query: Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.

positive: Attribution of recent climate change Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent climate changes on Earth , commonly known as ` global warming ' . The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record , when records are most reliable ; particularly in the last 50 years , when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available . The dominant mechanisms are anthropogenic , i.e. , the result of human activity . They are :  increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases  global changes to land surface , such as deforestation  increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols .   There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations , changes in solar activity , and volcanic activity .   According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , it is `` extremely likely '' that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010 . The IPCC defines `` extremely likely '' as indicating a probability of 95 to 100 % , based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence .   Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities :  A basic physical understanding of the climate system : greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established .  Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual .  Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included .  Natural forces alone ( such as solar and volcanic activity ) can not explain the observed warming .   The IPCC 's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community , and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide ( see also : scientific opinion on climate change ) .

positive: Cosmic ray Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation , mainly originating outside the Solar System . Upon impact with the Earth 's atmosphere , cosmic rays can produce showers of secondary particles that sometimes reach the surface . Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei , they are of mysterious origin . Data from the Fermi Space Telescope ( 2013 ) have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernovae explosions of stars . Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Scott Forbush Scott Ellsworth Forbush ( April 10 , 1904 -- April 4 , 1984 ) was an American astronomer , physicist and geophysicist who is recognized as having laid the observational foundations for many of the central features of solar-interplanetary-terrestrial physics , which at the time was an underdeveloped field of study . In 1937 Forbush discovered the Forbush Effect : an occasional decrease in the intensity of cosmic rays as observed on Earth that is caused by the solar wind and its interaction with the magnetosphere . Scott conducted most of his research during his career at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism ( DTM ) of the Carnegie Institution of Washington where he was appointed chairman of a section on theoretical geophysics in 1957 . Forbush used statistical methods in analyses of magnetic storms , solar activity , rotation of the Earth , and the rotation of the sun , and the correlation of this geophysical and solar phenomena with temporal variations of cosmic-ray intensity .   Scott was widowed once and married twice , the first time to Clara Lundell , a concert pianist who passed in 1967 , and for the second time in June 1970 , 14 years before his death , to Julie Daves , a science writer and watercolor artist . Scott passed in 1984 in Charlottesville , Virginia having suffered from pneumonia . He was survived by his wife Julie and his sister Louise Boyd of Hudson , Ohio .

negative: Jasper Kirkby Jasper Kirkby is a British experimental particle physicist currently with CERN . He originated the idea for the Tau-Charm Factory , an accelerator now under construction as BEPC II in Beijing . He has led several large particle accelerator experiments at SPEAR ; the Paul Scherrer Institute ; and most recently , the CLOUD experiment at CERN .   The CLOUD experiment is investigating possible physical mechanisms for solar/cosmic ray forcing - a theory whereby cloud nucleation is affected by cosmic rays and the cosmic rays are affected by solar activity . The main purpose of the CLOUD experiment is to simulate the conditions under which clouds form in earth 's atmosphere -- specifically , the process by which cloud condensation nuclei form from aerosols in the atmosphere . Kirkby et al. published the results of CLOUD 's first experiment in the journal Nature in 2011 , reporting that cosmic rays `` seemed to enhance the production of nanometre-sized particles from the gaseous atmosphere by more than a factor of ten . '' He added , however , that the particles in question are far too small to serve as cloud condensation nuclei , adding , `` At the moment , it actually says nothing about a possible cosmic-ray effect on clouds and climate , but it 's a very important first step . ''

negative: Low field nuclear magnetic resonance Low field NMR spans a range of different nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) modalities , going from NMR conducted in permanent magnets , supporting magnetic fields of a few T , all the way down to zero field NMR , where the Earth 's field is carefully shielded such that magnetic fields of nT are achieved where nuclear spin precession is close to zero . In a broad sense , `` Low-field NMR '' is the branch of nuclear magnetic resonance that is NOT conducted in superconducting high-field magnets . Low field NMR also includes Earth 's field NMR where simply the Earth 's field is exploited to cause nuclear spin-precession which is detected . With magnetic fields on the order of μT and below magnetometers such as SQUIDs or atomic magnetometers ( among others ) are used as detectors . `` Normal '' high field NMR relies on the detection of spin-precession with inductive detection with a simple coil .  However , this detection modality becomes less sensitive as the magnetic field and the associated frequencies decrease . Hence the push toward alternative detection methods at very low fields .

negative: Cosmogenic nuclide Cosmogenic nuclides ( or cosmogenic isotopes ) are rare isotopes created when a high-energy cosmic ray interacts with the nucleus of an in situ Solar System atom , causing nucleons ( protons and neutrons ) to be expelled from the atom ( see cosmic ray spallation ) . These isotopes are produced within Earth materials such as rocks or soil , in Earth 's atmosphere , and in extraterrestrial items such as meteorites . By measuring cosmogenic isotopes , scientists are able to gain insight into a range of geological and astronomical processes . There are both radioactive and stable cosmogenic isotopes . Some of these radioisotopes are tritium , carbon-14 and phosphorus-32 .   Certain light ( low atomic number ) primordial nuclides ( some isotopes of lithium , beryllium and boron ) are thought to have arisen not only during the Big Bang , and also ( and perhaps primarily ) to have been made after the Big Bang , but before the condensation of the Solar System , by the process of cosmic ray spallation on interstellar gas and dust . This explains their higher abundance in cosmic rays as compared with their ratios and abundances of certain other nuclides on Earth . This also explains the overabundance of the early transition metals just before iron in the periodic table ; the cosmic-ray spallation of iron thus produces Sc -- Cr on one hand and He -- B on the other . However , the arbitrary defining qualification for cosmogenic nuclides of being formed `` in situ in the Solar System '' ( meaning inside an already-aggregated piece of the Solar System ) prevents primordial nuclides formed by cosmic ray spallation before the formation of the Solar System , from being termed `` cosmogenic nuclides '' -- even though the mechanism for their formation is exactly the same . These same nuclides still arrive on Earth in small amounts in cosmic rays , and are formed in meteoroids , in the atmosphere , on Earth , `` cosmogenically . '' However , beryllium ( all of it stable beryllium-9 ) is present primordially in the Solar System in much larger amounts , having existed prior to the condensation of the Solar System , and thus present in the materials from which the Solar System formed .   To make the distinction in another fashion , the timing of their formation determines which subset of cosmic ray spallation-produced nuclides are termed primordial or cosmogenic ( a nuclide can not belong to both classes ) . By convention , certain stable nuclides of lithium , beryllium , and boron are thought to have been produced by cosmic ray spallation in the period of time between the Big Bang and the Solar System 's formation ( thus making these primordial nuclides , by definition ) are not termed `` cosmogenic , '' even though they were formed by the same process as the cosmogenic nuclides ( although at an earlier time ) . The primordial nuclide beryllium-9 , the only stable beryllium isotope , is an example of this type of nuclide .   In contrast , even though the radioactive isotopes beryllium-7 and beryllium-10 fall into this series of three light elements ( lithium , beryllium , boron ) formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation nucleosynthesis , both of these nuclides have half lives too short for them to have been formed before the formation of the Solar System , and thus they can not be primordial nuclides . Since the cosmic ray spallation route is the only possible source of beryllium-7 and beryllium-10 occurrence naturally in the environment , they are therefore cosmogenic .

negative: Low-pressure area A low-pressure area , low , or depression is a region where the topographic map is atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations . Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the upper levels of the troposphere . The formation process of a low-pressure area is known as cyclogenesis . Within the field of meteorology , atmospheric divergence aloft occurs in two areas . The first area is on the east side of upper troughs , which form half of a Rossby wave within the Westerlies ( a trough with large wavelength that extends through the troposphere ) . A second area of wind divergence aloft occurs ahead of embedded shortwave troughs , which are of smaller wavelength . Diverging winds aloft ahead of these troughs cause atmospheric lift within the troposphere below , which lowers surface pressures as upward motion partially counteracts the force of gravity .   Thermal lows form due to localized heating caused by greater sunshine over deserts and other land masses . Since localized areas of warm air are less dense than their surroundings , this warmer air rises , which lowers atmospheric pressure near that portion of the Earth 's surface . Large-scale thermal lows over continents help drive monsoon circulations . Low-pressure areas can also form due to organized thunderstorm activity over warm water . When this occurs over the tropics in concert with the Intertropical Convergence Zone , it is known as a monsoon trough . Monsoon troughs reach their northerly extent in August and their southerly extent in February . When a convective low acquires a well-hot circulation in the tropics it is termed a tropical cyclone . Tropical cyclones can form during any month of the year globally , but can occur in either the northern or southern hemisphere during November .   Atmospheric lift will also generally produce cloud cover through adiabatic cooling once the air becomes saturated as it rises , although the low-pressure area typically brings cloudy skies , which act to minimize diurnal temperature extremes . Since clouds reflect sunlight , incoming shortwave solar radiation decreases , which causes lower temperatures during the day . At night the absorptive effect of clouds on outgoing longwave radiation , such as heat energy from the surface , allows for warmer diurnal low temperatures in all seasons . The stronger the area of low pressure , the stronger the winds experienced in its vicinity . Globally , low-pressure systems are most frequently located over the Tibetan Plateau and in the lee of the Rocky mountains . In Europe ( particularly in the United Kingdom ) , recurring low-pressure weather systems are typically known as `` depressions '' .

negative: Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray In astroparticle physics , an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray ( UHECR ) is a cosmic ray particle with a kinetic energy greater than eV , far beyond both the rest mass and energies typical of other cosmic ray particles .   An extreme-energy cosmic ray ( EECR ) is an UHECR with energy exceeding ( about 8 joule ) , the so-called Greisen -- Zatsepin -- Kuzmin limit ( GZK limit ) . This limit should be the maximum energy of cosmic ray particles that have traveled long distances ( about 160 million light years ) , since higher-energy ray particles would have lost energy over that distance due to scattering from photons in the cosmic microwave background . It follows that EECR could not be survivors from the early universe but are cosmologically `` young '' , emitted somewhere in the Local Supercluster by some unknown physical process .   These particles are extremely rare ; between 2004 and 2007 , the initial runs of the Pierre Auger Observatory ( PAO ) detected 27 events with estimated arrival energies above , i.e. , about one such event every four weeks in the 3000 km2 area surveyed by the observatory .   There is evidence that these highest-energy cosmic rays might be iron nuclei , rather than the protons that make up most cosmic rays .   The postulated ( hypothetical ) sources of EECR are known as Zevatrons , named in analogy to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 's Bevatron and Fermilab 's Tevatron , and therefore capable of accelerating particles to 1 ZeV ( 1021 eV , zetta-electronvolt ) . In 2004 there was a consideration of the possibility of galactic jets acting as Zevatrons , due to diffusive acceleration of particles caused by shock waves inside the jets . In particular , models suggested that shock waves from the nearby M87 galactic jet could accelerate an iron nucleus to ZeV ranges . In 2007 , PAO tentatively associated EECR with extragalactic supermassive black holes at the center of nearby galaxies called active galactic nuclei ( AGN ) . Extremely high energies might be explained also by the Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration in the magnetospheres of AGN . Although newer results indicate that fewer than 40 % of these cosmic rays seemed to be coming from the AGN , a much weaker correlation than previously reported . A more speculative suggestion by Grib and Pavlov ( 2007 , 2008 ) envisages the decay of superheavy dark matter by means of the Penrose process .

negative: Tyche (hypothetical planet) Tyche ( -LSB- ˈtaɪki -RSB- ) is a hypothetical gas giant located in the Solar System 's Oort cloud , first proposed in 1999 by astrophysicists John Matese , Patrick Whitman and Daniel Whitmire of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette . They argued that evidence of Tyche 's existence could be seen in a supposed bias in the points of origin for long-period comets . More recently , Matese and Whitmire re-evaluated the comet data and noted that Tyche , if it existed , would be detectable in the archive of data that was collected by NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer ( WISE ) telescope . In 2014 , NASA announced that the WISE survey had ruled out any object with Tyche 's characteristics , indicating that Tyche as hypothesized by Matese , Whitman , and Whitmire does not exist .

negative: Adiposogenital dystrophy Adiposogenital dystrophy is a condition which may be caused by tertiary hypogonadism originating from decreased levels in GnRH . Low levels of GnRH has been associated with defects of the feeding centers of the hypothalamus , leading to an increased consumption of food and thus caloric intake .

negative: Waalian interglacial The Waalian interglacial ( Waal-Warmzeit or Waal-Interglazial ) ( Zagwijn , 1960 ) was an interglacial in northern Europe that lasted from about 1.45 million to 1.20 million years ago . It thus lies entirely within the Old Pleistocene and is thus part of the Cenozoic . Its name is derived from a major branch of the Rhine delta , the Waal . The Waal warm period could correspond temporally to the Danube-Gunz interglacial of the northern Alpine Foreland .   The warm period lies wholly within the Matuyama epoch , in which the earth 's magnetic field , with a few exceptions , had a different polarity from that today : the magnetic north pole ( actually corresponding to the magnetic south ) lay near the geographic south pole .

negative: Magnetic pole Magnetic pole may refer to :  One of the two ends of a magnet  Magnetic monopole , a hypothetical elementary particle  The magnetic poles of astronomical bodies , a special case of magnets , especially :  The North Magnetic Pole of planet Earth , a point where the north end of a compass points downward  The South Magnetic Pole of planet Earth , a point where the south end of a compass points downward

negative: List of neutrino experiments This is a non-exhaustive list of neutrino experiments , neutrino detectors , and neutrino telescopes .   Accelerator neutrino ( AC ) , Active galactic nuclei neutrino ( AGN ) , Atmospheric neutrino ( ATM ) , Cosmic ray neutrino ( CR ) , Low-energy solar neutrino ( LS ) , Low-energy supernova neutrino ( LSN ) , Pulsar neutrino ( PUL ) , Reactor neutrino ( R ) , Solar neutrino ( S ) , Supernova neutrino ( SN ) , Terrestrial neutrino ( T )  Double beta decay ( BB ) , Charged current ( CC ) , Elastic scattering ( ES ) , Neutral current ( NC )

negative: Teltron tube A teltron tube ( named for Teltron Inc. , which is now owned by 3B Scientific Ltd. ) is a type of cathode ray tube used to demonstrate the properties of electrons . There were several different types made by Teltron including a diode , a triode , a Maltese Cross tube , a simple deflection tube with a fluorescent screen , and one which could be used to measure the charge to mass ratio of an electron . The latter two contained an electron gun with deflecting plates . The beams can be bent by applying voltages to various electrodes in the tube or by holding a magnet close by . The electron beams are visible as fine bluish lines . This is accomplished by filling the tube with low pressure helium ( He ) or Hydrogen ( H2 ) gas . A few of the electrons in the beam collide with the helium atoms , causing them to fluoresce and emit light .   They are usually used to teach electromagnetic effects because they show how an electron beam is affected by electric fields and by magnetic fields like the Lorentz force .

negative: Earth's field NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) in the geomagnetic field is conventionally referred to as Earth 's field NMR ( EFNMR ) . EFNMR is a special case of low field NMR .   When a sample is placed in a constant magnetic field and stimulated ( perturbed ) by a time-varying ( e.g. , pulsed or alternating ) magnetic field , NMR active nuclei resonate at characteristic frequencies . Examples of such NMR active nuclei are the isotopes carbon-13 and hydrogen-1 ( which in NMR is conventionally known as proton NMR ) . The resonant frequency of each isotope is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field , and the magnetogyric or gyromagnetic ratio of that isotope . The signal strength is proportional both to the stimulating magnetic field and the number of nuclei of that isotope in the sample . Thus in the 21 tesla magnetic field that may be found in high resolution laboratory NMR spectrometers , protons resonate at 900 MHz . However , in the Earth 's magnetic field the same nuclei resonate at audio frequencies of around 2 kHz and generate very weak signals .   The location of a nucleus within a complex molecule affects the ` chemical environment ' ( i.e. the rotating magnetic fields generated by the other nuclei ) experienced by the nucleus . Thus different hydrocarbon molecules containing NMR active nuclei in different positions within the molecules produce slightly different patterns of resonant frequencies .   EFNMR signals can be affected by both magnetically noisy laboratory environments and natural variations in the Earth 's field , which originally compromised its usefulness . However this disadvantage has been overcome by the introduction of electronic equipment which compensates changes in ambient magnetic fields .   Whereas chemical shifts are important in NMR , they are insignificant in the Earth 's field . The absence of chemical shifts causes features such as spin-spin multiplets ( that are separated by high fields ) to be superimposed in EFNMR . Instead , EFNMR spectra are dominated by spin-spin coupling ( J-coupling ) effects . Software optimised for analysing these spectra can provide useful information about the structure of the molecules in the sample .

negative: Future of Earth The biological and geological future of Earth can be extrapolated based upon the estimated effects of several long-term influences . These include the chemistry at Earth 's surface , the rate of cooling of the planet 's interior , the gravitational interactions with other objects in the Solar System , and a steady increase in the Sun 's luminosity . An uncertain factor in this extrapolation is the ongoing influence of technology introduced by humans , such as climate engineering , which could cause significant changes to the planet . The current Holocene extinction is being caused by technology and the effects may last for up to five million years . In turn , technology may result in the extinction of humanity , leaving the planet to gradually return to a slower evolutionary pace resulting solely from long-term natural processes .   Over time intervals of hundreds of millions of years , random celestial events pose a global risk to the biosphere , which can result in mass extinctions . These include impacts by comets or asteroids with diameters of 5 -- or more , and the possibility of a massive stellar explosion , called a supernova , within a 100-light-year radius of the Sun , called a Near-Earth supernova . Other large-scale geological events are more predictable . If the long-term effects of global warming are disregarded , Milankovitch theory predicts that the planet will continue to undergo glacial periods at least until the Quaternary glaciation comes to an end . These periods are caused by variations in eccentricity , axial tilt , and precession of the Earth 's orbit . As part of the ongoing supercontinent cycle , plate tectonics will probably result in a supercontinent in 250 -- 350 million years . Some time in the next 1.5 -- 4.5 billion years , the axial tilt of the Earth may begin to undergo chaotic variations , with changes in the axial tilt of up to 90 ° .   During the next four billion years , the luminosity of the Sun will steadily increase , resulting in a rise in the solar radiation reaching the Earth . This will result in a higher rate of weathering of silicate minerals , which will cause a decrease in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere . In about 600 million years from now , the level of CO2 will fall below the level needed to sustain C3 carbon fixation photosynthesis used by trees . Some plants use the C4 carbon fixation method , allowing them to persist at concentrations as low as 10 parts per million . However , the long-term trend is for plant life to die off altogether . The extinction of plants will be the demise of almost all animal life , since plants are the base of the food chain on Earth .   In about one billion years , the solar luminosity will be 10 % higher than at present . This will cause the atmosphere to become a `` moist greenhouse '' , resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans . As a likely consequence , plate tectonics will come to an end , and with them the entire carbon cycle . Following this event , in about 2 − 3 billion years , the planet 's magnetic dynamo may cease , causing the magnetosphere to decay and leading to an accelerated loss of volatiles from the outer atmosphere . Four billion years from now , the increase in the Earth 's surface temperature will cause a runaway greenhouse effect , heating the surface enough to melt it . By that point , all life on the Earth will be extinct . The most probable fate of the planet is absorption by the Sun in about 7.5 billion years , after the star has entered the red giant phase and expanded to cross the planet 's current orbit .

negative: Contribution to global warming by Australia Australia has one of the highest per capita emissions of carbon dioxide in the world , with 0.3 % of the world 's population it produces 1.8 % of the world 's greenhouse gasses . It was 18.3 tonnes per year per person and the 11th highest in the world per capita in 2009 . Australia uses principally coal power ( 70 % ) for electricity , with the remainder mainly gas , with no nuclear , low levels of hydro power , and low , but increasing , levels of solar , wind and wave power .

negative: Supply shock A supply shock is an event that suddenly increases or decreases the supply of a commodity or service , or of commodities and services in general . This sudden change affects the equilibrium price of the good or service or the economy 's general price level .   In the short run , an economy-wide negative supply shock will shift the aggregate supply curve leftward , decreasing the output and increasing the price level . For example , the imposition of an embargo on trade in oil would cause an adverse supply shock , since oil is a key factor of production for a wide variety of goods . A supply shock can cause stagflation due to a combination of rising prices and falling output .   In the short run , an economy-wide positive supply shock will shift the aggregate supply curve rightward , increasing output and decreasing the price level . A positive supply shock could be an advance in technology ( a technology shock ) which makes production more efficient , thus increasing output .

negative: Phaeton (hypothetical planet) Phaeton ( or Phaëton , less often Phaethon ) is the hypothetical planet posited to have existed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter whose destruction supposedly led to the formation of the asteroid belt . The hypothetical planet was named for Phaethon , the son of the sun god Helios in Greek mythology , who attempted to drive his father 's solar chariot for a day with disastrous results and was ultimately destroyed by Zeus .   The asteroid 3200 Phaethon , sometimes incorrectly spelled Phaeton , is a Mercury - , Venus - , Earth - , and Mars-orbit crossing Apollo asteroid with unusual properties .

negative: Hypothetical mood Hypothetical mood ( abbreviated ) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages ( for example Lakota ) which indicates that while a statement is not actually true , it could easily have been . For instance , in English , `` You know you should n't play with knives ! You could have hurt someone ! '' conveys a meaning that would be expressed with the hypothetical mood in Lakota .

negative: Vorton A vorton is a hypothetical circular cosmic string loop stabilized by the angular momentum of the charge and current trapped on the string .   For a recent review article of cosmic strings see .

negative: Magnetic propulsion Magnetic propulsion may refer to :  Magnetic sail , a proposed method of spacecraft propulsion which would use a magnetic field to deflect solar wind  Linear synchronous motor , a linear motor that uses synchronized electromagnetic pulses to propel a magnetic `` rotor ''  Linear induction motor , a linear motor that uses a linearly moving magnetic field acting on conductors within the field to produce force  Railgun , an electrically powered electromagnetic projectile launcher  Maglev , a transport method that uses magnetic levitation to move vehicles without touching the ground

negative: Hypothetical protein In biochemistry , a hypothetical protein is a protein whose existence has been predicted , but for which there is a lack of experimental evidence that it is expressed in vivo . Sequencing of several genomes has resulted in numerous predicted open reading frames to which functions can not be readily assigned . These proteins , either orphan or conserved hypothetical proteins , make up ~ 20 % to 40 % of proteins encoded in each newly sequenced genome . Even when there is enough evidence that the product of the gene is expressed , by techniques such as microarray and mass-spectrometry , it is difficult to assign a function to it given its lack of identity to protein sequences with annotated biochemical function . Nowadays , most protein sequences are inferred from computational analysis of genomic DNA sequence . Hypothetical proteins are created by gene prediction software during genome analysis . When the bioinformatic tool used for the gene identification finds a large open reading frame without a characterised homologue in the protein database , it returns `` hypothetical protein '' as an annotation remark .   The function of a hypothetical protein can be predicted by domain homology searches with various confidence levels . Conserved domains are available in the hypothetical proteins which need to be compared with the known family domains by which hypothetical protein could be classified into particular protein families even though they have not been in vivo investigated . The function of hypothetical protein could also be predicted by homology modelling , in which hypothetical protein has to align with known protein sequence whose three dimensional structure is known and by modelling method if structure predicted then the capability of hypothetical protein to function could be ascertained computationally .   Further , approaches to annotate function to hypothetical proteins include determination of 3-dimensional structure of these proteins by structural genomics initiatives , understanding the nature and mode of prosthetic group/metal ion binding , fold similarity with other proteins of known functions and annotating possible catalytic site and regulatory site . Structure prediction with biochemical function assessment by screening for various substrate is another promising approach to annotate function

negative: Magnetogram The term magnetogram has two meanings , used separately in the contexts of magnetic fields of the Sun and the Earth .   In the context of the magnetic field of the Sun , the term magnetogram refers to a pictorial representation of the spatial variations in strength of the solar magnetic field . Magnetograms are often produced by exploiting the Zeeman effect ( or , in some cases , the Hanle effect ) , which George Ellery Hale employed in the first demonstration that sunspots were magnetic in origin , in 1908 . Solar magnetograms are produced by suitably instrumented telescopes referred to as magnetographs . Some magnetographs can only measure the component of the magnetic field along the line of sight from the observer to the source ( the field 's `` longitudinal '' component ) . One example of such a `` line-of-sight '' or `` longitudinal '' magnetograph is the Michelson Doppler Imager ( MDI ) , a scientific instrument that takes magnetograms of the Sun in order to measure velocity and magnetic fields in the Sun 's photosphere to learn about the convection zone and about the magnetic fields which control the structure of the solar corona . A vector magnetograph also measures the component of the magnetic field perpendicular to the line of sight ( the field 's `` transverse '' component ) , from which all three components of the magnetic field vector can be deduced . Two examples include the National Solar Observatory 's SOLIS instrument and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager aboard NASA 's Solar Dynamics Observatory satellite .   In the context of geophysics , a magnetogram is a measurement of temporal variation the local strength and direction of the geomagnetic field . Such magnetograms have existed since Victorian times , and the British Geological Survey has preserved records from the 1850s , showing the effects of the 1859 Carrington Event , the worst magnetic storm known to have hit Earth .

negative: Photino A photino is a hypothetical subatomic particle , the fermion WIMP superpartner of the photon predicted by supersymmetry . It is an example of a gaugino . Even though no photino has ever been observed so far , it is expected to be the lightest stable particle in the universe . It is proposed that photinos are produced by sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays .

negative: Fifth planet Fifth planet may refer to :  Jupiter , the fifth planet from the Sun in the Solar system  Fifth planet ( hypothetical ) , any of various hypothetical planets thought to have existed  Fifth Planet ( novel ) , a science fiction novel by Fred and Geoffrey Hoyle  Planet V , a scientific proposal in 2002 for a destroyed fifth planet  Mars , the fifth planet from Earth in the Ptolemaic geocentric model  Ceres ( dwarf planet ) , the dwarf planet orbiting between Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt

negative: Extraordinary assumptions and hypothetical conditions In the field of real estate appraisal , extraordinary assumptions and hypothetical conditions are two closely related types of assumptions which are made as predicating conditions of an appraisal problem . Under the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice ( USPAP ) , they are two of the assignment conditions on which an appraisal assignment is predicated , the others being general assumptions , laws & regulations , supplemental standards , jurisdictional exceptions , and other conditions affecting scope of work . Making the distinction between the two is important when compiling or reporting appraisals in the United States or other jurisdictions where USPAP is considered the professional standard because USPAP has different specific disclosure requirements for each in an appraisal report and specifies different conditions under which each can be made .   An assumption is a statement or condition that is presumed or assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn . USPAP defines an assumption as `` that which is taken to be true '' . An extraordinary assumption is an assumption which if found to be false could alter the resulting opinion or conclusion . A hypothetical condition is an assumption made contrary to fact , but which is assumed for the purpose of discussion , analysis , or formulation of opinions .   The distinction between the two lies in the potential veracity of the assumption . A hypothetical condition assumes a condition which is known to be contrary to fact whereas an extraordinary assumption assumes a condition or a fact which is merely unknown or uncertain . The results of an analysis involving any hypothetical conditions are known to not be reflective of what exists because the assumptions on which they are predicated are contrary to fact . The results of an analysis involving extraordinary assumptions are only potentially not reflective of what exists to the extent of the uncertainty underlying the assumptions on which the analysis or opinions are predicated .

negative: X-ray background The observed X-ray background is thought to result from , at the `` soft '' end ( below 0.3 keV ) , galactic X-ray emission , the `` galactic '' X-ray background , and , at the `` hard '' end ( above 0.3 keV ) , from a combination of many unresolved X-ray sources outside of the Milky Way , the `` cosmic '' X-ray background ( CXB ) .   The galactic X-ray background is produced largely by emission from hot gas in the Local Bubble within 100 parsecs of the Sun .   Deep surveys with X-ray telescopes , such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory , have demonstrated that around 80 % of the cosmic X-ray background is due to resolved extra-galactic X-ray sources , the bulk of which are unobscured ( `` type-1 '' ) and obscured ( `` type-2 '' ) active galactic nuclei ( AGN ) .

negative: CO-0.40-0.22 CO-0 .40 -0.22 is a high velocity compact gas cloud near the centre of the Milky Way . It is 200 light years away from the centre in the central molecular zone . The cloud is in the shape of ellipse . The differences in the velocity , termed velocity dispersion , of the gas is unusually high at 100 km/s . The velocity dispersion may be due to an intermediate-mass black hole with a mass of about 100,000 solar masses . If it exists , this black hole would be the second largest known in the Milky Way .   The molecular cloud has a mass of 4,000 solar masses . It is located at -0.40 ° , -0.22 ° galactic longitude and latitude . The cloud is 0.2 ° away from Sgr C to the galactic southeast . The gas is moving away from Earth at speeds ranging from 20 to 120 km/s . The spectral lines of carbon monoxide reveal that the gas is dense , and warm and fairly opaque .   The gas cloud includes carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide molecules . Other molecules detected via microwave spectroscopy include cyanoacetylene , cyclopropenylidene , methanol , silicon monoxide , sulfur monoxide , carbon monosulfide , Thioformaldehyde , Hydrogen isocyanide , Formamide , and ions H2N + and HCO + .   The name followed the precedent set by CO-0 .02 -0.02 , which is another high velocity compact cloud in the central molecular zone . Another example of this naming convention is CO -- 0.30 -- 0.07 .

negative: Explorer 7 Explorer 7 was launched October 13 , 1959 at 10:36 a.m. Eastern Time by a Juno II rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station to an orbit of 573 km by 1073 km and inclination of 50.27 ° . It was designed to measure solar x-ray and Lyman-alpha flux , trapped energetic particles , and heavy primary cosmic rays . Also Secondary objectives included collecting data on micrometeoroid penetration and molecular sputtering and studying the Earth-atmosphere heat balance .   Launch was originally scheduled for late September 1959 , but the mission was delayed for a week after a Jupiter IRBM test on an adjacent pad failed shortly after liftoff , causing flying debris to hit Explorer 7 's launch vehicle . However , the damage to the booster was minor and could be easily repaired .   Significantly , it also carried Verner Suomi 's flat-plate radiometer , improved with the help of Robert Parent , that took the first Earth radiation budget measurements from space and initiated the era of satellite studies of the climate . Using both satellite observations of the Earth 's heat balance and atmospheric cooling rates measured by net flux radiosondes , Suomi established the important role played by clouds in absorbing radiated solar energy . These observations established that Earth 's energy budget varies markedly due to the effect of clouds , the surface albedo , and other absorbing constituents . Using these instruments , Suomi and his team discovered that the Earth absorbed more of the Sun 's energy than originally thought and demonstrated that it was possible to measure and quantify seasonal changes in the global heat budget .   The satellite weighed 41.5 kg , was 75 cm high and 75 cm wide . Powered by solar cells it also carried 15 nickel-cadmium batteries around its equator .   It transmitted data continuously through to February 1961 and went dead on August 24 , 1961 . It is still in orbit .

negative: First planet First planet may refer to :  Mercury ( planet ) , the first planet from the Sun  Moon , the first planet from Earth in the Ptolemaic geocentric model  Vulcan ( hypothetical planet ) , a hypothetical planet formerly believed to exist within Mercury 's orbit

negative: Juan Gualterio Roederer Juan G. Roederer is a professor of physics emeritus at the University of Alaska Fairbanks ( UAF ) . His research fields are space physics , psychoacoustics , science policy and information theory . He conducted pioneering research on solar cosmic rays , on the theory of earth 's radiation belts , neural networks for pitch processing , and currently on the foundations of information theory . He is also an accomplished organist .

negative: Cosmic dust Cosmic dust , or Extraterrestrial dust , is dust which exists in outer space , as well as all over planet Earth . Most cosmic dust particles are between a few molecules to 0.1 µm in size . A smaller fraction of all dust in space consists of larger refractory minerals that condensed as matter left the stars . It is called `` stardust '' and is included in a separate section below . The dust density falling to Earth is approximately 10 − 6/m3 with each grain having a mass between 10 − 16kg ( 0.1 pg ) and 10 − 4 kg ( 100 mg ) .   Cosmic dust can be further distinguished by its astronomical location : intergalactic dust , interstellar dust , interplanetary dust ( such as in the zodiacal cloud ) and circumplanetary dust ( such as in a planetary ring ) . In the Solar System , interplanetary dust causes the zodiacal light . Sources of Solar System dust include comet dust , asteroidal dust , dust from the Kuiper belt , and interstellar dust passing through the Solar System . The terminology has no specific application for describing materials found on the planet Earth except for dust that has demonstrably fallen to Earth . By one estimate , as much as 40,000 tons of cosmic dust reaches the Earth 's surface every year . In October 2011 , scientists reported that cosmic dust contains complex organic matter ( amorphous organic solids with a mixed aromatic -- aliphatic structure ) that could be created naturally , and rapidly , by stars .   In August 2014 , scientists announced the collection of possible interstellar dust particles from the Stardust spacecraft since returning to Earth in 2006 . In March 2017 , scientists reported that extraterrestrial dust particles have been identified all over planet Earth . According to one of the researchers , `` Once I knew what to look for , I found them everywhere . ''

negative: Satellite flare Satellite flare , also known as satellite glint , is the visible phenomenon caused by the reflective surfaces of passing satellites ( such as antennas , SAR or solar panels ) , reflecting sunlight toward the Earth below and appearing as a brief , bright `` flare '' .   The Iridium constellation with 66 active telecommunication satellites in low Earth orbit are known to cause the brightest flares of all orbiting satellites .


query: There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.

positive: Renewable energy in the United States Renewable energy in the United States accounted for 13.44 percent of the domestically produced electricity in 2015 , and 11.1 percent of total energy generation . As of 2016 , more than 260,000 people work in the solar industry and 43 states deploy net metering , where energy utilities buy back excess power generated by solar arrays .   Renewable energy reached a major milestone in the first quarter of 2011 , when it contributed 11.7 percent of total U.S. energy production ( 2.245 quadrillion BTU of energy ) , surpassing energy production from nuclear power ( 2.125 quadrillion BTU ) . 2011 was the first year since 1997 that renewables exceeded nuclear in US total energy production .   Hydroelectric power is currently the largest producer of renewable power in the U.S. . It produced around 6.14 % of the nation 's total electricity in 2015 which was 45.71 % of the total renewable power in the U.S. . The United States is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China , Canada and Brazil . The Grand Coulee Dam is the 5th largest hydroelectric power station in the world .   U.S. wind power installed capacity now exceeds 72,000 MW and supplies 4.1 % of the nation 's electricity . Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development , followed by Iowa and California . Since the U.S. pioneered the technology in 1981 with Solar One , several solar thermal power stations have also been built . The largest of these solar thermal power stations are the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility ( 392 MW ) , southwest of Las Vegas , and the SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert , with a total generating capacity of 354 MW . Large photovoltaic power plants in the USA include Solar Star ( 579 MW ) , near Rosamond , California , the Desert Sunlight Solar Farm , a 550 MW solar power plant in Riverside County , California and the Topaz Solar Farm , a 550 MW photovoltaic power plant , in San Luis Obispo County , California . The Geysers in Northern California is the largest complex of geothermal energy production in the world .   The development of renewable energy and energy efficiency marks `` a new era of energy exploration '' in the United States , according to President Barack Obama . In a joint address to the Congress on February 24 , 2009 , President Obama called for doubling renewable energy within the next three years . In his 2012 State of the Union address , President Barack Obama restated his commitment to renewable energy and mentioned the long-standing Interior Department commitment to permit 10,000 MW of renewable energy projects on public land in 2012 .

positive: Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia ( -LSB- ˈdʒɔrdʒə -RSB- ) is a state in the southeastern United States . It began as a British colony in 1733 , the last of the original Thirteen Colonies . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Province of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina down to Spanish Florida and New France along La Louisiane , also bordering to the west towards the Mississippi River . Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution , on January 2 , 1788 . In 1802-1804 , western Georgia was split to the Mississippi Territory , which later split to form Alabama with part of former West Florida in 1819 . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate states . It was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 . Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States . From 2007 to 2008 , 14 of Georgia 's counties ranked among the nation 's 100 fastest-growing , second only to Texas . Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South . Atlanta is the state 's capital , its most populous city , and has been named a global city .   Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina , to the west by Alabama , and to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina . The state 's northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains , part of the Appalachian Mountains system . The Piedmont extends through the central part of the state from the foothills of the Blue Ridge to the Fall Line , where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the coastal plain of the state 's southern part . Georgia 's highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4784 ft above sea level ; the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean . Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area .

positive: Solar power in the United States Solar power in the United States includes utility-scale solar power plants as well as local distributed generation , mostly from rooftop photovoltaics . As of the end of 2016 , the U.S. had 40 gigawatts ( GW ) of installed photovoltaic capacity , having almost doubled in capacity from the previous year . In the twelve months through March 2017 , utility scale solar power generated 38.3 terawatt-hours ( TWh ) , 0.94 % of total U.S. electricity . During the same time period total solar generation , including estimated distributed solar photovoltaic generation , was 59.8 TWh , 1.47 % of total U.S. electricity . In terms of total installed capacity , by year end 2015 the USA ranked 4th in the world behind China , Germany , and Japan . In 2016 , 39 % of all new electricity generation capacity in the country came from solar , more than any other source and ahead of natural gas ( 29 % ) . By 2015 , solar employment had overtaken oil and gas as well as coal employment in the U.S.   The United States conducted much early research in photovoltaics and concentrated solar power . The U.S. is among the top countries in the world in electricity generated by the Sun and several of the world 's largest utility-scale installations are located in the desert Southwest . The oldest solar power plant in the world is the 354-megawatt ( MW ) SEGS thermal power plant , in California . The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System is a solar thermal power project in the California Mojave Desert , 40 miles ( 64 km ) southwest of Las Vegas , with a gross capacity of 392 MW . The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is a solar power plant near Gila Bend , Arizona , about 70 mi southwest of Phoenix , completed in 2013 . When commissioned it was the largest parabolic trough plant in the world and the first U.S. solar plant with molten salt thermal energy storage .   There are plans to build many other large solar plants in the United States . Many states have set individual renewable energy goals with solar power being included in various proportions . Governor Jerry Brown has signed legislation requiring California 's utilities to obtain 50 percent of their electricity from renewable energy sources by the end of 2030 .

negative: Solar power in Georgia (U.S. state) Solar power in Georgia on rooftops can provide 31 % of all electricity used in Georgia .   Net metering is limited to 100 kW for non-residential consumers and 10 kW for residential consumers , up to 0.2 % of previous years peak demand . Georgia was given an F for net metering . Georgia is not a Net Metering State .   The state 's first solar community is located at Weatherford Place in Roswell . All homes are LEED Certified Platinum and monitored . The solar generation is compared to GP totals each month . The past 6 years of data monitoring show that GP meter consistently records less produced power . GP does not pay `` time of day rates '' as do many other states and also requires the homeowner to sign over all `` environmental attributes '' -LSB- solar renewable energy credits or SRECs -RSB- if the homeowner chooses to sell back all solar energy . Similar results are being seen at a Zero Net Energy home -LSB- the architectural design and training was a pro-bono project of Cadmus Design-Build and is being monitored by UGA -RSB- located in Tifton , GA. . In other states such as California , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , etc -RSB- the accumulated SRECs can be sold by the owner of the system . Georgia does not allow the sale of SRECs . Georgia Power is also charging the homeowner tax on the solar energy that is sold back to GP . According to the Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy , Renewable energy is not taxable .   Georgia Power has a solar purchase program , SP-1 , for up to 100 kW systems which pays 17 cents / kWh . A second meter is installed for the solar generation , all of which is purchased by Georgia Power . The consumer then purchases back any electricity consumed as if they did not have solar power . The program has an aggregate limit of 4.4 MW and is fully subscribed , but will be expanded as consumers purchase `` Premium Green Energy '' , for an additional $ 5.00 / 100kWh . Once a consumer enters the program there is no reason to also purchase green energy , as doing so would reduce the 17 cent payment to 12 cents . By comparison , Ontario paid 80 cents Canadian/kWh , and Germany $ 34.05 cents / kWh , both with 20 year contracts , vs. the 5 year contract from Georgia Power . Long term power agreements are essential to renewable energy projects , as you pay upfront for 25 years of electricity - the `` fuel '' , the sun or wind , is free , and most of the cost of wind power or solar power is the installation cost .   Approved by the state 's Public Service Commission in 2012 and significantly expanded in the following year , Georgia Power 's ` Advanced Solar Initiative ' is expected to bring online 865 MW of solar capacity by the end of 2016 .   In 1982 the country 's largest industrial solar installation was completed , the 400 kW Solar Total Energy Project , which operated until 1991 .   The $ 5 million 1 MW Spectro PowerCap on the Hickory Ridge Landfill near Atlanta was one of Georgia 's largest solar arrays , when it was completed in October 2011 . Another 1MW solar farm in Blairsville was completed in January 2011 .   A 30 MW solar farm is being developed in Social Circle , and is expected to be completed in 2015 .   In 2011 , Georgia was one of three states being considered for a 400 MW solar park , to consist of 20 20 MW sections . Other states being considered were Florida and North Carolina . Gadsden County , Florida , was chosen . The company , National Solar , is planning 3,000 MW of solar farms in the Southeast .

negative: Garry Baverstock Garry Frederick Baverstock ( born 1949 ) is an Australian Perth-based architect , property developer , author and scientist , specialising in energy efficient building design . He was one of the pioneers of sustainable architecture in Australia , championing passive solar design of buildings and the use of solar energy . The founder of Ecotect Architects in 1969 , he is a professor and Built Environment Program Manager of the Research Institute of Sustainable Energy at Murdoch University in Perth . He became president of the International Solar Energy Society in Western Australia after holding the position of Honorary Secretary from 1979-1986 . His work is primarily involved with solar energy design and promoting green urbanism . He has designed over 700 solar houses in all climates throughout Australia . Along with his wife Julia Hayes , he designed the eco-friendly Swanbourne Business Centre in Swanbourne .   Baverstock has received numerous awards , including The Order of Australia in public recognition of his environmental and philanthropic achievements . In 2008 it was reported that Baverstock presented a $ A500 ,000 rescue package to community television station Access 31 . He was made a Life Fellow of the Australian Institute of Architects . He is co-founder and director of the solar energy website solar-e . com .

negative: Florida Amendment 1 (2016) Florida Amendment 1 , whose full title is Rights of Electricity Consumers Regarding Solar Energy Choice , Amendment 1 , is a 2016 constitutional amendment on solar energy in the U.S. state of Florida . It is supported by Consumers for Smart Solar and opposed by Floridians for Solar Choice . The amendment has been called misleading by opponents .

negative: Solar hot water in Australia Solar hot water is water heated using natural energy from the sun . Solar energy heats up large panels called thermal collectors . The energy is transferred through a fluid ( often water ) to a reservoir tank for storage and subsequent use . It is then used to heat water for commercial or domestic use and also as an energy input for heating and cooling devices and for industrial ` process heat ' applications .   Solar hot water systems are motivated by the desire to reduce energy consumption more specifically , to reduce a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions . In the case of Victoria , for example , converting from electric to solar hot water could save 20 % of the state 's total greenhouse gas emissions .   Despite an excellent solar resource , the penetration of solar water heaters in the Australian domestic market is only about 4 % or 5 % , with new dwellings accounting for most sales .   During the 1950s , Australia 's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO ) carried out world leading research into flat plate solar water heaters . A solar water heater manufacturing industry was subsequently established in Australia and a large proportion of the manufactured product was exported . Four of the original companies are still in business and the manufacturing base has now expanded to 24 companies .   Water heating is the largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions from the average Australian home , accounting for around 28 per cent of home energy use ( excluding the family car ) . The Australian government estimates that installing a climate friendly hot water system can save a family $ 300 to $ 700 off electricity bills each year .

negative: Energy consumption measurement Energy consumption measurement is done in varying units .   In List of countries by energy consumption per capita , the data is given in kilogrammes of oil equivalent per year -LSB- kgoe/a -RSB- , and gigajoules per year , and in watts , as average equivalent power .   1000 kgoe = 42 GJ  W per capita ( 1 GJ/a = 31.7 W ) ( multiply by 8.766 to get kWh/year )  Megawatt hours per year can be written as Watt :  1 MW · h/yr = 1 000 kWh/yr = 1 000 000 Wh / ( 365.25 · 24 ) h = 114.077116 Watt  Category : Energy measurement  Category : Energy consumption

negative: Energy Consumers Relief Act of 2013 The Energy Consumers Relief Act of 2013 is a bill that would require the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) to submit reports to both the United States Congress and the United States Department of Energy whenever it tried to implement a new regulation that would have significant compliance costs ( an impact of over $ 1 billion ) . The Department of Energy and Congress would then have the option of stopping or altering what the EPA proposed to do . According to a report about the bill from the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce , the bill `` provides for greater checks and balances over EPA 's rulemaking activity by requiring ,  before the agency finalizes new energy-related rules estimated to cost more than $ 1 billion , that the agency submit a report to Congress providing information detailing certain cost , benefit , energy price , and job impacts , and also that the Secretary of Energy , in consultation with other relevant agencies , conduct a review of the energy price , reliability , and other energy-related impacts , and make a determination about whether the rule will cause significant adverse effects to the economy . '' The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress .

negative: Vanir Energy Vanir Energy is a renewable energy company located in Fletcher , North Carolina . Vanir Energy completed the largest solar heating and cooling project in the world in February 2009 . http://www.solarthermalworld.org/node/406 Installed on Fletcher Business Park , Vanir used 640 solar thermal collectors and 2 - 150 ton adsorption chillers from Japan for the project .   Category : Solar energy companies of the United States  Category : Renewable energy in the United States

negative: List of books about renewable energy This is a bibliography of renewable energy .   Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , and geothermal heat , which are renewable ( naturally replenished ) . About 16 % of global final energy consumption comes from renewables , with 10 % coming from traditional biomass , which is mainly used for heating , and 3.4 % from hydroelectricity . New renewables ( small hydro , modern biomass , wind , solar , geothermal , and biofuels ) account for another 3 % and are growing very rapidly .   Total investment in renewable energy reached $ 244 billion in 2012 . The top countries for investment in recent years were China , Germany , Spain , the United States , Italy , and Brazil . Leading renewable energy companies include BrightSource Energy , Enercon , First Solar , Gamesa , GE Energy , Goldwind , Nordex , Sinovel , Suntech , Trina Solar , Vestas and Yingli .

negative: Solar power in Cyprus Solar power in Cyprus is more available than in almost all of the rest of the Europe . The Cypriot target of solar power including both photovoltaics and concentrated solar power is a combined 7 % of electricity by 2020 , which will be one of the top ones in the European Union markets . Respective targets are Spain 8 % , Germany 7 % , Greece 5 % , Portugal 4 % and Malta 1 % .   Solar heating is the usage of solar energy to provide space or water heating . Solar heating per capita in 2010 was the highest in Cyprus of all European countries : 611 W per capita . Corresponding value was in other top EU countries : Austria 385 ,  Greece 253 and Germany 120 . In 2010 this capacity was the lowest in the EU , with high unused domestic energy opportunities , in Finland 4 , Latvia 3 , Estonia 1 and Lithuania 1 . Correspondingly the value was in a Scandinavian country Denmark 68 .

negative: American Solar Energy Society The American Solar Energy Society ( ASES ) is an association of solar professionals and advocates in the United States . Founded in 1954 , ASES is dedicated to inspiring an era of energy innovation and speeding the transition toward a sustainable energy economy . The nonprofit advances education , research and policy .   Based in Boulder , Colorado , ASES is the American affiliate of the International Solar Energy Society .   ASES publishes Solar Today magazine , organizes the National Solar Tour , produces the National Solar Energy Conference National Solar Conference and World Renewable Energy Forum 2012 , and advocates for policies to promote the research , commercialization and deployment of renewable energy .

negative: North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners The North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners ( NABCEP ® ) is a nonprofit professional certification and accreditation organization that offers both individual and company accreditation programs for photovoltaic system installers , solar heat installers , technical sales , and other renewable energy professionals throughout North America . NABCEP was officially incorporated in 2002 and its mission is to raise standards while promoting consumer and other stakeholders ' confidence within the renewable energy industry .   NABCEP is a nationally recognized credentialing body formed to set competency standards for professional practitioners in the fields of renewable energy and energy efficiency . NABCEP PV Installation Professional Certification ( formerly NABCEP Solar PV Installer Certification ) has been accredited to the international ANSI/ISO/IEC 17024 standard for personnel certification bodies since 2007 , and the NABCEP Solar Heating Installer Certification became accredited in 2013 .   NABCEP has become the primary organization for solar energy professional certification in the United States and Canada . NABCEP designed an Associate Program for individuals who are interested in learning about and finding jobs within the solar field ; the NABCEP PV Associate Exam allows candidates to demonstrate a basic knowledge of the fundamental principles related to PV systems and designs . NABCEP also offers certifications in :  PV Installation Professional ( PVIP ) Certification  PV Technical Sales ( PVTS ) Certification  Solar Heating Installer ( SHI ) Certification  PV System Inspector ( PVSI ) Certification  Solar Heating System Inspector ( SHSI ) Certification , and  Company Accreditation   NABCEP Certification is either preferred or mandatory for solar system installations to be eligible for incentive programs in several states . In order to be eligible for state rebate funds in Minnesota , Maine , and Wisconsin , PV solar systems must be installed by a NABCEP-certified professional . California , Massachusetts , and Delaware 's solar rebate programs prefer or recommend NABCEP-certified professionals . NABCEP-certification is a prerequisite for qualifying for a state solar contractor license in Utah . Specific policies and incentives can be found on DSIRE 's website .   NABCEP partners with Castle Worldwide to offer its associate and certification exams at multiple sites in the United States and Canada .

negative: 2013 Kerala solar panel scam In 2013 , a fraudulent solar energy company , Team Solar , in Kerala , India , used two women to create political contacts with links even to the Chief Minister 's office , duped several influential people to the tune of 70 million Rupees , by offering to make them business partners , or by offering to install solar power units for them , and receiving advance payments for the same . Team Solar was unsuccessful in lobbying Kerala Govt to get include in ANERT programmes .

negative: Imperial Valley Solar Farm The Imperial Valley Solar is a 200-megawatt ( MW ) solar photovoltaic power station located in Imperial County , California , near Calexico . Originally the project was called SES Solar Two , and was to be of Stirling engine design , and the project was approved by California Energy Commission on September 29 , 2010 . Since then AES Solar has changed the technology from solar thermal to photovoltaic . It has the plant code 56917 with the Department of Energy .   There are many similarly named solar plants in the area including Imperial Valley Solar Company 1 and the proposed Imperial Solar Valley 2 , both near Niland ; Tensaka 's Imperial Solar Energy Center South ( # 58468 ) and the proposed Imperial Solar Energy Center West , and Imperial Solar Energy Center South ( # 57490 ) . Also Mount Signal Solar was formerly called Imperial Valley Solar 1 .

negative: Solar mass The solar mass is a standard unit of mass in astronomy , equal to approximately 1.99 × 1030 kilograms . It is used to indicate the masses of other stars , as well as clusters , nebulae and galaxies . It is equal to the mass of the Sun , about two nonillion ( two quintillion in the long scale ) kilograms :   The above mass is about times the mass of Earth , or times the mass of Jupiter .   Because Earth follows an elliptical orbit around the Sun , its solar mass can be computed from the equation for the orbital period of a small body orbiting a central mass . Based upon the length of the year , the distance from Earth to the Sun ( an astronomical unit or AU ) , and the gravitational constant , the mass of the Sun is given by :   The value of the gravitational constant was first derived from measurements that were made by Henry Cavendish in 1798 with a torsion balance . The value he obtained differs by only 1 % from the modern value . The diurnal parallax of the Sun was accurately measured during the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769 , yielding a value of ( 9 arcseconds , compared to the present 1976 value of ) . From the value of the diurnal parallax , one can determine the distance to the Sun from the geometry of Earth .   The first person to estimate the mass of the Sun was Isaac Newton . In his work Principia ( 1687 ) , he estimated that the ratio of the mass of Earth to the Sun was about 1/28 700 . Later he determined that his value was based upon a faulty value for the solar parallax , which he had used to estimate the distance to the Sun ( 1 AU ) . He corrected his estimated ratio to 1/169 282 in the third edition of the Principia . The current value for the solar parallax is smaller still , yielding an estimated mass ratio of 1/332 946 .   As a unit of measurement , the solar mass came into use before the AU and the gravitational constant were precisely measured . This is because the relative mass of another planet in the Solar System or the combined mass of two binary stars can be calculated in units of Solar mass directly from the orbital radius and orbital period of the planet or stars using Kepler 's third law , provided that orbital radius is measured in astronomical units and orbital period is measured in years .   The mass of the Sun has been decreasing since the time it formed . This occurs through two processes in nearly equal amounts . First , in the Sun 's core , hydrogen is converted into helium through nuclear fusion , in particular the p -- p chain , and this reaction converts some mass into energy in the form of gamma ray photons . Most of this energy eventually radiates away from the Sun . Second , high-energy protons and electrons in the atmosphere of the Sun are ejected directly into outer space as a solar wind .   The original mass of the Sun at the time it reached the main sequence remains uncertain . The early Sun had much higher mass-loss rates than at present , and it may have lost anywhere from 1 -- 7 % of its natal mass over the course of its main-sequence lifetime . The Sun gains a very small amount of mass through the impact of asteroids and comets . However , as the Sun already contains 99.86 % of the Solar System 's total mass , these impacts can not offset the mass lost by radiation and ejection .

negative: Ivanpah Solar Power Facility The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System is a concentrated solar thermal plant in the Mojave Desert . Located at the base of Clark Mountain in California , just over the state line between Primm , Nevada and Nipton , California , the plant has a gross capacity of 392 megawatts ( MW ) . It deploys 173,500 heliostats , each with two mirrors , focusing solar energy on boilers located on three centralized solar power towers . Unit 1 of the project was connected to the grid in September 2013 in an initial sync testing . The facility formally opened on February 13 , 2014 , and it is currently the world 's largest solar thermal power station .   The project was developed by BrightSource Energy and Bechtel . It costs $ 2.2 billion ; the largest investor in the project is NRG Energy , a power generating company based in Princeton , New Jersey , that has contributed $ 300 million . Google has contributed $ 168 million. ; the U.S. government provided a $ 1.6 billion loan guarantee , and the plant is built on public land . In 2010 , the project was scaled back from the original 440 MW design , to avoid building on the habitat of the desert tortoise .   In November 2014 , Associated Press reported that the plant was producing only `` about half of its expected annual output '' . The California Energy Commission issued a statement blaming this on `` clouds , jet contrails and weather '' .  Performance improved considerably in 2015 -- to about 650 GW · h , but ownership partner NRG Energy said in its November quarterly report that Ivanpah would likely not meet its contractual obligations to provide power to PG&E during the year , raising the risk of default on its Power Purchase Agreement . PG&E contracted to receive 640 GW · h/year from Units 1 and 3 , while SCE is supposed to receive 336 GW · h from Unit 2 , for which they pay about $ 200/MW · h ( 20 cents / kW · h ) . In March 2016 , PG&E agreed not to declare the plant in default for at least four months , in return for `` an undisclosed sum '' from the owners .

negative: Mesquite Solar project The Mesquite Solar project is a photovoltaic power plant being built in Arlington , Maricopa County , Arizona , owned by Sempra Generation .  Phase 1 has a nameplate capacity of 150 megawatts ( MW ) .  The project has a planned capacity of up to 700 MW when completed , making it among the world 's largest PV power stations .   Mesquite Solar 1 uses 800,000 solar panels from Suntech Power .  The EPC contractor is Zachry Holdings .  Construction began in 2011 and was completed in 2013 .  Mesquite 1 is projected to generate more than 350 gigawatt-hours of electricity annually ( an average of about 40 MW ) , and will offset roughly 200,000 tons of carbon emissions each year .   Phase 1 cost about $ 600 million .  Sempra Generation has signed a 20-year Power Purchase Agreement ( PPA ) with Pacific Gas and Electric Company ( PG&E ) for the 150 MW from Mesquite 1 .   In late December , 2011 , 42 MW was completed and connected to the grid . Sempra Energy completed the 150 MW phase of the Project in January 2013 .   Phase 2 ( 100MW ) and Phase 3 ( 150MW ) were both completed in December 2016 .

negative: Solar car A solar car is a solar vehicle used for land transport .   Solar cars only run on solar power from the sun . To keep the car running smoothly , the driver must monitor multiple gauges to spot possible problems . Cars without gauges almost always feature wireless telemetry , which allows the driver 's team to monitor the car 's energy consumption , solar energy capture and other parameters and thereby freeing the driver to concentrate on driving .   Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace , bicycle , alternative energy and automotive industries . The design of a solar vehicle is severely limited by the amount of energy input into the car . Most solar cars have been built for the purpose of solar car races . Some solar cars are designed also for public use List of prototype solar-powered cars   Solar cars depend on a solar array that uses photovoltaic cells ( PV cells ) to convert sunlight into electricity . Unlike solar thermal energy which converts solar energy to heat for either household purposes , industrial purposes or to be converted to electricity , PV cells directly convert sunlight into electricity . When sunlight ( photons ) strike PV cells , they excite electrons and allow them to flow , creating an electric current . PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys of indium , gallium and nitrogen . Crystalline silicon is the most common material used and has an efficiency rate of 15-20 % . The first solar family car was built in 2013 . Researchers at Case Western Reserve University , have also developed a better solar car which can recharge more quickly , due to better materials used in the solar panels .   Chinese solar panel manufacturer Hanergy plans to build and sell solar cars equipped with lithium-ion batteries to consumers in China . Hanergy says that five to six hours of sunlight should allow the cars ' thin-film solar cells to generate between 8-10 kWh of power a day , allowing the car to travel about 80 km ( 50 mi ) on solar power alone . Maximum range is about 350 km ( 217 mi ) .

negative: Pathashaala KFI Pathashaala ( Palar Centre For Learning , Krishnamurti Foundation India ) is a residential school situated in Elimichampet village , Thirukalukundram taluk , Kanchipuram district , Tamil Nadu . Pathashaala started in the year 2010 . The campus uses energy sparingly and is designed with solar energy and windmills . The school has been designed as a zero-blackwater campus using dry composting toilets . The school has about 120 students .   About Pathashaala - Bhoomi Magazine Jan 2015   E Mag Oct 2015   Compost Harvesting on Gandhi Jayanti 2015

negative: Solar power in Hawaii Hawaii has rapidly adopted solar power due to the high costs of electricity and has one of the highest per capita rates of solar power in the United States . Hawaii 's imported energy costs are three times higher , and will soon be close to four times higher than the mainland , so Hawaii has motivation to become one of the highest users of solar energy . Hawaii was the first state in the United States to reach grid parity for photovoltaics . Its tropical location provides abundant sun energy .   Much of Hawaii 's solar capacity is distributed solar panels on individual homes and businesses . Hawaii 's grid has had to deal with this unique situation by developing new technology for balancing the energy flows in areas with large amounts of solar power . In December 2016 , Hawaii had 674MW of installed distributed solar capacity . The largest utility-scale solar farm in Hawaii is the 27.6 MW EE Waianae Solar Project which opened in January 2017 .

negative: Solar power in Poland Solar energy in Poland is a new sector of renewable energy and consists of solar thermal and solar electricity . Solar thermal , used for heating water was widely used in about 1700000 m2 of solar thermal collector at the end of 2014 . This corresponds to about 1,200 MWth capacity . Solar collectors are the second , after the biomass heating plants , source of `` green heat '' in Poland . In 2014 , Poland was ranked fourth in sales of solar collector installations among European countries .   The total solar photovoltaics ( PV ) power plants connected to the grid in Poland at the end of 2012 were about 1.29 MWp of capacity . According to Energy Regulatory Office photovoltaic power in Poland had 91.82 MWp installed capacity at the end of June 2016 .

negative: Solar savings fraction In discussing solar energy , the solar savings fraction or solar fraction ( f ) is the amount of energy provided by the solar technology divided by the total energy required .   The solar savings fraction thus is zero for no solar energy utilization , to 1.0 for all energy provided by solar . The solar savings fraction of a particular system is dependent on many factors such as the load , the collection and storage sizes , the operation , and the climate . As an example , the same solar-thermal water heating system installed in a single-family house in Arizona might have f = 0.75 ( 75 % ) , while in a much colder and cloudier climate , like Pittsburgh , PA , might only have a solar fraction of f = 0.3 ( 30 % ) or so . Great care is thus needed in designing such systems , and in evaluating their economics .   To increase the solar savings fraction , energy conservation measures should be employed first before expanding the size of the solar energy collection system . Doing so reduces the need for hot water or space heating , for example , and typically provides the best economic return on the total investment , including the solar energy system .

negative: Energy in Uzbekistan Uzbekistan had a total primary energy supply ( TPES ) of 48.28 Mtoe in 2012 . Electricity consumption was 47.80 TWh .  The majority of primary energy came from fossil fuels , with natural gas , coal and oil the main sources . Hydroelectricity , the only significant renewable source in the country , accounted for about 2 % of the primary energy supply .  Natural gas is the source for 73.8 % of electricity production , followed by hydroelectricity with 21.4 % .   Uzbekistan will be the first country in Central Asia to develop and produce solar energy by Uzbekenergo a state owned energy company . The Samarkand region was picked along with six other regions being inspected . The solar power plant is to have a capacity of 100 megawatts .

negative: Lightsource Renewable Energy Lightsource Renewable Energy is the UK 's largest solar energy generator , operating the largest portfolio of commercial scale solar photovoltaic ( PV ) assets on ground and roof in Britain . Founded in 2010 , it now consists of 250 professionals , and has gained an exceptional track record in the distribution of solar farms and commercial rooftop installations in the UK . The company provides fully funded solar PV solutions to property owners wishing to gain an attractive rental income from their land or gain significant reductions in electricity bills by employing unused roof space . In 2011 , they established the first solar farm in Truro , the biggest in the UK with more than 5,000 panels that generate enough electricity for 430 homes in the area , saving over 700 tons of CO2 . Lightsource Renewable Energy has been the recipient of renewable energy awards , including an award for most innovative system design and a leadership award in renewable energy .

negative: Illinois Clean Jobs Bill The Illinois Clean Jobs Bill is a renewable-energy bill introduced in the Illinois House of Representatives ( H.B. 2607 ) and Illinois Senate ( S.B. 1485 ) . The bill was sponsored by Democratic state senator Don Harmon of Oak Park and Democratic state representative Elaine Nekritz of Northbrook .   Proponents of the bill have nicknamed it the `` Clean Jobs Bill '' ; they promise to create tens of thousands of new jobs in Illinois if the bill is passed and signed into law . Some supporters claim that it would create 32,000 new jobs . Bill supporters claim that passage of the bill will cause energy demand to decrease by twenty percent by the year 2025 . Some proponents claim that the bill would `` enable solar and wind energy projects to flourish . ''   However , under the state of Illinois ' current energy efficiency law , utility companies pass on new costs to customers . If the Illinois Clean Jobs Bill passed , households and businesses that use electricity would pay more money to subsidize the cost of wind turbines and other renewable energy sources .   As of June 2015 , the bill is stalled in the legislature .

negative: De Aar Solar Power De Aar Solar Power is located 6 km outside the town of De Aar in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa . The facility is based on over 100 hectares of Emathanjeni Municipal land , and comprises 167 580 solar ( PV ) panels . De Aar Solar Power supplies Eskom with 85 458 MWh of renewable electrical energy per year ; enough to power more than 19 000 average South African households .   De Aar Solar Power signed a 20-year Power Purchase Agreement with Eskom as part of the South African Government 's Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme ( REIPPP ) and was one of the first solar power projects in South Africa . The project also has an Implementation Agreement with the South African Department of Energy .   The project received full Environmental Authorisation from the Department of Environmental Affairs in 2011 .

negative: Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center is the solar parabolic-trough component of an integrated solar combined cycle 1150 MW plant , in western Martin County , Florida , just north of Indiantown , built by Florida Power & Light Company ( FPL ) . The ISCC plant is part of the Martin Plant site which consists of 5 units . Unit 1 & Unit 2 are 800 MW steam electric generating units that use natural gas and low-sulfur residual oil . Unit 3 & Unit 4 are 500 MW natural gas-fired combined cycle units . Unit 8 is a natural gas fired 4-on-1 combined cycle unit with a nominal capacity of 1150 MW . Light oil is used as backup . Unit 8 , placed into commercial operation in 2005 , is integrated with the solar plant . Unit 8 features four 170 MW gas turbines , one 470 MW steam turbine , and a single condenser and cooling tower  .  The single solar field circuit heats 4 steam generators , after each gas turbine . The Martin solar thermal facility is designed to provide steam for FPL 's existing Martin Unit 8 combined cycle unit , thus reducing FPL 's use of natural gas . No additional capacity ( MW ) will result from the operation of the solar thermal facility .  The Solar Energy Center has an array of approximately 190,000-mirror parabolic troughs on about 500 acre of the Martin County plant .  The solar collectors feed heat to the existing steam plant , displacing gas generated electricity at an estimated rate of 155,000 MWh per year . The 2012 solar-derived production was about 89,000 MWh of power , according to records filed with the state 's Public Service Commission , which was 42 % less than projected when the plant got approval . It is to consider that the solar component can generate electrical energy only if the four gas turbines are in operation , otherwise the 470 MW steam turbine will not move . When gas turbines are stopped , the solar heat is used to keep the steam turbine in temperature , in order to facilitate a more rapid start-up . Lauren Engineers & Constructors ( Abilene , TX ) was the EPC contractor for the project .  Construction began in 2008 and was completed by the end of 2010 .   FPL expects the $ 476 million  solar plant to reduce the combined-cycle power plant 's natural gas consumption by 1.3 billion cubic feet ( 37 million m ³ ) per year .  Over the 30-year life of the project , this is expected to save $ 178 million in fuel cost and reduce carbon emissions by 2.75 million tons .   Excess pressure and a release of operating fluid led to the plant being shut down for four months in 2011 for cleanup and testing .   As of , no additional concentrated solar plants are planned for Florida , although in 2007 FPL had planned on building a 300 MW fresnel solar thermal plant .

negative: Blue Oak Energy Blue Oak Energy is an American full-service photovoltaic system design , engineering and construction firm . The company engineers and constructs commercial and utility solar photovoltaic ( PV ) energy systems in the United States and abroad .   The company engineered and constructed the Google campus in Mountain View , California , the San Francisco International Airport , and the 37MW Long Island Solar Farm , and has designed solar installations for Whole Foods , Staples , Walmart , the US Navy , and the State of California .

negative: Solar power in Armenia Solar energy is widely available in Armenia due to its geographical position and is considered a developing industry .   According to the Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources of the Republic of Armenia , Armenia has an average of about 1720 kilowatt hour ( kWh ) solar energy flow per square meter of horizontal surface annually and has a potential of 1000 MW power production . In the capital Yerevan , the average solar energy flux is equal to 1642 kWh/m2 . Armenia 's area can not be considered as homogeneous from the perspective of available solar energy : the difference between the amount of solar energy reaching the ground in different places in the country can be up to 20 % in the summer time , and 50 % in the winter time .   The use of solar energy in Armenia is increasing . One example is the American University of Armenia ( AUA ) . According to International Network for Sustainable Energy , solar panels were installed on the rooftop of American University of Armenia in 1999-2002 . Also , AUA has solar heaters , which are used to heat up auditoriums , and supply hot water during cold periods . Another example is the United Nations House in Armenia . Its building also uses solar power energy .

negative: Lists of renewable energy topics Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves , and geothermal heat . Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas : electricity generation , air and water heating/cooling , motor fuels , and rural ( off-grid ) energy services . Based on REN21 's 2014 report , renewables contributed 19 percent to our global energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013 , respectively .   These are lists about renewable energy :   Index of solar energy articles  List of books about renewable energy  List of concentrating solar thermal power companies  List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources  List of energy storage projects  Lists of environmental topics  List of geothermal power stations  List of hydroelectric power stations  List of largest hydroelectric power stations  List of offshore wind farms  Lists of offshore wind farms by country  Lists of offshore wind farms by water area  List of onshore wind farms  List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom  List of people associated with renewable energy  List of photovoltaics companies  List of photovoltaic power stations  List of pioneering solar buildings  List of renewable energy companies by stock exchange  List of renewable energy organizations  List of renewable energy topics by country  List of rooftop photovoltaic installations  List of solar car teams  List of solar powered products  List of solar thermal power stations  List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources  Lists of wind farms by country  List of wind farms in Australia  List of wind farms in Canada  List of wind farms in Iran  List of wind farms in Romania  List of wind farms in Sweden  List of wind farms in the United States  List of wind turbine manufacturers

negative: Georgia State Route 120 State Route 120 ( SR 120 ) is a 90.7 mi state highway that runs west-to-east through portions of Haralson , Paulding , Cobb , Fulton , and Gwinnett counties in northwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia .

negative: Offshore Energy and Jobs Act The Offshore Energy and Jobs Act is a bill that was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress . The Offshore Energy and Jobs Act would revise existing law governing the leasing , operation , and development of oil and natural gas resources available in the Outer Continental Shelf ( OCS ) . The bill is primarily supported by Republicans and is opposed by President Barack Obama .

negative: Solar 1 Solar 1 is New York City 's only self-sustaining solar powered building . It houses educational facilities for Solar One , a non-profit organisation concerned with green energy , arts , and education . The Solar 1 building is located at the north end of Stuyvesant Cove Park , the city 's only all-native plant park , which Solar 1 actively maintains . Situated on a brownfield site , Stuyvesant Cove Park offers opportunities for the local community to become involved in the park and learn about its special features . The Park has been designated a Wildlife Habitat by the National Wildlife Federation for providing a quality habitat by virtue of its standards of conscientious planning , landscaping and sustainable gardening . More than 250 volunteers and 80 student interns have spent more than 5,000 hours working in the park , planting , watering and weeding the thousands of new plants that have been added over the years .   Solar 1 is a prototype for Solar 2 , planned as the first building in NYC to generate power in excess of what it uses , thereby putting more power into the grid than it takes out . It will be a landmark and a model for future NYC buildings .