query: We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.

positive: Earth Earth ( from Eorðe -LSB- Γαῖα , Gaia -RSB- Terra ) , otherwise known as the World or the Globe , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets .   According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . During one orbit around the Sun , Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times ; thus , an Earth year is about 365.26 days long . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted , producing seasonal variations on the planet 's surface . The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes the Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation .   Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by its oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics .   Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states .

positive: Planetary nebula A planetary nebula , often abbreviated as PN or plural PNe , is a kind of emission nebula consisting of an expanding , glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from old red giant stars late in their lives . The word `` nebula '' is Latin for mist or cloud , and the term `` planetary nebula '' is a misnomer that originated in the 1780s with astronomer William Herschel because when viewed through his telescope , these objects resemble the rounded shapes of planets . Herschel 's name for these objects was popularly adopted and has not been changed . They are a relatively short-lived phenomenon , lasting a few tens of thousands of years , compared to a typical stellar lifetime of several billion years .   A mechanism for formation of most planetary nebulae is thought to be the following : at the end of the star 's life , during the red-giant phase , the outer layers of the star are expelled by strong stellar winds . After most of the red giant 's atmosphere is dissipated , the ultraviolet radiation of the hot luminous core , called a planetary nebula nucleus ( PNN ) , ionizes the outer layers earlier ejected from the star . Absorbed ultraviolet light energises the shell of nebulous gas around the central star , causing it to appear as a brightly coloured planetary nebula .   Planetary nebulae likely play a crucial role in the chemical evolution of the Milky Way by expelling elements to the interstellar medium from stars where those elements were created . Planetary nebulae are also observed in more distant galaxies , yielding useful information about their chemical abundances .   Starting from the 1990s , Hubble Space Telescope images have revealed many planetary nebulae to have extremely complex and varied morphologies . About one-fifth are roughly spherical , but the majority are not spherically symmetric . The mechanisms that produce such a wide variety of shapes and features are not yet well understood , but binary central stars , stellar winds and magnetic fields may play a role .

positive: Planetary habitability Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet 's or a natural satellite 's potential to have habitable environments hospitable to life . Habitable environments do not need to contain life . Life may develop directly on a planet or satellite or be transferred to it from another body , a hypothetical process known as panspermia . As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown , planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favorable to life 's flourishing -- in particular those factors that have sustained complex , multicellular organisms and not just simpler , unicellular creatures . Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology .   An absolute requirement for life is an energy source , and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical , geochemical , and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life . In its astrobiology roadmap , NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as `` extended regions of liquid water , conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic molecules , and energy sources to sustain metabolism '' .   In determining the habitability potential of a body , studies focus on its bulk composition , orbital properties , atmosphere , and potential chemical interactions . Stellar characteristics of importance include mass and luminosity , stable variability , and high metallicity . Rocky , wet terrestrial-type planets and moons with the potential for Earth-like chemistry are a primary focus of astrobiological research , although more speculative habitability theories occasionally examine alternative biochemistries and other types of astronomical bodies .   The idea that planets beyond Earth might host life is an ancient one , though historically it was framed by philosophy as much as physical science.This article is an analysis of planetary habitability from the perspective of contemporary physical science . A historical viewpoint on the possibility of habitable planets can be found at Beliefs in extraterrestrial life and Cosmic pluralism . For a discussion of the probability of alien life see the Drake equation and Fermi paradox . Habitable planets are also a staple of fiction ; see Planets in science fiction . The late 20th century saw two breakthroughs in the field . The observation and robotic spacecraft exploration of other planets and moons within the Solar System has provided critical information on defining habitability criteria and allowed for substantial geophysical comparisons between the Earth and other bodies . The discovery of extrasolar planets , beginning in the early 1990s and accelerating thereafter , has provided further information for the study of possible extraterrestrial life . These findings confirm that the Sun is not unique among stars in hosting planets and expands the habitability research horizon beyond the Solar System .   The chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang , 13.8 billion years ago , during a habitable epoch when the Universe was only 10 -- 17 million years old . According to the panspermia hypothesis , microscopic life -- distributed by meteoroids , asteroids and other small Solar System bodies -- may exist throughout the Universe . Nonetheless , Earth is the only place in the Universe known to harbor life . Estimates of habitable zones around other stars , along with the discovery of hundreds of extrasolar planets and new insights into the extreme habitats here on Earth , suggest that there may be many more habitable places in the Universe than considered possible until very recently . On 4 November 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars . The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away , according to the scientists .

negative: Triple Crown of Cycling The Triple Crown of Cycling is considered by many fans of the sport to be the greatest achievement in cycling . Although more definitions for the term are used , mostly it means winning the Tour de France , the Giro d'Italia and the Road World Cycling Championship in one year , although occasionally a broader definition where one grand tour can be exchanged for the Vuelta a España is also seen . So far , the triple crown of cycling ( in both the narrow and the broad definition ) has been achieved by two cyclists , Eddy Merckx and Stephen Roche . It is considered the hardest title to win in professional road bicycle racing in the same year . The triple crown of cycling is not an official title , and there is no physical award given .

negative: Exoplanet An exoplanet ( -LSB- ˈɛk.səʊˌplæn.ɪt -RSB- , -LSB- ˌɛk.soʊˈplæn.ɪt -RSB- ) or extrasolar planet is a planet outside of our solar system that orbits a star . The first scientific detection of an exoplanet was in 1988 . However , the first confirmed detection came in 1992 ; since then , and as of , there have been exoplanets , in planetary systems and multiple planetary systems , confirmed detections .   HARPS ( since 2004 ) has discovered about a hundred exoplanets while the Kepler space telescope ( since 2009 ) has found more than two thousand . Kepler has also detected a few thousand candidate planets , of which about 11 % may be false positives .  On average , there is at least one planet per star , with a percentage having multiple planets .  About 1 in 5 Sun-like starsFor the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic , `` Sun-like '' means G-type star . Data for Sun-like stars was not available so this statistic is an extrapolation from data about K-type stars have an `` Earth-sized `` For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic , Earth-sized means 1 -- 2 Earth radii planet in the habitable zone.For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic , `` habitable zone '' means the region with 0.25 to 4 times Earth 's stellar flux ( corresponding to 0.5 -- 2 AU for the Sun ) . Assuming there are 200 billion stars in the Milky Way , About 1/4 of stars are GK Sun-like stars . The number of stars in the galaxy is not accurately known , but assuming 200 billion stars in total , the Milky Way would have about 50 billion Sun-like ( GK ) stars , of which about 1 in 5 ( 22 % ) or 11 billion would be Earth-sized in the habitable zone . Including red dwarfs would increase this to 40 billion . one can hypothesize that there are 11 billion potentially habitable Earth-sized planets in the Milky Way , rising to 40 billion if planets orbiting the numerous red dwarfs are included .   The least massive planet known is Draugr ( also known as PSR B1257 +12 A or PSR B1257 +12 b ) , which is about twice the mass of the Moon . The most massive planet listed on the NASA Exoplanet Archive is DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b , about 29 times the mass of Jupiter , although according to some definitions of a planet , it is too massive to be a planet and may be a brown dwarf instead . There are planets that are so near to their star that they take only a few hours to orbit and there are others so far away that they take thousands of years to orbit . Some are so far out that it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to the star . Almost all of the planets detected so far are within the Milky Way , but there have also been a few possible detections of extragalactic planets . The nearest exoplanet is Proxima Centauri b , located 4.2 light-years ( 1.3 parsecs ) from Earth and orbiting Proxima Centauri , the closest star to the Sun .   The discovery of exoplanets has intensified interest in the search for extraterrestrial life . There is special interest in planets that orbit in a star 's habitable zone , where it is possible for liquid water , a prerequisite for life on Earth , to exist on the surface . The study of planetary habitability also considers a wide range of other factors in determining the suitability of a planet for hosting life .   Besides exoplanets , there are also rogue planets , which do not orbit any star and which tend to be considered separately , especially if they are gas giants , in which case they are often counted , like WISE 0855 − 0714 , as sub-brown dwarfs . The rogue planets in the Milky Way possibly number in the billions ( or more ) .

negative: Generational planet In the field of astrology , generational planets are planets that affect an entire generation of people . The generational planets are the outer planets Uranus , Neptune , Pluto , Sedna , and Quaoar .   Uranus was discovered by amateur astronomer William Herschel on 13 March 1781 . Uranus exhibits the ideals of the 18th century , where people such as Benjamin Franklin endeavoured to use their inventive mind to move man into a more enlightened era . It has an orbit of 84 years , staying in each sign of the zodiac for approximately 7 years . Uranus is considered to be a higher octave of Mercury , which means that as people develop within their selves , their character and means of communication will exhibit more influences of the sign and house of Uranus . In essence , Uranus can be seen as a person 's higher self . Because it takes Uranus 84 years to travel through the zodiac , transiting Uranus just might conjoin the natal Uranus within a person 's lifetime .   Neptune was discovered on 23 September 1846 . Neptune is a 19th-century planet in that it heralded in many of the varied assortment of Protestant religions , as well as spiritualism , took hold . Visionaries such as Edgar Cayce and Rudolf Steiner were born in the second half of the 19th century , and their psychic abilities are indicative of the Neptunian themes of this time . It has an orbit of 165 years , which is approximately twice the time of Uranus . Neptune is considered to be the higher octave of Venus because both planet 's are gaseous and both strive to achieve the higher ideals of mankind ; Venus through the adoption of beauty and Neptune through unconditional love . Because Neptune has such a long orbit , an individual may see transiting Neptune form an opposition to their natal Neptune .   Pluto was discovered by Clyde W. Tombaugh on 18 February 1930 . When Pluto was first discovered , it was initially known as Planet X. Astronomers had been searching for another planet past Neptune , hoping to solve the dilemma of its rather irregular orbit . It is now known , however , that the perceived irregular orbit of Neptune was the result of a mathematical error because Pluto , being a planetoid smaller than our own Moon , was far too small to affect any type of gravitational pull on the gas giant . Pluto is very much a 20th-century planet and refers to the two world wars , and weapons of mass destruction , nuclear power , and a desire to totally control the world we live in . It is a planet that reveals to us the extremes we are capable of if we do not set necessary boundaries in our lives . This planet governs the compulsions in our life : those things we are compelled to do but know we should not , such as murder , rape , drug addiction , and even overeating if it is of such an extent that it threatens our health . Pluto is considered to be a higher octave of Mars , and this is evidenced by the fact that both planets co-rule Scorpio . Pluto , circling the Sun in 248 years , has a rather elliptical orbit , which means that it stays in the sign it rules , Scorpio , for a mere 9 years , and the sign of its fall , Taurus for 30 ! With this in mind , some astrologers believe that Pluto should rightfully rule Taurus , but for the time being it still rules Scorpio . As other trans-Neptunian object planets are discovered , however , this placement just might have to be reconsidered .   Quaoar was discovered on 4 June 2002 and is considered to be a trans-Neptunian object . Although a planetoid , it is considered by many to be more of a planet than Pluto because its orbit is more circular in nature , being 286 years . When a person is around 71 years old , transiting Quaoar will form a square aspect to his natal placement . Since this is a recently discovered object , not much is yet known about its astrological significance and what part it plays in the universe .   Sedna was discovered by a team using the Samuel Oschin telescope on 14 November 2003 and is a trans-Neptunian object . It has an orbit of 11,250 years , so stays in a sign for approximately a millennium . Because this planet has recently been discovered , not much is yet known about it .

negative: Reconstructing Amelia Reconstructing Amelia is the 2013 debut novel of American author Kimberly McCreight . It was first published in hardback in the United States on April 2 , 2013 , through Harper and received a paperback release on December 3 of the same year . An audiobook edition narrated by Khristine Hvam was released the following year through HarperCollins Audio and Blackstone Audio . McCreight did not write the book with a specific age group in mind and after completing the work commented to a friend that she `` might have written an adult-YA crossover . '' The novel is told through three alternating points of view , that of fifteen year old Amelia Baron , her single mother , Kate , and an anonymous blog called gRaCeFULLY .   Film rights for the novel have been optioned by Nicole Kidman 's production company Blossom Films , with Kidman set to star as the character Kate and serve as an executive producer .

negative: Phonon noise Phonon noise , also known as thermal fluctuation noise , arises from the random exchange of energy between a thermal mass and its surrounding environment . This energy is quantized in the form of phonons . Each phonon has an energy of order , where is Boltzmann 's constant and is the temperature . The random exchange of energy leads to fluctuations in temperature . This occurs even when the thermal mass and the environment are in thermal equilibrium , i.e. at the same time-average temperature . If a device has a temperature-dependent electrical resistance , then these fluctuations in temperature lead to fluctuations in resistance . Examples of devices where phonon noise is important include bolometers and calorimeters . The superconducting transition edge sensor ( TES ) , which can be operated either as a bolometer or a calorimeter , is an example of a device for which phonon noise can significantly contribute to the total noise .   Although Johnson -- Nyquist noise shares many similarities with phonon noise ( e.g. the noise spectral density depends on the temperature and is white at low frequencies ) , these two noise sources are distinct . Johnson-Nyquist noise arises from the random thermal motion of electrons , whereas phonon noise arises from the random exchange of phonons . Johnson-Nyquist noise is easily modeled at thermal equilibrium , where all components of the circuit are held at the same temperature . A general equilibrium model for phonon noise is usually impossible because different components of the thermal circuit are nonuniform in temperature and also often not time invariant , as in the occasional energy deposition from particles incident on a detector . The transition edge sensor typically maintains the temperature through negative electrothermal feedback associated with changes in internal electrical power .   An approximate formula for the noise-equivalent power ( NEP ) due to phonon noise in a bolometer when all components are very close to a temperature T is   where G is the thermal conductance and the NEP is measured in . In calorimetric detectors , the rms energy resolution due to phonon noise near quasi-equilibrium is described using a similar formula ,   where C is the heat capacity .   A real bolometer or calorimeter is not at equilibrium because of a temperature gradient between the absorber and the bath . Since G and C are generally nonlinear functions of temperature , a more advanced model may include the temperature of both the absorber and the bath and treat G or C as a power law across this temperature range .

negative: Frank Vandenbroucke (cyclist) Frank Vandenbroucke ( 6 November 1974 -- 12 October 2009 ) , was a Belgian professional road racing cyclist . He was the great hope of Belgian cycling in the 1990s but a remarkable talent which appeared in his adolescence in athletics and then in cycle racing dissipated in a succession of drugs problems , rows with teams , suicide attempts and finally being disowned by the cycling world . His former wife described him as a cocaine addict . He is known to have had numerous drug and family problems , and to have attempted suicide . However , VDB claimed in an interview with ProCycling 's Daniel Friebe three weeks before his death to have made a near-complete recovery from the emotional issues that plagued him throughout his career . Vandenbroucke told Friebe , `` I simply realise that the last year and a half have been fantastic for me . '' Nevertheless , he died of a pulmonary embolism in October 2009 .

negative: Vertex cycle cover In mathematics , a vertex cycle cover ( commonly called simply cycle cover ) of a graph G is a set of cycles which are subgraphs of G and contain all vertices of G.   If the cycles of the cover have no vertices in common , the cover is called vertex-disjoint or sometimes simply disjoint cycle cover . In this case the set of the cycles constitutes a spanning subgraph of G . A disjoint cycle cover of an undirected graph ( if it exists ) can be found in polynomial time by transforming the problem into a problem of finding a perfect matching in a larger graph .   If the cycles of the cover have no edges in common , the cover is called edge-disjoint or simply disjoint cycle cover .   Similar definitions exist for digraphs , in terms of directed cycles .

negative: PPA (complexity) In computational complexity theory , PPA is a complexity class , standing for `` Polynomial Parity Argument '' ( on a graph ) . Introduced by Christos Papadimitriou in 1994 ( page 528 ) , PPA is a subclass of TFNP . It is a class of search problems that can be shown to be total by an application of the handshaking lemma : any undirected graph that has a vertex whose degree is an odd number must have some other vertex whose degree is an odd number . This observation means that if we are given a graph and an odd-degree vertex , and we are asked to find some other odd-degree vertex , then we are searching for something that is guaranteed to exist ( so , we have a total search problem ) .   PPA is defined as follows . Suppose we have a graph on whose vertices are - bit binary strings , and the graph is represented by a polynomial-sized circuit that takes a vertex as input and outputs its neighbors . ( Note that this allows us to represent an exponentially-large graph on which we can efficiently perform local exploration . ) Suppose furthermore that a specific vertex ( say the all-zeroes vector ) has an odd number of neighbors . We are required to find another odd-degree vertex . Note that this problem is in NP -- given a solution it may be verified using the circuit that the solution is correct . A function computation problem belongs to PPA if it admits a polynomial-time reduction to this graph search problem . A problem is complete for the class PPA if in addition , this graph search problem is reducible to that problem .   PPA contains PPAD as a subclass . This is because the corresponding problem that defines PPAD , known as END OF THE LINE , can be reduced ( in a straightforward way ) to the above search for an additional odd-degree vertex ( essentially , just by ignoring the directions of the edges in END OF THE LINE ) .   There is an un-oriented version of the Sperner lemma known to be complete for PPA . The problem of searching for a second Hamiltonian cycle on a 3-regular graph is a member of PPA , but is not known to be complete for PPA .

negative: Tweed Run The Tweed Run is a group bicycle ride through the centre of London , in which the cyclists are expected to dress in traditional British cycling attire , particularly tweed plus four suits . Any bicycle is acceptable on the Tweed Run , but classic vintage bicycles are encouraged . Some effort to recreate the spirit of a bygone era is always appreciated . The ride dubs itself `` A Metropolitan Cycle Ride With a Bit of Style . ''

negative: II (Hardline album) II is the second album by American hard rock band , Hardline . It was released in 2002 , ten years after the band 's debut album Double Eclipse . It is also the last album to feature Joey Gioeli .   The album was originally going to be named Hyperspace , but vocalist Johnny Gioeli decided to change the name simply to II because `` it 's a natural prosecution of what we started with our debut album Double Eclipse . '' The tracks `` Face the Night , '' `` Do or Die , '' `` Your Eyes , '' and `` This Gift '' were originally recorded for Double Eclipse , as Johnny Gioeli revealed in a 2002 interview , `` So people are getting a real Hardline record . ''   It features former The Storm guitarist Josh Ramos .   In a 2002 interview with Andy Read , Johnny Gioeli revealed four songs that were to be included on II : `` Plastic Jesus , '' `` Sweet Surrender , '' `` Why Me , '' which may have been an early demo of `` Y , '' and `` Only a Night , '' the only track among the four confirmed to have appeared on the final product . Gioeli also revealed that he had written two full-length albums , one of which was unused and replaced with what became II . `` We actually started writing an album that would 've truly been a follow-up to the first Hardline record , '' Gioeli explained , `` It would have been a bit shocking because it was a little outside the box . People do n't know that because the second album never came out . Anyway , people at Frontiers heard it and got a little bit nervous and said , ` Keep it like the first record . ' ''   In an interview with members of Jun Senoue 's official fansite at Summer of Sonic 2012 , Gioeli elaborated on the differences between Double Eclipse and what would have been an immediate follow up : `` So the question is , how different was it going to be ? Well , what happened was , we had a meeting with the record company ( MCA Records ) when we were preparing for that , and then , you know the whole Pearl Jam alternative shit was happening , and the record company said ` Hey look , we know that you guys are talented enough that you can fit in this space as well . So we want to have a bit of an alternative flare . ' So , was it completely different ? No , but it definitely had a little alternative feel to it . Yeah , it definitely did . I 'm trying to recall ... basically the difference was , what was happening is a lot of the singers were not using much vibrato . '' He then demonstrated the difference . `` So what we were doing was ... '' He proceeded to sing part of `` I Will Survive '' ( unreleased ) without vibrato . `` There it is , that was one of the songs . ''

negative: Kerbdog (album) Kerbdog ( also sometimes known as ` Totally Switched ' for the US release ) is Kerbdog 's eponymous debut album . The album was recorded in 1993 at Rockfield Studios in Wales and released on 28 March 1994 through Vertigo . Though the band had various indie influences , with bands like Sonic Youth and Big Black , the album ended up having a Metallica influenced proto-grunge sound . The band said that this was simply the result of getting professional equipment , and turning everything up as loud as they could . What also might account for this is the fact that grunge pioneer Jack Endino recorded the album .  `` If I remember right the whole thing took five weeks . No problems except that Cormac was still writing lyrics right up to the next-to-last day of mixing . Dummy Crusher was literally the last thing finished , we cut the vocal and then I mixed it next day . We had about run out of time at that point . -LSB- I -RSB- liked almost all of it . Thought the intro to EOG should have been half as long , but band disagreed ; and in retrospect I would have turned up the vocals on EOG just a teeny bit , though no one ever complained . Did n't like Xenophobia much but that did n't make the album . Thought Clock should have been a single . ''  Jack Endino   The album was fairly well received in Britain , Ireland , and Europe , reaching number 97 in the UK Albums Chart . It also got a lot of radio play on US college radio , but the album did n't do as well as expected .   The album was re-released in September 2012 on East World Records UK .

negative: Animal Planet Nordic Animal Planet Nordic is a television channel broadcasting nature-related documentaries to the Nordic countries .   Animal Planet was launched in the Nordic region in 1997 . In 2001 , the channel received a license to broadcast in the digital terrestrial network in Sweden . By 2008 , the channel had regularly been one of the twenty most watched channels in Sweden for a few years . From 2007 , the channel is also broadcast terrestrially in Norway via the RiksTV package .   For its first ten years in existence , the channel used a logo with a globe and an elephant which was also used by its sister channels . On 1 October 2008 the channel switched a new logo , which had previously been adopted by Animal Planet in the United States .   A high-definition version of the channel , called Animal Planet HD , was launched on 3 February 2009 . That made the Nordic region the first region to get a high-definition version of Animal Planet after the United States . The high-definition channel used to have a separate schedule in order to broadcast only high-definition programmes .   Animal Planet Nordic has been replaced by the pan-European feed . The commercials on Animal Planet Europe show three air times depending on the country you live in . The Eastern European timezone is marked with `` Suomi '' for Finnish viewers .   Programs shown on the channel include :  Animal Cops : Houston  Animal Cops : Philadelphia  Animal Cops : Phoenix  Animal Crackers  Big Cat Diary  Meerkat Manor  Monkey Life  Natural World  Orangutan Island  The Planet 's Funniest Animals  Untamed & Uncut  Wildlife SOS  Wild Europe  Up Close and Dangerous

negative: Managerial finance Managerial finance is the branch of finance that concerns itself with the managerial significance of finance techniques . It is focused on assessment rather than technique .   The difference between a managerial and a technical approach can be seen in the questions one might ask of annual reports . The concern of a technical approach is primarily measurement . It asks : is money being assigned to the right categories ? Were accounting principles followed ?   The purpose of a managerial approach , however , is to understand what the figures mean .   Someone using such an approach might compare the returns to other businesses in their industry and ask : are we performing better or worse than our peers ? If we are performing worse , what is the source of the problem ? Do we have the same profit margins ? If not , why ? Do we have the same expenses ? Are we paying more for something than our peers ?  They may look at changes in asset balances or red flags that indicate problems with bill collection or bad debt .  They will analyze working capital to anticipate future cash flow problems .   Managerial finance is an interdisciplinary approach that borrows from both managerial accounting and corporate finance .   Sound financial management creates value and organizational agility through the allocation of scarce resources amongst competing business opportunities . It is an aid to the implementation and monitoring of business strategies and helps achieve business objectives .

negative: Table of the largest known graphs of a given diameter and maximal degree In graph theory , the degree diameter problem is the problem of finding the largest possible graph for a given maximum degree and diameter . The Moore bound sets limits on this , but for many years mathematicians in the field have been interested in a more precise answer . The table below gives current progress on this problem ( excluding the case of degree 2 , where the largest graphs are cycles with an odd number of vertices ) .

negative: Kiyotaki–Moore model The Kiyotaki -- Moore model of credit cycles is an economic model developed by Nobuhiro Kiyotaki and John H. Moore that shows how small shocks to the economy might be amplified by credit restrictions , giving rise to large output fluctuations . The model assumes that borrowers can not be forced to repay their debts . Therefore , in equilibrium , lending occurs only if it is collateralized . That is , borrowers must own a sufficient quantity of capital that can be confiscated in case they fail to repay . This collateral requirement amplifies business cycle fluctuations because in a recession , the income from capital falls , causing the price of capital to fall , which makes capital less valuable as collateral , which limits firms ' investment by forcing them to reduce their borrowing , and thereby worsens the recession .   Kiyotaki ( a macroeconomist ) and Moore ( a contract theorist ) originally described their model in a 1997 paper in the Journal of Political Economy . Their model has become influential because earlier real business cycle models typically relied on large exogenous shocks to account for fluctuations in aggregate output . The Kiyotaki -- Moore model shows instead how relatively small shocks might suffice to explain business cycle fluctuations , if credit markets are imperfect .

negative: United National Gridiron League The United National Gridiron League ( UNGL ) was a proposed minor professional football league . The league was formed in August 2007 and was originally called the United National Football League .  The league 's inaugural draft took place January 8 -- 9 , 2009 . The league had planned to begin the season on February 8 , 2009 but , after a multiple postponements of the kick-off date , the inaugural season was pushed back to March 2010 , because of financing problems .   On March 10 , 2010 , the league announced via an email to the media , that it was canceling the 2010 season and suspending league operations indefinitely . In the statement to the media , the league said , `` We were very hopeful that this announcement would not have to be made ( or at the very least we might have been able to delay our season start a bit ) , if we had been able to secure certain assurances and arrangements from the investor group we had been working with these past 4 months . Unfortunately , as of this past Monday , we were unable to confirm these arrangements which prohibited us , in good conscience , from announcing our league start date , along with the other announcements everyone was expecting regarding our player draft , camp report date , etc. . ''

negative: Nickel mining in Western Australia Nickel mining in Western Australia has been an industry that has had many fluctuations of fortune in its history . Large fluctuations in the world nickel price have seen mines close and reopen on several occasions .   In 2004/05 , the value of nickel production ( $ 2.3 billion ) exceeded that of gold ( $ 2.2 billion ) .   In the 2011 calendar year , nickel contributed $ 3.9 billion or four per cent to the value of the State 's resources . Nickel production in the same year was 188,000 tonnes .   Australia ( predominantly Western Australia ) holds one-third of the world 's known reserves of nickel-producing laterites and sulfide deposits . As of 2011 , Australia was the world 's fifth largest nickel producer . The only other significant Australian nickel production outside Western Australia is a refinery at Yabulu , Queensland which processes ore from New Caledonia , Indonesia , and the Philippines .

negative: Branded (Dad's Army) Branded is the eleventh episode of the third series of the British comedy series Dad 's Army . It was originally transmitted on Thursday 20 November 1969 .   On a night of programmes devoted to Dad 's Army , Jimmy Perry named it his favourite episode . `` When we told Arnold Ridley that we 'd written a part especially for him , he was absolutely delighted . When he read the script he said , `` Jimmy , its good to mention conchies as they were called , because they went through hell a lot of them , and a lot of them had high principles . I 'm very honoured to play it . Both Arnold Ridley and John Laurie had served in the First World War and both served in the Battle of the Somme where Ridley was dreadfully badly wounded . We all knew about the war - perhaps that 's what gives Dad 's Army , as Clint Eastwood says in Pale Rider , that ` little bit of edge ' . It 's -LSB- a -RSB- quite serious -LSB- episode -RSB- . In the end dear old Godfrey is proved to have more courage than the lot of them '' .

negative: Taxome The taxome is the sum of all the described species and higher groups such as genera , families , phyla of all life , or the sum of all valid taxa . The documenting of all this biodiversity is still very incomplete .   Many organisms have already been documented ( it is guessed that around 1-2 million species have been described -- see Species Inventory in biodiversity article ) , but probably around nine-tenths of existing species have never been described , and those that have been described may have been redescribed , many times , under different names . Thus , the state of the science of taxonomy ( the systematic organization of life ) is somewhat confused .   The system of Linnean nomenclature ( named after the 18th century Swedish pioneer Carl Linnaeus ) is such that , in principle , the correct scientific name of all organisms described could be adjudicated , by means of historical priority . However , the names of many organisms are published in such obscure books and journals that very little of this information is available to most people . Thus , not only do we have little idea how many species there are , but we are even ignorant of the number of supposedly known species that have been described .   However , the situation is not as bad as it is sometimes painted . The sum total of all existing taxonomic and nomenclatural documentation of living things is not large by today 's data-rich standards . We know where the books and journals are where species might have been described . We simply need to put in the work to make the text and graphics of species descriptions available in databases , particularly electronic databases . In many groups , species are poorly known , but it is now rare to discover a major undetected phylum or family , so coverage of the kinds of diversity of life is probably good , even if all species are not described . Most of the undiscovered groups are probably reasonably closely related to something we have described . Thus if we could document the existing knowledge , we would have a useful , albeit somewhat pixellated map of the diversity of life .   Just as a sequenced genome of an organism is a map of its DNA , a database documenting the complete taxome would form a map of the described biodiversity of the entire planet . Existing projects are mapping the positions of moons , planets and stars in the universe , as well as the physical geography of our own planet , and the genomes of selected organisms . Projects are now being set up to take advantage of information technology to document and make available the entire body of taxonomy on line . When this information becomes more complete , it should be possible to link this taxome information to all other information about biology .   Category : Biological nomenclature  Category : Taxonomy ( biology )

negative: CRESU experiment The CRESU experiment ( -LSB- Cinétique de Réaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme , lit = Reaction Kinetics in Uniform Supersonic Flow -RSB- ) is an experiment investigating chemical reactions taking place at very low temperatures .   The technique involves the expansion of a gas or mixture of gases through a de Laval nozzle from a high pressure reservoir into a vacuum chamber . As it expands , the nozzle collimates the gas into a uniform supersonic beam that is essentially collision free and has a temperature that , in the centre of mass frame , can be significantly below that of the reservoir gas . Each nozzle produces a characteristic temperature . This way , any temperature between room temperature and about 10K can be achieved . There are relatively few CRESU apparatuses in existence for the simple reason that the gas throughput and pumping requirements are huge , which makes them expensive to run . Two of the leading centres have been the University of Rennes ( France ) and the University of Birmingham ( UK ) . A more recent development has been a pulsed version of the CRESU , which requires far less gas and therefore smaller pumps . One might well ask why we should use such a complex method for producing low temperature gases when they could be produced much more easily using liquid helium . The answer is simple : most species have a negligible vapour pressure at such low temperatures and this means that they quickly condense on the sides of the apparatus . Essentially , the CRESU technique provides a `` wall-less flow tube , '' which allows the kinetics of gas phase reactions to be investigated at much lower temperatures than otherwise possible .   Chemical kinetics experiments can then be carried out in a `` pump-probe '' fashion using a laser to initiate the reaction ( for example by preparing one of the reagents by photolysis of a precursor ) , followed by observation of that same species ( for example by laser-induced fluorescence ) after a known time delay . The fluorescence signal is captured by a photomultiplier a known distance downstream of the de Laval nozzle . The time delay can be varied up to the maximum corresponding to the flow time over that known distance . By studying how quickly the reagent species disappears in the presence of differing concentrations of a ( usually stable ) co-reagent species the reaction rate constant at the low temperature of the CRESU flow can be determined .   Reactions studied by the CRESU technique typically have no significant activation energy barrier . In the case of neutral-neutral reactions ( i.e. , not involving any charged species , ions ) , these type of barrier-free reactions usually involve free radical species such as molecular oxygen ( O2 ) , the cyanide radical ( CN ) or the hydroxyl radical ( OH ) . The energetic driving force for these reactions is typically an attractive long range intermolecular potential .   CRESU experiments have been used to show deviations from Arrhenius kinetics at low temperatures : as the temperature is reduced , the rate constant actually increases . They can explain why chemistry is so prevalent in the interstellar medium , where many different polyatomic species have been detected ( by radio astronomy ) , but where temperatures are so low that conventional wisdom might suggest that chemical reactions do not occur .

negative: Drum rudiment In percussion music , a rudiment is one of a number of relatively small patterns which form the foundation for more extended and complex drum patterns . The term `` rudiment '' in this context means not only `` basic '' , but also fundamental . While any level of drumming may , in some sense , be broken down by analysis into a series of component rudiments , the term `` drum rudiment '' is most closely associated with various forms of field drumming , also known as rudimental drumming .   Rudimental drumming has something of a flexible definition , even within drumming societies devoted to that form of drumming . For example , the longest running website on rudimental drumming defines it as `` the study of coordination , '' whereas the Percussive Arts Society defines rudimental drumming as a particular method for learning the drums -- beginning with rudiments , and gradually building up speed and complexity through practicing those rudiments . ( An analogy might be made to learning the piano by first learning scales and arpeggios , as opposed to beginning by taking a full piece of music and grinding through it bit by bit , to the end . )

negative: Where the Devil Don't Stay `` Where the Devil Do n't Stay '' is a song written and recorded by the rock and alt-country group Drive-By Truckers , and released on their 2004 album , The Dirty South .   DBT 's frontman , Patterson Hood , had this to say about the song :   `` Cooley wrote this one , based on a poem by his uncle Ed Cooley . Ed got to be there when we recorded it . Think he packed for a long evening of recording , but we 'd been playing it live for a year or so and ended up nailing it in one take . Think Ed might have been a little disappointed by that . ''   Category :2004 songs

negative: Where I Am (song) `` Where I Am '' is a song performed by Danish-Australian singer Anja Nissen . The song was released as a digital download on 28 February 2017 , through Australian Broadcasting Corporation . It represented Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 , and was written by Nissen along with Angel Tupai and Michael D'Arcy .   Nissen said : `` The song is about letting go , particularly in relationships . Breaking down the emotional walls and letting you give love and receive love . Have n't we all been in that situation where we 've felt lost and we 've felt we do n't know who we are and that no one is going to accept us for who we are ? But at the end of the day we make a decision to not care and just to let go . That 's what the song is about . '' Anja Nissen wrote the song when she was 18 years old about her first relationship . She intended `` Where I Am '' to be her debut single after winning The Voice Australia in 2014 , but it never materialized .

negative: Rxqual RxQual is used in GSM and is a part of the Network Measurement Reports ( NMR ) .   This is an integer value of which can be between 0 and 7 and reflects the quality of voice .  0 is the best quality , 7 is the worst .   Each RxQual value corresponds to an estimated number of bit errors in a number of bursts .   There are two types of RxQual values , FULL and SUB .   We use RxQual SUB when we have DTX DL activated because RxQual FULL values will not be reliable , because they will use Bit error rate ( BER ) measurements when nothing has been sent , what leads to a very high BER and a poor RxQual .   If DTX DL is deactivated , is better to use RxQual FULL values , they are more precise , because it uses all frames on the SACCH multiframe , whether they have been transmitted from the base station or not .   The official definition of RxQual is given in Chapter 8.2.4 of GSM TS 05.08 ( ETSI TS 100 911 ) , later superseded by 3GPP TS 45.008 .

negative: Truthful job scheduling Truthful job scheduling is a mechanism design variant of the Job shop scheduling problem from operations research .   We have a project composed of several `` jobs '' ( tasks ) . There are several workers . Each worker can do any job , but for each worker it takes a different amount of time to complete each job . Our goal is to allocate jobs to workers such that the total makespan of the project is minimized . In the standard Job shop scheduling problem , the timings of all workers are known , so we have a standard optimization problem . In contrast , in the truthful job scheduling problem , the timings of the workers are not known . We ask each worker how much time he needs to do each job , but , the workers might lie to us . Therefore , we have to give the workers an incentive to tell us their true timings by paying them a certain amount of money . The challenge is to design a payment mechanism which is incentive compatible .   The truthful job scheduling problem was introduced by Nisan and Ronen in their 1999 paper on Algorithmic mechanism design .

negative: African Continental Cycling Championships The African Continental Cycling Championships are a series of cycling races held annually in Africa where the African cyclists decide who will be the champion for the year to come . They have been held since 2005 .

negative: Complex network zeta function Different definitions have been given for the dimension of a complex network or graph . For example , metric dimension is defined in terms of the resolving set for a graph . Dimension has also been defined based on the box covering method applied to graphs . Here we describe the definition based on the complex network zeta function . This generalises the definition based on the scaling property of the volume with distance . The best definition depends on the application .

negative: Byte addressing Byte addressing refers to hardware architectures which support accessing individual bytes of data rather than only larger units called words , which would be word-addressable . Such computers are sometimes called byte machines ( in contrast to word machines ) .   The basic unit of digital storage is called a bit , storing a single 0 or 1 .   Many common architectures can address more than 8 bits of data at a time . For example , the Intel 386SX processor can handle 16-bit ( two-byte ) data , since data is transferred over a 16-bit bus . However , data in memory may be of various lengths .   A 64-bit architecture machine might still need to access 8-bit data over its 64-bit address line , and have the data returned in the bottom 8 bits of its longer data line .   Byte addressable memory refers to architectures where data can be accessed and addressed in units that are narrower than the bus . An eight bit processor like the Intel 8008 addresses eight bits , but as this is the full width of the bus , this is regarded as word addressable . The 386SX , which addresses memory in 8 bit units but can fetch and store it 16 bits at a time , is termed byte addressable .   Bytes have not always meant 8 bits , in fact , depending on the platform , byte sizes of 1 to 48 bits have been used in the past . Therefore , the term `` octet '' is used where the context makes byte-length ambiguous .   For example in the 1980s , Honeywell mainframes had 36 bit words , and were byte addressable in 9 bit bytes , or `` nonets '' , They used 7 - or 8-bit character codes , either of which were stored one to each 9-bit byte , making characters individually addressable .   To illustrate why byte addressing is useful , consider the IBM 7094 which was word addressable and had no concept of a byte . It had 36 bit words , and stored its six-bit character codes six to a word .   To change the 15th character in a string , the program had to figure out that this occurred in the third word , fetch the third word , figure out that it wanted the fourth character in that word , mask out the old character from the value held in the register , `` or '' in the new one , and then store back the amended word . At least six machine instructions . Usually these were relegated to a subroutine , so every store or fetch of a single character involved the overheads of calling a subroutine and returning .   With byte addressing , that can be achieved in one instruction : store this character code at that byte address . Text programs are easier to write , smaller , and run faster .   The advantage of word addressing is that more memory can be addressed in the same number of bits . The IBM 7094 had 15 bit addresses , so could address 32768 words of 36 bits . The machines were often built with a full complement of addressable memory . Addressing 32768 bytes of 6 bits would have been much less useful for scientific and engineering users .   Or consider the 32 bit Pentium processor . Its 32-bit address bus can address 4 billion different items . Using word addressing , a 32 bit address bus could address 4 Gigawords ; or 16 Gigabytes using the modern 8 bit byte . If the 386SX and its successors had used word addressing , scientists , engineers , and gamers could all have enjoyed programs that were 4x larger on 32 bit machines .   Then again , word processing , rendering HTML , and all other text applications would have run more slowly .   When computers were so costly that they were only or mainly used for science and engineering , word addressing was the obvious mode . As it became cost-effective to use computers for handling text , hardware designers moved to byte addressing .

negative: Class (philosophy) In at least one source , a `` class '' is a set in which an individual member can be recognized in one or both of two ways : a ) it is included in an extensional definition of the whole set ( a list of set members ) b ) it matches an Intensional definition of one set member . By contrast , a `` type '' is an intensional definition ; it is a description that is sufficiently generalized to fit every member of a set .   Philosophers sometimes distinguish classes from types and kinds . We can talk about the class of human beings , just as we can talk about the type ( or natural kind ) , human being , or humanity . How , then , might classes differ from types ? One might well think they are not actually different categories of being , but typically , while both are treated as abstract objects , classes are not usually treated as universals , whereas types usually are . Whether natural kinds ought to be considered universals is vexed ; see natural kind .   There is , in any case , a difference in how we talk about types or kinds . We say that Socrates is a token of a type , or an instance of the natural kind , human being . But notice that we say instead that Socrates is a member of the class of human beings . We would not say that Socrates is a `` member '' of the type or kind , human beings . Nor would we say he is a type ( or kind ) of a class . He is a token ( instance ) of the type ( kind ) . So the linguistic difference is : types ( or kinds ) have tokens ( or instances ) ; classes , on the other hand , have members .   The concept of a class is similar to the concept of a set defined by its members . Here , the class is extensional . If , however , a set is defined intensionally , then it is a set of things that meet some requirement to be a member . Thus , such a set can be seen as creating a type . Note that it also creates a class from the extension of the intensional set . A type always has a corresponding class ( though that class might have no members ) , but a class does not necessarily have a corresponding type .

negative: EXPSPACE In complexity theory , '' is the set of all decision problems solvable by a deterministic Turing machine in O ( 2p ( n ) ) space , where p ( n ) is a polynomial function of n. ( Some authors restrict p ( n ) to be a linear function , but most authors instead call the resulting class . ) If we use a nondeterministic machine instead , we get the class , which is equal to by Savitch 's theorem .   In terms of and ,   A decision problem is if it is in , and every problem in has a polynomial-time many-one reduction to it . In other words , there is a polynomial-time algorithm that transforms instances of one to instances of the other with the same answer . problems might be thought of as the hardest problems in .   is a strict superset of , , and and is believed to be a strict superset of .

negative: The Night Is Ours The Night Is Ours is the fourth studio album by Australian rock band Youth Group , released in Australia in June 2008 and in the US in April 2009 . The album features guest musician Chris Walla of Death Cab for Cutie , who mixed four tracks and also provided additional guitar and backing vocals .   The band recorded the album in a near-derelict 1920s mess hall on Sydney Harbour , which they had rented from the local council at a rate cheap enough to allow them to take their time to develop the songs . Songwriter Toby Martin said the songs were only basic sketches in his head when the group entered the makeshift studio , with the idea being that the whole band would workshop the songs together . `` We were very conscious of not losing spontaneity on this album , '' Martin told the Sunday Herald Sun . `` Even though we did a lot of overdubs , we spent a long time on this record because we did n't want to demo the songs first . We wanted to write and arrange the songs in the studio , so recording the album would be capturing the moment of creation rather than capturing the moment of recreation . So we had roughly a week per song -- I normally had the lyrics and a bit of a rough idea , or Cameron would have a riff , and by the end of the week we would be putting it down . ''   The melancholy of the recording venue was reflected in much of the material , which tackled issues such as addiction , grief , desperation and death . Martin commented : `` It 's a fairly contemplative record , which might have something to do with being by the water , but it also has a slightly creepy or paranoid edge . It 's a bit out of the way and there are owls and rats , and old falling down walls , so I think it did influence the record . When I finished recording the record I did n't think it had influenced us much at all , but listening to it later and hearing some of my friends ' comments , I was beginning to see how it had rubbed off on to us in a way we had n't really planned . ''

negative: Grandmother Fish Grandmother Fish : A Child 's First Book of Evolution was written by Jonathan Tweet . The book explains Charles Darwin 's theory of common descent and its target audience is 3 -- 5-year-olds . It uses a call-and-response interaction between speaker and listener , where the child is asked to mimic the behavior of various animals from our evolutionary past . The book is illustrated by Karen Lewis with colored artwork . Grandmother Fish takes children and adults through the history of life on our planet and explains how we are connected .