query: Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.

positive: Gondwana In paleogeography , Gondwana ( -LSB- pronɡɒndˈwɑːnə -RSB- ) , also Gondwanaland , is the name given to an ancient supercontinent . It is believed to have sutured about , joining East Gondwana to West Gondwana . Gondwana formed prior to Pangaea , and later became part of it .   Around , Gondwana and Laurasia joined together to form the supercontinent Pangaea , which existed until approximately . Gondwana then separated from Laurasia ( the mid-Mesozoic era ) in the breakup of Pangaea , drifting farther south after the split . Gondwana itself then also broke apart .   Gondwana included most of the landmasses in today 's Southern Hemisphere , including Antarctica , South America , Africa , Madagascar , and the Australian continent , as well as the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent , which have now moved entirely into the Northern Hemisphere .   The continent of Gondwana was named by Austrian scientist Eduard Suess , after the Gondwana region of central northern India which is derived from Sanskrit for `` forest of the Gonds '' . The name had been previously used in a geological context , first by H.B. Medlicott in 1872 , from which the Gondwana sedimentary sequences ( Permian-Triassic ) are also described .   The adjective `` Gondwanan '' is in common use in biogeography when referring to patterns of distribution of living organisms , typically when the organisms are restricted to two or more of the now-discontinuous regions that were once part of Gondwana , including the Antarctic flora . For example , the plant family Proteaceae , known only from southern South America , South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand , is considered to have a `` Gondwanan distribution '' . This pattern is often considered to indicate an archaic , or relict , lineage .

positive: Supercontinent In geology , a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth 's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass . However , the definition of a supercontinent can be ambiguous . Many earth scientists use the term `` supercontinent '' to mean `` a clustering of nearly all continents '' . This definition leaves room for interpretation when labeling a continental body and is easier to apply to Precambrian times . Using the first definition provided here , Gondwana is not considered a supercontinent , because the landmasses of Baltica , Laurentia and Siberia also existed at the same time but physically separate from each other . The landmass of Pangaea is the collective name describing all of these continental masses when they were most recently in proximity to one another . This would classify Pangaea as a supercontinent . According to the modern definitions , a supercontinent does not exist today . Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past ( see table ) . The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early Jurassic . However , beyond , continental positions are much less certain .

positive: Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a colorless gas with a density about 60 % higher than that of air ( 1.225 g/L ) that is odorless at normally encountered concentrations . Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms . It occurs naturally in Earth 's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent ( 400 ppm ) by volume . Natural sources include volcanoes , hot springs and geysers , and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids . Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water , it occurs naturally in groundwater , rivers and lakes , ice caps , glaciers and seawater . It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas .   As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth and its concentration in Earth 's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian has been regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena . Plants , algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water , with oxygen produced as a waste product .   Carbon dioxide is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration . It is returned to water via the gills of fish and to the air via the lungs of air-breathing land animals , including humans . Carbon dioxide is produced during the processes of decay of organic materials and the fermentation of sugars in bread , beer and winemaking . It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal , peat , petroleum and natural gas .   It is a versatile industrial material , used , for example , as an inert gas in welding and fire extinguishers , as a pressurizing gas in air guns and oil recovery , as a chemical feedstock and in liquid form as a solvent in decaffeination of coffee and supercritical drying . It is added to drinking water and carbonated beverages including beer and sparkling wine to add effervescence . The frozen solid form of , known as `` dry ice '' is used as a refrigerant and as an abrasive in dry-ice blasting .   Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth 's atmosphere . Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions - primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation - have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere , leading to global warming . Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid .

positive: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Carbon dioxide is an important trace gas in Earth 's atmosphere . Currently it constitutes about 0.041 % ( equal to 410 parts per million ; ppm ) by volume of the atmosphere . Despite its relatively small concentration is a potent greenhouse gas and plays a vital role in regulating Earth 's surface temperature through radiative forcing and the greenhouse effect . Reconstructions show that concentrations of in the atmosphere have varied , ranging from as high as 7,000 ppm during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years .   Carbon dioxide is an integral part of the carbon cycle , a biogeochemical cycle in which carbon is exchanged between the Earth 's oceans , soil , rocks and the biosphere . Plants and other photoautotrophs use solar energy to produce carbohydrate from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis . Almost all other organisms depend on carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis as their primary source of energy and carbon compounds .   The current episode of global warming is attributed to increasing emissions of and other greenhouse gases into Earth 's atmosphere . The global annual mean concentration of in the atmosphere has increased by more than 40 % since the start of the Industrial Revolution , from 280 ppm , the level it had for the last 10,000 years leading up to the mid-18th century , to 399 ppm as of 2015 . The present concentration is the highest in at least the past 800,000 years and likely the highest in the past 20 million years . The increase has been caused by anthropogenic sources , particularly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation . The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 . It is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating . An estimated 30 -- 40 % of the released by humans into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans , rivers and lakes , which contributes to ocean acidification .

negative: Alpha Wind Casimcea Wind Farm The Wind Farm Casimcea is an under construction wind power project in Tulcea County , Romania . It will consist of an individual wind farm with 77 individual wind turbines with a nominal output of around 2,3-3 MW which will deliver up to 688 000 000 kWh of power , enough to power over 445,000 homes , with a capital investment required of approximately $ 300 million .

negative: Gondwana Research Gondwana Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal with an `` all earth science '' scope and an emphasis on the origin and evolution of continents .

negative: Gondwana (disambiguation) Gondwana may refer to :   Gondwana , a super continent also known as Gondwanaland  Gondwana Game Reserve , a game reserve in the Western Cape of South Africa  Gondwana ( India ) , region also known as Gondaranya  Gondwana ( band ) , Chilean reggae group  Gondwanaland ( Australian band ) , Australian world music band , also known as Gondwanaland Project , Gondwana , and Charlie McMahon and Gondwana  Gondwanaland , a 1988 album by the above group  Gondwanaland ( album ) , an album by Steroid Maximus  Gondwana ( composition ) , musical composition by Tristan Murail  Gondwana , a song on live album Pangaea by Miles Davis  Gondwana-1 , a submarine communications cable between Australia and New Caledonia  Gondwana Choirs , an Australian National Children 's Choir  MV Gondwana , a ship that belonged to Greenpeace

negative: Gualicho Gualicho ( named in reference to the gualichu ) is a genus of theropod dinosaur . The type species is Gualicho shinyae . Gualicho lived in what is now northern Patagonia , on what was then a South American island continent split off from the supercontinent Gondwana . The fossils were found in the Huincul Formation , dating to the late Cenomanian-early Turonian age of the upper Cretaceous Period , around 93 million years ago .

negative: Georgians in France Ethnic Georgians in France were   - less than 2 000 from 1922 to 1939 ,   - around 10 000 ( 500 students , 2 000 asylum refugees and 8 000 legal residents ) at the end of 2013 .

negative: Carbon cycle re-balancing The carbon cycle is the process by which carbon is exchanged between the four reservoirs of carbon : the biosphere , the earth , the air and water . Exchanges take place in several ways , including respiration , transpiration , combustion , and decomposition . The carbon balance , or carbon budget , is the balance of exchange between the four reservoirs .   Debate about 're - balancing the carbon cycle ' arises from a concern that use of fossil fuels , which has accelerated since the start of the industrial revolution , has caused carbon to accumulate in the atmosphere . Levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are estimated to have risen from 280 ppm to almost 400 ppm since 1800 and this is linked to global warming . It is therefore argued that the carbon cycle should be re-balanced by reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere .   ` Carbon cycle re-balancing ' is a useful name for a group of environmental policies listed below . The name gives a specific reason for adopting these policies . Related names , including pleas for sustainable development and participation in the green movement are politics-based rather than science-based .   Carbon offset - for example by photosynthesis ( e.g. in new forests )  Carbon capture and storage - extraction of CO2 and placing it underground or underwater  Carbon capture and transformation - extraction of CO2 and reacting it with hydrogen via renewable energy electrolysis to create methane as an energy store/carrier . Low to neutral cycle  Sustainable energy - a shift from fossil fuels energy to wind power and solar power  Nuclear power - as an alternative to fossil fuels  Sustainable design - to reduce inputs and outputs of energy  Sustainable transport - to reduce reliance on fossil fuels   Burning domestic refuse to generate power can be promoted as a recycling , and therefore sustainable , policy . But from a carbon cycle re-balancing standpoint it is better to compost as much domestic refuse as possible .

negative: N-Methylphenethylamine N-Methylphenethylamine ( NMPEA ) is a naturally occurring trace amine neuromodulator in humans that is derived from the trace amine , phenethylamine ( PEA ) . It has been detected in human urine ( < 1 μg over 24 hours ) and is produced by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase with phenethylamine as a substrate . PEA and NMPEA are both alkaloids that are found in a number of different plant species as well . Some Acacia species , such as A. rigidula , contain remarkably high levels of NMPEA ( ~ 2300 -- 5300 ppm ) . NMPEA is also present at low concentrations ( < 10 ppm ) in a wide range of foodstuffs .   NMPEA is a positional isomer of amphetamine .

negative: Presbyterian Church in Rwanda There is a Presbyterian Church in Rwanda which has around 300 ' 000 followers .

negative: Cimmeria (continent) Cimmeria was an ancient continent , or , rather , a string of microcontinents or terranes , that rifted from Gondwana in the Southern Hemisphere and was accreted to Eurasia in the Northern Hemisphere . It consisted of parts of what is today Turkey , Iran , Afghanistan , Tibet , Shan -- Thai , and Malaya . Cimmeria rifted from the Gondwanan shores of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean during the Carboniferous-earliest Permian and as the Neo-Tethys Ocean opened behind it , during the Permian , the Paleo-Tethys closed in front of it . Cimmeria rifted off Gondwana from east to west , from Australia to the eastern Mediterranean .  It stretched across several latitudes and spanned a wide range of climatic zones .

negative: Glossopteridales Glossopteridales is an extinct order of plants belonging to Pteridospermatophyta , or seed ferns , also known as Arberiales and Ottokariales . They arose at the beginning of the Permian on the southern continent of Gondwana , but became extinct before the end of the Permian period . The best known genus is Glossopteris . Other examples are Glossotheca and Vertebraria

negative: Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage ( BECCS ) is a future greenhouse gas mitigation technology which produces negative carbon dioxide emissions by combining bioenergy ( energy from biomass ) use with geologic carbon capture and storage . The concept of BECCS is drawn from the integration of trees and crops , which extract carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) from the atmosphere as they grow , the use of this biomass in processing industries or power plants , and the application of carbon capture and storage via CO2 injection into geological formations . There are other non-BECCS forms of carbon dioxide removal and storage that include technologies such as biochar , carbon dioxide air capture and biomass burial .   According to a recent Biorecro report , there is 550 000 tonnes CO2/year in total BECCS capacity currently operating , divided between three different facilities ( as of January 2012 ) .   In the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , BECCS was indicated as a key technology for reaching low carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration targets . The negative emissions that can be produced by BECCS has been estimated by the Royal Society to be equivalent to a 50 to 150 ppm decrease in global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and according to the International Energy Agency , the BLUE map climate change mitigation scenario calls for more than 2 gigatonnes of negative CO2 emissions per year with BECCS in 2050 . According to Stanford University , 10 gigatonnes is achievable by this date .   The Imperial College London , the UK Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research , the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research , the Walker Institute for Climate System Research , and the Grantham Institute for Climate Change issued a joint report on carbon dioxide removal technologies as part of the AVOID : Avoiding dangerous climate change research program , stating that `` Overall , of the technologies studied in this report , BECCS has the greatest maturity and there are no major practical barriers to its introduction into today 's energy system . The presence of a primary product will support early deployment . ''   According to the OECD , `` Achieving lower concentration targets ( 450 ppm ) depends significantly on the use of BECCS '' .

negative: Estonian national road 3 Põhimaantee 3 ( ofcl . abbr . T3 ) is a 220-kilometre-long north-south national main road in Estonia . The route follows the same path as the European route E264 . The highway starts in Jõhvi . From there the main cities passed are Ahtme ( administratively Kohtla-Järve ) and Tartu . The highway ends in Valga on the intersection with the T6 .   The road forms a major transport north-south transport route within Estonia , as it provides a direct connection between north-eastern Estonia and southern Estonia ( Narva border crossing and Latvia ) In 2015 , the highest traffic volumes were around Jõhvi , with the AADT there being around 17 000 . The figures rise again around Tartu , hovering around 10 000 . The road is a 1 +1 road for its entire length .

negative: Carbonate hardness Carbonate hardness , or carbonate alkalinity is a measure of the alkalinity of water caused by the presence of carbonate and bicarbonate anions . Carbonate hardness is usually expressed either as parts per million ( ppm or mg/L ) , or in degree KH ( dKH ) ( from the German `` Karbonathärte '' ) . One degree KH is equal to 17.848 mg/l ( ppm ) , e.g. one degree KH corresponds to the carbonate and bicarbonate ions found in a solution of approximately 17.848 milligrams of calcium carbonate per litre of water ( 17.848 ppm ) . Both measurements ( mg/L or KH ) are usually expressed as mg/L -- meaning the concentration of carbonate expressed as if calcium carbonate were the sole source of carbonate ions .   Carbonate and bicarbonate anions contribute to alkalinity due to their basic nature , hence their ability to neutralize acid . Mathematically , the carbonate anion concentration is counted twice due to its ability to neutralize two protons , while bicarbonate is counted once as it can neutralize one proton . Therefore , bicarbonates that are present in the water are converted to an equivalent concentration of carbonates when determining KH . For example :   An aqueous solution containing 120 mg NaHCO3 ( baking soda ) per litre of water will contain 1.4285 mmol/L of bicarbonate , since the molar mass of baking soda is 84.007 g/mol . This is equivalent in carbonate hardness to a solution containing 0.71423 mmol/L of ( calcium ) carbonate , or 71.485 mg/L of calcium carbonate ( molar mass 100.09 g/mol ) . Since one degree KH = 17.848 mg/L CaCO3 , this solution has a KH of 4.0052 degrees .   For water with a pH below 8.5 , the CO32 − will be less than 1 % of the HCO3 − .   In a solution where only CO2 affects the pH , carbonate hardness can be used to calculate the concentration of dissolved CO2 in the solution with the formula CO2 = 3 × KH × 10 ( 7-pH ) , where KH is degrees of carbonate hardness and CO2 is given in ppm .   The term carbonate hardness is also sometimes used as a synonym for temporary hardness , in which case it refers to that portion of hard water that can be removed by processes such as boiling or lime softening , and then separation of water from the resulting precipitate .

negative: Tin sources and trade in ancient times Tin is an essential metal in the creation of tin bronzes , and its acquisition was an important part of ancient cultures from the Bronze Age onward . Its use began in the Middle East and the Balkans around 3000 BC . Tin is a relatively rare element in the Earth 's crust , with about 2 parts per million ( ppm ) , compared to iron with 50,000 ppm , copper with 70 ppm , lead with 16 ppm , arsenic with 5 ppm , silver with 0.1 ppm , and gold with 0.005 ppm . Ancient sources of tin were therefore rare , and the metal usually had to be traded over very long distances to meet demand in areas which lacked tin deposits .   Known sources of tin in ancient times include the southeastern tin belt that runs from Yunnan in China to the Malay Peninsula ; Devon and Cornwall in England ; Brittany in France ; the border between Germany and the Czech Republic ; Spain ; Portugal ; Italy ; and central and South Africa . Syria and Egypt have been suggested as minor sources of tin , but the archaeological evidence is inconclusive .

negative: Low Level Owl Low Level Owl can refer to either of two albums by The Appleseed Cast :  Low Level Owl , Vol . 1 , released on August 21 , 2001 .  Low Level Owl , Vol . 2 , released on October 23 , 2001 .

negative: Carbon dioxide generator A Carbon dioxide generator or CO2 generator is a machine used to enhance carbon dioxide levels in order to promote plant growth in greenhouses or other enclosed areas . Carbon dioxide generators have been used to help grow marijuana . They can be fueled with propane or natural gas . CO2 generators were used mostly by commercial growers until smaller and less expansive systems made the technology more widely available to hobbyists . The generators also give off heat . Using compressed CO2 is an alternative to generators .

negative: Saline water Saline water ( more commonly known as salt water ) is water that contains a significant concentration of dissolved salts ( mainly NaCl ) . The salt concentration is usually expressed in parts per thousand ( permille , ‰ ) or parts per million ( ppm ) . The United States Geological Survey classifies saline water in three salinity categories . Salt concentration in slightly saline water is around 1,000 to 3,000 ppm ( 0.1 -- 0.3 % ) , in moderately saline water 3,000 to 10,000 ppm ( 0.3 -- 1 % ) and in highly saline water 10,000 to 35,000 ppm ( 1 -- 3.5 % ) . Seawater has a salinity of roughly 35,000 ppm , equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter ( or kilogram ) of water . The saturation level is dependent on the temperature of the water . At 20 ° C one milliliter of water can dissolve about 0.357 grams of salt ; a concentration of 26.3 % . At boiling ( 100 ° C ) the amount that can be dissolved in one milliliter of water increases to about 0.391 grams or 28.1 % saline solution .   Some industries make use of saline water , such as mining and thermo-electric power .

negative: Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate is an organic chemical compound used for food flavouring and cosmetics . It has a fruity ethereal flavour , also described as honey , maple , or bread-like .   It is generally accepted as safe in the USA . Typical levels of use are 2 ppm in drinks , 8 ppm in icecream , and 20 ppm in baked products and confectionery .   Chemically , it is a heterocyclic ester . It is made by reacting tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol with acetic anhydride .   Related flavouring compounds are tetrahydrofurfuryl butyrate , tetrahydrofurfuryl cinnamate , tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol , and tetrahydrofurfuryl propionate .

negative: Estonian national road 4 Põhimaantee 4 ( ofcl . abbr . T4 ) is a 192-kilometre long north-south national main road in Estonia . The route follows the same path as the European route E67 , also known as the Via Baltica . The highway starts in Tallinn . From there the main cities passed are Saue , Märjamaa and Pärnu . The highway ends in Ikla at the Latvian border .   The road forms a major transport north-south transport route between Estonia and Central/Western Europe . In 2015 , the highest traffic volumes were around Tallinn , with the AADT there being around 31 000 . These are the highest figures in Estonia . The figures rise again around Pärnu , hovering around 10 000 .   The road is a dual carriageway for 14,1 kilometres . The section is between Laagri and Ääsmäe . The section between Ääsmäe and Kernu will be expanded to 2 +1 in 2016-2017 . Another section to be expanded is between Jänesselja and Nurme , also to be expanded to 2 +1 .

negative: Men's Low-Kick at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade -71 kg The men 's light middleweight ( 71 kg/156 .2 lbs ) Low-Kick category at the W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 in Belgrade was the sixth heaviest of the male Low-Kick tournaments , involving seventeen fighters from three continents ( Europe , Asia and South America ) . Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under Low-Kick rules .   As there were not enough fighters for a tournament designed for thirty-two , fifteen of the fighters received a bye through to the second round . The tournament winner was Russia 's Konstantin Sbytov who claimed gold by defeating K-1 MAX fighter and 2004 W.A.K.O. European amateur champion Michal Glogowski from Poland . Paolo Iry from France and Milan Dragojlovic from Serbia won bronze medals .

negative: Restionaceae The Restionaceae , also called restiads and restios , are a family of annual or perennial rush-like flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere ; they vary from a few centimeters to 3 m in height . Following the APG IV ( 2016 ) : the family now includes the former families Anarthriaceae , Centrolepidaceae and Lyginiaceae , and as such includes 51 genera with 572 known species . Based on evidence from fossil pollens , the Restionaceae likely originated more than 65 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period , when the southern continents were still part of Gondwana .

negative: African admixture in Europe African admixture in Europe refers to the Eurasian presence of human genetic polymorphisms that are considered to be evidence for movements of people from Africa to Eurasia in both the prehistoric and the historical past . Although low levels of both North African and Sub-Saharan admixture are present throughout the European continent , recent genetic studies conclude that significantly higher levels of admixture exist in areas of the Iberian Peninsula ( notably Portugal and southern and western Spain ) than in the rest of the continent .

negative: Men's Low-Kick at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade -86 kg The men 's cruiserweight ( 86 kg/189 .2 lbs ) Low-Kick category at the W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 in Belgrade was the third heaviest of the male Low-Kick tournaments , involving eighteen fighters from three continents ( Europe , Asia and Africa ) . Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under Low-Kick rules .   Due to there not being enough competitors for a thirty-two man tournament , fourteen men received a bye through to the second round . The gold medal was won by Russia 's Gamzat Isalmagomedov who defeated Croatia 's Stipe Stipetic in the final by knockout . The bronze medal positions were taken by Bosnian Bojan Glavas and Kazak Georgiy Yemeliyanov .

negative: Alberta Carbon Trunk Line The Alberta Carbon Trunk Line ( ACTL ) is a 240 km pipeline in its construction stages that will collect excess carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) from the province of Alberta and transport it to various oil reservoirs around the province for enhanced oil recovery applications . Pioneered by Enhance Energy , the ACTL will source its CO2 from a fertilizer manufacturing plant in Redwater , and the North West Redwater Partnership bitumen upgrading plant using gasification . It will initially funnel the collected CO2 to Clive , a field discovered in the 1950s and currently produces about 300 barrels per day .

negative: Clavaminate synthase Clavaminate synthase ( , clavaminate synthase 2 , clavaminic acid synthase ) is an enzyme with systematic name deoxyamidinoproclavaminate,2-oxoglutarate : oxygen oxidoreductase ( 3-hydroxylating ) . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction   ( 1 ) deoxyamidinoproclavaminate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 amidinoproclavaminate + succinate + CO2  ( 2 ) proclavaminate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 dihydroclavaminate + succinate + CO2 + H2O  ( 3 ) dihydroclavaminate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 clavaminate + succinate + CO2 + H2O   Clavaminate synthase contains nonheme iron .

negative: Holland-on-Sea Cliff Holland-on-Sea Cliff is a 0.1 hectare geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Holland-on-Sea , north-west of Clacton-on-Sea in Essex . It is a Geological Conservation Review site .   This site is of great importance in understanding the evolution of the London Basin , and it is the type site for two different gravels . The `` Lower Holland Gravel '' was the final terrace laid down by the River Thames before the river was diverted south during the Anglian glaciation around 450,000 years ago . The `` Upper Thames Gravel '' was deposited when the Thames was blocked by ice and not reaching the area . As the terraces can be attributed to the Anglian glaciation , they provide a fixed point for correlation other Anglian sequences in southern Britain and on the Continent .   The site is a short stretch of the slope between the Esplanade and the Promenade , opposite Haven Avenue . No geology is visible .

negative: Men's Low-Kick at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade +91 kg The men 's super heavyweight ( over 91 kg/200 .2 lbs ) Low-Kick category at the W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 in Belgrade was the second heaviest of the male Low-Kick tournaments , involving twelve fighters from three continents ( Europe , Asia and Africa ) . Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under Low-Kick rules .   As there were no enough contestants for a sixteen-man tournament , four of the fighters received byes through to the quarter finals . The tournament gold medallist was Dragan Jovanović from Serbia who defeated Mikhail Shvoev from Russia in the final by unanimous decision . Defeated semi finalists Hafiz Bahshaliyev from Azerbaijan and Ruslan Aushev from Kazakhstan won bronze medals .

negative: Rheic Rheic may refer to :  Rheic Ocean , a Paleozoic ocean between the large continent Gondwana to the south and the microcontinents Avalonia and others  Rheic acid , a synonym for the molecule rhein

negative: Leiknir F. Leiknir Fáskrúdsfjördur , commonly referred to as Leiknir F. , is an Icelandic football club that plays in 1 . deild karla , the second level of Icelandic football . The club was founded in 1970 . Although the clubs name refers to the village of Fáskrúdsfjördur , it is actually based 40km away in the town of Reyðarfjörður . In 2015 the club placed 2nd in the 2 . deild karla and won a promotion to the 1 . deild karla .

negative: Tarokoid languages The five Tarokoid languages are a branch of the Plateau family spoken in central Nigeria , just north of the middle reaches of the Benue River . Tarok itself has 300 000 speakers , Pe and Sur about 5 000 apiece . Yangkam is severely endangered , being spoken by around fifty elderly men .

negative: Muasdale Muasdale ( Muasdal ) is a hamlet on the western coast of the Kintyre Peninsula of Scotland . As of the year 2000 Muasdale had a population of 300 . By the year 1750 the Roy map showed a coastal track along the west coast of Kintyre , even though the population level of the entire southern peninsula was very low .

negative: Wisconsin glaciation The Wisconsin Glacial Episode , also called the Wisconsinan glaciation , was the most recent major advance of the North American ice sheet complex . This advance included the Cordilleran Ice Sheet , which nucleated in the northern North American Cordillera ; the Innuitian ice sheet , which extended across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago ; the Greenland ice sheet ; and the massive Laurentide ice sheet , which covered the high latitudes of central and eastern North America . This advance was synchronous with global glaciation during the last glacial period , including the North American alpine glacier advance , known as the Pinedale glaciation . The Wisconsin glaciation extended from approximately 85,000 to 11,000 years ago , between the Sangamon interglacial ( known globally as the Eemian stage ) and the current interglacial , the Holocene . The maximum ice extent occurred approximately 25,000 -- 21,000 years ago during the last glacial maximum , also known as the Late Wisconsin in North America .   This glaciation radically altered the geography north of the Ohio River . At the height of the Wisconsin Episode glaciation , the ice sheet covered most of Canada , the Upper Midwest , and New England , as well as parts of Idaho , Montana , and Washington . On Kelleys Island in Lake Erie or in New York City 's Central Park , the grooves left by these glaciers can be easily observed . In southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta , a suture zone between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets formed the Cypress Hills , the northernmost point in North America that remained south of the continental ice sheets . During much of the glaciation , sea level was low enough to permit land animals , including humans , to occupy Beringia ( the Bering Land Bridge ) and move between North America and Siberia . As the glaciers retreated , glacial lakes were breached in great floods of water such as the Kankakee Torrent , which reshaped the landscape south of modern Chicago as far as the Ohio and Mississippi rivers .


query: “The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.

positive: Kiribati Kiribati ( -LSB- ˌkɪrɪˈbæs -RSB- or -LSB- ˌkɪrɪˈbɑːti -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Kiribati ( Gilbertese : Ribaberiki Kiribati ) , is an island nation in the central Pacific Ocean . The permanent population is just over 100,000 ( 2011 ) , more than half of whom live on Tarawa Atoll . The nation comprises 33 atolls and reef islands and one raised coral island , Banaba . They have a total land area of 800 km2 and are dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres ( 1,351,000 square miles ) . Their spread straddles the equator and the 180th meridian , although the International Date Line is indented to bring the Line Islands in the same day as the Kiribati Islands . The International Date Line circumscribes Kiribati by swinging far to the east , almost reaching the 150 ° W meridian . Kiribati 's easternmost islands , the southern Line Islands , south of Hawaii , have the most advanced time on Earth , UTC +14 hours .   Kiribati became independent from the United Kingdom in 1979 . The capital and now most populated area , South Tarawa , consists of a number of islets , connected by a series of causeways . These comprise about half the area of Tarawa Atoll .   Kiribati is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the IMF and the World Bank , and became a full member of the United Nations in 1999 .

positive: Geography of Tuvalu The Western Pacific nation of Tuvalu , formerly known as the Ellice Islands , is situated 4,000 km northeast of Australia and is approximately halfway between Hawaii and Australia . It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands ( belonging to the Solomons ) , southeast of Nauru , south of Kiribati , west of Tokelau , northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna and north of Fiji .   Tuvalu consists of three reef islands and six atolls . The three reef islands are actually atolls , although they have a completely closed rim of dry land , with a lagoon that has no connection to the open sea or that may be drying up . For example , Niutao has two lakes , which are brackish to saline ; and are the degraded lagoon as the result of coral debris filling the lagoon .   The islands of Tuvalu have poor soil and a total land area of only about 26 km ² , less than 10 sqmi . The land is very low-lying , with narrow coral atolls . The highest elevation is 4.6 m above sea level on Niulakita .   Tuvalu experiences two distinct seasons , a wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to October . Westerly gales and heavy rain are the predominate weather conditions from October to March , the period that is known as Tau-o-lalo , with tropical temperatures moderated by easterly winds from April to November . In terms of size , it is the second-smallest country in Oceania .

positive: Funamanu Funamanu is a small narrow island that is part of Funafuti atoll in Tuvalu . It is a motu ( islet ) or very small island and is located 2.6 miles southwestward of the southwest tip of Funafuti . The islet is known to be covered in coconut trees which grow 70 feet high . Te Ava Pua Pua is the passage through the reef , with a least depth of 12.7 metres , between the islets of Funamanu to the north and Fale Fatu to the south , in the southeast of Funafuti atoll .   Funamanu is an example of an isle on an atoll that is mainly composed of coral debris eroded from encircling reefs and pushed up onto the island by winds and waves . Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of reef islands to sea level rise in the central Pacific . Funamanu was mentioned in the study as being one of seven islands on the atolls of Tuvalu that have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s . Funamanu gained 0.44 hectares , or nearly 30 per cent of its previous area .   The storm surge resulting from a tropical cyclone can dramatically shift coral debris . In 1972 Funafuti was in the path of Cyclone Bebe . Tropical Cyclone Bebe was a pre-season tropical cyclone that impacted the Gilbert , Ellice Islands , and Fiji island groups . First spotted on October 20 , the system intensified and grew in size through October 22 .

positive: Tuvalu Tuvalu ( -LSB- tᵿˈvɑːlu -RSB- or -LSB- ˈtuːvəˌluː -RSB- ) , formerly known as the Ellice Islands , is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean , about midway between Hawaii and Australia , lying east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands ( belonging to the Solomons ) , southeast of Nauru , south of Kiribati , west of Tokelau , northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna and north of Fiji . It comprises three reef islands and six true atolls spread out between the latitude of 5 ° to 10 ° south and longitude of 176 ° to 180 ° , west of the International Date Line . Tuvalu has a population of 10,640 ( 2012 census ) . The total land area of the islands of Tuvalu is 26 km2 .   The first inhabitants of Tuvalu were Polynesians . The pattern of settlement that is believed to have occurred is that the Polynesians spread out from Samoa and Tonga into the Tuvaluan atolls , with Tuvalu providing a stepping stone to migration into the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia and Micronesia .   In 1568 , Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to sail through the archipelago , sighting the island of Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis . In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice 's Island ; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay . The islands came under Britain 's sphere of influence in the late 19th century , when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a British Protectorate by Captain Gibson of between 9 and 16 October 1892 . The Ellice Islands were administered as British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories ( BWPT ) , and then as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1974 .   A referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration . As a consequence of the referendum , the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony ceased to exist on 1 January 1976 and the separate British colonies of Kiribati and Tuvalu came into existence . Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth on 1 October 1978 . On 5 September 2000 Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations .

negative: 2004 Pacific Islanders rugby union tour The 2004 Pacific Islander rugby union tour was a series of matches played by the Pacific Islanders in Australia and New Zealand during June and July 2004 . The composite team was selected from the best players from Fiji , Samoa and Tonga , as well as Niue and the Cook Islands .   The Pacific Islanders won the first two tour matches against Queensland and New South Wales , but lost the three Test matches played against Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa .

negative: SOPAC SOPAC has the following meanings :  The Southern Pacific Railroad ( SoPac )  The South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission  Social OnLine Public Access Catalog  South Orange Performing Arts Center  Sydney Olympic Park Aquatic Centre

negative: Sopac Sopac may refer to :   South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission , an inter-governmental regional organisation  South Pacific Area ( SOPAC ) , a multinational U.S.-led military command active during World War II  Southern Pacific Railroad ( SoPac ) , a former American railroad ( 1865 -- 1996 )

negative: Vulnerability index (disambiguation) Vulnerability index may refer to :   Vulnerability index , a generic concept developed in the Small Developing Islands program and extended to medical and environmental planning  Economic Vulnerability Index , introduced by the United Nations Committee for Development Policy  Environmental Vulnerability Index , a measurement devised by the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission of the United Nations Environment Program and others  Homeless Vulnerability Index , a means for identifying and prioritizing the street homeless population for housing according to the fragility of their health

negative: Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation Forum for India-Pacific Islands cooperation ( FIPIC ) is a multinational grouping developed in 2014 for cooperation between India and 14 Pacific Islands nations which include Cook Islands , Fiji , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Nauru , Niue , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Tonga , Tuvalu and Vanuatu . All Head of state/head of government of the above countries met in Suva , Fiji in November 2014 for the first time where the annual summit was conceptualised .

negative: Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific The Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific ( CROP ) is an inter-organisational consultative process which aims to prevent either overlaps , or gaps , appearing between the work-programmes of its various members .   Membership includes the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat , the Secretariat of the Pacific Community ( SPC ) , the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency , the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme ( SPREP ) , the South Pacific Tourism Organisation , the University of the South Pacific ( USP ) , the Pacific Islands Development Programme , and the Pacific Power Association ( PPA ) . Before their integration into SPC in 2010 and 2011 , the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission and the South Pacific Board for Educational Assessment had been individual members . The Fiji School of Medicine was a member before its merger into Fiji National University in 2010 .   CROP heads of organisations meet once each year , but the main consultative work is done by a series of sectoral working groups , including Marine Resources , Health and Population , Land Resources , Education , Information and Communication Technologies , etc. . These working groups are responsible for collaboratively working on various regional projects and policy initiatives . For example , the CROP Marine Sector Working Group has shepherded the intergovernmental agreement and promotion of the Pacific Islands Regional Ocean Policy while the CROP ICT Working Group has shepherded the Pacific Islands ICT Policy and Strategic Plan ( PIIPP ) .   The CROP interagency working groups also provide technical advice to Pacific Islands Forum intergovernmental working groups taking part in United Nations and other international negotiations and processes , on request .   Since the implementation of the Pacific Plan and the Framework for Pacific Regionalism , the role of these CROP working groups has diminished . Their role was reviewed in 2015 .

negative: Naziah Ali Naziah Ali ( born March 4 , 1982 ) held the title of Miss India Fiji 2009 . She represented Fiji to the Miss India Worldwide Pageant in Durban , in February 2009 . She is the first Indo Fijian from Fiji to represent Fiji to the pageant . Ali is of both Indian and Fijian origin . Her father is a third generation Indian and her mother a native Fijian from the province of Ba .   Ali works as the Communications and Publication Coordinator for the Advancing Gender Equality in Political Governance in the Pacific ( GEPG ) Programme for the United Nations Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) .   She worked for the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission ( SOPAC ) from 2007 to 2008 as the Media and Communications Consultant . Prior to that Ali worked at a television journalist for Fiji Television Limited . She worked as a journalism and theatre arts tutor at the University of the South Pacific after graduating in 2004 with her Bachelor of Arts Degree in Journalism and Literature and Language from the same university .

negative: Fiji Performing Rights Association The Fiji Performing Rights Association ( FPRA ) is a copyright collective representing South Pacific composers , lyricists and music publishers . The association 's head office is located in Suva , Fiji , it is the largest performing rights association in the south pacific and also a member of Australasian Performing Right Association .

negative: 1963 South Pacific Games The 1963 South Pacific Games , held from 29 August to 9 September 1963 at Suva in Fiji , was the first edition of the South Pacific Games . The multisport games were established to engender bonds of friendship amongst peoples in the Pacific , after an idea originated by Dr A.H. Sahu Khan was adopted by the South Pacific Commission . At a meeting of nine Territories , held in Nouméa during March 1961 , Fiji was awarded the honour of hosting the very first Games .

negative: Fiji Barbarians The Fiji Barbarians is a former Fijian rugby union representative team that played in the Pacific Rugby Cup from 2006 to 2010 . The other Fijian team in the Cup was the Fiji Warriors . The players were drawn from the Fijian domestic competitions .   The Fiji Barbarians team qualified for the 2010 Pacific Cup final but lost the match to countrymen the Fiji Warriors by 17 -- 26 at the National Stadium in Suva . The team had not featured in the finals for the previous four seasons .

negative: Michael Dishington Scott Michael Dishington Scott is Chief Justice of Tonga .   Scott is a British national with a long career in the Pacific . He has previously served as a judge in Kiribati and the Solomon Islands , and served for 14 years as a judge on the High Court of Fiji . As a High Court judge in Fiji , in Yabaki v President of the Republic of the Fiji Islands , he ruled that the interim government established in the wake of the 2000 Fijian coup d'état was legal . This ruling was later overturned on appeal . From 2004 to 2007 he was a judge of the Fijian Court of Appeal .   He was appointed Chief Justice of Tonga in August 2010 , replacing Anthony Ford . He assumed the role on September 27 , 2010 .

negative: United States Army Air Forces in the South Pacific Area During World War II , the United States Army Air Forces engaged in combat against the Empire of Japan in the South Pacific Area . As defined by the War Department , this consisted of the Pacific Ocean areas which lay south of the Equator between longitude 159 ° East and 110 ° West . It included New Zealand , New Caledonia , New Hebrides , Fiji , and most of the Solomon Islands .   The major USAAF combat organizations in the region was Thirteenth Air Force , which was formed in November 1942 as a command and control organization to organize many widely separated Seventh Air Force and independent units scattered in the South Pacific Area during the Solomon Islands campaign . As the war progressed , Thirteenth Air Force units moved into the South West Pacific theatre and coordinated their activities with Fifth and Seventh Air Force units in New Guinea , the Netherlands East Indies and Philippines during 1944 and 1945 .

negative: South Pacific Championship The South Pacific Championship ( also known as `` SPC '' ) was a rugby union competition that was introduced in 1986 and contested through to 1990 . The competition featured six teams - three provinces from New Zealand ; Auckland , Canterbury and Wellington , two Australian teams ; Queensland and New South Wales , and one team representing Pacific Island rugby , Fiji .   The South Pacific Championship was the predecessor of the Super 6 and Super 10 , as well as the professional-era Super 12 and Super 14 tournaments that subsequently expanded to become the Super Rugby competition .

negative: British Western Pacific Territories The British Western Pacific Territories was the name of a colonial entity , created in 1877 , for the administration , under a single representative of the British Crown , styled High Commissioner for the Western Pacific , of a series of Pacific islands in and around Oceania . Except for Fiji and the Solomon Islands , most of these colonial possessions were relatively minor .

negative: Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute The Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute ( PacLII ) collects and publishes legal materials from 20 Pacific Islands Countries on its website www.paclii.org . These countries are American Samoa , Cook Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , Fiji Islands , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Nauru , Niue , Papua New Guinea , Pitcairn Island , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , and Vanuatu.A mirror of the PacLII website is hosted by the Australasian Legal Information Institute ( AustLII ) , and is the version accessed by most users outside the Pacific Islands .   The documents on the PacLII website consist mainly of primary materials such as court decisions and legislation but also include decisions of various tribunals and panels or secondary information such as court rules or bench books . There is additionally a Pacific Islands Treaty Database .   PacLII is an initiative of the University of the South Pacific School of Law with assistance from AustLII . PacLII is a signatory to the Montreal Declaration on Public Access to Law and participates in the Free Access to Law Movement , a grouping of a number of world wide organizations committed to publishing and providing access to the law for free . PacLII is based at the Emalus Campus of the USP in Port Vila , Vanuatu .   USP School of Law has its headquarters in Port Vila . Its students come from more than 12 Pacific Island countries . Most of them do not have easy access to the legal materials from across the region which they need to undertake their studies . PacLII was started by the School of Law as a means to overcoming the tyrannies of distance . It has grown to become a service to governments , legal professionals , NGOs , students , academics and members of the public and has been widely recognized as an example of excellence in promoting access to legal information .

negative: Pacific Island Air Pacific Island Air is an Air Charter company operating out of Nadi International Airport , Fiji .

negative: Postage stamps and postal history of Fiji This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Fiji .   Fiji is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 2,000 km northeast of New Zealand 's North Island . It is a former British colony .

negative: 2010 Pacific Rugby Cup The 2010 Pacific Rugby Cup was the fifth edition of the Pacific Rugby Cup competition . First held in 2006 , the 2010 edition , like its predecessors , featured 6 representative rugby union football teams ; 2 from each of the three Pacific rugby unions - Fiji , Samoa and Tonga .   Fiji Warriors won the championship , defeating Fiji Barbarians in the final .

negative: Asian Pacific American Asian-Pacific American ( APA ) or Asian-Pacific Islander ( API ) is a term sometimes used in the United States to include both Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans .   Asian or Pacific Islander was an option to indicate race and ethnicity in the United States Censuses in the 1990 and 2000 Census as well as in several Census Bureau studies in between , including Current Population Surveys reports and updates between 1994 and 2002 . A 1997 Office of Management and Budget directive separated the `` Asian or Pacific Islander '' racial category into two categories : `` Asian '' and `` Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander . ''   The U.S. Department of Labor Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs defined Asian-Pacific Islander as `` A person with origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East , Southeast Asia , South Asia , or the Pacific Islands . This area includes , for example , China , Japan , Korea , the Philippines and Samoa ; and in South Asia , includes India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal , and Bhutan . '' A definition from Henry Ford Health System states that an Asian-Pacific American is `` A U.S. citizen whose origins are from Japan , China , Taiwan , Korea , Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , the Philippines , Samoa , Fiji , Guam , the U.S. Trust Territories of the Pacific or the Northern Marianas .   The term is used in reference to Asian/Pacific American Heritage Week , the first ten days of May , established in 1978 by a joint resolution in United States Congress . The commemorative week was expanded to a month ( Asian Pacific American Heritage Month ) by Congress in 1992 .   The term is also used by several state boards and commissions , including in Washington , Michigan , Maryland , and Connecticut . The term is also used in the names of several non-profit groups , such as the A | P | A History Collective , Center for Asian Pacific American Women , Asian & Pacific Islander American Scholarship Fund , and National Coalition for Asian Pacific American Community Development . Asian Pacific Americans are listed as a group on the United States Army website .

negative: St. Paul Union Pacific Rail Bridge St. Paul Union Pacific Rail Bridge is a swing bridge that spans the Mississippi River between South Saint Paul , Minnesota and Saint Paul , Minnesota in the United States . It was built in 1910 by the St. Paul Bridge and Terminal Railway , and was rebuilt in 1925 , after a flood in 1951 , and again in 1982 .   The Union Pacific Railroad mainline from Des Moines , informally known as the `` Spine Line '' , enters the Twin Cities area and terminates in a yard in South Saint Paul . This line was formerly part of the Chicago , Rock Island and Pacific Railroad . From this area , traffic to downtown St. Paul takes two routes : one across this bridge , with yards on the east side of the river south of Dayton 's Bluff ; and the other route using the St. Paul Union Pacific Vertical-lift Rail Bridge into downtown St. Paul .

negative: Fiji at the 2011 Pacific Games Fiji competed at the 2011 Pacific Games in Nouméa , New Caledonia between August 27 and September 10 , 2011 . As of June 28 , 2011 Fiji has listed 425 competitors .

negative: Pacific Destiny Pacific Destiny is a 1956 British drama film directed by Wolf Rilla and starring Denholm Elliott , Susan Stephen and Michael Hordern . The screenplay concerns a young British couple who win the respect of the inhabitants of a South Pacific island during the colonial era .   It was based on A Pattern of Islands , a memoir by Sir Arthur Grimble recounting his time in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands as a cadet officer and Resident Commissioner in the 1920s .   Film credits show Samoa as the filming location .

negative: Athletics at the Pacific Games Athletics competitions have been held at every Pacific Games since the inaugural edition 1963 in Suva , Fiji and at every Pacific Mini Games since the inaugural edition 1981 in Honiara , Solomon Islands . Both events are open for the 22 member federations of the Pacific Games Council . The Pacific Games started as South Pacific Games and were renamed in 2011 , whereas the Pacific Mini Games started as South Pacific Mini Games and were renamed in 2009 .

negative: Fijian literature Among the first published works of Fijian literature , in the late 1960s and early 1970s , were Raymond Pillai 's and Subramani 's short stories ( in English ) and Pio Manoa 's poetry ( in English and in Fijian ) . The emergence of Fiji 's written literature ( as distinct from oral literature ) coincides with the country 's transition to independence in 1970 .   In 1968 , the founding of the University of the South Pacific , whose main campus was in Fiji 's capital Suva , provided a stimulus for Fijian ( and , more widely , Pacific Islander ) literature . Creative writing courses and workshops were set up . The South Pacific Arts Society was founded at the University in 1973 , and published Pacific Islander literature ( poetry and short stories ) in the magazine Pacific Islands Monthly . In 1974 , the Society founded the publishing house Mana Publications , followed in 1976 by the art and literature journal Mana . The journal published anthologies of Fijian poetry . Playwright Vilsoni Hereniko 's work also began to appear in this print at this time .   Among Fiji 's most noted writers are Satendra Nandan , author of poetry , short stories and the semi-autobiographical novel The Wounded Sea , published in 1991 . Fiji poet Sudesh Mishra `` combines classical Indian poetic forms with an English peppered with Hindi and Fijian words '' ; his collections of poems include Tandava ( 1992 ) and Rahu ( 1997 ) . Larry Thomas is a contemporary playwright and director . His 1998 play The Anniversary Present has been described as `` captur -LSB- ing -RSB- the words and rhythms and creative power of the basilectal ` Fiji English ' many of his marginalised characters speak : the young , the unemployed , disempowered women and men '' . Joseph Veramo is a contemporary novellist , whose works include the novel Moving Through the Streets ( 1994 ) , the children 's book The Shark , and Black Messiah , a collection published in 1989 which includes short stories and a novella .

negative: Outline of Fiji The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Fiji :   Republic of Fiji -- sovereign island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean east of Vanuatu , west of Tonga and south of Tuvalu . The country occupies an archipelago of about 322 islands , of which 106 are permanently inhabited , and 522 islets . The two major islands , Viti Levu and Vanua Levu , account for 87 % of the population .

negative: Kadavu Group The Kadavu Group is an archipelago south of Viti Levu , one of Fiji 's two main islands . Dominated by Kadavu Island , the fourth largest island in Fiji , the group also includes Ono , Dravuni , Galoa and a number of islets in the Great Astrolabe Reef .   Kadavu Group - satellite view    Category : Archipelagoes of Fiji  Category : Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean

negative: Rugby union at the 1969 South Pacific Games Rugby union at the 1969 South Pacific Games , currently known as the Pacific Games , was hosted at Port Moresby , the capital of Papua New Guinea . Fiji were hot favourites of the tournament , and delivered on that promise , producing some three-figure scorelines -- beating New Caledonia by 113-13 , and the Solomon Islands by 113-3 .

negative: SPIN (cable system) SPIN ( or South Pacific Island Network ) was a submarine communications cable system that would connect the New Zealand to Tahiti and would connect several South Pacific islands along the way . The SPIN cable would be 6500 km long and will have a 64x10 Gbit/s capacity . It was planned to be in service late 2010 . It would have cable landing points at :   New Zealand  Norfolk Island  New Caledonia  Fiji  Wallis and Futuna  Samoa  American Samoa  Tahiti , French Polynesia

negative: Chief Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific The Chief Justice of the High Commissioner 's Court , more commonly known as the Chief Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific , was the chief judicial officer throughout the British Western Pacific Territories from 1877 through 1976 . This was a supra-colonial entity established by the Western Pacific Orders-in-Council 1877 ( amended in 1879 and 1880 ) , and by the Pacific Order-in-Council 1893 . `` B. ( 1 . ) The Chief Justice and every other judge for the time being of the Supreme Court , shall be , by virtue of his office , a Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific for the purposes of this Order , and is in this Order referred to as a Judicial Commissioner .   ( 2 . ) Where , in the opinion of the High Commissioner , the attendance of a Judicial Commissioner holding office as aforesaid is impracticable , or would be inconvenient , the High Commissioner may from time to time in the name and on behalf of Her Majesty , by writing under his hand and seal , appoint a person of legal knowledge and experience to be a Judicial Commissioner for particular purposes or for a particular time . The London Gazette , 8 September 1893 ( 26439 ) , pp. 5119-5121 . Headed by a High Commissioner for the Western Pacific , who was also ex officio the Governor of Fiji , until the end of 1952 , it included numerous islands , mostly small , throughout Oceania . Composition varied over time , but Fiji ( 1877-1952 ) and the Solomon Islands ( 1893-1976 ) were its most durable members .   From 1877 through 1961 , the Chief Justice of Fiji was ex officio Chief Judicial Commissioner , apart from a three-year suspension of the High Commission from 1942 through 1945 during the War in the Pacific , when many of Britain 's colonies in Oceania were under either military administration or Japanese occupation . Appeals lay to the Privy Council in London .   From the beginning of 1953 , Fiji and Tonga were separated from the High Commission as a prelude to full independence , and the High Commission offices were transferred to Honiara on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands , with the Governor of the Solomon Islands now being the High Commissioner ex officio . The High Commissioner 's Court , however , continued to meet in Suva , with the Chief Justice of Fiji continuing as Chief Judicial Commissioner for another decade , until 1962 , when the two offices were separated . Under the Western Pacific ( Courts ) Order in Council , gazetted on 15 August 1961 and effective from 9 April 1962 , the High Commissioner 's Court was renamed the High Court of the Western Pacific and relocated to the Solomon Islands . The court consisted of a Chief Justice ( as the office of Chief Judicial Commissioner was renamed -- no longer the Chief Justice of Fiji ) and two puisne judges , one based in Port Vila , New Hebrides ( now Vanuatu ) , and the other in Tarawa , Gilbert and Ellice Islands ( now Kiribati and Tuvalu ) .   Most of the island groups had gained either independence or internal self-government by 1971 . On 2 January 1976 after nearly all had been given separate statehood , the office of High Commissioner and the entity of the Pacific Territories were abolished . The High Commission of the Western Pacific was abolished , the last archives being finally packed up in Honiara in August 1978 . A remnant of the High Commission was the right of appeal from the courts of many island nations to the Fijan Court of Appeal , which persisted into the late 1970s .

negative: Postage stamps and postal history of Wallis and Futuna This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the Wallis and Futuna Islands .   The Wallis and Futuna Islands are a Polynesian French island territory in the South Pacific between Tuvalu to the northwest , Rotuma of Fiji to the west and the main part of Fiji to the southwest .

negative: Henry Evans Maude Henry `` Harry '' Evans Maude , OBE ( 1 October 1906 -- 4 November 2006 ) was a British civil servant and anthropologist . He was the husband of Honor Maude .   Harry Maude was born 1 October 1906 , in Bankipore , India .   Educated at Highgate School from 1921-1925 and Jesus College , Cambridge , Maude represented India at rifle-shooting in 1926 . He spent the years 1929-1948 working as a civil servant and administrator in various Pacific Islands , in particular the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands , serving as Resident Commissioner from 1946 to 1949 .   From 1948-1957 , he worked for the South Pacific Commission . From 1957-1951 , he was a Research Fellow at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies ( RSPAS ) , which is part of the Australian National University in Canberra . He has published widely on aspects of Pacific Islands history , was a co-founder of the Journal of Pacific History , and played an important role in establishing the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau .   Maude died , aged 100 , on 4 November 2006 .   The bulk of Maude 's personal papers are held at the Barr Smith Library at the University of Adelaide , where an extensive set of pages devoted to his life and work can also be found . He also published the work of Sir Arthur Grimble .

negative: 2009 Pacific Cup The 2009 Pacific Cup , known as the 2009 SP Brewery Pacific Cup due to sponsorship , was a rugby league competition held in Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea . The competing teams were the Cook Islands , Fiji , Papua New Guinea , Samoa and Tonga .   Tonga , Fiji and PNG had their places in the draw confirmed initially , with the Cook Islands defeating Samoa in a Pacific Cup qualifier in Cairns on 17 October 2009 to decide which team took the final place in the tournament .   The four Pacific Cup matches were played at Lloyd Robson Oval on 24 -- 25 October and 31 October . The Pacific Cup final was played on 1 November 2009 between Papua New Guinea and the Cook Islands . By winning the 2009 Pacific Cup , Papua New Guinea won the right to compete in the 2010 Four Nations tournament .   Brian Canavan was appointed as tournament director by the Rugby League International Federation ( RLIF ) .


query: Alaska Sen. Mark Begich "is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority."

positive: Mark Begich Mark Peter Begich ( -LSB- ˈbɛɡɪtʃ -RSB- born March 30 , 1962 ) is an American politician who was a United States Senator from Alaska from 2009 to 2015 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was Mayor of Anchorage from 2003 to 2009 .   Born in Anchorage , Begich is the son of former U.S. Representative Nick Begich Sr. . He was elected to the Anchorage Assembly at the age of 26 . He eventually served as chairman for three years , before leaving the Assembly in 1998 . Begich ran two unsuccessful campaigns for mayor in 1994 and 2000 before being elected in 2003 . In the 2008 Senate election , Begich narrowly defeated incumbent Ted Stevens , the longest-serving Republican member of the Senate of all time .   In the 2014 Senate election , Begich was narrowly defeated in his bid for reelection by former Alaska Attorney General Dan Sullivan . Following completion of his term in the U.S. Senate , he became a policy advisor on Native American affairs in the Washington , D.C.-based law firm of Sonosky , Chambers , Sachse , Endreson & Perry LLP .

negative: United States Senate election in Alaska, 2008 The 2008 United States Senate election in Alaska was held on November 4 , 2008 . Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Ted Stevens ran for re-election to a seventh term in the United States Senate . It was one of the ten Senate races that U.S. Senator John Ensign of Nevada , the chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee , predicted as being most competitive . The primaries were held on Tuesday , August 26 . Ted Stevens was challenged by Democratic candidate Mark Begich , the mayor of Anchorage .   On October 27 , 2008 , Stevens was convicted on seven charges of ethics violations and corruption . If reelected , Stevens would have been the first convicted felon elected to the United States Senate . On November 18 , 2008 , the Associated Press projected that Begich had defeated Stevens , making Stevens the longest-serving U.S. Senator ever to lose a re-election bid . Stevens conceded the race to Begich on November 19 .

negative: Carbon tax A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels . It is a form of carbon pricing . Carbon is present in every hydrocarbon fuel ( coal , petroleum , and natural gas ) and converted to carbon dioxide and other products when combusted . In contrast , non-combustion energy sources -- wind , sunlight , geothermal , hydropower , and nuclear -- do not convert hydrocarbons to . is a heat-trapping `` greenhouse '' gas which represents a negative externality on the climate system ( see scientific opinion on global warming ) . Since GHG emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuels are closely related to the carbon content of the respective fuels , a tax on these emissions can be levied by taxing the carbon content of fossil fuels at any point in the product cycle of the fuel .   Carbon tax offers social and economic benefits . It is a tax that increases revenue without significantly altering the economy while simultaneously promoting objectives of climate change policy . The objective of a carbon tax is to reduce the harmful and unfavorable levels of carbon dioxide emissions , thereby decelerating climate change and its negative effects on the environment and human health .   Carbon taxes offer a potentially cost-effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions . From an economic perspective , carbon taxes are a type of Pigovian tax . They help to address the problem of emitters of greenhouse gases not facing the full social cost of their actions . Carbon taxes can be a regressive tax , in that they may directly or indirectly affect low-income groups disproportionately . The regressive impact of carbon taxes could be addressed by using tax revenues to favour low-income groups .   A number of countries have implemented carbon taxes or energy taxes that are related to carbon content . Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles , rather than on emissions directly .   Opposition to increased environmental regulation such as carbon taxes often centers on concerns that firms might relocate and/or people might lose their jobs . It has been argued , however , that carbon taxes are more efficient than direct regulation and may even lead to higher employment ( see footnotes ) . Many large users of carbon resources in electricity generation , such as the United States , Russia , and China , are resisting carbon taxation .

negative: United States Senate election in Alaska, 2014 The 2014 United States Senate election in Alaska took place on November 4 , 2014 , to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of Alaska , concurrently with the election of the Governor of Alaska , as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections .   Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Mark Begich ran for re-election to a second term in office . Primary elections were held on August 19 , 2014 . Begich was renominated and the Republicans picked former Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources Dan Sullivan .   On November 7 , Sullivan held an 8,000-vote lead , which on November 11 had shrunk slightly to 7,991 votes . Multiple media outlets called the race for Sullivan on November 12 and Begich conceded to Sullivan on November 17 . His loss -- coupled with Republican Sean Parnell 's defeat in the gubernatorial election -- marked just the fifth time in the last 50 years in which U.S. Senate and gubernatorial incumbents from different political parties have been defeated in the same state .

negative: Nick Begich Nicholas Joseph `` Nick '' Begich , Sr. ( April 6 , 1932 -- October 16 , 1972 ) was a Democratic Party member of the US House of Representatives from Alaska . He is presumed to have died in the crash of a light aircraft in Alaska in 1972 ; his body was never found .

negative: Political positions of Harry Reid Former United States Senator Harry Reid has declared his position on many political issues through his public comments and his senatorial voting record .

negative: Joseph Begich Joseph R. Begich ( born January 17 , 1930 ) is an American former politician in the state of Minnesota . He was born in Eveleth , Minnesota . He is an alumnus of the Northwest School of Agriculture , and is a grain and livestock farmer . He served in the House of Representatives for District 6A from 1975 to 1982 and for District 6B from 1983 to 1992 . He is married to Carolyn and has one daughter . He is the brother of former United States Congressman from Alaska , Nick Begich , and the uncle of former United States Senator from Alaska , Mark Begich .

negative: Larry Persily Larry Persily was Federal Coordinator ( director ) of the Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects 2010-2015 . The Federal Coordinator is nominated with advice and consent of the Senate by the President of the United States . He was nominated by Barack Obama on December 9 , 2009 , and was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 10 , 2010 .   Persily criticized his former employer , then-Governor Sarah Palin , as John McCain 's choice for vice president . Until June 2008 , he had worked as the Washington , DC liaison for the state government of Alaska . `` She 's not qualified , she does n't have the judgment , to be next in line to the president of the United States , '' said Persily in August 2008 .   In December 2009 , Democratic Senator Mark Begich recommended Persily for the Obama administration post .   Persily was also a `` key aide '' to Alaska house member Mike Hawker .

negative: Matt Claman Matthew W. `` Matt '' Claman ( born 1959 ) is an American politician from Anchorage , Alaska . A Democrat , he serves in the Alaska House of Representatives , is a member of the Alaska House Majority Coalition , and is the Chair of the House Judiciary Committee .   Claman served on the Anchorage Assembly beginning in 2007 and became its chair in 2008 . He became the Acting Mayor of Anchorage in 2009 when then-Mayor Mark Begich was elected Alaska 's United States Senator in the 2008 general election . As Acting Mayor at the height of the 2008-2009 financial crisis , he led efforts to reduce the municipal budget by $ 20 million , approximately 5 % , and negotiated concessions with bargaining units to achieve a balanced budget .   Claman was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 2014 , and joined the Democratic minority . During his first term , he sat on the Judiciary Committee , the Transportation Committee , and the Energy Committee . He is a strong advocate for a responsible action plan to address Alaska 's financial challenges .   In 2016 , Claman was re-elected to the State House . Following the election , he joined the Alaska House Majority Coalition of 22 Democrats , Republicans , and Independents who are committed to working together to put Alaska first . His peers selected him to chair the House Judiciary Committee , where he previously served as a committee member . He is also the Vice Chair of the Rules Committee and a member of the Legislative Council , Energy Committee , Transportation Committee , and Criminal Justice Commission . Recognizing the legislature 's repeated inability to complete its work in 90 days , Claman has introduced legislation for a statewide vote to amend the Alaska Constitution and limit the session to 90 days .

negative: Sally Smith (politician) Sarah J. `` Sally '' Smith ( born January 23 , 1945 ) is an American politician . She was a member of the Alaska Legislature in the 1970s and 1980s , and the mayor of Juneau , Alaska , from 2000 to 2003 . She later worked as a field representative for United States Senator Mark Begich .

negative: Begich Begich was commander of the Tatars in the Battle of the Vozha River in 1378 .   Begich may also refer to :   The Begich political family of Alaska , United States , including :  Nick Begich ( 1932 -- 1972 ) , United States Representative from Alaska 1971-1972  Nick Begich , Jr. ( born 1958 ) , writer , conspiracy theorist and infrequent political participant  Mark Begich ( born 1962 ) , former United States Senator from Alaska ( 2009 -- 2015 )  Several places in Alaska named after Nick Begich , including :  Begich Middle School in Anchorage  The Begich Towers in Whittier  The Begich , Boggs Visitor Center at Portage Glacier , near Whittier

negative: Reid Glacier Reid Glacier is an 11-mile-long ( 18 km ) glacier in the U.S. state of Alaska . It trends north to Reid Inlet in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve , two miles ( 3 km ) south of Glacier Bay and 72 miles ( 116 km ) northwest of Hoonah . It was named by members of the Harriman Alaska Expedition for Harry Fielding Reid .

negative: Climate Stewardship Acts The Climate Stewardship Acts are a series of three acts introduced to the United States Senate by Senator John McCain ( R-AZ ) and Senator Joseph Lieberman ( ID-CT ) , with a number of other co-sponsors . Their aim was to introduce a mandatory cap and trade system for greenhouse gases , as a response to the threat of anthropogenic climate change . All three acts failed to gain enough votes to pass through the senate .

negative: E. J. Flanagan E. J. Flanagan was a member of the Washington State Senate .

negative: Begich Towers The Begich Towers Condominium is a building in the very small town of Whittier , Alaska . The structure is notable for being the residence for nearly the entire population of the town , as well as containing many of its public facilities . This has earned Whittier the nickname of a `` town under one roof '' .

negative: Harry A. Binzer Harry A. Binzer was a member of the Washington State Senate .

negative: British Columbia carbon tax British Columbia 's carbon tax and accompanying tax shift has been in place since 2008 . It is a British Columbia policy which adds additional carbon taxes to fossil fuels burned for transportation , home heating , and electricity , and reduces personal income taxes and corporate taxes by a roughly equal amount . The carbon tax is collected at the point of retail consumption ( for example , at the pump for gasoline and diesel ) . British Columbia 's policy is unique in North America ; only Quebec has a similar retail tax but it is set at a much lower rate and does not include a matching tax shift .

negative: Camp Sullivan (Alaska) Camp Sullivan was a United States Army camp located in Whittier , Alaska from 1943 to 1960 . Constructed out of a need to supply the region with military support during World War II , the area became important again during the Cold War after the Army decided to build the 14-story Hodge Building ( now Begich Towers ) completed in 1957 contained 150 two and three bedroom apartments plus bachelor efficiency units . Dependent families and Civil Service employees were moved into this efficient high rise . The new Whittier School was connected by a tunnel at the base of the west tower so students could go to school in short sleeves on the very worst weather days . The building , originally was named in honor of Colonel Walter William Hodge Civil . Engineer . the CO of 93rd Engineer Regiment on the Alcan Highway . The other structure , the Buckner Building , had been completed in 1953 , and was called the `` city under one roof '' . Both buildings were at one time the largest buildings in Alaska . The Begich Building is now a condominium . Together with the 2-story Whittier Manor , Begich Building houses nearly all of Whittier 's residents . The port remained an active Army facility until 1960 .

negative: Vote Climate U.S. PAC Vote Climate U.S. PAC is an American super PAC founded in 2013 and directed by American political activist Karyn Strickler . Its mission is `` to elect candidates to get off fossil fuels , transition to clean , renewable energy and put a price on carbon , in order to slow global warming and related weather extremes . '' Strickler has named the implementation of a carbon tax as a principal goal . As a super PAC ( a type of political action committee ) , the organization can not contribute to candidates but can make independent expenditures on their behalf .

negative: American Clean Energy and Security Act The American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 ( ACES ) was an energy bill in the 111th United States Congress that would have established a variant of an emissions trading plan similar to the European Union Emission Trading Scheme . The bill was approved by the House of Representatives on June 26 , 2009 by a vote of 219-212 , but was never brought to the floor of the Senate for discussion or a vote .   The House passage of the bill was the `` first time either house of Congress had approved a bill meant to curb the heat-trapping gases scientists have linked to climate change . ''   The bill was also known as the Waxman-Markey Bill , after its authors , Representatives Henry A. Waxman of California and Edward J. Markey of Massachusetts , both Democrats . Waxman was at the time the chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committee , and Markey was the chairman of that committee 's Energy and Power Subcommittee .

negative: Washington Initiative 732 Washington Initiative 732 ( I-732 ) was an initiative to create a carbon tax to the Washington State Legislature , which appeared on the November 2016 ballot . The backers of I-732 submitted roughly 350,000 signatures in December 2015 to certify the initiative .   The initiative was spearheaded by environmental economist Yoram Bauman , a strong advocate of carbon pricing . It was modeled after the British Columbia carbon tax , which was considered `` popular across the political spectrum '' . The carbon tax in British Columbia caused the province 's fuel consumption to decrease by 16 % and its greenhouse gas emissions to decrease 3.5 times faster than the emissions of Canada as a whole , while maintaining steady economic growth .   On November 8 , it was rejected .

negative: Ted Stevens ,  Theodore Fulton Stevens Sr. ( November 18 , 1923 -- August 9 , 2010 ) was a United States Senator from Alaska , whose tenure extended from December 24 , 1968 , until January 3 , 2009 . He was thus the longest serving Republican senator in history at the time he left office ; his record was surpassed in January 2017 by Orrin Hatch of Utah . He was President pro tempore in the 108th and 109th Congresses from January 3 , 2003 , to January 3 , 2007 , and the third senator to hold the title of President pro tempore emeritus .   Stevens served for six decades in the American public sector , beginning with his service in World War II . In 1952 , his law career took him to Fairbanks , Alaska , where he was appointed U.S. Attorney the following year . In 1956 , he returned to Washington D.C. to work in the Eisenhower Interior Department , where he played an important role in bringing about statehood for Alaska . He was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1964 and became House majority leader in his second term . In 1968 , Stevens ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate , but was appointed to Alaska 's other Senate seat when it became vacant later that year . As a Senator , Stevens played key roles in legislation that shaped Alaska 's economic and social development , including the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act , the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act , the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act , and the Magnuson -- Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act . He was also known for his sponsorship of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 , which resulted in the establishment of the United States Olympic Committee .   In 2008 , Stevens was embroiled in a federal corruption trial as he ran for re-election to the Senate . He was found guilty , and eight days later was narrowly defeated at the polls . Stevens is the most senior U.S. Senator to have ever lost a reelection bid . However , prior to sentencing , the indictment was dismissed -- effectively vacating the conviction -- when a Justice Department probe found evidence of gross prosecutorial misconduct . Many have argued the prosecution was unfair and politically motivated .   Stevens died on August 9 , 2010 , when a de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter he and several others were flying in crashed en route to a private fishing lodge .

negative: Theodore Benfey Theodore Benfey was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate .

negative: Illinois Fair Tax The Illinois Fair Tax is a proposed amendment to the Illinois state constitution that would change the state income tax system from a flat tax to a graduated income tax . Proponents argue that the proposal would make the Illinois tax code fairer , provide tax relief to the most Illinoisans , boost small businesses , and accelerate job creation Opponents argue it would open the door to tax hikes that hurt small businesses and drive more job creation to neighboring states .   If approved by three-fifths of the state legislature , the proposal will be voted on in a referendum . While it did not pass in 2014 , supporters have vowed to bring the proposal back in future years . A Better Illinois was the coalition supported by labor unions , faith and civic leaders and small business owners that pushed for the measure and a possible referendum campaign .

negative: United States Senate election in Alaska, 1980 The 1980 United States Senate election in Alaska was held on November 4 , 1980 . Incumbent Democratic United States Senator Mike Gravel ran for a third term in the United States Senate , but lost in the Democratic primary to Clark Gruening , a former state representative who was the grandson of Ernest Gruening , whom Gravel had defeated twelve years prior in an election for the same seat . Gruening later went on to lose the general election to Republican nominee Frank Murkowski , a banker .   After the loss of Gravel 's seat , no Alaska Democrat would win a congressional race again until Mark Begich 's narrow , protracted triumph in Alaska 's 2008 Senate election .

negative: Dan Sullivan (U.S. Senator) Daniel Scott Sullivan ( born November 13 , 1964 ) is an American politician , lawyer and member of the Republican Party who has served as the junior United States Senator from Alaska since January 2015 .   Born in Ohio , Sullivan earned degrees from Harvard University and Georgetown University , interning at the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . After graduating in 1993 , he joined the United States Marine Corps , leaving active duty in 1997 . He has since served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve and was recalled to active duty from 2004 to 2006 and in 2009 and 2013 .   Between 1997 and 1999 , he clerked for judges on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and the Alaska Supreme Court . He worked in private practice in Anchorage , Alaska from 2000 to 2002 , then moved to Maryland to work for the federal government , first with the National Economic Council and National Security Council , then as Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs .   Sullivan then returned to Alaska , serving first as Alaska Attorney General from 2009 to 2010 , then as Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources from 2010 to 2013 . He resigned from office in September of that year to run for the United States Senate seat held by Democrat Mark Begich in the 2014 election . In August 2014 , Sullivan won the Republican primary , defeating Alaska Lieutenant Governor Mead Treadwell and 2010 Senate nominee Joe Miller . After a close race , he defeated Begich in the general election by 47.96 % to 45.83 % , a margin of 6,014 votes out of 282,400 cast .

negative: Harry Reid (disambiguation) Harry Reid ( born 1939 ) is an American politician who served as the senior United States Senator from Nevada , from 1987 to 2017 .   Harry Reid may also refer to :  Harry Reid ( bishop ) ( died 1943 ) , Bishop of Edinburgh  Harry Fielding Reid ( 1859 -- 1944 ) , geophysicist  Harry Reid ( journalist ) ( born 1947 ) , Scottish journalist and author  Harry Reid ( actor ) ( born 1992 ) , plays Ben Mitchell in EastEnders

negative: Lisa Murkowski Lisa Ann Murkowski -LSB- mɜrˈkaʊskiː -RSB- ( born May 22 , 1957 ) is the senior United States Senator from Alaska and a member of the Republican Party . She has served in the Senate since 2002 . Murkowski became the state 's senior senator on January 3 , 2009 , when Democrat Mark Begich , who had defeated Alaska 's senior senator Ted Stevens in November 2008 , took office .   She is the daughter of former U.S. Senator and Governor of Alaska Frank Murkowski . Before her appointment to the Senate , she served in the Alaska House of Representatives and was eventually elected majority leader .   Murkowski was appointed to the U.S. Senate by her father , Frank Murkowski , who resigned his seat in December 2002 to become the Governor of Alaska . She completed her father 's unexpired term , which ended in January 2005 . She ran for and won a full term in 2004 .   She ran for a second term in 2010 . She lost the Republican Party nomination to Tea Party candidate Joe Miller . She then ran as a write-in candidate and defeated both Miller and Democrat Scott McAdams in the general election , making her only the second senator to be elected by write-in vote since Strom Thurmond in 1954 .   Although Sen. Murkowski has won three full terms to the Senate , she has never won a majority of the vote winning pluralities each time : 48.5 % in 2004 , 39.5 % in 2010 and 44 % in 2016 .

negative: Climate Hawks Vote Climate Hawks Vote is a small-scale , grassroots-funded super-PAC founded in 2013 that supports candidates and elected officials whom it identifies as making climate change a top priority .

negative: Dana Fabe Dana Anderson Fabe ( born March 29 , 1951 ) was a member of the Alaska Supreme Court from March 1996 until her retirement in June 2016 . She served three terms as the court 's Chief Justice ( 2000 -- 2003 , 2006 -- 2009 , 2012 -- 2015 ) . She was the first woman appointed to the Alaska Supreme Court and the Alaska Supreme Court 's first female Chief Justice .   A native of Cincinnati , Ohio , she grew up in the city 's Hyde Park neighborhood and attended The Seven Hills School . She attended Cornell University ( BA 1973 ) and Northeastern University School of Law ( JD 1976 ) , before moving to Alaska in the 1970s .   Following the retirement of U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Souter , U.S. Senator Mark Begich recommended her as a possible successor in a letter to President Barack Obama .

negative: Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act of 2007 The Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act of 2007 - a bill to amend the Clean Air Act to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide , and for other purposes . It was proposed in the 110th United States Congress by Senators Bernie Sanders ( I-VT ) and Barbara Boxer ( D-CA ) on January 15 , 2007 .   It was referred to the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works .   The measure was intended to increase performance standards for electricity generation and motor vehicles with the option of an emissions `` cap and trade '' system . The emissions cap would begin in 2010 with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 15 percent by 2020 and 83 percent by 2050 . The legislation would also provide funding for R&D on geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide , among other projects ; set emissions standards for new vehicles and a renewable fuels requirement for gasoline beginning in 2016 ; establish energy efficiency and renewable portfolio standards beginning in 2008 and low-carbon electric generation standards beginning in 2016 for electric utilities ; and require periodic evaluations by the National Academy of Sciences to determine whether emissions targets are adequate .

negative: Ben Stevens Ben Aavan Stevens , Sr. ( March 18,1959 ) is an American politician and former President of the Alaska State Senate . He is a Republican and the son of former United States Senator Ted Stevens , the second-longest-serving Republican in United States Senate history .

negative: The NewDEAL The NewDEAL is an American Democratic Party-affiliated political organization founded in 2011 by honorary co-chairs Governor Martin O'Malley of Maryland and U.S. Senator Mark Begich of Alaska to promote `` pro-growth progressive state and local elected leaders and their innovative ideas from across the country . '' DEAL is an acronym for `` Developing Exceptional American Leaders . ''   Steve Benen of Washington Monthly described the network as an attempt to create `` a farm team '' for Democrats to identify `` future stars . ''