query: There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today

positive: Greenland Greenland ( -LSB- ˈɡriːnlənd -RSB- Kalaallit Nunaat -LSB- kaˈlaːɬit ˈnunaːt -RSB- Grønland -LSB- ˈɡ̊ʁɶnˌlanˀ -RSB- ) is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans , east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America , Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe ( specifically Norway and Denmark , the colonial powers , as well as the nearby island of Iceland ) for more than a millennium . The majority of its residents are Inuit , whose ancestors began migrating from the Canadian mainland in the 13th century , gradually settling across the island .   Greenland is the world 's largest island ( Australia , although larger , is generally considered to be a continental landmass rather than an island ) . Three-quarters of Greenland is covered by the only permanent ice sheet outside Antarctica . With a population of about 56,480 ( 2013 ) , it is the least densely populated country in the world . The Arctic Umiaq Line ferry acts as a lifeline for western Greenland , connecting the various cities and settlements .   Greenland has been inhabited off and on for at least the last 4,500 years by Arctic peoples whose forebears migrated there from what is now Canada . Norsemen settled the uninhabited southern part of Greenland beginning in the 10th century , and Inuit peoples arrived in the 13th century . The Norse colonies disappeared in the late 15th century . Soon after their demise , beginning in 1499 , the Portuguese briefly explored and claimed the island , naming it Terra do Lavrador ( later applied to Labrador in Canada ) . In the early 18th century , Scandinavian explorers reached Greenland again . To strengthen trading and power , Denmark-Norway affirmed sovereignty over the island .   Denmark -- Norway claimed Greenland for centuries . Greenland was settled by Vikings ( of Norwegian origin ) more than a thousand years ago , who had previously settled Iceland to escape persecution from the King of Norway and his central government . Vikings set sail from Greenland and Iceland , encountering North America nearly 500 years before Columbus reached the Caribbean islands . They attempted to colonize land . Though under continuous influence of Norway and Norwegians , Greenland was not formally under the Norwegian crown until 1262 . The Kingdom of Norway was extensive and a military power until the mid-14th century . Norway was dramatically hit with a larger death toll than Denmark by the Black Death , forcing Norway to accept a union in which the central government , university and other fundamental institutions were located in Copenhagen . Thus , the two kingdoms ' resources were directed at creating Copenhagen . Norway became the weaker part and lost sovereignty over Greenland in 1814 when the union was dissolved . Greenland became a Danish colony in 1814 , and was made a part of the Danish Realm in 1953 under the Constitution of Denmark .   In 1973 , Greenland joined the European Economic Community with Denmark . However , in a referendum in 1982 , a majority of the population voted for Greenland to withdraw from the EEC which was effected in 1985 . Greenland contains the world 's largest and most northernly national park , Northeast Greenland National Park ( Kalaallit Nunaanni nuna eqqissisimatitaq ) . Established in 1974 and expanded to its present size in 1988 , it protects 972001 km2 of the interior and northeastern coast of Greenland and is bigger than all but twenty-nine countries in the world . Greenland is divided into four municipalities - Sermersooq , Kujalleq , Qaasuitsup , and Qeqqata .   In 1979 , Denmark had granted home rule to Greenland , and in 2008 , Greenlanders voted in favour of the Self-Government Act , which transferred more power from the Danish royal government to the local Greenlandic government . Under the new structure , in effect since 21 June 2009 , Greenland can gradually assume responsibility for policing , judicial system , company law , accounting , and auditing ; mineral resource activities ; aviation ; law of legal capacity , family law and succession law ; aliens and border controls ; the working environment ; and financial regulation and supervision , while the Danish government retains control of foreign affairs and defence . It also retains control of monetary policy , providing an initial annual subsidy of DKK 3.4 billion , which is planned to diminish gradually over time . Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources . The capital , Nuuk , held the 2016 Arctic Winter Games . At 70 % , Greenland has one of the highest shares of renewable energy in the world , mostly coming from hydropower .

positive: Sahara The Sahara ( الصحراء الكبرى , , ` the Greatest Desert ' ) is the largest hot desert and the third largest desert in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic . Its area of 9200000 km2 is comparable to the area of the United States .   The desert comprises much of North Africa , excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast , the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb , and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan . It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west , where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains . To the south , it is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa .   The Sahara can be divided into several regions including : the western Sahara , the central Ahaggar Mountains , the Tibesti Mountains , the Aïr Mountains , the Ténéré desert , and the Libyan Desert .   The name ` Sahara ' is derived from ( , pronounced -LSB- / / ˈSaHa : ra : -RSB- ) , the plural of the Arabic word for `` desert '' .

positive: Greenland ice sheet The Greenland ice sheet ( Grønlands indlandsis , Sermersuaq ) is a vast body of ice covering 1710000 km ² , roughly 80 % of the surface of Greenland .   It is the second largest ice body in the world , after the Antarctic ice sheet . The ice sheet is almost 2400 km long in a north-south direction , and its greatest width is 1100 km at a latitude of 77 ° N , near its northern margin . The mean altitude of the ice is 2135 m . The thickness is generally more than 2 km and over 3 km at its thickest point . It is not the only ice mass of Greenland -- isolated glaciers and small ice caps cover between 76000 and around the periphery . If the entire 2850000 km3 of ice were to melt , it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m . The Greenland Ice Sheet is sometimes referred to under the term inland ice , or its Danish equivalent , indlandsis . It is also sometimes referred to as an ice cap .

positive: Reforestation Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted , usually through deforestation . Reforestation can be used to rectify or improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution and dust from the air , rebuild natural habitats and ecosystems , mitigate global warming since forests facilitate biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide , and harvest for resources , particularly timber , but also non-timber forest products .   The term reforestation is similar to afforestation , the process of restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or forests that may have existed long ago but were deforested or otherwise removed at some point in the past . Sometimes the term re-afforestation is used to distinguish between the original forest cover and the later re-growth of forest to an area . Forestation is the establishment of forest growth on areas that either had forest or lacked it .   Special tools , e.g. tree planting bars , are used to make planting of trees easier and faster .

negative: Air Greenland destinations Air Greenland domestic airport network includes all 13 civilian airports within Greenland . Two international airports capable of serving large airliners − Kangerlussuaq Airport and Narsarsuaq Airport − were formerly used as U.S. Air Force military bases , and have been used for transatlantic flights .   All other regional airports are STOL-capable , and are served with Bombardier Dash 8 Q200 fixed-wing aircraft . Outside Greenland , the airline operates transatlantic flights to Keflavík International Airport in Iceland , and to Copenhagen Airport in Denmark .   Smaller communities are served by settlement flights from the local helicopter hubs in Upernavik Airport in the Upernavik Archipelago in northwestern Greenland , in Uummannaq Heliport in the Uummannaq Fjord region in northwestern Greenland , Ilulissat Airport and Aasiaat Airport in the Disko Bay region in western Greenland , in Qaqortoq Heliport and Nanortalik Heliport in southern Greenland , and in Tasiilaq Heliport in southeastern Greenland . Out of 45 heliports served , 8 are primary , the remainder are helistops .   The following is a list of destinations served by Air Greenland as at April 2015 .

negative: Danish exonyms thumb | Bilingual town sign of Flensburg , Germany  Danish language exonyms for non-Danish speaking locations exist , primarily in Europe , but many of these are not commonly used anymore , with a few notable exceptions . Rom ( Rome ) , Lissabon ( Lisboa ( Lisbon ) ) , Sankt Petersborg ( St Petersburg ) and Prag ( Prague ) are still compulsory , while e.g. Venedig is more common than Venezia ( Venice ) . In the decades following World War II , there has been a strong tendency towards replacing Danish exonyms with the native equivalent used in the foreign country itself . Possibly this is because many of these Danish forms ( e.g. for names in Belgium , Italy and Eastern Europe ) were imported from German .   Until recently , it was official Danish policy to use Danish exonyms on road signs if Danish forms were commonly used and known . This has , however , been changed following a change in international agreements . Currently , one can still see Danish road signs pointing towards Flensborg and Hamborg across the border , however signs with Nibøl have been replaced for the sake of Niebüll . Signs leading to the Sound Bridge usually have Malmø with Danish spelling .   In Southern Schleswig , the region south of the Danish-German border , a set of original ( or , in some cases , reconstructed ) Danish placenames exists alongside the German names , just like most North Slesvig placenames have German counterparts dating from the period under Prussian rule ( 1864 -- 1920 ) . The Danish placenames in Southern Schleswig are used by the local Danish minority and their media , while some in Denmark may avoid their usage for political reasons . The usage of German placenames in North Slesvig is similarly preferred by the local German minority ( when speaking and writing German ) , but traditionally shunned by many Danes in the region . From 2008 , municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein have been allowed to double their town signs with the official minority languages : Danish , Frisian and Low German . So far , the city of Flensburg has been the only municipality to introduce bilingual German/Danish signs .   Danish placenames dating from the colonial era exist for almost all major settlements in Greenland . Some of the places in question were founded as settlements under a Danish name , while others were originally Greenlandic toponyms . Very frequently , the Danish and Greenlandic names have different etymologies ; while the former are often named after settlers or explorers , the latter usually describe geographical features . In 1983 , a Danish law officially transferred the naming authority to the Greenlandic Home Rule . During the years before and after that , a complete set of Greenlandic placenames have ousted the former traditional Danish names . Danish names in Greenland are now mostly known or used by older-generation Danish-speakers or by Danes living in Greenland . Until recently , Greenland was still - both officially and de facto - bilingual , but Greenlandic has assumed the status of sole official language in Greenland , following the island 's recent change from `` hjemmestyre '' ( home rule ) to `` selvstyre '' ( autonomy ) .   Faroese placenames were Danicised in an era when no Faroese orthography existed , but the Danish names were replaced by Faroese ones during the first half of the 20th century ( somewhat later on maps ) . Today only Thorshavn is commonly used ( alongside the Faroese Tórshavn and the hybrid Torshavn ) .   An example of radical use of Danish exonyms can be found in a great number of street names on the island of Amager , a part of Copenhagen . The city expanded greatly during the first half of the 20th century . Dozens of streets in the district were named after European cities or regions . It was deemed suitable for practical reasons that street names were adapted to Danish spelling rules , resulting in names such as Nyrnborggade and Lyneborggade .   Due to historical reasons , the list also includes the United States Virgin Islands in the Caribbean , as these islands were a Danish colony until 1917 .

negative: The Grass Is Greener (disambiguation) The Grass Is Greener may refer to :   The Grass is Greener ( play ) , a 1956 play written by Hugh and Margaret Williams  The Grass Is Greener , a 1960 film starring Cary Grant  `` The Grass Is Greener '' ( song ) , a 1963 song by Brenda Lee  The Grass Is Greener ( album ) , a 1970 album recorded by Colosseum

negative: The grass is always greener Grass is greener , grass is always greener , or the grass is always greener on the other side may refer to :   The Grass is Greener ( play ) , 1956 comedy written by Hugh Williams and Margaret Williams  The Grass Is Greener , 1960 comedy film directed by Stanley Donen and starring Cary Grant  The Grass Is Greener ( album ) , album by Colosseum , released in April 1970  The Grass Is Always Greener , 2006 album by Barbara Morgenstern  The Other Man 's Grass Is Always Greener ( album ) , 1968 album by Petula Clark  The Other Man 's Grass Is Always Greener , 1967 single by Petula Clark  `` The Grass is Always Greener '' , episode 24 of The Brady Bunch  `` Beddy Bye/The Grass is Greener '' , episode 33 of The Fairly OddParents

negative: Ikerasak (disambiguation) Ikerasak may refer to the following locations in Greenland :   Ikerasak , a settlement on Ikerasak Island in the Uummannaq Fjord region in northwestern Greenland  Ikerasak Island , an island in the Uummannaq Fjord region in northwestern Greenland  Ikerasak Fjord , a tributary fjord of Uummannaq Fjord in northwestern Greenland  Ikerasak Strait , a strait in Upernavik Archipelago in northwestern Greenland

negative: Richard Theodore Greener Richard Theodore Greener ( January 30 , 1844 -- May 2 , 1922 ) was the first African-American graduate of Harvard College and dean of the Howard University School of Law .

negative: Greener Greener is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Bob Greener ( 1899 -- 1970 ) , English professional footballer  Christopher Greener ( born 1943 ) , United Kingdom 's tallest human  Matthew Greener , British musician  Richard Theodore Greener ( 1844 -- 1922 ) , American diplomat  William Greener ( 1806 -- 1869 ) , English inventor and gunsmith

negative: Arcticodactylus Arcticodactylus is a genus of basal pterosaur living during the Late Triassic in the area of present Greenland . Its only species was previously attributed to Eudimorphodon , and its closest relatives may have been Eudimorphodon or Austriadraco .

negative: Greenland national football team The Greenland national football team represents Greenland in international football . It is controlled by the Football Association of Greenland . Although it has the same status as the Faroe Islands within the Kingdom of Denmark , Greenland is not , like the Faroe Islands national football team , a member of FIFA nor of any continental confederation and therefore is not eligible to enter the World Cup or other sanctioned tournaments . Most of the matches they have played have been against the Faroe Islands and Iceland , but neither of the two consider those games full internationals .

negative: Unpuncliegut The Unpuncliegut , also known as the Hunzpunzliegut , were a Native American people who lived along the southern part of the Texas coast ; their settlements are known to have been along the mainland shore of the Laguna Madre in the region of today 's Cameron and Willacy counties . They are believed to have spoken Coahuiltecan .

negative: Sisimiut Sisimiut , formerly Holsteinsborg , is the capital and largest city of the Qeqqata municipality , and the second-largest city in Greenland.The term ` city ' is loosely used to describe any populated area in Greenland , given that the most populated place is Nuuk , the capital , with 16,454 inhabitants . It is located in central-western Greenland , on the coast of Davis Strait , approximately 320 km north of Nuuk .   Although now a place-name , Sisimiut literally means `` the people at the fox burrows '' . The site has been inhabited for the last 4,500 years , first by the Inuit peoples of the Saqqaq culture , Dorset culture , and then the Thule people , whose descendants form the majority of the current population . Artifacts from the early settlement era can be found throughout the region , favored in the past for its plentiful fauna , particularly the marine mammals providing subsistence for the early hunting societies .  The population of modern Greenlanders in Sisimiut is a mix of the Inuit and Danish peoples , who first settled in the area in the 1720s , under the leadership of the Danish missionary , Hans Egede .   Today , Sisimiut is the largest business center north of the national capital of Nuuk and is one of the fastest growing cities in Greenland . Fishing is the principal industry in Sisimiut , although the town has a growing industrial base . KNI and its subsidiary Pilersuisoq , a state-owned chain of all-purpose general stores in Greenland , have their base in Sisimiut . Architecturally , Sisimiut is a mix of traditional , single-family houses , and communal housing , with apartment blocks raised in the 1960s during a period of town expansion in Greenland . Sisimiut is still expanding , with the area north of the port , on the shore of the small Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay reserved for a modern suburb-style housing slated for construction in the 2010s . Several professional and general schools are based in Sisimiut , providing education to the inhabitants of the city and to those from smaller settlements in the region . The new Taseralik Culture Center is the second cultural center to be established in Greenland , after Katuaq in Nuuk .   The city has its own bus line , and is the northernmost year-round ice-free port in the country , a shipping base for western and northwestern Greenland . Supply ships head from the commercial port towards smaller settlements in more remote regions of Uummannaq Fjord , Upernavik Archipelago , and as far as Qaanaaq in northern Greenland . The town airport is served by Air Greenland , providing connections to other towns on the western coast of Greenland , and through Kangerlussuaq Airport , to Europe .

negative: Greenlandic general election, 1987 General elections were held in Greenland on 26 May 1987 . Siumut and Solidarity both won 11 seats in the 26-seat Parliament .

negative: Nordic Seas The Nordic Seas are located north of Iceland and south of Svalbard . They have also been defined as the region located north of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge and south of the Fram Strait-Spitsbergen-Norway intersection . Known to connect the North Pacific and the North Atlantic waters , this region is also known as having some of the densest waters , creating the densest region found in the North Atlantic Deep Water . The deepest waters of the Arctic Ocean are connected to the worlds other oceans through Nordic Seas and Fram Straight . There are three seas within the Nordic Sea : Greenland Sea , Norwegian Sea , and Iceland Sea . The Nordic Seas only make up about 0.75 % of the World 's Oceans . This region is known as having diverse features in such a small topographic area , such as the mid oceanic ridge systems . Some locations have shallow shelves , while others have deep slopes and basins . This region , because of the atmosphere-ocean transfer of energy and gases , has varying seasonal climate . During the winter , sea ice is formed in the western and northern regions of the Nordic Seas , whereas during the summer months , the majority of the region remains free of ice .   Several water masses are found interacting in the Nordic Sea . These water masses are present due to subduction , deep convective mixing , surface/frontal mixing , and entrainment of water from low and high latitudes . Interaction from multiple water sources can lead to varying conditions . New primary production is higher in this region , usually exceeding regenerated primary production . New production is higher in regions where water interacts with Atlantic Water , which has nutrient-rich waters . When looking at carbon flux from the atmosphere to the ocean , this region is considered one of the highest in the world 's oceans . This region is also known as being one of the few bodies of water that take up large quantities of carbon dioxide yearly , ranging from 20-85 g C m − 2y − 1 , which is considered high in comparison the carbon dioxide flux in the world 's oceans .   The Nordic Seas include the Greenland Sea , the Norwegian Sea , and the Iceland Sea . The Greenland and the Norwegian Sea are separately distinguished by Mohn 's Ridge . The Greenland and Iceland Sea are separated by the Jan Mayen fracture zone , and the Norwegian and Iceland Seas have the Aegir Ridge between them . The Nordic Seas have varying and diverse features as a result of each sea having separate water mass structures and circulation patterns . The Greenland Sea produces dense waters because of its high salinity and cooler temperatures from winter cooling . Higher salinity is present as a result of the Greenland Sea 's close proximity to the salinity inflow that occurs from the Atlantic Ocean . Another dense water source comes from the Arctic waters that also flow into the Greenland Sea . These water source mixtures are important because they play a role in the overflows that occur in the North Atlantic . The water that overflows from the Greenland ridge becomes the North Atlantic Deep Water dense water , even though this body of water does not make up the deep waters of the Nordic Sea .

negative: Pachaimalai Hills The Pachaimalai Hills , ( Tamil : பச்சைமலை ) , also known as the Pachais , are low mountain range in the Eastern Ghats System . They are located in Tamil Nadu state , southeastern India .   In the Tamil language , Pachai means green . The range 's vegetation is greener than some of the other hills in the region .   The Tamil Nadu Government is planning to develop the Pachais as a tourist destination .

negative: Anoplotheriidae Anoplotheriidae is an extinct family of even-toed ungulates ( order Artiodactyla ) . They were endemic to Western Europe during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs about 48 -- 23 million years ago ( Mya ) , existing for about 25 million years . They disappeared at the end of the Oligocene , leaving no survivors today . Its name is derived from the ἂνοπλος ( `` unarmed '' ) and θήριον ( `` beast '' ) , translating as `` unarmed beast '' .   They were most likely mid-sized terrestrial herbivores not too distantly related to camels , but smaller and low-slung with long and thick tails , and rather generalistic . The climate during their time was warmer than today , and their habitats were probably subtropical or even tropical , with plentiful rainfall and abundant vegetation . Tropical rainforest may at least initially have occurred all over the Anoplotheriidae 's range . Ecologically , they may have resembled a large duiker of our time ( e.g. the similarly sized yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus silvicultor ) , foraging in dense growth where their low builds would have been advantageous .

negative: Greenland Current Greenland Current may refer to :   West Greenland Current  East Greenland Current

negative: List of Always Greener episodes The following is a list of episodes of Always Greener .

negative: Minister for Greenland Minister of Greenland was a cabinet post for affairs with the Danish Arctic territory .   Tom Høyem was Minister from 1982 and served till 1987 briefly ( succeeded by Mimi Jakobsen ) .  In September 1987 the post were laid down , and responsibility transferred to the Prime ministers office .   Since 1979 , Greenland has been governed locally or Home Rule with a parliament .

negative: Lecanora muralis Lecanora muralis is a waxy looking , pale yellowish green crustose lichen that usually grows in rosettes radiating from a center ( placoidiod ) filled with disc-like yellowish-tan fruiting bodies ( apothecia ) . It grows all over the world . It is extremely variable in its characteristics as a single taxon , and may represent a complex of species . The fruiting body parts have rims of tissue similar to that of the main nonfruiting body ( thallus ) , which is called being lecanorine . It is paler and greener than L. mellea , and more yellow than L. sierrae . In California , it may be the most common member of the Lecanora genus found growing on rocks ( saxicolous ) .

negative: Arcticoceras Arcticoceras is an extinct ammonoid cephalopod genus from the late Middle Jurassic belonging to the ammonite family Cardioceratidae , more commonly found to high northern latitudes .   The Arcticoceras shell is involute , inner whorls sharply ribbed , outer ones becoming smooth . The suture , following the description of the Sephanocerataceae , is complex , ammonitic , with a dominant 1st lateral lobe and well-developed umbilical lobe . May be derived from Arctocephalites .   Arcticoceras is found in northern Alaska , arctic Canada , Greenland , northern and central Russia , as well as in Wyoming , North Dakota , and Utah . Part of the fauna that lived in high latitude ( arctic and subarctic ) marine waters during the second half of the Middle Jurassic .   Arcticoceras kochi and A ishmanae have been found in the boreal Bathonian stage of central East Greenland . Arcticoceras and Arctocephalites are found the Volga River Basin , Sartov Region , and Arctocephalites in the Pechora River Basin indicating an earlier and deeper penetration of arctic water into European Russia than previously thought .

negative: Bahodir Nasimov Bakhodir Odimdjonovich Nasimov ( Баҳодир Насимов born 2 May 1987 ) is an Uzbek footballer who currently plays for K League Challenge club Ansan Greeners as a forward , having previously played for Dinamo Samarqand , Bunyodkor , Rubin Kazan , Neftchi Baku , Padideh , and Bunyodkor .

negative: Yanesha' language Yanesha ' ( Yaneshac̈h / Yanešač̣ ; literally ` we the people ' ) , also called Amuesha or Amoesha is a language spoken by the Amuesha people of Peru in central and eastern Pasco Region .   Due to the influence and domination of the Inca Empire , Yanesha ' has many loanwords from Quechua , including some core vocabulary . Yanesha ' may also have been influenced by Quechua 's vowel system so that , today , it has a three-vowel system rather than a four-vowel one that is typical of related Arawakan languages .

negative: Christopher Greener Christopher Paul Greener ( 21 November 1943 , New Brighton , Wallasey , Cheshire -- 11 February 2015 , Bromley , Kent ) was a British actor and basketball player .   He was at one point the tallest man in the United Kingdom and at the time of his death was the 4th tallest British-born man ( after Giant Bradley , Neil Fingleton and Paul Sturgess ) at 7 ft in height . His weight ranged from 20-30 stone ( 127-190 kg ) during his adulthood . Greener , from a very young age , had a tumour at the base of his pituitary gland , which controls the release of human growth hormone . The tumour caused Greener 's pituitary to grow to several times the size of that of an average person , and he would not have stopped growing had the tumour not been surgically removed when he was in his late 20s . Amazingly , his condition , pituitary gigantism , was not diagnosed until 1970 , when Greener was 27 years old , already at his maximum height and the record-holder as the tallest man in Britain . He held the record for 40 years .   In the late 1960s and early 1970s , Greener was an international basketball player for the Great Britain team , and was often at the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre .   Greener worked as an actor , often serving in various comedy roles focused on his great height . He played the circus giant in David Lynch 's The Elephant Man . He appeared in several documentaries chronicling the lives of the very tall , including the World 's Tallest People television special on The Learning Channel in the United States and Superhuman : Giants on the UK 's ITV .   On 14 February 2011 he appeared on an episode of The Gadget Show on Five in the UK to test out phones by dropping them .

negative: Military of Greenland The government of Greenland does not have control of Greenland 's military or foreign affairs . The defence of Greenland is the responsibility of Denmark . However , following the November 2008 referendum on increased autonomy , which attracted significant popular support ( 72 % turnout , 75 % vote in favor ) , the governments of Greenland and Denmark have agreed to a 30-point package that will begin to give Greenland greater powers over defence and foreign affairs .

negative: Belemnitina Belemnitina is a suborder of belemnites , an extinct group of cephalopods . They have been identified as the oldest of all the belemnites and are likely the stockgroup for them . They were extant from the early Jurassic to the early Cretaceous . Their geographic distribution was mostly limited to Europe , although specimens have been described in Japan suggesting they may have been more widespread than previously thought .

negative: W. W. Greener W.W. Greener is a sporting shotgun and rifle manufacturer from England . The company produced its first firearm in 1829 and is still in business , with a fifth generation Greener serving on its board of directors .

negative: The Grass Is Always Greener The Grass is Always Greener is a 2006 album by Barbara Morgenstern .

negative: Jonathan Petersen Jonathan Petersen ( 7 May 1881 -- 22 August 1961 ) was a Greenlandic songwriter . He composed the music to the national anthem of Greenland , Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit ( Our Country , Who 's Become So Old in English ) . The lyrics were written by the Greenlandic pastor Henrik Lund , and the song was adopted as the national anthem in 1916 .

negative: Elections in Greenland Greenland elects on national level a legislature . The Greenlandic Parliament ( Inatsisartut in Greenlandic ) has 31 members of parliament , elected for a four-year term by proportional representation . Greenland have a multi-party system ( disputing on independence and unionism as well as left and right ) , with numerous parties in which a single party normally does not have a chance of gaining power alone , and therefore the parties must work together in order to form a coalition government .

negative: William Wellington Greener William Wellington Greener ( 1834 -- 1921 ) was an innovative English gunsmith , the founder of the W. W. Greener company . He was also an author of books on guns , many of which went through multiple editions , most notably The Gun and Its Development ( first published 1881 ; 9th edition 1910 ; subsequently reprinted 1972 , 1989 , 2002 ) .   He was the son of the gunsmith William Greener ( 1806-1869 ) .

negative: List of Greenlandic artists This is a list of Greenlandic artists who were born in or who live in Greenland .

negative: Aramis, Ethiopia Aramis is a village and archaeological site in north-eastern Ethiopia , where remains of Australopithecus and Ardipithecus ( Ardipithecus ramidus ) have been found . The village is located in Administrative Zone 3 of the Afar Region with a latitude and longitude of , and is part of the Gewane woreda .   The Central Statistical Agency did not mention this village in their 2005 population report .   Archeologists include the find site near the village as part of the Middle Awash region . Taphonological and palynological studies have uncovered evidence of a rich fossil flora and fauna including many Canthium seeds , a genus found mainly in African woodlands and forests . Additionally , fossil medium-sized colobine monkeys and kudas suggest that pre-historic Aramis may have been wet , closed , and wooded , whereas today the Middle Awash is one of the dryest , hottest , and uninhabitable regions of the world .   In 1992 and 1993 a team led by Tim White found in total 17 specimens of hominid fossils at Aramis . These fossils were dated at 4.4 million years , 500,000 years earlier than the oldest afarensis fossils found in the eastern Middle Awash . This discovery was published on the front page of New York Times , and later a new genus and species of hominids was proposed , Ardipithecus ramidus .


query: They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.

positive: Effects of global warming The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused ( directly or indirectly ) by human emissions of greenhouse gases . There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring , and that human activities are the primary driver . Many impacts of climate change have already been observed , including glacier retreat , changes in the timing of seasonal events ( e.g. , earlier flowering of plants ) , and changes in agricultural productivity .   Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development . The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) and adapting to the impacts of climate change . Geoengineering is another policy option .   Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts . Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming ( in 2100 ) to around 2 ° C or below , relative to pre-industrial levels . Without mitigation , increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 ° C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to , and would increase the risk of negative impacts .

positive: Hockey stick controversy In the hockey stick controversy , the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed . Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries , and the name `` hockey stick graph '' was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures . These graphs were publicised to explain the scientific findings of climatology , and in addition to scientific debate over the reconstructions , they have been the topic of political dispute . The issue is part of the global warming controversy and has been one focus of political responses to reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards , and found indications that recent warming was exceptional . The reconstruction introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large-scale reconstructions , and its findings were disputed by Patrick Michaels at the United States House Committee on Science .   In 1998 , Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 . In ( MBH99 ) the methodology was extended back to 1000 . The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry D. Mahlman , to describe the pattern this showed , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' , followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the `` blade '' .  A version of this graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , along with four other reconstructions supporting the same conclusion . The graph was publicised , and became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th-century warmth was exceptional .   Those disputing the graph included Pat Michaels , the George C. Marshall Institute and Fred Singer . A paper by Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas claiming greater medieval warmth was used by the Bush administration chief of staff Philip Cooney to justify altering the first Environmental Protection Agency Report on the Environment . The paper was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy , but on July 28 , Republican Jim Inhofe spoke in the Senate citing it to claim `` that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people '' .   Later in 2003 , a paper by Steve McIntyre and Ross McKitrick disputing the data used in MBH98 paper was publicised by the George C. Marshall Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute . In 2004 , Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 , McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal component analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . The analysis therein was subsequently disputed by published papers , including and , which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . In June 2005 , Rep. Joe Barton launched what Sherwood Boehlert , chairman of the House Science Committee , called a `` misguided and illegitimate investigation '' into the data , methods and personal information of Mann , Bradley and Hughes . At Boehlert 's request , a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council was set up , which reported in 2006 , supporting Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result . Barton and U.S. Rep. Ed Whitfield requested Edward Wegman to set up a team of statisticians to investigate , and they supported McIntyre and McKitrick 's view that there were statistical failings , although they did not quantify whether there was any significant effect . They also produced an extensive network analysis which has been discredited by expert opinion and found to have issues of plagiarism . Arguments against the MBH studies were reintroduced as part of the Climatic Research Unit email controversy , but dismissed by eight independent investigations .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Over a dozen subsequent reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

positive: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations , set up at the request of member governments , dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective , scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts . It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations , the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) and the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53 . Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP .  The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , which is the main international treaty on climate change . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to `` stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic -LSB- i.e. , human-induced -RSB- interference with the climate system '' . IPCC reports cover `` the scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . ''   The IPCC does not carry out its own original research , nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself . The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature , which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources .   Thousands of scientists and other experts contribute ( on a voluntary basis , without payment from the IPCC ) to writing and reviewing reports , which are then reviewed by governments . IPCC reports contain a `` Summary for Policymakers '' , which is subject to line-by-line approval by delegates from all participating governments . Typically this involves the governments of more than 120 countries .   The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change , producing reports which have the agreement of leading climate scientists and the consensus of participating governments . The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared , in equal parts , between the IPCC and Al Gore .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Hockey stick graph Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records . These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century , with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures .   The term `` hockey stick graph '' was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman , to describe the pattern shown by the ( MBH99 ) reconstruction , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat with a downward trend to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' followed by a sharp , steady increase corresponding to the `` blade '' portion . The reconstructions have featured in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reports as evidence of global warming . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   Paleoclimatology dates back to the 19th century , and the concept of examining varves in lake beds and tree rings to track local climatic changes was suggested in the 1930s . In the 1960s , Hubert Lamb generalised from historical documents and temperature records of central England to propose a Medieval Warm Period from around 900 to 1300 , followed by Little Ice Age . This was the basis of a `` schematic diagram '' featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global . The use of indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed , and by the late 1990s a number of competing teams of climatologists found indications that recent warming was exceptional . introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large scale reconstructions . Their study was featured in the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995 .   In 1998 Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 with shading emphasising that uncertainties ( to two standard error limits ) were much greater in earlier centuries . independently produced a CPS reconstruction extending back for a thousand years , and ( MBH99 ) used the MBH98 methodology to extend their study back to 1000 .   A version of the MBH99 graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , which also drew on Jones et al. 1998 and three other reconstructions to support the conclusion that , in the Northern Hemisphere , the 1990s was likely to have been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year during the past 1,000 years . The graph became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th century warmth was exceptional . In 2003 , as lobbying over the 1997 Kyoto Protocol intensified , a paper claiming greater medieval warmth was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy . Later in 2003 , Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick published disputing the data used in MBH98 paper . In 2004 Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal components analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . Their analysis was subsequently disputed by published papers including and which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . Political disputes led to the formation of a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council , their North Report in 2006 supported Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , support the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Further reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

negative: Temperature record of the past 1000 years For information on the description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in various IPCC reports see MWP and LIA in IPCC reportsThe temperature record of the past 1,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale . Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional : the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that `` Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely '' the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . '' The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century . As of 2010 this broad pattern was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th-century `` shaft '' appears . Sparseness of proxy records results in considerable uncertainty for earlier periods .   Individual proxy records , such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology , are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap . Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions : tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures ( within the tropics trees do not form rings ) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean . Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions , incorporating proxies such as lake sediments , ice cores and corals which are found in different regions , and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records . The `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures ; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction ( CFR ) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas , making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models .   During the 1,900 years before the 20th century , it is likely that the next warmest period was from 950 to 1100 , with peaks at different times in different regions . This has been called the Medieval Warm Period , and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age . In the hockey stick controversy , contrarians have asserted that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than at present , and have disputed the data and methods of climate reconstructions .

negative: Afghanistan–China relations Afghanistan -- People 's Republic of China relations were mostly warm and friendly during most of the 20th Century but after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 , relations severely deteriorated . In the 21st century relations have improved significantly .

negative: Greek legislative election, 1920 Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 1 November 1920 . They were possibly the most crucial elections in the modern history of Greece , influencing not only the few years afterwards , including the country 's defeat by Kemal Atatürk 's reformed Turkish army in 1922 , but setting the stage for Greece 's political landscape for most of the rest of the 20th century . It had been nearly five years since the last election , a period during which all democratic procedures were suspended due to the National Schism , when Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos announced that the elections would take place on 25 October . However , after the unexpected death of King Alexander , who had assumed the throne after the exile of his father , King Constantine I , the elections were postponed until 1 November .   The result was a victory for the United Opposition , which won 251 of the 369 seats .

negative: Swizzle stick A swizzle stick is a small stick used to hold fruit garnishes or stir drinks . The original swizzle sticks were created in the 18th century at a rum plantation in the West Indies . They were used to stir up Bermudian cocktails called Rum Swizzles and were made from the branch of a plant . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , stir sticks made of glass were created to shake out the bubbles from champagne , whose carbonation caused indigestion for some drinkers .

negative: Doryanthes Doryanthes is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Doryanthaceae . The genus consists of two species , D. excelsa and D. palmeri , both native to the coast of Eastern Australia .   Plants grow in a rosette form , only flowering after more than 10 years . They enjoy a warm environment , good soil , and much water during the warmest time of the year .

negative: List of MAAC Tournament Most Valuable Player The MAAC Tournament Most Valuable Player was an annual award given out at the conclusion of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference men 's ice hockey tournament to the most valuable player in the championship as voted by the coaches of each MAAC team .   The award was discontinued after 2003 when the MAAC ice hockey conference was dissolved and all remaining programs reformed in Atlantic Hockey .

negative: 2010 in film In the year 2010 , there was a dramatic increase and prominence in the use of 3D-technology in filmmaking after the success of Avatar in the format , with releases such as Alice in Wonderland , Clash of the Titans , Jackass 3D , all animated films , with numerous other titles being released in 3D formats .   20th Century Fox celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010 .

negative: List of MAAC Awards The Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) gave out several conference awards to ice hockey players and coaches while it operated a hockey conference from 1998-99 thru 2002-03 . For five seasons the MAAC named players to three all-conference teams ( First Team , Second Team and Rookie Team ) and bestowed six of seven individual awards at the conclusion of the regular season . The seventh award ( Tournament MVP ) was conferred after the conference tournament was completed . All Awards were voted for by the head coaches of each MAAC member team .   All Awards were discontinued after the conclusion of the 2002-03 season when the MAAC ice hockey conference was dissolved due to Fairfield and Iona discontinuing their Division I programs . All remaining schools formed Atlantic Hockey which began play the following year .

negative: Baptist Mid-Missions Baptist Mid-Missions is an independent Baptist mission agency based in Cleveland , Ohio , that supports nearly 1000 missionaries in more than 55 countries around the world , in all six inhabited continents . Originally named The General Council of Co-operating Baptist Missions of North America , Inc. , it was established October 15 , 1920 . Its first ministry was located in French Equatorial Africa in the 1920s . Baptist Mid-Missions ' focus is on church planting , which is supported by ministries such as Bible translation/literacy , seminaries , camps , broadcasting , publishing , and disaster relief .   Category : Religious organizations established in 1920  Category : Baptist organizations established in the 20th century

negative: List of MAAC Coach of the Year The MAAC Coach of the Year was an annual award given out at the conclusion of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference regular season to the coach of a men 's ice hockey team in the conference as voted by the coaches of each MAAC team .   The award was discontinued after 2002-03 when the MAAC ice hockey conference was dissolved and all remaining programs reformed in Atlantic Hockey .

negative: Irving Kristol Irving Kristol ( January 22 , 1920 -- September 18 , 2009 ) was an American columnist , journalist , and writer who was dubbed the `` godfather of neo-conservatism . '' As the founder , editor , and contributor to various magazines , he played an influential role in the intellectual and political culture of the last half-century ; after his death he was described by The Daily Telegraph as being `` perhaps the most consequential public intellectual of the latter half of the 20th century . ''

negative: List of MAAC Defensive Rookie of the Year The MAAC Defensive Rookie of the Year was an annual award given out at the conclusion of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference regular season to the best defensive men 's ice hockey freshman in the conference as voted by the coaches of each MAAC team .   The award was discontinued after 2002-03 when the MAAC ice hockey conference was dissolved and all remaining programs reformed in Atlantic Hockey .

negative: List of MAAC Goaltender of the Year The MAAC Defensive Player of the Year was an annual award given out at the conclusion of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference regular season to the best defensive men 's ice hockey player in the conference as voted by the coaches of each MAAC team .   The award was discontinued after 2002-03 when the MAAC ice hockey conference was dissolved and all remaining programs reformed in Atlantic Hockey .

negative: List of scientists opposing the mainstream scientific assessment of global warming This is a list of scientists who have made statements that conflict with the scientific consensus on global warming as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and endorsed by other scientific bodies . As approximately 97 % of publishing climate scientists support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change , this list represents a minority viewpoint .   The scientific consensus is that the global average surface temperature has risen over the last century . Scientific opinion on climate change was summarized in the 2001 Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . The main conclusions on global warming at that time were as follows :  The global average surface temperature has risen 0.6 ± 0.2 ° C since the late 19th century , and 0.17 ° C per decade in the last 30 years .  `` There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities '' , in particular emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane .  If greenhouse gas emissions continue the warming will also continue , with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4 ° C to 5.8 ° C between 1990 and 2100 . Accompanying this temperature increase will be increases in some types of extreme weather and a projected sea level rise . The balance of impacts of global warming become significantly negative at larger values of warming .   These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized nations ; the consensus has strengthened over time and is now virtually unanimous . The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science .   There have been several efforts to compile lists of dissenting scientists , including a 2008 US senate minority report , the Oregon Petition , and a 2007 list by the Heartland Institute , all three of which have been criticized on a number of grounds .   For the purpose of this list , a `` scientist '' is defined as an individual who has published at least one peer-reviewed research article in the broad field of natural sciences , although not necessarily in a field relevant to climatology . Since the publication of the IPCC Third Assessment Report , each has made a clear statement in his or her own words ( as opposed to the name being found on a petition , etc. ) disagreeing with one or more of the report 's three main conclusions . Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles . Few of the statements in the references for this list are part of the peer-reviewed scientific literature ; most are from other sources such as interviews , opinion pieces , online essays and presentations .   NB : Only individuals who have their own Wikipedia article may be included in the list .

negative: Golden Hockey Stick The Golden Hockey Stick ( Zlatá hokejka ) is an award given to the top Czech ice hockey player . It was originally awarded to the top player in the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League , beginning in the 1968 -- 69 season . After the Czech Republic and Slovakia became separate countries in 1993 , it was awarded to the top Czech player anywhere in the world .   Jaromír Jágr has won this award 12 times , more than any other player . Dominik Hašek won it five times .

negative: Chamois grip Chamois grip or Shammy is popularly used by field hockey players to enhance the grip on their hockey stick . Chamois grips are `` overgrips '' which means they do not have adhesives on them , instead they are merely wrapped around the hockey stick handle .   They are very good at preventing the hands from slipping off the stick and are especially useful when wet , this is because they are designed to absorb moisture . Most internationals will use chamois grips over their existing grips for extra feel and grip in the wet .   The chamois grip for field hockey gets its name from the chamois leather but is not related to it now . Most of the grips available are now produced in Pakistan and India , not in the original town in France .

negative: Jonchets Jonchets or onchets is a pick-up sticks game from France played with carved sticks . References to the game date back as far as the 17th century , and it was quite popular at the start of the 20th century . The sticks were originally made of rush , but later also from wood , bone or ivory .   Jonchets can be played by 2 to 4 players , with 30 to 40 sticks at a length of 10 cm . The sticks are thrown on a table , and the rules of play are likely similar to jackstraws . In jonchets , some sticks may have carved heads that denote different point values .   Mikado ( game ) is a simplified variation that may have been directly inspired by jonchets .   `` Jonchets '' were also the name of a stick abacus calcus form in France with Asian background .   Category : Games of physical skill

negative: List of MAAC Offensive Player of the Year The MAAC Offensive Player of the Year was an annual award given out at the conclusion of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference regular season to the best offensive men 's ice hockey player in the conference as voted by the coaches of each MAAC team .   The award was discontinued after 2002-03 when the MAAC ice hockey conference was dissolved and all remaining programs reformed in Atlantic Hockey .

negative: Hipparchus of Euboea Hipparchus or Hipparch of Euboea ( Ἵππαρχος fl . 4th century BC ) was one of the warmest partisans of Philip of Macedon , who rewarded him for his zeal by appointing him , together with Automedon and Cleitarchus , to be rulers , or , as Demosthenes calls them , tyrants of Eretria , supported by a force of mercenary troops . From an anecdote mentioned by Plutarch , it appears that Philip entertained for him feelings of warm personal regard .

negative: Hugh Laing Hugh Laing ( 6 June 191110 May 1988 ) was one of the most significant dramatic ballet dancers of the 20th-century . He was the partner of choreographer Antony Tudor .

negative: History of women's ice hockey in the United States The history of women 's ice hockey in the United States can be traced back to the early 20th century . In the 1920s , the Seattle Vamps competed in various hockey tournaments . In 1916 , the United States hosted an international hockey tournament in Cleveland , Ohio , that featured Canadian and American women 's hockey teams .

negative: Toronto Young Rangers The Toronto Young Rangers were a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey Association from 1937 -- 38 until the conclusion of the 1947 -- 48 season . While most teams in the league had an affiliation with a National Hockey League club , the Young Rangers did not . They were owned , operated and coached by Ed Wildey ( November 22 , 1875 -- July 19 , 1964 ) , a Toronto sportsman who worked out an arrangement with Conn Smythe that saw the team practise early mornings at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto . During the 1940 -- 41 season , Wildey was able to secure sponsorship and the team was known as the `` Bowles Rangers . '' The team took a one year hiatus for the 1942 -- 43 season . For his contributions to junior hockey , in 1962 , Ed Wildey was awarded the Gold Stick , an order of merit in hockey awarded by the OHA for outstanding service to the game other than as a player . Such outstanding service must have been for a period of not less than 10 years continuous duration .

negative: John Eastaugh John Richard Gordon Eastaugh ( 11 March 1920-16 February 1990 ) was an Anglican bishop in the last third of the 20th century .   He was born on 11 March 1920 and educated at the University of Leeds and ordained in 1944 . He began his career with a curacy at All Saints ' Poplar and then held incumbencies at Hackney and Heston before being collated Archdeacon of Middlesex in 1966 . He was ordained to the episcopate as Bishop of Hereford in 1973 and died in post 17 years later on 16 February 1990 , aged 69 .

negative: North Report The North Report was a 2006 report evaluating reconstructions of the temperature record of the past two millennia , providing an overview of the state of the science and the implications for understanding of global warming . It was produced by a National Research Council committee , chaired by Gerald North , at the request of Representative Sherwood Boehlert as chairman of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science .   These reconstructions had been dubbed `` hockey stick graphs '' after the 1999 reconstruction by Mann , Bradley and Hughes ( MBH99 ) , which used the methodology of their 1998 reconstruction covering 600 years ( MBH98 ) . A graph based on MBH99 was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , and became a focus of the global warming controversy over the 1997 Kyoto Protocol . It was disputed by various contrarians , and in the politicisation of this hockey stick controversy the New York Times of 14 February 2005 hailed a paper by businessman Stephen McIntyre and economist Ross McKitrick ( MM05 ) as undermining the scientific consensus behind the Kyoto agreement . On 23 June 2005 , Rep. Joe Barton , chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce , with Ed Whitfield , Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations , wrote joint letters referring to issues raised by the Wall Street Journal article , and demanding that Mann , Bradley and Hughes provide full records on their data and methods , finances and careers , information about grants provided to the institutions they had worked for , and the exact computer codes used to generate their results . Boehlert said this was a `` misguided and illegitimate investigation '' into something that should properly be under the jurisdiction of the Science Committee , and in November 2005 after Barton dismissed the offer of an independent investigation organised by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences , Boehlert requested the review , which became the North Report .   The North Report went through a rigorous review process , and was published on 22 June 2006 . It concluded `` with a high level of confidence that global mean surface temperature was higher during the last few decades of the 20th century than during any comparable period during the preceding four centuries '' , justified by consistent evidence from a wide variety of geographically diverse proxies , but `` Less confidence can be placed in large-scale surface temperature reconstructions for the period from 900 to 1600 '' . It broadly agreed with the basic findings of the original MBH studies , which subsequently been supported by other reconstructions and proxy records , while emphasising uncertainties over earlier periods . The principal component analysis methodology that McIntyre and McKitrick had contested had a small tendency to bias results so was not recommended -- but it had little influence on the final reconstructions , and other methods produced similar results .

negative: Johnstown Chiefs The Johnstown Chiefs were a minor league ice hockey team located in Johnstown , Pennsylvania , that played in the ECHL . The team was founded in 1987 in the All-American Hockey League , and moved to the East Coast Hockey League ( now `` ECHL '' ) when that league was formed . The Chiefs lasted for 22 years in Johnstown , and was the last of the founding ECHL teams playing under its original name and in its original city . The Chiefs relocated to Greenville , South Carolina , following the completion of the 2010 season .

negative: Christy (surname) Christy is an Irish name meaning of Christ , in reference to Jesus .   Due to emigration to the United States , Christy has also been used as an Americanization of Scandinavian last names such as the Danish Christiansen ) . As a result , a small number of Danes with the last name Christy are descendants of a family which emigrated to the US in the early 20th century . However , most of the children returned to Denmark in the 1920s .  For this reason , a large majority of Danish citizens with the last name Christy are related by blood .

negative: Andrew Montford Andrew William Montford is an English writer and editor who is the owner of the Bishop Hill blog and describes himself as '' ... one of the UK 's best-known critics of the so-called global warming consensus . '' He is the author of The Hockey Stick Illusion ( 2010 ) .

negative: Stacey Michelsen Stacey Michelsen ( born 18 February 1991 ) is a New Zealand field hockey player . She has competed for the New Zealand women 's national field hockey team ( the Black Sticks Women ) , including for the team at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and the 2012 Summer Olympics .   Michelsen was first selected for the Black Sticks Women in June 2009 , along with ten other players as the Black Sticks squad was overhauled following its last place finish at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . In February 2012 , she was named the 2011 women 's Young Player of the Year in the International Hockey Federation 's ( FIH ) Player of the Year Awards .   Born in Whangarei , Michelsen attended Kamo Intermediate and Kamo High School in Whangarei and St Cuthbert 's College in Auckland . She studies law and business at the University of Auckland .

negative: Cumberland Market Cumberland Market was a London market between Regent 's Park and Euston railway station . It was built in the early 19th century and was London 's hay and straw market for a hundred years until the late 1920s . An arm of the Regent 's Canal was built to the market . The market was surrounded by modest housing , and in the early 20th century became an artistic community . The original houses were demolished during and after the Second World War and it is now a housing estate , known as Regent 's Park Estate .

negative: Raspoutine (2011 film) Raspoutine or ( -LSB- Распутин , Rasputin -RSB- ) is a Franco-Russian historical film about the last year of the life of one of the most enigmatic figures of Russian history of the 20th century - Grigori Rasputin .

negative: Melody of the year (Bulgaria) Melody of the year was the biggest annual national TV contest in Bulgaria in the 20th century .  The competition is conducted in The dramatic theater `` Konstantin Kisimov '' in Veliko Tarnovo . The show was led by Inna Simeonova .  The parent label were Balkanton .