query: "Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)

positive: Climate change mitigation Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change . Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human ( anthropogenic ) emissions of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) . Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks , e.g. , through reforestation . Mitigation policies can substantially reduce the risks associated with human-induced global warming .   According to the IPCC 's 2014 assessment report , `` Mitigation is a public good ; climate change is a case of the ` tragedy of the commons . Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent ( individual , institution or country ) acts independently in its own selfish interest ( see international cooperation and emissions trading ) , suggesting the need for collective action . Some adaptation actions , on the other hand , have characteristics of a private good as benefits of actions may accrue more directly to the individuals , regions , or countries that undertake them , at least in the short term . Nevertheless , financing such adaptive activities remains an issue , particularly for poor individuals and countries . ''   Examples of mitigation include phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources , such as renewable and nuclear energy , and expanding forests and other `` sinks '' to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Energy efficiency may also play a role , for example , through improving the insulation of buildings . Another approach to climate change mitigation is climate engineering .   Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system . Scientific analysis can provide information on the impacts of climate change , but deciding which impacts are dangerous requires value judgments .   In 2010 , Parties to the UNFCCC agreed that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 ° C ( 3.6 ° F ) relative to the pre-industrial level . With the Paris Agreement of 2015 this was confirmed , but was revised with a new target laying down `` parties will do the best '' to achieve warming below 1.5 ° C . The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 ° C . Other mitigation policies have been proposed , some of which are more stringent or modest than the 2 ° C limit .

positive: Scientific consensus on climate change There is currently a strong scientific consensus that the Earth is warming and that this warming is mainly caused by human activities. This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.  Nearly all actively publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 2% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.

positive: Roger A. Pielke Jr. Roger A. Pielke Jr. ( born November 2 , 1968 ) is an American political scientist and professor and the director of the Sports Governance Center within the Department of Athletics at the Center for Science and Technology Policy Research at the University of Colorado Boulder .   He previously served in the Environmental Studies Program and was a Fellow of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences ( CIRES ) where he served as Director of the Center for Science and Technology Policy Research at the University of Colorado Boulder from 2001 to 2007 . Pielke was a visiting scholar at Oxford University 's Saïd Business School in the 2007-2008 academic year .   His interests include understanding the politicization of science ; decision making under uncertainty ; policy education for scientists in areas such as climate change , disaster mitigation , and world trade ; and research on the governance of sports organizations , including FIFA and the NCAA .

positive: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: Climate change in Argentina According to scientists , global warming is predicted to have significant effects on the climate of Argentina . Though temperatures have increased at a slower rate than the global average , nonetheless these impacts have occurred in many areas . If these trends continue , it is predicted that climate change will exacerbate existing natural disasters such as increasing the intensity and frequency of floods or create new ones .

negative: Petr Chýlek Petr Chýlek is a researcher for Space and Remote Sensing Sciences at  Los Alamos National Laboratory . Prior to becoming a government researcher in 2001 , Chýlek was a Professor at several US and Canadian universities including SUNY Albany , Purdue University , University of Oklahoma and Dalhousie University in Halifax , Canada .   Chýlek has published over 100 first authored scientific papers in remote sensing , atmospheric radiation , climate change , cloud and aerosol physics , applied laser physics and ice core analysis . His work has been cited more than 4000 times . Chylek is best known for his work in remote sensing , aerosols and climate change .   In 2006 , Chýlek served as Chairman , Scientific Program Committee for The Second International Conference on Global Warming and the Next Ice Age held at Los Alamos National Laboratory in Santa Fe , NM . Speakers included Venkatachalam Ramaswamy , Chris Folland , Gerald North , Roger A. Pielke , William M. Gray and Jan Veizer . The conference included a two-day workshop on climate prediction uncertainties . The papers presented at the 2006 Conference were published in a special section of the Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres in 2007 .   In 2007 , Chýlek and co-authors published a peer-reviewed paper estimating climate sensitivity to doubled atmospheric CO2 to be significantly less than the IPCC estimate .   Chýlek received his diploma in theoretical physics from Charles University in Prague , Czech Republic . He received his Ph.D. in physics from UC Riverside in 1970 .

negative: Sunshine tax `` Sunshine tax '' or `` Paradise tax '' is an ironic term used in the United States and Canada to describe the phenomenon that salaries are often lower than the national average , and costs of living higher than the national average , in places that have a desirably temperate climate .   The phenomenon arises because many people are willing to accept lower earnings and higher costs of living to live in a place like Hawaii , California , Florida , Colorado , the Okanagan region of British Columbia , or other places with an attractive climate .   `` As most people know , everything seems to cost more in California . The houses are more expensive , the gas and groceries cost more and do n't ask about the cost of daycare . This added cost of living has inspired its own term -- the sunshine tax . It is the added cost to live in one of the best climates on earth , where the sun shines almost every day . ''   The term can also be used to mean anything that has the effect of making costs higher in areas like the Sunbelt . In 2007 , the San Diego Union-Tribune calculated the cost of the California sunshine tax at $ 1.1 billion just for the additional cost of gasoline in the state .   In Hawaii , the same concept is called a `` paradise tax '' . It arises because incomes are lower and the cost of living is higher in Hawaii than on the mainland . It is not an actual tax , but a perceived persistent difference between costs among locations . It is also described as `` the price you pay for paradise '' or `` the cost of living in paradise . '' Randall W. Roth , in a book entitled The Price of Paradise , listed a number of possible causes , including shipping costs , land availability , and differences in regulation .

negative: The Hartwell Paper The Hartwell Paper calls for a reorientation of climate policy after the perceived failure in 2009 of the UNFCCC climate conference in Copenhagen . The paper was published in May 2010 by the London School of Economics in cooperation with the University of Oxford . The authors are 14 natural and social scientists from Asia , Europe and North America , including Mike Hulme , Roger A. Pielke ( Jr ) , Nico Stehr and Steve Rayner , who met under the Chatham House Rule .   The paper argues that `` decarbonisation will only be achieved successfully as a benefit contingent upon other goals which are politically attractive and relentlessly pragmatic . ''   It emphasizes human dignity as a necessary guiding principle for climate policy : `` To reframe the climate issue around matters of human dignity is not just noble or necessary . It is also likely to be more effective than the approach of framing around human sinfulness -- which has failed and will continue to fail . ''   It has three main objectives :  1 . Energy access for all  The paper advocates taking investments in the innovations of renewable energy to decrease energy costs and to make them more affordable to society . Only this diversification of energy could extend the access to energy , especially in undeveloped countries .  2 . Clean energy  3 . Dealing with climate change   The ultimate goal is `` to develop non-carbon energy supplies at unsubsidised costs less than those using fossil fuels . ''   The Hartwell Paper recommends achieving this goal by introducing low carbon taxes . Moreover this money should be used to develop a CO2 free energy supply .

negative: Climate change adaptation in Nepal Climate change ( CC ) refers `` to the change of earth 's global or regional climate over a long period of time , whether due to natural variability or as the result of human activities '' IPCC , 2007d :30 . By the impact of climate change , as systems become more vulnerable to natural hazards , there is a greater need to develop responses ( that is , adjustments in existing practices , processes or structures ) that are able to counter potential future disasters . Such a response is known as adaptation to climate change IPCC , 2001b ; Smit et al. , 1999 . Community forest user group ( CFUG ) is main areas to act climate change adaptation in Nepa

negative: Regional Atmospheric Modeling System The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System ( RAMS ) is a set of computer program that simulates the atmosphere for weather and climate research and for numerical weather prediction ( NWP ) . Other components include a data analysis and a visualization package .   RAMS was developed in the 1980s at Colorado State University ( CSU ) , spearheaded by William R. Cotton and Roger A. Pielke , for mesoscale meteorological modeling . Subsequent development is primarily done by Robert L. Walko and Craig J. Tremback under the supervision of Cotton and Pielke . It is a comprehensive non-hydrostatic model . It is written primarily in Fortran with some C code and it runs best under the Unix operating system . Version 6 was released in 2009 .   RAMS is the basis for a system simulating the Martian atmosphere that is named MRAMS .

negative: Stern Review The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released for the Government of the United Kingdom on 30 October 2006 by economist Nicholas Stern , chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics ( LSE ) and also chair of the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy ( CCCEP ) at Leeds University and LSE . The report discusses the effect of global warming on the world economy . Although not the first economic report on climate change , it is significant as the largest and most widely known and discussed report of its kind .   The Review states that climate change is the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen , presenting a unique challenge for economics . The Review provides prescriptions including environmental taxes to minimise the economic and social disruptions . The Stern Review 's main conclusion is that the benefits of strong , early action on climate change far outweigh the costs of not acting . The Review points to the potential impacts of climate change on water resources , food production , health , and the environment . According to the Review , without action , the overall costs of climate change will be equivalent to losing at least 5 % of global gross domestic product ( GDP ) each year , now and forever . Including a wider range of risks and impacts could increase this to 20 % of GDP or more , also indefinitely . Stern believes that 5 -- 6 degrees of temperature increase is `` a real possibility . ''   The Review proposes that one percent of global GDP per annum is required to be invested to avoid the worst effects of climate change . In June 2008 , Stern increased the estimate for the annual cost of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550 ppm CO2e to 2 % of GDP to account for faster than expected climate change .   There has been a mixed reaction to the Stern Review from economists . Several economists have been critical of the Review , for example , a paper by Byatt et al. ( 2006 ) describes the Review as `` deeply flawed '' . Some economists ( such as Brad DeLong and John Quiggin ) have supported the Review . Others have criticised aspects of Review 's analysis , but argued that some of its conclusions might still be justified based on other grounds , e.g. , see papers by Martin Weitzman ( 2007 ) and Dieter Helm ( 2008 ) .

negative: Menu cost In economics , a menu cost is the cost to a firm resulting from changing its prices . The name stems from the cost of restaurants literally printing new menus , but economists use it to refer to the costs of changing nominal prices in general . In this broader definition , menu costs might include updating computer systems , re-tagging items , and hiring consultants to develop new pricing strategies as well as the literal costs of printing menus . More generally , the menu cost can be thought of as resulting from costs of information , decision and implementation resulting in bounded rationality . Because of this expense , firms sometimes do not always change their prices with every change in supply and demand , leading to nominal rigidity  Generally , the effect on the firm of small shifts in price ( by changes in supply and/or demand , or else because of slight adjustments in monetary policy ) is relatively minor compared to the costs of notifying the public of this new information . Therefore , the firm would rather exist in slight disequilibrium than incur the menu costs .

negative: Roger Miret and The Disasters (album) Roger Miret and the Disasters is the eponymous debut album by Roger Miret and the Disasters . It was released on September 10 , 2002 .   `` New York Belongs to Me '' is a cover of Cock Sparrer 's `` England Belongs to Me '' , with a few word changes . The cover originally appeared on Worldwide Tribute to the Real Oi , Vol . 2

negative: Climate Change and Emissions Management Amendment Act __ NOTOC __  The Climate Change and Emissions Management Amendment Act of the Canadian province of Alberta was the first law of its type to impose greenhouse gas cuts on large industrial facilities .   Starting from July 1 , 2007 , Alberta facilities that emit more than 100,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases per year will be required to reduce their emissions intensity by 12 percent under the Climate Change and Emissions Management Amendment Act .   Companies have three ways to meet their reductions : they can make operating improvements , buy an Alberta-based credit , or contribute to the Climate Change and Emissions Management Fund .   The regulations apply to about 100 large facilities which emit more than 100,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases a year . Those facilities account for about 70 per cent of Alberta 's industrial greenhouse gas emissions .   The annual cost of compliance is estimated to be $ 177 million - or less than one tenth of one per cent of Alberta 's nominal GDP ( $ 242 billion in 2006 ) .

negative: Climate change and gender Climate change and gender is concerned with gender differences in the context of climate change and the complex and intersecting power relations arising from it . By altering the ecosystems of the planet , climate change , and more specifically global warming , directly impacts the human race . These effects vary for different segments of the population , specifically for people of different genders . In many cases , women are more vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change because of their lower social status in most countries . Many impoverished women , especially those in the developing world , are farmers and depend on the natural environment for subsistence and income . By further limiting their already constrained access to physical , social , political , and fiscal resources , climate change often burdens women more than men .   Locally and globally , both governments and non-governmental organizations respond to climate change . Some of these efforts focus on mitigating the effects of climate change while others aid societies in adapting their lifestyles to changes in their environment . Most policy responses in the late 20th and early 21st century either did not focus on the social effects of climate change or did not consider gender in these efforts .   Analysis of gender in climate change , however , not only means applying a binary male/female system of analysis on sets of quantitative data but also scrutinizing discursive constructions that shapes power relations connected to climate change .

negative: Environmental issues in Haiti Environmental issues in Haiti include a severe deforestation problem , overpopulation , a lack of sanitation , natural disasters , and food insecurity . A major reason for these environmental issues is that there is not sufficient protection or management of the country 's natural resources . Other environmental issues , such as decreases in precipitation and more severe natural disasters , will likely arise in Haiti as a result of climate change . Experts agree that Haiti needs to adopt new policies to address both the issues that already exist and to prepare for the effects of climate change .

negative: The Standing March The Standing March is a collaborative art installation by the French artist JR and the American filmmaker Darren Aronofsky . The artwork , which depicts more than 500 people , was projected onto the facade of the National Assembly building during the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris .

negative: 2005 United Nations Climate Change Conference The 2005 United Nations Climate Change Conference took place between November 28 and December 9 , 2005 , in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The conference included the 11th Conference of the Parties ( COP11 ) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) , and was the first Meeting of the Parties ( MOP1 ) to the Kyoto Protocol since their initial meeting in Kyoto in 1997 . It was one of the largest intergovernmental conferences on climate change ever . The event marked the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol on 16 February 2005 . Hosting more than 10,000 delegates , it was one of Canada 's largest international events ever and the largest gathering in Montreal since Expo 67 . The Montreal Action Plan was an agreement to `` extend the life of the Kyoto Protocol beyond its 2012 expiration date and negotiate deeper cuts in greenhouse-gas emissions '' by starting negotiations , without delay on an extension of the protocol . Canada 's environment minister , at the time , Stéphane Dion , said the agreement provides a `` map for the future '' .

negative: Environmental issues in Mongolia There are many pressing environmental issues in Mongolia that are detrimental to both human and biophysical wellness . These problems have arisen in part due to natural factors , but increasingly because of human actions . One of these issues is climate change , which will be responsible for an increase in desertification , natural disasters , and land degradation . Another is deforestation , which is expanding due to human recklessness , pests , disease , and fire . Mongolian lands are becoming more arid through desertification , a process that is being exacerbated due to irresponsible land use . Additionally , more and more species are disappearing and at risk for extinction . And , especially in population centers , Mongolians deal with air and water pollution caused by human industrialization .

negative: Loss and damage The term Loss and damage denotes impacts of climate-related stressors that occur despite efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climatic changes . Loss and damage can result from sudden-onset events ( climate disasters , such as cyclones ) as well as slow-onset processes ( such as sea level rise ) . Loss and damage can occur in human systems ( such as livelihoods ) as well as natural systems ( such as biodiversity ) , though the emphasis in research and policy is on human impacts . Within the realm of loss and damage to human systems , a distinction is made between economic losses and non-economic losses . The main difference between the two is that non-economic losses involve things that are not commonly traded in markets .   At the 18th Conference of the Parties meeting of the UNFCCC in 2012 in Doha , Qatar , it took 36 hours of negotiation between 195 nations to arrive at a plan to address loss and damage associated with adverse effects of climate change particularly in countries most vulnerable to climate change . A new website was launched at the conference by the Loss and Damage Vulnerable Countries Initiative . It described its aim as being `` the first dedicated site for news , resources and opinion on the issue of loss and damage associated with the adverse impacts of climate change '' . Examples of types of loss and damage include farmers who can no longer grow crops to eat , or grass to feed cattle , because their soil has become too salty , and fishermen who have lost their livelihoods because rivers have dried up .   In popular press , and in statements by some parties in the climate negotiations , the terms loss and damage is often associated with liability and compensation . This explains why the topic raises heated debates , and tends to widen the divide between developed countries , which are historically responsible for most greenhouse gas emissions , and developing countries that are more vulnerable to impacts of climate change . For vulnerable countries , loss and damage is most of all about recognizing that past and current efforts to avoid dangerous climate change , and that there are limits and constraints to adaptation .   The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has developed a work programme on loss and damage which aims to find ways to address the issue in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change . On 12 -- 14 September 2013 , it held a meeting in Fiji to consider how best to address loss and damage from ` slow-onset events ' . These are impacts of climate change that occur over time , such as sea-level rise , rather than in a single , destructive event . Bangladesh is already suffering from loss and damage resulting from sea-level rise , due to its flat terrain in the coastal region .   At the 19th Conference of the Parties meeting of the UNFCCC in 2013 in Warsaw , Poland , the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts was established . At the 20th Conference of the Parties in Lima , Peru ( 2014 ) , the work plan of the executive committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism was approved .   The 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , published in 2013-2014 had no separate chapter on loss and damage , but WG2 Chapter 16 about adaptation limits and constraints , is very relevant for people interested in loss and damage . A qualitative data analysis ( QDA ) of what the IPCC 5th Assessment Report has to say about loss and damage surprisingly showed that the term was used much more often in statements about Annex 1 countries ( e.g. US , Australia or European countries ) than in text about non-Annex 1 countries ( most countries in Africa , Asia Latin America and the Pacific ) , which tend to be more vulnerable to impacts of climate change . Whether or not the IPCC 6th Assessment Report will have a chapter on loss and damage has not yet been decided .

negative: Climate change in Canada In Canada mitigation of anthropogenic climate change is being addressed more seriously by the provinces than by the federal government . The 2015 election signals greater federal leadership as noted in Canada 's National Statement at COP21 , making climate change a top priority , and pledging actions based on the best scientific evidence and advice .

negative: Economists' Statement on Climate Change The Economists ' Statement on Climate Change was published in 1997 , prior to the Kyoto Protocol negotiated that same year , to promote market-based solutions to climate change . It was signed by more than 2,600 economists , including 18 Nobel Prize laureates , and remains the largest public statement in the history of the economics profession .   The statement was coordinated by Redefining Progress , an environmental economics think tank founded by Ted Halstead .

negative: Alliance for Climate Education Alliance for Climate Education , or ACE , educates young people on the science of climate change and empowers them to take action . ACE is a 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit that provides educational resources on climate science and justice , as well training for young climate leaders . Since 2008 , ACE has reached more than 2,000,000 students nationwide .

negative: Global Planners Network The Global Planners Network ( commonly abbreviated to GPN ) is a group of spatial planning institutes and other organisations , who have signed the Vancouver Declaration . Members sign this declaration to show their commitment to working `` together , and with others , to tackle the challenges of rapid urbanisation , the urbanisation of poverty and the hazards posed by climate change and natural disasters . '' Current GPN membership extends to 25 organisations representing more than 150,000 planners .

negative: Burtoni Award The Burtoni Award was created in 2003 by a group of leading experts and policy makers in the field of climate change . Its purpose is to recognize outstanding contributions to the science of adaptation to climate change . The award is named after the first recipient of the award , Ian Burton , an Emeritus Professor at the University of Toronto and a pioneer in the field of adaptation to climate change and extreme events and disasters . Ian has contributed to three Assessment Reports of the IPCC ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) and the recent Special Report on Extremes ( SREX ) .   Subsequent recipients of the Burtoni Award are :  Roger Jones ( Australia ) 2005 .  Saleemul Huq ( Bangladesh ) 2007 .  Coleen Vogel ( South Africa ) 2010 .  Karen O'Brien ( Norway/USA ) 2012 .  Mark Pelling ( United Kingdom ) 2015 .  Richard J.T. Klein ( the Netherlands ) 2016 .   Short biographies of the awardees follow :   Roger Jones is Professorial Research Fellow at the Centre for Strategic Economic Research , Victoria University Australia . He was a Coordinating Lead Author in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and has the same role in the Fifth Assessment Report . The Burtoni was awarded in recognition of his innovations in research methods for assessing adaptation to climate change , particularly in the application of risk management to adaptation .   Saleemul Huq is a Senior Fellow with the International Institute for Environment and Development in London and Director of ICCCD ( International Centre for Climate Change and Development in Dhaka , Bangladesh . He received the award for his work linking adaptation and development , his research on decision making and his efforts to build capacity . It was awarded during a three-day workshop on Community-based Adaptation to Climate Change in Dhaka .   Coleen Vogel is an Independent Consultant and previously Professor of Sustainability at the University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg . She was Lead Author for the IPCC 4th assessment Report Working Group 2 Chapter on Africa , and she chaired the International Scientific Committee of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Climate Change .   Karen O'Brien is Professor in the Department of Sociology and Human Geography at the University of Oslo , Norway . She was Lead Author of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report for Working Group II ( Chapter 20 : Climate-resilient pathways : adaptation , mitigation , and sustainable development ) . She was a Coordinating Lead Author of the IPCC Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation ( SREX ) in Chapter 8 ` Towards a Resilient and Sustainable Future ' . She was Chair of the Global Environmental Change and Human Security ( GECHS ) project of the IHDP from 2005-2010 .   Mark Pelling is Professor of Geography at King 's College London . His research interests are in the institutions and social relationships that shape vulnerability and adaptation to natural disasters , including those associated with climate change , and in the ways in which conflicting values and practices of development inform resilience and transformation in the face of environmental change . He served as a coordinating author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation ( SREX ) and its Fifth Assessment Report . He also sits on the Scientific Steering Committees for the IGBP-IHDP core project Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone ( LOICZ ) and the ICSU core project Integrated Research on Disaster Risk ( IRDR ) .   Richard J.T. Klein is a Senior Research Fellow at the Stockholm Environment Institute and Editor-in-Chief of the journal Climate and Development . He was awarded the Burtoni in recognition of his work to advance knowledge through international research , capacity-building and educational collaborations , including as co-director and chief scientist of the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Strategic Adaptation Research ( NORD-STAR ) and as a member , until 2015 , of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Global Programme of Research on Climate Change Vulnerability , Impacts and Adaptation ( PROVIA ) . He was only 24 when he became lead author of a chapter in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Second Assessment Report , published in 1994 . He has been a lead author or coordinating lead author of every IPCC Assessment Report since , as well as two Special Reports .

negative: Action/2015 action/2015 was a global coalition of more than 2200 organisations and networks from over 150 countries , united by the belief that 2015 was a critical year for progress in the fight against climate change , poverty and inequality .   Throughout the year , this coalition engaged and mobilised the public at critical decision-making points to call on leaders to commit to strong goals and agreements at two crucial UN summits in 2015 - the UN General Assembly and the UN Climate Change Conference . Throughout the year millions of activists came together through action/2015 to ensure world leaders would feel the pressure to seize the opportunity to tackle poverty , inequality and climate change .   With 31 million campaign actions taken in 157 countries , action/2015 was a massive global movement for change -- the biggest-ever of its kind .

negative: Effects of climate change on wine production Climate change in recent times has become a major issue and talking point globally because of its effects on the environment and the repercussions this could be having or possibly have . The effects of climate change on Viniculture ( wine production ) are described in this article .

negative: Atlantic (period) The Atlantic in palaeoclimatology was the warmest and moistest Blytt-Sernander period , pollen zone and chronozone of Holocene northern Europe . The climate was generally warmer than today . It was preceded by the Boreal , with a climate similar to today 's , and was followed by the Subboreal , a transition to the modern . Because it was the warmest period of the Holocene , the Atlantic is often referenced more directly as the Holocene climatic optimum , or just climatic optimum .

negative: All India Disaster Mitigation Institute The All India Disaster Mitigation Institute ( AIDMI ) is a NGO registered in India . Located at Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India , it works on disaster risk reduction , climate change adaptation and disaster mitigation . It was founded by Mihir R Bhatt , the son of social worker Ila Bhatt .

negative: Christiane Pielke Christiane Pielke ( born 12 May 1963 in Hannover ) is a German former swimmer who competed in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics .

negative: Climate-friendly school A climate-friendly school is a school that uses education for sustainable development ( ESD ) to promote a culture of sustainability in which students , staff and families hold shared values and beliefs about the importance of taking action for a more sustainable society . Taking care of the environment and contributing to reducing climate change is an integral part of this . Climate action means different things to different schools . Some schools see climate action as key to `` doing their part '' to take care of the planet . For other schools , it is about addressing issues directly affecting them . For example , several schools in disaster-prone Japan see climate action as a practical way of helping students and their families stay safe and prepare for the future .

negative: Climate Hustle Climate Hustle is a 2016 film rejecting the existence and cause of climate change , narrated by climate change denialist Marc Morano , produced and directed by Christopher Rogers , co-written by Morano and Mick Curran , and funded by the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow ( CFACT ) , a free market pressure group funded by the fossil fuel lobby .   According to Ars Technica , the film offers `` a fast-paced , uninterrupted delivery of superficial and false claims about climate science '' .

negative: VNREDSat 1A VNREDSat-1 ( short for Vietnam Natural Resources , Environment and Disaster Monitoring Satellite ) is the first optical Earth Observing satellite of Vietnam ; its primary mission is to monitor and study the effects of climate change , predict and take measures to prevent natural disasters , and optimise the management of Vietnam 's natural resources .

negative: Effects of global warming on marine mammals The effect of global warming on marine mammals is a growing concern . Many of the effects of climate change are currently unknown due to its unpredictability , but many are becoming increasingly evident today . Some effects are very direct such as loss of habitat , temperature stress , and exposure to severe weather . Other effects are more indirect such as changes in host pathogen associations , changes in body condition because of predator -- prey interaction , changed in exposure to toxins , and increased human interactions . These are just a few examples of what marine mammals are dealing with as a result of rapid climate change . There are a number of marine mammals that have been affected by climate change including walruses , seals , penguins , and polar bears .

negative: Climate variability Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. In the time since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities that are causing global warming and climate change.The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth's energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling. The energy moving through Earth's climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region's climate. Such changes can be the result of "internal variability", when natural processes inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate variability can also result from external forcing, when events outside of the climate system's components nonetheless produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism. Climate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies.

negative: Climate gap The climate gap refers to a body of data indicating disparities in how climate change impacts various racial , ethnic and socioeconomic groups in the United States . The data show that low socioeconomic status groups and racial and ethnic minorities will experience more negative health and economic impacts from the results of climate change than other populations in the United States . This term , climate gap , was first used in the May 2009 report , `` The Climate Gap : Inequalities in How Climate Change Hurts Americans & How to Close the Gap '' , as well as in a concurrent paper published in the journal , Environmental Justice , by Seth B. Shonkoff , Rachel Morello-Frosch and colleagues entitled , `` Minding the Climate Gap : Implications of Environmental Health Inequities for Mitigation Policies in California '' .


query: A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.

positive: Sustainable energy Sustainable energy is energy that is consumed at insignificant rates compared to its supply and with manageable collateral effects , especially environmental effects . Another common definition of sustainable energy is an energy system that serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs . The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development , which includes the four interconnected domains : ecology , economics , politics and culture . Sustainability science is the study of sustainable development and environmental science .   Technologies promote sustainable energy including renewable energy sources , such as hydroelectricity , solar energy , wind energy , wave power , geothermal energy , bioenergy , tidal power and also technologies designed to improve energy efficiency . Costs have fallen dramatically in recent years , and continue to fall . Most of these technologies are either economically competitive or close to being so . Increasingly , effective government policies support investor confidence and these markets are expanding . Considerable progress is being made in the energy transition from fossil fuels to ecologically sustainable systems , to the point where many studies support 100 % renewable energy .

positive: Nuclear power Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat , which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant . The term includes nuclear fission , nuclear decay and nuclear fusion . Presently , the nuclear fission of elements in the actinide series of the periodic table produce the vast majority of nuclear energy in the direct service of humankind , with nuclear decay processes , primarily in the form of geothermal energy , and radioisotope thermoelectric generators , in niche uses making up the rest .   Owing , fundamentally , to the delayed critical fission process , Fission-electric power stations are one of the leading low carbon power generation methods of producing electricity , and in terms of total life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy generated , has emission values lower than `` renewable energy '' when the latter is taken as a single energy source . Since all electricity supplying technologies use cement , etc. , during construction , emissions are yet to be brought to zero . A 2014 analysis of the carbon footprint literature by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reported that the embodied total life-cycle emission intensity of fission electricity has a median value of 12 g eq/kWh which is the lowest out of all commercial baseload energy sources , and second lowest out of all commercial electricity technologies known , after wind power which is an Intermittent energy source with embodied greenhouse gas emissions , per unit of energy generated of 11 g eq/kWh . Each result is contrasted with coal and fossil gas at 820 and 490 g eq/kWh . With this translating into , from the beginning of fission-electric power station commercialization in the 1970s , having prevented the emission of about 64 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent , greenhouse gases that would have otherwise resulted from the burning of fossil fuels in thermal power stations .   There is a social debate about nuclear power . Proponents , such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy , contend that nuclear power is a safe , sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions . Opponents , such as Greenpeace International and NIRS , contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment .   Far-reaching fission power reactor accidents , or accidents that resulted in medium to long-lived fission product contamination of inhabited areas , have occurred in Generation I and II reactor designs , blueprinted between 1950 and 1980 . These include the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986 , the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( 2011 ) , and the more contained Three Mile Island accident ( 1979 ) . There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents . In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated , analysis has determined that fission-electric reactors have caused fewer fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation . Energy production from coal , petroleum , natural gas and hydroelectricity has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution and energy accident effects . Four years after the Fukushima-Daiichi accident , there have been no fatalities due to exposure to radiation , and no discernible increased incidence of radiation-related health effects are expected among exposed members of the public and their descendants . The Japan Times estimated 1,600 deaths were the result of evacuation , due to physical and mental stress stemming from long stays at shelters , a lack of initial care as a result of hospitals being disabled by the tsunami , and suicides .   In 2015 :  Ten new reactors were connected to the grid .  Seven reactors were permanently shut down .  441 reactors had a worldwide net capacity of 382,855 megawatts of electricity .  67 new nuclear reactors were under construction .  Most of the new activity is in China where there is an urgent need to control pollution from coal plants .   In October 2016 , Watts Bar 2 became the first new United States reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996 .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Fast fuel system A Fast fuel system allows speedy refuelling of vehicles . Most large earthmoving and mining vehicles with diesel fuel tanks over 150 USgal are equipped with fast refueling systems . Fast refueling systems utilize an automatic shut off fuel nozzle , receiver and level control device . Fast refuel systems operate by connection of a fill nozzle to the vehicle 's fuel tank and a source mounted pump delivers fuel into the tank at rates up to 150 USgal per minute .   Fast fill systems in general allow for ground level refueling and automatic shut-off upon a full tank . Ground level refueling increases operator safety as climbing onto vehicles during refueling is not necessary as the fill point receiver may be located in a location on the vehicle which is easily accessed .

negative: Facilities on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) Stations on the Mass Rapid Transit , the rapid transit system in Singapore , are either above-ground or underground , or just below ground level ( in the case of the North-South Line side of Bishan MRT Station ) . Most stations have a concourse level , where fares are paid based on the length of the ride , and a platform level , where passengers get on and off trains . Usually , the concourse is closer to ground level than the platform level is . Most stations have island platforms . Amenities include retail spaces , General Ticketing Machines , at least one Passenger Service Centres , payphones , toilets , and LED and plasma displays that show the time until the next train .

negative: Climate change in Tuvalu Global warming (recent climate change) is particularly threatening in Tuvalu. This is because the average height of the islands is less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) above sea level, with the highest point of Niulakita being about 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level. Between 1971 and 2014, during a period of global warming, Tuvalu islands have increased in size, according to aerial photography and satellite imagery. Over four decades, there was a net increase in land area in Tuvalu of 73.5 ha (2.9%), although the changes were not uniform, with 74% of land increasing in size and 27% of land decreasing in size. The sea level at the Funafuti tide gauge has risen at 3.9 mm per year, which is approximately twice the global average.Tuvalu could be one of the first nations to be significantly impacted by rising sea levels. Not only could parts of the island be flooded but the rising saltwater table could also destroy deep rooted food crops such as coconut, pulaka, and taro. Research from the University of Auckland suggests that Tuvalu may remain habitable over the next century. However, as of March 2018, Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga stated that Tuvalu is not expanding and has gained no additional habitable land. Sopoaga has also said that evacuating the islands is the last resort.

negative: Carbon bubble The carbon bubble is a hypothesized bubble in the valuation of companies dependent on fossil-fuel-based energy production , because the true costs of carbon dioxide in intensifying global warming are not yet taken into account in a company 's stock market valuation . Currently the price of fossil fuels companies ' shares is calculated under the assumption that all fossil fuel reserves will be consumed . An estimate made by Kepler Chevreux puts the loss in value of the fossil fuel companies due to the impact of the growing renewables industry at US$ 28 trillion over the next two decades-long . A more recent analysis made by Citi puts that figure at $ 100 trillion .   Analysts in both the petroleum and financial industries are concluding that the `` age of oil '' has already reached a new stage where the excess supply that appeared in late 2014 may continue to prevail in the future .  A consensus appears to be emerging that an international agreement will be reached to introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 ° C that is consensually predicted to limit environmental harm to tolerable levels .   According to the UK 's Committee on Climate Change , overvaluing companies that produce fossil fuels and greenhouse gases poses a serious threat to the economy . The committee warned the British government and Bank of England of the risks of the carbon bubble in 2014 . The following year , Mark Carney , the Governor of the Bank of England , in his lecture to Lloyd 's of London , warned that limiting global warming to 2 ° C appears to require that the `` vast majority '' of fossil fuel reserves be `` stranded '' , or `` literally unburnable without expensive carbon-capture technology '' , resulting in `` potentially huge '' exposure to investors in that sector . He concluded that `` the window of opportunity is finite and shrinking '' for responding to the threat that climate change poses to financial resilience and longer-term prosperity , which he called the `` tragedy of the horizon '' . That same month , the Prudential Regulation Authority of the Bank of England issued a report discussing the risks and opportunities that climate change presents to the insurance industry .   In his speech announcing his denial of the proposal to build the Keystone XL oil pipeline , U.S. President Barack Obama gave as one reason for the decision '' ... ultimately , if we 're going to prevent large parts of this Earth from becoming not only inhospitable but uninhabitable in our lifetimes , we 're going to have to keep some fossil fuels in the ground ... '' .

negative: Rapid transit (disambiguation) A rapid transit is a public transport system in an urban area with high capacity , high frequency not needing timetables , is fast and is segregated from other traffic .   Rapid transit may also refer to :  Bus rapid transit , a term applied to a variety of public transportation systems using buses  Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit , a rapid transit system manufactured by Bombardier Transportation

negative: Siyyan Himar Siyyan Himar or Rocher Moulhele is a pair of small islands , about 100 m apart and rising only 1.8 m above sea level , located about 3.8 km off the coast of Djibouti and 4.4 km northeast of the Siyyan peninsula , in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait ( between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden ) . They are an uplifted ridge of a fossil coral reef .

negative: Equilibrium level In meteorology , the equilibrium level ( EL ) , or level of neutral buoyancy ( LNB ) , or limit of convection ( LOC ) , is the height at which a rising parcel of air is at the same temperature as its environment .   This means that unstable air is now stable when it reaches the equilibrium level and convection stops . This level is often near the tropopause and can be indicated as near where the anvil of a thunderstorm because it is where the thunderstorm updraft is finally cut off , except in the case of overshooting tops where it continues rising to the maximum parcel level ( MPL ) due to momentum . More precisely , the cumulonimbus will stop rising around a few kilometres prior to reaching the level of neutral buoyancy and on average anvil glaciation occurs at a higher altitude over land than over sea ( despite little difference in LNB from land to sea ) .

negative: Mayodia Pass Mayodia Pass is located about 56 km away from Roing in Arunachal Pradesh , at the Indo-China border above 2,655 m above sea level . Mayodia got its name from a Nepali girl , Maya , who vanished in the snow and could not be traced . It witnesses heavy snowfall in January and February , snowfall starts in November and continues till April . So , it is fast becoming the most-favoured destination of those who want to experience the magic of snowfall .

negative: Global warming in Tuvalu Global warming is a concern in Tuvalu since the average height of the islands is less than 2 m above sea level , with the highest point of Niulakita being about 4.6 m above sea level . Tuvalu could be one of the first nations to experience the effects of sea level rise . Not only could parts of the island be flooded but the rising saltwater table could also destroy deep rooted food crops such as coconut , pulaka , and taro .

negative: Airport (RTA Rapid Transit station) Airport is a station on the RTA Red Line in Cleveland , Ohio , USA . It is the western terminus of the Red Line and is located off the lower level below the middle of the baggage claim level of Cleveland Hopkins International Airport .

negative: Vote Climate U.S. PAC Vote Climate U.S. PAC is an American super PAC founded in 2013 and directed by American political activist Karyn Strickler . Its mission is `` to elect candidates to get off fossil fuels , transition to clean , renewable energy and put a price on carbon , in order to slow global warming and related weather extremes . '' Strickler has named the implementation of a carbon tax as a principal goal . As a super PAC ( a type of political action committee ) , the organization can not contribute to candidates but can make independent expenditures on their behalf .

negative: Sunken Forests of New Hampshire The Sunken Forests of New Hampshire are two large areas of tree stumps submerged off New Hampshire 's coast . They sank below sea level after the ending of the Wisconsin Glaciation and subsequent rise in temperature ; isostatic rebound has not kept pace with the rise in sea level , and former coastal forests were overtaken by the Atlantic Ocean .   The trees could not thrive , even when they were in the early stages of sinking , because they can not live in salt water for very long . All that is left of the forests are stumps .

negative: 21st-century fossil fuel regulations in the United States Fossil fuel regulations are part of the energy policy in the United States and have gained major significance with the strong dependence on fossil fuel based energy . Regulatory processes are established at the federal and state level due to the immense economic , socio-political and environmental impact of fossil fuel extraction and production . Over 80 % of the United States ' energy comes from fossil fuels such as coal , natural gas , and oil . The Bush administration was marked by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 , which provided a monetary incentive for renewable energy adoption and addressed the issue of climate change . The Obama administration was made up of advocates for renewable energy and natural gas , while Donald Trump built his campaign on promises to revive the coal industry .   Oil , gas , and coal companies have been at odds with policy makers who have supported a wider implementation of renewable energy , with the former often spending millions of dollars to lobby against cleaner energy . The Washington Post reported on February 22 , 2017 Scott Pruitt 's potential special interests with the fossil fuel industry as he began his term as the appointed head of the EPA under the Trump administration . Fossil fuel emission disproportionately affects working class , poor and minority populations . The people most adversely affected also have the least political influence and least access to health care .

negative: Rapid transit in Greece Rapid transit in Greece refers to the systems of rapid transit at present active in Greece .   A `` rapid transit '' , `` underground '' , `` subway '' , `` elevated railway '' , `` metro '' or `` metropolitan railway '' system is an electric passenger railway in an urban area with a high capacity and frequency , and grade separation from other traffic . Rapid transit systems are typically located either in underground tunnels or on elevated rails above street level . Outside urban centers , rapid transit lines may run on grade separated ground level tracks .   In Greece there are several systems that are called `` Rapid Transit '' :  Athens Metro , an underground railway network serving the city of Athens since 2000 ;  Athens Tram , a tram network serving the city of Athens , began electrified service in 1908 and revived in 2001 ;  Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways , an old suburban railway converted to rapid transit in 1904 ;  Thessaloniki Metro , an under-construction underground railway network for Greece 's second-largest city to be completed in 2014 ;

negative: Achlis The Achlis was one of a number of strange creatures listed in Roman mythology by Pliny the Elder in the 1st century BC . He described it as saying it looked somewhat like an elk , though it bore some very strange characteristics . It was said its upper lip was so large that it had to graze backwards to avoid its lip falling over its mouth . A great problem because its back legs had no joints , forcing it to sleep standing up or leaning against a tree . This allowed hunters a relatively easy way to catch them . They chopped halfway through the tree where the creature slept and when the Achlis put any weight against it he fell onto the ground . Because of its back legs it could not get to its feet fast enough to get away .

negative: San Francisco International Airport station San Francisco International Airport station is a Bay Area Rapid Transit ( BART ) reversal station on the Pittsburg/Bay Point -- SFO/Millbrae line located inside the San Francisco International Airport , also known as SFO or SFIA .   The station is located on level 3 of the International Terminal , next to Parking Garage G . There are two entrances and exits -- one on level 3 , adjacent to the grand foyer off the north side of the International Terminal ; and the other is a level up at the Garage G/BART AirTrain station .

negative: Van Ness Bus Rapid Transit The Van Ness Bus Rapid Transit project is designed to bring rapid transit services to the thoroughfare from Mission Street to Lombard Street . Dedicated bus lanes for the 47 Van Ness bus , 49 Van Ness -- Mission trolleybus , and Golden Gate Transit are to be constructed along the median with 6 in side platforms for boarding and alighting passengers away from the curb . Additionally , underground water and sewer replacement and landscaping will take place on Van Ness Avenue .

negative: Dual-thrust In a dual-thrust solid fuel rocket motor , the propellant mass is composed of two different types ( densities ) of fuel . In the case of a tandem dual-thrust motor , the fuel closest to the rocket nozzle burns fast and the fuel further into the motor 's body burns slower . This has the effect of giving the rocket a lot of thrust initially , accelerating it rapidly to high speed . When all the fast-burning propellant has burnt , the slow-burning propellant delivers a much lower level of thrust . The first phase of acceleration is called `` boost '' and the second phase `` sustain '' . Not all dual-thrust motors are in a tandem arrangement but non-tandem motors function much the same ; they just have a different physical layout of fuel . For example they might burn from the inside to the outside ( core burning ) , rather than from the end in ( end burning ) .   The advantage of dual-thrust motors is that , if the fuel were all of the fast-burning kind , the rocket would accelerate up to a higher speed initially but because air resistance increases quadratically with speed , the rocket would slow down very rapidly . This would give a higher peak speed but a lower average speed . Instead , the boost phase accelerates the rocket up to a high enough speed ( high enough to propel the rocket to its destination fast , but not high enough to cause excessive air resistance ) , and then the sustain stage allows the rocket to maintain this high speed until it burns out , after which time it is able to coast and slowly lose speed .   Dual-thrust motors are most prevalent in rockets which are atmosphere-bound since they have to deal with air resistance over most of their flight . It is similar in concept to multi-stage rockets , but much simpler to design and build since there is no requirement to detach stages , have separate components , etc. .

negative: Paleontology in Nevada thumb | The location of the state of Nevada  Paleontology in Nevada refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Nevada . Nevada has a rich fossil record of plants as well as both invertebrate and vertebrate animal life . During the Late Precambrian eastern and southern Nevada was being gradually covered by a shallow sea that was home to blue-green bacteria . During the early Paleozoic a variety of local aquatic invertebrates inhabited both freshwater ( molluscs ) and salt water ( graptolites ) . By the Carboniferous reefs formed despite a drop in local sea levels and a variety of plants flourished on land .   Sea levels continued to drop into the early Mesozoic although ammonites and ichthyosaurs inhabited regions still submerged by the sea . Sea levels continued to drop through the Jurassic . An island chain where Sequoia trees grew emerged during the Cretaceous , but little else is known . Woodlands covered the state during the early part of the Cenozoic era . The state would come to be home to camels , horses , mammoths , and giant ground sloths . Local Native Americans devised myths to explain fossils . By the late 19th century local fossils had attracted the attention of formally trained scientists . Nevertheless , very little organized paleontology has been done within Nevada , and much of that has been carried on by out of state researchers . Consequently , there are few fossils displayed within Nevada . Among the institutions that do house fossils within the state is the Nevada State Museum , Las Vegas . The Triassic ichthyosaur Shonisaurus popularis is the Nevada state fossil .

negative: Vijayawada Bus Rapid Transit System The city of Vijayawada is one of the few cities in India to have Bus Rapid Transit system a more convenient for public transport .

negative: Burnsville (MVTA station) The Burnsville Transit Station is a transit facility located in the downtown vicinity of Burnsville , Minnesota , and is the flagship station of the Minnesota Valley Transit Authority . It is a major park and ride location , with approximately 1200 parking spaces . It is also a major route transfer hub for the south of the river suburbs . The station also features indoor climate-controlled waiting , pay phones , restrooms , drinking fountains , vending machines , bus pass sales , newspaper sales and transit information . Due to recently high levels of park and ride demand , MVTA has also started service from the Heart of the City park and ride , only 3 blocks away . It will also serve the planned METRO Orange Line bus rapid transit service , although the transit center is located about 2/3 of a mile ( 1 km ) away from I-35W where the line will run .

negative: Fossil Fuel Levy The Fossil Fuel Levy ( FFL ) is a levy paid by suppliers of electricity from non-renewable energy sources in the United Kingdom . The costs are shared by the suppliers and consumers , as a proportion of the cost is passed on to consumers in the cost of the electricity supplied . The Fossil Fuel Levy was imposed to fund the Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation .

negative: Reprocessed uranium Reprocessed uranium ( RepU ) is the uranium recovered from nuclear reprocessing , as done commercially in France , the UK and Japan and by nuclear weapons states ' military plutonium production programs . This uranium actually makes up the bulk of the material separated during reprocessing . Commercial LWR spent nuclear fuel contains on average ( excluding cladding ) only four percent plutonium , minor actinides and fission products by weight . Reuse of reprocessed uranium has not been common because of low prices in the uranium market of recent decades , and because it contains undesirable isotopes of uranium .   , uranium prices had begun to rise again , and if the price becomes high enough , it is possible that reprocessed uranium will be re-enriched and reused . A higher enrichment level will be required to compensate for the 236U which is lighter than 238U and therefore will concentrate in the enriched product .  Also , if fast breeder reactors ever come into commercial use , reprocessed uranium , like depleted uranium , will be usable in their breeding blankets .   There have been some studies involving the use of reprocessed uranium in CANDU reactors . CANDU is designed to use natural uranium as fuel ; the U-235 content remaining in spent PWR/BWR fuel is typically greater than that found in natural uranium , which is about 0.72 % U-235 , allowing the re-enrichment step to be skipped . Fuel cycle tests also have included the DUPIC ( Direct Use of spent PWR fuel In CANDU ) fuel cycle , where used fuel from a Pressurized Water Reactor ( PWR ) is packaged into a CANDU fuel bundle with only physical reprocessing ( cut into pieces ) but no chemical reprocessing .

negative: Little Joe 1 Little Joe 1 ( LJ-1 ) was a failed launch of a Little Joe solid fuel rocket that was designed to test the Mercury spacecraft Launch Escape and Recovery systems . The vehicle was 48 ft in height , weighed approximately 43000 lb , and was 80 in in diameter with a fin span of 21.3 ft. The Little Joe booster consisted of four Pollux and four Recruit clustered , solid-fuel rockets , could develop a thrust of 250000 lbf , and could lift a maximum payload of 3942 lb . The escape system , using a Grand Central 1KS52000 rocket motor , weighed 1015 lb .   On August 21 , 1959 , LJ-1 was being prepared for launch from the Wallops Flight Facility , Wallops Island , Virginia . Suddenly , about a half-hour before the scheduled launch , the escape rocket fired and pulled the Mercury spacecraft away from the launch pad . The spacecraft reached an apogee of 2000 ft and landed about 2000 feet away . The flight time was 20 seconds .   According to the Sept. 18 , 1959 accident report , the unexpected triggering of the launch escape system was caused by a transient or electrical leak ; analysis showed it to be due to the rapid-abort system being wired directly into the destruct arming busbar . The batteries were shipped from England to the U.S. uncharged and shorted ; on charging at the pad , the batteries , when enough charge was reached , actuated the sequencer for the abort system , and sensing insufficient altitude , fired the squibs in the abort motor . Insufficient power in the batteries then failed to initiate the tower jettison motor and capsule parachute recovery charge , and both crashed into the sea .

negative: Paleontology in Vermont Paleontology in Vermont refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Vermont . Fossils are generally uncommon in Vermont . Nevertheless , however , significant finds have been made in the state . Very few fossils are known in Vermont east of the Green Mountains due to the type of rock underlying that area . During the early part of the Paleozoic era , Vermont was covered by a warm , shallow sea that would end up being home to creatures like brachiopods , corals , crinoids , ostracoderms , and trilobites . There are no rocks in the state from the Carboniferous , Permian , Triassic , or Jurassic periods . The few Cretaceous rocks present contain no fossils . The Paleogene and Neogene periods are also absent from the local rock record . During the Ice Age , glaciers scoured the state . At times the state was inundated by seawater , allowing marine mammals to venture in . After the seawater drained away the state was home to mastodons . Local fossils had already attracted scientific attention by the mid-19th century when mastodon remains were found in Rutland County . In 1950 a major Paleozoic invertebrate find occurred . The Pleistocene Beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas is the Vermont state fossil .

negative: Top of climb In aviation , the top of climb , also referred to as the TOC or T/C , is the computed transition from the climb phase of a flight to the cruise phase , the point at which the planned climb to cruise altitude is completed . The top of climb is usually calculated by an on-board flight management system , and is designed to provide the most economical climb to cruise altitude , or to meet some other objective ( fastest climb , greatest range , etc. ) . The top of climb may be calculated manually with considerable effort .   Pilots of small airplanes need to do a flight plan to compute fuel usage and time of the trip , because they do n't have a flight management system . Because climbing to cruise altitude burns fuel quicker , the takeoff to cruise altitude is calculated separately . The airplane 's Pilot Operating Handbook has a table of fuel burned , time , and distance to reach a given altitude from sea level . To calculate the values for airport at 3000 feet , you subtract the values for sea level to 3000 from the sea level to cruise altitude .

negative: Oil Free Wellington Oil Free Wellington is a protest group which was formed in Wellington , New Zealand , in 2012 . It exists to oppose deep sea oil drilling off the coast of New Zealand 's capital city , Wellington . It also works in support of other groups opposing fossil fuel exploration around New Zealand .

negative: Burykhia Burykhia hunti is a Precambrian fossil from the White Sea region of Russia dating to . It is considered of ascidian affinity , due to the sac-like morphology and a series of distinctly perforated bands reminiscent of a tunicate pharynx . If B. hunti is a tunicate , it could be the oldest ascidian fossil known as of its publication in 2012 . It is possibly related to the slightly younger Ausia , another putative ascidian from the Vendian biota in Namibia . In the case of Burykhia , the narrow longitudinal vessels support affinity with the suborder Phlebobranchia .   Burykhia does not appear to have been colonial .

negative: Copper in renewable energy Renewable energy sources such as solar , wind , tidal , hydro , biomass , and geothermal have become significant sectors of the energy market . The rapid growth of these sources in the 21st century has been prompted by increasing costs of fossil fuels as well as their negative environmental impacts . While the average capacity of renewable energy sources was only 7 % globally in 2010 , most installation of new capacity has been with renewables . Few new installations were from fossil fuel-based power plants . The trend towards new power capacity by renewables is expected to continue through 2020 . Since renewable energy supplies offset the amount of fossil fuels that need to be combusted in power plants , the use of renewables indirectly helps to reduce CO2 emissions . Hence , renewable energy supplies enable societies to progress towards lower-carbon-based economies .   Copper plays an important role in renewable energy systems . Since copper is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor among the engineering metals ( second only to silver ) , power systems that utilize copper generate and transmit energy with high efficiency and with minimum environmental impacts . By using copper instead of other lower electrical energy-efficient metal conductors , less electricity needs to be generated to satisfy a given power demand .   This article discusses the role of copper in various renewable energy generation systems .

negative: Collapsus Collapsus is a project that combines animation , interactive fiction , and documentary film . This story follows how the impending energy crisis affects ten young people , while international powers battle with political dissension and a fearful population during transition from Fossil fuel to alternative fuels . Set in the near future , Collapsus was initialized to raise awareness of the global issue of peak oil .

negative: Fossil fuel exporters Petroleum , natural gas , and coal are exported from various source countries to countries reliant on these fossil fuels .

negative: Sprengel explosive Sprengel explosives are a generic class of materials invented by Hermann Sprengel in the 1870s . They consist of stoichiometric mixtures of strong oxidisers and reactive fuels , mixed just prior to use in order to enhance safety . Either the oxidiser or the fuel , or both , should be a liquid to facilitate mixing , and intimate contact between the materials for a fast reaction rate .   Sprengel suggested nitric acid , nitrates and chlorates as oxidisers , and nitroaromatics ( e.g. nitrobenzene ) as fuels . Other Sprengel explosives used at various times include charcoal with liquid oxygen ( an oxyliquit ) , `` Rackarock '' , and ANFO ammonium nitrate ( oxidiser ) mixed with a fuel oil ( fuel ) , normally diesel kerosene or nitromethane . Eventually ANFO supplanted all others because its oxidiser was the safest , and - due to its widespread use as a fertiliser in agriculture - also the cheapest .   `` Rackarock '' consisted of potassium chlorate and nitrobenzene . It was provided in the form of permeable cartridges of the chlorate , which were placed in wire baskets and dipped in the nitrobenzene for a few seconds before use . For underwater use , it could be provided in cans instead . It was famously used in the massive submarine demolition of a navigational hazard in Long Island Sound in 1885 . The charge of over a hundred tonnes of explosive ( laid in tunnels 20 metres below sea level ) destroyed approximately 600,000 tonnes of rock , and created a wave 30 m high .