query: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution

positive: 20th century The 20th century was a century that began on   January 1 , 1901 and ended on December 31 , 2000 . It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium . It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1 , 1900 , and ended on December 31 , 1999 .   The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era : World War I and World War II , nuclear power and space exploration , nationalism and decolonization , the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts ; intergovernmental organizations and cultural homogenization through developments in emerging transportation and communications technology ; poverty reduction and world population growth , awareness of environmental degradation , ecological extinction ; and the birth of the Digital Revolution . It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication and genetic modification of life . The term `` short twentieth century '' was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991 .   Global total fertility rates , sea level rise and ecological collapses increased ; the resulting competition for land and dwindling resources accelerated deforestation , water depletion . and the mass extinction of half the world 's estimated nine million unique species and wildlife population ; consequences which are now being dealt with . It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world 's population to reach 1 billion ; world population reached an estimated 2 billion in 1927 ; by late 1999 , the global population reached 6 billion . Global literacy averaged 80 % ; global lifespan-averages exceeded 40 + years for the first time in history , with over half achieving 70 + years ( three decades longer than it was a century ago ) .

positive: Scientific consensus on climate change There is currently a strong scientific consensus that the Earth is warming and that this warming is mainly caused by human activities. This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.  Nearly all actively publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 2% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: Duncan Wingham Duncan John Wingham ( born 12 October 1957 ) is a British physicist who is Professor of Climate Physics at University College London , and was the first Director of the Centre for Polar Observation & Modelling . He is chief executive of the Natural Environment Research Council and Principal Scientist for the CryoSat Satellite Mission .   In the 1990s , Wingham was involved in a four-year satellite study of the Antarctic ice sheet . His conclusion then , and from later research , is that the Antarctic has contributed little to observed rising sea levels in the 20th century . However , he has also stated that `` it is possible that the consequences of global warming on sea level rise have been underestimated ... Other sources of rise must be underestimated . In particular it is possible that the effect of global warming on thermal expansion -LSB- on the oceans -RSB- is larger than we thought '' .   In a 2005 interview Wingham stated '' -LSB- t -RSB- he Antarctic is to some extent insulated from global warming because to its north are zonal flows in the atmosphere and ocean , unimpeded by other landmasses ... I am not denying global warming . ''

negative: Not Evil Just Wrong Not Evil Just Wrong is a 2009 documentary film by Ann McElhinney and Phelim McAleer that challenges Al Gore 's An Inconvenient Truth by suggesting that the evidence of global warming is inconclusive and that the impact global warming legislation will have on industry is much more harmful to humans than beneficial . The movie was filmed in 2008 and was screened at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam and at the RightOnline conference in 2009 .   Despite earlier screenings at conservative political conferences , filmmakers promoted a `` premiere '' on October 18 , 2009 . The film attempted to break a World Record for largest simultaneous premiere , which is currently held by the documentary The Age of Stupid , another global warming documentary . The film 's website claims that there were 6,500 U.S. screenings and 1,500 foreign screenings and reached 400,000 people .

negative: United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Private Sector and Consumer Solutions to Global Warming and Wildlife Protection The United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Private Sector and Consumer Solutions to Global Warming and Wildlife Protection was one of six subcommittees of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works during the 110th Congress . The subcommittee 's jurisdiction included :   Global warming  Fisheries and wildlife , including the Fish and Wildlife Service  Endangered Species Act ( ESA )  National Wildlife Refuges   The subcommittee was formerly known as the Subcommittee on Fisheries , Wildlife , and Water , but was renamed during committee organization of the 110th Congress when global warming was added to its oversight responsibilities . It served as a counterpart to the new Subcommittee on Public Sector Solutions to Global Warming , Oversight , and Children 's Health Protection .   The subcommittee was chaired by Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut , and the ranking member was Senator John Warner of Virginia .

negative: Global warming in Russia Global warming in Russia describes the global warming related issues in Russia . This includes climate politics , contribution to global warming and the influence of global warming on Russia . In 2009 Russia was ready to reduce emissions 20 -- 25 % from its 1990 emission levels by the year 2020 .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Interstitial revolution Interstitial revolution is a theoretical means of societal transformation through progressively and strategically enlarging spaces of social empowerment . Interstitial revolution ( or transformation ) builds on the concept of prefigurative politics which has a long history in anti-capitalist thinking , going back nearly two hundred years in the anarchist tradition . Prefigurativism is neatly summed up by the early twentieth century Constitution of the Industrial Workers of the World which declared : `` By organizing industrially we are forming the structure of the new society within the old . '' In recent years , prominent analytical Marxists ( including John Holloway and Erik Olin Wright ) have called attention to the lack of strategy for greater systemic change within prefigurativism and have attempted to construct models of societal transformation utilizing interstitial devices as an alternative to the traditional Marxist theory of revolution .

negative: Climate change denial Climate change denial , or global warming denial , is part of the global warming controversy . It involves denial , dismissal , unwarranted doubt or contrarian views which strongly depart from the scientific opinion on climate change , including the extent to which it is caused by humans , its impacts on nature and human society , or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions . Some deniers do endorse the term , but others often prefer the term climate change skepticism , although this is a misnomer for those who deny anthropogenic global warming . In effect , the two terms form a continuous , overlapping range of views , and generally have the same characteristics : both reject , to a greater or lesser extent , mainstream scientific opinion on climate change . Climate change denial can also be implicit , when individuals or social groups accept the science but fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action . Several social science studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism .   Campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science has been described as a `` denial machine '' of industrial , political and ideological interests , supported by conservative media and skeptical bloggers in manufacturing uncertainty about global warming . In the public debate , phrases such as climate skepticism have frequently been used with the same meaning as climate denialism . The labels are contested : those actively challenging climate science commonly describe themselves as `` skeptics '' , but many do not comply with common standards of scientific skepticism and , regardless of evidence , persistently deny the validity of human caused global warming .   Although scientific opinion on climate change is that human activity is extremely likely to be the primary driver of climate change , the politics of global warming have been affected by climate change denial , hindering efforts to prevent climate change and adapt to the warming climate . Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of a scientific controversy where there is none .   Of the world 's countries , the climate change denial industry is most powerful in the United States . Since January 2015 , the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works has been chaired by oil lobbyist and climate change denier Jim Inhofe . Inhofe is notorious for having called climate change `` the greatest hoax ever perpetrated against the American people '' and for having claimed to have debunked the alleged hoax in February 2015 when he brought a snowball with him in the Senate chamber and tossed it across the floor . Organised campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science is associated with conservative economic policies and backed by industrial interests opposed to the regulation of emissions . Climate change denial has been associated with the fossil fuels lobby , the Koch brothers , industry advocates and libertarian think tanks , often in the United States . More than 90 % of papers sceptical on climate change originate from right-wing think tanks .  The total annual income of these climate change counter-movement-organizations is roughly $ 900 million . Between 2002 and 2010 , nearly $ 120 million ( # 77 million ) was anonymously donated via the Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund to more than 100 organisations seeking to undermine the public perception of the science on climate change . In 2013 the Center for Media and Democracy reported that the State Policy Network ( SPN ) , an umbrella group of 64 U.S. think tanks , had been lobbying on behalf of major corporations and conservative donors to oppose climate change regulation .   Since the late 1970s , oil companies have published research broadly in line with the standard views on global warming . Despite this , oil companies organized a climate change denial campaign to disseminate public disinformation for several decades , a strategy that has been compared to the organized denial of the hazards of tobacco smoking by tobacco companies .

negative: Fashion Revolution Fashion Revolution is a not-for-profit global movement with teams in over 90 countries around the world . Fashion Revolution campaigns for systemic reform of the fashion industry with a focus on the need for greater transparency in the fashion supply chain . Fashion Revolution has designated the anniversary of the Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh as Fashion Revolution Day . In 2014 , 2015 and 2016 millions of people around the world called on brands to answer the question Who Made My Clothes ? The hashtag #whomademyclothes was the no. 1 global trend on Twitter .

negative: Why We Fight (disambiguation) Why We Fight may refer to :   Why We Fight , a series of World War II propaganda films  Why We Fight ( 2005 film ) , a documentary on the U.S. military -- industrial complex  Why We Fight ( Angel ) , a 2004 episode of the television series Angel  `` Why We Fight '' ( Band of Brothers ) , an episode of the miniseries Band of Brothers  `` Why We Fight '' ( Jericho episode ) , a 2007 episode of the television series Jericho  `` Why We Fight '' ( Revolution episode ) , a 2014 episode of the television series Revolution  Why We Fight ( album ) , a 2002 album by Gatsbys American Dream

negative: Eurammon eurammon is a European non-profit initiative for natural refrigerants . It was set up in 1996 and comprises European companies , institutions and industry experts . It is based in Frankfurt ( Main ) , Germany . The initiative ´ s name is composed of the words Europe and ammonia . The objective of eurammon is to jointly promote the greater use of natural refrigerants , as they have almost no effect on global warming and on the depletion of the ozone layer

negative: PostCapitalism: A Guide to our Future PostCapitalism : A Guide to our Future is a 2015 book by British journalist and writer Paul Mason .   In the book , Mason discusses the existential threat posed to capitalism by the digital revolution . He argues that the digital revolution has the potential to reshape utterly our familiar notions of work , production and value ; and to destroy an economy based on markets and private ownership . In fact , he contends , this is already happening . He points to parallel currencies , co-operatives , self-managed online spaces , even Wikipedia as examples of what the postcapitalist future might look like . Mason argues that from the ashes of the global financial crisis , we have the chance to create a more socially just and sustainable global economy .

negative: Ecological forecasting Ecological forecasting uses knowledge of physics , ecology and physiology to predict how ecosystems will change in the future in response to environmental factors such as climate change . The ultimate goal of the approach is to provide people such as resource managers and designers of marine reserves with information that they can then use to respond , in advance , to future changes , a form of adaptation to global warming .   One of the most important environmental factors for organisms today is global warming . Most physiological processes are affected by temperature , and so even small changes in weather and climate can lead to large changes in the growth , reproduction and survival of animals and plants . The scientific consensus  is that the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases due to human activity caused most of the warming observed since the start of the industrial era . These changes are in turn affecting human and natural ecosystems .   One major challenge is to predict where , when and with what magnitude changes are likely to occur so that we can mitigate or at least prepare for them . Ecological forecasting applies existing knowledge of how animals and plants interact with their physical environment to ask how changes in environmental factors might result in changes to the ecosystems as a whole .

negative: List of cultural, intellectual, philosophical and technological revolutions The term revolution is used to denote trends which have resulted in great social changes outside the political sphere , such as changes in mores , culture , philosophy or technology . Many have been global , while others have been limited to single countries . Such revolutions include :   The Agricultural Revolutions , which include :  The Neolithic Revolution ( perhaps 13000 years ago ) , which formed the basis for human civilization to develop . It is commonly referred to as the ` First Agricultural Revolution ' .  The Green Revolution ( 1945 -- ) : The use of industrial fertilizers and new crops greatly increased the world 's agricultural output . It is commonly referred to as the ` Second Agricultural Revolution ' .  The British Agricultural Revolution ( 18th century ) , which spurred urbanisation and consequently helped launch the Industrial Revolution .  The Scottish Agricultural Revolution ( 18th century ) , which led to the Lowland Clearances .  The Commercial Revolution : A period of European economic expansion , colonialism , and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th century .  The Counterculture of the 1960s ( approximately 1960 -- 1973 ) was a social revolution that originated in the United States and United Kingdom , and eventually spread to other western nations . The themes of this movement included the anti-war movement , civil rights for African-Americans , rebellion against conservative norms , drug use , and the sexual revolution ( see below ) .  The Sexual revolution : A change in sexual morality and sexual behavior throughout the Western world , mainly during the 1960s and 1970s .  The Cultural Revolution : A struggle for power within the Communist Party of China , which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the People 's Republic of China to the brink of civil war , and which lasted from 1966 to 1976 .  The Digital Revolution : The sweeping changes brought about by computing and communication technology , starting from circa 1950 with the creation of the first general-purpose electronic computers .  The Industrial Revolution : The major shift of technological , socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the late 18th century and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world .  The Second Industrial Revolution ( 1871 -- 1914 ) .  The Price revolution : A series of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th , the price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that characterized the period across Western Europe .  The Quiet Revolution : A period of rapid change in Quebec , Canada , in the 1960s . This leads to the separatist movement for Quebec sovereignty and two referendums .  The Scientific revolution : A fundamental transformation in scientific ideas around the 16th century .  The Upper Paleolithic Revolution : The emergence of `` high culture '' , new technologies and regionally distinct cultures .

negative: President Wanted President Wanted is a 2013 Czech documentary film about the first direct presidential election in the Czech Republic . It was directed by Tomáš Kudrna .   President wanted follows candidates from the summer 2012 to January 2013 . The film shows candidates behind scenes . The film also shows the most important moments in the campaign . It also follows candidates that didn ´ t qualify for the election   It premiered on 21 March 2013 .

negative: Climate change in Germany Climate change in Europe describes the climate change related issues in Europe . This includes the climate politics , contribution in the global warming and the influence of the global warming in Europe .

negative: Warm River (story) `` Warm River '' is short love story by Erskine Caldwell , included in the collection We Are the Living ( 1933 ) .

negative: Climate Code Red Climate Code Red : The Case for Emergency Action is a 2008 book which presents scientific evidence that the global warming crisis is worse than official reports and national governments have so far indicated . The book argues that we are facing a `` sustainability emergency '' that requires a clear break from business-as-usual politics . The authors explain that emergency action to address climate change is not so much a radical idea as an indispensable course we must embark upon . Climate Code Red draws heavily on the work of a large number of climate scientists , including James E. Hansen .   The key themes of Climate Code Red are :  `` Our goal is a safe-climate future -- we have no right to bargain away species or human lives . ''  `` We are facing rapid warming impacts : the danger is immediate , not just in the future . ''  `` For a safe climate future , we must take action now to stop emissions and to cool the earth . ''  `` Plan a large-scale transition to a post-carbon economy and society . ''  `` Recognise a climate and sustainability emergency , because we need to move at a pace far beyond business and politics as usual '' .   Co-author David Spratt is a Melbourne businessman , climate-policy analyst , and co-founder of the Carbon Equity network . Co-author Philip Sutton is convener of the Greenleap Strategic Institute and Assistant Convenor of the Climate Emergency Network .   The book was launched by the Governor of Victoria , Professor David de Kretser in Parliament House in Melbourne , Victoria , on July 17 , 2008 .

negative: Economy of Erie, Pennsylvania Erie , Pennsylvania is the Commonwealth 's primary access point to Lake Erie , the Great Lakes , and the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The city developed first as a maritime center after the American Revolution , as a railroad hub during the great American westward expansion , and as an important manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . By the 21st century , electric locomotive building is all that remains of big industry , but smaller-scale steel and plastics manufacturers , as well as health care , insurance , tourism and recreation have emerged as Erie 's new diverse mix of key industries .

negative: Everything's Cool (film) Everything 's Cool is a 2007 documentary film that examines the divide between scientists and the general populace on the topic of global warming . Director Dan Gold said of the motivation for the film that `` I 'm optimistic that finally the message that this is real , that human beings are the cause of the most recent warming trend , and that it 's an important issue , that message is actually reaching America . On the other hand ... if that message was fully understood , we would be moving a lot faster to slow this down and to reverse this course . ''   The documentary was shown at the Sundance film festival in January 2007 and at the San Francisco International Film Festival in May 2007 . The directors also took Blue Vinyl , a film about plastic pollution , to Sundance in 2002 . It was shown on CBC in Canada as part of the Passionate Eye series .   The New York Times called it `` a breezy polemic about the politics of global warming ... -LSB- that -RSB- adopts a cheerful comic tone to avoid scaring audiences . '' The LA Times said that `` With wit and passion , Gold and Helfand marshal a plethora of data and developments yet never lose their narrative thread . '' . The New York Sun was less favourable , calling it `` the best movie I 've ever seen about global warming for kids in junior high school , but it 's the most annoying movie about global warming I 've ever seen for adults . ''

negative: Warm River Warm River can refer to :   Warm River , Idaho  Warm River ( story ) - short story by Erskine Caldwell , included in We Are the Living ( 1933 )

negative: Oxalyl fluoride Oxalyl fluoride is a fluorinated derivative of oxalic acid . It is being investigated for use in etching as a replacement for compounds which have the liability of high global warming potential .

negative: John T. Garner John T. Garner ( 1809 -- 1888 ) was a soldier in the Texas Army during the Texas Revolution , noted for a daring action during the Battle of San Jacinto that helped seal the decisive Texian victory .

negative: Taken by Storm Taken By Storm : The Troubled Science , Policy and Politics of Global Warming is a 2002 book about the global warming controversy by Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick . The authors argue that politicians and others claim far more certainty than is justified by the science . The authors also argue that public policy discussions have abandoned science and resorted to ad hominem attacks .   Taken by Storm was one of two runners up for the 2002 Donner Prize for the best book on Canadian public policy .

negative: List of scientists opposing the mainstream scientific assessment of global warming This is a list of scientists who have made statements that conflict with the scientific consensus on global warming as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and endorsed by other scientific bodies . As approximately 97 % of publishing climate scientists support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change , this list represents a minority viewpoint .   The scientific consensus is that the global average surface temperature has risen over the last century . Scientific opinion on climate change was summarized in the 2001 Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . The main conclusions on global warming at that time were as follows :  The global average surface temperature has risen 0.6 ± 0.2 ° C since the late 19th century , and 0.17 ° C per decade in the last 30 years .  `` There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities '' , in particular emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane .  If greenhouse gas emissions continue the warming will also continue , with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4 ° C to 5.8 ° C between 1990 and 2100 . Accompanying this temperature increase will be increases in some types of extreme weather and a projected sea level rise . The balance of impacts of global warming become significantly negative at larger values of warming .   These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized nations ; the consensus has strengthened over time and is now virtually unanimous . The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science .   There have been several efforts to compile lists of dissenting scientists , including a 2008 US senate minority report , the Oregon Petition , and a 2007 list by the Heartland Institute , all three of which have been criticized on a number of grounds .   For the purpose of this list , a `` scientist '' is defined as an individual who has published at least one peer-reviewed research article in the broad field of natural sciences , although not necessarily in a field relevant to climatology . Since the publication of the IPCC Third Assessment Report , each has made a clear statement in his or her own words ( as opposed to the name being found on a petition , etc. ) disagreeing with one or more of the report 's three main conclusions . Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles . Few of the statements in the references for this list are part of the peer-reviewed scientific literature ; most are from other sources such as interviews , opinion pieces , online essays and presentations .   NB : Only individuals who have their own Wikipedia article may be included in the list .

negative: Warm Blood Warm Blood may refer to :   warmblood  Warm Blood , album by Carol Grimes  `` Warm Blood '' , song by Icelandic band Seabear on album We Built a Fire  Warm Blood ( Carly Rae Jepsen song )

negative: Effects of global warming on human health The effects of global warming include effects on human health . The observed and projected increased frequency and severity of climate related impacts will further exacerbate the effects on human health . This article describes some of those effects on individuals and populations .

negative: Our Choice Our Choice is a 2009 book written by former U.S. Vice President Al Gore . Originally titled The Path to Survival it follows An Inconvenient Truth : The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It , a companion book to the film An Inconvenient Truth . All profits of the book ( printed on 100 % recycled paper ) go to the Alliance for Climate Protection , which Gore founded in 2006 .

negative: GWPP The initials GWPP could indicate :   the Global Water Policy Project , a fresh-water conservation project headed by Sandra Postel .  the Global Warming Petition Project ( AKA the Oregon Petition ) , a project devoted to discrediting global climate change ( or its previous label global warming ) , under the auspices of the non-profit organization called the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine .

negative: The Deniers The Deniers is a 2008 book by Lawrence Solomon , a Canadian environmentalist and writer . Subtitled `` The world-renowned scientists who stood up against global warming hysteria , political persecution , and fraud , '' the book draws attention to a number of scientists and others who , according to Solomon , have advanced arguments against what he calls the `` alarmist '' view of global warming , as presented by Al Gore , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , the mainstream media , and others . The book is based on a series of columns Solomon wrote for Canada 's National Post .

negative: Energy in Norway Since the discovery of North Sea oil in Norwegian waters during the late 1960s , exports of oil and gas have become very important elements of the economy of Norway . With North Sea oil production having peaked , disagreements over exploration for oil in the Barents Sea , the prospect of exploration in the Arctic , as well as growing international concern over global warming , energy in Norway is currently receiving close attention .

negative: Thermal Credits Thermal credits is a new holistic concept which corresponds to the percentage of the climate impact saving obtained through mitigation and adaptation measures applied against global warming , taking as reference the global temperature rise projected in a given time scale . Thermal credits are measured in percentages of global warming reduction in a given time .


query: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

positive: Julian Assange Julian Paul Assange ( -LSB- əˈsɒnʒ -RSB- born Julian Paul Hawkins , 3 July 1971 ) is an Australian computer programmer and the founder of WikiLeaks , an organisation which he founded in 2006 . He has won accolades including the Sam Adams Award and Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism .   Assange founded WikiLeaks in 2006 , but came to global prominence in 2010 , when WikiLeaks published a series of leaks provided by Chelsea Manning . These leaks included the Collateral Murder video ( April 2010 ) , the Afghanistan war logs ( July 2010 ) , the Iraq war logs ( October 2010 ) , and CableGate ( November 2010 ) . Following the 2010 leaks , the United States government launched a criminal investigation into WikiLeaks and asked allied nations for assistance .   In November 2010 , a request was made for Assange 's extradition to Sweden , where he had been questioned months earlier over allegations of sexual assault and rape . Assange continued to deny the allegations , and expressed concern that he would be extradited from Sweden to the United States because of his perceived role in publishing secret American documents . Assange surrendered himself to UK police on 7 December 2010 , and was held for ten days in solitary confinement before being released on bail . He sought and was granted asylum by Ecuador in August 2012 . He has since remained in the Embassy of Ecuador in London , and is unable to leave without being arrested for breaching his bail conditions . On 19 May 2017 , the Swedish prosecutors dropped the investigation into rape accusations against Assange and applied to revoke his arrest warrant , although the Metropolitan Police have indicated that an arrest warrant is still in force for Assange 's failure to surrender himself to the British court .

positive: Climatic Research Unit email controversy The Climatic Research Unit email controversy ( also known as `` Climategate '' ) began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ) at the University of East Anglia ( UEA ) by an external attacker , copying thousands of emails and computer files , the Climatic Research Unit documents , to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change .   The story was first broken by climate change denialists with columnist James Delingpole popularising the term `` Climategate '' to describe the controversy . Several people considered climate change `` skeptics '' argued that the emails showed global warming was a scientific conspiracy , that scientists manipulated climate data and attempted to suppress critics . The CRU rejected this , saying the emails had been taken out of context and merely reflected an honest exchange of ideas .   The mainstream media picked up the story as negotiations over climate change mitigation began in Copenhagen on 7 December 2009 . Because of the timing , scientists , policy makers and public relations experts said that the release of emails was a smear campaign intended to undermine the climate conference . In response to the controversy , the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , the American Meteorological Society ( AMS ) and the Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) released statements supporting the scientific consensus that the Earth 's mean surface temperature had been rising for decades , with the AAAS concluding , `` based on multiple lines of scientific evidence that global climate change caused by human activities is now underway ... it is a growing threat to society . ''   Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports , finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct . However , the reports called on the scientists to avoid any such allegations in the future by taking steps to regain public confidence in their work , for example by opening up access to their supporting data , processing methods and software , and by promptly honouring freedom of information requests . The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged throughout the investigations .

positive: Association of Chief Police Officers The Association of Chief Police Officers ( ACPO ) , officially The Association of Chief Police Officers of England , Wales and Northern Ireland , was a not-for-profit private limited company that for many years led the development of policing practices in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Established in 1948 , ACPO provided a forum for chief police officers to share ideas and coordinate their strategic operational responses , and advised government in matters such as terrorist attacks and civil emergencies . ACPO coordinated national police operations , major investigations , cross-border policing , and joint law enforcement . ACPO designated Senior Investigative Officers for major investigations and appointed officers to head ACPO units specialising in various areas of policing and crime reduction .   ACPO was led by Chief Constable Sir Hugh Orde , QPM , who was , until 2009 , the Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland . He was elected as president by fellow members of ACPO in April 2009 .   ACPO was funded by Home Office grants , profits from commercial activities and contributions from the 44 police authorities in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland .   Following the Parker Review into ACPO , it was replaced in 2015 by a new body , the National Police Chiefs ' Council , set up under a police collaboration agreement under Section 22A of the Police Act 1996 .

negative: Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit featured in press discussions of disputes over access to data from instrumental temperature records , particularly during the Climatic Research Unit email controversy which began in November 2009 .   The UK Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) came into effect in 2005 , and FOI requests were made to the Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ) at the University of East Anglia ( UEA ) for the raw data from weather stations used in developing instrumental temperature record datasets , for copies of agreements under which the raw data was obtained from meteorology institutions , and also for email correspondence relating to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report .   In many cases the raw data which CRU had obtained from National Meteorological Organisations was subject to restrictions on redistribution : on 12 August 2009 CRU announced that they were seeking permission to waive these restrictions , and on 24 November 2009 the university stated that over 95 % of the CRU climate data set had already been available for several years , with the remainder to be released when permissions were obtained . In a decision announced on 27 July 2011 the Information Commissioner 's Office ( ICO ) required release of raw data even though permissions had not been obtained or in one instance had been refused , and on 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain , with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request .   A 2008 FOI request by David Holland for emails discussing work on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report was refused by the university . In November 2009 he alleged that CRU emails posted online discussed deleting the emails he had requested : in January 2010 the Deputy Information Commissioner told a journalist that this indicated an offence under section 77 of the FOIA , but prosecution was time-barred by statute of limitations . Newspapers misrepresented this as a decision in relation to raw data , and the issue was discussed by the House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry , which found there had been a lack of openness . The ICO decision published on 7 July 2010 stated that this potential offence had not been investigated as it was time-barred . As Holland was content not to proceed with his complaint against the university , no further action was needed , but the ICO would `` consider whether further action is appropriate to secure future compliance . ''   In September 2011 the ICO issued new guidance to universities . This described exceptions and exemptions to protect research , including allowance for internal exchange of views between academics and researchers free from external scrutiny , as well as commending actively disclosing information when it is in the public interest .

negative: Gloria Foy Gloria Foy ( June 1899 -- February 27 , 1977 ) was a dancer , singer , vaudeville performer , and star of musical revues . She was a slim and energetic blonde from Lima , Ohio . Her family were theatrical people . Her father was Harry Foy , but she was no relation to the more famous Eddie Foy .

negative: Guyan reduction In computational mechanics , Guyan reduction , also known as static condensation , is a dimensionality reduction method which reduces the number of degrees of freedom by ignoring the inertial terms of the equilibrium equations and expressing the unloaded degrees of freedom in terms of the loaded degrees of freedom .

negative: National Federation of SubPostmasters The National Federation of SubPostmasters ( NFSP ) is an independent membership  organisation , which represents subpostmasters in the United Kingdom .   The NFSP holds an annual conference   It is the only organisation recognised by the Post Office to negotiate on behalf of subpostmasters . However a freedom of information request answered by the Post Office Limited stated that `` ... the Post Office Ltd can not recognise the National Federation of Sub Postmasters for collective bargaining purposes . ''   Questions of the unions independence from Post Office Limited has been asked and a freedom of information request have revealed significant sums of money been paid to the NFSP by Post Office Limited . In particular funds to support the Network Transformation program road shows . While the NFSP support the NT program a BIS committee report has highlighted a number of flaws in the program which are detrimental to both the subpostmasters and the general public as such the independence of there support should be questioned

negative: Civil Nuclear Police Authority The Civil Nuclear Police Authority is the police authority that oversees the Civil Nuclear Constabulary . A police authority is a body corporate in the United Kingdom that defines strategic plans for a police force and provides accountability so that the police function `` efficiently and effectively '' . The authority was created in 2004 by the Energy Act 2004 . The authority is subject to Freedom of information requests '' .

negative: Kevin Foy Kevin C. Foy ( born 1956 ) is an American politician who served as was Mayor of Chapel Hill , North Carolina from 2001-2009 .   During his eight years in office , Foy focused on policies that have transformed Chapel Hill into a vibrant mid-sized city . Chief among these is a fare-free transit system . With free buses , ridership grew from fewer than 3 million annual passengers to more than 7.5 million -- saving citizens money and freeing the town from the air pollution of all those cars not being used . He also directed investment into the redevelopment of the downtown and preserved the character and natural setting of the community by ensuring that new parks and schools have kept pace with the town 's growth .   In June 2009 , Foy 's efforts as mayor were rewarded by the U.S. Conference of Mayors which named Chapel Hill `` America 's Most Livable City . ''   In addition , Foy served as Chair of the North Carolina Metropolitan Mayors Coalition -- the organization representing the state 's largest cities -- and led the effort to pass the state 's first anti-gang legislation . The group 's agenda also includes strengthening the judicial system and reducing crime , identifying and implementing transportation options , and managing urban growth .   Foy left office in 2009 and was succeeded by Mark Kleinschmidt . He considered running for the Senate nomination in 2010 . Foy believes there has been a lack of leadership from North Carolina 's Republican senators . Unlike the `` Know Nothings '' his ancestors confronted , Foy sees Republican Senator Richard Burr and his former colleague Elizabeth Dole as `` Do Nothings , '' who sat silently by and ignored the problems facing North Carolina . For example , efforts to provide light rail service to North Carolinians faltered and failed because the state 's senators refused to support it . Meanwhile , a light rail service in northern Virginia moved ahead because their senators got behind it .

negative: Sainte-Foy–Sillery Sainte-Foy -- Sillery is a former borough of Quebec City ( Population ( 2006 ) : 72,262 ) . It comprised the former city of Sillery and most of Sainte-Foy , which were incorporated into the borough on January 1 , 2002 .   On November 1 , 2009 , the new borough of Sainte-Foy -- Sillery -- Cap-Rouge was created , including the area of the former city of Cap-Rouge and the part of Sainte-Foy that had not been incorporated earlier into the former borough ; these had been incorporated into the borough of Laurentien in 2002 . In the 2009 reorganization , Laurentien was dismembered and ceased to exist .

negative: Freedom Party of Ontario candidates, 1995 Ontario provincial election The Freedom Party of Ontario fielded a number of candidates in the 1995 provincial election , none of whom were elected . Information about these candidates may be found here .

negative: Access to Information Act Access to Information Act ( R.S. , 1985 , c. A-1 ) or Information Act ( Loi sur l'accès à l'information ) is a Canadian Act providing the right of access to information under the control of a federal government institution . Paragraph 2 . ( 1 ) of the Act ( `` Purpose '' ) declares that government information should be available to the public , but with necessary exceptions to the right of access that should be limited and specific , and that decisions on the disclosure of government information should be reviewed independently of government . Later paragraphs assign responsibility for this review to an Information Commissioner , who reports directly to parliament rather than the government in power . However , the Act provides the commissioner the power only to recommend rather than compel the release of requested information that the commissioner judges to be not subject to any exception specified in the Act .   By 1982 , Australia , Denmark , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden , and the U.S. ( 1966 ) , had enacted modern Freedom of information legislation . Canada 's Access to Information Act came into force in 1983 , under the Pierre Trudeau government , permitting Canadians to retrieve information from government files , establishing what information could be accessed , mandating timelines for response . By the standards of that era , it came to be considered a model of good practice , having taken the implementation of the law more seriously than other countries . The Act created new offices staffed with trained professionals to manage the inflow of requests , and developed formal procedures to encourage prompt processing of requests . Furthermore , the Information Commissioner served as an easily accessible ombudsperson to arbitrate cases of possible maladministration .   A complementary Privacy Act also came into force in 1983 . The purpose of this Act was to extend the present laws of Canada that protect the privacy of individuals with respect to personal information about themselves held by a federal government institution and that provide individuals with a right of access to that information . It is a Crown copyright . This Act stipulates that complaints for possible violations of the Act may be reported to the Privacy Commissioner .   In 1998 , following Somalia Affair , a clause was appended to the Access Act , making it a federal offence to destroy , falsify , or conceal public documents .   Canadian access to information laws distinguish between access to records generally and access to records that contain personal information about the person making the request . Subject to exceptions , individuals have a right of access to records that contain their own personal information under the Privacy Act but the general public does not have a right of access to records that contain personal information about others under the Access to Information Act .   From 1989 to 2008 , requests made to the federal government were catalogued in the Coordination of Access to Information Requests System ( CAIRS ) . Although CAIRS was not originally designed for public use , the information contained in the database generated substantial and continued public interest . Two non-governmental websites offered information from CAIRS to the public with a search facility . In April , 2008 , the Conservative government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper terminated the maintenance of this database .

negative: Foy & Gibson Foy & Gibson ( also known as Foy 's ) was one of Australia 's earliest department store chains , modelled on Le Bon Marché in Paris and other European and American Stores of the period . A large range of goods were manufactured and sold by the company including clothing , manchester , leather goods , soft furnishings , furniture , hardware and food .   The first store was established as a drapery in Smith Street , Collingwood , Victoria by Mark Foy . Ownership of this business was transferred to his son Francis Foy in partnership with Willam Gibson in March 1883 . Francis Foy later sold his half share of the business to Gibson and moved to Sydney , establishing Mark Foy 's there .   Gibson established a branch of the business in Perth in 1895 , and subsequently opened a store in Brisbane in 1903 and another in Rundle Street , Adelaide in 1907 .   In 1955 , the company was bought out by Cox Brothers and in 1964 , Foy & Gibson ( WA ) Ltd , including ten stores in Western Australia , was sold to David Jones . The Bourke Street Melbourne store was sold to Woolworths in 1967 .  The Adelaide store continued to trade under the Cox-Foys banner - owned by Harris Scarfe until it closed in 1977 .

negative: Mark Foy's Mark Foy 's Limited or Mark Foy 's was a department store in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia , founded by Francis Foy ( 1856 ? -- 1918 ) and his brother Mark Foy ( 1865 -- 1950 ) . The department store was named after their father , Mark Foy ( senior ) and traded between 1885 and 1980 .

negative: Gay bomb The `` halitosis bomb '' and `` gay bomb '' are informal names for two theoretical non-lethal chemical weapons that a United States Air Force research laboratory speculated about producing ; the theories involve discharging female sex pheromones over enemy forces in order to make them sexually attracted to each other .   In 1994 the Wright Laboratory in Ohio , a predecessor to today 's United States Air Force Research Laboratory , produced a three-page proposal on a variety of possible nonlethal chemical weapons , which was later obtained by the Sunshine Project through a Freedom of Information Act request .

negative: Chris Foy Chris Foy may refer to :   Chris Foy ( actor ) ( born 1983 ) , Australian actor  Chris Foy ( ice hockey player ) ( born 1970 ) , Canadian ice hockey player  Chris Foy ( referee ) ( born 1962 ) , English football referee

negative: Fois Fois may refer to :  Foix , France  Giovanni Melis Fois ( 1916 -- 2009 ) , Italian Roman Catholic prelate  Marcello Fois ( born 1960 ) , Italian writer  Valentino Fois ( 1973 -- 2008 ) , Italian cyclist

negative: Point of information Point of information may refer to :  Point of information ( competitive debate )  Point of information in parliamentary procedure -- now known as Request for information ( parliamentary procedure )

negative: Mark Foy Mark Foy is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level .   Foy played three official full internationals for New Zealand , making his debut in a 0-5 loss to Indonesia on 21 September 1997 . His other two matches were a 0-0 draw with Chile on 4 February and a 0-1 loss to South Korea on 7 February 1998 .

negative: Sainte-Foi Sainte-Foi is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France .

negative: The Seven Little Foys The Seven Little Foys is a Technicolor in VistaVision 1955 film starring Bob Hope as Eddie Foy . One highlight of the film is an energetic tabletop dance showdown sequence with Bob Hope as Eddie Foy and James Cagney , who reprises his role as George M. Cohan . The story of Eddie Foy , Sr. and the Seven Little Foys inspired a TV version in 1964 and a stage musical version , which premiered in 2007 , in addition to this film in 1955 .

negative: Ignorance Ignorance is a lack of knowledge . The word ignorant is an adjective describing a person in the state of being unaware , and is often ( incorrectly ) used to describe individuals who deliberately ignore or disregard important information or facts .   Ignoramus is commonly used in the United States as a term for someone who is willfully ignorant . Ignorance is distinguished from stupidity , although both can lead to `` unwise '' acts .   The writer , Thomas Pynchon , articulated the following about the scope and structure of one 's ignorance : `` Ignorance is not just a blank space on a person 's mental map . It has contours and coherence , and for all I know rules of operation as well . So as a corollary to -LSB- the advice of -RSB- writing about what we know , maybe we should add getting familiar with our ignorance , and the possibilities therein for writing a good story . ''   The legal principle that ignorantia juris non excusat , literally `` ignorance of the law is no excuse '' , stands for the proposition that the law applies also to those who are unaware of it .

negative: Foy, Belgium Foy ( -LSB- foj -RSB- ) is a village in Belgium , near Bastogne .

negative: Abbey Church of Saint Foy The Abbey Church of Saint Foy St. in Conques , France , was a popular stop for pilgrims traveling the Way of St. James to Santiago de Compostela , in what is now Spain . The main draw for medieval pilgrims at Conques were the remains of St. Foy , a young woman martyred during the fourth century . The relics of St. Foy arrived in Conques through theft in 866 . After unsuccessful attempts to acquire the relics of St. Vincent of Saragossa and then the relics of St. Vincent Pompejac in Agen , the abbey authorities set their sights on the relics of St. Foy at the ancient St. Faith 's Church , Sélestat . The Conques abbey opened a priory next to the shrine in Sélestat . A monk from Conques posed as a loyal monk in Agen for nearly a decade in order to get close enough to the relics to steal them .

negative: Chris Foy (actor) Chris Foy ( born 25 January 1983 ) is an Australian actor .

negative: Lyla Foy Lyla Foy ( aka WALL ) is a London songwriter and solo artist .

negative: Shirley Bunnie Foy Shirley Bunnie Foy , also known as Bunny Foy ( October 13 , 1936 -- November 24 , 2016 ) , was an American jazz singer , songwriter , and percussionist .

negative: Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge Sainte-Foy -- Sillery -- Cap-Rouge is a borough of Quebec City , Quebec , Canada .   The borough was created on November 1 , 2009 , from the former borough of Sainte-Foy -- Sillery and part of the former borough of Laurentien . Those boroughs in turn had been created on January 1 , 2002 ; on that date , the former city of Cap-Rouge , a small part of the former city of Sainte-Foy , and other territory went into Laurentien , while the former city of Sillery and the rest of Sainte-Foy formed Sainte-Foy -- Sillery .

negative: Load Shedding Load Shedding is a technique used in information systems , especially web services , to avoid overloading the system and making it unavailable of all users . The idea of Load Shedding is to rather flatly ignore some requests rather than crashing a system and making it fail to serve any request .   Considerations shaping the design of load shedding algorithms include :  when one of several load balanced servers becomes unavailable due to overload , all other servers will receive a higher load , potentially leading to more overload and a snow-ball effect which takes down the entire system .  when one part in a system of microservices starts becoming slower due to high load , other services will have waiting requests queuing up , potentially more than fits in their memory , which could again take down the entire system .   A popular open-source tool for defending against delays in downstream systems is Hystrix .

negative: POST (HTTP) In computing , POST is a request method supported by the HTTP protocol used by the World Wide Web . By design , the POST request method requests that a web server accept the data enclosed in the body of the request message , most likely for storing it . It is often used when uploading a file or when submitting a completed web form .   In contrast , the HTTP GET request method retrieves information from the server . As part of a GET request , some data can be passed within the URL 's query string , specifying ( for example ) search terms , date ranges , or other information that defines the query .   As part of a POST request , an arbitrary amount of data of any type can be sent to the server in the body of the request message . A header field in the POST request usually indicates the message body 's Internet media type .

negative: Get Stupid! Get Stupid ! is a book ( ISBN 0973644206 ) released in February 2005 that was written by one of the members of the comedy team The Arrogant Worms , Trevor Strong . It teaches the `` Ignorance IS Bliss Method '' and contains three parts :   `` The IQ ( Ignorance Quotient ) Test '' , which tests how ignorant one really is .  `` The Seven Steps to Bliss '' , which teaches how to find happiness through ignorance .  `` Simplifying the World '' , which teaches how to deal with the problems of the world after one has become ignorant . It contains information about everything , including art , gardening , health , and even recipes .   Category : Comedy books  Category : Self-help books

negative: Sainte-Foy Sainte Foy or Sainte Foi is a French expression meaning either Saint Faith , as a person , or `` holy faith '' ( referring to Christianity ) . It may refer to :

negative: Tracker scrape A scrape , or tracker scrape , is a request sent by a BitTorrent client to a tracker . A request is sent , connection to the tracker is established , information is exchanged , then the connection is closed . The request does something like a `` wipe '' or a `` pass '' over the tracker , and then the tracker sends information back to the client .   The returned information can contain such information as , whether the tracker is on - or offline , the reason it is offline , the numbers of peers and seeds ( sending a list of all peers in the swarm is usually much more bandwidth consuming than just sending a scrape result ) , etc. ( Note that some trackers do n't support scrape requests , but it is still possible to use the tracker as usual . )   A client scrapes in order to determine whether or not to send an announce requesting more peers . Sending a scrape result usually requires less data transfer than sending a list of peers .   Clients with scrape support will scrape the tracker many times during the course of a download to update its information about the swarm . The tracker is scraped many thousands of times for each torrent alone , even if the swarm is not very big . The tracker can usually handle this number of requests . However , if there are more requests than strictly necessary , this can destabilize the tracker and put it offline .

negative: Shirley Bunnie Foy (60th Anniversary) Shirley Bunnie Foy ( 60th Anniversary ) is an album of American singer Shirley Bunnie Foy issued by MAP Golden Jazz label , June 2013 .


query: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

positive: Hockey stick controversy In the hockey stick controversy , the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed . Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries , and the name `` hockey stick graph '' was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures . These graphs were publicised to explain the scientific findings of climatology , and in addition to scientific debate over the reconstructions , they have been the topic of political dispute . The issue is part of the global warming controversy and has been one focus of political responses to reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards , and found indications that recent warming was exceptional . The reconstruction introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large-scale reconstructions , and its findings were disputed by Patrick Michaels at the United States House Committee on Science .   In 1998 , Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 . In ( MBH99 ) the methodology was extended back to 1000 . The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry D. Mahlman , to describe the pattern this showed , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' , followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the `` blade '' .  A version of this graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , along with four other reconstructions supporting the same conclusion . The graph was publicised , and became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th-century warmth was exceptional .   Those disputing the graph included Pat Michaels , the George C. Marshall Institute and Fred Singer . A paper by Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas claiming greater medieval warmth was used by the Bush administration chief of staff Philip Cooney to justify altering the first Environmental Protection Agency Report on the Environment . The paper was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy , but on July 28 , Republican Jim Inhofe spoke in the Senate citing it to claim `` that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people '' .   Later in 2003 , a paper by Steve McIntyre and Ross McKitrick disputing the data used in MBH98 paper was publicised by the George C. Marshall Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute . In 2004 , Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 , McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal component analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . The analysis therein was subsequently disputed by published papers , including and , which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . In June 2005 , Rep. Joe Barton launched what Sherwood Boehlert , chairman of the House Science Committee , called a `` misguided and illegitimate investigation '' into the data , methods and personal information of Mann , Bradley and Hughes . At Boehlert 's request , a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council was set up , which reported in 2006 , supporting Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result . Barton and U.S. Rep. Ed Whitfield requested Edward Wegman to set up a team of statisticians to investigate , and they supported McIntyre and McKitrick 's view that there were statistical failings , although they did not quantify whether there was any significant effect . They also produced an extensive network analysis which has been discredited by expert opinion and found to have issues of plagiarism . Arguments against the MBH studies were reintroduced as part of the Climatic Research Unit email controversy , but dismissed by eight independent investigations .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Over a dozen subsequent reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

positive: Hockey stick graph Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records . These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century , with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures .   The term `` hockey stick graph '' was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman , to describe the pattern shown by the ( MBH99 ) reconstruction , envisaging a graph that is relatively flat with a downward trend to 1900 as forming an ice hockey stick 's `` shaft '' followed by a sharp , steady increase corresponding to the `` blade '' portion . The reconstructions have featured in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reports as evidence of global warming . Arguments over the reconstructions have been taken up by fossil fuel industry funded lobbying groups attempting to cast doubt on climate science .   Paleoclimatology dates back to the 19th century , and the concept of examining varves in lake beds and tree rings to track local climatic changes was suggested in the 1930s . In the 1960s , Hubert Lamb generalised from historical documents and temperature records of central England to propose a Medieval Warm Period from around 900 to 1300 , followed by Little Ice Age . This was the basis of a `` schematic diagram '' featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global . The use of indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed , and by the late 1990s a number of competing teams of climatologists found indications that recent warming was exceptional . introduced the `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method used by most later large scale reconstructions . Their study was featured in the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995 .   In 1998 Michael E. Mann , Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes developed new statistical techniques to produce ( MBH98 ) , the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction ( CFR ) . This showed global patterns of annual surface temperature , and included a graph of average hemispheric temperatures back to 1400 with shading emphasising that uncertainties ( to two standard error limits ) were much greater in earlier centuries . independently produced a CPS reconstruction extending back for a thousand years , and ( MBH99 ) used the MBH98 methodology to extend their study back to 1000 .   A version of the MBH99 graph was featured prominently in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) , which also drew on Jones et al. 1998 and three other reconstructions to support the conclusion that , in the Northern Hemisphere , the 1990s was likely to have been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year during the past 1,000 years . The graph became a focus of dispute for those opposed to the strengthening scientific consensus that late 20th century warmth was exceptional . In 2003 , as lobbying over the 1997 Kyoto Protocol intensified , a paper claiming greater medieval warmth was quickly dismissed by scientists in the Soon and Baliunas controversy . Later in 2003 , Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick published disputing the data used in MBH98 paper . In 2004 Hans von Storch published criticism of the statistical techniques as tending to underplay variations in earlier parts of the graph , though this was disputed and he later accepted that the effect was very small . In 2005 McIntyre and McKitrick published criticisms of the principal components analysis methodology as used in MBH98 and MBH99 . Their analysis was subsequently disputed by published papers including and which pointed to errors in the McIntyre and McKitrick methodology . Political disputes led to the formation of a panel of scientists convened by the National Research Council , their North Report in 2006 supported Mann 's findings with some qualifications , including agreeing that there were some statistical failings but these had little effect on the result .   More than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , support the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph , with variations in how flat the pre-20th century `` shaft '' appears . The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions , 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer , to support its strengthened conclusion that it was likely that Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the 20th century were the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . Further reconstructions , including Mann et al. 2008 and , have supported these general conclusions .

negative: Caspar Olevian Caspar Olevian ( or Kaspar Olevianus ; 10 August 1536 -- 15 March 1587 ) was a significant German Reformed theologian during the Protestant Reformation and along with Zacharius Ursinus was said to be co-author of the Heidelberg Catechism . That theory of authorship has been questioned by some modern scholarship .

negative: Logos and uniforms of the Cincinnati Reds Over the years , red has been the key trim color in the Cincinnati Reds ' on-field ensembles . However , there have been some significant deviations from this standard , as reflected by the club 's recent ( but now past ) uniforms , which featured black as a major trim style .

negative: Claudia Rowe Claudia Rowe is a journalist who currently works for The Seattle Times . In the past , she has worked for The New York Times , Mother Jones , Woman 's Day , The Huffington Post and The Stranger and other newspapers and magazine . She has been a member of the Humanities Washington Speakers Bureau .

negative: Romani Mexicans There is a significant Roma population in Mexico , most being the descendants of past migrants . According to data collected by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography , they numbered 15,850 , however , the total number is likely larger . In Mexico , they are commonly known as gitanos or rom .

negative: Three Floyds Brewing Three Floyds Brewing is a brewery founded in 1996 by brothers Nick and Simon and their father Mike Floyd in Hammond , Indiana . Since 2000 , the brewery has been located in Munster , Indiana . In 2005 , Three Floyds opened a brewpub adjacent to the brewery in Munster .   In 2011 , an article in the Washington Post said that Three Floyds `` has won over the beer geek elite , '' and `` has been making the best beers on the planet for four of the past five years -- at least according to the more than 1 million beer reviews logged each year on RateBeer.com . ( In 2008 , it slipped to second place . ) ''

negative: Chullo Chullo ( -LSB- ˈtʃuʎo -RSB- , from ch ` ullu ) is an Andean style of hat with earflaps , made from vicuña , alpaca , llama or sheep 's wool . Alpaca has wool-like qualities that help to insulate its wearer from the harsh elements in the Andean Mountain region . Chullos often have ear-flaps that can be tied under the chin , to further warm the wearer 's head .   Chullos have been used in the Andean Mountain region by indigenous peoples for thousands of years . Wearing different types and colors has a significance among the Andean natives .

negative: Cast Iron Filter Cast Iron Filter is a band based in Davidson , North Carolina . Their genre is similar to that of Progressive Bluegrass , but Cast Iron Filter 's fans call it `` Irongrass . '' The band had been praised for its instrumental finesse and has been related to a Jamband that knows when to stop ; they could even be considered a hayseed Nickel Creek .  The band members include , Brian Burton ( Drummer ) , Dustin Edge ( Lead Singer and Guitar Player ) , Mike Orlando ( Mandolin/Banjo Player ) and Phil Skipper ( Bass Player ) . Former members include Tim Helfrich ( drums ) , Mason Bissett ( bass ) , Jim Ashton ( steel guitar ) , Howie Cockrill ( fiddle/bass ) , and Randy Culbertson ( Guitar ) .   Cast Iron Filter 's last official show was played at The Visulite Theatre in Charlotte , NC on December 31 , 2004 . Tim Helfrich and Dustin Edge have put on shows as recently as 2011 , featuring performances by the major lineups from past Cast Iron Filter incarnations . The band played one reunion show on Jan 16 , 2010 .   Former members Mason Bissett and Tim Helfrich have joined Davidson singer/songwriter Billy Jones as `` Billy Jones and the Pocket '' who actively perform .   Phil Skipper has been playing with a variety of musicians including Michael Orlando , Michelle Malone , and Tim Carter .  Brian Burton currently plays drums for Charlotte-based `` Hipshack . ''   Michael Orlando released 2 records `` Wreckless '' and `` Before the Storm . ''   Dustin Edge has released 1 full-length LP ( A Forest Through the Trees , 2008 ) and 1 EP ( By The Numbers , 2010 ) . A new 5-song EP , Calm , was released in January 2011 .

negative: Lulu Rouge Lulu Rouge is a Danish duo consisting of DJ T.O.M. and DJ Buda , both well-known names in the club and electronica scene .   T.O.M. has been Trentemøller 's permanent sidekick for several years and is also the man behind ArtRebels Rec. , which is a part of ArtRebels network with a focus on design , art and music .   Buda is DJ and producer and has worked with names like Bliss , Laid Back , DJ These , Ganga , Télépopmusik , Phil Mison and Sergio Mendes . He is also part of the chill-out group Banzai Republic .   Lulu Rouge has recently had a hand in the new albums from both Fagget Fairys , Camille Jones and Joker .

negative: Lyon Block The Lyon Block is a historic building located in Maquoketa , Iowa , United States . Built in 1900 , the significance in this building is found in its use of brick . It introduced the use of warm brown into the downtown color scheme . Brick is also the main design element of the building as found in the rhythmical arches above the second floor windows . The color and texture of the wall surface are now the important decorative features and not that which was applied to it . The man floor storefront has been altered , but the significant historical elements of the building have been left in place . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .

negative: Chupe Andino Chupe andino refers to various stews and soups that are prepared in the Andes mountains region in South America . Chupe Andino may be prepared by Andean people , those that live in the region . It is sometimes prepared in large portions to feed many people at marketplaces and events . Chupe Andino is sometimes served with wine as an accompaniment . Soups and stews play a significant part in Andean cuisine , because the cold weather in the region demands nutritious , fatty foods that are warming .   The term chupe is a standard South American term that refers to various stews prepared with meats , fish and seafood , tripe and offal . Additional ingredients may include potato , onion , garlic and cheese . In the past , it has been prepared using yuca as an ingredient .

negative: Rally Cycling (men's team) Rally Cycling is a UCI Continental team , based in the United States . The team has been directed by Jonas Carney since its inception . Notable riders who have previously ridden for the team include Ben King , Chad Haga , Carter Jones , Phil Gaimon , Michael Woods , David Veilleux , Matthew Busche , Ryan Anderson , Mike Creed and Mike Friedman .

negative: Olaf Maninger Olaf Maninger ( born 16 October 1964 in Recklinghausen ) is a German cellist .   Maninger studied initially with János Starker and then continued his training with Boris Piergamienszczikow . He joined the Berlin Philharmonic in 1994 , and was appointed principal cellist with the orchestra in 1996 .   In the years 1997 to 2002 , Maninger was managing director of the Berliner Philharmoniker ( society ) . Since the Berliner Philharmoniker Foundation was set up in 2002 , he has been a member of the board . In this capacity , he played a significant role in the development of the Berliner Philharmoniker 's Digital Concert Hall . He has been general manager of Berlin Phil Media GmbH since 2008 . Maninger is also one of the 12 cellists of the Berlin Philharmonic .

negative: HD 29697 HD 29697 or V834 Tauri is a variable star of the BY Draconis type in the equatorial constellation of Taurus . It has an apparent magnitude of 8.0 , so it is not visible to the naked eye . The star has been examined for indications of a circumstellar disk using the Spitzer Space Telescope , but no statistically-significant infrared excess was detected .

negative: Christianity in Iran Christianity has a long history in Iran , dating back to the early years of the faith , and pre-dating Islam . It has always been a minority religion relative to the majority state religions ( Zoroastrianism before the Islamic conquest , Sunni Islam in the Middle Ages and Shia Islam in modern times ) , though it had a much larger representation in the past than it does today . Christians of Iran have played a significant part in the history of Christian mission . Today , there are at least 600 churches and 300,000 -- 370,000 Christians in Iran .

negative: Edward Sims Van Zile Edward Sims Van Zile ( May 2 , 1863 -- May 29 , 1931 ) was an American writer . He published fiction , non-fiction , biographies , a commentary on war , and a history of the early days of movies . In 1904 , in an essay about him , Book News Biographies said `` for the past ten years Mr. Van Zile has been known to the reading public through many short stories , novelettes and a few novels '' .

negative: Politics of Long Island As a major region of New York State , Long Island has a significant impact on state and national politics . On the local level , the region has been long dominated by the Republican Party , although the region 's alignment has shifted notably over the past decade , with many Democrats being elected to major local offices .

negative: Watch Over Me (song) `` Watch Over Me '' is the third single from Bernard Fanning 's solo debut album Tea and Sympathy , released in 2006 . Fanning has said in the past that the song had been inspired by the music played at the funeral of Pope John Paul II .

negative: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum The Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum ( PETM ) , alternatively ( ETM1 ) , and formerly known as the `` Initial Eocene '' or '' '' was a time period with more than 8 ° C warmer global average temperature than today . This climate event began at the time boundary between the Paleocene and Eocene geological epochs . The exact age and duration of the event is uncertain but it is estimated to have occurred around 55.5 million years ago .   The associated period of massive carbon injection into the atmosphere has been estimated to have lasted no longer than 20,000 years . The entire warm period lasted for about 200,000 years . Global temperatures increased by 5 -- 8 ° C . The carbon dioxide was likely released in two pulses , the first lasting less than 2,000 years . Such a repeated carbon release is in line with current global warming . A main difference is that during the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum , the planet was essentially ice-free .   The onset of the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum has been linked to an initial 5 ° C temperature rise and to extreme changes in Earth 's carbon cycle . The period is marked by a prominent negative excursion in carbon stable isotope records from around the globe ; more specifically , there was a large decrease in 13C/12C ratio of marine and terrestrial carbonates and organic carbon .   Stratigraphic sections of rock from this period reveal numerous other changes . Fossil records for many organisms show major turnovers . For example , in the marine realm , a mass extinction of benthic foraminifera , a global expansion of subtropical dinoflagellates , and an appearance of excursion , planktic foraminifera and calcareous nanofossils all occurred during the beginning stages of PETM . On land , modern mammal orders ( including primates ) suddenly appear in Europe and in North America . Sediment deposition changed significantly at many outcrops and in many drill cores spanning this time interval .   At least since 1997 , the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum has become a focal point of considerable geoscience research because it probably provides the best past analog by which to understand impacts of global climate warming and of massive carbon input to the ocean and atmosphere , including ocean acidification . Although it is now widely accepted that the PETM represents a `` case study '' for global warming and massive carbon input to Earth 's surface , the cause , details and overall significance of the event remain perplexing .