrics were composed during her adolescence . There are two covers in the album , `` Sargaço Mar '' and `` Unravel '' . The first was composed by her grandfather . she describes it as `` a song that is independent of harmony , just her melody already shows what it is . I then tried to acclimatize it in a scenic way . -LSB- ... -RSB- If I had it my way , it would open the album , my career , everything '' . `` Unravel '' was originally performed by Icelandic singer Björk -- about this version , the European singer supposedly said in her website that `` there 's no way of doing it better than that '' , making Alice cry for her acknowledgment .

negative: Underdetermination In the philosophy of science , underdetermination refers to situations where the evidence available is insufficient to identify which belief one should hold about that evidence . For example , if all that was known was that exactly $ 10 was spent on apples and oranges , and that apples cost $ 1 and oranges $ 2 , then one would know enough to eliminate some possibilities ( e.g. , 6 oranges could not have been purchased ) , but one would not have enough evidence to know which specific combination of apples and oranges was purchased . In this example , one would say that belief in what combination was purchased is underdetermined by the available evidence .

negative: Andharmanik River The Andharmanik River is located in Bangladesh . It is one of the larger coastal rivers of the Ganges -- Padma system , and one of the major rivers of Kalapara Upazila in Patuakhali District . In recent years the people of Kalapara have raised their concerns regarding the gradual drying up of the river . From the total length of about 40 km , at least 25 km of the river have permanently dried out due to the sedimentation and rise of new alluviums . During the 1960s , the local government constructed many dams over Andharmanik and other nearby rivers to avoid the salination of the arable lands . Mainly from this period Andharmanik began to dry up . One of the most influential of these dams is the one over the Kochupatra river which is the source of Andharmanik . Other causes of the sedimentation include the illegal occupancy of canals , unrestricted farming on river area etc. . In late 2013 , the government announced that a new sea port would be established on the bank of Andharmanik river . Since then , the river has been gaining importance and the experts have predicted it as the future economic hub of Southern Bangladesh .

negative: Mabel Robinson Simms Mable Robinson Simms , ( born March 29 , 1914 , Cape Charles , Virginia , died January 27 , 2005 , Boston , Massachusetts ) was an African American jazz pianist and singer , she performed with notable jazz musicians , also as Mabel Robinson , in the 1940-50 's , including Louis Jordan , Sammy Price , Skeets Tolbert , Sammy Davis Sr. , Roy Haynes , Pearl Bailey , The 4 Blackamours , and released another album on her own . She was born in Cape Charles , Virginia , raised in Norfolk and with her family , moved to Boston in 1931 . Her voice was signatory for being remarkably capable in both the jazz and blues arenas and she was a talented pianist . This would land her guest singing roles with Sammy Price , Louis Jordan and Skeets Tolbert .

negative: Hypothetical mood Hypothetical mood ( abbreviated ) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages ( for example Lakota ) which indicates that while a statement is not actually true , it could easily have been . For instance , in English , `` You know you should n't play with knives ! You could have hurt someone ! '' conveys a meaning that would be expressed with the hypothetical mood in Lakota .

negative: Spherical aromaticity In organic chemistry , spherical aromaticity is formally used to describe an unusually stable nature of some spherical compounds such as fullerenes , polyhedral boranes .   In 2000 , Andreas Hirsch and coworkers in Erlangen , Germany , formulated a rule to determine when a fullerene would be aromatic . They found that if there were 2 ( n +1 ) 2 π-electrons , then the fullerene would display aromatic properties . This follows from the fact that an aromatic fullerene must have full icosahedral ( or other appropriate ) symmetry , so the molecular orbitals must be entirely filled . This is possible only if there are exactly 2 ( n +1 ) 2 electrons , where n is a nonnegative integer . In particular , for example , buckminsterfullerene , with 60 π-electrons , is non-aromatic , since 60/2 = 30 , which is not a perfect square .   In 2011 , Jordi Poater and Miquel Solà , expanded the rule to determine when a fullerene species would be aromatic . They found that if there were 2n2 +2 n +1 π-electrons , then the fullerene would display aromatic properties . This follows from the fact that an spherical species having a same-spin half-filled last energy level with the whole inner levels being fully filled is also aromatic . It is similar to Baird 's rule .

negative: Salt fingering Salt fingering is a mixing process that occurs when relatively warm , salty water overlies relatively colder , fresher water . It is driven by the fact that heated water diffuses more readily than salty water . A small parcel of warm , salty water sinking downwards into a colder , fresher region will lose its heat before losing its salt , making the parcel of water increasingly denser than the water around it and sinking further . Likewise , a small parcel of colder , fresher water will be displaced upwards and gain heat by diffusion from surrounding water , which will then make it lighter than the surrounding waters , and cause it to rise further . Paradoxically , the fact that salinity diffuses less readily than temperature means that salinity mixes more efficiently than temperature due to the turbulence caused by salt fingers .   Salt fingering was first described mathematically by Professor Melvin Stern of Florida State University in 1960 and important field measurements of the process have been made by Raymond Schmitt of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Mike Gregg and Eric Kunze of the University of Washington , Seattle . A particularly interesting area for salt fingering is found in the Caribbean Sea , where it is responsible for producing a `` staircase '' of well-mixed layers a few metres in thickness that extend for hundreds of kilometres .   Pre-dating the work of Stern , a paper by the American oceanographer Henry Stommel discussed the creation of a large-scale salt finger in which a column of water would be surrounded by a membrane that would allow diffusion of temperature but not salinity . Once primed by the upward movement of the colder and fresher intermediate water , the resultant `` perpetual salt fountain '' would be able to draw energy ( heat ) from the local ocean water stratification .

negative: Proximate cause In the law , a proximate cause is an event sufficiently related to a legally recognizable injury to be held to be the cause of that injury . There are two types of causation in the law : cause-in-fact , and proximate ( or legal ) cause . Cause-in-fact is determined by the `` but for '' test : But for the action , the result would not have happened . For example , but for running the red light , the collision would not have occurred . The action is a necessary condition , but may not be a sufficient condition , for the resulting injury . For an act to cause a harm , both tests must be met ; proximate cause is a legal limitation on cause-in-fact .   The formal Latin term for `` but for '' ( cause-in-fact ) causation , is sine qua non causation .

negative: SS Mareeba The SS Mareeba was an Australian freighter built in 1921 and named after the town of Mareeba in Far North Queensland , Australia . She was a 3,472-ton Australasian United Steam Navigation Company vessel .   The Mareeba was attacked and sunk in the Bay of Bengal on 26 June 1941 by the German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran . She was carrying 5000 tons of sugar from Batavia to Colombo when she picked up the Yugoslav freighter Velebit 's distress signal . Instead of immediately stopping the Mareeba radioed her position and ran for it , presumably because at 8 o'clock that morning she had spotted the British light cruiser HMS Durban , in the Ten Degree Channel . She received nine shots to her hull , several of which hit her engine-room , and , although she was slowing sinking , it took a team of German boarding party placing demolitions to sink her quickly . It would later be said that the Mareeba would have made a fine auxiliary minelayer because of her durability . All 48 of the crew of the Mareeba were captured and spirited away on the Komoran which travelled at top speed through the night and most of the following day to avoid retaliation for the sinkings .

negative: SPIN (cable system) SPIN ( or South Pacific Island Network ) was a submarine communications cable system that would connect the New Zealand to Tahiti and would connect several South Pacific islands along the way . The SPIN cable would be 6500 km long and will have a 64x10 Gbit/s capacity . It was planned to be in service late 2010 . It would have cable landing points at :   New Zealand  Norfolk Island  New Caledonia  Fiji  Wallis and Futuna  Samoa  American Samoa  Tahiti , French Polynesia

negative: Nuliajuk Nuliajuk is a goddess of the Netsilik Inuit . According to Rasmussen Nuliajuk lives on the bottom of the sea and controls sea mammals ( seals , walruses , and sea lions ) . Whenever humans neglect to observe ritual prohibitions , she imprisons the sea-mammals within the drip-basin under her lamp ( making them unavailable to hunters ) , so that shamans must conjure her so as to release them .  Nuliajuk is co-wife with Isarraitaitsoq ; their husband is the sea scorpion god Kanajuk . They have an adopted baby , which they stole `` from a sleeping mother when her husband was out hunting at the breathing holes '' .   Here is one of the stories of Nuliajuk from the Kivalliq Region .   Nuliayuk ( Sedna )  Nuliayuk lives in the ocean for a very long time . Nuliayuk just sits on the ocean floor , her long hair flowing , moving back and forth with the tides and the currents . When you look down into the sea over the side of a boat in summer , you can see her hair , swaying back and forth . Sometimes as her hair moves with the water , it gets all disheveled and tangled up . The creatures of the sea get caught in it and no matter how hard they try they can not get out . It would be so nice if Nuliayuk can run her fingers through her hair and let all these animals out , but Nuliayuk has no fingers .   You see a long time ago , when she was just a girl , Nuliayuk refused to marry ; she would take no men for a husband . It was a cruel world in which she lived . There were no animals to hunt , no caribou , seals , whales , walruses , fish , nothing . Her family was starving and could no longer feed her . If she had married she would have had a husband to support her but no she refused to marry anyone .   One day Nuliayuk 's parents loaded their boat with the few things they had and headed off to another hunting place , hoping for better luck . They left Nuliayuk behind . They could no longer support a woman who had refused to marry . Nuliayuk did not want to be left behind so she swam out to the boat . Nuliayuk grabbed the gunwales and tried to climb aboard . Her father took his axe and chopped her fingers off to keep her from climbing in . Nuliayuk no longer to hold on to the gunwales of the boat , slipped down to the depths of the sea . And that is where she lives to this day . Her fingers too fell into the sea one by one and one by one they became the animals of the sea . They became whales , walruses , fishes and all the other sea creatures .   But now Nuliayuk has no fingers with which to comb her hair , and when her hair is all tangled up , these poor animals get caught in and can not get out . They tickle her head and that makes her angry . She shakes her head ; she screams and flails her arms about . She makes the water boil until there are big waves . If her hair gets tangled up , there are no animals to hunt , no meat to eat , no sealskin for boats , no whale meat to feed the dogs . Even if there were animals about no one could go to sea to hunt them when Nuliayuk is angry . Nuliayuk has become the most feared creature in all the land . She has the power of life and death over all the people .   The only people who can calm her down are the shamans . Now and then , they dive down to the bottom of the sea . They run their fingers through her hair and make it all neat and tidy . They free the animals . They soothe her and settle her down and the sea becomes calm and smooth again . There are seals , walruses , fish , and whales again . People can go out to hunt and have food to eat .

negative: Legal impossibility Legal impossibility is a traditional common law defense to a charge of an attempted crime . Legal impossibility arises when the act , if completed , would not be a crime . A person believes she is committing a crime , but the act is , in fact , lawful . For example , a person may believe she is receiving stolen goods , but the goods are in fact not stolen .   A different form of legal impossibility ( Known as `` hybrid legal impossibility '' ) comes into play when an actor 's goal is illegal , but commission of the crime is impossible due to a factual mistake regarding the legal status of one of the attendant circumstances of one of the elements of the crime . For example , a man attempting to bribe someone whom he mistakenly believes is a juror is not liable for attempted bribery of a juror . On the other hand , some jurisdictions may find the actor guilty of attempt . For example , under the Model Penal Code , the defendant can be guilty of the attempted crime if the facts being the way she thought they were would indeed make it a crime ; however , she would not be guilty of the completed crime , because the crime was never completed .   See also impossibility defense .

negative: USS Congress (ID-3698) The sixth USS Congress ( ID-3698 ) was a motor launch in commission in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1918 to 1919 .   Congress was built as the private fishing vessel Congress in 1914 at Gwynn , Virginia . The U.S. Navys 5th Naval District inspected her on 17 May 1918 for possible World War I service . The Navy purchased her from A. Foster of Grimstead , Virginia , in October 1918 , having already commissioned her as USS Congress on 25 September 1918 . The Navy assigned her Identification Number ( Id . No . ) 3698 and placed her in service on 18 October 1918 .   Congress carried out miscellaneous patrol duties in the 5th Naval District until 23 September 1919 , when she was stricken from the Navy List . She was sold on 23 September 1919 , then possibly resold on 8 December 1919 , ultimately being delivered to Sallie S. Thorns of West Norfolk , Virginia , on 24 December 1919 .

negative: Carmen Ortiz Carmen Milagros Ortiz ( born January 5 , 1956 ) is a former United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts .   In 2009 , she was nominated to the position by President Barack Obama . Ortiz is both the first woman and the first Hispanic to serve as U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts . She succeeded Michael Sullivan in that position , with Michael J. Loucks serving as the interim U.S. Attorney between Sullivan 's resignation and Ortiz 's confirmation . Noteworthy prosecutions by her office include those of Whitey Bulger , Tarek Mehanna , Aaron Swartz , and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev .   In December 2016 , Ortiz announced that she would step down from her post in January . Her announcement was not unexpected , due to the fact that President-Elect Donald Trump would have the authority to name new U.S. Attorneys .

negative: Della by Starlight Della by Starlight is the seventh album by jazz singer Della Reese , and her second for RCA Victor . After her success at Jubilee Records , and a million-seller hit with `` And That Reminds Me '' , she switched to RCA , where she would go on to have her biggest hits `` Do n't You Know ? '' ( Billboard Hot 100 # 2 ) and `` Not One Minute More '' ( Billboard Hot 100 # 16 ) .

negative: Joseph Lofthouse Joseph Lofthouse , Senior ( 18 December 1855 -- 16 December 1933 ) was a Canadian Anglican bishop in the 20th century .   Lofthouse was born on 18 December 1855 . He went to Canada in 1882 , and was ordained in 1883 and began his ministry as a missioner at Fort York . He was then Archdeacon of Moosonee before being appointed as the first Bishop of Keewatin in 1902 .   The Hudson 's Bay Company had neglected the spiritual welfare of its employees and the surrounding natives . In 1882 Rev. Lofthouse was sent out to found a church in Churchill , Manitoba . After a while he wrote back to friends in England describing his adventures . He mentioned that one of the things that made it difficult to establish a proper parish was the fact that he did not have a wife . He then said , in effect , `` Do you know a girl who would like to travel 4,000 miles across the ocean , marry a man she has never seen before , live in a place where it gets to be forty degrees below zero and be the only white woman within 200 miles ? '' They wrote back saying , in effect `` Why yes , we know a girl just like that . If she says yes we 'll send her out on the next boat . ''   Reverend Lofthouse wrote out a letter of proposal and put it on the boat for England . Next spring , her affirmative answer arrived on the dog sled from Winnipeg . Since he was not in Churchill , he had to walk for eight days up the coast through roadless country . When the ship arrived ( it was a month late ) , he found that the girl had missed the boat . Since the ship had no proper accommodations for a lady , she had been refused passage . There being no more sailings that year , he had to wait until next year after the ice broke up .   The next year , he made another nine-day walk up the coast . The ship arrived on the last day of August and the lady ( Betsy Fallding ) was introduced to her future husband . The next day she realized something that she had not thought of before . If there was to be a wedding , there would have to be a minister and Rev. Lofthouse was the only preacher around . Since he could not conduct his own marriage ceremony , the marriage was impossible and she would have to go back to England . The captain of a Canadian government ship , which happened to be in port , pointed out that he was a magistrate , and , as such , had the power to conduct the ceremony . They were married on 4 September 1884 .   Rev. and Mrs. Lofthouse built , mostly with their own hands , the Anglican church which is still in use in Churchill . Rev. Lofthouse made a number of difficult trips into the interior to preach to the Eskimos . He ended his career as Bishop of Keewatin .   In 1900 Lofthouse along with James Tyrell , the Ontario Land Surveyor , and others , traveled by canoe from Artillery Lake to Clinton-Colden Lake , then to Smart and Sifton Lakes , and canoed down Hanbury River to the Thelon and eventually to Baker Lake and Chesterfield Inlet .   Lofthouse retired in 1921 and died at Dawlish on 16 December 1933 .

negative: United States presidential election in Indiana, 2016 The 2016 United States presidential election in Indiana was held on November 8 , 2016 , as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated . Indiana voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting the Republican Party 's nominee , businessman Donald Trump , and running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee , former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and her running mate , Virginia Senator Tim Kaine .   On May 3 , 2016 , in the presidential primaries , voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic and Republican parties ' respective nominees for President .   Donald Trump won the election in Indiana with 56.9 % of the vote . Hillary Clinton received 37.9 % of the vote . Indiana is the home state of Trump 's running mate Mike Pence , which was believed to have provided important assistance to the Trump campaign in what already would have been a Republican-leaning state .

negative: New Lusaka Stadium New Lusaka Stadium was a planned multi-purpose stadium in Lusaka , Zambia until Zambia backed out of hosting the 2011 All-Africa Games in 2009 . It would have been used mostly for football matches and hosted some events for the 2011 All-Africa Games . The stadium would have had a capacity of 70,000 people . It would have replaced the current large stadium in Lusaka , Independence Stadium . It would have been built along with new stadiums in Ndola and Livingstone .

negative: Yerma Yerma ( Barren ) is a play by the Spanish dramatist Federico García Lorca . It was written in 1934 and first performed that same year . García Lorca describes the play as `` a tragic poem . '' The play tells the story of a childless woman living in rural Spain . Her desperate desire for motherhood becomes an obsession that eventually drives her to commit a horrific crime . Because of the time she is living in , she is expected to bear children . When she can not , she is forced to measures that those in her society would view as extreme .   Although critics speculate that Yerma kills her husband in the end because he is a frugal , economically driven man who has no desire to have children , the play is indeterminate on this issue . She kills him at a hermitage , a religious place with the possibility of fertility . However he has already shown no desire to have children , so there is no evidence that he would have changed his mind at the festival .

negative: Ishpatina Ridge Ishpatina Ridge is the highest point of land in the Canadian province of Ontario , at an estimated 693 m above sea level . Ishpatina Ridge rises approximately 300 m above the immediate area . It was only truly recognized as Ontario 's highest point after federal government topographical mapping revealed this fact in the 1970s . Before then , the more popular Maple Mountain was thought to be higher .   The ridge lies in Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park . Due to its remote location , Ishpatina Ridge is a challenge to reach . The closest major highway , Highway 560 , is more than 30 km north . There are a few logging roads and trails in the remote area , but they are difficult to travel in poor weather . The most popular approach route to Ishpatina is by canoe/portage via a logging road to the south out of the town of Capreol north of Sudbury . While a northern route exists ( out of Gowganda , the nearest community ) , there are numerous portages making it particularly onerous . This route has traditionally been used for a winter-time approach by ski/snowshoe . Historically , a fire tower atop the ridge was staffed by forest workers and they would have been ferried to the site by float plane .   The name `` Ishpatina '' comes from an Ojibwe language word ishpadinaa , meaning `` high place/ridge '' . The city of Ishpeming , Michigan , in Marquette County , and Spadina Avenue in Toronto , Ontario derive their names from the same word .   Although the Ishpatina Ridge is the highest point in Ontario , at least one other geographic feature , Maple Mountain ( approximately 25 km to the east ) has greater prominence , 37 m higher than Ishpatina Ridge 's rise over Scarecrow Lake .   An abandoned firetower , often referred to as the Ellis Tower , is still standing on the highest section of the Ridge ( left ) . The original tower was an 80 ft structure erected in 1930 . The successor , currently standing , is 100 ft high and was abandoned in the 1960s . The towerman would have resided in a cabin on the shore of Scarecrow Lake and would have hiked a 3.5 km trail daily taking approximately two hours to summit and a little over one hour to descend again .   Located between Tower Peak and the North Peak , the Ishpatina Canyon is one of the deepest in Ontario . The elevation of Tower Peak is 2274 feet , the bottom of the Canyon is at 1750 feet and the North Peak at 2250 feet above sea level . The canyon is nearly twice as deep as Ouimet Canyon , often considered Ontario 's deepest . However , the more gradual descent into the canyon hides the fact .   The ridge was featured on an interactive web series called The Peakbaggers .

negative: USS Norfolk (1798) The first USS Norfolk was a brig in the United States Navy during the Quasi-War with France .   Norfolk was built by the city of Norfolk , Virginia for the public service at the beginning of the Quasi-War with France in 1798 . Captain Thomas Williams was appointed to the command and she was reported ready for sea , except for her other officers , on 9 September 1798 .