query: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

positive: Sunlight Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun , in particular infrared , visible , and ultraviolet light . On Earth , sunlight is filtered through Earth 's atmosphere , and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon . When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds , it is experienced as sunshine , a combination of bright light and radiant heat . When it is blocked by clouds or reflects off other objects , it is experienced as diffused light . The World Meteorological Organization uses the term `` sunshine duration '' to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the Sun of at least 120 watts per square meter . Other sources indicate an `` Average over the entire earth '' of `` 164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day '' .   The ultraviolet radiation in sunlight has both positive and negative health effects , as it is both a principal source of vitamin D3 and a mutagen .   Sunlight takes about 8.3 minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the Sun . A photon starting at the center of the Sun and changing direction every time it encounters a charged particle would take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to get to the surface .   Sunlight is a key factor in photosynthesis , the process used by plants and other autotrophic organisms to convert light energy , normally from the Sun , into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms ' activities .

negative: Flick (physics) In optical engineering and telecommunications engineering , the flick is a unit of spectral radiance . One flick corresponds to a spectral radiance of 1 watt per steradian per square centimeter of surface per micrometer of span in wavelength ( W · sr − 1 · cm − 2 · μm − 1 ) . This is equivalent to 1010 watts per steradian per cubic meter ( W · sr − 1 · m − 3 ) . In practice , spectral radiance is typically measured in microflicks ( 10 − 6 flicks ) . One microflick is equivalent to 10 kilowatts per steradian per cubic meter ( kW · sr − 1 · m − 3 ) .

negative: Foot-lambert A foot-lambert or footlambert ( fL , sometimes fl or ft-L ) is a unit of luminance in United States customary units and some other unit systems . A foot-lambert equals 1 / π candela per square foot , or 3.426 candela per square meter ( the corresponding SI unit ) . The foot-lambert is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert ( 1728 -- 1777 ) , a Swiss-German mathematician , physicist and astronomer . It is rarely used by electrical and lighting engineers , in favor of the candela per square foot or candela per square meter .   The luminance of a perfect Lambertian diffuse reflecting surface in foot-lamberts is equal to the incident illuminance in foot-candles . For real diffuse reflectors , the ratio of luminance to illuminance in these units is roughly equal to the reflectance of the surface . Mathematically ,  ,  where  is the luminance , in foot-lamberts ,  is the illuminance , in foot-candles , and  is the reflectivity , expressed as a fractional number ( for example , a grey card with 18 % reflectivity would have ) .   The foot-lambert is used in the motion picture industry for measuring the luminance of images on a projection screen . The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( SMPTE ) recommended , in SMPTE 196M , a screen luminance of 16 foot-lamberts for commercial movie theaters , when measured `` open-gate '' ( i.e. with no film in the projector ) . ( Typical base density of 0.05 yields peak white of about 14 fL . ) The current revision of SMPTE 196M specifies 55 candela per square meter ( nits ) .   The foot-lambert is also used in the flight simulation industry to measure the highlight brightness of visual display systems . The minimum required highlight brightness varies based on the type and level of Flight Simulation Training Device ( FSTD ) , but is generally 3 -- 6 foot-lamberts for most devices qualified under Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) or Joint Aviation Authorities ( JAA ) regulations .   Military specifications for illuminated switches , panels , and displays , such as MIL-PRF-22885 and SAE AS7788 , also require luminance measurements in foot-lamberts . Luminance levels can vary from hundreds of foot-lamberts for sunlight readable switch displays per MIL-PRF-22885 to only a few foot-lamberts in night conditions for panels in accordance with SAE AS7788 .

negative: Panel generation factor Panel generation factor ( PGF ) is used while calculating the size of solar photovoltaic cells . It is a varying factor depending upon the climate of the site location ( depending upon global geographic location ) .   For example : in Thailand it is 3.43 , in EU countries it is 2.93 , etc. . This factor is used in calculation of `` Total Watt-Peak Rating '' while designing the size of solar photovoltaic cells . Therefore , `` Total Watt-Peak Rating '' = `` Total Watt-hours per day needed/generated from the PV modules '' divided by `` PGF '' .  `` Total Watt-Hours per Day '' = `` Total Watt-hours per day needed by appliances '' Multiplied by `` 1.3 times '' ( the energy lost in the system ) .  Now , to calculate `` size of PV cells '' OR `` number of PV cells '' just divide the above obtained `` Total Watt-Peak Rating '' by `` Watt-Peak of each cell OR Watt-Peak of each square meter size '' , whichever is convenient .   Category : Photovoltaics

negative: Light intensity Several measures of light are commonly known as intensity :   Radiant intensity , a radiometric quantity measured in watts per steradian ( W/sr )  Luminous intensity , a photometric quantity measured in lumens per steradian ( lm/sr ) , or candela ( cd )  Irradiance , a radiometric quantity , measured in watts per meter squared ( W/m2 )  Intensity ( physics ) , the name for irradiance used in other branches of physics ( W/m2 )  Radiance , commonly called `` intensity '' in astronomy and astrophysics ( W · sr − 1 · m − 2 )

negative: Stilb (unit) The stilb ( sb ) is the CGS unit of luminance for objects that are not self-luminous . It is equal to one candela per square centimeter or 104 nits ( candelas per square meter ) . The name was coined by the French physicist André Blondel around 1920 . It comes from the Greek word stilbein meaning `` to glitter '' .   It was in common use in Europe up to World War I . In North America self-explanatory terms such as candle per square inch and candle per square meter were more common . The unit has since largely been replaced by the SI unit : candela per square meter . The current national standard for SI in the United States discourages the use of the stilb .

negative: Metre squared per second Metre squared per second or square meter per second is the SI derived unit of kinematic viscosity and of specific relative angular momentum . The unit is written in symbols as m2/s or m2 · s − 1 or m2s − 1 .

negative: Fading distribution In telecommunications , a fading distribution is the probability distribution of the value of signal fading , relative to a specified reference level .   In the case of phase interference fading , the time distribution of the instantaneous field strength usually approximates a Rayleigh distribution when several signal components of equal amplitude are present .   The field strength is usually measured in volts per meter .   The fading distribution may also be measured in terms of power level , where the unit of measure is usually watts per square meter and the expression is in decibels .

negative: Alcalá del Río Alcalá del Río is a municipality in Seville , Spain . It had a population of 9,317 in 2005 . It has an area of about 83 square kilometers and has a population density of 112.3 people per square kilometer . It has an altitude of 30 meters ( about 100 feet ) and is situated 13 kilometers away from Seville .   Category : Municipalities of the Province of Seville

negative: Middle gray In photography , painting , and other visual arts , middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale ; in photography , and printing , it is typically defined as 18 % reflectance in visible light . This gray reflects exactly 1/5th the number of photons per square unit as compared to a reference white of 90 % reflectance .   Middle gray is the universal measurement standard in photographic cameras . To calibrate light meters , whether in a camera or hand held , the 18 % gray card was conceived . It is assumed that the measurement taken by a meter gives the exposure for a shot so that some of the light reflected by the object measured is equivalent to middle gray . Because human perception adjusts to the overall brightness level ( and is logarithmic rather than linear ) , the perceived middle gray is subjective to the observer . This must be kept in mind when using a camera with a built in light meter ( which is not subjective nor logarithmic ) . Most scenes reflect just 12 % to 13 % of incident light falling upon them . Therefore , the camera light meter assumes a 18 % gray level . This can easily be observed when one relies solely on the exposure given by a camera with a built in light meter when taking a snow scene - the image will come out dark . Using a 18 % gray card as an expose guide will mitigate this error .   In the sRGB color space , CIELAB middle gray is equivalent to 46.6 % brightness . In 24-bit color , this is rounded to RGB value ( 119,119,119 ) or # 777777 .

negative: Sales per unit area In retail , sales per unit area is a standard and usually the primary measurement of store success . The unit of area is usually square metres in the metric system or square feet in U.S. customary units . Square feet are also widely used in retailing in the United Kingdom , but there are signs of a trend towards use of square meters .

negative: Metamorfosi, Laconia Metamorfosi is a village in Laconia , five kilometers from the center of Molaoi and about seventy-eight kilometers southeast of Sparta . The village is built at the foot of the mountain of Koulochera on the outskirts of the Parnonas range . Its altitude is 120 meters . According to the 2011 census , Metamorfosi has 559 residents .

negative: Alcolea del Río Alcolea del Río is a municipality in Seville , Spain . In 2005 , it had a population of about 3,331 . It has an area of 50 square kilometers and population density of 66.6 people per square kilometer . It is situated at an altitude of 32 meters and is 53 kilometers from Seville .   Category : Municipalities of the Province of Seville

negative: Chamaeleon complex The Chamaeleon complex is a large star forming region ( SFR ) that includes the Chamaeleon I , Chamaeleon II , and Chamaeleon III dark clouds . It occupies nearly all of the constellation Chamaeleon and overlaps into Apus , Musca , Carina and Octans . The mean density of X-ray sources is about one source per square degree .

negative: Kalverstraat The Kalverstraat is a busy shopping street of Amsterdam , the capital of the Netherlands . The street runs roughy North-South for about 750 meters , from Dam Square to Muntplein square . The Amsterdam Museum is located in a former orphanage between Kalverstraat and Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal .   The Kalverstraat is the most expensive shopping street in the Netherlands , with rents of up to 3000 euros per square meter ( 2016 ) . In 2009 it was the 17th most expensive street in the world measured by rent prices . The Kalverstraat is also the most expensive street in the Dutch version of Monopoly .

negative: Ramat Aviv Mall Ramat Aviv Mall ( Hebrew : קניון רמת אביב ) is a shopping mall at 40 Einstein Street , in Ramat Aviv , Tel Aviv . At a rent of $ 1,804 per square meter , it is Israel 's most expensive mall and the 35th most expensive mall in the world . Its gross leasable area is 17,800 square meters and it has 140 stores in two retail floors . Above the shopping is an office building called Ramat Aviv Mall Tower . The entire project -- tower and mall -- has a gross area of about 80,900 square meters . The mall is valued at 1.699 billion shekels , or 470 million dollars .

negative: Samir Kassir Square Completed in 2004 , Samir Kassir Square is 815 square meters located in Beirut , Lebanon . Vladimir Djurovic Landscape Architecture was responsible for the design . The square acts as a gateway to Central Beirut . The small square frames two ancient ficus trees which anchor the project . The square 's design acts as a green urban oasis in a hectic city . A serene space that reflects memories through its reflection of the skyline . The trees act as shelters from the surrounding context . A raised water feature adjacent to the street physically demarcates the boundaries . Simple in design , the square creates an intimate space for contemplation and relaxation .

negative: Imtiaz supermarket Imtiaz supermarket is a Pakistani local market chain which in 2017 had five supermarkets in Karachi , one in Faisalabad and Gujranwala . The company had revenues of about Rs 300,000 per square foot in 2015 , expected to rise to Rs 400,000 per square foot in 2016 .

negative: The Seven (Munich) The Seven is a real estate project in the Munich Gärtnerplatz district , City area Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt . In a former heating plant of the city of Munich , luxury properties were built .   According to media reports , these were `` the most expensive apartments in the city '' . The former heating plant Müllerstraße in Müllerstraße 7 was sold by the Stadtwerke München . In the two top floors , a 700-square-meter penthouse with surrounding terrace and a 360-degree view has been created , at a cost of 14 million Euro .   The five chimneys remained from the buildings previous use . Alpha invest Projekt and LBBW Immobilien Capital , a subsidiary of Landesbank Baden-Württemberg , were involved . The object was designed by the Berlin architects Léon Wohlhage Wernick .   On the 14,000 square meter grounds , three complexes were built with 6,000 square meters of park area : an office and commercial complex along the Müllerstraße , a five-storey atrium building with about 80 apartments as well as the 54-meter-high former machine tower with 25 large luxury properties . It has a two story high entrance hall with a 24 hour Concierge and a gym . Since May 2014 , the city of Munich is running a house for children , currently a nursery and kindergarten , in the complex . The underground car park is accessed via Corneliusstraße .   The housing prices , according to reports , range from 6,000 to 20,000 Euro per square meter , which was up to five times the average price of new properties in the state capital . As in other cities , there is also a debate on gentrification in Munich regarding such construction projects in the luxury segment . It is also the location of Munich 's most expensive day care .

negative: Litani River Dam The Litani River Dam was established in 1959 and created the largest artificial lake in Lebanon . The area of the lake is about 12 square kilometers , and the capacity the lake is able to hold is about 220 million cubic meters . The height of the dam is 60 meters , the length is 1,350 meters and the width is 162 meters , at most . As a whole , the size of the dam is about 2 million cubic meters   The Litani basin holds about 700 millions of cubic meters of water flow per year , based on 25 years of measurements , from 1941-1971 . However , its flow fluctuates from year to year due to heavy or light precipitation . The minimum release from the basin was in 1970 at 184 million cubic meters and the maximum release was in 1954 at 1020 MCM . The estimated average annual flow of the Litani is 920 million cubic meters .   The Litani River , estimated to be about 170 kilometers long , is smaller than the Jordan River in terms of its total water flow . The Litani has high quality water . In particular , its concentration of salt is 20 parts per million compared with 250-350 parts per million for the Sea of Galilee .

negative: Miaoli Miaoli City is a county-controlled city and the county seat of Miaoli County , Taiwan . Its name Miaoli was coined using two Hakka words , cat and city , which phonetically approximate Pali ( Bari ) from the Taokas language . Miaoli has a relatively high percentage of Hakka people . It had the second highest residential price and the highest commercial price for land in Miaoli County as of 2004 , at NT$ 28,601 per square meter and NT$ 63,317 per square meter , respectively .

negative: Einkaufs-Center Neuperlach – pep The Einkaufs-Center Neuperlach -- pep ( also Perlacher Einkaufspassagen ) is a shopping mall in Munich Neuperlach operated by ECE . With a floor space of 60,000 square meters and about 120 specialty shops , it was according to a survey for the year 2002 , the most profitable shopping center in Germany , the average revenue per square meter was twice as high as the national average . In designing the state capital , it is recognized as an integrated site with the function of a district center , and through its size has an important role for the entire southeast of the metropolitan Munich .

negative: Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport is an airport serving Guiyang , the capital of Guizhou Province in southwestern China .   Guiyang Longdongbao Airport was opened on May 28 , 1997 and adopted its current name on Jan 19 , 2006 . It is located 11 km southeast from Guiyang 's city center . It is about 4 square kilometers and has a 3200-meter long , 45-meter wide runway , which can accommodate Boeing 747 , Airbus A330 widebodied aircraft . The terminal is about 34000 square meters , available for over 2000 passengers departing and arriving per hour . Guiyang airport is an important hub in Southern China .   in 2011 , Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport was the 25th busiest airport in the People 's Republic of China with 7,339,229 passengers .

negative: Kronebreen Kronebreen is a glacier located at the western side of Spitsbergen , Svalbard . It is one of the largest glacier streams on Svalbard , draining about 690 square kilometers . The glacier moves with an average speed of two meters per day .   Kronebreen merges with two other glaciers , the Kongsvegen glacier and the Conway glacier . The merged glacier ends up in Kongsfjorden , and the common glacier front is called Kongsbreen .

negative: Antenna aperture In electromagnetics and antenna theory , antenna aperture , effective area , or receiving cross section is a measure of how effective an antenna is at receiving the power of radio waves . The aperture is defined as the area , oriented perpendicular to the direction of an incoming radio wave , which would intercept the same amount of power from that wave as is produced by the antenna receiving it . At any point , a beam of radio waves has an irradiance or power flux density ( PFD ) which is the amount of radio power passing through a unit area of one square meter . If an antenna delivers an output power of Po watts to the load connected to its output terminals when irradiated by a uniform field of power density PFD watts per square metre , the antenna 's aperture Aeff in square metres is given by :  .  So the power output of an antenna in watts is equal to the power density of the radio waves in watts per square metre , multiplied by its aperture in square metres . The larger an antenna 's aperture is , the more power it can collect from a given field of radio waves . To actually obtain the predicted power available Po , the polarization of the incoming waves must match the polarization of the antenna , and the load ( receiver ) must be impedance matched to the antenna 's feedpoint impedance .   Although this concept is based on an antenna receiving a radio frequency wave , knowing Aeff directly supplies the ( power ) gain of that antenna . Due to reciprocity , an antenna 's gain in receiving and transmitting are identical . Therefore , Aeff can just as well be used to compute the performance of a transmitting antenna . Note that Aeff is a function of the direction of the radio wave relative to the orientation of the antenna , since the gain of an antenna varies according to its radiation pattern . When no direction is specified , Aeff is understood to refer to its maximum value , with the antenna oriented so its main lobe , the axis of maximum sensitivity , is directed toward the source .

negative: Heat flux sensor A heat flux sensor is a transducer that generates an electrical signal proportional to the total heat rate applied to the surface of the sensor . The measured heat rate is divided by the surface area of the sensor to determine the heat flux .   The heat flux can have different origins ; in principle convective , radiative as well as conductive heat can be measured . Heat flux sensors are known under different names , such as heat flux transducers , heat flux gauges , heat flux plates . Some instruments that actually are single-purpose heat flux sensors like pyranometers for solar radiation measurement . Other heat flux sensors include Gardon gauges ( also known as a circular-foil gauge ) , thin-film thermopiles , and Schmidt-Boelter gauges . In SI units , the heat rate is measured in Watts , and the heat flux is computed in Watts per meter squared .

negative: Square mile The square mile ( abbreviated as sq mi and sometimes as mi ² ) is an imperial and US unit of measure for an area equal to the area of a square of one statute mile . It should not be confused with miles square , which refers to a square region with each side having the specified length . For instance , 20 miles square ( 20 × 20 miles ) has an area equal to 400 square miles ; a rectangle of 10 × 40 miles likewise has an area of 400 square miles , but it is not 20 miles square .   One square mile is equal to :  4,014,489,600 square inches  27,878,400 square feet  3,097,600 square yards  640 acres  2560 roods   A square mile is equivalent to the following metric measures :  25,899,881,103.36 square centimetres  2,589,988.110336 square metres  258.9988110336 hectares  2.589988110336 square kilometres   When applied to a portion of the earth 's surface , which is curved rather than flat , `` square mile '' is an informal synonym for section .   Romans derived measurements from marching . Five feet was equal to one pace ( which is appropriately a double step ) . 1,000 paces measured a Roman mile , which was somewhat smaller than the English statute mile . This Roman system was adopted , with local variations , throughout Europe as the Roman Empire spread .   Total population in a square mile is derived by dividing the total number of residents by the number of square miles of land area in the specified geographic area . The population per square kilometer is derived by multiplying the population per square mile by 0.3861 .   Land area measurements are originally recorded as whole square meters . Square meters are converted to square kilometers by dividing by 1,000,000 ; square kilometers are converted to square miles by dividing by 2.58999 ; square meters are converted to square miles by dividing by 2,589,988 .

negative: Sound intensity Sound intensity also known as acoustic intensity is defined as the power carried by sound waves per unit area . The SI unit of intensity , which includes sound intensity , is the watt per square meter ( W/m2 ) . One application is the noise measurement of sound intensity in the air at a listener 's location as a sound energy quantity .   Sound intensity is not the same physical quantity as sound pressure . Hearing is directly sensitive to sound pressure which is related to sound intensity . In consumer audio electronics , the level differences are called `` intensity '' differences , but sound intensity is a specifically defined quantity and can not be sensed by a simple microphone .  The rate at which sound energy passes through a unit area held perpendicular to the direction of propagation of sound waves is called intensity of sound .

negative: Alanís Alanís is a municipality in Seville . In 2005 it had a population of 1,937 . It has an area of 280 square kilometers and a population density of 6.9 people per square kilometer . It is located at an altitude of 660 meters and is 106 kilometers from Seville .

negative: Lighting power density Lighting Power Density ( LPD ) is a lighting power requirement defined in North America by the American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) , American Society of Heating , Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers ( ASHRAE ) , and the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America ( IESNA ) Lighting subcommittee .   Lighting Power Density technically represents the load of any lighting equipment in any defined area , or the watts per square foot of the lighting equipment . However , in the lighting industry it is often associated with the lighting power allowance ( LPA ) permitted by the building energy code in question .   The Oregon Department of Energy defines lighting power density as `` The maximum allowable lighting density permitted by the code . It is expressed in watts per square foot for a given occupancy/space type . ''

negative: Yang Yong's Former Residence Yang Yong 's Former Residence was built in the late Qing Dynasty in 1873 , it is located in Wenjiashi Town of Liuyang , Hunan Province , in the People 's Republic of China . It has an area of about 1500 square meters and a building area of about 500 square meters .

negative: Troop density A troop density also known as the dispersion factor in military science is a statistical value assigned by commanders during the combat operations process in considering the ability of the Combat Arms to achieve military objectives during a military operation . It reflects combat readiness of the units to participate in engagements with consideration to the terrain and expected enemy strength .   The unit of measurement is square metres per soldier , although this is modified for each combat arm to reflect their primary weapon performance in combat as weapon density ; for example guns for artillery . Troop density is also used to estimate forces required to occupy a given populated territory in order to deny this population to being exploited by the enemy covert forces or insurgent troops .   The troop density has decreased through military history in proportion to the increase in lethality of weapons being use in combat . However , there is no accepted standard to calculate this value due to the large number of variables involved in the planning of combat operations .   Military history can be divided into three periods according to average troop density employed in combat : ancient armies with about 10 square metres per foot soldier , the age of close order formation armed with firearms encompassing the period from the 1650s to the Franco-Prussian War of 1871 that increased the average to 250 square meters per infantryman , and the Second World War when the density decreased to 27,500 square metres per infantryman . The Soviet Army has based much of its post-war doctrine on the war experience , and had devoted considerable resources to the analysis of troop density , including these in almost all considerations of wartime operations . By the end of the Cold War the density ( in Europe ) was estimated to be 50,000 square metres per infantryman due to widespread mechanisation of forces .   Troop density was included in the doctrine of the First World War belligerents , based on the battalion per forward zone front calculation . The density of troops also affects the planning of close air support operations because of the higher rate of missions required to deliver adequate munitions to their targets . The increased dispersal of troops was the consideration behind the decision to develop nuclear bombs before effects of radiation were realised .   The physical density of troops in the area of combat is not reflective of the average value for any given command because dispersion of troops tends to follow terrain and tactical considerations of the combat planning , and actual location of troops tends to be in clusters of positions . Low troop density is a particular problem as a period of vulnerability during air assault , air landing , amphibious assault and to some extent airborne assault operations , as well as during pre-combat concentration of troops in the staging area prior to their movement to the battle area , denying them operational mobility .

negative: Luminance Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction . It describes the amount of light that passes through , is emitted or reflected from a particular area , and falls within a given solid angle . The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre ( cd/m2 ) . A non-SI term for the same unit is the `` nit '' . The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb , which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2 .


query: "In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.

positive: Northwest Passage The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean , along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . The various islands of the archipelago are separated from one another and from the Canadian mainland by a series of Arctic waterways collectively known as the Northwest Passages or Northwestern Passages .   For centuries , European explorers sought a navigable passage as a possible trade route to Asia . An ice-bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure ; however , it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903 -- 1906 . Until 2009 , the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year . Arctic sea ice decline has rendered the waterways more navigable .   The contested sovereignty claims over the waters may complicate future shipping through the region : the Canadian government considers the Northwestern Passages part of Canadian Internal Waters , but the United States and various European countries maintain they are an international strait and transit passage , allowing free and unencumbered passage . If , as has been claimed , parts of the eastern end of the Passage are barely 15 m deep , the route 's viability as a Euro-Asian shipping route is reduced . However , a Chinese shipping line is planning regular voyages of cargo ships using the passage to the eastern United States and Europe , after a successful passage by Nordic Orion of 73,500 tonnes deadweight tonnage in September 2013 . Fully loaded , Nordic Orion was too large to sail through the Panama Canal .

positive: Climate change in the Arctic The effects of global warming in the Arctic , or climate change in the Arctic include rising temperatures , loss of sea ice , and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly , observed in recent years . Potential methane release from the region , especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates , is also a concern . The Arctic warms twice as fast compared to the rest of the world . The pronounced warming signal , the amplified response of the Arctic to global warming , it is often seen as a leading indicator of global warming . The melting of Greenland 's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification . According to a study published in 2016 , about 0.5 ◦ C of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980 .

negative: 2013 extreme weather events The 2013 extreme weather events included several all-time temperature records in Northern and Southern Hemisphere . The February extent of snow cover in Eurasia and North America was above average , while the extent of Arctic ice in the same month was 4,5 % below the 1981 -- 2010 average . The Northern Hemisphere weather extremes have been linked to the melting of Arctic sea ice , which alters atmospheric circulation in a way that leads to more snow and ice .   By January 11 , 233 weather-related deaths were reported in India . Elsewhere , particularly in Russia , the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom , low temperatures affected wildlife , delaying bird breeding and disrupting the bird migration . On January 10 Bangladesh faced the lowest temperature since country 's independence , at 3.0 ° C in Saidpur . While Finland and most of Northern European countries got the record high , and even the highest temperatures at Europe during May and June , Western - and Middle Europe faced much cooler weather and even their wettest May and June ever . During summer prolonged heat waves in the Northern Hemisphere set new record high temperatures .   On March 24 , 2014 , the secretary-general of the World Meteorological Organization Michel Jarraud announced that `` many of the extreme events of 2013 were consistent with what we would expect as a result of human-induced climate change '' .

negative: Ice blink Ice blink is a white light seen near the horizon , especially on the underside of low clouds , resulting from reflection of light off a field of ice immediately beyond . The ice blink was used by both the Inuit and explorers looking for the Northwest Passage to help them navigate safely .

negative: Buys Ballot's law In meteorology , Buys Ballot 's law ( -LSB- ˌbœy̯s bɑˈlɔt -RSB- ) may be expressed as follows : In the Northern Hemisphere , if a person stands with his back to the wind , the atmospheric pressure is low to the left , high to the right . This is because wind travels counterclockwise around low pressure zones in the Northern Hemisphere . It is approximately true in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere , and is reversed in the Southern Hemisphere , but the angle between the pressure gradient force and wind is not a right angle in low latitudes .

negative: Ice River Glacier Ice River Glacier is located 2.4 mi northeast of Mount Olympus in the Olympic Mountains of Olympic National Park in the U.S. state of Washington . Starting at an elevation of 6400 ft on the northern slope of a subpeak of Mount Olympus known as Mercury ( 6950 ft ) , the glacier flows northwest as it descends . The glacier reaches as low as 5200 ft before terminating . Though the glacier lies adjacent to the much larger Blue Glacier , an arête separates the two glaciers .

negative: Oescus Island Oescus Island ( остров Ескус , ` Ostrov Oescus ' \ ` os-trov ` es-kus \ ) is the low ice-free island in the Onogur group off the northwest coast of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica extending 380 m in southeast-northwest direction and 40 m wide . The feature comprises two parts connected by a spit , and is separated from Redina Island , Kovach Island and Leeve Island by passages 120 m , 160 m and 130 m wide respectively .   The island is named after the ancient Roman town of Oescus in Northern Bulgaria .

negative: Vilare Island Vilare Island ( остров Виларе , ` Ostrov Vilare ' \ ` os-trov vi - ` la-re \ ) is the low ice-free island in the Onogur group off the northwest coast of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica extending 130 m in east-west direction and 60 m wide . It is separated from Churicheni Island by a 20 m wide passage .   The feature is named after the settlement of Vilare in Northern Bulgaria .

negative: Hemispheres (magazine) Hemispheres is the inflight magazine for United Airlines . The magazine is circulated monthly and reaches 139 million passengers annually . The magazine was formerly headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina . Its current headquarters is in New York City .   Hemispheres was established in 1992 . Its editorial coverage includes its signature ` 3 Perfect Days ' travel piece , and the latest news in business , travel , fashion , and culture . The magazine reaches a highly influential business and leisure traveller audience , with a medium household income of $ 128,000 , spending and profession .   In 2009 , Ink was appointed as the new publisher for United Hemispheres . Ink 's first issue of Hemispheres was placed on all United Airlines and United Airlines Express flights on March 1 , 2009 .

negative: Last Glacial Maximum The Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) was the last period in the Earth 's climate history during the last glacial period when ice sheets were at their greatest extension . Growth of the ice sheets reached their maximum positions in about 24,500 BCE . Deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere between approximately 18,000 to 17,000 BCE and in Antarctica approximately 12,500 BCE , which is consistent with evidence that it was the primary source for an abrupt rise in the sea level in about 12,500 BCE .   Vast ice sheets covered much of North America , northern Europe , and Asia . The ice sheets profoundly affected Earth 's climate by causing drought , desertification , and a dramatic drop in sea levels . It was followed by the Late Glacial .

negative: Leeve Island Leeve Island ( остров Лееве , ` Ostrov Leeve ' \ ` os-trov ` le-e-ve \ ) is the low ice-free island in the Onogur group off the northwest coast of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica extending 200 m in southeast-northwest direction and 80 m wide . It is separated from Redina Island by a 100 m wide passage .   The island is named after Leeve River in Rila Mountain , Bulgaria .

negative: Siberian High The Siberian High ( also Siberian Anticyclone ) is a massive collection of cold dry air that accumulates in the northeastern part of Eurasia from September until April . It is usually centered on Lake Baikal . It reaches its greatest size and strength in the winter when the air temperature near the center of the high-pressure cell is often lower than -40 ° C . The atmospheric pressure is often above 1040 mbar . The Siberian High is the strongest semi-permanent high in the northern hemisphere and is responsible for both the lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere , of -67.8 ° C on 15 January 1885 at Verkhoyansk , and the highest pressure , 1083.8 mbar ( 108.38 kPa , 32.01 inHg ) at Agata , Krasnoyarsk Krai on 31 December 1968 , ever recorded . The Siberian High is responsible both for severe winter cold and attendant dry conditions with little snow and few or no glaciers across Siberia , Mongolia , and China . During the summer , the Siberian High is largely replaced by the Asiatic low .

negative: Ekman transport Ekman transport , part of Ekman motion theory first investigated in 1902 by Vagn Walfrid Ekman , is the term given for the 90 ° net transport of the surface layer of a fluid ( the layer affected by wind ) by wind forcing . This phenomenon was first noted by Fridtjof Nansen , who recorded that ice transport appeared to occur at an angle to the wind direction during his Arctic expedition during the 1890s . The direction of transport is dependent on the hemisphere : in the northern hemisphere , transport occurs at 90 ° clockwise from wind direction , while in the southern hemisphere it occurs at a 90 ° counterclockwise .

negative: Berlage (crater) Berlage is an old lunar crater that lies in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon . The smaller crater Bellinsgauzen is attached to its northern rim , and Cabannes is less than one crater diameter to the northwest . To the east-northeast of Berlage is Lemaître .   This formation is unusual for the high density of small impact craters that lie across the interior and along the rim , especially in the northern half . The crater is heavily eroded , and the original features have been worn down with the passage of time . A combination of three small craters lie across the northern rim , at the eastern edge of the rim where Berlage is joined to Bellinsgauzen .

negative: Grod Island Grod Island ( остров Грод , ` Ostrov Grod ' \ ` os-trov ` grod \ ) is the southernmost island in the Onogur group off the northwest coast of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica . The feature is low and ice-free , extending 610 m in east-west direction and 200 m wide . It is separated from Robert Island by a 130 m wide passage .   The island is named after the Bulgar ruler Grod ( 6th century ) .

negative: Northern Sea Route The Northern Sea Route ( Се́верный морско́й путь , Severnyy morskoy put , shortened to Севморпуть , Sevmorput ) is a shipping route officially defined by Russian legislation as lying east of Novaya Zemlya and specifically running along the Russian Arctic coast from the Kara Sea , along Siberia , to the Bering Strait . The entire route lies in Arctic waters and within Russia 's Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) . Parts are free of ice for only two months per year . The overall route on Russia 's side of the Arctic between North Cape and the Bering Strait has been called the Northeast Passage , analogous to the Northwest Passage on the Canada side .   While the Northeast Passage includes all the East Arctic seas and connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans , the Northern Sea Route does not include the Barents Sea , and it therefore does not reach the Atlantic .   Melting Arctic ice caps are likely to increase traffic in and the commercial viability of the Northern Sea Route . One study , for instance , projects , `` remarkable shifts in trade flows between Asia and Europe , diversion of trade within Europe , heavy shipping traffic in the Arctic and a substantial drop in Suez traffic . Projected shifts in trade also imply substantial pressure on an already threatened Arctic ecosystem . ''

negative: Brachypodium pinnatum Brachypodium pinnatum , the heath false brome or tor-grass , is a plant in the grass family , with a widespread distribution in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere . It typically grows in calcareous grassland , and reaches 70 -- tall . The flowerhead is open , with 10 to 15 erect spikelets .

negative: Northeast Passage The Northeast Passage ( abbreviated as NEP ) is an Arctic ocean shipping route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans , traversing the Arctic following Russia 's and Norway 's coasts .   The NEP traverses ( from West to East ) the Barents Sea , Kara Sea , Laptev Sea , East Siberian Sea , and Chukchi Sea , and it includes the Northern Sea Route ( NSR ) . The Northern Sea Route is a portion of the NEP ; it is defined in Russian law and does not include the Barents sea and therefore does not reach the Atlantic Ocean . However , since the NSR has a significant overlap over the majority of the NEP , sometimes the NSR term has been used to refer to the entirety of the Northeast Passage .   The Northeast Passage is one of several Arctic maritime routes , the others being the Northwest Passage ( going along Canada 's and Alaska 's coasts ) and the Transpolar Route ( going through the North Pole ) .   The Portuguese navigator David Melgueiro -- according to some sources -- would have made the first Northeast Passage complete crossing , from east to west , in 1660 . The first confirmed complete passage , from west to east , was made by the Finnish-Swedish explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld , in 1878 .

negative: C/2007 F1 C/2007 F1 ( LONEOS ) is a hyperbolic comet discovered on March 19 , 2007 as part as the Lowell Observatory Near Earth Object Search ( LONEOS ) . The comet reached perihelion , or closest approach to the sun on October 28 , 2007 .   The comet reached 6th magnitude in October , making it easily visible in binoculars , and just barely visible to the naked eye for observers in the Northern Hemisphere , just after sunset in the west . It reached a max brightness of magnitude 5 around perihelion , before starting to slowly dim on its way out of the solar system . It continued to move south in the sky and became visible to southern hemisphere comet chasers in mid November .   The comet was also observed from both the STEREO spacecraft , first by STEREO-B on October 22 and then by STEREO-A for several days starting from October 28 as the comet had just passed perihelion and was receding from the Sun .

negative: Severnaya Zemlya Severnaya Zemlya ( Се́верная Земля́ ( Northern Land ) , -LSB- ˈsʲevʲɪrnəjə zʲɪˈmlʲa -RSB- ) is a 37,000 km2 archipelago in the Russian high Arctic . It lies off Siberia 's Taymyr Peninsula , separated from the mainland by the Vilkitsky Strait . This archipelago separates two marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean , the Kara Sea in the west and the Laptev Sea in the east . The largest glacier in the Russian Federation , the Academy of Sciences Glacier , is located in Severnaya Zemlya .   Severnaya Zemlya was first noted in 1913 and first charted in 1930 -- 32 , making it the last sizeable archipelago on Earth to be explored . Administratively , the islands form part of Russia 's Krasnoyarsk Krai federal subject . In Soviet times there were a number of research stations in different locations , but currently there are no human inhabitants in Severnaya Zemlya except for the Prima Polar Station near Cape Baranov .   Severnaya Zemlya is notable in connection with the ongoing multi-year Arctic sea ice decline . Until recently , ice joined the islands to Eurasia even at its smallest extent during the late summer melt season , blocking the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific . By the late summer of 2012 , however , the permanent ice had reached a record low extent and open water appeared to the north of the archipelago .

negative: RX II RX II is a 36-foot yacht in which a three-man Norwegian crew circumnavigated the North Pole over two seasons in 2009-2010 .   Expedition leader Trond Aasvoll and crew Hans Fredrik Haukland and Finn Andreassenleft Vardø , Norway , on July 28 , 2009 , intending to make the first circumnavigation of the North Pole in one season and thereby demonstrate the effects of global warming in making this possible . The northern sea route proved ice-free and RX II entered the Bering Strait on September 24 . The voyage had been projected to take 45 days . However , the Russian authorities stopped them in sight of Alaska and required them to sail south to satisfy legal formalities , leaving insufficient time to sail all the way around the Pole in one season . The expedition was interrupted in Nome , Alaska and returned to the home base of Arendal to overwinter . However , RX II was the smallest sailboat to sail through the Northeast Passage , and the first Norwegian boat to do so since Roald Amundsen in 1916-1919 .   The crew returned to Nome the next summer and left on July 31 , 2010 . They successfully navigated the Northwest Passage west to east . Haukland had to leave RX II when she reached Greenland and fly back to his job as a firefighter in Alta . However , Aasvoll and Andreassen re-entered Norwegian waters on September 29 after sailing around the northern tip of Scotland , and returned to Arendal on October 9 . RX II became the first Norwegian boat to sail both the Northeast and Northwest Passages with the same crew . Later the same year , the Norwegian Northern Passage and the Russian Peter I both completed the circumnavigation in one season .   The 36-foot fiberglass yacht with an open cockpit was designed by Jerry Cartwright and built in 1977 .

negative: Arctic Passage Arctic Passage is the U. S. title of a two-hour TV documentary on the Arctic explorers Sir John Franklin and Roald Amundsen , co-produced by ITN Factual in Britain and NOVA/WGBH in the U.S. ITN Factual handled the production and filming ; the film was directed by Louise Osmond , and Harald Gunnar Paalgard was the director of photography . The documentary aired in the UK in March 2005 under the title Search for the Northwest Passage , and in February 2006 in the U. S. under a two-part title , Arctic Passage : Prisoners of the Ice/Ice Survivor .

negative: 2007 mid-year rugby union internationals The 2007 mid-year rugby union tests ( also known as the Summer Internationals in the Northern Hemisphere ) refers to the Rugby union Test matches played during June and May 2007 . These are played in the Southern Hemisphere , and include all Tests hosted by Argentina , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa outside of the 2007 Tri-Nations . The Tests are being used by many countries as their last opportunity to prepare for the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France . For Australia , New Zealand and South Africa it is used as preparation for the 2007 Tri-Nations . The only match listed here with a Northern Hemisphere victor was Italy 's victory over Uruguay .

negative: Prince of Wales Strait The Prince of Wales Strait is a strait in the Northwest Territories of Canada separating Banks Island to the northwest from Victoria Island to the southeast . It extends from Viscount Melville Sound in the northeast to Amundsen Gulf in the southwest . From late winter it is filled by ice that usually does not break up until August , if at all . Its namesake , Prince of Wales Island , lies over two-hundred miles to the east .   The strait is a possible route for the Northwest Passage . The Parry Channel leads 600 miles west from Baffin Bay to the strait or McClure Strait to the northwest . Robert McClure reached it from the west in 1850 and was frozen in . A sledge party showed that it was probably connected to Parry Channel . Richard Collinson again entered it in 1851 . Henry Larsen ( explorer ) made the first passage in 1944 after failing to pass McClure Strait . In 1969 , the oil tanker was forced to use it after ice had blocked McClure Strait . As the strait narrows to less than 24 miles , vessels using it pass within undisputed Canadian waters ( see Canadian Arctic Archipelago ) .   Category : Straits of the Northwest Territories  Category : Victoria Island ( Canada )

negative: NEEM Camp NEEM Camp was a small research facility on the northern Greenland Ice Sheet , used as a base for ice core drilling . It is located about 313 km east of the closest coast , Peabody Bay in northern Greenland , 275 km northwest of the historical ice sheet camp North Ice , and 484 km ENE of Siorapaluk , the closest settlement . There is only one heavy-duty tent for accommodation of the researchers during summer . Access is by skiway ( snow runway ) .   The acronym NEEM stands for North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling . The ice at the NEEM coring location ( 77 ° 27 'N 51 ° 3.6 ` W ) was predicted to be 2545 m thick .   Drilling started at NEEM in June 2009 and drillers expected to hit bedrock in 2010 . The drilling progressed well and reached through the brittle zone ( ~ 800 m ) in mid-July 2009 . The plan was to process the ice below the brittle zone , per decision at the steering committee meeting in November 2008 in Copenhagen .   By September 1 , 2009 , the coring had reached 1757.84 m for this season , setting a single-season deep ice core drilling record in 100 days .   On July 26 , 2010 , drilling reached bedrock at 2537.36 m.   The November/December 2007 issue of Technology Review magazine and its website carried a report on early efforts to establish this camp . The research goal is seek preserved ice from the Eemian , which included a warming period in Earth 's history . http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/19504/   After the conclusion of the drilling activities , the machinery and dome of the NEEM camp was moved to a new location in the NEEM-EastGRIP traverse , forming the EastGRIP camp at location in 2015 .

negative: North Water Polynya The North Water Polynya or Pikialasorsuaq in Greenlandic ( NOW ) is a polynya ( area of year-round open water surrounded by sea ice ) that lies between Greenland and Canada in northern Baffin Bay . The world 's largest Arctic polynya at about 85000 km2 , it creates a warm microclimate that provides a refuge for narwhal , beluga , walrus , and bowhead whales to feed and rest . While thin ice forms in some areas , the polynya is kept open by wind , tides and an ice bridge on its northern edge . Named the `` North Water '' by 19th century whalers who relied on it for spring passage , this polynya is one of the most biologically productive marine areas in the Arctic Ocean .

negative: Mitribah Mitribah is a weatherstation in northwest Kuwait . On July 21 , 2016 the temperature at this location hit the record highest temperature ever reliably recorded in the eastern hemisphere at 54.0 C.

negative: Temperature record of the past 1000 years For information on the description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in various IPCC reports see MWP and LIA in IPCC reportsThe temperature record of the past 1,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale . Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional : the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that `` Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely '' the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . '' The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century . As of 2010 this broad pattern was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th-century `` shaft '' appears . Sparseness of proxy records results in considerable uncertainty for earlier periods .   Individual proxy records , such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology , are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap . Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions : tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures ( within the tropics trees do not form rings ) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean . Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions , incorporating proxies such as lake sediments , ice cores and corals which are found in different regions , and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records . The `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures ; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction ( CFR ) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas , making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models .   During the 1,900 years before the 20th century , it is likely that the next warmest period was from 950 to 1100 , with peaks at different times in different regions . This has been called the Medieval Warm Period , and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age . In the hockey stick controversy , contrarians have asserted that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than at present , and have disputed the data and methods of climate reconstructions .

negative: Kereka Island Kereka Island ( остров Керека , ` Ostrov Kereka ' \ ` os-trov ke - 're - ka \ ) is a mostly ice-covered island in the Pitt group of Biscoe Islands , Antarctica . It is 1.75 km long in southeast-northwest direction and 580 m wide , and is separated from neighbouring Slumkey Island to the west-southwest by an 80 m wide passage .   The island is named after the settlement of Kereka in Northern Bulgaria .

negative: Cardinal sign (astrology) In astrology , cardinal signs ( also called by older astrologers a moveable sign ) are associated with being active , self-motivated , insightful and ambitious . Observable of ills and issues in their environment , they have keen qualities in great leadership and initiating change . They can , on the other hand , be bossy , inconsiderate and domineering , as they feel their way is the best for everyone to follow .   The word `` cardinal '' originates from the Latin word for `` hinge , '' since they each mark the turning point of a temperate season . They were called moveable by traditional astrologers because , as Bonatti says , the `` air '' changes when the Sun enters each of these signs , bringing a change of season .  Sometimes the word cardinal is confused with the word angular . Angular signs are those signs which are located on the astrological angles of any given natal chart . Angular houses may be cardinal , fixed or mutable , depending on the birth time of the chart , but only Aries , Cancer , Libra , and Capricorn are cardinal signs . Their starts are related to equinoxes and solstices .   The four cardinal signs of the Zodiac are :  Aries : the Sun 's passage through which begins the spring in the northern hemisphere , and autumn in the southern hemisphere .  Cancer : which begins the summer in the northern hemisphere , and winter in the southern hemisphere .  Libra : which begins the autumn in the northern hemisphere , and spring in the southern hemisphere .  Capricorn : which begins the winter in the northern hemisphere , and summer in the southern hemisphere .

negative: Little Ice Age The Little Ice Age ( LIA ) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period . Although it was not a true ice age , the term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939 . It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries , but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850 . Climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of the period , which varied according to local conditions .   The NASA Earth Observatory notes three particularly cold intervals : one beginning about 1650 , another about 1770 , and the last in 1850 , all separated by intervals of slight warming . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report considered the timing and areas affected by the Little Ice Age suggested largely-independent regional climate changes rather than a globally-synchronous increased glaciation . At most , there was modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during the period .   Several causes have been proposed : cyclical lows in solar radiation , heightened volcanic activity , changes in the ocean circulation , variations in Earth 's orbit and axial tilt ( orbital forcing ) , inherent variability in global climate , and decreases in the human population .

negative: Cantor (crater) Cantor is a lunar impact crater that is located on the northern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon . The outer rim of the crater has a distinctly hexagonal shape , and is slightly longer in the north -- south direction . The interior walls are multiply terraced , although less so along the western rim . There is a low central peak at the midpoint of the floor .   The terrain surrounding Cantor is heavily impacted with many small craters . The old and heavily eroded crater H. G. Wells is located to the northwest . To the southeast is Kidinnu .

negative: La Condamine (crater) La Condamine is a small lunar crater that is located on the southern edge of the Mare Frigoris , in the northern part of the Moon . It lies to the northeast of the mountain-rimmed Sinus Iridum formation in the northwest part of the Mare Imbrium .   The crater rim is low and rounded , with the edge worn and eroded along the northeast side . The outer wall is somewhat polygonal , particularly in the southwestern half . The interior is fairly flat with no central peak , but there is a low curved , double rille in the western half that reaches toward the northern rim .

negative: Izgrev Passage Izgrev Passage ( проток Изгрев , ` Protok Izgrev ' \ ` pro-tok ` iz-grev \ ) is the 2.3 km wide passage separating Rogozen Island , Heywood Island and Pordim Islands from Cornwall Island , Onogur Islands and the northwest coast of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands . The area was visited by early 19th century sealers .   The passage is named after the settlements of Izgrev in Northern , Northeastern , Southeastern and Southwestern Bulgaria .