query: Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.

positive: Earth Earth ( from Eorðe -LSB- Γαῖα , Gaia -RSB- Terra ) , otherwise known as the World or the Globe , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets .   According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . During one orbit around the Sun , Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times ; thus , an Earth year is about 365.26 days long . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted , producing seasonal variations on the planet 's surface . The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes the Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation .   Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by its oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics .   Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states .

positive: Sea ice Sea ice arises as seawater freezes . Because ice is less dense than water , it floats on the ocean 's surface ( as does fresh water ice , which has an even lower density ) . Sea ice covers about 7 % of the Earth 's surface and about 12 % of the world 's oceans . Much of the world 's sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent , a natural process upon which depends the Arctic ecology , including the ocean 's ecosystems . Due to the action of winds , currents and temperature fluctuations , sea ice is very dynamic , leading to a wide variety of ice types and features . Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs , which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean . Depending on location , sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Polar ice packs (disambiguation) Polar ice packs may refer to :  Sea ice  Arctic ice pack  Antarctic sea ice

negative: Arctic The Arctic ( -LSB- ˈɑrktɪk -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɑrtɪk -RSB- ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth . The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean , adjacent seas , and parts of Alaska ( United States ) , Canada , Finland , Greenland ( Denmark ) , Iceland , Norway , Russia and Sweden . Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover , with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra . Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places .   The Arctic region is a unique area among Earth 's ecosystems . For example , the cultures in the region and the Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to its cold and extreme conditions . In recent years , Arctic sea ice decline has been caused by global warming . Life in the Arctic includes organisms living in the ice , zooplankton and phytoplankton , fish and marine mammals , birds , land animals , plants and human societies . Arctic land is bordered by the subarctic .

negative: Drift ice Drift ice is any sea ice other than fast ice , the latter being attached ( `` fastened '' ) to the shoreline or other fixed objects ( shoals , grounded icebergs , etc. ) . Drift ice is carried along by winds and sea currents , hence its name . When drift ice is driven together into a large single mass ( > 70 % coverage ) , it is called pack ice . Wind and currents can pile up that ice to form ridges up to several metres in height . These represent a challenge for icebreakers and offshore structures operating in cold oceans and seas .   Drift ice consists of floes , individual pieces of sea ice 20 m or more across . There are names for various floe sizes : small -- 20 m to 100 m ; medium -- 100 m to 500 m ; big -- 500 m to 2000 m ; vast -- 2 km to 10 km ; and giant -- more than 10 km .   Seasonal ice drift in the Sea of Okhotsk by the northern coast of Hokkaidō , Japan has become a tourist attraction of this area with harsh climate , and is one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan . The Sea of Okhotsk is the southernmost area in the Northern hemisphere where drift ice may be observed .   Drift ice affects :  Security of navigation  Climatic impact ( see Polar ice packs )  Geological impact  Biosphere influence ( see Ecology of sea ice )   The two major ice packs are the Arctic ice pack and the Antarctic ice pack . The most important areas of pack ice are the polar ice packs formed from seawater in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs significantly change their size during seasonal changes of the year . Because of vast amounts of water added to or removed from the oceans and atmosphere , the behavior of polar ice packs has a significant impact on global changes in climate .

negative: Brine pool A brine pool is a large area of brine on the ocean basin . These pools are bodies of water that have a salinity three to eight times greater than the surrounding ocean . For deep-sea brine pools , the source of the salt is the dissolution of large salt deposits through salt tectonics . The brine often contains high concentrations of methane , providing energy to chemosynthetic animals that live near the pool . These creatures are often extremophiles . Brine pools are also known to exist on the Antarctic Shelf where the source of brine is salt excluded during formation of sea ice . Deep-sea and Antarctic brine pools can be toxic to marine animals .

negative: Pine Island Glacier Pine Island Glacier ( PIG ) is a large ice stream glacier , and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica , responsible for about 25 % of Antarctica 's ice loss . The glacier ice streams flow west-northwest along the south side of the Hudson Mountains into Pine Island Bay , Amundsen Sea , Antarctica . It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) from surveys and United States Navy ( USN ) air photos , 1960 -- 66 , and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) in association with Pine Island Bay .   The area drained by Pine Island Glacier comprises about 10 % of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet . Satellite measurements have shown that the Pine Island Glacier Basin has a greater net contribution of ice to the sea than any other ice drainage basin in the world and this has increased due to recent acceleration of the ice stream .   The ice stream is extremely remote , with the nearest continually occupied research station at Rothera , nearly 1300 km away . The area is not claimed by any nations and the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any new claims while it is in force .

negative: Icing (nautical) Icing on ships is a serious hazard where cold temperatures ( below about -10 C ) combined with high wind speed ( typically force 8 or above on the Beaufort scale ) result in spray blown off the sea freezing immediately on contact with the ship . If not frequently knocked off , the ice can soon build up on the ship 's superstructure to a sufficient weight to cause the ship to capsize .   It is typically a problem in Arctic and Antarctic seas , but can also occur in other seas such as the Gulf of Saint Lawrence , the Sea of Japan , the Baltic Sea , and very rarely , the North Sea .

negative: Deglaciation Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .

negative: Past sea level Global or eustatic sea level has fluctuated significantly over the Earth 's history . The main factors affecting sea level are the amount and volume of available water and the shape and volume of the ocean basins . The primary influences on water volume are the temperature of the seawater , which affects density , and the amounts of water retained in other reservoirs like rivers , aquifers , lakes , glaciers , polar ice caps and sea ice . Over geological timescales , changes in the shape of the oceanic basins and in land/sea distribution affect sea level . In addition to eustatic changes , local changes in sea level are caused by tectonic uplift and subsidence .   Over geologic time sea level has fluctuated by hundreds of meters . Today 's interglacial level is near historic highs and is 130 meters above the low level reached during the Last Glacial Maximum 19,000 -- 20,000 years ago .   Observational and modeling studies of mass loss from glaciers and ice caps indicate a contribution to sea-level rise of 0.2 to 0.4 mm/yr averaged over the 20th century . Over this last million years , whereas it was higher most of the time before then , sea level was lower than today .

negative: Polaribacter franzmannii Polaribacter franzmannii is a species of gas vacuolate polar marine bacteria . It was first isolated from sea ice and water from the Arctic and the Antarctic . Its type strain is ATCC 700399 .

negative: Polaribacter filamentus Polaribacter filamentus is a species of gas vacuolate polar marine bacteria . It was first isolated from sea ice and water from the Arctic and the Antarctic . Its type strain is ATCC 700397 .

negative: Greenland Sea The Greenland Sea is a body of water that borders Greenland to the west , the Svalbard archipelago to the east , Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean to the north , and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland to the south . The Greenland Sea is often defined as part of the Arctic Ocean , sometimes as part of the Atlantic Ocean . However , definitions of the Arctic Ocean and its seas tend to be imprecise or arbitrary . In general usage the term `` Arctic Ocean '' would exclude the Greenland Sea . In oceanographic studies the Greenland Sea is considered part of the Nordic Seas , along with the Norwegian Sea . The Nordic Seas are the main connection between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans and , as such , could be of great significance in a possible shutdown of thermohaline circulation . In oceanography the Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas are often referred to collectively as the `` Arctic Mediterranean Sea '' , a marginal sea of the Atlantic .   The sea has Arctic climate with regular northern winds and temperatures rarely rising above 0 ° C . It previously contained the Odden ice tongue ( or Odden ) area , which extended eastward from the main East Greenland ice edge in the vicinity of 72 -- 74 ° N during the winter and acted as a key winter ice formation area in the Arctic . The West Ice forms in winter in the Greenland Sea , north of Iceland , between Greenland and Jan Mayen island . It is a major breeding ground of harp seal and hooded seal that has been used for seal hunting for more than 200 years .

negative: Lincoln Sea Lincoln Sea is a body of water in the Arctic Ocean , stretching from Cape Columbia , Canada , in the west to Cape Morris Jesup , Greenland , in the east . The northern limit is defined as the great circle line between those two headlands . It is covered with sea ice throughout the year , the thickest sea ice in the Arctic Ocean , which can be up to 15 m thick . Water depths range from 100 m to 300 m. Water and ice from Lincoln Sea empty into Robeson Channel , the northernmost part of Nares Strait , most of the time .   The sea was named after Robert Todd Lincoln , then United States Secretary of War , on Adolphus W. Greely 's 1881 -- 1884 Arctic expedition into Lady Franklin Bay .   Alert , the northernmost station of Canada , is the only populated place on the shore of Lincoln Sea .   The body of water to the east of Lincoln Sea ( east of Cape Morris Jesup ) is Wandel Sea .

negative: Polaribacter irgensii Polaribacter irgensii is a species of gas vacuolate polar marine bacteria . It was first isolated from sea ice and water from the Arctic and the Antarctic . Its type strain is ATCC 700398 .

negative: Jezek Glacier Jezek Glacier is a glacier on the southeast side of Platform Spur , flowing northeast into Emmanuel Glacier in the Royal Society Range of Victoria Land , Antarctica . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1992 after Kenneth C. Jezek , a geophysicist with the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , 1983 -- 89 ; in 12 visits to the Arctic and Antarctic he conducted geophysical surveys using remote sensing techniques on measurement and properties of terrestrial ice and sea ice with work at Dome Charlie , the Ross Ice Shelf and the Weddell Sea . From 1989 he was Director of the Byrd Polar Research Center .

negative: Lead (sea ice) A lead ( -LSB- ˈliːd -RSB- ) is a large fracture within an expanse of sea ice , defining a linear area of open water that can be used for navigation purposes . Leads vary in width from meters to hundreds of meters . As is the case for polynyas ( another sea ice feature involving open water ) , leads allow the direct interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean , and are important for Arctic sea ice ecology . Additionally it has been lately found that ice leads contribute significantly to the amount of mercury deposited onto surface and leaked into the ocean . If the air is cold enough ( typically in the winter ) , the water within a lead quickly refreezes , such that in many cases , leads are partly or entirely covered by a thin layer of new ice .

negative: Sympagic ecology A sympagic environment is one where water exists mostly as a solid , ice , such as a polar ice cap or glacier . Solid sea ice is permeated with channels filled with salty brine . These briny channels and the sea ice itself have its ecology , referred to as `` sympagic ecology '' .   Residents of temperate or tropical climates often assume , mistakenly , that ice and snow are devoid of life . In fact , a number of varieties of algae such as diatoms engage in photosynthesis in arctic and alpine regions of Earth . Other energy sources include Aeolian dust and pollen swept in from other regions . These ecosystems also include bacteria and fungi , as well as animals like flatworms and crustaceans . A number of sympagic worm species are commonly called ice worms .   Additionally , the ocean has abundant plankton , and prolific algal blooms occur in the polar regions each summer as well as in high mountain lakes , bringing nutrients to those parts of the ice in contact with the water .   In the spring , krill can scrape off the green lawn of ice algae from the underside of the pack ice .

negative: Joseph Adhémar Joseph Alphonse Adhémar ( 1797 -- 1862 ) was a French mathematician . He was the first to suggest that ice ages were controlled by astronomical forces in his 1842 book Revolutions of the Sea .   The Earth 's orbit is elliptical , with the Sun at one focus ; lines drawn through the summer and winter solstice ; and the spring and autumn equinox ; intersect with the sun at right angles . The Earth is closest to the Sun ( perihelion ) near the northern hemisphere winter solstice . The earth moves faster through its orbit when closer to the sun . Hence , the period from the northern hemisphere 's autumn equinox to winter and spring is shorter by around seven days than the period from spring to summer to autumn ; the reverse is true in the southern hemisphere . Hence , northern hemisphere winter is shorter .   Because of this , Adhemar reasoned that because the southern hemisphere had more hours of darkness in winter , it must be cooling , and attributed the Antarctic ice sheet to this . Adhemar knew of the 22,000 year cycle of precession of the equinoxes , and theorised that the ice ages occurred in this cycle .   One immediate objection to the theory was that the total insolation during a year does not vary at all during the precessional cycle , only its seasonal distribution . Another was that the timing was wrong ; however this could not be tested by observations available at the time .   Adhemar 's theory was further developed , first by James Croll and later by Milutin Milanković .   Adhemar predicted the Antarctic ice sheet and theorised about its thickness by comparing the depths of the Arctic and circum-Antarctic oceans . Finding the Antarctic oceans deeper ( the measurements he used may not have been fully representative ) and attributing this to the gravitational attraction of the Antarctic ice sheet , he postulated a truly enormous ice sheet approximately 90 km thick .

negative: Weddell Sea The Weddell Sea is part of the Southern Ocean and contains the Weddell Gyre . Its land boundaries are defined by the bay formed from the coasts of Coats Land and the Antarctic Peninsula . The easternmost point is Cape Norvegia at Princess Martha Coast , Queen Maud Land . To the east of Cape Norvegia is the King Haakon VII Sea . Much of the southern part of the sea is covered by a permanent , massive ice shelf field , the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf ( not pack ice ) . The sea is contained within the two overlapping Antarctic territorial claims of Argentina , ( Argentine Antarctica ) and Britain ( British Antarctic Territory ) , and also resides partially within the territorial claim of Chile ( Antarctic Chilean Territory ) . At its widest the sea is around 2,000 km across , and its area is around 2.8 e6km2 .   Various ice shelves , including the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf , fringe the Weddell sea . Some of the ice shelves on the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula , which formerly covered roughly 3900 sqmi of the Weddell Sea , had completely disappeared by 2002 ; see . Whilst a dramatic event , the area that disappeared was far smaller than the total area of ice shelf that remains .   The Weddell Sea has been deemed by scientists to have the clearest water of any sea . Dutch researchers from the German Alfred Wegener Institute , on finding a Secchi disc visible at a depth of 262 ft on 13 October 1986 , ascertained that the clarity corresponded to that of distilled water .   In his 1950 book The White Continent , historian Thomas R. Henry writes :   He continues for an entire chapter , relating myths of the green-haired merman sighted in the sea 's icy waters , the inability of crews to navigate a path to the coast until 1949 , and treacherous `` flash freezes '' that left ships , such as Ernest Shackleton 's Endurance , at the mercy of the ice floes .

negative: Geography of Antarctica The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and , thus , by ice . The Antarctic continent , located in the Earth 's southern hemisphere , is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle . It is washed by the Southern ( or Antarctic ) Ocean or , depending on definition , the southern Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans . It has an area of more than 14 million km ² .   Some 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , the world 's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water . Averaging at least 1.6 km thick , the ice is so massive that it has depressed the continental bedrock in some areas more than 2.5 km below sea level ; subglacial lakes of liquid water also occur ( e.g. , Lake Vostok ) . Ice shelves and rises populate the ice sheet on the periphery .

negative: Barents Sea Opening The Barents Sea Opening ( BSO ) is an oceanographic term for the Western Barents Sea , the sea area between Bear Island in the south of Svalbard and the northern extremity of Norway through which a water mass of Atlantic origin flows into the Arctic Ocean . The inflow of relative warm water into the Arctic Ocean occurs not only through the Barents Sea Opening , but also through Fram Strait which is much deeper . The internal energy entering the colder waters has an influence on the atmosphere and the sea ice above and therefore possibly on the global climate .

negative: Extreme points of Antarctica The tallest mountain in Antarctica is Mount Vinson rising 4,892 metres ( 16,050 feet ) above sea level .  The lowest point in Antarctica is within the Bentley Subglacial Trench , which reaches 2,555 metres below sea level . This is also the lowest place on Earth not covered by ocean ( although it is covered by ice ) .  The lowest accessible point in Antarctica is the shore of Deep Lake , Vestfold Hills , which is 50 m beneath sea level .  The point on land farthest from any coastline on the Antarctic Continent is located at . This is also known as the South Pole of inaccessibility .  Antarctica is the southernmost land mass on Earth . The Geographical South Pole lies on the Polar Plateau at . It is here that the southernmost human habitation on Earth is located : Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station ( U.S. Administered Base ) .  Vostok Station is the most isolated research base on the continent ( located at ) , and it is situated over the southernmost lake in the world , Lake Vostok , a subglacial lake 4,000 metres ( 13,000 feet ) under the surface of the ice where the station sits . Formerly administrated by the Soviets , it is now operated by Russia .  The southernmost volcano on the planet -- Mount Erebus -- is in Antarctica on the world 's southernmost island reachable from the sea : Ross Island .  The southernmost island is Berkner Island . It is embedded in the ice shelf , fully covered by ice and fully below sea level .  The Ross Sea is the southernmost sea in the world , with its southernmost extremity ( Gould Coast ) at the foot of the Horlick Mountains approximately 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the Geographic South Pole . However , this area is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf . The southernmost open sea is also part of Ross Sea , namely Bay of Whales at 78 ° 30 'S , at the edge of Ross Ice Shelf .  The northernmost extremity of the Antarctic mainland ( without nearshore islands ) is Prime Head , at the northern tip of the Trinity Peninsula at . The Antarctic Peninsula is the largest contiguous part of the continent projecting north of the Antarctic Circle and thus has many of the continent 's research bases . Prime Head is 609 mi ( 980 km ) from Cape Horn . The northernmost research base on the mainland is Esperanza Base .

negative: Ice mélange Ice mélange refers to a mixture of sea ice types , icebergs , and snow without a clearly defined floe that forms from shearing and fracture at the ice front . Ice mélange is commonly the result of an ice calving event where ice breaks off the edge of a glacier . Ice mélange affects many of the Earth 's processes including glacier calving , ocean wave generation and frequency , generation of seismic waves , atmosphere and ocean interactions , and tidewater glacier systems . Ice mélange is possibly the largest granular material on Earth , and is quasi-2-dimensional

negative: West Svartisen Ice-cap The West Svartisen Ice-cap is an ice cap glacier , occupying 201 km2 of the coastal area of central Norway , just inside the Arctic Circle . Most of the glacier is around 1000 metres above sea level on a high plateau . The ice-cap owes its existence to the high snowfall rates in the region , rather than the cold temperatures , similar to other glacier close by such as the Jostedalsbreen glacier . The surface on the top of the plateau feeds many outlet glaciers , including the Engabreen glacier . The status of the glacier is unknown , although some of the outlet glaciers are advancing and gaining ice mass .

negative: Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment Radio Ice Cerenkov Experiment ( RICE ) is an experiment designed to detect the Cherenkov emission in the radio regime of the electromagnetic spectrum from the interaction of high energy neutrinos ( greater than 1 PeV ) with the Antarctic ice cap . The goals of this experiment are to determine the potential of the radio-detection technique for measuring the high energy cosmic neutrino flux , determining the sources of this flux , and measuring neutrino-nucleon cross sections at energies above those accessible with existing accelerators . Such an experiment also has sensitivity to neutrinos from gamma ray bursts , as well as highly ionizing charged particles ( monopoles , e.g. ) traversing the Antarctic icecap .

negative: Methane clathrate Methane clathrate ( CH4 · 5.75 H2O ) or ( 4CH4 · 23H2O ) , also called methane hydrate , hydromethane , methane ice , fire ice , natural gas hydrate , or gas hydrate , is a solid clathrate compound ( more specifically , a clathrate hydrate ) in which a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water , forming a solid similar to ice . Originally thought to occur only in the outer regions of the Solar System , where temperatures are low and water ice is common , significant deposits of methane clathrate have been found under sediments on the ocean floors of the Earth .   Methane clathrates are common constituents of the shallow marine geosphere and they occur in deep sedimentary structures and form outcrops on the ocean floor . Methane hydrates are believed to form by migration of gas from deep along geological faults , followed by precipitation or crystallization , on contact of the rising gas stream with cold sea water . In 2008 , research on Antarctic Vostok and EPICA Dome C ice cores revealed that methane clathrates were also present in deep Antarctic ice cores and record a history of atmospheric methane concentrations , dating to 800,000 years ago . The ice-core methane clathrate record is a primary source of data for global warming research , along with oxygen and carbon dioxide .

negative: Climate variability Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. In the time since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities that are causing global warming and climate change.The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth's energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling. The energy moving through Earth's climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region's climate. Such changes can be the result of "internal variability", when natural processes inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate variability can also result from external forcing, when events outside of the climate system's components nonetheless produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism. Climate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies.

negative: Amundsen Sea The Amundsen Sea , an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica , lies between Cape Flying Fish ( the northwestern tip of Thurston Island ) to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west . Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea . West of Cape Dart there is no named marginal sea of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and Ross Seas . The Norwegian expedition of 1928 -- 1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen while exploring this area in February 1929 .   The sea is mostly ice-covered , and the Thwaites Ice Tongue protrudes into it . The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km in thickness ; roughly the size of the state of Texas , this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment ( ASE ) ; it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet .

negative: List of drainage basins by area The list of drainage basins by area identifies basins ( also known as watersheds or catchments ) , sorted by area , which drain to oceans , mediterranean seas , rivers , lakes and other water bodies . All basins larger than 400000 km2 are included as well as selected smaller basins . It includes drainage basins which do not flow to the ocean ( endorheic basins ) . It includes oceanic sea drainage basins which have hydrologically coherent areas ( oceanic seas are set by IHO convention ) .   The oceans drain approximately 83 % of the land in the world . The other 17 % -- an area larger than the basin of the Arctic Ocean -- drains to internal endorheic basins .   Note that there are substantial areas of the world that do not `` drain '' in the commonly understood sense . In Arctic deserts much of the snowfall sublimates directly into the air and does not melt into flowing water , while in equatorial deserts precipitation may evaporate before joining any substantial water course . However , these areas can still be included in topographically defined basins if one considers the hypothetical flow of water ( or ice ) , and thus nutrients or pollutants , over the surface of the ground ( or ice sheet ) ; this is the approach taken here . For example , the Antarctic ice sheet can be divided into basins , and most of Libya is included in the Mediterranean Sea basin even though almost no water from the interior actually reaches the sea .

negative: Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf The Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf , also known as Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf , is an Antarctic ice shelf bordering the Weddell Sea .

negative: East Siberian Sea The East Siberian Sea ( Russian : -LSB- Восто́чно - Сиби́рское мо́ре , r = Vostochno-Sibirskoye more -RSB- ) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean . It is located between the Arctic Cape to the north , the coast of Siberia to the south , the New Siberian Islands to the west and Cape Billings , close to Chukotka , and Wrangel Island to the east . This sea borders on the Laptev Sea to the west and the Chukchi Sea to the east .   This sea is one of the least studied in the Arctic area . It is characterized by severe climate , low water salinity , and a scarcity of flora , fauna and human population , as well as shallow depths ( mostly less than 50 m ) , slow sea currents , low tides ( below 25 cm ) , frequent fogs , especially in summer , and an abundance of ice fields which fully melt only in August -- September . The sea shores were inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous tribes of Yukaghirs , Chukchi and then Evens and Evenks , which were engaged in fishing , hunting and reindeer husbandry . They were then absorbed by Yakuts and later by Russians .   Major industrial activities in the area are mining and navigation within the Northern Sea Route ; commercial fishing is poorly developed . The largest city and port is Pevek , the northernmost city of mainland Russia .

negative: Ice shelf An ice shelf is a thick floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface . Ice shelves are only found in Antarctica , Greenland , Canada and the Russian Arctic . The boundary between the floating ice shelf and the grounded ( resting on bedrock ) ice that feeds it is called the grounding line . The thickness of ice shelves ranges from about 100 to 1000 meters .   In contrast , sea ice is formed on water , is much thinner ( typically less than 3m ) , and forms throughout the Arctic Ocean . It also is found in the Southern Ocean around the continent of Antarctica .   Ice shelves are principally driven by gravity-driven pressure from the grounded ice . That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf . The primary mechanism of mass loss from ice shelves was thought to have been iceberg calving , in which a chunk of ice breaks off from the seaward front of the shelf . A study by NASA and university researchers - published in the June 14 , 2013 issue of Science - found however that ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent 's ice shelf mass loss .   Typically , a shelf front will extend forward for years or decades between major calving events . Snow accumulation on the upper surface and melting from the lower surface are also important to the mass balance of an ice shelf . Ice may also accrete onto the underside of the shelf .   The density contrast between glacial ice , which is denser than normal ice , and liquid water means that only about 1/9 of the floating ice is above the ocean surface . The world 's largest ice shelves are the Ross Ice Shelf and the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica .   The term captured ice shelf has been used for the ice over a subglacial lake , such as Lake Vostok .

negative: Arctic dipole anomaly The Arctic dipole anomaly is a pressure pattern characterized by high pressure on the arctic regions of North America , and a low pressure on the Eurasia region . This pattern sometimes replaces the Arctic oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation . It was observed for the first time in the first decade of 2000s and is perhaps linked to recent climate change . The Arctic dipole lets more southern winds into the Arctic ocean resulting in more ice melting . The summer 2007 event played an important role in the record low sea ice extent which was recorded in September . The Arctic dipole has also been linked to changes in arctic circulation patterns that cause drier winters in Northern Europe , but much wetter winters in Southern Europe and colder winters in East Asia , Europe and the eastern half of North America .


query: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

positive: Effects of global warming The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused ( directly or indirectly ) by human emissions of greenhouse gases . There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring , and that human activities are the primary driver . Many impacts of climate change have already been observed , including glacier retreat , changes in the timing of seasonal events ( e.g. , earlier flowering of plants ) , and changes in agricultural productivity .   Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development . The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions ( climate change mitigation ) and adapting to the impacts of climate change . Geoengineering is another policy option .   Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts . Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming ( in 2100 ) to around 2 ° C or below , relative to pre-industrial levels . Without mitigation , increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 ° C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to , and would increase the risk of negative impacts .

positive: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

positive: Global warming in Antarctica The effects of global warming in Antarctica may include rising temperatures and increasing snow melt .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Bioseparation of 1,3-propanediol Bioseparation of 1,3-propanediol is a biochemical process for production of 1,3-propanediol ( PDO ) . PDO is an organic compound with many commercial applications . Conventionally , PDO is produced from crude oil products such as propylene or ethylene oxide . In recent years , however , companies such as DuPont are investing in the biological production of PDO using renewable feedstocks such as corn .

negative: Aprutino Pescarese Aprutino Pescarese PDO is a Protected Designation of Origin ( PDO ) olive oil , produced in the Province of Pescara , in the Abruzzo Regione . It is among the first group of Italian extra virgin olive oils to gain the PDO .

negative: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: Campus carbon neutrality All across the world , colleges and universities are looking to a sustainable future by working to become carbon neutral . Universities are taking responsibility for their environmental impact and are working to neutralize those effects . To become carbon neutral , universities are working to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases , cut their use of energy , use more renewable energy , and emphasize the importance of sustainable energy sources . Universities that have committed to becoming carbon neutral have recognized the threat of global warming and are therefore committing to reverse the trend .

negative: PDO Handball Team Salerno PDO Handball Team Salerno , also known as Jomi Salerno due to sponsorship reasons , is a women 's handball club from Salerno in Italia . Jomi Salerno competes in the Serie A.

negative: Polydioxanone Polydioxanone ( PDO , PDS ) or poly-p-dioxanone is a colorless , crystalline , biodegradable synthetic polymer .

negative: Sabina (oil) Sabina is a Protected Designation of Origin ( PDO ) that applies to the extra virgin olive oil produced in the Sabina region . This area approximately covers the territory originally occupied by the ancient Sabines tribe in the Province of Rome and the Province of Rieti . It is considered to be the first Italian PDO to gain the status , later being followed by Aprutino Pescarese , Brisighella , Collina di Brindisi and Canino .

negative: Compact Disc bronzing Compact Disc bronzing , or CD bronzing , is a specific variant of disc rot , a type of corrosion that affects the reflective layer of CDs and renders them unreadable over time . The phenomenon was first reported by John McKelvey in the September/October 1994 issue of American Record Guide .   Affected discs show an uneven brownish discoloring that usually starts at the edge of the disc and slowly works its way toward the center . The top or label layer is affected before the bottom layer . The disc becomes progressively darker over time ; tracks at the end of the disc show an increasing number of disc-read errors before becoming unplayable .   CD bronzing seems to occur mostly with audio CDs manufactured by Philips and Dupont Optical ( PDO ) at its plant in Blackburn , Lancashire , UK , between the years 1988 and 1993 . Most , but not all , of these discs have `` Made in U.K. by PDO '' etched into them ( see image ) . Discs manufactured by PDO in other countries do not seem to be affected . A similar , if considerably less widespread problem occurred with discs manufactured by Optical Media Storage ( Opti.Me.S ) in Italy . The problem is also prevalent with many discs that were manufactured by Nimbus during the late 1980s to the mid 1990s .   PDO acknowledged that the problem was due to a manufacturing error on its part , but it gave different explanations for the problem . The most widely acknowledged explanation is that the lacquer used to coat the discs was not resistant to the sulfur content of the paper in the booklets , which led to the corrosion of the aluminium layer of the disc , even though PDO later said it was because `` a silver coating had been used on its discs instead of the standard gold . '' Peter Copeland of the British Library Sound Archive confirmed that silver instead of aluminium in the reflective layer of the CD would react with sulfur compounds in the sleeves , forming silver sulfate , which has a bronze colour . A combination of the two factors seems likely because , as Barbara Hirsch of the University of California points out , the oxidation could only have occurred if the protective lacquer did not seal the metal film and substrate well enough .   There are also isolated reports of CD discolouring with discs from other pressing plants , but these do not seem to be as widespread and may be due to other reasons than the manufacturing error that occurred at PDO . In particular , colour changes that occur along with the visible disintegration of the data layer ( i.e. holes ) are not typical of CD bronzing , but should be considered CD rot .   PDO also manufactured CDs that have an even yellowish-golden tint . This is due to a yellow dye in the disc and is unrelated to the bronzing effect .   As bronzing is a progressive effect that can not be stopped , any PDO-manufactured CDs that are not yet showing any signs of bronzing by now are very likely safe .

negative: Portable Distributed Objects Portable Distributed Objects ( PDO ) is an application programming interface ( API ) for creating object-oriented code that can be executed remotely on a network of computers . It was created by NeXT Computer , Inc. using their OpenStep system , whose use of Objective-C made the package very easy to write . It was characterized by its very light weight and high speed in comparison to similar systems such as CORBA .   Versions of PDO were available for Solaris , HP-UX and all versions of the OPENSTEP system . A version that worked with Microsoft OLE was also available called D'OLE , allowing distributed code written using PDO on any platform to be presented on Microsoft systems as if they were local OLE objects .   PDO was one of a number of distributed object systems created in the early 1990s , a design model where `` front end '' applications on GUI-based microcomputers would call code running on mainframe and minicomputers for their processing and data storage . Microsoft was evolving OLE into the Component Object Model ( COM ) and a similar distributed version called DCOM , IBM had their System Object Model ( SOM/DSOM ) , Sun Microsystems was promoting their Distributed Objects Everywhere , and there were a host of smaller players as well . With the exception of the limited functionality in COM , most of these systems were extremely heavyweight , tended to be very large and slow , and often were very difficult to use .   PDO , on the other hand , relied on a small number of features in the Objective-C runtime to handle both portability as well as distribution . The key feature was the language 's support for a `` second chance '' method in all classes ; if a method call on an object failed because the object did n't support it ( normally not allowed in most languages due to strong typing ) , the runtime would then bundle the message into a compact format and pass it back into the object 's forwardInvocation method .   The normal behavior for forwardInvocation was to return an error , including details taken from the message ( the `` invocation '' ) . PDO instead supplied a number of new objects with forwardInvocation methods that passed the invocation object to another machine on the network , with various versions to support different networks and platforms . Calling methods on remote objects was almost invisible ; after some network setup ( a few lines typically ) PDO objects were instantiated locally and called the same way as any other object on the system . The PDO object then forwarded the invocation to the remote computer for processing and unbundled the results when they were returned .   In comparison with CORBA , PDO programs were typically 1/10 or less in size ; it was common for NeXT staffers to write into magazines showing how to re-implement a multi-page CORBA article in perhaps 15 lines of code . From a programming standpoint , there was nearly nothing as easy to use as PDO .   However , PDO was also reliant entirely on Objective-C to function . This was a price most were unwilling to pay , as at the time C++ was more widely used and the effort to shift codebases to an entirely new language and paradigm was considered too onerous . PDO never saw much use , and NeXT 's emphasis shifted to its new WebObjects framework in 1995 .   PDO continues to be used by Mac OS X programmers as a method for interprocess and interapplication communication , and for communication between networked applications that only need compatibility with other Mac OS X applications .   In addition to the OS X platform , there is GNUstep , which has its own implementation of Distributed Objects .

negative: PDOS PDOS was a multiuser multitaking operating system , written in assembly language developed in the early 1980s by the Eyring Research Institute for the Texas Instruments TMS9900 processor , and later ported to the Motorola 68000 processor . At the time its speed , accuracy and power made it ideal for process control . It was used in system development for education and industrial uses . Eyring also sold application programs ( e.g. a statistics package ) for the operating system .

negative: Oman Oil and Gas Exhibition Centre Oman Oil and Gas Exhibition Centre is a museum , located on Seih Al Maleh Street , Al-Qurum , Muscat , Oman .   The museum was established 1995 as a donation from Petroleum Development Oman ( PDO ) . The museum is an interactive journey exploring the discovery , extraction and use of fossil fuels in Oman .   Adjacent to the centre is the PDO Planetarium , built in 2000 .

negative: Maghead (PHP) `` Maghead '' is a database framework , written in PHP , which includes libraries for object-relational mapping , database layer abstracting , sharding ... etc. .   It provides a bunch of generators that can generate static code from the model schemas . Queries are generated at compile time , therefore the runtime cost is reduced .   The performance almost close to hand written query code with plain PDO statement .

negative: Bruzio Bruzio olive oil is a Protected Designation of Origin ( PDO ) product , as of European regulation Reg . CEE 2081/92 and Reg . CE n. 1065/97 .

negative: List of Italian products with protected designation of origin This is a list of Italian Protected Designation of Origin ( PDO ) , Protected Geographical Indication ( PGI ) as defined in the Council Regulation CE 510/2006 . :  138 Italian PDOs or D.O.P. ( Denominazione Origine Protetta )  83 Italian PGIs or I.G.P. ( Indicazione Geografica Protetta )  2 Traditional Specialty Guaranteed ( TSG ) : mozzarella and pizza napoletana   Official data of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture updated on 15 February 2011 and of the Quality policies page on the Europa.eu website .

negative: Global Strategic Trends Programme The Global Strategic Trends Programme was established in 2001 to research and understand potential trends that shape and inform the future strategic context . It is undertaken at the Development , Concepts and Doctrine Centre ( DCDC ) which is under the UK 's Joint Forces Command and based in Shrivenham , Wiltshire .   One of the main findings of `` Global Strategic Trends out to 2040 '' is that the era out to 2040 will be a time of transition , characterised by instability both in the relations between states , and in the relations between groups within states . During this timeframe significant global trends will include ; climate change , rapid population growth , resource scarcity , a resurgence in ideology and a shift in global power from West to East . The struggle to establish an effective system of global governance , is likely to be a central theme of the era .

negative: Climate change in Argentina According to scientists , global warming is predicted to have significant effects on the climate of Argentina . Though temperatures have increased at a slower rate than the global average , nonetheless these impacts have occurred in many areas . If these trends continue , it is predicted that climate change will exacerbate existing natural disasters such as increasing the intensity and frequency of floods or create new ones .

negative: Beurre Rose Beurre Rose is a cultured milk butter produced in Luxembourg under the Marque nationale of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , and has PDO classification in Europe , which it received in 2000 .

negative: Serpa cheese Serpa cheese is a type of cheese from Serpa , Alentejo , Portugal . It has a Protected designation of origin ( PDO ) and is listed on the Ark of Taste .

negative: Pecorino Toscano Pecorino Toscano ( Tuscan pecorino ) is a firm-textured ewe 's milk cheese produced in Tuscany . Since 1996 it has enjoyed protected designation of origin ( PDO ) status .

negative: What's Trending What 's Trending is daily , live , interactive television show hosted by Shira Lazar that appears on YouTube covering the trending videos and personalities on YouTube .

negative: Roncal cheese Roncal ( Erronkariko gazta in Basque ) is a hard , creamy sheep milk cheese . It is made in one of seven villages in the Valle de Roncal of Spain . Roncal enjoys PDO status .

negative: 2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years 2052 -- A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years is a 2012 book describing trends in global development . It is written by Jørgen Randers and is a follow-up to The Limits to Growth , which in 1972 was the first worldwide report by the Club of Rome .   It differs in three ways from the previous report . First , it does not describe an impending disaster scenario , but shows only trends . Secondly , it is to be read in the light of experience since 1972 , namely , that all of humanity has responded to the report , but with a delay of 20 to 40 years . Thirdly , it offers not only future scenarios , it makes concrete proposals on how the individual should respond to emerging developments .   Randers repeatedly points out that he does not want to predict specific events , only general trends .

negative: Petroleum Development Oman Petroleum Development Oman ( PDO ) is the major oil exploration and production company in the Sultanate of Oman . It accounts for about 70 % of the country 's crude oil production and nearly all of its natural gas supply . The Company is owned by the Government of Oman ( which has a 60 % interest ) , the Shell Group ( which has a 34 % interest ) , Total ( which has a 4 % interest ) and Partex ( which has a 2 % interest ) . Gas fields and processing plants are operated by PDO exclusively on behalf of the Government .

negative: Bryndza Podhalańska Bryndza Podhalańska is a Polish variety of the soft cheese Bryndza , from the Podhale region , it is made from sheep 's milk .   It has a geographical indication under EU law , with PDO status .

negative: Fahud Fahud is a permanent oil camp and oil field in the middle of the central plain area of Oman , named after the nearby Jebel Fahud believed to mean `` Leopard Mountain '' from the time when wild leopards used to roam the area . The main oil camp is owned by Petroleum Development Oman ( PDO ) , the national oil company .   Oil operations commenced in 1954 when a PDO survey party arrived at the jebel and began surveying it . The first well at Jebel Fahud was completed at 12,235 feet in May 1957 . Unfortunately , it was a dry hole except for a very small quantity of gas and oil .  Three of the PDO partners decided to withdraw from the Omani concession , leaving Shell ( 85 % ) and Partex ( 15 % ) to take it over and resume exploration . Only a few hundred yards from the original test well site , a second test well was sunk at Fahud and , in 1964 , found oil in commercial quantities .   Today , Fahud is the central base of PDO 's operations in the interior of Oman ; the company 's main offices are in Mina Al Fahal in Muscat . Many contracting companies also have camps for their workers and equipment at Fahud . Some meteorological data : 1 June 2008 at 15 pm local hour it was recorded 54.5 degrees Celsius , a new record for Fahud .

negative: Trend Records Trend Records was a post-World War II United States jazz record label .   Trend 's back catalogue was purchased by Albert Marx , an authority on jazz music and entrepreneur who founded Discovery Records in 1948 , and much of its material was reissued in the 1980s . Among those who recorded for Trend are Van Alexander , Robert Conti , Shelly Manne , Clare Fischer , Warm Dust , Dick Berk , Matt Dennis and Ray Linn .

negative: Gerald Celente Gerald Celente ( born November 29 , 1946 ) is an American trend forecaster , publisher of the Trends Journal , business consultant and author who makes predictions about the global financial markets and other events of historical importance . Celente has described himself as a `` political atheist '' and `` citizen of the world '' . He has appeared as a guest on media outlets such as CNN , The Oprah Winfrey Show , The Today Show , Good Morning America , CBS Morning News , The Glenn Beck Show , NBC Nightly News , The Alex Jones Show , Coast to Coast AM and Russia Today .

negative: Beurre d'Ardenne Beurre d'Ardenne is a type of cow 's milk Butter made in the Ardennes of Belgium .   As a traditional product of the area it received Belgian appellation d'origine by Royal decree in 1984 , and received European PDO status in 1996 .

negative: National Intelligence Council The National Intelligence Council ( NIC ) is the center for midterm and long-term strategic thinking within the United States Intelligence Community ( IC ) . It was formed in 1979 . According to its official website :   It leads the IC 's effort to produce National Intelligence Estimates and other documents ;  It supports ( and reports to ) the Director of National Intelligence ;  It serves as a focal point for policymakers ' questions ;  It contributes to the effort to allocate IC resources in response to policy changes ; and  It communicates with experts in academia and the private sector to broaden the IC 's perspective ;   The NIC 's goal is to provide policymakers with the best information : unvarnished , unbiased and without regard to whether the analytic judgments conform to current U.S. policy .   One of the NICs most important analytical projects is a Global Trends report produced for the incoming US president . The report is delivered to the incoming president between Election Day and Inauguration Day , and it assesses critical drivers and scenarios for global trends with an approximate time horizon of fifteen years . The Global Trends analysis provides a basis for long-range strategic policy assessment for the White House and the intelligence community . The NIC 's most recent Global Trends report , `` Global Trends 2035 : Paradox of Progress '' was released in January 2017 .   On February 2 , 2007 , the Office of the Director of National Intelligence , and the National Intelligence Council released the National Intelligence Estimate ( NIE ) -- ` Prospects for Iraq 's Stability : A Challenging Road Ahead ' Unclassified Key Judgments '' .

negative: Montasio Montasio is a mountain cheese made from cow 's milk produced in northeastern Italy in the regions of Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto .   It was awarded a ( PDO ) protected designation of origin in 1986 .

negative: MySQLi The MySQLi Extension ( MySQL Improved ) is a relational database driver used in the PHP programming language to provide an interface with MySQL databases .   There are three main API options when considering connecting to a MySQL database server :  PHP 's MySQL Extension  PHP 's MySQLi Extension  PHP Data Objects ( PDO )   The PHP code consists of a core , with optional extensions to the core functionality . PHP 's MySQL-related extensions , such as the MySQLi extension , and the MySQL extension , are implemented using the PHP extension framework . An extension typically exposes an API to the PHP programmer , to allow its facilities to be used programmatically . However , some extensions which use the PHP extension framework do not expose an API to the PHP programmer .   The PDO MySQL driver extension , for example , does not expose an API to the PHP programmer , but provides an interface to the PDO layer above it .   MySQLi is an improved version of the older PHP MySQL driver , offering various benefits .   The developers of the PHP programming language recommend using MySQLi when dealing with MySQL server versions 4.1.3 and newer ( takes advantage of new functionality ) .

negative: Valle d'Aosta Fromadzo Valle d'Aosta Fromadzo or Vallée d'Aoste Fromadzo is an Italian cow 's milk cheese produced in the Aosta Valley , one of the region 's specialties . It has a protected designation of origin , or PDO status .