query: The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.

positive: Earth Earth ( from Eorðe -LSB- Γαῖα , Gaia -RSB- Terra ) , otherwise known as the World or the Globe , is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets .   According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . During one orbit around the Sun , Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times ; thus , an Earth year is about 365.26 days long . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted , producing seasonal variations on the planet 's surface . The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes the Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation .   Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by its oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics .   Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states .

positive: Sun The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System . It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma , with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process . It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth . Its diameter is about 109 times that of Earth , and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth , accounting for about 99.86 % of the total mass of the Solar System .  About three quarters of the Sun 's mass consists of hydrogen ( ~ 73 % ) ; the rest is mostly helium ( ~ 25 % ) , with much smaller quantities of heavier elements , including oxygen , carbon , neon , and iron .   The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star ( G2V ) based on its spectral class . As such , it is informally referred to as a yellow dwarf . It formed approximately 4.6 billionAll numbers in this article are short scale . One billion is 109 , or 1,000,000,000 . years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud . Most of this matter gathered in the center , whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System . The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core . It is thought that almost all stars form by this process .   The Sun is roughly middle-aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years . After hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which it is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium , the core of the Sun will experience a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant . It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus , and render Earth uninhabitable .   The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of the solar calendar , which is the predominant calendar in use today .

positive: Atmosphere of Earth The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases , commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth 's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ) , and reducing temperature extremes between day and night ( the diurnal temperature variation ) .   By volume , dry air contains 78.09 % nitrogen , 20.95 % oxygen , 0.93 % argon , 0.04 % carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases . Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1 % at sea level , and 0.4 % over the entire atmosphere . Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers , and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth 's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres .   The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 kg , three quarters of which is within about 11 km of the surface . The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude , with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km , or 1.57 % of Earth 's radius , is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space . Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km . Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere , based on characteristics such as temperature and composition .   The study of Earth 's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science ( aerology ) . Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann .

negative: Idealized greenhouse model The surface of the Sun radiates light and heat at approximately 5,500 ° C . The Earth is much cooler and so radiates heat back away from itself at much longer wavelengths , mostly in the infrared range . The idealized greenhouse model is based on the fact that certain gases in the Earth 's atmosphere , including carbon dioxide and water vapour , are transparent to the high-frequency , high-energy solar radiation , but are much more opaque to the lower frequency infrared radiation leaving the surface of the earth . Thus heat is easily let in , but is partially trapped by these gases as it tries to leave . Rather than get hotter and hotter , Kirchhoff 's law of thermal radiation says that the gases of the atmosphere also have to re-emit the infrared energy that they absorb , and they do so , also at long infrared wavelengths , both upwards into space as well as downwards back towards the Earth 's surface . In the long-term , thermal equilibrium is reached when all the heat energy arriving on the planet is leaving again at the same rate . In this idealized model , the greenhouse gases cause the surface of the planet to be warmer than it would be without them , in order for the required amount of heat energy finally to be radiated out into space from the top of the atmosphere .   The greenhouse effect can be illustrated with an idealized planet . This is a common `` textbook model '' : the planet will have a constant surface temperature Ts and an atmosphere with constant temperature Ta . For diagrammatic clarity , a gap can be depicted between the atmosphere and the surface . Alternatively , Ts could be interpreted as a temperature representative of the surface and the lower atmosphere , and Ta could be interpreted as the temperature of the upper atmosphere . In order to justify that Ta and Ts remain constant over the planet , strong ocean and atmospheric currents can be imagined to provide plentiful lateral mixing . Furthermore , any daily or seasonal cycles in temperature are assumed to be insignificant .

negative: Decoupling (meteorology) In weather forecasting , decoupling is boundary-layer decoupling of atmospheric layers over land at night . During the day when the sun shines and warms the land , air at the surface of the earth is heated and rises . This rising air mixes the atmosphere near the earth . At night this process stops and air near the surface cools as the land loses heat by radiating in the infrared . If winds are light , air near the surface of the earth can become much colder , compared to the air above it , than if more mixing of air layers occurred .   Category : Weather forecasting

negative: Infrared window The infrared atmospheric window is the overall dynamic property of the earth 's atmosphere , taken as a whole at each place and occasion of interest , that lets some infrared radiation from the cloud tops and land-sea surface pass directly to space without intermediate absorption and re-emission , and thus without heating the atmosphere . It can not be defined simply as a part or set of parts of the electromagnetic spectrum , because the spectral composition of window radiation varies greatly with varying local environmental conditions , such as water vapour content and land-sea surface temperature , and because few or no parts of the spectrum are simply not absorbed at all , and because some of the diffuse radiation is passing nearly vertically upwards and some is passing nearly horizontally . A large gap in the absorption spectrum of water vapor , the main greenhouse gas , is most important in the dynamics of the window . Other gases , especially carbon dioxide and ozone , partly block transmission .   An atmospheric window is a dynamic property of the atmosphere , while the spectral window is a static characteristic of the electromagnetic radiative absorption spectra of many greenhouse gases , including water vapour . The atmospheric window tells what actually happens in the atmosphere , while the spectral window tells of one of the several abstract factors that potentially contribute to the actual concrete happenings in the atmosphere . Window radiation is radiation that actually passes through the atmospheric window . Non-window radiation is radiation that actually does not pass through the atmospheric window . Window wavelength radiation is radiation that , judging only from its wavelength , potentially might or might not , but is likely to pass through the atmospheric window . Non-window wavelength radiation is radiation that , judging only from its wavelength , is unlikely to pass through the atmospheric window . The difference between window radiation and window wavelength radiation is that window radiation is an actual component of the radiation , determined by the full dynamics of the atmosphere , taking in all determining factors , while window wavelength radiation is merely theoretically potential , defined only by one factor , the wavelength .   The importance of the infrared atmospheric window in the atmospheric energy balance was discovered by George Simpson in 1928 , based on G. Hettner 's 1918 laboratory studies of the gap in the absorption spectrum of water vapor . In those days , computers were not available , and Simpson notes that he used approximations ; he writes : `` There is no hope of getting an exact solution ; but by making suitable simplifying assumptions ... '' Nowadays , accurate line-by-line computations are possible , and careful studies of the infrared atmospheric window have been published .

negative: Non-ionizing radiation Non-ionizing ( or non-ionising ) radiation refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum ( photon energy ) to ionize atoms or molecules -- that is , to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule . Instead of producing charged  ions when passing through matter , the electromagnetic radiation has sufficient energy only for excitation , the movement of an electron to a higher energy state . Ionizing radiation which has a higher frequency and shorter wavelength than nonionizing radiation , has many uses but can be a health hazard ; exposure to it can cause burns , radiation sickness , cancer and genetic damage . Using ionizing radiation requires elaborate radiological protection measures which in general are not required with nonionizing radiation .   The region at which radiation becomes considered as `` ionizing '' is not well defined , since different molecules and atoms ionize at different energies . The usual definitions have suggested that radiation with particle or photon energies less than 10 electronvolts ( eV ) be considered non-ionizing . Another suggested threshold is 33 electronvolts , which is the energy needed to ionize water molecules . The light from the Sun that reaches the earth is largely composed of non-ionizing radiation , since the ionizing far-ultraviolet rays have been filtered out by the gases in the atmosphere , particularly oxygen . The remaining ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is in the non-ionizing band , and causes molecular damage ( for example , sunburn ) by photochemical and free-radical-producing means that do not ionize .   Different biological effects are observed for different types of non-ionizing radiation . A difficulty is that there is no controversy that the upper frequencies of non-ionizing radiation near these energies ( much of the spectrum of UV light and some visible light ) is capable of non-thermal biological damage , similar to ionizing radiation . Health debate therefore centers on the non-thermal effects of radiation of much lower frequencies ( microwave , millimeter and radiowave radiation ) . The International Agency for Research on Cancer recently stated that there could be some risk from non-ionizing radiation to humans . But a subsequent study reported that the basis of the IARC evaluation was not consistent with observed incidence trends . This and other reports suggest that there is virtually no way that results on which the IARC based its conclusions are correct .

negative: Polar amplification Polar amplification is the phenomenon that any change in the net radiation balance ( for example greenhouse intensification ) tends to produce a larger change in temperature near the poles than the planetary average . On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict longwave radiation to space ( a greenhouse effect ) , surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict . Where the atmosphere or an extensive ocean is able to convect heat polewards , the poles will be warmer and equatorial regions cooler than their local net radiation balances would predict .   In the extreme , the planet Venus is thought to have experienced a very large increase in greenhouse effect over its lifetime , so much so that its poles have warmed sufficiently to render its surface temperature effectively isothermal ( no difference between poles and equator ) . On Earth , water vapor and trace gasses provide a lesser greenhouse effect , and the atmosphere and extensive oceans provide efficient poleward heat transport . Both palaeoclimate changes and recent global warming changes have exhibited strong polar amplification , as described below .

negative: Radiation properties Conduction and convection are heat transfer processes that require the presence of a medium .  Radiation heat transfer is characteristically different from the other two in that it does not require a medium and , in fact it reaches maximum efficiency in a vacuum . Electromagnetic radiation has some proper characteristics depending on the frequency and wavelengths of the radiation . The phenomenon of radiation is not yet fully understood . Two theories have been used to explain radiation ; however neither of them is perfectly satisfactory .   First , the earlier theory which originated from the concept of a hypothetical medium referred as ether . Ether supposedly fills all evacuated or non evacuated spaces . The transmission of light or of radiant heat are allowed by the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the ether . Electromagnetic waves have similar characteristics to television and radio broadcasting waves they only differ in wavelength . All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed ; therefore , shorter wavelengths are associated with high frequencies . Since every body or fluid is submerged in the ether , due to the vibration of the molecules , any body or fluid can potentially initiate an electromagnetic wave . All bodies generate and receive electromagnetic waves at the expense of its stored energy The second theory of radiation is best known as the quantum theory and was first offered by Max Planck in 1900 . According to this theory , energy emitted by a radiator is not continuous but is in the form of quanta . Planck claimed that quantities had different sizes and frequencies of vibration similarly to the wave theory . The energy E is found by the expression E = hν , where h is the Planck 's constant and ν is the frequency . Higher frequencies are originated by high temperatures and create an increase of energy in the quantum .  While the propagation of electromagnetic waves of all wavelengths is often referred as `` radiation , '' thermal radiation is often constrained to the visible and infrared regions . For engineering purposes , it may be stated that thermal radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation which varies on the nature of a surface and its temperature . Radiation waves may travel in unusual patterns compared to conduction heat flow . Radiation allows waves to travel from a heated body through a cold nonabsorbing or partially absorbing medium and reach a warmer body again . This is the case of the radiation waves that travel from the sun to the earth .

negative: Selective surface In solar thermal collectors , a selective surface or selective absorber is a means of increasing its operation temperature and/or efficiency . The selectivity is defined as the ratio of solar radiation-absorption ( alpha ) - to thermal infrared radiation-emission ( epsilon ) .   Selective surfaces take advantage of the differing wavelengths of incident solar radiation and the emissive radiation from the absorbing surface :  Solar radiation covers approximately the wavelengths 350 nm to 4000 nm ; UV-A , visible and near infrared ( NIR - or IR-A plus IR-B ) .  Thermal infrared radiation , from materials with temperatures approximately in the interval -40 to 100 ° C , covers approximately the wavelengths 4000 nm to 40,000 nm = 4 um to 40 um ; The thermal infrared radiation interval being named or covered by : MIR , LWIR or IR-C .

negative: Thermal blooming Thermal blooming is an atmospheric effect , seen in high energy laser beams . It is the result of the nonlinear interaction of laser radiation with the propagation medium , usually air , which is heated by the absorption of a fraction of the radiation . The amount of energy absorbed is a function of the laser wavelength . The term `` thermal blooming '' is often used to describe any type of self-induced `` thermal distortion '' of laser radiation .

negative: Infrared Infrared radiation , or simply infrared or IR , is electromagnetic radiation ( EMR ) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light , and is therefore invisible , although it is sometimes loosely called infrared light . It extends from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers ( frequency 430 THz ) , to 1000000 nm ( 300 GHz ) ( although people can see infrared up to at least 1050 nm in experiments ) . Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared . Like all EMR , IR carries radiant energy , and behaves both like a wave and like its quantum particle , the photon .   Infrared was discovered in 1800 by astronomer Sir William Herschel , who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light , by means of its effect on a thermometer . Slightly more than half of the total energy from the Sun was eventually found to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared . The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on Earth 's climate .   Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-vibrational movements . It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment , making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry . Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range .   Infrared radiation is used in industrial , scientific , and medical applications . Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected . Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space such as molecular clouds , detect objects such as planets , and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe . Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems , to observe changing blood flow in the skin , and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus .   Thermal-infrared imaging is used extensively for military and civilian purposes . Military applications include target acquisition , surveillance , night vision , homing , and tracking . Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm ( micrometers ) . Non-military uses include thermal efficiency analysis , environmental monitoring , industrial facility inspections , remote temperature sensing , short-ranged wireless communication , spectroscopy , and weather forecasting .

negative: Daylight (disambiguation) Daylight is the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight outdoors during the daytime , which includes :  Sunlight , the total spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun  Diffuse sky radiation , solar radiation reaching the Earth 's surface after having been scattered by molecules or suspensoids in the atmosphere   Daylight may also refer to :

negative: Van Allen radiation belt A radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles , most of which originate from the solar wind that is captured by and held around a planet by that planet 's magnetic field . The Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created . The discovery of the belts is credited to James Van Allen , and as a result the Earth 's belts are known as the Van Allen belts . Earth 's two main belts extend from an altitude of about 1,000 to 60,000 kilometers above the surface in which region radiation levels vary . Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays . By trapping the solar wind , the magnetic field deflects those energetic particles and protects the Earth 's atmosphere from destruction .   The belts are located in the inner region of the Earth 's magnetosphere . The belts trap energetic electrons and protons . Other nuclei , such as alpha particles , are less prevalent . The belts endanger satellites , which must have their sensitive components protected with adequate shielding if they spend significant time in that zone . In 2013 , NASA reported that the Van Allen Probes had discovered a transient , third radiation belt , which was observed for four weeks until it was destroyed by a powerful , interplanetary shock wave from the Sun .

negative: Zodi The zodi is a unit of zodiacal dust .  One zodi is the amount of interplanetary dust in the inner solar system . This dust absorbs light from the Sun and re-radiates it as thermal radiation . The luminosity of the zodiacal dust in the Solar System is about relative to the luminosity of the Sun , and in practice , this is the observable characteristic defining one zodi .

negative: Earth Radiation Budget Satellite The Earth Radiation Budget Satellite ( ERBS ) was a NASA scientific research satellite launched on October 5 , 1984 , to study the Earth radiation budget and stratospheric aerosol and gases . It was carried into low Earth orbit and deployed by the during the STS-41-G mission . The spacecraft was expected to have a two-year operation life , but ultimately , the mission provided scientific data about the Earth 's ozone layer for more than two decades .   Data on the ozone layer provided by ERBS was key in the international community 's decision-making process during the Montreal Protocol Agreement , which has resulted in a near elimination of CFCs in industrialized countries .   ERBS was one of three satellites in the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment and carried two instruments as part of that endeavor : the ERBE scanner ( three detectors that study longwave radiation , shortwave radiation and total energy radiating from the Earth along a line of the satellite 's path ) and the ERBE non-scanner ( five detectors measuring the total energy from the Sun , and the shortwave and total energy from the entire Earth disk and the area beneath the satellite ) . The second ERBE Instrument was aboard the NOAA-9 satellite when it was launched in January 1985 , and the third was aboard the NOAA-10 satellite when it was launched in October 1986 .   In addition , it carried the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment ( SAGE II ) .   It was retired for budgetary reasons on October 14 , 2005 , as one of the longest-running spacecraft missions to date .

negative: Solar cycle The solar cycle or solar magnetic activity cycle is the nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun 's activity ( including changes in the levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material ) and appearance ( changes in the number and size of sunspots , flares , and other manifestations ) .   They have been observed ( by changes in the sun 's appearance and by changes seen on Earth , such as auroras ) for centuries .   The changes on the sun cause effects in space , in the atmosphere , and on Earth 's surface . While it is the dominant variable in solar activity , aperiodic fluctuations also occur .

negative: Thermal infrared spectroscopy Thermal infrared spectroscopy ( TIR spectroscopy ) is the subset of infrared spectroscopy that deals with radiation emitted in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum . The emitted infrared radiation , though similar to blackbody radiation , is different in that the radiation is banded at characteristic vibrations in the material . The method measures the thermal infrared radiation emitted ( as opposed to being transmitted or reflected ) from a volume or surface . This method is commonly used to identify the composition of surface by analyzing its spectrum and comparing it to previously measured materials . It is particularly suited to airborne and spaceborne applications .

negative: Robert D. Cess Robert D. Cess is professor emeritus of atmospheric sciences at Stony Brook University . He earned his bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from Oregon State University and his master 's degree from Purdue University in Indiana in 1956 . Cess received a Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1959 . He is a recognized leader in the fields of climate change and atmospheric radiation transfer . His research interest involve modeling of climate feedbacks that can either amplify or diminish global climate change , and interpreting surface and satellite remote sensing data .   He has been a part of studies which have found problems with the ability of model the transmission of shortwave radiation through a cloud-free atmosphere , and designed an experiment to test the accuracy of the models . They reported that they found agreement between the models and the observations of clear-sky shortwave radiation at the surface for the period studied , 1985 to 1988 . Cess was a lead author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and worked with the National Science Foundation on understanding greenhouse warming and its associated policy implications .

negative: Gamma ray Gamma ray ( also called gamma radiation ) , denoted by the lower-case Greek letter gamma ( γ or ) , is penetrating electromagnetic radiation of a kind arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei . It consists of photons in the highest observed range of photon energy . Paul Villard , a French chemist and physicist , discovered gamma radiation in 1900 while studying radiation emitted by radium . In 1903 , Ernest Rutherford named this radiation gamma rays . Rutherford had previously discovered two other types of radioactive decay , which he named alpha and beta rays .   Gamma rays are able to ionize other atoms ( ionizing radiation ) , and are thus biologically hazardous . The decay of an atomic nucleus from a high energy state to a lower energy state , a process called gamma decay , produces gamma radiation .   Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth are observed in the gamma decay of radionuclides and secondary radiation from atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles . There are rare terrestrial natural sources , such as lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes , that produce gamma rays not of a nuclear origin . Additionally , gamma rays are produced by a number of astronomical processes in which very high-energy electrons are produced , that in turn cause secondary gamma rays via bremsstrahlung , inverse Compton scattering , and synchrotron radiation . However , a large fraction of such astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth 's atmosphere and can only be detected by spacecraft . Gamma rays are produced by nuclear fusion in stars including the Sun ( such as the CNO cycle ) , but are absorbed or inelastically scattered by the stellar material , reducing their energy , before escaping and are not observable from Earth as gamma rays .   Gamma rays typically have frequencies above 10 exahertz ( or > 1019 Hz ) , and therefore have energies above 100 keV and wavelengths less than 10 picometers ( 10 − 11 m ) , which is less than the diameter of an atom . However , this is not a strict definition , but rather only a rule-of-thumb description for natural processes . Electromagnetic radiation from radioactive decay of atomic nuclei is referred to as `` gamma rays '' no matter its energy , so that there is no lower limit to gamma energy derived from radioactive decay . This radiation commonly has energy of a few hundred keV , and almost always less than 10 MeV . In astronomy , gamma rays are defined by their energy , and no production process needs to be specified . The energies of gamma rays from astronomical sources range to over 10 TeV , an energy far too large to result from radioactive decay . A notable example is the extremely powerful bursts of high-energy radiation referred to as long duration gamma-ray bursts , of energies higher than can be produced by radioactive decay . These bursts of gamma rays are thought to be due to the collapse of stars called hypernovae .

negative: Ultraviolet astronomy Ultraviolet astronomy is the observation of electromagnetic radiation at ultraviolet wavelengths between approximately 10 and 320 nanometres ; shorter wavelengths -- higher energy photons -- are studied by X-ray astronomy and gamma ray astronomy . An ultraviolet light is not visible to the human eye . Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth 's atmosphere , so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space .

negative: Thermal emittance Thermal emittance or thermal emissivity is the ratio of the radiant emittance of heat of a specific object or surface to that of a standard black body . Emissivity and emittivity are both dimensionless quantities given in the range of 0 to 1 , but emissivity refers to a material property ( of a homogeneous material ) , while emittivity refers to specific samples or objects .   For building products , thermal emittance measurements are taken for wavelengths in the infrared . Determining the thermal emittance and solar reflectance of building materials , especially roofing materials , can be very useful for reducing heating and cooling energy costs in buildings . Combined index Solar Reflectance Index ( SRI ) is often used to determine the overall ability to reflect solar heat and release thermal heat . A roofing surface with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance will reflect solar heat and release absorbed heat readily . High thermal emittance material radiates thermal heat back into the atmosphere more-readily than one with a low thermal emittance .   Category : Physical quantities

negative: Volcanic winter A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth 's albedo ( increasing the reflection of solar radiation ) after a large particularly explosive volcanic eruption . Long-term cooling effects are primarily dependent upon injection of sulfur gasses into the stratosphere where they undergo a series of reactions to create sulfuric acid which can nucleate and form aerosols . Volcanic stratospheric aerosols cool the surface by reflecting solar radiation and warm the stratosphere by absorbing terrestrial radiation . The volcanic aerosols , resulting from the 1991 Pinatubo eruption and others , have been shown to contribute to anthropogenic ozone depletion . The variations in atmospheric warming and cooling results in changes in tropospheric and stratospheric circulation .

negative: Theodor Wulf Theodor Wulf ( July 28 , 1868 -- June 19 , 1946 ) was a German physicist and Jesuit priest who was one of the first experimenters to detect excess atmospheric radiation .   Theodor Wulf became a Jesuit priest at the age of 20 , before studying physics with Walther Nernst at the University of Göttingen . He taught physics at Valkenburg , a Jesuit University from 1904 to 1914 and 1918-1935 . He designed and built an electrometer which could detect the presence of energetic charged particles ( or electromagnetic waves ) . Since natural radiation sources on the ground were detected by his electrometer , he predicted that if he moved far enough away from those sources he would detect less radiation .   To test his hypothesis , in 1910 he compared the radiation at the bottom and the top of the Eiffel Tower . He found that the ionisation fell from 6 ions cm − 3 to 3.5 ions cm − 3 as he ascended the Eiffel Tower ( 330m ) . If the ionisation had been due to γ-rays originating at the surface of the Earth , the intensity of ions should have halved in 80m . Energy was coming from outside the Earth 's atmosphere and being detected by his device ; this radiation was from cosmic rays . He published a paper in Physikalische Zeitschrift detailing the results of his four days of observation on the Eiffel Tower . His results were not initially accepted .

negative: Black body A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation , regardless of frequency or angle of incidence . A white body is one with a `` rough surface -LSB- that -RSB- reflects all incident rays completely and uniformly in all directions . ''   A black body in thermal equilibrium ( that is , at a constant temperature ) emits electromagnetic radiation called black-body radiation . The radiation is emitted according to Planck 's law , meaning that it has a spectrum that is determined by the temperature alone ( see figure at right ) , not by the body 's shape or composition .   A black body in thermal equilibrium has two notable properties :  It is an ideal emitter : at every frequency , it emits as much energy as -- or more energy than -- any other body at the same temperature .  It is a diffuse emitter : the energy is radiated isotropically , independent of direction .   An approximate realization of a black surface is a hole in the wall of a large enclosure . Any light entering the hole is reflected indefinitely or absorbed inside and is unlikely to re-emerge , making the hole a nearly perfect absorber . The radiation confined in such an enclosure may or may not be in thermal equilibrium , depending upon the nature of the walls and the other contents of the enclosure .   Real materials emit energy at a fraction -- called the emissivity -- of black-body energy levels . By definition , a black body in thermal equilibrium has an emissivity of . A source with lower emissivity independent of frequency often is referred to as a gray body .  Construction of black bodies with emissivity as close to one as possible remains a topic of current interest .   In astronomy , the radiation from stars and planets is sometimes characterized in terms of an effective temperature , the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total flux of electromagnetic energy .

negative: Water vapor windows In the Earth 's atmosphere , water vapor absorbs many wavelengths of IR energy , while others are not absorbed . Those sections of the Electromagnetic spectrum that it does not absorb , are like windows in the atmosphere , allowing electromagnetic energy to flow freely in and out of the system . Like a window , that allows light to enter and leave . Originally discovered by John Tyndall , most of the infrared coming from the Universe is blocked , absorbed by water vapor ( and other greenhouse gases ) in the Earth 's atmosphere . Those wavelength ranges that can partially reach the surface , are coming through what is called ` water vapor windows ' . These windows are how Astronomers can view the Universe with IR telescopes , called Infrared astronomy . These windows also allow orbiting satellites to measure the IR energy leaving the planet , the SSTs and other important matters . See Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water #Atmospheric _ effects .

negative: Radiation zone A radiation zone , radiative zone or radiative region is a layer of a star 's interior where energy is primarily transported toward the exterior by means of radiative diffusion and thermal conduction , rather than by convection . Energy travels through the radiation zone in the form of electromagnetic radiation as photons .   Matter in a radiation zone is so dense that photons can travel only a short distance before they are absorbed or scattered by another particle , gradually shifting to longer wavelength as they do so . For this reason , it takes an average of 171,000 years for gamma rays from the core of the Sun to leave the radiation zone . Over this range , the temperature of the plasma drops from 15 million K near the core down to 1.5 million K at the base of the convection zone .   In a radiative zone , the temperature gradient -- the change in temperature ( T ) as a function of radius ( r ) -- is given by :     where κ ( r ) is the opacity , ρ ( r ) is the matter density , L ( r ) is the luminosity , and σ is the Stefan -- Boltzmann constant . Hence the opacity and radiation flux ( L ) within a given layer of a star are important factors in determining how effective radiative diffusion is at transporting energy . A high opacity or high luminosity can cause a high temperature gradient , which results from a slow flow of energy . Those layers where convection is more effective than radiative diffusion at transporting energy , thereby creating a lower temperature gradient , will become convection zones .

negative: Atmosphere of the Moon The atmosphere of the Moon is a very scant presence of gases surrounding the Moon . For most practical purposes , the Moon is considered to be surrounded by vacuum . The elevated presence of atomic and molecular particles in its vicinity compared to interplanetary medium , referred to as `` lunar atmosphere '' for scientific objectives , is negligible in comparison with the gaseous envelopes surrounding Earth and most planets of the Solar System . The pressure of this small mass is around 3e-15 atm , varying throughout the day , and in total weighs less than 10 metric tonnes . Otherwise , the Moon is considered not to have an atmosphere because it can not absorb measurable quantities of radiation , does not appear layered or self-circulating , and requires constant replenishment due to the high rate at which its gases are lost to space .

negative: Effective temperature The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation . Effective temperature is often used as an estimate of a body 's surface temperature when the body 's emissivity curve ( as a function of wavelength ) is not known .   When the star 's or planet 's net emissivity in the relevant wavelength band is less than unity ( less than that of a black body ) , the actual temperature of the body will be higher than the effective temperature . The net emissivity may be low due to surface or atmospheric properties , including greenhouse effect .

negative: Theta Librae θ Librae ( latinised as Theta Librae ) is a giant star in the southern zodiac constellation of Libra . It is located about 163 ly from the Earth and has an estimated mass about 84 % greater than the Sun . This star is radiating about 35 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of about 4,700 K.

negative: Trombe wall A Trombe wall is a passive solar building design where a wall is built on the winter sun side of a building with a glass external layer and a high heat capacity internal layer separated by a layer of air . Light close to UV in the electromagnetic spectrum passes through the glass almost unhindered then is absorbed by the wall that then re-radiates in the far infrared spectrum which does not pass back through the glass easily , hence heating the inside of the building . Trombe walls are commonly used to absorb heat during sunlit hours of winter then slowly release the heat over night . The essential idea was first explored by Edward S. Morse and patented by him in 1881 . In the 1960s it was fully developed as an architectural element by French engineer Félix Trombe and architect Jacques Michel .   Trombe walls work on the basic greenhouse principle that heat from the sun in the form of near-visible shorter-wavelength higher-energy ultraviolet radiation passes through glass largely unimpeded .   When this radiation strikes objects the energy is absorbed and then re-emitted in the form of longer-wavelength infra-red radiation that does not pass through glass as readily . Hence heat becomes trapped and builds up in an enclosed structure with high internal heat capacity and glass surfaces that face the sun   How effectively objects absorb and shed radiant heat depends on a number of factors ; how dark they are in colour , how directly the surface of the object is opposed to the angle of the radiation striking it , how matte or reflective its surface is , the heat capacity of the object , and the surface conductivity of the object .  For Trombe walls to work effectively they are made from high heat capacity materials such as concrete or water , whose surface is dark and matte in colour and placed in direct opposition to the sun striking them .   The clearer the glass in front of a Trombe wall appears in the UV spectrum the more short wave radiation will penetrate and the more reflective or non transparent the glass appears in the infra-red spectrum the less re-emitted heat will be escape .

negative: Gebhart factor The Gebhart factors are used in radiative heat transfer , it is a means to describe the ratio of radiation absorbed by any other surface versus the total emitted radiation from given surface . As such , it becomes the radiation exchange factor between a number of surfaces . The Gebhart factors calculation method is supported in several radiation heat transfer tools , such as TMG and TRNSYS .   The method was introduced by Benjamin Gebhart in 1957 . Although a requirement is the calculation of the view factors beforehand , it requires less computational power , compared to using ray tracing with the Monte Carlo Method ( MCM ) . Alternative methods are to look at the radiosity , which Hottel and others build upon .

negative: Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment ( SORCE ) is a NASA-sponsored satellite mission that measures incoming X-ray , ultraviolet , visible , near-infrared , and total solar radiation . These measurements specifically address long-term climate change , natural variability and enhanced climate prediction , and atmospheric ozone and UV-B radiation . These measurements are critical to studies of the Sun , its effect on our Earth system and its influence on humankind . The SORCE spacecraft launched on January 25 , 2003 on a Pegasus XL launch vehicle to provide NASA 's Earth Science Enterprise ( ESE ) with precise measurements of solar radiation .   SORCE measures the Sun 's output using radiometers , spectrometers , photodiodes , detectors , and bolometers mounted on a satellite observatory . The SORCE satellite orbits the Earth accumulating solar data . Spectral measurements identify the irradiance of the Sun by characterizing the Sun 's energy and emissions in the form of color that can then be translated into quantities and elements of matter . Data obtained by the SORCE experiment can be used to model the Sun 's output and to explain and predict the effect of the Sun 's radiation on the Earth 's atmosphere and climate .   Flying in a 645 km , 40 degree orbit , SORCE is operated by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics ( LASP ) at the University of Colorado at Boulder , Colorado . It will continue the precise measurements of total solar irradiance that began with the ERB instrument in 1979 and has continued to the present with the ACRIM series of measurements . SORCE will also provide the measurements of the solar spectral irradiance from 1 nm to 2000 nm , accounting for 95 % of the spectral contribution to the total solar irradiance . SORCE carries four instruments including the Total Irradiance Monitor ( TIM ) , Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment ( SOLSTICE ) , Spectral Irradiance Monitor ( SIM ) , and the XUV Photometer System ( XPS ) .

negative: Pyrgeometer A pyrgeometer is a device that measures near-surface infra-red radiation spectrum in the wavelength spectrum approximately from 4.5 µm to 100 µm .   It measures the resistance/voltage changes in a material that is sensitive to the net energy transfer by radiation that occurs between itself and its surroundings ( which can be either in or out ) . By also measuring its own temperature and making some assumptions about the nature of its surroundings it can infer a temperature of the local atmosphere with which it is exchanging radiation .   These instruments generally have no spectral ( frequency/wavelength ) measurement capabilities -- they use a single ( non-frequency resolved ) resistance/voltage measurement .  They are constructed to be sensitive to the infra-red radiation spectrum that extends approximately from 4.5 µm to 100 µm , thus excluding the main shortwave ( solar ) spectrum .   Since the mean free path of IR radiation in the atmosphere is ~ 25 meters , this device typically measures IR flux in the nearest 25 meter layer .

negative: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Clouds and the Earth 's Radiant Energy System ( CERES ) is NASA climatological experiment from Earth orbit .  The CERES are scientific satellite instruments , part of the NASA 's Earth Observing System  ( EOS ) , designed to measure both solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation from the top of the atmosphere ( TOA ) to the  Earth 's surface . Cloud properties are determined using simultaneous measurements by other EOS instruments such as the  Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS ) . Results from the CERES and other NASA missions , such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment ( ERBE ) ,  could lead to a better understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in global climate change .


query: Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat "both to the economy and national security."

positive: First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency The first 100 days of Donald Trump 's presidency began with his inauguration as the 45th President of the United States , which occurred at noon on January 20 , 2017 . The 48th Vice President of the United States , Mike Pence , was inaugurated on the same day . The 100th day of Trump 's presidency was April 29 , 2017 . Trump first announced his plan for the first hundred days of his presidency in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , on October 23 , 2016 , before the election .   One of Trump 's major accomplishments , made as part of a `` 100-day pledge '' , was the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Structurally , President Trump had the advantage of a Republican Party majority in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate , but was unable to fulfill his major pledges in his first 100 days and had an approval rating of between 40 and 42 percent , `` the lowest for any first-term president at this point in his tenure '' . Although he tried to make progress on one of his key economic policies -- the dismantling of the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act -- his failure to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) in the first 100 days was a major setback . He reversed his position on a number of issues including labeling China as a currency manipulator , NATO , launching the 2017 Shayrat missile strike without congressional approval , the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , renomination of Janet Yellen as Chair of the Federal Reserve , and the nomination of Export-Import Bank directors . Supporters claimed that as the first to have been elected President in present times who has held neither military or political office , he therefore faced a steep learning curve . Trump 's approval among his base was high , with 96 % of those who voted for him saying in an April 2017 poll that they would vote for him again .   Near the end of the 100 days , the Trump administration introduced a broad outline of a sweeping tax reform focusing on deep tax cuts . While it is intended to encourage economic growth , there were concerns from some members of the United States Congress about raising the national deficit . In spite of the sharp decline in gross domestic product ( GDP ) in the first quarter of 2017 -- representing the weakest quarterly economic growth in three years -- the S&P 500 was near an all-time high , representing a 12 % rise from the first quarter of 2016 , as investor confidence remained elevated . Although Trump had to concede to delay funding for the U.S. -- Mexico border wall he had promised , narrowly avoiding a government shutdown a few days before the end of the first 100 days , his rhetoric may have contributed to a sharp drop in the number of illegal crossings at the Mexico -- United States border .   Trump signed 24 executive orders in his first 100 days , the most executive orders of any President since World War II . He also signed 22 presidential memoranda , 20 presidential proclamations , and 28 bills . About a dozen of those bills roll-back regulations finalized during the last months of his immediate predecessor Barack Obama 's presidency using the Congressional Review Act . Most of the other bills are `` small-scale measures that appoint personnel , name federal facilities or modify existing programs . '' None of Trump 's bills are considered to be `` major bills '' -- based on a `` longstanding political-science standard for ` major bills ' . '' Presidential historian Michael Beschloss said that `` based on a legislative standard '' -- which is what the first 100 days has been judged on since the tenure of President Franklin Roosevelt , who enacted 76 laws in 100 days including nine that were `` major '' -- `` Trump is really pretty low down on the list . ''

positive: Climate change policy of the United States Global climate change was first addressed in United States policy beginning in the early 1960s . The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) defines climate change as `` any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time . '' Essentially , climate change includes major changes in temperature , precipitation , or wind patterns , as well as other effects , that occur over several decades or longer . Climate change policy in the US has transformed rapidly over the past twenty years and is being developed at both the state and federal level . The politics of global warming and climate change have polarized certain political parties and other organizations . This article focuses on climate change policy within the United States , as well as exploring the positions of various parties and the influences on policy making and environmental justice repercussions .

positive: Donald Trump Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current President of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality .   Trump was born and raised in Queens , New York City , and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School . He then took charge of The Trump Organization , the real estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother , which he ran for 45 years until 2016 . During his real estate career , Trump built , renovated , and managed numerous office towers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Besides real estate , he started several side ventures and has licensed the use of his name for the branding of various products and properties , including Trump Entertainment Resorts , Trump Steaks , and Trump Vodka . He was the founder of Trump University . He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015 , and he produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television series on NBC , from 2004 to 2015 . His net worth was estimated to be $ 3.5 billion , making him the 544th richest person in the world .   Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for political office in 1987 . He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000 , but withdrew his candidacy early on . In June 2015 , he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among seventeen candidates in the Republican primaries . His remaining opponents all suspended their campaigns by the end of May 2016 , and in July he was formally nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate . Many of his campaign statements were controversial or false , generating much free media coverage .   Trump won the general election on November 8 , 2016 , in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton and commenced his presidency on January 20 , 2017 . He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency , the first without prior military or government service , and the fifth to have won the election while losing the popular vote . His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist , protectionist , and nationalist .

negative: Sherri W. Goodman Sherri W. Goodman ( born April 9 , 1959 ) is an executive , policymaker , and lawyer with focus on science , technology , national security , energy , and environment . Goodman currently serves as President & Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) of the Consortium for Ocean Leadership , a Washington , D.C. based non-profit organization that represents the leading public and private ocean research education institutions , aquaria and industry with the mission to shape the future of ocean science and technology . As CEO , Goodman leads the Consortium efforts to address the challenges facing coastal and inland communities and to support the ocean 's role in protecting health , the economy , food supplies , and national security . This appointment by the Consortium for Ocean Leadership 's Board of Trustees became effective on February 17 , 2015 .   Prior to joining the Consortium for Ocean Leadership , Goodman served as Senior Vice President , General Counsel , and Corporate Secretary of CNA , an American non-profit organization providing research , analyses , and policy recommendations for national security and public sector leaders . CNA conducts operations research and systems analysis for a wide variety of national security and other organizations . She was the Executive Director of CNA 's Military Advisory Board , which she founded in 2006 , and which is noteworthy for issuing some of the earliest reports establishing climate change as a national security concern . The CNA Military Advisory Board has characterized climate change as a `` threat multiplier '' for instability in fragile regions of the world .

negative: Operation Free Operation Free is a coalition of veterans and national security organizations founded in August 2009 by the Truman National Security Project , The National Security Initiative , VoteVets.org , and VetPAC . Operation Free , in collaboration with other organizations , works to raise awareness , among policymakers and the public , of the national security threat posed by climate change and the United States ' reliance on oil .

negative: Michael Anton Michael Anton ( born 1970 ) is a senior national security official in the Trump administration . He is best known for his pseudonymous essays written during the 2016 Presidential campaign in which he supported Donald Trump and collaborated on the pro-Trump Journal of American Greatness blog . Anton was named Deputy Assistant to the President for Strategic Communications on the United States National Security Council . He is a former speechwriter for Rudy Giuliani and George W. Bush 's National Security Council , and has worked as director of communications at investment bank Citigroup and as managing director of investing firm BlackRock .

negative: Timeline of the Trump presidency, 2017 Q1 The following is a timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump during the first quarter of 2017 .   Other articles relating to Donald Trump 's post-election activities are :  Presidential transition of Donald Trump  First 100 days of Donald Trump 's presidency  List of executive actions by Donald Trump  List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump ( international trips )

negative: Keith Kellogg Joseph Keith Kellogg Jr. ( born May 12 , 1944 ) , known as Keith Kellogg , is a retired Lieutenant General in the United States Army who is currently serving as the Chief of Staff of the United States National Security Council in the Trump administration . Notably , he served as National Security Advisor on an acting basis following the resignation of Michael T. Flynn .   President Donald Trump put Kellogg in charge of the presidential transition agency action team for defense . He was named a foreign policy advisor to then-presidential candidate Trump in March 2016 .

negative: Kalpesh Mehta Kalpesh J Mehta is the managing partner of Tribeca Developers which is responsible for supporting the Trump brand in India . Delloite lists him as a `` Country Leader for Investment Management '' for India .   Donald Trump met Kalpesh Mehta with Atul Chordia and Sagar Chordia and at the Trump Tower , New York on November 15 , 2016 at noon ( US time ) and discussed the Indian economy and Narendra Modi , India 's Prime Minister . Ivanka Trump , Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr , were also present .

negative: Matthew Pottinger Matthew Pottinger is a former journalist and U.S. Marine Corps officer who is currently serving in the U.S. National Security Council of the administration of Donald Trump .

negative: Ricky L. Waddell Ricky L. Waddell is a Major General in the United States Army Reserve who is currently serving as the Deputy National Security Adviser to President Donald Trump .

negative: Repeal of the Implementation of the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 The Repeal of the `` Implementation of the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 '' was legislation introduced in the United States House of Representatives on January 30 , 2017 by Representative Sam Johnson of Texas . The bill repeals a rule issued by the Social Security Administration that would have required Federal agencies to identify individuals who receive disability insurance benefits under Title II of the Social Security Act or Supplemental Security Income in order to potentially prohibit such individuals from purchasing firearms . The repeal was signed into law by President Donald Trump on February 28 , 2017 .

negative: Jason Greenblatt Jason Dov Greenblatt ( born 1967 ) is an American lawyer . He was the executive vice president and chief legal officer to Donald Trump and The Trump Organization , and his advisor on Israel . In January 2017 , he was appointed as the United States Special Representative for International Negotiations by President Donald Trump .

negative: Keith Schiller Keith Schiller is the current Director of Oval Office Operations . Prior to appointment in the Trump administration , Schiller worked as the Director of Security for The Trump Organization and was the personal bodyguard to Donald Trump .

negative: Bill Stepien Bill Stepien ( born 1978 ) is the current White House political director . Stepien managed both of Chris Christie 's gubernatorial campaigns and served as his Deputy Chief of Staff before being fired in 2014 after Christie said he `` lost confidence '' in Stepien 's judgment .   After Donald Trump secured the Republican nomination , he joined the presidential campaign in August 2016 and was later named the White House political director during the Trump presidential transition .

negative: Donald Trump (Last Week Tonight) `` Donald Trump '' is a segment of the HBO news satire series Last Week Tonight with John Oliver , devoted to Donald Trump , who later became the President of the United States . It was first aired on February 28 , 2016 , as part of the third episode of the third season , when Trump was the frontrunner for the Republican Party nomination for the presidency . During the 22-minute segment , comedian John Oliver discusses Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign and his career in business , outlining his campaign rhetoric , varying political positions and failed business ventures . He also says the Trump family name was changed at one point from the ancestral name `` Drumpf '' .   The segment , which is the show 's most viewed to date , popularized the term `` Donald Drumpf '' -- which as Oliver stated , was coined with the intent to uncouple the grandeur of the last name so Trump 's supporters would be able to better acknowledge his political and entrepreneurial flaws , and started a campaign urging viewers to `` Make Donald Drumpf Again '' -- a play on Trump 's own campaign slogan , `` Make America Great Again '' . To date , this is the only episode in which Oliver has described Trump explicitly as `` Drumpf . ''

negative: Sally Yates Sally Caroline Yates ( née Quillian ; born August 20 , 1960 ) is an American lawyer . She served as a United States Attorney and later United States Deputy Attorney General , having been appointed to both positions by President Barack Obama .   Following the inauguration of Donald Trump and the departure of Attorney General Loretta Lynch , Yates served as Acting Attorney General from January 20 , 2017 , until being dismissed by President Trump on January 30 , 2017 , following her instruction to the Justice Department not to defend Trump 's immigration-related executive order in court .

negative: Data rescue Data Rescue is a name for both a movement among scientists , researchers and others and the processes they use to preserve primarily government-hosted data sets , often scientific in nature , to ward off their removal from publicly available websites . While the concept of preserving federal data existed before , it gained new impetus with the election in 2016 of U.S. President Donald Trump .   The concept of harvesting and preserving federal web pages began as early as 2008 , at the conclusion of President George W. Bush 's second term , under the name `` End of Term Presidential Harvest . ''   Soon after Trump 's election , scientists , librarians and others in the U.S. and Canada -- fearing that the administration of Trump ( who had expressed doubts about the validity of the scientific consensus on the existence of climate change ) would act to remove scientific data from government websites -- began working to preserve that data .   In quick order , the concept of Data Rescue became a grassroots movement , with organized `` hackathon '' events at cities across the U.S. and elsewhere , often hosted at universities and other institutions of higher education . Among the projects involved are the DataRefuge Project and the Environmental Data and Governance Initiative .

negative: Cabinet of Donald Trump This article lists the members of President Donald Trump 's Cabinet . Trump assumed office on January 20 , 2017 .   The President of the United States has the authority to nominate members of his or her Cabinet to the United States Senate for confirmation under Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution . Before confirmation , a high level career member of an executive department heads this pre-confirmed cabinet on an acting basis . The Cabinet 's creation is part of the transition of power following the 2016 United States presidential election .   This page documents the confirmation process for any successful or unsuccessful cabinet nominees of Donald Trump 's administration . They are listed in order of creation of the cabinet position ( also used as the basis for the United States presidential line of succession ) .

negative: Lion Guard The Lion Guard ( also known as the `` Lions of Trump '' or the `` Lion 's Guard Militia '' ) was a paramilitary far-right wing political group that was formed in 2016 in order to provide self-imposed security ( outside of private security and professional law enforcement ) at the rallies of Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump . At its height , the group had a reported membership of just over five hundred , although it boasted several hundred more followers on Facebook and Twitter .

negative: List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump This is a list of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump , the 45th president of the United States . Donald Trump Trump has made one foreign trip since he assumed the office of presidency on January 20 , 2017 . The number of visits per country where he travelled are :  One visit to Belgium , Israel , Saudi Arabia , Vatican City and the West Bank .  Two visits to Italy  In March 2017 , Trump vowed to limit his foreign travels in order to focus on domestic issues .

negative: Donald Trump presidential campaign There have been three presidential campaigns waged by Donald Trump for President of the United States . He has additionally mused about running on several other occasions .   Donald Trump presidential campaign may refer to :  Donald Trump presidential campaign , 2000 ( Trump 2000 ) -LSB- unsuccessful -RSB-  Donald Trump presidential campaign , 2016 ( Trump 2016 ) -LSB- successful -RSB- Donald Trump becomes the 45th U.S. President  Donald Trump presidential campaign , 2020 ( Trump 2020 ) -LSB- underway -RSB- Donald Trump bids to become re-elected as U.S. President

negative: Trump Mortgage Trump Mortgage LLC was an American financial services company founded by Donald Trump and E.J. Ridings , who served as president and chief executive officer ( CEO ) . Trump Mortgage operated out of the headquarters for Trump Organization at 40 Wall Street in New York City .   Donald Trump appeared on CNBC in April 2006 representing Trump Mortgage and made the statement , `` I think it 's a great time to start a mortgage company -LSB- ... -RSB- the real estate market is going to be very strong for a long time to come . '' In his autobiography Trump 101 : The Way to Success Trump writes , `` I expect -LSB- Trump Mortgage -RSB- to be an effective company , and it makes sense . A lot of things I am doing now are things I thought of but had to postpone until the time was right . ''   The chief executive officer of Trump Mortgage was E.J. Ridings , who was introduced to Donald Trump by his son , Donald Trump , Jr. . According to former Trump Mortgage manager Jan Scheck , who left the company after one year , Ridings lacked leadership . In December 2006 , it was reported that Ridings had exaggerated and invented items on his resume .   In 2007 , Trump Mortgage folded operations and Donald Trump licensed his name to First Meridian Mortgage . David Brecher was tapped to run the firm , which became known as Trump Financial . After a few years Trump Financial shuttered .   Ms. Jennifer McGovern , a former employee of Trump Mortgage , brokered a $ 26,500,000 financing , which earned more than $ 500,000 in commissions for Trump Mortgage . Trump Mortgage collected their commission , but stiffed McGovern . McGovern filed a lawsuit and , in 2009 , obtained a judgment of US$ 298,274 against Trump Mortgage . To date , the judgment remains unsatisfied .   A U.S. Department of the Treasury tax lien was implemented on Trump Mortgage in 2009 for US$ 3,555 in unpaid taxes .

negative: High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change The United Nations ' High-level Panel on Threats , Challenges and Change was created in 2003 to analyse threats and challenges to international peace and security , and to recommend action based on this analysis . It was chaired by former Prime Minister of Thailand Anand Panyarachun , and its members included former United States National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft , as well as several former heads of government and foreign ministers as members . In December 2004 , it produced a report on threats to peace and security .

negative: David Glawe David Glawe is an American government official . Currently serving as the Assistant Commissioner at U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis , he is President Donald Trump 's nominee to become Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis in the United States Department of Homeland Security .   Glawe started his career as a police officer with the Houston Police Department . He has served as Deputy National Intelligence Manager for Threat Finance and Transnational Organized Crime at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence , as a counter-terrorism special agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and as a federal agent with the United States Postal Inspection Service . He has also served as acting Under Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis at the Department of Homeland Security .

negative: Rogue Twitter accounts Following the election of Donald Trump as the 45th President of United States a ` Resist ' movement began for those in opposition to his presidency . Employees within government organisations and departments took to Twitter to anonymously voice their opposition using accounts that are typically prefixed with either Rogue or Alt . Alice Stollmeyer has dubbed this Twitter resistance movement '' #twistance '' . It 's thought that the Badlands Park Service were the first to create a ` rogue account ' in opposition to President Trump 's assertion that Climate Change was n't real .

negative: River of Blood (monument) The River of Blood monument is a monument located on a golf course on Lowes Island , Virginia , owned by US President Donald Trump . A plaque signed with Trump 's name states that the monument marks the site of numerous deaths in the American Civil War , but no battle or other event with mass casualties took place there .

negative: List of things named after Donald Trump The following things are named after Donald Trump , an American businessman , politician , real estate developer , and the 45th President of the United States , who licenses his name for use on a variety of products .   Some of the items listed are owned by The Trump Organization , of which he is the owner .

negative: Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel The Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel , or `` ISCAP '' , provides the public and users of the classification system with a forum for further review of classification decisions . ISCAP states in order to foster a well-informed public while simultaneously protecting national security interests , checks and balances are needed over the classification system . This requires that some of the work of the U.S. Government be done outside the purview of its citizenry .   The ISCAP was created under Executive Order 12958 , `` Classified National Security Information , '' when it was signed on April 17 , 1995 and held its first meeting in May 1996 . Today the ISCAP receives its guidelines from Executive Order 13526 of December 29 , 2009 , which superseded Executive Order 12958 and its amendments in full on June 25 , 2010 .

negative: Simon Dalby Simon Dalby is an Irish born academic and CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs . Dalby works in the disciplines of environmental security and critical geopolitics .

negative: Never Enough: Donald Trump and the Pursuit of Success Never Enough : Donald Trump and the Pursuit of Success is a 2015 biography of Donald Trump by Michael D'Antonio , who interviewed Trump prior to writing the book .

negative: Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate Change See Also : climate change mitigation , emissions trading .   The Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate ( MEF ) was launched on March 28 , 2009 . The MEF is intended to facilitate a candid dialogue among major developed and developing economies , help generate the political leadership necessary to achieve a successful outcome at the December UN climate change conference in Copenhagen , and advance the exploration of concrete initiatives and joint ventures that increase the supply of clean energy while cutting greenhouse gas emissions .   The 17 major economies are : Australia , Brazil , Canada , China , the European Union , France , Germany , India , Indonesia , Italy , Japan , South Korea , Mexico , Russia , South Africa , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Denmark , in its capacity as the President of the December 2009 Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change , and the United Nations have also participated in this dialogue along with Observers .

negative: Darrell C. Scott Darrell C. Scott is an American pastor and a member of President Donald Trump 's executive transition team .

negative: Eric Trump Eric Frederick Trump ( born January 6 , 1984 ) is an American businessman , philanthropist , and former reality TV personality . He is the third child and second son of the President of the United States , Donald Trump , and Ivana Trump . Alongside his older brother Donald Trump Jr. , he serves as a trustee of The Trump Organization . A longtime executive vice president of the firm , Trump and his brother are running the company during their father 's administration . From 2007 to 2016 , he founded and led The Eric Trump Foundation , a charity that raised money for St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital .

negative: Climate change and poverty In an ever-progressing world with an increasing demand for energy and animal agriculture , it is difficult to avoid climate change and its impacts on societies both locally and globally . Climate change affects social development factors , such as , poverty , infrastructure , technology , security , and economics across the globe . Although climate change affects everything we see around us , the interrelation between climate change and social vulnerability and inequality is particularly evident in impoverished communities . In particular , impoverished communities experience reductions in safe drinking water as well as food security as a result of climate change ( OECD 2013 ) . These typically rural , isolated communities do not exhibit sufficient financial and technical capacities to manage the risks associated with climate change ( climate risk ) ( Skoufias 2012 ) . Energy development and policy alteration could adjust the severity of climate change impacts ; this is being tested now , as renewable energy sources develop .