query: in 1995 one scientist at the IPCC – Jonathan Overpeck – wrote an email to a colleague claiming ‘we have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.’

positive: Medieval Warm Period The Medieval Warm Period ( MWP ) , Medieval Climate Optimum , or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region that may also have been related to other climate events around the world during that time , including China and other areas , lasting from about 950 to 1250 . It was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age . Some refer to the event as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly as this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were important .   Despite uncertainties , especially for the period prior to 1600 for which data are scarce , the warmest period of the last 2,000 years prior to the 20th century in the Northern Hemisphere very likely occurred between 950 and 1100 . Proxy records show peak warmth occurred at different times for different regions , indicating that the Medieval Warm Period was not a time of globally uniform change . Temperatures in some regions matched or exceeded recent temperatures in these regions , but globally the Medieval Warm Period was cooler than recent global temperatures .   Possible causes of the Medieval Warm Period include increased solar activity , decreased volcanic activity , and changes to ocean circulation .

positive: Soon and Baliunas controversy The Soon and Baliunas controversy involved the publication in 2003 of a review study written by aerospace engineer Willie Soon and astronomer Sallie Baliunas in the journal Climate Research , which was quickly taken up by the G.W. Bush administration as a basis for amending the first Environmental Protection Agency Report on the Environment .   The paper was strongly criticized by numerous scientists for its methodology and for its misuse of data from previously published studies , prompting concerns about the peer review process of the paper . The controversy resulted in the resignation of half of the editors of the journal and in the admission by its publisher Otto Kinne that the paper should not have been published as it was .

positive: Hockey stick controversy In the hockey stick controversy , the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed . Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries , and the name `` hockey stick graph '' was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures . These graphs were publicised to explain the scientific findings of climatology , and in addition to scientific debate over the reconstructions , they have been the topic of political dispute . The issue is part of the global warming controversy and has been one focus of political responses to reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards , and found indications that recent warming was exceptional . The reconstruction introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large-scale reconstructions , and its findings were disputed by Patrick Michaels at the United States House Committee on Science .   In 1998 , Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 . In ( MBH99 ) the methodology was extended back to 1000 . The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry D. Mahlman , to describe the pattern this showed , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' , followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the `` blade '' .  A version of this graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , along with four other reconstructions supporting the same conclusion . The graph was publicised , and became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th-century warmth was exceptional .   Those disputing the graph included Pat Michaels , the George C. Marshall Institute and Fred Singer . A paper by Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas claiming greater medieval warmth was used by the Bush administration chief of staff Philip Cooney to justify altering the first Environmental Protection Agency Report on the Environment . The paper was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy , but on July 28 , Republican Jim Inhofe spoke in the Senate citing it to claim `` that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people '' .   Later in 2003 , a paper by Steve McIntyre and Ross McKitrick disputing the data used in MBH98 paper was publicised by the George C. Marshall Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute . In 2004 , Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 , McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal component analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . The analysis therein was subsequently disputed by published papers , including and , which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . In June 2005 , Rep. Joe Barton launched what Sherwood Boehlert , chairman of the House Science Committee , called a `` misguided and illegitimate investigation '' into the data , methods and personal information of Mann , Bradley and Hughes . At Boehlert 's request , a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council was set up , which reported in 2006 , supporting Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result . Barton and U.S. Rep. Ed Whitfield requested Edward Wegman to set up a team of statisticians to investigate , and they supported McIntyre and McKitrick 's view that there were statistical failings , although they did not quantify whether there was any significant effect . They also produced an extensive network analysis which has been discredited by expert opinion and found to have issues of plagiarism . Arguments against the MBH studies were reintroduced as part of the Climatic Research Unit email controversy , but dismissed by eight independent investigations .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Over a dozen subsequent reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

positive: Temperature record of the past 1000 years For information on the description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in various IPCC reports see MWP and LIA in IPCC reportsThe temperature record of the past 1,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale . Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional : the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that `` Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely '' the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . '' The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century . As of 2010 this broad pattern was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th-century `` shaft '' appears . Sparseness of proxy records results in considerable uncertainty for earlier periods .   Individual proxy records , such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology , are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap . Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions : tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures ( within the tropics trees do not form rings ) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean . Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions , incorporating proxies such as lake sediments , ice cores and corals which are found in different regions , and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records . The `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures ; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction ( CFR ) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas , making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models .   During the 1,900 years before the 20th century , it is likely that the next warmest period was from 950 to 1100 , with peaks at different times in different regions . This has been called the Medieval Warm Period , and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age . In the hockey stick controversy , contrarians have asserted that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than at present , and have disputed the data and methods of climate reconstructions .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Hockey stick graph Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records . These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century , with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures .   The term `` hockey stick graph '' was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman , to describe the pattern shown by the ( MBH99 ) reconstruction , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat with a downward trend to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' followed by a sharp , steady increase corresponding to the `` blade '' portion . The reconstructions have featured in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reports as evidence of global warming . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   Paleoclimatology dates back to the 19th century , and the concept of examining varves in lake beds and tree rings to track local climatic changes was suggested in the 1930s . In the 1960s , Hubert Lamb generalised from historical documents and temperature records of central England to propose a Medieval Warm Period from around 900 to 1300 , followed by Little Ice Age . This was the basis of a `` schematic diagram '' featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global . The use of indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed , and by the late 1990s a number of competing teams of climatologists found indications that recent warming was exceptional . introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large scale reconstructions . Their study was featured in the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995 .   In 1998 Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 with shading emphasising that uncertainties ( to two standard error limits ) were much greater in earlier centuries . independently produced a CPS reconstruction extending back for a thousand years , and ( MBH99 ) used the MBH98 methodology to extend their study back to 1000 .   A version of the MBH99 graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , which also drew on Jones et al. 1998 and three other reconstructions to support the conclusion that , in the Northern Hemisphere , the 1990s was likely to have been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year during the past 1,000 years . The graph became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th century warmth was exceptional . In 2003 , as lobbying over the 1997 Kyoto Protocol intensified , a paper claiming greater medieval warmth was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy . Later in 2003 , Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick published disputing the data used in MBH98 paper . In 2004 Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal components analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . Their analysis was subsequently disputed by published papers including and which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . Political disputes led to the formation of a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council , their North Report in 2006 supported Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , support the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Further reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

negative: Lake Nakatsuna is a lake in Nagano Prefecture , Japan . It is one of the `` Nishina Three Lakes '' ( Lake Aoki , Lake Nakatsuna and Lake Kizaki ) . Its sediments have been studied in an effort to better understand climate change in Japan , finding evidence of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age .

negative: The Greenhouse Conspiracy The Greenhouse Conspiracy is a documentary film broadcast by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 12 August 1990 , as part of the Equinox series , which criticised the theory of global warming and asserted that scientists critical of global warming theory were denied funding . It is one of the earliest instances of the suggestion of a conspiracy to promote false claims supporting global warming . Although the title of the program implied the existence of a conspiracy , when interviewed on the program Patrick Michaels played down the idea , saying , `` It may not quite add up to a conspiracy , but certainly a coalition of interests has promoted the greenhouse theory : scientists have needed funds , the media a story , and governments a worthy cause '' .

negative: Trackbuster Trackbuster is an online service used to identify and remove email trackers .   Email tracking is mainly used in the beginning by marketers to monitor the delivery of emails . However , new tools now allow individuals to track emails easily , and this practice is on the rise . In addition to revealing when and whether an email has been opened or not , email trackers can also reveal one 's software configuration and geographic location ( through IP geolocation ) . Trackbuster helps email users get rid of these trackers , by detecting and disabling tracking images and tracked links .   At launch , Trackbuster received praise and positive press from well-known figures in the tech world , including Robert Scoble , Om Malik and Chris Messina .   Trackbuster is currently compatible with Gmail and Google Apps .

negative: List of scientists opposing the mainstream scientific assessment of global warming This is a list of scientists who have made statements that conflict with the scientific consensus on global warming as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and endorsed by other scientific bodies . As approximately 97 % of publishing climate scientists support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change , this list represents a minority viewpoint .   The scientific consensus is that the global average surface temperature has risen over the last century . Scientific opinion on climate change was summarized in the 2001 Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . The main conclusions on global warming at that time were as follows :  The global average surface temperature has risen 0.6 ± 0.2 ° C since the late 19th century , and 0.17 ° C per decade in the last 30 years .  `` There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities '' , in particular emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane .  If greenhouse gas emissions continue the warming will also continue , with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4 ° C to 5.8 ° C between 1990 and 2100 . Accompanying this temperature increase will be increases in some types of extreme weather and a projected sea level rise . The balance of impacts of global warming become significantly negative at larger values of warming .   These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized nations ; the consensus has strengthened over time and is now virtually unanimous . The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science .   There have been several efforts to compile lists of dissenting scientists , including a 2008 US senate minority report , the Oregon Petition , and a 2007 list by the Heartland Institute , all three of which have been criticized on a number of grounds .   For the purpose of this list , a `` scientist '' is defined as an individual who has published at least one peer-reviewed research article in the broad field of natural sciences , although not necessarily in a field relevant to climatology . Since the publication of the IPCC Third Assessment Report , each has made a clear statement in his or her own words ( as opposed to the name being found on a petition , etc. ) disagreeing with one or more of the report 's three main conclusions . Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles . Few of the statements in the references for this list are part of the peer-reviewed scientific literature ; most are from other sources such as interviews , opinion pieces , online essays and presentations .   NB : Only individuals who have their own Wikipedia article may be included in the list .

negative: Overpeck, Ohio Overpeck ( other names : Overpeck Station , Overpecks , Overpecks Station ) is an unincorporated community in central St. Clair Township , Butler County , Ohio , United States . Although it is unincorporated , it has a post office , with the ZIP code of 45055 . It lies between New Miami and Trenton .   Overpeck is a part of the Cincinnati-Middletown-Wilmington , OH-KY-IN Combined Statistical Area .   A post office called Overpecks Station was established in 1860 , and the name was changed to Overpeck in 1882 . The community has the name of Isaac Overpeck , an early resident .

negative: We Get There When We Do We Get There When We Do , stylised as ( We Get There When We Do . ) , is a 1995 album with `` timeless intrigue '' by Suddenly , Tammy !

negative: Shiva Ayyadurai V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai is an Indian-born American scientist and entrepreneur . Ayyadurai is notable for his controversial claim to be the `` inventor of email '' . His claim is based on the electronic mail software he wrote as a New Jersey high school student in the late 1970s , which he called EMAIL .   Initial reports repeating Ayyadurai 's claim -- by organizations such as The Washington Post and the Smithsonian Institution -- were followed by public retractions . These corrections were triggered by objections from historians and ARPANET pioneers who pointed out email already existed in the early 1970s .   Ayyadurai is also known for two controversial reports : the first questioning the working conditions of India 's largest scientific agency ; the second questioning the safety of genetically modified soybeans . Ayyadurai holds four degrees from MIT , including a Ph.D. in biological engineering , and is a Fulbright grant recipient . He is a candidate in the 2018 United States Senate election in Massachusetts .

negative: Should We Get Married? Should We Get Married ? ( German : Soll man heiraten ? ) is a 1925 German silent film directed by Manfred Noa and starring Vilma Bánky , Angelo Ferrari and Max Landa .   The film 's art direction was by Hermann Warm .

negative: The Medieval Review The Medieval Review , formerly the Bryn Mawr Medieval Review , is a peer-reviewed online academic journal that was established in 1993 . Originally the journal was published at the University of Washington , from 1995-2007 by Western Michigan University ; since 2007 it is published by Indiana University . The journal reviews books on Medieval issues . The editor-in-chief is Deborah Mauskopf Deliyannis ( Indiana University ) . The journal operates as a moderated email distribution list and is one of the oldest electronic journals in existence .

negative: IPCC First Assessment Report The First Assessment Report ( FAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) was completed in 1990 . It served as the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) .   The report was issued in three main sections , corresponding to the three Working Groups of scientists that the IPCC had established .   Working Group I : Scientific Assessment of Climate Change , edited by J.T. Houghton , G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums  Working Group II : Impacts Assessment of Climate Change , edited by W.J. McG . Tegart , G.W. Sheldon and D.C. Griffiths  Working Group III : The IPCC Response Strategies   Each section included a summary for policymakers . This format was followed in subsequent Assessment Reports .   The executive summary of the policymakers ' summary of the WG I report includes :   We are certain of the following : there is a natural greenhouse effect ... ; emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases : CO2 , methane , CFCs and nitrous oxide . These increases will enhance the greenhouse effect , resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth 's surface . The main greenhouse gas , water vapour , will increase in response to global warming and further enhance it .  We calculate with confidence that : ... CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect ; long-lived gases would require immediate reductions in emissions from human activities of over 60 % to stabilise their concentrations at today 's levels ...  Based on current models , we predict : under -LSB- BAU -RSB- increase of global mean temperature during the -LSB- 21st -RSB- century of about 0.3 oC per decade ( with an uncertainty range of 0.2 to 0.5 oC per decade ) ; this is greater than that seen over the past 10,000 years ; under other ... scenarios which assume progressively increasing levels of controls , rates of increase in global mean temperature of about 0.2 oC -LSB- to -RSB- about 0.1 oC per decade .  There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing , magnitude and regional patterns of climate change , due to our incomplete understanding of : sources and sinks of GHGs ; clouds ; oceans ; polar ice sheets .  Our judgement is that : global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 oC over the last 100 years ... ; The size of this warming is broadly consistent with predictions of climate models , but it is also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability . Thus the observed increase could be largely due to this natural variability ; alternatively this variability and other human factors could have offset a still larger human-induced greenhouse warming . The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more .  under the IPCC business as usual emissions scenario , an average rate of global mean sea level rise of about 6 cm per decade over the next century ( with an uncertainty range of 3 -- 10 cm per decade ) , mainly due to thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of some land ice . The predicted rise is about 20 cm ... by 2030 , and 65 cm by the end of the next century .

negative: Mind Ripper Mind Ripper , also known as The Hills Have Eyes III , The Hills Still Have Eyes , or The Outpost , is a horror film released on HBO in 1995 . It stars Lance Henriksen and Giovanni Ribisi .   Although it is marketed in some areas as a sequel to the original The Hills Have Eyes and The Hills Have Eyes Part II , no actors , characters , or scenarios link it to those films . Its only connection is producer Wes Craven , who wrote and directed the other two films . His son , Jonathan Craven , is credited as a writer .

negative: Long-term effects of global warming See also Effects of global warming . The focus of this article is on the effects beyond 2100 .   There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming . Most discussion and research , including that by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reports , concentrates on the effects of global warming up to 2100 , with only an outline of the effects beyond this .

negative: Miss Junk Miss Junk is a trash-hauling company Launched in 2008 by brothers Ramon and Tony Mercado . Miss Junk began as a general junk-removal service , but it quickly settled into a niche assisting banks and realtors with foreclosure cleanups and now works with over 25 major banks cleaning foreclosed homes .   Ramon Mercado , co-owner of Chatsworth-based Miss Junk , hauls away junk that banks have to get rid of when they repossess homes . `` Once we take care of one job , the banks and Realtors will have us do two or three other houses , '' he said . `` I think we 're growing . ''   Miss Junk has franchises in Los Angeles and Ventura county and plans on having 100 trucks working in southern California by the end of 2010 .

negative: Overpeck County Park Overpeck County Park is an 811 acre county park in Bergen County , New Jersey , with major sections in Leonia , Palisades Park , Ridgefield Park , and Teaneck , surrounding Overpeck Creek , a tributary of the Hackensack River .   The Overpeck Creek flows to the west of the Henry Hoebel Area and the South Area of the park .

negative: Overpeck Overpeck may refer to :   People :  Lem Overpeck ( 1911 -- 2003 ) , the 29th Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota from 1965 to 1969   Settlements :  Overpeck Township , New Jersey , former township in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States , from 1897 to 1938  Overpeck , Ohio , unincorporated community in central St. Clair Township , Butler County , Ohio , United States   Geography :  Overpeck Creek , tributary of the Hackensack River in Bergen County in northeastern New Jersey in the United States  Overpeck County Park , 811 acre ( 3.28 km2 ) county park in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States   de : Overpeck  vo : Overpeck

negative: One-card One-card is a shedding-type card game . The general principles put it into the crazy eights family . It is played with an ordinary poker deck and the objective is to get rid of all cards while preventing other players from getting rid of theirs . The game is commonly played in South Korea amd The Netherlands .

negative: Getting Rid of Bradley Getting Rid of Bradley is a contemporary romance novel written by Jennifer Crusie and first published in 1994 , with a reissue in 2008 . The book tells the story of Lucy Savage , a woman recently jilted by her husband Bradley , a suspected embezzler that Detective Zachary Warren wants to locate even more now that someone appears to be after Lucy . The novel won the 1995 RITA Award for Best Short Contemporary .

negative: May First/People Link May First/People Link ( MF/PL ) is a non-profit membership organization that uses mutual aid to provide Internet services , such as web hosting to progressive organizations and individuals . Founded in 1995 and based in New York City , MF/PL is one of the Internet 's oldest progressive organizations . A member of Association for Progressive Communications , MF/PL directors , leaders , and members agree upon principles of progressive use of technology , outlined by a Statement of Unity .   From the MF/PL website :  ... an organization that redefines the concept of `` Internet Service Provider '' in a collective , progressive and collaborative way . The members of May First/People Link are like a coop : we pay dues , buy equipment and then we all use that equipment as we need to for websites , email , email lists , and just about everything else we do on the Internet ...

negative: YAD06 YAD06 is a tree located in the Yamal Peninsula of Siberia . A core sample from this tree , YADO61 , provided data used to support hockey stick interpretation of global climate history . The data was originally published in 1995 a paper by Keith Briffa of the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia . The paper asserted that the late Middle Ages , previously described as a `` Medieval Warm Period , '' was actually quite cold . Steve McIntyre has described this tree as possibly `` the most influential tree in the world '' , and publicly accused Briffa of cherry-picking certain tree ring records in order to get a specific result , creating what Michael E. Mann described as a `` manufactured scandal . ''

negative: Ecotopia Ecotopia : The Notebooks and Reports of William Weston is a seminal utopian novel by Ernest Callenbach , published in 1975 . The society described in the book is one of the first ecological utopias and was influential on the counterculture and the green movement in the 1970s and thereafter . The author himself claimed that the society he depicted in the book is not a true utopia ( in the sense of a perfect society ) , but , while guided by societal intentions and values , was imperfect and in-process .   Callenbach said of the story , in relation to Americans : `` It is so hard to imagine anything fundamentally different from what we have now . But without these alternate visions , we get stuck on dead center . And we 'd better get ready . We need to know where we 'd like to go . ''

negative: List of email scams Email scam is an unsolicited email that claims the prospect of a bargain or something for nothing . Some scam messages ask for business , others invite victims to a website with a detailed pitch . Many individuals have lost their life savings due to this type of fraud . Email scam is a form of email fraud .

negative: Ye Olde Fighting Cocks Ye Olde Fighting Cocks is a public house in St Albans , Hertfordshire , which is one of several that lay claim to being the oldest in England . However , as the earliest date for which it can be proved to have been licensed is 1756 - and even that date is not certain - its claim to this record is somewhat uncertain . Others such as the Ye Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton , Greater Manchester and Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham may have better claims . Even in St Albans , the White Hart and the Fleur de Lys ( currently called ` The Snug ' ) have claims to have been trading as inns in the late medieval period .

negative: Scientist Rids the World of the Evil Curse of the Vampires Scientist Rids the World of the Evil Curse of the Vampires is an album by the dub musician Scientist . It was originally released in 1981 . A digitally remastered version was released by Greensleeves Records as the 25th of their Reggae Classics series in 2001 .

negative: Get RID! Get RID ! is the second album by Robots in Disguise .   Tracks include the single `` Turn It Up '' , a song composed mainly of references to other songs and , `` La Nuit '' , sung entirely in French .

negative: James O'Brien (oceanographer) James O'Brien ( born August 10 , 1935 , died September 20 , 2016 ) is the emeritus Robert O. Lawton Professor of Meteorology and Oceanography at Florida State University . He believes sea levels are rising but predicts a more modest 18 in rise instead of 6 ft by 2100 targeted by some other scientists . He stated that `` sea level in Florida is going to continue to rise period . Unless we go back into an Ice age , we will continue to rise at over 8 in in 10 year . That 's without any global warming . ''

negative: Jonathan Craven Jonathan Craven ( born March 20 , 1965 ) , son of late filmmaker of horror Wes Craven and Bonnie Broecker , is an American writer and director . He co-wrote the horror sequel The Hills Have Eyes 2 and worked on the short-lived NBC horror series Nightmare Cafe . He manages the group the Chapin Sisters . He also co-produced the 2009 remake of The Last House on the Left .

negative: MWP MWp or MWP may refer to :   Mega Watt peak , a solar power measure in photo-voltaic ( PV ) industry to describe a unit 's nominal power  Medieval Warm Period , a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region  Metta World Peace , a professional basketball player formerly known as Ron Artest

negative: Last ice age Last ice age may refer to :   Quaternary glaciation , the period of the last few million years  Last glacial period , the most recent glacial period of the current ice age  Little Ice Age , a hundred years of relative cold in the Middle Ages after what historians term the Medieval Warm Period

negative: Amédée, or How to Get Rid of It Amédée , or How to Get Rid of It ( Amédée ou comment s ` en débarrasser ) is a play written by Eugène Ionesco in 1954 based on his earlier short story entitled `` Oriflamme '' .

negative: Overpeck Township, New Jersey Overpeck Township was a township that existed in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States , from 1897 to 1938 .   The township was incorporated by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 23 , 1897 , and was formed coextensively with Ridgefield Park from portions of Ridgefield Township .   On May 3 , 1921 , Overpeck Township acquired portions of both Bogota and Teaneck . On June 1 , 1926 , additional territories were acquired from Teaneck .   On May 31 , 1938 , Overpeck Township was renamed to Ridgefield Park Township . With the creation of Ridgefield Park Township , Overpeck Township was dissolved .


query: The rate of renewable energy installations in the EU in 2018 was less than half the maximum level achieved in 2010.

positive: Renewable energy in the European Union The countries of the European Union are the number two global leaders in the development and application of renewable energy . Promoting the use of renewable energy sources is important both to the reduction of the EU 's dependence on foreign energy imports , and in meeting targets to combat global warming .

positive: Energy policy of the European Union Although the European Union has legislated in the area of energy policy for many years , the concept of introducing a mandatory and comprehensive European Union energy policy was only approved at the meeting of the informal European Council on 27 October 2005 at Hampton Court . The EU Treaty of Lisbon of 2007 legally includes solidarity in matters of energy supply and changes to the energy policy within the EU . Prior to the Treaty of Lisbon , EU energy legislation has been based on the EU authority in the area of the common market and environment . However , in practice many policy competencies in relation to energy remain at national member state level , and progress in policy at European level requires voluntary cooperation by members states .   In 2007 , the EU was importing 82 % of its oil and 57 % of its gas , which then made it the world 's leading importer of these fuels . Only 3 % of the uranium used in European nuclear reactors was mined in Europe . Russia , Canada , Australia , Niger and Kazakhstan were the five largest suppliers of nuclear materials to the EU , supplying more than 75 % of the total needs in 2009 . In 2015 , the EU imports 53 % of the energy it consumes .  In January 2014 , the EU agreed to a 40 % emissions reduction by 2030 , compared to 1990 levels , and a 27 % renewable energy target . The target is the most ambitious of any region in the world , and is expected to provide 70,000 full-time jobs and cut $ 33bn in fossil fuel imports .   In 2015 , the Framework Strategy for Energy Union is launched as one of the European Commission 's 10 Priorities .

positive: Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources , which are naturally replenished on a human timescale , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves , and geothermal heat . Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas : electricity generation , air and water heating/cooling , transportation , and rural ( off-grid ) energy services .   Based on REN21 's 2016 report , renewables contributed 19.2 % to humans ' global energy consumption and 23.7 % to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015 , respectively . This energy consumption is divided as 8.9 % coming from traditional biomass , 4.2 % as heat energy ( modern biomass , geothermal and solar heat ) , 3.9 % hydro electricity and 2.2 % is electricity from wind , solar , geothermal , and biomass . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$ 286 billion in 2015 , with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind , hydro , solar and biofuels . Globally , there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries , with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer . As of 2015 worldwide , more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable .   Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas , in contrast to other energy sources , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries . Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security , climate change mitigation , and economic benefits . The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change , a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies . In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power . At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond . Some places and at least two countries , Iceland and Norway generate all their electricity using renewable energy already , and many other countries have the set a goal to reach 100 % renewable energy in the future . For example , in Denmark the government decided to switch the total energy supply ( electricity , mobility and heating/cooling ) to 100 % renewable energy by 2050 .   While many renewable energy projects are large-scale , renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries , where energy is often crucial in human development . United Nations ' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity . As most of renewables provide electricity , renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification , which has several benefits : Electricity can be converted to heat ( where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels ) , can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency and is clean at the point of consumption . In addition to that electrification with renewable energy is much more efficient and therefore leads to a significant reduction in primary energy requirements , because most renewables do n't have a steam cycle with high losses ( fossil power plants usually have losses of 40 to 65 % ) .   Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper . Their share of total energy consumption is increasing . Growth in consumption of coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural gas .

negative: Renewable energy in Spain Electricity from renewable sources in Spain represented 42.8 % of electricity demand coverage during 2014 . The country has a very large wind power capability built up over many years and is one of the world leaders in wind power generation .   Initially Spain also positioned itself as a European leader in Solar power , by 2007-2010 the country was second only to Germany in installed capacity , however other countries ( Italy in particular ) have since leapfrogged Spanish development . By 2015 solar power in Spain though significant produced less than a third of that of wind power in 2015 .   Spain has set the target of generating 20 % of all its energy needs from renewable energy sources by 2020 and an additional 0.8 % may be available for other EU countries under the cooperation mechanism bringing the total to 20.8 % . By the end of 2014 Spain had reached a level of 16.2 % of all its energy needs from renewable energy sources .   The story of renewable energy development in Spain is both a mixed and unfinished one . Under previous subsidies the country expanded its renewable base rapidly and helped establish a domestic industry in both wind turbine and solar energy . However , support was drastically cut back following the global financial crisis and new installations stagnated between 2012 and 2015 . The debts incurred during the boom period have led to tougher and retrospective revisions of contracts to providers of renewable energy reducing returns considerably . In being one of the first-to-market countries , Spain faces the challenge of powerful competitors from countries such as Denmark , Germany and China and ironically a cheaper and more mature renewable energy sector which Spain itself helped to pioneer .   In 2015 solar power suddenly demonstrated a possible way through the impasse . The continued fall in prices for solar systems and Spain 's abundant sunshine led to prices for solar power reaching grid price parity . Suddenly there was the potential for sustained and spontaneous growth in solar installations in Spain as households and producers could produce power more economically . However the Spanish government introduced what has been dubbed the world 's first `` sun tax '' on solar installations making them economically less viable as well as draconian fines ( up to 60 million Euros ) for anyone not complying with the tax .   The tax has proved highly controversial . On the one hand the government has argued that those generating their own power still rely on the national grid for power backup and so should be liable for contributing to the cost . On the other hand , the solar industry has argued that the government is simply trying to protect the centralised established power producers whose revenues would be threatened by this competitive solar threat . Environmentalists have criticised the tax for artificially blocking Spain from continuing its long standing movement to renewable energy production .   Whatever the merits of both arguments , the controversy can only become more heightened as the price of solar energy continues to fall and if PV solar power installed capacity in Spain were to continue sliding down the EU league from 12th position in 2014 ( 102.9 kW per 1000 inhabitants ) . In the same year in terms of wind energy production Spain was much stronger in 3rd position ( 495 kW per 1000 inhabitants ) .

negative: Geothermal power in Italy Geothermal power accounts for about 1.6-1 .8 % of the total electric energy production in Italy and is about 7 % of the total renewable energy produced in 2010 .  The total energy from Geothermal was 5,660 GWh in 2015 . Italy is the sixth country by geothermal installed capacity .   There are 33 active geothermal plants with a total capacity of 772 MW . All the plants are in Tuscany in the provinces of Grosseto , Pisa and Siena . The province of Pisa alone contributes for more than half of the national production .

negative: Renewable energy in developing countries Renewable energy technology has sometimes been seen as a costly luxury item by critics , and affordable only in the affluent developed world . This erroneous view has persisted for many years , but 2015 was the first year when investment in non-hydro renewables , was higher in developing countries , with $ 156 billion invested , mainly in China , India , and Brazil .   Most developing countries have abundant renewable energy resources , including solar energy , wind power , geothermal energy , and biomass , as well as the ability to manufacture the relatively labor-intensive systems that harness these . By developing such energy sources developing countries can reduce their dependence on oil and natural gas , creating energy portfolios that are less vulnerable to price rises . In many circumstances , these investments can be less expensive than fossil fuel energy systems .   In isolated rural areas , electricity grid extensions are often not economical . Off‐grid renewable technologies provide a sustainable and cost‐effective alternative to the diesel generators that would be otherwise be deployed in such areas . Renewable technologies can also help to displace other unsustainable energy sources such as kerosene lamps and traditional biomass .   Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita ( but not the number of watts added ) . More than 30,000 small solar panels , each producing 12 to 30 watts , are sold in Kenya annually . Kenya was the first African country to use geothermal power , and still has the largest installed capacity of geothermal power in Africa at 200 MW , with a potential of up to 10 GW .

negative: Solar power in North Carolina Solar power in North Carolina has been increasing rapidly , from less than 1 MW in 2007 to nearly 470 MW in 2013 , and in 2015 had the fourth largest installed capacity of the US states . Declining panel costs , a 30 percent federal grant known as a 1603 grant , available through December 31 , 2011 , and a 30 percent tax credit available through 2019 , declining to 10 % by 2022 . The federal tax credit is in addition to any local incentives , and pays for the cost of installation , which can be rolled over if less taxes are owed that year . The difference between a tax deduction and a tax credit is substantial , as a deduction depends on your tax rate to determine your savings , but a tax credit is directly available to repay the cost of installation . A 2012 estimate indicates that a typical 5 kW solar array will pay for itself in 6 years , and thereafter generate a substantial profit .   In addition to federal incentives , the state has a Renewable Portfolio Standard of 12.5 % by 2021 and a state renewable energy tax credit , both of which have been credited with boosting solar installations .   SunEdison has built a 17.2 megawatt solar farm in Davidson County . Other prominent solar contractors in North Carolina include Strata Solar , Baker Renewable Energy and FLS Energy .   Source : NREL

negative: Renewable energy in France France has a target of producing 23 % of its total energy needs from renewable energy by 2020 under its commitment to the renewable energy directive . This figure breaks down to renewable energy providing 33 % of energy used in the heating and cooling sector , 27 % of the electricity sector and 10.5 % of the transport sector 's demand . By year end 2014 renewable energy provided France with 14.3 % of its total energy requirements , a rise from 9.6 % in 2005 .   Historically the electricity sector in France has been dominated by the country 's longstanding commitment to nuclear power . However the publication of the Oct 2016 `` Programmation pluriannuelle de l'énergie '' shows a commitment to rebalancing the electricity mix towards renewables . The report underlines the fact that by 2025 more than half of Frances nuclear power capacity will come from stations that will be 40 years or older , and subject to either further work to extend their operation or closure . Renewable electricity capacity is planned to grow from 41 GW in 2014 to between 71 and 78 GW by 2023 .   A key component of France 's renewable target is a commitment to greatly increase energy efficiency , particularly in the field of buildings and thermal insulation where heat wastage is targeted to be reduced by the reference scenario of 38 % in consumption by 2020 . The ambition is also to create the emergence of new trades and changes to existing trades to enable green growth to provide efficiency savings and new renewable energy services . The PPE plan targets the reduction the consumption of primary fossil energy by 22 % in 2023 from 2012 levels ( reference scenario ) or a fallback scenario of an 11 % reduction under less favourable conditions ( variant scenario ) . In terms of the reduction in primary consumption , petroleum products are targeted to fall by 23 % between 2012 and 2023 ( reference scenario ) or 9.5 % ( variant scenario ) , gas by 16 % ( 9 % variant scenario ) and coal by 37 % ( 30 % variant scenario ) .   In the transport sector France has a range of initiatives designed to promote renewable energy use and increase efficiency . These include changing transport behaviour such as targeting 10 % of tele-worked days by 2030 to reduce consumption . By 2023 the country aims to have a fleet of 2.4 million rechargeable electric and hybrid vehicles , as well as a 3 % of NGV heavy duty vehicles . Biofuels blended with petrol are set for 1.8 % in 2018 and 3.4 % in 2023 , and for diesel 1 % in 2018 and 2.3 % in 2023 . By 2030 non road freight transport is targeted to reach 20 % of all goods . Initiatives to increase walking and cycling are also being undertaken . Car pooling and digital services will be promoted to increase occupancy rates to between 1.8 and 2 people by 2030 as well as experimentation with and the development of autonomous vehicles , particularly in public transport .

negative: China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy The China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy at Huazhong University of Science & Technology ( CE-ICARE ; ) is an education and research institute located in Wuhan , China , created in July 2010 and hosted in Huazhong University of Science and Technology . ICARE is the third Sino-European institute being created in China after the China-EU International Business School in Shanghai in 1994 ( as China-EC Management Institute ) and the China-EU School of Law in Beijing in 2008 . ICARE project has a 5-year funding from EU and Chinese government .   The creation of ICARE follows an agreement signed in 2009 by European Commissioner for External Relations Benita Ferrero-Waldner and Chinese Minister for Foreign Trade GAO Hucheng in the frame of the collaboration between China and Europe for environmental protection and climate change mitigation .   ICARE mission is to support China in implementing activities in management and technology in order to reduce the consumption of fossil energy and carbon emissions through renewable energies and energy efficiency .

negative: Renewable energy in the Netherlands Despite the historic usage of wind power to drain water and grind grain , the Netherlands today lags behind most EU countries in the production of energy from renewable sources . The leading renewable sources in the country are biomass , wind , solar and both geothermal and aerothermal power ( mostly from ground source and air source heat pumps ) .  In 2014 , the Netherlands produced only 5.5 % of its total energy from renewables , a small rise from 3.7 % in 2010 and just 1 % in 1990 . Among the EU countries , only Malta and Luxembourg had lower percentages .   The low take up of renewable energy may be partially explained by the flat and often sub-sea level landscape and subsequent limits to hydropower resources , although hydro poor resource countries such as Denmark have still managed to make renewables the focus of their energy needs .  In 2015 , Dutch wind turbines had a total nameplate capacity of 3,431 MW . Wind and solar power installations had a record breaking year during 2015 and this may move the Netherlands closer to its target of 37 % of electricity production coming from renewables by 2020 . A number of large offshore windfarms have either come online recently ( Gemini wind farm ) or have been granted authorisation ( Borsellee 1 and 2 , and Borsellee 3 and 4 wind farms ) . Most of the tiny contribution made to electricity generation by hydroelectricity came from three power plants .   A large part of the renewable electricity sold in the Netherlands comes from Norway , a country which generates almost all its electricity from hydropower plants .  In the Netherlands , household consumers can choose to buy renewable electricity . Since 2008 , the amount of renewable energy used by household users has been increasing , rising from 38 % in 2008 to 41 % by 2009 . and up to 44 % by mid 2010 .   One area in which the Netherlands is a relative leader is in the adoption of electric plug in vehicles .  In 2015 PEV vehicles in the Netherlands represented 9.74 % of car sales , making it the world 's second highest share after Norway . Electric vehicles are able to run on renewable electricity with zero emissions and have the potential to provide grid power storage facilities .   An interesting source of heat recovery used in the Netherlands is sourced from freshly milked milk , or warm milk . However at 0.3 % of total renewable energy production ( 2010 figures ) this source is not likely to accelerate energy transition in the country . Warm milk is still not mentioned in the EU Renewable Energy Directive , nor in international energy statistics and so is not included is gross final consumption figures . It does however provide Dutch farmers with plenty of hot water .

negative: Russian National Agency for Energy Saving and Renewable Energy The National Agency for Energy Saving and Renewable Energy ( NAERE ) is a Russian non-governmental and non-commercial partnership established in 2009 . It conducts projects varying from energy audits and technical solutions development to the installation and maintenance of energy efficient equipment . As of 2013 NAERE unites more than 60 Russian and foreign companies .

negative: Net metering in Arizona Net metering in Arizona is a public policy and political issue regarding the rates that Arizona utility companies pay solar customers sell excess energy back to the electrical grid . The issue has two political sides : utility companies that to pay solar customers the `` wholesale rate '' for their excess electricity , and solar panel installers and solar customers who want utility companies to pay the `` retail rate '' ( higher than the wholesale rate ) .   Under net metering , utility customers with solar panels get a credit for the energy they send back to the grid . The credit offsets the energy that they use from the grid . According to the The Arizona Republic , `` Utilities view net metering as a subsidy because they essentially pay retail rates for power from rooftop solar panels when they could purchase wholesale power much more cheaply , even from renewable sources . '' Solar companies take the opposite view ; net metering is not a subsidy and without customers being able to get a credit for their excess energy , they would n't save money on their electric bills ( and hence , would have much less or little incentive to install solar panels in the first place ) .

negative: High Efficiency Video Coding tiers and levels High Efficiency Video Coding tiers and levels are constraints that define a High Efficiency Video Coding ( HEVC ) bitstream in terms of maximum bit rate , maximum luma sample rate , maximum luma picture size , minimum compression ratio , maximum number of slices allowed , and maximum number of tiles allowed . Lower tiers are more constrained than higher tiers and lower levels are more constrained than higher levels .

negative: Hund's rules In atomic physics , Hund 's rules refers to a set of rules that German physicist Friedrich Hund formulated around 1927 , which are used to determine the term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom . The first rule is especially important in chemistry , where it is often referred to as , simply , Hund 's Rule .   The three rules are :  For a given electron configuration , the term with maximum multiplicity has the lowest energy . The multiplicity is equal to , where is the total spin angular momentum for all electrons . Therefore , the term with lowest energy is also the term with maximum .  For a given multiplicity , the term with the largest value of the total orbital angular momentum quantum number has the lowest energy .  For a given term , in an atom with outermost subshell half-filled or less , the level with the lowest value of the total angular momentum quantum number ( for the operator ) lies lowest in energy . If the outermost shell is more than half-filled , the level with the highest value of is lowest in energy .   These rules specify in a simple way how usual energy interactions dictate the ground state term . The rules assume that the repulsion between the outer electrons is much greater than the spin -- orbit interaction , which is in turn stronger than any other remaining interactions . This is referred to as the LS coupling regime .   Full shells and subshells do not contribute to the quantum numbers for total , the total spin angular momentum and for , the total orbital angular momentum . It can be shown that for full orbitals and suborbitals both the residual electrostatic term ( repulsion between electrons ) and the spin -- orbit interaction can only shift all the energy levels together . Thus when determining the ordering of energy levels in general only the outer valence electrons must be considered .

negative: World Council for Renewable Energy The World Council for Renewable Energy defends , develops , and promotes policies on the multinational , governmental , regional and individual levels in favor of the use of natural and renewable forms of energy to replace fossil and nuclear energy .   Hermann Scheer was the general chairman of the Council . He died in October 2010 .

negative: Institute for Sustainable Energy The Institute for Sustainable Energy at Eastern Connecticut State University was established in 2001 to identify , develop , and implement the means for achieving a sustainable energy future . The Institute focuses on matters relating to energy education , energy policy , efficiency conservation and load management , renewable energy , distributed generation , protection of environmental resources , and the dissemination of useful information on energy alternatives and sustainability to users and providers of energy . The Institute adds an unbiased focus on practical applications and dissemination of information about how to improve the energy profile and sustainability of Connecticut and the region .   The Institute is funded and supported by the Connecticut Energy Efficiency Fund through the Energy Conservation Management Board and the Department of Public Utility Control . The Institute also receives grants , conference sponsorships , donations , contracts , and payments for services from organizations , including the US EPA , US DOE , CT Office of Policy and Management , CT Department of Environmental Protection , the CT Clean Energy Fund , and the CT Green Building Council . The current director of the Institute is William Leahy .   As of January 1 , 2009 , the Connecticut State Building Code shall require that any ( 1 ) building , except a residential building with no more than four units , constructed after January 1 , 2009 , that is projected to cost not less than five million dollars , and ( 2 ) renovation to any building , except a residential building with no more than four units , started after January 1 , 2010 , that is projected to cost not less than two million dollars must receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) Silver rating or higher . The Institute for Sustainable Energy will be the sole entity responsible for providing exemptions to this new CT Building Code requirement .

negative: Biofuel in Denmark Biofuels play a major part in the renewable energy strategy of Denmark . Denmark is using biofuel to achieve its target of using 100 % renewable energy for all energy uses by 2050 . Biofuels provide a large share of energy sources in Denmark when considering all sectors of energy demand . In conjunction with Denmark 's highly developed renewable energy resources in other areas , biofuels are helping Denmark meet its ambitious renewable energy targets .   The main sources of biofuels in Denmark include wood and wood products , energy from waste , straw , biogas , biodiesel and bioethanol . Biofuels have the potential to provide environmental and economic benefits but they must be carefully managed to ensure that they are truly sustainable resources . There is the potential for economic and environmental damage if biofuels are not used responsibly . Biofuel use in Europe must be certified by the EU commission before biofuels can be recorded as sustainable resources and used for national renewable energy targets .

negative: Renewable energy in Taiwan Renewable energy in Taiwan contributed to 8.7 % of national electricity generation as of end of 2013 . The total installed capacity of renewable energy in Taiwan by the end of 2013 was 3.76 GW .

negative: European Union energy label EU Directive 92/75/EC established an energy consumption labelling scheme . The directive was implemented by several other directives thus most white goods , light bulb packaging and cars must have an EU Energy Label clearly displayed when offered for sale or rent . The energy efficiency of the appliance is rated in terms of a set of energy efficiency classes from A to G on the label , A being the most energy efficient , G the least efficient . The labels also give other useful information to the customer as they choose between various models . The information should also be given in catalogues and included by internet retailers on their websites .   In an attempt to keep up with advances in energy efficiency , A +  grades were later introduced for various products ; since 2010 , a new type of label exists that makes use of pictograms rather than words , to allow manufacturers to use a single label for products sold in different countries .   Directive 92/75/EC was replaced by Directive 2010/30/EU which must be applied from 31 July 2011 .

negative: BeauVent BeauVent ( cooperative ) is a Belgian energy cooperative .  The cooperative was established on June 21 , 2000 with the goal to :  invest in production facilities for renewable energy production , and to acquire the financial means for this by a cooperative model ;  promote the production and use of renewable energy sources ;  unite the consumers of this energy and convince them to consume less energy .   The first two wind turbines were built and operational since March 2005 , in the village of Nieuwkapelle near Diksmuide .  A third wind turbine ( a turbine with rotor diameter of 70 m and 2.3 MW capacity ) was constructed in May 2007 in the village Gistel .   A project with the production of rapeseed oil was not successful and had been stopped .   Since 2006 the cooperative is also active with solar energy production , starting from the wish of individual cooperative members to invest in rooftop solar panels , and evolved to the installation of PV-systems to external clients . The total capacity of solar panels installed surpassed 1.5 MW in 2010 .   Since 2014 the cooperative is also active in energy efficiency measures and the use of cogeneration of heat and power .   The cooperative is a member of the European federation of renewable energy cooperatives REScoop.eu .

negative: Powerful: Energy for Everyone Powerful : Energy for Everyone is a 2010 Canadian documentary that explores different sources of renewable energy .   David Chernushenko takes audiences on a global journey to discover different ways of achieving a more sustainable lifestyle.The film introduces audiences to communities , both small and large , that have managed to adapt their way of life and embrace renewable energy .

negative: Derating This article is about electronics . For the adjustment of engines for longer engine life see engine tuning .  In electronics , derating ( or de-rating ) is the operation of a device at less than its rated maximum capability in order to prolong its life . Typical examples include operation below the maximum power rating , current rating , or voltage rating .

negative: California Proposition 7 (2008) California Proposition 7 , would have required California utilities to procure half of their power from renewable resources by 2025 . In order to make that goal , levels of production of solar , wind and other renewable energy resources would more than quadruple from their current output of 10.9 % . It would also require California utilities to increase their purchase of electricity generated from renewable resources by 2 % annually to meet Renewable Portfolio Standard ( RPS ) requirements of 40 % in 2020 and 50 % in 2025 . Current law AB32 requires an RPS of 20 % by 2010 .   The 42 page measure , 7 pages of which is new law , is an initiated state statute that had qualified for the November 2008 ballot in California , and was disapproved by voters on November 4 of that year .

negative: Declared net capacity Declared net capacity ( DNC ) is a measure of the contribution that a power station makes to the overall capacity of a distribution grid . It is measured in megawatts ( MW ) , or in megawatts electrical ( MWe ) for a thermal power station .   DNC is sometimes expanded as developed net capacity in British English ; The two expansions have exactly the same meaning .   In a conventional power station , the DNC rating is simply the maximum rated output minus the power consumed onsite . It is sometimes termed the switchyard output , and takes no account of transmission losses in the grid , which may be considerable in the case of a remote hydro station for example . Most but not all quoted power station ratings are DNC ratings rather than the simple capacity of the alternators .   In the case of a wind power station , the situation is more complex . The alternator of a wind turbine is normally specified to match the strongest wind in which the turbine is designed to operate . This is because most of the cost of a wind turbine is in the rotor and the tower and bearings that support it , rather than in the alternator . It makes no economic sense to restrict the size of the alternator to anything less than the maximum that the rotor will deliver . However , this means that , unlike a conventional power station , a wind turbine rarely achieves its maximum rated output while operating .   While for conventional power stations , the station is only regarded as available if the full power output is achievable , for wind power stations no power at all may be available depending on the wind strength , and even if a turbine is operating it may be producing as little as a tenth of its maximum rated capacity . A typical average figure is between one-third and one-half of the maximum rated capacity .   There are several suggested methods of allowing for this when quoting a DNC figure for a wind farm , but none has gained general acceptance , and the capacity quoted for a wind farm is normally a simple total of the maximum rated capacities of the turbines , sometimes termed the peak capacity . Many wind schemes now also quote their expected or actual annual output in GWh , to allow more meaningful comparisons with other forms of generation than is possible just by considering this total rated output .

negative: Bombard Renewable Energy Bombard Renewable Energy is an American provider of renewable energy services . Bombard 's primary services include the design , financing , construction , installation , operations and maintenance of solar photovoltaic ( `` PV '' ) energy systems . Additionally , Bombard also performs energy efficiency audits and designs and constructs mobile solar PV charging stations .

negative: Economy of Liechtenstein Low business taxes - the maximum tax rate is 20 % - and easy incorporation rules . The country participates in a customs union with Switzerland and uses the Swiss franc as its national currency . It imports more than 85 % of its energy requirements . Liechtenstein has been a member of the European Economic Area ( an organization serving as a bridge between European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) and EU ) since May 1995 . The government is working to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated Europe .

negative: Solar power in Maryland Solar power in Maryland is supported by the state 's legislation regarding the Renewable Portfolio Standard and Solar Renewable Energy Credit ( SREC ) program . The target for renewable energy as of 2017 is 20 % by 2020 , including 2 % from solar power .   According to the Maryland Energy Administration , Maryland is exposed to approximately 5.3 kWh per square meter of solar energy on a daily basis , and as of 2016 , the state had 508 MW installed which ranks Maryland 11th in the nation for installed solar capacity .

negative: 80 Plus 80 Plus ( trademarked 80 PLUS ) is a voluntary certification program intended to promote efficient energy use in computer power supply units ( PSUs ) . Launched in 2004 by Ecos Consulting , it certifies products that have more than 80 % energy efficiency at 20 % , 50 % and 100 % of rated load , and a power factor of 0.9 or greater at 100 % load . Such PSUs waste 20 % or less electric energy as heat at the specified load levels , reducing electricity use and bills compared to less efficient PSUs .

negative: Energy in Oregon The U.S. state of Oregon is the third largest renewable energy producing state in the United States . Hydroelectric power dominates the power market in Oregon , providing nearly two-thirds of the electricity generated in the state , although it accounts for less than half of the total percentage consumed when electricity imported from other states is accounted for . Coal is the second largest source of the state 's energy portfolio , with much of it being imported from Wyoming and domestic production coming from the Boardman Coal Plant , Oregon 's only coal power plant .

negative: Renewable energy in Colombia Colombia has 28.1 Megawatt installed capacity of renewable energy ( excluding large hydropower ) , consisting mainly of wind power . The country has significant wind and solar resources that remain largely unexploited . According to a study by the World Bank 's Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ( ESMAP ) , exploitation of the country 's significant wind potential alone could cover more than the country 's current total energy needs .

negative: Karapınar Renewable Energy Resource Area Karapınar Renewable Energy Resource Area ( Karapınar Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynak Alanı , YEKA ) is a proposed photovoltaic power station in Konya Province , central Turkey .   To be built at the YEKA area of Karapınar district in Konya Province , the plant will have 1,000 MW installed power . With this capacity , it will be one of the world 's largest solar power plant of its kind . The project includes annual production of 500 MWp photovoltaic solar modules and a R&D Center .   The tender for the construction was won on March 20 , 2017 by a consortium of Turkish Kalyon Group and South Korean Hanwha , which offered the lowest kW · h-price with 6.99 US cent valid for an energy purchase term of 15 years . The amount of the investment is expected to exceed US$ 1.3 billion . It is planned that more than 1,500 people will be employed in the project . Start of the energy production is scheduled end 2018 . When completed , the solar power station will generate annually 1,700 GW · h electrical energy , sufficient to supply 600,000 households .

negative: Service level Service level measures the performance of a system . Certain goals are defined and the service level gives the percentage to which those goals should be achieved . File rate is different from service level .   Examples of service level :  Percentage of calls answered in a call center .  Percentage of customers waiting less than a given fixed time .  Percentage of customers that do not experience a stockout .

negative: Capacity factor The net capacity factor is the unitless ratio of an actual electrical energy output over a given period of time to the maximum possible electrical energy output over the same amount of time .  The capacity factor is defined for any electricity producing installation , i.e. a fuel consuming power plant or one using renewable energy , such as wind or the sun .  The average capacity factor can also be defined for any class of such installations , and can be used to compare different types of electricity production .   The maximum possible energy output of a given installation assumes its continuous operation at full nameplate capacity over the relevant period of time .  The actual energy output over the same period of time and with it the capacity factor varies greatly depending on a range of factors .  The capacity factor can never exceed the availability factor , or the fraction of downtime during the period . Downtime can be due to , for example , reliability issues and maintenance , both scheduled and unscheduled .  Other factors include the design of the installation , its location , the type of electricity production and with it either the fuel being used or , for renewable energy , the local weather conditions .  Additionally , the capacity factor can be subject to regulatory constraints and market forces , potentially affecting both its fuel purchase and its electricity sale .   The capacity factor is often computed over a timescale of a year , averaging out most temporal fluctuations .  However , the capacity factor can be also computed on a monthly basis to gain insight into seasonal fluctuations .  Alternatively , it be computed over the lifetime of the power source , both while operational and after decommissioning .

negative: Energy security and renewable technology The environmental benefits of renewable energy technologies are widely recognised , but the contribution that they can make to energy security is less well known . Renewable technologies can enhance energy security in electricity generation , heat supply , and transportation .

negative: Jasper Solar Energy Project The Jasper Solar Energy Project ( or Jasper PV Project ) is a 96 megawatt ( MW ) photovoltaic power station , located near Kimberley , in South Africa 's Northern Cape . The project completed construction in October 2014 and is fully operational to power up to 80,000 homes .   Google has a recent history of investing in wind and solar power , and since 2010 has committed to more than US$ 1 billion in renewable energy projects worldwide . Until 2013 little of this was spent on renewable energy in Africa . A new $ 12 million investment in the Jasper power project , at a project cost of approximately ZAR2 .3 billion ( $ 260 million ) signals a change in policy . It is one of the largest solar installations in Africa , comprising over 325,000 PV modules .