query: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

positive: Joseph Stiglitz Joseph Eugene Stiglitz ( born February 9 , 1943 ) is an American economist and a professor at Columbia University . He is a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( 2001 ) and the John Bates Clark Medal ( 1979 ) . He is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank and is a former member and chairman of the ( US president 's ) Council of Economic Advisers . He is known for his support of Georgist public finance theory and for his critical view of the management of globalization , of laissez-faire economists ( whom he calls `` free market fundamentalists '' ) , and of international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank .   In 2000 , Stiglitz founded the Initiative for Policy Dialogue ( IPD ) , a think tank on international development based at Columbia University . He has been a member of the Columbia faculty since 2001 , and received that university 's highest academic rank ( university professor ) in 2003 . He was the founding chair of the university 's Committee on Global Thought . He also chairs the University of Manchester 's Brooks World Poverty Institute . He is a member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences . In 2009 , the President of the United Nations General Assembly Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann , appointed Stiglitz as the chairman of the U.N. Commission on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System , where he oversaw suggested proposals and commissioned a report on reforming the international monetary and financial system . He served as chair of the international Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress , appointed by President Sarkozy of France , which issued its report in 2010 , Mismeasuring our Lives : Why GDP does n't add up , and currently serves as co-chair of its successor , the High Level Expert Group on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress . From 2011 to 2014 , Stiglitz was president of the International Economic Association ( IEA ) . He presided over the organization of the IEA triennial world congress held near the Dead Sea in Jordan in June 2014 .   Stiglitz has received more than 40 honorary degrees , including from Harvard , Oxford , and Cambridge Universities and been decorated by several governments including Korea , Colombia , Ecuador , and most recently France , where he was appointed a member of the Legion of Honor , order Officer .   Based on academic citations , Stiglitz is the 4th most influential economist in the world today , and in 2011 he was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world . Stiglitz 's work focuses on income distribution from a Georgist perspective , asset risk management , corporate governance , and international trade . He is the author of several books , the latest being The Great Divide : Unequal Societies and What We Can Do About Them ( 2015 ) , Rewriting the Rules of the American Economy : An Agenda for Growth and Shared Prosperity ( 2015 ) , and Creating a Learning Society : A New Approach to Growth Development and Social Progress ( 2014 ) .

positive: William Nordhaus William Dawbney `` Bill '' Nordhaus ( born May 31 , 1941 ) is an economist and Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University , best known for his work in economic modeling and climate change .

positive: Leonid Hurwicz Leonid `` Leo '' Hurwicz ( August 21 , 1917 -- June 24 , 2008 ) was a Polish American economist and mathematician . He originated incentive compatibility and mechanism design , which show how desired outcomes are achieved in economics , social science and political science . Hurwicz shared the 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( with Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson ) for work on mechanism design . To date , Leonid Hurwicz is the oldest Nobel Laureate , having received the prize at the age of 90 .   Hurwicz was educated and grew up in Poland , and became a refugee in the United States after Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 . In 1941 , Hurwicz worked as a research assistant for Paul Samuelson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Oskar Lange at the University of Chicago . He was a research associate for the Cowles Commission between 1942 and 1946 . In 1946 he became an associate professor of economics at Iowa State College . Hurwicz joined the University of Minnesota in 1951 , becoming Curtis L. Carlson Regents Professor of Economics in 1989 . He was Regents ' Professor of Economics ( Emeritus ) at the University of Minnesota when he died in 2008 .   Hurwicz was among the first economists to recognize the value of game theory and was a pioneer in its application . Interactions of individuals and institutions , markets and trade are analyzed and understood today using the models Hurwicz developed .

positive: Paul Samuelson Paul Anthony Samuelson ( May 15 , 1915 -- December 13 , 2009 ) was an American economist and the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . The Swedish Royal Academies stated , when awarding the prize in 1970 , that he `` has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory '' . Economic historian Randall E. Parker calls him the `` Father of Modern Economics '' , and The New York Times considered him to be the `` foremost academic economist of the 20th century '' .   Samuelson was likely the most influential economist of the later 20th century . In 1996 , when he was awarded the National Medal of Science , considered America 's top science honor , President Bill Clinton commended Samuelson for his `` fundamental contributions to economic science '' for over 60 years . Samuelson considered Mathematics to be the natural language for economists and contributed significantly to the mathematical foundations of economics with his book Foundations of Economic Analysis . He was author of the best-selling economics textbook of all time : Economics : An Introductory Analysis , first published in 1948 . It was the second American textbook to explain the principles of Keynesian economics and how to think about economics , and the first one to be successful , and is now in its 19th edition , having sold nearly 4 million copies in 40 languages , including Russian , French , Greek , Slovak , Chinese , Portuguese , German , Spanish , Polish , Japanese , Czech , Vietnamese , Hungarian , Indonesian , Swedish , Croatian , Dutch , Turkish , Hebrew , Italian , and Arabic . James Poterba , former head of MIT 's Department of Economics , noted that by his book , Samuelson `` leaves an immense legacy , as a researcher and a teacher , as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands '' .   He entered the University of Chicago at age 16 , during the depths of the Great Depression , and received his PhD in economics from Harvard . After graduating , he became an assistant professor of economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) when he was 25 years of age and a full professor at age 32 . In 1966 , he was named Institute Professor , MIT 's highest faculty honor . He spent his career at MIT where he was instrumental in turning its Department of Economics into a world-renowned institution by attracting other noted economists to join the faculty , including Robert M. Solow , Franco Modigliani , Robert C. Merton , Joseph E. Stiglitz , and Paul Krugman , all of whom went on to win Nobel Prizes .   He served as an advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson , and was a consultant to the United States Treasury , the Bureau of the Budget and the President 's Council of Economic Advisers . Samuelson wrote a weekly column for Newsweek magazine along with Chicago School economist Milton Friedman , where they represented opposing sides : Samuelson , as a self described `` Cafeteria Keynesian '' , took the Keynesian perspective but adapted it accepting what he felt was good . By contrast Friedman represented the monetarist perspective . Samuelson died on December 13 , 2009 , at the age of 94 .

negative: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Johns Hopkins University The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , the Karolinska Institute , and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel , which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation . Another prize , the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank , the central bank of Sweden , for contributors to the field of economics . Each prize is awarded by a separate committee : the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics , Chemistry , and Economics , the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine , and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace . Each recipient receives a medal , a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years . In 1901 , the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK , which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007 . In 2008 , the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK . The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death .   As of 2011 , there have been 36 Nobel laureates affiliated with Johns Hopkins University . Johns Hopkins considers laureates who attended the university as undergraduate students , graduate students or were members of the faculty as affiliated laureates . Woodrow Wilson , who received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins in 1886 , was the first Johns Hopkins-affiliated laureate , winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 . Four Nobel Prizes were shared by Johns Hopkins laureates : George Minot and George Whipple won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology in Medicine , Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , and David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Eighteen Johns Hopkins laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , more than any other category . Twenty-four laureates were members of the Johns Hopkins faculty , five laureates received their Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins , eight laureates received their M.D. at Johns Hopkins , and two laureates , Francis Peyton Rous and Martin Rodbell , received their undergraduate degrees at Johns Hopkins .

negative: Duty (economics) In economics , a duty is a kind of tax levied by a state . It is often associated with customs , in which context they are also known as tariffs or dues . The term is often used to describe a tax on certain items purchased abroad . Properly , a duty differs from a tax in being levied on specific commodities , financial transactions , estates , etc. rather than on individuals . Duties may be import duties , excise duties , stamp duties , death or succession duties , etc. ; but not such direct impositions as personal income taxes .

negative: Kaunas Free Economic Zone The Kaunas Free Economic Zone ( FEZ ) is a free economic zone near Kaunas , Lithuania . It is a 534 hectare industrial development area which offers favorable and smaller taxes for the investors that invest at least 1 million euros . The investors are mostly foreign companies , as more than 70 % of total investments in Kaunas FEZ are Foreign Direct Investments ( FDI ) .   The Kaunas Free Economic zone was established on 22 October 1996 in Kaunas district , near the motorways A6 and A1 .

negative: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley This List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California , Berkeley shows the faculty members and researchers as well as graduates and attendees ( excluding honorary degrees and auditors ) of the University of California , Berkeley , who were awarded the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . The Nobel Prizes , established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel , are awarded to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of Chemistry , Literature , Peace , Physics , and Physiology or Medicine . An associated prize , the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel , was instituted by Sweden 's central bank in 1968 and first awarded in 1969 .   , 91 Nobel laureates have been associated with UC Berkeley . Linus Pauling is the only UC Berkeley-affiliated Nobel laureate ( Visiting Lecturer in Physics and Chemistry , 1929 -- 1934 ) to win two Nobel prizes : He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 ; since this is a list of laureates , not prizes , he is counted only once . Many Nobel laureate have held lectureships such as the Charles M. and Martha Hitchcock Lectures at UC Berkeley . For instance , Alexander R. Todd , Nobel laureate in Chemistry ( 1957 ) , was Charles M. and Martha Hitchcock Lecturer in 1957 . Such visiting professorships/lectureships are in fact awards/honors/recognition instead of an actual affiliation with the university , and thus will not be counted in this list . Giving lectures at the university is not an indication of affiliation ; the lecturer has to be officially employed ( even with a `` visiting '' title ) by the university to be counted . Those Nobel laureates who have spent only one summer session at UC Berkeley are also not counted in this list . For instance , George Wald , Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine ( 1967 ) , was visiting Professor of Biochemistry in Summer 1956 , and James Heckman , Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics ( 2000 ) , was a visitor in Summer 1974 ; both are excluded from this list .   The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was established by Ernest Lawrence in 1931 . It was called the Radiation Laboratory and grew into a semi-autonomous lab at UC Berkeley . Shortly after Lawrence died in 1958 , the lab was renamed as the Ernest O. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory . Generally , the lab staff are counted as members of the UC Berkeley physics department until Lawrence 's death in 1958 . In this list , those Nobel laureates who were associated with the lab by the end of 1958 are included . Those who were affiliated only with the lab ( and not with the UC Berkeley physics department ) after January 1 , 1959 are not counted . For instance , Richard E. Taylor , Nobel laureate in Physics ( 1990 ) , was a postdoctoral researcher at the lab in 1961 -- 1962 ; he is excluded from this list .

negative: Special economic zones of China Special economic zones of China ( SEZs ) are special economic zones located in mainland China . The government of China gives SEZs special ( more free market-oriented ) economic policies and flexible governmental measures . This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is more attractive for foreign and domestic firms to do business in than the rest of mainland China . In SEZs , '' ... foreign and domestic trade and investment are conducted without the authorization of the Chinese central government in Beijing . '' SEZs offer `` tax and business incentives to attract foreign investment and technology '' .

negative: In the Heart of the Country In the Heart of the Country ( 1977 ) is an early novel by South African-born Nobel laureate J. M. Coetzee . The book is notable for being one of Coetzee 's more experimental novels and is narrated through 266 numbered paragraphs rather than chapters .

negative: SEEPZ Santacruz Electronics Export Processing Zone ( SEEPZ ) is a Special Economic Zone in Mumbai , India . Situated in the Andheri East area , it is subjected to liberal economic laws as compared to the rest of India to promote rapid economic growth using tax and business incentives and attract foreign investment and technology . Seepz was created in 1973 and was seen as export processing zone . Since then many other SEZ 's have been created in rest of India . SEEPZ mainly houses Electronic Hardware Manufacturing Companies , Software Companies and jewellery exporters of India . More than 40 percent of India 's total jewelry exports ( $ 2,222.31 million ) out of $ 5,210.69 million during year 2006-2007 came from units within SEEPZ . Despite its name , it is not located near the suburb of Santacruz , rather it is located closer to Andheri that lies further north .

negative: Carbon pricing in Australia A carbon pricing scheme in Australia , commonly dubbed by its critics as a `` carbon tax '' , was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the Clean Energy Act 2011 which came into effect on 1 July 2012 . It was in operation until it was repealed on 17 July 2014 , and backdated to 1 July 2014 . In its place the Abbott Government set up the Emission Reduction Fund in December 2014 . As a result of being in place for such a short time , regulated organisations responded in a rather tepid and informal manner , with very few investments in emissions reductions being made .   The 2011 scheme required entities which emit over 25,000 tonnes per year of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gases and which were not in the transport or agriculture sectors to obtain emissions permits , called carbon units . Carbon units were either purchased from the government or issued free as part of industry assistance measures . The Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency stated that in June 2013 only 260 entities were subject to the scheme , of which approximately 185 were liable to pay for carbon units under the carbon price scheme .   The carbon price was part of a broad energy reform package called the Clean Energy Futures Plan , which aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Australia by 5 % below 2000 levels by 2020 and 80 % below 2000 levels by 2050 . The plan set out to achieve these targets by encouraging Australia 's largest emitters to increase energy efficiency and invest in sustainable energy . The scheme was administered by the Clean Energy Regulator . Compensation to industry and households was funded by the revenue derived from the charge . As part of the scheme , personal income tax was reduced for those earning less than $ 80,000 per year and the tax-free threshold was increased from $ 6,000 to $ 18,200 . Initially the price of a permit for one tonne of carbon was fixed at $ 23 for the 2012 -- 13 financial year , with unlimited permits being available from the government . The fixed price rose to $ 24.15 for 2013 -- 14 . The government had announced that the scheme was part of a transition to an emissions trading scheme in 2014 -- 15 , where the available permits will be limited in line with a pollution cap . The scheme primarily applied to electricity generators and industrial sectors . It did not apply to road transport and agriculture . Domestic aviation did not face the carbon price scheme per se , but was subject to an additional fuel excise levy of approximately 6 cents per litre .   In February 2012 , the Sydney Morning Herald reported that Clean Energy Future carbon price scheme had not deterred new investment in the coal industry , as spending on exploration had increased by 62 % in 2010-2011 , more than any other mineral commodity . The government agency Geoscience Australia reported that investment in coal prospecting reached $ 520 million in 2010-2011 . Falls in carbon emissions were observed following implementation of this policy . It was noted that emissions from sectors subject to the pricing mechanism were  1.0 % lower and nine months after the introduction of the pricing scheme , Australia 's carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation had fallen to a 10-year low , with coal generation down 11 % from 2008 to 2009 . However , attribution of these trends to carbon pricing have been disputed , with Frontier Economics claiming trends are largely explained by factors unrelated to the carbon tax . Electricity demand had been falling and in 2012 was at the lowest level seen since 2006 in the National Electricity Market .

negative: Green industrial policy Green industrial policy ( GIP ) is strategic government policy that attempts to accelerate the development and growth of green industries to transition towards a low-carbon economy . Natural scientists warn that immediate action must be taken to lower greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change . Social scientists argue that the mitigation of climate change requires state intervention and governance reform . Thus , governments use GIP to address the economic , political , and environmental issues of climate change . GIP is conducive to sustainable economic , institutional , and technological transformation . It goes beyond the free market economic structure to address market failures and commitment problems that hinder sustainable investment . Effective GIP builds political support for carbon regulation which is necessary to transition towards a low-carbon economy . Several governments use different types of GIP that lead to various outcomes .   GIP and industrial policy are similar , although GIP has unique challenges and goals . GIP faces the particular challenge of reconciling economic and environmental issues . It deals with a high uncertainty of green investment profitability . Furthermore , it addresses the reluctance of industry to invest in green development , and it helps current governments influence future climate policy .   GIP offers opportunities for energy transition to renewables and a low-carbon economy . A large challenge for climate policy is a lack of industry and public support . GIP creates benefits that attract support for sustainability . It can create strategic niche management and generate a `` green spiral '' , or a process of feedback that combines industrial interests with climate policy . GIP can protect employees in emerging and declining industries , which leads to political support for other climate policy . Carbon pricing , sustainable energy transitions , and decreases in greenhouse gas emissions have higher chances of success as political support increases .   GIP faces many risks . Some risks include poor government choices about which industries to support ; political capture of economic policy ; wasted resources ; ineffective action to combat climate change ; poor policy design that lacks policy objectives and exit strategies ; trade disputes ; and coordination failure . Strategic steps can be taken to manage the risks of GIP . Some include public and private sector communication , transparency , and accountability ; policy with clear objectives , evaluation techniques and exit strategies ; policy learning and policy experimentation ; green rent management ; strong institutions ; and a free press .   Governments in various countries , states , provinces , territories , and cities use different types of green industrial policy . Distinct policy instruments lead to several outcomes . Examples include sunrise and sunset policies , subsidies , research and development , local content requirements , feed-in tariffs , tax credits , export restrictions , consumer mandates , green public procurement rules , and renewable portfolio standards .

negative: FNZ (company) FNZ is a fintech company specialising in providing investment platforms to major financial institutions in the financial services and wealth management sectors . It provides technology to life insurance companies , banks , asset managers and discretionary wealth managers to deliver wealth management services in the three main distribution channels : independent financial advisers ( IFAs ) , direct customers and the workplace .   FNZ provides end-to-end technology , including investment front office , tax wrappers and investment back office under a software as a service delivery model . This technology is combined with back office dealing , settlement and administration services as either sub-custodian or third party administrator .   FNZ has delivered investment platform solutions to financial companies in the UK , Hong Kong , Australia and NZ .

negative: 1968 in Afghanistan __ NOTOC __  See also : 1967 in Afghanistan and 1969 in Afghanistan .   In domestic affairs the year is marked by a thorough overhaul of the judicial system by the new Supreme Court ; this involves reorganizing the powers and functions of the lower courts in line with the requirements of the constitution . In economic affairs the policies laid down in 1967 for encouraging investors in the private sector by substantial inducements - tax holidays , free import of capital goods , and protective tariffs -- are continued . Government investment is again directed to the completion of projects begun under the second development plan and to the encouragement of heavy industry . The emphasis is again on consolidation rather than on beginning new projects , and on the gradual replacement of foreign aid by increased exploitation of national resources .

negative: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran) The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance 's function are :   acting as the state treasury ,  public finance ,  economic and financial policy making ,  implementing tax policies ,  in charge of foreign direct investment ,  directing the banking network and commercial insurance institutes ,  regulating the financial markets of the country , see also : Securities and Exchange Organization ( SEO ) & Central Bank of Iran .   Most of the policy making organizations and institutes in the field of trade in goods and services are affiliated to the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance .

negative: SymTorrent SymTorrent is a free GPL-licensed open source BitTorrent client for Nokia Series 60 Symbian phones made by researchers of Budapest University of Technology and Economics . Written in Symbian C++ , rather than Open C/C + + , the client is rather basic and does not support many of the features advanced clients like µTorrent have . It is still able to download BitTorrent files and is supported on the Symbian S60v5 touchscreen phones ( particularly Sony Ericsson Satio ) .

negative: James Mirrlees Sir James Alexander Mirrlees ( born 5 July 1936 ) is a Scottish economist and winner of the 1996 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . He was knighted in 1998 .   Born in Minnigaff , Kirkcudbrightshire , Mirrlees was educated at the University of Edinburgh ( MA in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in 1957 ) and Trinity College , Cambridge ( Mathematical Tripos and PhD in 1963 with thesis title Optimum Planning for a Dynamic Economy , supervised by Richard Stone ) . He was a very active student debater . One contemporary , Quentin Skinner , has suggested that Mirrlees was a member of the Cambridge Apostles along with fellow Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen during the period .   Between 1968 and 1976 , Mirrlees was a visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology three times . He was also a visiting professor at the University of California , Berkeley ( 1986 ) and Yale University ( 1989 ) . He taught at both Oxford University ( 1968 -- 1995 ) and University of Cambridge ( 1963 -- 1968 and 1995 -- ) .   During his time at Oxford , he published papers on economic models for which he would eventually be awarded his Nobel Prize . The papers centred on asymmetric information , which determines the extent to which they should affect the optimal rate of saving in an economy . Among other results , he demonstrated the principles of `` moral hazard '' and `` optimal income taxation '' discussed in the books of William Vickrey . The methodology has since become the standard in the field .   Mirrlees and Vickrey shared the 1996 Nobel Prize for Economics `` for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information '' .   Mirrlees is also co-creator , with MIT Professor Peter A. Diamond of the Diamond -- Mirrlees efficiency theorem , which was developed in 1971 .   Mirrlees is emeritus Professor of Political Economy at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Trinity College , Cambridge . He spends several months a year at the University of Melbourne , Australia . He is currently the Distinguished Professor-at-Large of the Chinese University of Hong Kong as well as University of Macau .   In 2009 , he was appointed Founding Master of the Morningside College of the Chinese University of Hong Kong .   Mirrlees is a member of Scotland 's Council of Economic Advisers . He also led the Mirrlees Review , a review of the UK tax system by the Institute for Fiscal Studies .   His Ph.D. students have included eminent academics and policy makers like professor Franklin Allen , Sir Partha Dasgupta , professor Huw Dixon , professor Hyun-Song Shin , Lord Nicholas Stern , professor Anthony Venables , Sir John Vickers , and professor Zhang Weiying .   Mirrlees is an atheist .  `` At 35 no longer Christian , atheist rather ''

negative: Private foundation (United States) Until 1969 , the term private foundation was not defined in the United States Internal Revenue Code . Since then , every U.S. charity that qualifies under Section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the Internal Revenue Service Code as tax-exempt is a `` private foundation '' unless it demonstrates to the IRS that it falls into another category . Private foundations in the United States are generally subject to a 1 % or 2 % excise tax on net investment income . According to the Foundation Center , a private foundation is a nongovernmental , nonprofit organization , which has a principal fund managed by its own trustees or directors . Hopkins ( 2013 ) listed four characteristics that make up a private foundation :  It is a charitable organization and thus subject to the rules applicable to charities generally ;  Its financial support came from one source , usually an individual , family , or company ;  Its annual expenditures are funded out of earnings from investment assets , rather than from an ongoing flow of contributions ;  It makes grants to other organizations for charitable purposes , rather than to its own programs .

negative: Quality investing Quality investing is an investment strategy based on a set of clearly defined fundamental criteria that seeks to identify companies with outstanding quality characteristics . The quality assessment is made based on soft ( e.g. management credibility ) and hard criteria ( e.g. balance sheet stability ) . Quality investing supports best overall rather than best-in-class approach .

negative: Growthworks GrowthWorks Capital Ltd is a Canadian venture capital firm investing in early stage technology companies . GrowthWorks has $ 170 million of assets under management across three funds : Working Opportunity Fund Venture Series , Working Opportunity Fund Commercialization Series and the Atlantic Venture Fund . Founded in 1992 , the Working Opportunity Fund has invested $ 600 million in 130 BC technology companies .   The GrowthWorks management team has won the CVCA Deal of the Year award 3 times ( Layer 7 - 2013 , Galleon Energy -- 2007 , HotHaus Technologies - 2000 ) . The reinstatement of the 15 % federal Labour Sponsored Venture Capital tax credit in Budget 2016 ( plus the existing Provincial tax credits ) , will be beneficial to GrowthWorks . In 2013 it was reported that the fund had liquidity problems .

negative: Tax protester arguments Tax protester arguments are arguments made by people , primarily in the United States , who contend that tax laws are unconstitutional or otherwise invalid .   Tax protester arguments are typically based on an asserted belief that their government is acting outside of its legal authority when imposing such taxes . The label `` tax protester '' should be distinguished from `` tax resister '' , an individual who refuses to pay tax on moral rather than legal grounds .   In the United States , tax protester arguments are generally directed to the U.S. federal income tax .

negative: Patrizia Genovesi Patrizia Genovesi is an Italian photographer and video artist . She was born in 1962 in Milan .   Genovesi leverages suggestions from other arts as well as from technology , thanks to a scientific education coupled with studies of drawing and painting from the Italian tradition , music execution and composition , and other abilities like screenwriting with cinema director Mario Monicelli , writing with Domenico Starnone , and theater direction with Argentinian Renzo Casali .   Genovesi teaches Photography at the Free University of Cinema in Roma .   Genovesi 's photographs of Nobel Prize laureates , including Rita Levi-Montalcini , John Nash , Richard Ernst , Robert Mundell , and Frank Wilczeck have been published by the Nobel Prize Organization . Her portrait of Mrs. Levi-Montalcini was exhibited in Kamienna Gora , Poland , during the celebrations for the embryologist Viktor Hamburger , a primary collaborator of the Italian Nobel Prize laureate . Her portraits of photographer Leonard Freed are part of the permanent collection of the Musée de la Photographie in Charleroi , Belgium .

negative: Dale W. Jorgenson Dale Weldeau Jorgenson ( born May 7 , 1933 , in Bozeman , Montana ) is the Samuel W. Morris University Professor at Harvard University , teaching in the Department of Economics and John F. Kennedy School of Government . He served as Chairman of the Department of Economics from 1994 to 1997 .   Jorgenson has been honored with membership in the American Philosophical Society ( 1998 ) , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1989 ) , the U.S. National Academy of Sciences ( 1978 ) , and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 1969 ) . He was elected to Fellowship in the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( 1982 ) , the American Statistical Association ( 1965 ) , and the Econometric Society ( 1964 ) . He was awarded honorary doctorates by the Faculty of Social Sciences at Uppsala University ( 1991 ) , the University of Oslo ( 1991 ) , Keio University ( 2003 ) , the University of Mannheim ( 2004 ) , the University of Rome ( 2006 ) , the Stockholm School of Economics ( 2007 ) , the Chinese University of Hong Kong ( 2007 ) , and Kansai University ( 2009 ) .   Jorgenson served as President of the American Economic Association in 2000 and was named a Distinguished Fellow of the Association in 2001 . He was a Founding Member of the Board on Science , Technology , and Economic Policy of the National Research Council in 1991 and served as Chairman of the Board from 1998 to 2006 . He also served as Chairman of Section 54 , Economic Sciences , of the National Academy of Sciences from 2000 to 2003 and was President of the Econometric Society in 1987 and President of the American Economic Association in 2000 . Currently he is a Vice President of the Society for Economic Measurement ( SEM ) .   Jorgenson received the prestigious John Bates Clark Medal of the American Economic Association in 1971 . This Medal is awarded every two years to an economist under forty for excellence in economic research . The citation for this award reads in part :  Dale Jorgenson has left his mark with great distinction on pure economic theory ( with , for example , his work on the growth of a dual economy ) ; and equally on statistical method ( with , for example , his development of estimation methods for rational distributed lags ) . But he is preeminently a master of the territory between economics and statistics , where both have to be applied to the study of concrete problems . His prolonged exploration of the determinants of investment spending , whatever its ultimate lessons , will certainly long stand as one of the finest examples in the marriage of theory and practice in economics .   He was also an advocate for a carbon tax on greenhouse gas emissions as a means of reducing global warming when he testified before congress in 1997 . His research has also been used to advocate for the FairTax , a tax reform proposal in the United States to replace all federal payroll and income taxes ( both corporate and personal ) with a national retail sales tax and monthly tax rebate to households of citizens and legal resident aliens . However , Jorgenson supports a tax plan of his own design , which he calls Efficient Taxation of Income , described in his book Investment , Vol . 3 : Lifting the Burden : Tax Reform , the Cost of Capital , and U.S. Economic Growth . The approach would introduce different tax rates for property-type income and earned income from work .

negative: Maskin Maskin may refer to  A certain molecule in biochemistry , for which you are advised to look at Dictyate #Biochemistry mechanism .  Aaron Maskin , an Israeli stage actor and recipient of the Israel Prize .  Eric Maskin , a 2007 Nobel laureate in Economics .  Maskin is also the Swedish , Danish and Norwegian word for Machine .


query: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

positive: Tibetan calendar The Tibetan calendar is a lunisolar calendar , that is , the Tibetan year is composed of either 12 or 13 lunar months , each beginning and ending with a new moon . A thirteenth month is added every two or three years , so that an average Tibetan year is equal to the solar year .   The Tibetan New Year celebration is Losar . According to almanacs the year starts with the third Hor month . There were many different traditions in Tibet to fix the beginning of the year . The dates of Mongolian calendar are all the same with it .

positive: Year A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun . Due to the Earth 's axial tilt , the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons , marked by changes in weather , the hours of daylight , and , consequently , vegetation and soil fertility . In temperate and subpolar regions around the globe , four seasons are generally recognized : spring , summer , autumn and winter . In tropical and subtropical regions several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons ; but in the seasonal tropics , the annual wet and dry seasons are recognized and tracked .   A calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earth 's orbital period as counted in a given calendar . The Gregorian , or modern , calendar , presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a leap year of 366 days , as do the Julian calendars ; see below . For the Gregorian calendar the average length of the calendar year ( the mean year ) across the complete leap cycle of 400 years is 365.2425 days . The ISO standard ISO 80000-3 , Annex C , supports the symbol `` a '' ( for Latin annus ) to represent a year of either 365 or 366 days . In English , the abbreviations `` y '' and `` yr '' are commonly used .   In astronomy , the Julian year is a unit of time ; it is defined as 365.25 days of exactly seconds ( SI base unit ) , totalling exactly seconds in the Julian astronomical year .   The word `` year '' is also used for periods loosely associated with , but not identical to , the calendar or astronomical year , such as the seasonal year , the fiscal year , the academic year , etc. . Similarly , `` year '' can mean the orbital period of any planet : for example , a Martian year or a Venusian year are examples of the time a planet takes to transit one complete orbit . The term can also be used in reference to any long period or cycle , such as the Great Year .

positive: Orbital resonance In celestial mechanics , an orbital resonance occurs when orbiting bodies exert a regular , periodic gravitational influence on each other , usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of small integers . Most commonly this relationship is found for a pair of objects . The physics principle behind orbital resonance is similar in concept to pushing a child on a swing , where the orbit and the swing both have a natural frequency , and the other body doing the `` pushing '' will act in periodic repetition to have a cumulative effect on the motion . Orbital resonances greatly enhance the mutual gravitational influence of the bodies , i.e. , their ability to alter or constrain each other 's orbits . In most cases , this results in an unstable interaction , in which the bodies exchange momentum and shift orbits until the resonance no longer exists . Under some circumstances , a resonant system can be stable and self-correcting , so that the bodies remain in resonance . Examples are the 1:2:4 resonance of Jupiter 's moons Ganymede , Europa and Io , and the 2:3 resonance between Pluto and Neptune . Unstable resonances with Saturn 's inner moons give rise to gaps in the rings of Saturn . The special case of 1:1 resonance ( between bodies with similar orbital radii ) causes large Solar System bodies to eject most other bodies sharing their orbits ; this is part of the much more extensive process of clearing the neighbourhood , an effect that is used in the current definition of a planet .   A binary resonance ratio in this article should be interpreted as the completed in the same time interval , rather than as the , which would be the inverse ratio . Thus the 2:3 ratio above means Pluto completes two orbits in the time it takes Neptune to complete three . In the case of resonance relationships between three or more bodies , either type of ratio may be used ( in such cases the smallest whole-integer ratio sequences are not necessarily reversals of each other ) and the type of ratio will be specified .

positive: Jupiter trojan The Jupiter trojans , commonly called Trojan asteroids or just Trojans , are a large group of asteroids that share the orbit of the planet Jupiter around the Sun . Relative to Jupiter , each Trojan librates around one of Jupiter 's two stable Lagrangian points , , lying 60 ° ahead of the planet in its orbit , and , 60 ° behind . Jupiter trojans are distributed in two elongated , curved regions around these Lagrangian points with an average semi-major axis of about 5.2 AU .   The first Jupiter trojan discovered , 588 Achilles , was spotted in 1906 by German astronomer Max Wolf . A total of 6,178 Jupiter trojans have been found . By convention they are each named after a mythological figure from the Trojan War , hence the name `` Trojan '' . The total number of Jupiter trojans larger than 1 km in diameter is believed to be about , approximately equal to the number of asteroids larger than 1 km in the asteroid belt . Like main-belt asteroids , Jupiter trojans form families .   Jupiter trojans are dark bodies with reddish , featureless spectra . No firm evidence of the presence of water , or any other specific compound on their surface has been obtained , but it is thought that they are coated in tholins , organic polymers formed by the Sun 's radiation . The Jupiter trojans ' densities ( as measured by studying binaries or rotational lightcurves ) vary from 0.8 to 2.5 g · cm − 3 . Jupiter trojans are thought to have been captured into their orbits during the early stages of the Solar System 's formation or slightly later , during the migration of giant planets .   The term `` trojan '' has come to be used more generally to refer to other small Solar System bodies with similar relationships to larger bodies : for example , there are both Mars trojans and Neptune trojans , and Saturn has trojan moons . NASA has announced the discovery of an Earth trojan . The term `` Trojan asteroid '' is normally understood to specifically mean the Jupiter trojans because the first Trojans were discovered near Jupiter 's orbit and Jupiter currently has by far the most known Trojans .

positive: Saturn Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System , after Jupiter . It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth . Although it has only one-eighth the average density of Earth , with its larger volume Saturn is just over 95 times more massive . Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture ; its astronomical symbol represents the god 's sickle .   Saturn 's interior is probably composed of a core of iron -- nickel and rock ( silicon and oxygen compounds ) . This core is surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen , an intermediate layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium , and finally outside the Frenkel line a gaseous outer layer . Saturn has a pale yellow hue due to ammonia crystals in its upper atmosphere . Electrical current within the metallic hydrogen layer is thought to give rise to Saturn 's planetary magnetic field , which is weaker than Earth 's , but has a magnetic moment 580 times that of Earth due to Saturn 's larger size . Saturn 's magnetic field strength is around one-twentieth of Jupiter 's . The outer atmosphere is generally bland and lacking in contrast , although long-lived features can appear . Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1800 km/h , higher than on Jupiter , but not as high as those on Neptune .   Saturn has a prominent ring system that consists of nine continuous main rings and three discontinuous arcs and that is composed mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust . Sixty-two moons are known to orbit Saturn , of which fifty-three are officially named . This does not include the hundreds of moonlets comprising the rings . Titan , Saturn 's largest moon , and the second-largest in the Solar System , is larger than the planet Mercury , although less massive , and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere .

negative: Saturn Cycling Team The Saturn Cycling Team was an American cycling team that existed from 1992 to 2003 . It was managed by Tom Schuler and sponsored by the Saturn Corporation .

negative: Grand Tour program The Grand Tour was a NASA program that would have sent two groups of robotic probes to all the planets of the outer Solar System . It called for four spacecraft , two of which would visit Jupiter , Saturn , and Pluto , while the other two would visit Jupiter , Uranus , and Neptune . The enormous cost of the project , around $ 1 billion , led to its cancellation and replacement with Mariner Jupiter-Saturn , which became the Voyager program .

negative: HD 169830 b HD 169830 b is an extrasolar planet three times the mass of Jupiter . Due to its high mass , it is most likely a gas giant planet , akin to Jupiter and Saturn in the Solar System . This planet at 0.8 AU is slightly farther out than Venus is in the Solar System , orbiting around its star every 262 days .

negative: Jumping-Jupiter scenario The jumping-Jupiter scenario specifies an evolution of giant-planet migration described by the Nice model , in which an ice giant ( Uranus , Neptune , or an additional Neptune-mass planet ) is scattered inward by Saturn and outward by Jupiter , causing the step-wise separation of their orbits . The jumping-Jupiter scenario was proposed by Ramon Brasser , Alessandro Morbidelli , Rodney Gomes , Kleomenis Tsiganis , and Harold Levison after their studies revealed that the smooth divergent migration of Jupiter and Saturn resulted in an inner Solar System significantly different from the current Solar System . The sweeping of secular resonances through the inner Solar System during the migration excited the eccentricities of the terrestrial planets beyond current values and left an asteroid belt with an excessive ratio of high - to low-inclination objects . The step-wise separation of Jupiter and Saturn described in the jumping-Jupiter scenario can allow these resonances to quickly cross the inner Solar System without altering orbits excessively , although the terrestrial planets remain sensitive to its passage . The jumping-Jupiter scenario also results in a number of other differences with the original Nice model . The fraction of lunar impactors from the core of the asteroid belt during the Late Heavy Bombardment is significantly reduced , most of the Jupiter trojans are captured during Jupiter 's encounters with the ice giant , as are Jupiter 's irregular satellites . In the jumping-Jupiter scenario , the likelihood of preserving four giant planets on orbits resembling their current ones appears to increase if the early Solar System originally contained an additional ice giant , which was later ejected by Jupiter into interstellar space . However , this remains an atypical result , as is the preservation of the current orbits of the terrestrial planets .

negative: Pioneer 11 Pioneer 11 ( also known as Pioneer G ) is a 259 kg robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 6 , 1973 to study the asteroid belt , the environment around Jupiter and Saturn , solar wind , cosmic rays , and eventually the far reaches of the Solar System and heliosphere . It was the first probe to encounter Saturn and the second to fly through the asteroid belt and by Jupiter . Due to power constraints and the vast distance to the probe , last contact with the spacecraft was on September 30 , 1995 .

negative: 52872 Okyrhoe 52872 Okyrhoe ( -LSB- əˈkɪroʊ.iː -RSB- from ) is a centaur orbiting in the outer Solar System between Jupiter and Saturn . It was discovered on September 19 , 1998 , by Spacewatch .

negative: Outline of Saturn The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Saturn :   Saturn -- sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System , after Jupiter . It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth . Although only one-eighth the average density of Earth , with its larger volume Saturn is just over 95 times more massive . Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture ; its astronomical symbol represents the god 's sickle .

negative: Outline of Jupiter The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Jupiter :   Jupiter -- fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System . It is a giant planet with a mass one-thousandth that of the Sun , but two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined . Jupiter is a gas giant , along with Saturn , with the other two giant planets , Uranus and Neptune , being ice giants . Jupiter was known to astronomers of ancient times . The Romans named it after their god Jupiter . When viewed from Earth , Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of − 2.94 , bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows , and making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus .

negative: Titan (moon) Titan is the largest moon of Saturn . It is the only moon known to have a dense atmosphere , and the only object in space other than Earth where clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found .   Titan is the sixth ellipsoidal moon from Saturn . Frequently described as a planet-like moon , Titan is 50 % larger than Earth 's Moon , and it is 80 % more massive . It is the second-largest moon in the Solar System , after Jupiter 's moon Ganymede , and is larger than the smallest planet , Mercury , but only 40 % as massive . Discovered in 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens , Titan was the first known moon of Saturn , and the sixth known planetary satellite ( after Earth 's Moon and the four Galilean moons of Jupiter ) . Titan orbits Saturn at 20 Saturn radii . From Titan 's surface , Saturn subtends an arc of 5.09 degrees and would appear 11.4 times larger in the sky than the Moon from Earth .   Titan is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material . Much as with Venus before the Space Age , the dense opaque atmosphere prevented understanding of Titan 's surface until new information from the Cassini -- Huygens mission in 2004 , including the discovery of liquid hydrocarbon lakes in Titan 's polar regions . The geologically young surface is generally smooth , with few impact craters , although mountains and several possible cryovolcanoes have been found .   The atmosphere of Titan is largely nitrogen ; minor components lead to the formation of methane and ethane clouds and nitrogen-rich organic smog . The climate -- including wind and rain -- creates surface features similar to those of Earth , such as dunes , rivers , lakes , seas ( probably of liquid methane and ethane ) , and deltas , and is dominated by seasonal weather patterns as on Earth . With its liquids ( both surface and subsurface ) and robust nitrogen atmosphere , Titan 's methane cycle is analogous to Earth 's water cycle , at the much lower temperature of about 94 K.

negative: 2015 BZ509 2015 BZ509 is a retrograde co-orbital asteroid of Jupiter . The orbit of 2015 BZ509 is retrograde , or in the opposite direction of most Solar System objects . As of February 2017 its period was 11.65 years and its orbit had an eccentricity of 0.38 and an inclination of 163 degrees . Its period is close to the 11.86-year period of Jupiter . During one Jovian year , Jupiter moves 360 ° around the sun whereas 2015 BZ509 moves 366.3 ° in the opposite direction . The eccentricity of its orbit allows 2015 BZ509 to alternately pass inside and outside of Jupiter 's orbit at its closest approaches of 176 million kilometers . Each time it passes near Jupiter its orbital elements , including its period , are slightly altered . Over thousands of years the angle between the position of the asteroid and its perihelion minus the angle between Jupiter and the asteroid 's perihelion tends to oscillate around zero with a period of about 660 years and an amplitude of about 125 ° , although sometimes this difference slips by a whole 360 ° . Perturbations from Jupiter maintain the stability of this orbit over millions of years . Simulations show that it has been in its co-orbital relation with Jupiter for at least a million years and will continue for at least another million years . It is somewhat of a mystery how this asteroid ( or comet ) got into this orbit , but it is thought that at some time in the distant past it was put into an orbit resembling its present orbit by an interaction with Saturn , and then its orbit was perturbed into the state it is in today . Likewise , in the far future it may eventually get close enough to Saturn to be expelled from its present co-orbital relation with Jupiter .

negative: Giana Roberge Giana Roberge ( born December 16 , 1970 in New Hampshire ) is an American female road cycle racer from who after retiring from professional cycling in 1999 due to a heart condition , began another successful career as a team director , leading the Saturn Women 's road team to become one of the most successful teams in the world . In 2003 , she returned to cycle racing and has now competed in every major women 's one-day and stage race in the world .   On August 5 , 2005 , Roberge was inducted into the International Cycling Hall of Fame in Utica , New York . Roberge was honoured for both her racing career and her contribution to the sport as the Director of the Saturn Women 's Cycling Team and the president and owner of Team Speed Queen .

negative: 111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett 111P/Helin -- Roman -- Crockett is a periodic comet in the Solar System . It was discovered by Eleanor and Ron Helin on 5 January 1989 from images obtained on the 3rd and 4th of that month . It is a Jupiter family comet known for extremely close approaches to Jupiter being a Quasi-Hilda comet . During these approaches , it actually orbits Jupiter . The last such approach was in 1976 , the next will be in 2071 . The Jovian orbits are highly elliptical and subject to intense Solar perturbation at apojove which eventually pulls the comet out of Jovian orbit for the cycle to begin anew .   Simulations predict such a cycle is unstable , the object will either be captured into an encounter orbit ( e.g. Shoemaker-Levy 9 ) or expelled into a new orbit which does not have periodic approaches . This implies that 111P 's orbit is recent within the past few thousand years . It fits the definition of an Encke-type comet with ( TJupiter > 3 ; a < aJupiter ) .

negative: 1999 LE31 is a damocloid centaur discovered on June 12 , 1999 . It is both a Jupiter and Saturn-crossing minor planet .   spends most of its orbit located in the outer Solar System between Jupiter and Uranus , and like all centaurs , has an unstable orbit caused by the gravitational influence of the giant planets . Due to this , it must have originated from elsewhere , most likely outside Neptune .   Of over half a million known minor planets , is one of about 60 that has a retrograde orbit .   is approximately 16.8 km in diameter . It came to perihelion ( closest approach to the Sun ) in December 1998 . It was last observed in 2000 , and will next come to perihelion in February 2022 .

negative: Solar eclipses on Saturn Solar eclipses on Saturn occur when the natural satellites of Saturn pass in front of the Sun as seen from Saturn . For bodies which appear smaller in angular diameter than the Sun , the proper term would be a transit . For bodies which are larger than the apparent size of the Sun , the proper term would be an occultation . Seven of Saturn 's satellites -- Janus , Mimas , Enceladus , Tethys , Rhea , Dione and Titan -- are large enough and near enough to eclipse or occult the Sun , or in other words to cast an umbra on Saturn . Most of the more distant satellites , besides being tiny , have orbits that are strongly inclined to the plane of Saturn 's orbit , and would rarely be seen to transit .   At this distance , the sun covers only about 3 arcminutes in the sky of Saturn . In comparison , the seven major moons of Saturn have angular diameters of 5 -- 10 ' ( Mimas ) , 5 -- 9 ' ( Enceladus ) , 10 -- 15 ' ( Tethys ) , 10 -- 12 ' ( Dione ) , 8 -- 11 ' ( Rhea ) , 14 -- 15 ' ( Titan ) , and 1 -- 2 ' ( Iapetus ) . Iapetus is Saturn 's third largest moon , but is too far away to completely eclipse the sun . Janus , a very close moon to Saturn , has an angular diameter of about 7 ' , meaning that it can fully cover the sun .   Unlike Jupiter , Saturn has a moderate axial tilt of 26.7 degrees . This means that solar eclipses on Saturn are much more rare than solar eclipses on Jupiter .   Category : Solar eclipses by planet  Category : Saturn

negative: V354 Cephei V354 Cephei is a red supergiant star located within the Milky Way . It is an irregular variable located approximately 9,000 light-years away from the Sun , and is currently considered one of the largest known stars , with a radius estimate of 1520 solar radius . If it were placed in the center of the Solar System , it would extend to between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn .

negative: Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers , also abbreviated to Isis , is a specialized software package developed by the USGS to process images and spectra collected by current and past NASA planetary missions sent to Earth 's Moon , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , and other solar system bodies .

negative: Discovery and exploration of the Solar System Discovery and exploration of the Solar System is observation , visitation , and increase in knowledge and understanding of Earth 's `` cosmic neighborhood '' . This includes the Sun , Earth and the Moon , the major planets including Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune , their satellites , as well as smaller bodies including comets , asteroids , and dust .

negative: List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System Following are the largest lakes and seas on various worlds in the Solar System . Listed are single bodies of water or other liquid on or near the surface of a solid body ( terrestrial planet , planetoid , or moon ) . All objects in this list are expected to be round , hence anything that is part of a belt or disc is expected to be a dwarf planet .   Cold surface oceans or lakes are found on two worlds , Earth and Saturn 's moon Titan . Lava lakes are found on Earth and Jupiter 's moon Io . Subsurface oceans or seas occur on the other Galilean moons of Jupiter , Saturn 's moons Titan and Enceladus , and are suspected on the some of Saturn 's other moons , the asteroid Ceres , the larger trans-Neptunian objects , and ice planets in planetary systems . Recent analysis of the interior of Ganymede , taking into account the effects of salt , suggests that it and some of the other icy bodies may not have a single interior global ocean but several stacked ones , separated by different phases of ice , with the lowest liquid layer adjacent to the rocky mantle below .   __ TOC __

negative: Goldstone Solar System Radar The Goldstone Solar System Radar , or GSSR , is a large radar system used for investigating objects in the Solar system . Located in the desert near Barstow , California , it comprises a 500-kW X-band ( 8500 MHz ) transmitter and a low-noise receiver on the 70-m DSS 14 antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex . It has been used to investigate Mercury , Venus , Mars , the asteroids , and moons of Jupiter and Saturn . The most comparable facility is the radar at Arecibo Observatory .

negative: List of missions to the outer planets A total of nine spacecraft have been launched on missions that involve visits to the outer planets ; all nine missions involve encounters with Jupiter , with four spacecraft also visiting Saturn . One spacecraft , Voyager 2 , also visited Uranus and Neptune . The nine missions include two ; Ulysses and New Horizons , whose primary objectives are not related to the outer planets , but which flew past Jupiter to gain gravity assists en route to a polar orbit around the Sun , and Pluto -- at the time of its launch considered an outer planet -- respectively . Cassini -- Huygens also flew past Jupiter for a gravity assist on its mission to explore Saturn .   Only three of the missions to the outer planets have been orbiters : Galileo orbited Jupiter for eight years , while Cassini has been in orbit of Saturn since 2004 and Juno around Jupiter since 2016 .

negative: Jupiter mass Jupiter mass ( or ) is the unit of mass equal to the total mass of the planet Jupiter ( , 317.83 Earth mass ; one Earth mass equals 0.00315 Jupiter masses ) . Jupiter mass is used to describe masses of the gas giants , such as the outer planets and extrasolar planets . It is also used in describing brown dwarfs .   The most massive exoplanets are typically described in terms of Jupiter masses as this provides a convenient scale for comparison . A Jupiter-mass planet at an orbital distance of 1 AU from a Sun-like star causes an amplitude shift of 28 m/s , which is detectable with current technology . The most readily detectable planets through radial velocity measurements have high mass and close orbits . This produces a selection effect for planets of Jupiter mass . Likewise , Jupiter mass or higher planets are more likely to be detected through other means , such as transits or microlensing .   A planet with a Jupiter mass might not have the same dimensions .  The theoretical minimum mass a star can have , and still undergo hydrogen-1 fusion at the core , is estimated to be about 75 times the mass of Jupiter , while fusion of deuterium can occur at masses as low as 13 Jupiters .   In the Solar System , the masses of the outer planets can be listed in Jupiter mass . The other gas giants are far less massive than Jupiter .   Jupiter -- 1.000  Saturn -- 0.299  Uranus -- 0.046  Neptune -- 0.054   One Jupiter mass can be converted to related units :  25,839 Lunar mass  317.83 Earth mass  0.0009546 Solar mass   In comparison , one Solar mass is equivalent to :  27,068,500 Lunar mass  332,946 Earth mass  1,047.56 Jupiter mass   Jupiter comprises roughly three-quarters of the mass of the solar system excluding the Sun .

negative: Saturn A-2 Studied with the Saturn A-1 in 1959 , the Saturn A-2 was deemed more powerful than the Saturn I rocket , consisting of a first stage , which actually flew on the Saturn IB , a second stage which contains four S-3 engines that flew on the Jupiter IRBM and a Centaur high-energy liquid-fueled third stage .

negative: Titan Saturn System Mission Titan Saturn System Mission ( TSSM ) was a joint NASA -- ESA proposal for an exploration of Saturn and its moons Titan and Enceladus , where many complex phenomena were revealed by Cassini . With an estimated NASA cost of $ 2.5 billion ( FY07 ) , TSSM was proposed to launch in 2020 , get gravity assists from Earth and Venus , and arrive at the Saturn system in 2029 . The 4-year prime mission would include a two-year Saturn tour , a 2-month Titan aero-sampling phase , and a 20-month Titan orbit phase .   In 2009 , a mission to Jupiter and its moons was given priority over Titan Saturn System Mission , although TSSM will continue to be studied for a later launch date .

negative: Kronos (spacecraft) Kronos is a proposed mission to Saturn . It is aimed at detailed study of the chemical composition of the Saturn 's atmosphere , gravity and magnetic fields . The proposal consists of the solar-powered carrier spacecraft , two atmospheric probes and ( possibly ) two small probes for the close-up imaging of the Saturnian rings . Kronos was proposed as a part of collaboration between NASA and ESA .   After the launch at some date after 2015 and several flybys of Venus , Earth and Jupiter , Kronos would arrive at Saturn . The cruise time depends on chosen trajectory and is from 6 to 17 years . In the vicinity of Saturn two atmospheric probes are to be released , entering the atmosphere of Saturn and obtaining information on chemical composition ( including isotopic ratios ) , temperature , wind speeds and cloud structure to pressures down to 10 bar . Two rings probes , if implemented , would also be released in order to provide images of ring particles from a very close distance ( a few kilometers ) . The carrier spacecraft is proposed to fly by Saturn at a close distance obtaining precision information on the gravitational and magnetic fields of Saturn as well as on the atmospheric circulation and deep composition of the atmosphere .   The carrier spacecraft design closely follows that of Juno orbiter of Jupiter including solar panels . The proposed design of the descend probes will be similar to that of the Galileo 's atmospheric Entry Probe . The mission will be generally based on the existing technology .

negative: Cykranosh Cykranosh is the fictional name for the planet Saturn in the Cthulhu Mythos . Cykranosh is the creation of Clark Ashton Smith and is part of his Hyperborean cycle . It also the setting for his short story `` The Door to Saturn '' ( 1932 ) .

negative: Outline of Uranus The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical   Uranus -- seventh planet from the Sun . It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System . Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune , and both have different bulk chemical composition from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn . For this reason , scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as `` ice giants '' to distinguish them from the gas giants . Uranus 's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter 's and Saturn 's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium , but it contains more `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane , along with traces of other hydrocarbons . It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System , with a minimum temperature of 49 K , and has a complex , layered cloud structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds . The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ice and rock .

negative: Michele Dougherty Michele Karen Dougherty FRS ( born 1962 ) is a Professor of Space Physics at Imperial College London . She is leading unmanned exploratory missions to Saturn and Jupiter and is Principal Investigator for J-MAG - a magnetometer for the JUpiter ICy moons Explorer ( JUICE ) of the European Space Agencies ( ESA ) due for launch June 2022 .

negative: Solar cycle 16 Solar cycle 16 was the sixteenth solar cycle since 1755 , when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began . The solar cycle lasted 10.1 years , beginning in August 1923 and ending in September 1933 . The maximum smoothed sunspot number ( SIDC formula ) observed during the solar cycle was 130.2 ( April 1928 ) , and the starting minimum was 9.4 . During the minimum transit from solar cycle 16 to 17 , there were a total of 568 days with no sunspots .   Newspaper reports during this period note effects on telegraph systems , but also ( in March 1924 , January 1926 , October 1926 , and October 1927 ) on radio transmission .

negative: KY Cygni KY Cygni is a red supergiant of spectral class M3 .5 Ia located in the constellation Cygnus . It is one of the largest stars known , Its value is very poorly known , Its estimated size is 1420 solar radius or ( up to 2850 solar radius by some estimates ) . If It is placed at the center of the Solar System , it would extend past the orbit of Jupiter ( or Saturn ) . And it 's also one of the most luminous , with about 300,000 or more times the Sun 's luminosity . It is approximately 5,000 light-years away .

negative: Giant planet A giant planet is any massive planet . They are usually primarily composed of low-boiling-point materials ( gases or ices ) , rather than rock or other solid matter , but massive solid planets can also exist . There are four known giant planets in the Solar System : Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune . Many extrasolar giant planets have been identified orbiting other stars .   Giant planets are also sometimes called jovian planets , after Jupiter . They are also sometimes known as gas giants . However , many astronomers apply the latter term only to Jupiter and Saturn , classifying Uranus and Neptune , which have different compositions , as ice giants . Both names are potentially misleading : all of the giant planets consist primarily of fluids above their critical points , where distinct gas and liquid phases do not exist . The principal components are hydrogen and helium in the case of Jupiter and Saturn , and water , ammonia and methane in the case of Uranus and Neptune .   The defining differences between a very low-mass brown dwarf and a gas giant are debated . One school of thought is based on formation ; the other , on the physics of the interior . Part of the debate concerns whether `` brown dwarfs '' must , by definition , have experienced nuclear fusion at some point in their history .

negative: Cassini–Huygens Cassini -- Huygens is an unmanned spacecraft sent to the planet Saturn . It is a Flagship-class NASA -- ESA -- ASI robotic spacecraft . Cassini is the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter orbit . It has studied the planet and its many natural satellites since arriving there in 2004 .   Development of Cassini began in the 1980s . Its design includes a Saturn orbiter ( Cassini ) and a lander ( Huygens ) for the moon Titan . The two spacecraft are named after astronomers Giovanni Cassini and Christiaan Huygens . The spacecraft was launched on October 15 , 1997 , aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur and entered orbit around Saturn on July 1 , 2004 , after an interplanetary voyage that included flybys of Earth , Venus , and Jupiter . On December 25 , 2004 , Huygens separated from the orbiter , and it landed on Saturn 's moon Titan on January 14 , 2005 . It successfully returned data to Earth , using the orbiter as a relay . This was the first landing ever accomplished in the outer Solar System .   Cassini continued to study the Saturn system in the following years , and continues to operate . Due to a dwindling fuel supply , however , the spacecraft has entered the Grand Finale phase of its mission . A number of risky passes through the gap between Saturn and its inner ring are planned in order to maximize Cassini science returns before the orbiter is intentionally destroyed by diving into Saturn 's atmosphere on September 15 , 2017 . This planned deorbit is necessary to mitigate the risk of the spacecraft eventually colliding with and contaminating one of Saturn 's moons .

negative: Solar cycle 21 Solar cycle 21 was the 21st solar cycle since 1755 , when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began . The solar cycle lasted 10.5 years , beginning in March 1976 and ending in September 1986 . The maximum smoothed sunspot number ( SIDC formula ) observed during the solar cycle was 232.9 , in December 1979 , and the starting minimum was 17.8 . During the minimum transit from solar cycle 21 to 22 , there were a total of 273 days with no sunspots . The largest solar flare of this cycle ( X15 ) occurred on July 11 , 1978 .


query: One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.

positive: New Deal The New Deal was a series of programs , including , most notably , Social Security , that were enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938 , and a few that came later . They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term ( 1933 -- 37 ) of the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs were in response to the Great Depression , and they focused on what historians refer to as the `` 3 Rs '' , Relief , Recovery , and Reform : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy to normal levels , and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression .   The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of nine Presidential terms from 1933 to 1969 ) , with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional Democrats , big city machines , and the newly empowered labor unions and ethnic minorities . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as an enemy of business and growth , and liberals accepting some of it and promising to make it more efficient . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal Coalition that dominated most presidential elections into the 1960s , while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress from 1939 to 1964 . By 1936 the term `` liberal '' typically was used for supporters of the New Deal , and `` conservative '' for its opponents . From 1934 to 1938 , Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavours by a `` pro-spender '' majority in Congress ( drawn from two-party , competitive , non-machine , Progressive , and Left party districts ) . As noted by Alexander Hicks , `` Roosevelt , backed by rare , non-Southern Democrat majorities -- 270 non-Southern Democrat representatives and 71 non-Southern Democrat senators -- spelled Second New Deal reform . '' In the 1938 midterm elections , however , Roosevelt and his liberal supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition .   Many historians distinguish between a `` First New Deal '' ( 1933 -- 34 ) and a `` Second New Deal '' ( 1935 -- 38 ) , with the second one more liberal and more controversial . The `` First New Deal '' ( 1933 -- 34 ) dealt with the pressing banking crises through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act . The Federal Emergency Relief Administration provided $ 500 million ( $ today ) for relief operations by states and cities , while the short-lived Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) gave localities money to operate make-work projects in 1933 -- 34 . The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash . The controversial work of the National Recovery Administration was also part of the First New Deal .   The `` Second New Deal '' in 1935 -- 38 included the Wagner Act to protect labor organizing , the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) relief program ( which made the federal government by far the largest single employer in the nation ) , the Social Security Act , and new programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers . The final major items of New Deal legislation were the creation of the United States Housing Authority and Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , both in 1937 , and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers . The FSA was also one of the oversight authorities of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration which administered relief efforts to Puerto Rican citizens affected by the Great Depression .   The economic downturn of 1937 -- 38 , and the bitter split between the AFL and CIO labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938 . Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal Conservative Coalition . By 1942 -- 43 they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) and blocked major liberal proposals . Roosevelt himself turned his attention to the war effort , and won reelection in 1940 and 1944 . The Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) unconstitutional , however the AAA was rewritten and then upheld . As the first Republican president elected after Franklin D. Roosevelt , Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 61 ) left the New Deal largely intact , even expanding it in some areas . In the 1960s , Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs , which Republican Richard M. Nixon generally retained . After 1974 , however , the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support . The New Deal regulation of banking ( Glass -- Steagall Act ) was suspended in the 1990s .   Many New Deal programs remain active , with some still operating under the original names , including the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation ( FCIC ) , the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) , and the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) . The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System and the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) .

positive: Mad (magazine) Mad is an American humor magazine founded in 1952 by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines , launched as a comic book before it became a magazine . It was widely imitated and influential , affecting satirical media as well as the cultural landscape of the 20th century , with editor Al Feldstein increasing readership to more than two million during its 1974 circulation peak . As of January 2017 , Mad has published 544 regular issues , as well as hundreds of reprint `` Specials , '' original material paperbacks , compilation books and other print projects .   The magazine is the last surviving title from the EC Comics line , offering satire on all aspects of life and popular culture , politics , entertainment , and public figures . Its format is divided into a number of recurring segments such as TV and movie parodies , as well as freeform articles . Mads mascot , Alfred E. Neuman , is typically the focal point of the magazine 's cover , with his face often replacing that of a celebrity or character who is lampooned within the issue .

positive: Self-publishing Self-publishing is the publication of any book or other media by its author without the involvement of an established publisher . A self-published physical book is said to have been privately printed . The author is in control of the entire process including , for a book , the design of the cover and interior , formats , price , distribution , marketing , and public relations . The authors can do it all themselves or may outsource some or all the work to companies which offer these services .   Self-publishing is not limited to physical books . E-books , pamphlets , brochures , websites , and other media are commonly self-published .

positive: Google Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products . These include online advertising technologies , search , cloud computing , software , and hardware . Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University , in California . Together , they own about 14 percent of its shares , and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock . They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4 , 1998 . An initial public offering ( IPO ) took place on August 19 , 2004 , and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View , California , nicknamed the Googleplex . In August 2015 , Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. . Google , Alphabet 's leading subsidiary , will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet 's Internet interests . Upon completion of the restructure , Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google , replacing Larry Page , who became CEO of Alphabet .   Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products , acquisitions , and partnerships beyond Google 's core search engine ( Google Search ) . It offers services designed for work and productivity ( Google Docs , Sheets and Slides ) , email ( Gmail/Inbox ) , scheduling and time management ( Google Calendar ) , cloud storage ( Google Drive ) , social networking ( Google + ) , instant messaging and video chat ( Google Allo/Duo/Hangouts ) , language translation ( Google Translate ) , mapping and turn-by-turn navigation ( Google Maps ) , video sharing ( YouTube ) , notetaking ( Google Keep ) , and photo organizing and editing ( Google Photos ) . The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system , the Google Chrome web browser , and Chrome OS , a lightweight operating system based on the Chrome browser . Google has moved increasingly into hardware ; from 2010 to 2015 , it partnered with major electronics manufacturers in the production of its Nexus devices , and in October 2016 , it released multiple hardware products ( including the Google Pixel smartphone , Home smart speaker , Wifi mesh wireless router , and Daydream View virtual reality headset ) . The new hardware chief , Rick Osterloh , stated : `` a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience '' . Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier . In February 2010 , it announced Google Fiber , a fiber-optic infrastructure that was installed in Kansas City ; in April 2015 , it launched Project Fi in the United States , combining Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different providers ; and in 2016 , it announced the Google Station initiative to make public Wi-Fi around the world , which had already been deployed in India .   Alexa , a company that monitors commercial web traffic , lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world . Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites , including YouTube and Blogger . Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world for 4 consecutive years , but has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns , tax avoidance , antitrust , censorship , and search neutrality . Google 's mission statement , from the outset , was `` to organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful '' , and its unofficial slogan was `` Do n't be evil '' . In October 2015 , the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase `` Do the right thing '' .

negative: Puzzle jug A puzzle jug is a puzzle in the form of a jug , popular in the 18th and 19th centuries . Puzzle jugs of varying quality were popular in homes and taverns . An inscription typically challenges the drinker to consume the contents without spilling them , which , because the neck of the jug is perforated , is impossible to do conventionally .   The solution to the puzzle is that the jug has a hidden tube , one end of which is the spout . The tube usually runs around the rim and then down the handle , with its other opening inside the jug and near the bottom . To solve the puzzle , the drinker must suck from the spout end of the tube . To make the puzzle more interesting , it was common to provide a number of additional holes along the tube , which must be closed off before the contents could be sucked . Some jugs even have a hidden hole to make the challenge still more confounding .

negative: Semantic analysis (compilers) Semantic analysis , also context sensitive analysis , is a process in compiler construction , usually after parsing , to gather necessary semantic information from the source code . It usually includes type checking , or makes sure a variable is declared before use which is impossible to describe in Extended Backus -- Naur Form and thus not easily detected during parsing .

negative: History of writing The history of writing is the development of expressing language by letters or other marks , and the study and description of this development .   In the history of how systems of representation of language through graphic means have evolved in different human civilizations , more complete writing systems were preceded by proto-writing , systems of ideographic or early mnemonic symbols . True writing , in which the content of a linguistic utterance is encoded so that another reader can reconstruct , with a fair degree of accuracy , the exact utterance written downwriting usually does not convey the tone of the utterance . is a later development . It is distinguished from proto-writing which typically avoids encoding grammatical words and affixes , making it more difficult or impossible to reconstruct the exact meaning intended by the writer unless a great deal of context is already known in advance . One of the earliest forms of written expression is cuneiform .

negative: Maja Vukoces Maja Vukoces is a mountain in northern Albania in the Prokletije with a height of 2,450 m. Like others in the range , it too has a steep , rocky summit . It is even more difficult to climb it at winter when the snow and ice make the route to the peak and summit impossible to reach .

negative: Judicial districts of Spain In Spain , a judicial district ( Partido judicial ) is a territorial unit for the administration of justice , composed of one or more municipalities bordering and within the same province .   Among the municipalities that make up the judicial parties , one of them , usually the largest or highest number of contentious matters occur , it is called head of judicial party . In this head is the seat of one or more courts of first instance and instruction . Leading the rest of municipalities of the administrative area are the magistrates ' courts .

negative: Software Architectural Style A software architectural style is characterized by a set of features that make the software architecture uniquely identifiable . Software architectural styles generally provide a high level direction for solutions unlike software patterns which are focused on solving one or more specific problems . A software architectural style usually consists of one or more software patterns .   Category : Software architecture

negative: Dazzle (fabric) Dazzle is a type of polyester fabric that is widely used in making clothes like basketball uniforms , football uniforms , rugby ball uniforms and casual clothing because it absorbs moisture quickly . It is a lightweight fabric that allows air to circulate easily around the body .   Dazzle fabric is distinguished by the pattern of tiny holes in the weave of the material . Often made of synthetic fibers as well as cotton/synthetic blends , dazzle wear is usually sleek and shiny . To the touch , dazzle is soft and somewhat silky , although it is far more sturdy than silk .   Dazzle fabric is also used in some other applications , baby carriages and car seats are sometimes lined with dazzle fabric , and decorators have even incorporated dazzle fabric into window treatments such as swags and drapery panels .   Dazzle fabric does not stain very easily . Laundering a garment that is made of dazzle fabric on the normal cycle is usually sufficient to keep the garment in top condition . Air-drying or a few minutes in a dryer will usually produce a crisp and wrinkle free look . Dazzle fabric holds its shape very well and requires only basic maintenance .   Compared to other fabrics , dazzle is even more durable than denim because of the tightly woven polyester fibers , which make it nearly impossible to tear .   Category : Woven fabrics  Category : Sports uniforms

negative: Rib fracture A rib fracture is a break or fracture in one or more of the bones making up the rib cage . Fractures of the first and second ribs may be more likely to be associated with head and facial injuries than other rib fractures . The middle ribs are the ones most commonly fractured . Fractures usually occur from direct blows or from indirect crushing injuries . A rib fracture has the complication of potentially causing a pulmonary contusion . Rib fractures are usually quite painful because the ribs have to move to allow for breathing . When several ribs are broken in several places a flail chest results , and the detached bone sections will move separately from the rest of the chest .

negative: Tail recursive parser In computer science , tail recursive parsers are a derivation from the more common recursive descent parsers . Tail recursive parsers are commonly used to parse left recursive grammars . They use a smaller amount of stack space than regular recursive descent parsers . They are also easy to write . Typical recursive descent parsers make parsing left recursive grammars impossible ( because of an infinite loop problem ) . Tail recursive parsers use a node reparenting technique that makes this allowable .

negative: Michael Hordern on stage, screen and radio Michael Hordern ( 1911 -- 1995 ) was an English actor whose career spanned seven decades . He made more than 160 film appearances , usually in supporting character roles , and appeared in over 100 theatrical productions , most of them Shakespeare .

negative: Lapel Lapels are the folded flaps of cloth on the front of a jacket or coat , and are most commonly found on formal clothing and suit jackets . Usually they are formed by folding over the front edges of the jacket or coat and sewing them to the collar , an extra piece of fabric around the back of the neck .   There are three basic forms of lapels : notched , peaked and shawl . Notched lapels , the most common , are usually seen on business suits . Peaked lapels are more formal , and nearly always used on double breasted jackets , but it also frequently appears on single breasted ones . Shawl lapels are usually carried by dinner jackets , mess jackets and tuxedos .

negative: List of mutual-fund families in the United States The following is a limited list of mutual-fund families in the United States . A family of mutual funds is a group of funds that are marketed under one or more brand names , usually having the same distributor ( the company which handles selling and redeeming shares of the fund in transactions with investors ) , and investment advisor ( which is usually a corporate cousin of the distributor ) .   There are several hundred families of registered mutual funds in the United States , some with a single fund and others offering dozens . Many fund families are units of a larger financial services company such as an asset manager , bank , stock brokerage , or insurance company . Additionally , multiple funds in a family can be part of the same corporate structure ; that is , one underlying corporation or business trust may divide itself into more than one fund , each of which issues shares separately .   __ TOC __

negative: Ses Païsses Ses Païsses is a Bronze Age talayotic settlement on the southeastern outskirts of Artà in northeastern Majorca . It is one of the most important and best-preserved prehistoric sites in the Balearic Islands , although it is largely overgrown with woodland , mainly Quercus ilex ( holm oak ) , making it impossible to see the site as a whole .

negative: Omo tuo Omo tuo is a Ghanaian staple food made with rice . The rice is usually cooked with more water than usual to make it softer . It is then beaten a little to make it smooth and shaped into sizable balls  . It 's English designation is thus `` Rice Balls . '' It is usually served with tasty soup made of groundnut or palmnuts . It 's a Ghanaian delicacy enjoyed by all people groups most notably Akans , who coined its name .

negative: Masood Rana Masood Rana ( Urdu : مسعود رانا ) ( June 9 , 1938 - October 4 , 1995 ) was a Pakistani playback singer . He began his singing career in 1962 with the film Inqalab and became one of the top male singers in both Urdu and Punjabi films for more than three decades . He sang in the highest number of films and was a very busy film singer until his death in 1995 .

negative: Airport Business Area, Saskatoon Airport Business Area is an industrial park located in the North Industrial SDA Suburban Development Area of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . Industrial parks are usually located close to transport facilities , especially where more than one transport modalities coincide . The Idylwyld Drive North , Sk Hwy 11 Louis Riel Trail , and Sk Hwy 12 concurrency are all accessed directly from the Airport Business Area . The Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport is north of the Airport Business Area . Circle Drive marks the southern boundary , with access to SK Hwy 14 and Sk Hwy 16 , the Yellowhead Trans Canada .

negative: Discrete Ordinates Method In the theory of radiative transfer , of either thermal or neutron radiation , a position and direction-dependent intensity function is usually sought for the description of the radiation field . The intensity field can in principle be solved from the integrodifferential radiative transfer equation ( RTE ) , but an exact solution is usually impossible and even in the case of geometrically simple systems can contain unusual special functions such as the Chandrasekhar functions . The method of discrete ordinates , or the Sn method , is one way to approximately solve the RTE by discretizing both the xyz-domain and the angular variables that specify the direction of radiation .

negative: Embedded analytics Embedded analytics is the technology designed to make data analysis and business intelligence more accessible by all kinds of application or user .

negative: Categories of rallies Rallying makes up the majority of the `` grassroots '' of amateur motorsport , especially in the United Kingdom . Motor Clubs will usually run one or more rallies each year . Rallies fall into many categories each with different rules and aimed at different skill levels . The two basic categories are special stage rallies and road rallies .

negative: Equichordal point In geometry , an equichordal point is a point defined relative to a convex plane curve such that all chords passing through the point are equal in length . Two common figures with equichordal points are the circle and the limaçon . It is impossible for a curve to have more than one equichordal point .

negative: Pureland origami Pureland origami is a style of origami invented by the British paperfolder John Smith that is limited to using only mountain and valley folds . The aim of pureland origami is to make origami easier for inexperienced folders and those who have impaired motor skills . This means that many , but not all , of the more complicated processes that are common in regular origami are impossible ; and so alternative manipulations have been developed to create similar effects .