query: Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.

positive: Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party , commonly referred to as the GOP ( abbreviation for Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , the other being its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The party is named after republicanism , the dominant value during the American Revolution . Founded by anti-slavery activists , modernists , ex-Whigs , and ex-Free Soilers in 1854 , the Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932 .   There have been 19 Republican presidents , the most from any one party . The first was 16th president Abraham Lincoln , who served from 1861 to 1865 , when he was assassinated , and the most recent being 45th and current president Donald Trump , who took office on January 20 , 2017 .   The Republican Party 's current ideology is American conservatism , which contrasts with the Democrats ' more progressive platform ( also called modern liberalism ) . Further , its platform involves support for free market capitalism , free enterprise , fiscal conservatism , a strong national defense , deregulation , and restrictions on labor unions . In addition to advocating for conservative economic policies , the Republican Party is socially conservative , and seeks to uphold traditional values based largely on Judeo-Christian ethics . The GOP was strongly committed to protectionism and tariffs from its founding until the 1930s , when it was based in the industrial Northeast and Midwest . Since 1952 there has been a reversal against protectionism and the party 's core support since the 1990s comes chiefly from the South , the Great Plains , the Mountain States and rural districts in the North . as well as from conservative Catholics , Mormons , and Evangelicals nationwide .   As of 2017 , the Republican Party is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928 . In addition to holding the Presidency ( via Trump and Vice President Mike Pence ) , the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress , having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . The party also holds a majority of governorships ( 33/50 ) and state legislatures ( full control of 32/50 , split control of six others ) .

positive: Conservatism in the United States American Conservatism is a broad system of political beliefs in the United States that is characterized by respect for American traditions , support for Judeo-Christian values , economic liberalism , anti-communism , advocacy of American exceptionalism , and a defense of Western culture from threats posed by `` creeping socialism '' , moral relativism , multiculturalism and liberal internationalism . Liberty is a core value , with a particular emphasis on strengthening the free market , limiting the size and scope of government , and opposition to high taxes and government or labor union encroachment on the entrepreneur . American conservatives consider individual liberty , within the bounds of conformity to American values , as the fundamental trait of democracy , which contrasts with modern American liberals , who generally place a greater value on equality and social justice .   American conservatism originated from classical liberalism of 18th and 19th centuries , which advocates civil liberties and political freedom with representative democracy under the rule of law and emphasizes economic freedom .   Historians argue that the conservative tradition has played a major role in American politics and culture since the 1790s . However they have stressed that an organized conservative movement has played a key role in politics only since the 1950s . The recent movement is based in the Republican Party , though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movement 's history .   The history of American conservatism has been marked by tensions and competing ideologies . Fiscal conservatives and libertarians favor small government involvement in the economy , a flat tax , limited regulation , and free enterprise . Social conservatives see traditional social values as threatened by secularism ; they tend to support voluntary school prayer and oppose abortion and same sex marriage . Some also want the teaching of intelligent design or creationism allowed , as the topics are currently judicially prohibited in public schools . The 21st century has seen an increasingly fervent conservative support for Second Amendment rights of private citizens to own firearms . Neoconservatives want to expand American ideals throughout the world . Paleoconservatives advocate restrictions on immigration , non-interventionist foreign policy , and stand in opposition to multiculturalism . Nationwide most factions , except some libertarians , support a unilateral foreign policy , and a strong military . The conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together these divergent strands , stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of `` godless communism . ''   William F. Buckley Jr. , in the first issue of his magazine National Review in 1955 , explained the standards of his magazine and helped make explicit the beliefs of American conservatives :

positive: Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party , officially the Conservative and Unionist Party , is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom . It is currently the governing party , having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election . The party 's leader , Theresa May , is currently serving as Prime Minister . It is the largest party in local government with 9,237 councillors . The Conservative Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United Kingdom , the other being its modern rival , the Labour Party . The Conservative Party 's platform involves support for free market capitalism , free enterprise , fiscal conservatism , a strong national defence , deregulation , and restrictions on trade unions .   The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party -- giving rise to the Conservatives ' colloquial name of Tories -- and was one of two dominant political parties in the nineteenth century , along with the Liberal Party . During the 1890s , it formed a coalition government with the Liberal Unionist Party , a break-away faction of the Liberal Party . In 1912 , the two parties merged to form the current Conservative and Unionist Party . In the 1920s , the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives ' main rivals . Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century , including Winston Churchill ( 1940 -- 45 , 1951 -- 55 ) and Margaret Thatcher ( 1979 -- 90 ) . Thatcher 's tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation . The Conservative Party 's domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world .   The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament , with twenty MEPs , and sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists ( ECR ) parliamentary group . The party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe ( ACRE ) Europarty and the International Democrat Union ( IDU ) .   The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly . The Conservatives were formerly allied to the Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP ) in Northern Ireland but there is now a separate Northern Ireland Conservative party similar to the Welsh and Scottish Conservative parties . The party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar .

positive: Framing (social sciences) In the social sciences , framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals , groups , and societies , organize , perceive , and communicate about reality . Framing involves social construction of a social phenomenon -- by mass media sources , political or social movements , political leaders , or other actors and organizations . Participation in a language community necessarily influences an individual 's perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases . Politically , the language communities of advertising , religion , and mass media are highly contested , whereas framing in less-sharply defended language communities might evolve imperceptibly and organically over cultural time frames , with fewer overt modes of disputation .   Framing itself can be framed in one of two ways , depending on whether one chooses to emphasise processes of thought or processes of interpersonal communication . Frames in thought consist of the mental representations , interpretations , and simplifications of reality . Frames in communication consist of the communication of frames between different actors .   One can view framing in communication as positive or negative -- depending on the audience and what kind of information is being presented . Framing might also be understood as being either equivalence frames , which represent logically equivalent alternatives portrayed in different ways ( see framing effect ) or as emphasis frames , which simplify reality by focusing on a subset of relevant aspects of a situation or issue . In the case of `` equivalence frames '' , the information being presented is based on the same facts , but the `` frame '' in which it is presented changes , thus creating a reference-dependent perception .   The effects of framing can be seen in many journalism applications . With the same information being used as a base , the `` frame '' surrounding the issue can change the reader 's perception without having to alter the actual facts . In the context of politics or mass-media communication , a frame defines the packaging of an element of rhetoric in such a way as to encourage certain interpretations and to discourage others . For political purposes , framing often presents facts in such a way that implicates a problem that is in need of a solution . Members of political parties attempt to frame issues in a way that makes a solution favoring their own political leaning appear as the most appropriate course of action for the situation at hand .   In social theory , framing is a schema of interpretation , a collection of anecdotes and stereotypes , that individuals rely on to understand and respond to events . In other words , people build a series of mental `` filters '' through biological and cultural influences . They then use these filters to make sense of the world . The choices they then make are influenced by their creation of a frame .   Framing is also a key component of sociology , the study of social interaction among humans . Framing is an integral part of conveying and processing data on a daily basis . Successful framing techniques can be used to reduce the ambiguity of intangible topics by contextualizing the information in such a way that recipients can connect to what they already know .

negative: Sexual orientation change efforts Sexual orientation change efforts ( SOCE ) are methods used in attempts to change the sexual orientation of homosexual and bisexual people to heterosexuality . They may include behavioral techniques , cognitive behavioral techniques , psychoanalytic techniques , medical approaches , religious and spiritual approaches , and , in some parts of the world , acts of sexual violence ( `` corrective rape '' ) . There are no studies of adequate scientific rigor to conclude whether or not such methods work to change sexual orientation . The longstanding consensus of the behavioral and social sciences , and the health and mental health professions is that homosexuality and bisexuality are per se normal and positive variations of human sexual orientation . Research consistently failed to provide any empirical or scientific basis for regarding them as disorders or abnormalities .   There is a large body of research evidence that indicates that being gay , lesbian or bisexual is compatible with normal mental health and social adjustment . Because of this , the major mental health professional organizations do not encourage individuals to try to change their sexual orientation . Indeed , such interventions are ethically suspect because they can be harmful to the psychological well-being of those who attempt them ; clinical observations and self-reports indicate that many individuals who unsuccessfully attempt to change their sexual orientation experience considerable psychological distress . For these reasons , no major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation . The Royal College of Psychiatrists shares the concern of both the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association that positions espoused by bodies like the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality ( NARTH ) in the United States are not supported by science and that so-called treatments of homosexuality as recommended by NARTH create a setting in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish .   SOCE have been controversial due to tensions between the values held by some right-wing faith-based organizations , on the one hand , and those held by LGBT rights organizations , human rights and civil rights organizations , and other faith-based organizations , as well as professional and scientific organizations , on the other . Some individuals and groups have , contrary to global scientific research and consensus , promoted the idea of homosexuality as symptomatic of developmental defects or spiritual and moral failings and have argued that SOCE , including psychotherapy and religious efforts , could alter homosexual feelings and behaviors . Such efforts are potentially harmful because they present the view that the sexual orientation of lesbian , gay , and bisexual youth is a mental illness or disorder , and they often frame the inability to change one 's sexual orientation as a personal and moral failure . Many of these individuals and groups appeared to be embedded within the larger context of conservative religious political movements that have supported the stigmatization of homosexuality on political or religious grounds .

negative: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: Climate change denial Climate change denial , or global warming denial , is part of the global warming controversy . It involves denial , dismissal , unwarranted doubt or contrarian views which strongly depart from the scientific opinion on climate change , including the extent to which it is caused by humans , its impacts on nature and human society , or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions . Some deniers do endorse the term , but others often prefer the term climate change skepticism , although this is a misnomer for those who deny anthropogenic global warming . In effect , the two terms form a continuous , overlapping range of views , and generally have the same characteristics : both reject , to a greater or lesser extent , mainstream scientific opinion on climate change . Climate change denial can also be implicit , when individuals or social groups accept the science but fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action . Several social science studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism .   Campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science has been described as a `` denial machine '' of industrial , political and ideological interests , supported by conservative media and skeptical bloggers in manufacturing uncertainty about global warming . In the public debate , phrases such as climate skepticism have frequently been used with the same meaning as climate denialism . The labels are contested : those actively challenging climate science commonly describe themselves as `` skeptics '' , but many do not comply with common standards of scientific skepticism and , regardless of evidence , persistently deny the validity of human caused global warming .   Although scientific opinion on climate change is that human activity is extremely likely to be the primary driver of climate change , the politics of global warming have been affected by climate change denial , hindering efforts to prevent climate change and adapt to the warming climate . Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of a scientific controversy where there is none .   Of the world 's countries , the climate change denial industry is most powerful in the United States . Since January 2015 , the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works has been chaired by oil lobbyist and climate change denier Jim Inhofe . Inhofe is notorious for having called climate change `` the greatest hoax ever perpetrated against the American people '' and for having claimed to have debunked the alleged hoax in February 2015 when he brought a snowball with him in the Senate chamber and tossed it across the floor . Organised campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science is associated with conservative economic policies and backed by industrial interests opposed to the regulation of emissions . Climate change denial has been associated with the fossil fuels lobby , the Koch brothers , industry advocates and libertarian think tanks , often in the United States . More than 90 % of papers sceptical on climate change originate from right-wing think tanks .  The total annual income of these climate change counter-movement-organizations is roughly $ 900 million . Between 2002 and 2010 , nearly $ 120 million ( # 77 million ) was anonymously donated via the Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund to more than 100 organisations seeking to undermine the public perception of the science on climate change . In 2013 the Center for Media and Democracy reported that the State Policy Network ( SPN ) , an umbrella group of 64 U.S. think tanks , had been lobbying on behalf of major corporations and conservative donors to oppose climate change regulation .   Since the late 1970s , oil companies have published research broadly in line with the standard views on global warming . Despite this , oil companies organized a climate change denial campaign to disseminate public disinformation for several decades , a strategy that has been compared to the organized denial of the hazards of tobacco smoking by tobacco companies .

negative: View synthesis Currently a study branch of Computer Science Research , aims to create new views of a specific subject starting from a number of pictures taken from given point of views .   Vision Research and Artificial Intelligence fields are involved in the definition of suitable approaches to the problem . See Computer Vision   Example problem 1 : Given a number of images of a specific subject , taken from specific points with specific camera setting and orientations , try to build a synthetic image as taken from a virtual camera placed in a different point and with given settings .   Example problem 2 : Two people interact through their computers , using a webcam . Try to render corrected images , as if taken from a virtual webcam positioned behind the application window .  This would solve the long-standing Eye contact problem which is experienced in this environment . A double illusion is perceived by the users : each of them looks at each other 's face , but neither of them get the proper feeling of it .   An example application of View Synthesis is Free view point television .

negative: Don't cross the bridge until you come to it Do n't cross the bridge until you come to it is an English language proverb that is rich in metaphor . When taken literally , it does not make sense , but has meaning as a proverb . `` Cross the bridge '' is a metaphor for solving a problem or overcoming an obstacle .   `` Until you come '' to the bridge is a metaphor for waiting until a vague or low-probability problem arises so you can learn more about what the problem is , before trying to solve or overcome it .   The following sentences paraphrase various aspects of the proverb :  `` Wait for ill-defined problems to be clarified before dealing with them . ''  `` Do n't be concerned about distant-future problems until they become near-present problems . ''  `` Do n't try to solve that problem until you are prepared to deal with it . ''  `` Do n't waste your time preparing for all potential problems , because most of them will no longer be problems when you get to them , or because conditions will have changed by then . ''  `` Do n't work on that problem until the scheduled time . ''

negative: Bokapahari Bokapahari is a village in Dhanbad district , Jharkhand State , India . It is located over subsurface coal fires , and residents make a living gathering and selling coal . The Government of India is trying to relocate them elsewhere , but most of the residents have refused to move , saying they would be unable to make a living elsewhere .

negative: Concurrent jurisdiction Concurrent jurisdiction exists where two or more courts from different systems simultaneously have jurisdiction over a specific case . This situation leads to forum shopping , as parties will try to have their civil or criminal case heard in the court that they perceive will be most favorable to them .

negative: Air pollution in Germany Air pollution in Germany has significantly decreased over the past decade . Air pollution occurs when harmful substances are released into the Earth 's atmosphere . These pollutants are released through human activity and natural sources . Germany took interest in reducing its greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions by switching to renewable energy sources . Renewable energy use rose from 6.3 % in 2000 to 34 % in 2016 . Through the transition to renewable energy sources , Germany has become the climate change policy leader and renewable energy leader in the European Union ( EU ) and in the world with ambitious climate change programs . The current goal of the German government was approved on 14 November 2016 in the German Climate Action Plan 2050 , which outlines measures by which Germany can meet its greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 . By 2050 , Germany wants to reduce their GHGs by 80 to 95 % and by 2030 they want to reduce it by 55 % , compared to the EU target of 40 % .   In order to achieve these goals , a variety of strategies and policies are used rather than legislation . The four strategies the German government bases air pollution control on are laying down environmental quality standards , emission reduction requirements according to the best available technology , production regulations , and laying down emission ceilings . Through these strategies , policy instruments have been put in place that have contributed to the success of the significant air pollution reduction in Germany . These instruments include the Federal Emission Control Act and Implementing Ordinances , Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control ( TA Luft ) , Amendment to Ordinance on Small Firing Installations , Implementation of the directive on industrial emissions , and Transboundary air pollution control policy . The German Feed-in-Tariff policy introduced in 2000 led to the significant increase in renewable energy use and decreasing air pollution . They have been introduced in Germany to increase the use of renewables , such as wind power , biomass , hydropower , geothermal power , and photovoltaics , thereby reducing GHG emissions causing air pollution and combating climate change .   The German government has been an agenda setter in international climate policy negotiations since the late 1980s . However , national and global climate policies have become a top priority since the conservative-social democratic government came into power in 2005 , pushing both European and international climate negotiations . Positive path dependency in Germany 's climate and energy policies has occurred over the past 20 years . There are three main triggers that put Germany on this positive path dependency and what led them to becoming a climate change policy leader . The first being the widespread damages to health , due to smog , and to nature , due to acid rain , caused by air pollution . The second being the shock of the two oil price crises , in 1973 and 1979 , that highlighted the problem of the German economy 's strong dependence on unsure foreign sources . The third being the growing opposition to the country 's growing reliance on nuclear energy . Air pollution began to be seen as a problem in Germany due to these three triggers , causing Germany to put policies into place to control air pollution . This has now developed from controlling air pollution to being a leader in climate change politics .   __ TOC __

negative: Green industrial policy Green industrial policy ( GIP ) is strategic government policy that attempts to accelerate the development and growth of green industries to transition towards a low-carbon economy . Natural scientists warn that immediate action must be taken to lower greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change . Social scientists argue that the mitigation of climate change requires state intervention and governance reform . Thus , governments use GIP to address the economic , political , and environmental issues of climate change . GIP is conducive to sustainable economic , institutional , and technological transformation . It goes beyond the free market economic structure to address market failures and commitment problems that hinder sustainable investment . Effective GIP builds political support for carbon regulation which is necessary to transition towards a low-carbon economy . Several governments use different types of GIP that lead to various outcomes .   GIP and industrial policy are similar , although GIP has unique challenges and goals . GIP faces the particular challenge of reconciling economic and environmental issues . It deals with a high uncertainty of green investment profitability . Furthermore , it addresses the reluctance of industry to invest in green development , and it helps current governments influence future climate policy .   GIP offers opportunities for energy transition to renewables and a low-carbon economy . A large challenge for climate policy is a lack of industry and public support . GIP creates benefits that attract support for sustainability . It can create strategic niche management and generate a `` green spiral '' , or a process of feedback that combines industrial interests with climate policy . GIP can protect employees in emerging and declining industries , which leads to political support for other climate policy . Carbon pricing , sustainable energy transitions , and decreases in greenhouse gas emissions have higher chances of success as political support increases .   GIP faces many risks . Some risks include poor government choices about which industries to support ; political capture of economic policy ; wasted resources ; ineffective action to combat climate change ; poor policy design that lacks policy objectives and exit strategies ; trade disputes ; and coordination failure . Strategic steps can be taken to manage the risks of GIP . Some include public and private sector communication , transparency , and accountability ; policy with clear objectives , evaluation techniques and exit strategies ; policy learning and policy experimentation ; green rent management ; strong institutions ; and a free press .   Governments in various countries , states , provinces , territories , and cities use different types of green industrial policy . Distinct policy instruments lead to several outcomes . Examples include sunrise and sunset policies , subsidies , research and development , local content requirements , feed-in tariffs , tax credits , export restrictions , consumer mandates , green public procurement rules , and renewable portfolio standards .

negative: Institutionalism in political parties Party Institutionalism is an approach that sees political parties as having some capacities for adaptation , but also sees them as being `` prisoners of their own history as an institution '' . Aspects of the ideology that a party had when it was founded , persists even though the conditions and the party-base in society have changed . Scholars of this approach claim that the party 's history determines how the party adapts to modern day challenges .   The left -- right is still central in order to understand a party 's policy , but the core of these theories is to compare the party 's beliefs and values today with the ones at their founding . In analyzing a party 's ideological orientation we must begin by analyzing the very origin of the party .   One framework within this tradition is offered by Klaus von Beyme who identifies nine party-groups , or `` familles spirituelles '' , that can be found in European liberal democracies today :   Liberal and Radical parties  Conservative parties  Socialist and Social Democratic parties  Christian Democratic parties  Communist parties  Agrarian parties  Regional and ethnic parties  Right-wing extremist parties  Ecology movement   Von Beyme claims that at the time of their founding these parties reflected the needs to defend a particular kind of interests , but recognized that not every European party could be fitted into this schema . He has been criticized of being tempted to try to fit too many parties into this schema , when in reality there is not grounds for doing so . It needs to be said as well that quite many of the European parties classified into the categories above are regarded as having more or less lost contact with their original `` famille spirituelle '' .   Consequently one can wonder what , eg , the British Conservatives today have in common with their founding fathers hundreds of years ago , taking into account New Right ideas and certain aspects of liberalism applied by the party . Likewise the Norwegian Social Democratic party is widely held to have moved away drastically from its inception as a socialist party in 1889 . Today this party has assumed more of a centralist role ( regarding for instance issues like state ownership as well as abandoning their corporatist ties with the Norwegian Trade Association ) .   One might ask what the point is of classifying the parties into these categories when they do not fit . The answer would be that one should look at the broad picture , and use von Beyme 's tool to make sense of certain tendencies in European politics .  However , it would also be important to recognize the fact that western European societies have changed tremendously in course of the last decades regarding a number of issues . Therefore , by identifying these factors one might also broaden the understanding of the generally changing patterns of party - ideology in Europe today , compared to the 1950s .

negative: Changing room (disambiguation) Changing room may refer to :  changeroom , a room or enclosure in a clothing store where customers may try on clothes before purchasing them  Changing Rooms , a BBC television series  The Changing Room , a stage play by David Storey

negative: Country attractiveness Country attractiveness is a multidisciplinary concept at the crossroads of development economics , financial economics , comparative law and political science : it aims at tracking and contrasting the relative appeal of different territories and jurisdictions competing for `` scarce '' investment inflows , by scoring them quantitatively and qualitatively across ad hoc series of variables such as GDP growth , tax rates , capital repatriation ... etc. .   There are multiple factors determining host country attractiveness in the eyes of large foreign direct institutional investors , notably pension funds and sovereign wealth funds . Research conducted by the World Pensions Council ( WPC ) suggests that perceived legal/political stability over time and medium-term economic growth dynamics constitute the two main determinants   Some development economists believe that a sizeable part of Western Europe has now fallen behind the most dynamic amongst Asia 's emerging markets , notably because the latter adopted policies more propitious to long-term investments : `` Successful countries such as Singapore , Indonesia and South Korea still remember the harsh adjustment mechanisms imposed abruptly upon them by the IMF and World Bank during the 1997-1998 ` Asian Crisis ' -LSB- ... -RSB- What they have achieved in the past 10 years is all the more remarkable : they have quietly abandoned the `` Washington consensus '' -LSB- the dominant Neoclassical perspective -RSB- by investing massively in infrastructure projects -LSB- ... -RSB- this pragmatic approach proved to be very successful . ''

negative: Historical institutionalism Historical institutionalism ( HI ) is a new institutionalist social science method that uses institutions to find sequences of social , political , economic behavior and change across time . It is a comparative approach to the study of all aspects of human organizations and does so by relying heavily on case studies .   Borrowing from Charles Tilly , historical institutionalism is a method apt for measuring `` big structures , large processes , and -LSB- making -RSB- huge comparisons '' .   Historical Institutionalism has generated some of the most important books in the fields of sociology , political science and economics . In fact , some of these studies have inspired policy and its scholars have received numerous awards . Although historical institutionalism proper is fairly new ( circa 1979 ) , it identifies with the great traditions in history , philosophy , politics , sociology and economics .

negative: Civil society campaign A civil society campaign is one that is intended to mobilize public support and use democratic tools such as lobbying in order to instigate social change . Civil society campaigns can seek local , national or international objectives . They can be run by dedicated single-issue groups such as Baby Milk Action , or by professional non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) , such as the World Development Movement , who may have several campaigns running at any one time . Larger coalition campaigns such as 2005 's Make Poverty History may involve a combination of NGOs .   Effective campaigning can sometimes achieve much more than good works or giving to charity . For example , the Jubilee 2000 debt campaign persuaded G7 governments to cancel $ 100 billion of debt owned by poor countries , releasing more money for development than 1,000 years of Christian Aid in weeks . In the UK , ASH ( Action on Smoking and Health ) 's campaign for a ban on smoking in public places in 2006 saved over 2,000 lives and billions of pounds a year . The Empty Homes Agency is working with UK local authorities to bring thousands of properties into use as a result of a successful amendment to the UK Housing Act 2004 .   Campaigning is increasingly recognised as an important way for NGOs to achieve their objectives . Many charities employ campaigners , produce campaigning materials and train their supporters to campaign . The Charity Commission for England and Wales says that `` charities may undertake campaigning and political activity as a positive way of furthering or supporting their purposes . ''   Some organisations , such as the Centre for Policy Studies , want to keep charities and community groups out of politics . Many NGOs and community groups are wary of campaigning . They worry about being political or offending their funders .   The problems voluntary organisations deal with often need political action , as well as good works . Over 200 years ago there were charities for the welfare of slaves , but abolishing the institution of slavery was also necessary . There is still a lot wrong with the world about which to campaign . Not all problems can be solved by campaigning . Sometimes it is better to provide a service , as a private business , a social enterprise or a charity . But many problems are best solved by influencing the policies and actions of an industry , firm , public service or government rather than trying to fix them yourself .   Most campaigns are small , such as improving play space in a park , creating access for people with disabilities or changing work practices . Some tackle very big issues , like climate change , world poverty and injustice . Many campaigns do n't get anywhere or make very slow progress . Some even undermine their own cause , because they turn people off or make mistakes . Influencing others takes skill and knowledge as well as commitment .

negative: Bigfoot Bonkers Bigfoot Bonkers is a 2-player ( only ) arcade game released by Meadows Games in 1976 . It is a clone of Blockade . Players move their blocks across the screen to create walls to try to surround their opponents and force them to crash into the walls or any block or obstacle like a ` foot ' .

negative: Jangmadang Jangmadang , , is a term usually used to refer to North Korean farmers ' markets , local markets and black markets . Since the North Korean famine , they have formed a large informal economy . In recent years , the government has become more lenient on their existence , but however , merchants still face heavy regulations . Currently a majority of North Koreans are dependent on markets for their survival .   The North Korean government has tried to regulate growth of the market economy in North Korea with a variety of methods . Some of them such as regulating age of traders has caused some societal changes such as making women more responsible for earning money for their families . This has resulted in changing gender roles in North Korean society .   There have been speculations on the possible role of black market in causing reforms of North Korean government and economy , possibly in similar manner as in China ·

negative: Conservation and restoration of photographs The Conservation and restoration of photographs is the study of the physical care and treatment of photographic materials . It covers both efforts undertaken by photograph conservators , librarians , archivists , and museum curators who manage photograph collections at a variety of cultural heritage institutions , as well as steps taken to preserve collections of personal and family photographs . It is an umbrella term that includes both preventative preservation activities such as environmental control and conservation techniques that involve treating individual items . Both preservation and conservation require an in-depth understanding of how photographs are made , and the causes and prevention of deterioration . Conservator-restorers use this knowledge to treat photographic materials , stabilizing them from further deterioration , and sometimes restoring them for aesthetic purposes .   While conservation can improve the appearance of a photograph , image quality is not the primary purpose of conservation . Conservators will try to improve the visual appearance of a photograph as much as possible , while also ensuring its long-term survival and adhering the profession 's ethical standards . Photograph conservators also play a role in the field of connoisseurship . Their understanding of the physical object and its structure makes them uniquely suited to a technical examination of the photograph , which can reveal clues about how , when , and where it was made .   Photograph preservation is distinguished from digital or optical restoration , which is concerned with creating and editing a digital copy of the original image rather than treating the original photographic material . Photograph preservation does not normally include moving image materials , which by their nature require a very different approach . Film preservation concerns itself with these materials .

negative: Munching square The Munching Square is a display hack dating back to the PDP-1 ( ca. 1962 , reportedly discovered by Jackson Wright ) , which employs a trivial computation ( repeatedly plotting the graph Y = X XOR T for successive values of T ) to produce an impressive display of moving and growing squares that devour the screen . The initial value of T is treated as a parameter , which , when well-chosen , can produce amazing effects . Some of these , later ( re ) discovered on the LISP machine , have been christened munching triangles ( try AND for XOR and toggling points instead of plotting them ) , munching w 's , and munching mazes . More generally , suppose a graphics program produces an impressive and ever-changing display of some basic form , foo , on a display terminal , and does it using a relatively simple program ; then the program ( or the resulting display ) is likely to be referred to as munching foos .

negative: Battle of Chotusitz The Battle of Chotusitz , or Chotusice , sometimes called the Battle of Czaslau , was fought on May 17 , 1742 , in Bohemia between the Austrians under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and the Prussians under Frederick the Great . The battle was a part of the War of the Austrian Succession sometimes referred to as the First Silesian War . The armies were about equal at 28,000 to 30,000 each , with the Prussians having about 2,000 more infantry and the Austrians some 2,000 more cavalry . The Austrians were attempting to retake occupied Prague and the Prussians were trying to block them from accomplishing that . The battle of Chotusitz was especially notable in that it was the only major battle started by the Austrians during this war .

negative: Policy entrepreneur Policy entrepreneur refers to an individual who takes advantage of opportunities to influence policy outcomes to increase their self-interests . The term was first coined by American political scientist John W. Kingdon in his influential work Agendas , Alternatives and Public Policies published in 1995 . Kingdon created the Multiple Streams Framework ( MSF ) which outlines that the policy process can be situated into problems , policy and politics . Political entrepreneurs are most active in the policy stream , creating solutions to potential problems and bringing them forth to the agenda setting process . The Multiple Streams Framework is a powerful tool to understand policy making and agenda setting . It was first created to analyze and understand agenda setting in the United States . Policy entrepreneurs are the most important actors in the Multiple Streams Framework , as they develop policy alternatives and couple them with problems to present solutions to policy makers at the right time . He himself describes them as `` advocates who are willing to invest their resources - time , energy , reputation , money - to promote a position in return for anticipated future gain in the form of material , purposive or solidary benefits ''  Policy entrepreneurs use innovative ideas and non-traditional strategies to influence society , create opportunities , and promote desired policy outcomes . Policy entrepreneurship usually happens over three phases . It starts with a demand in the political landscape for some form of innovation involving a public good . Secondly , an innovative policy instrument is proposed to supply that demand . Lastly , strategies are used such as team building , problem definition , and leadership by example to make certain that the innovation is placed on the agenda . Unlike a public intellect who strives to assert themselves into many different topics and be publicly vocal , a policy entrepreneur will focus on specific topics and possibly work behind the scenes with state and political elite .   Origin  The term entrepreneur is derived from the French word entreprendre , i.e. to undertake . The French economist Jean-Baptiste Say first coined the term in 1803 and defined an entrepreneur as an individual who `` shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield '' . Many decades later , scholars gradually have expanded the use of the idea of entrepreneurship and adapted the concept from business to the public sector . John Kingdon ( 1984 ) was one of the earliest scholars to apply the term entrepreneurs to the public sector ; he first coined the term `` policy entrepreneur '' in his work Agendas , Alternatives and Public Policies . This new term has been addressed in other works but has n't been systematically used by other political scientists in theories of policy change .   Multiple Streams Framework  Kingdon 's multiple-streams framework ( MSF ) has been frequently used since the publication of his book Agendas , Alternatives and Public Policies in 1984 . His model is an interpretation of the garbage can model of organizational choice . In a garbage can model , organization is seen as groups of choices that seek out problems , issues and feelings that look for decisions and solutions and people willing to solve them . The multiple-streams adaption of this sees that policies can be created by joining together problems , policies and politics , all of which are seen as decision aspects in a policy process .   Government agendas are created when problems are recognized that have viable solutions that will be politically correct to make at the time of decision making . Kingdon recognizes when these three aspects join together using the term `` policy window '' . When a policy window is recognized and open , there is a potential for policy making to happen . Policy entrepreneurs function at this time as the action takers who take advantage of these windows while they are open . In the problems stream , conditions are defined as problems based on how an individual values and believes in it and how much of an impact will happen through change . In the policy stream , ideas and solutions are formulated through policy ideas usually developed by specialists to an issue . Policy development has better chance of surviving implementation if it has support from various different communities effected by the policy . The politics stream focuses on different elements that will effect a policy such as national mood , efforts by the people to campaign for change and legislative turnover .   The multiple-streams framework is considered to provide the best conceptual insight in terms of the presence and influence of policy entrepreneurs and their role in emergence of policy windows by using the three ` streams ' to explain the gap between a problem getting attention and the adoption of an impactful solution . Kingdon claims these are not linear processes , instead , these three streams are to be treated as separate streams , able to happen in any order . He states that these three streams must come together at the same time . These streams are that a window of opportunity must exist , as well as a viable solution , combined with the motivation and the opportunity of the policy makers to select the solution . Many opportunities for policy change open , but most of them close before anyone even has a chance to take advantage because the attention of the policy agenda shifts dramatically .   Kingdon applied this reasoning to the political system of the United States . Since policy makers do not have the time to devote to detailed policies , they give the responsibility to civil servants who consult with think tanks and interest groups to produce policy solutions . The likelihood of significant policy change is challenging to predict due to it requiring sustained attention , an acceptable solution , and some compromise of the political system . Building on Kingdon 's work , Nikolaos Zahariadis defines it as a tool which explains how government policies are created with conditions of ambiguity .   Since 2000 , Kingdon 's book has been cited over 10,000 through Google Scholar and applied in over 1,900 times in peer reviewed articles .   Idea to Implementation   In the multiple-streams frameworks , policy entrepreneurs do most of their work in the policy stream working on agenda setting ideas . The role of a policy entrepreneur is to first identify demand for innovation in the political landscape when a recognizable policy window is open . When this window is open , a policy entrepreneur has a limited amount of time to undergo the initial launch of proposing policy recommendations to supply the demand by utilizing their personal , network and institutional resources to take action on joining streams together on their idea through the policy stages . This is done by addressing issues and problems and coming up with solutions to them by creating policy alternatives into a product that they can present as a persuasive agenda that policy-makers should examine . They will implement persuasive strategies and techniques on the policy-makers to coerce their innovation onto the agenda . A successful policy entrepreneur will manage to get their issues onto a political agenda and potentially pass and influence a form of legislation that relates to their personal benefit . However , not every attempt will be successful . If unsuccessful , a policy entrepreneur may hold onto their agenda for a later time or even apply it to a different issue that they deem may work .   Characteristics Of A Policy Entrepreneur   Not anyone can decide that they want to become a policy entrepreneur . These individuals have a credential that allows their opinions to be heard over others . This could be having expert knowledge on a topic or holding an important position of power in a corporation or special interest group that allows them to make decisions . A policy entrepreneur usually will have a large network of people with political influence that they utilize when pushing their idea forward . Persistence is essential for a policy entrepreneur to be successful . Many hours must be dedicated to their idea by giving speeches and talks , writing papers and speaking in front of government committees if they are to have success .   Policy entrepreneurs are crucial actors in policy making , Kingdon himself explained that policy entrepreneurs are `` advocates who are willing to invest their resources - time , energy , reputation , money - to promote a position in return for anticipated future gain in the form of material , purposive or solidary benefits '' . Other political scientists have taken Kingdon 's definition and expanded further . Michael Mintrom applied a public policy perspective to the term stating , `` they are individuals who through their creativity , strategy , networking , and persuasive argumentation are able to bring new policy ideas into the open and promote policy change '' . Years later , using a constructivist perspective , Michael Mazarr added to this saying , `` policy entrepreneurs can be seen as the human embodiment of the social construction of policy . Advocates determined , for one reason or another , to fight inertia , the bureaucracy , opposing interests , and anything else in their way to get the idea through the window -LSB- of opportunity -RSB- and into law or policy . '' .   Review And Criticisms   Reviews of Agendas , Alternatives , and Public Policy display mixed opinions on the approaches and concepts created by Kingdon . Roger Cobb , former professor of political science at Brown University writes in an article for the Journal of Health Politics , Policy and Law that Kingdon 's garbage can model approach is a completely random decision-making tool that lacks content . Cobb states that the greatest contribution of the garbage can model is the creation of new terms like policy entrepreneur that give the help give the sense of focus on policy problems but then argues that Kingdon himself may not fully believe in what he has created . He criticizes that Kingdon makes a legitimate arguments for structure by writing about `` predictable policy windows '' that are attributable to different political cycles but makes rations that would contradict his whole argument .   Evelyn Brodkin , associate professor at The University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration , writes in Political Science Quarterly that Kingdon 's book provides a good analysis of how policy participants see their own role in influencing others , raising issue awareness and framing these issues for debate . She finds that his findings are beneficial for pursuing more empirical investigation and debate on different models of the agenda-setting process . In her criticism , Brodkin argues that the book fails to challenge criticisms of the pluralist theory that focus on discrepancies that illustrate how certain groups and issues systematically are excluded from the political process in which Kingdon 's work is modelled on .   The frequent use of Kingdons agenda-setting framework in policy analysis is especially interesting because the book focuses solely on the United States . It can be argued that a framework developed exclusively on the basis of the examination of a single nation should not be able to generate useful insight in comparative research across the globe . Still , the MSF has been used in a large number of studies of subnational politics such as the European Union , the United Nations , and countries beyond the USA . Cairney and Zahariadis explain that this is because Kingdon 's MSF possesses a language that is flexible enough to be relevant on a wide range of policy making processes . Its insights are universal enough to apply in most political systems .   Harald Sætren , professor at University of Bergen Department of Administration and Organization Theory , writes in Policy Sciences that one of the problems with the multiple-streams framework is that differing methods of finding issues and solutions potentially can effect how successful a policy entrepreneur can be in coupling policy streams .   Policy Entrepreneurs   As of 2017 , it 's not a recognized job position held . John Kingdon 's research consisted of case studies on 23 different people he deemed to be policy entrepreneurs .  .   Isambard Kingdom Brunel is a mechanical engineer that engaged in the debate about whether paddle wheels or screw propellors were more powerful for moving boats . He tested this by building one of each and using them in a channel to see which would tug the hardest . The point of his story is that he was engaged on the ground and not just researching in a lab . Policy entrepreneurs need to be practically involved in testing their theories if they want their recommendations to be considered   In a study done by Mark Beeson and Diane Stone , Ross Garnaut was examined in a role of a policy entrepreneur . Garnaut was a highly decorated scholar , recognized economist who was also an ambassador to China and a prime ministerial advisor in Australia . In his role as advisor to Prime Minister Hawke , he wrote to him about problems with fixed exchange rates and instituting labour-market reform . The government went on to implement a radical program of economic liberalisation that included addressing some of the issues Garnaut consulted on .   See Also   Political Entrepreneur   Politician   Social Entrepreneur   Agenda Setting Theory   Lobbyist

negative: The Sons of Heaven The Sons of Heaven is a science fiction novel written by Kage Baker . It is the last in her series of novels about The Company .   The Company , formally known as Dr. Zeus Inc. , exists in the 24th century but employs immortal cyborgs to recover and save valuable artifacts in the past . The cyborgs are created by taking suitable children who would otherwise die and augmenting them with artificial components , physiological enhancements , and nanotechnology to continually repair their bodies so that they never age or die . In exchange for the gift of health and immortality they work to preserve the past for sale in the future .   Some cyborgs are corrupt , plotting against the Company and each other for the prize they expect to gain when they finally reach the 24th century , when they believe they will take over from the mortals who run the Company . Others despise mortals and plot to eliminate them . More benign factions try to counter them . Some individuals just want revenge .

negative: The Substitute (2007 film) The Substitute ( Vikaren ) is a 2007 Danish science fiction horror film directed by Ole Bornedal . The story takes place in a small village in Denmark where an alien comes to Earth to learn about human emotions , but instead is thwarted by a young boy and his friends , who find out that she is part of an intergalactic expedition to collect specimens across the universe . It 's up to Carl and his friends to save their town and the world . They try to tell their parents , but all of them scoff at the idea that their children would make up lies about their teacher .

negative: Culture Club (songbook) Culture Club is a songbook by the British new wave-oriented band Culture Club . It contains ten of their best songs for melody line with lyrics and guitar boxes , so that fans , either amateur or professional musicians , may try to play them if they wish .

negative: Dalaketnon Dalaketnon are the evil engkanto . Dalaketnons appeared as a gothic like tall , handsome males and beautiful females . They dress in fashionable manner , live in the `` haunted house-like '' mansions and try to fit in with mortal people . Some believe that the only way to Dalaket , their dwelling place , is by entering the Dalaket trees . These creatures abduct people and take them to their world . They hold a feast for their victims and force them to eat the Black Rice that put them under their spell making them their slaves .   Dalaketnons were known to be rather beautiful elitists . They have a bit of a coño , a kind of telekinesis as well as corporeal duplication -- meaning they could generate tangible , living copies of themselves indefinitely , and their hairs and eyes turn white whenever their power manifests .   The Dalaketnons have a normal contact with humans but the humans do not know that they are engkanto . Old folks believed that Dalaketnons can change an ordinary human into creatures like them . They use a magical black rice to change their victims into a Dalaketnon . It was also believed that they were the mortal enemies of the good engkanto . They are from the royal blood of evil engkantos that served as their ruler . They were associated to be the masters of Tiyanak , Aswang , Bal-Bal , Wak Wak , Manananggal , Amalanhig , and even Tiktik .

negative: Stardust@home Stardust@home is a citizen science project that encourages volunteers to search images for tiny interstellar dust impacts . The project began providing data for analysis on August 1 , 2006 .   From February to May 2000 and from August to December 2002 , the Stardust spacecraft exposed its `` Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector '' ( SIDC ) , a set of aerogel blocks about 0.1 m ² ( 1 ft ² ) in total size , to interstellar dust . The collector media consist of 130 blocks of 1 and 3 cm thick silica-based aerogel mounted in aluminum cells .   In order to spot impacts of interstellar dust , just over 700,000 individual fields of the aerogel will have to be visually inspected using large magnification . Each field , which is composed of 40 images , will thus be termed a `` focus movie '' . Stardust@home will try to achieve this by distributing the work among volunteers . Unlike distributed computing projects , it does not try to harness the processing power of many computers . It uses them only to distribute and present the tasks to humans . This approach is similar to the earlier Clickworkers project to find Martian craters .   Participants must pass a test to qualify to register to participate . After registering and passing the test , participants have access to the web-based `` virtual microscope '' which allows them to search each field for interstellar dust impacts by focusing up and down with a focus control .   As an incentive for volunteers , the first five phases of Stardust@home allowed the first individual to discover a particular interstellar dust particle to name it . Also , the discoverer could appear as a co-author on any scientific paper announcing the discovery of the particle .   As of February 2013 , twelve papers summarizing the results of the Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination ( ISPE ) have been submitted to Meteoritics and Planetary Science and are undergoing the peer-review process .

negative: Traded Life Policies Traded Life Policies ( or TLPs ) are most commonly United States-issued , whole-of-life assurance policies , but mainly Universal Life policies sold before they become claims , to allow the original owner to enjoy some of the benefits during their lifetime . A market for traded endowment and other life policies ( or TEPs ) has also existed in the UK for many years . The transaction by which an in-force life insurance policy is sold to a third party is known as a life settlement . In the case of whole life policies , the life assured is usually over 65 or with medical impairments . An estimated life expectancy can be obtained using population mortality statistics and evidence of the insured 's health . For traded endowments a more important factor to estimate is usually the future bonus ( participation ) rate .   Holders of life policies might wish to sell before the policy becomes a claim for a number of reasons . It may be that they no longer wish to pay the premiums , or they might need the cash for purposes such as paying for care .   The new owners continue to pay the premiums on the policies until they become a claim , either on the death of the insured life or on the maturity date . This concept of a secondary market for life insurance policies is far from new . A secondary market exists because policyholders can often get a better price for their policies on the open market than by surrendering them to the insurance company that issued them . Even so , investors can still buy them at deep discounts from their expected maturity values . So much so , that they have become a niche asset class for both institutions and private investors , to the extent that there are even mutual funds that invest in them .

negative: International business International business comprises all commercial transactions ( private and governmental , sales , investments , logistics , and transportation ) that take place between two or more regions , countries and nations beyond their political boundaries . Usually , private companies undertake transactions for profit ; governments undertake them for profit and for political reasons . The term `` international business '' refers to all those business activities which involve cross-border transactions of goods , services , and resources between two or more nations . Transactions of economic resources include capital , skills , people etc. for the purpose of the international production of physical goods and services such as finance , banking , insurance , construction etc. .   A multinational enterprise ( MNE ) is a company that has a worldwide approach to markets and production or with operations in several countries . Well-known MNEs include fast-food companies such as McDonald 's and Yum Brands , vehicle manufacturers such as General Motors , Ford Motor Company and Toyota , consumer-electronics producers like Samsung , LG and Sony , and energy companies such as ExxonMobil , Shell and BP . As shown , multinational enterprises can make business in different types of market .   Areas of study within this topic include differences in legal systems , political systems , economic policy , language , accounting standards , labor standards , living standards , environmental standards , local culture , corporate culture , foreign-exchange market , tariffs , import and export regulations , trade agreements , climate , education and many more topics . Each of these factors may require changes in how individual business units operate from 1 country to the next .

negative: Sydney artists' camps Artists ' camps flourished around Sydney Harbour in the 1880s and 1890s , mainly in the Mosman area making it `` Australia 's most painted suburb '' , but died out after the first decade of the twentieth century . They developed as a result of the enthusiasm for painting en plein air fostered by the Barbizon and Impressionist movements in France in the second half of the 19th century , and were modelled on the artists ' colonies which grew up in France and parts of the British Isles . In them , free-spirited young men gathered to live cheaply together in the open air , trying to capture the beauty of their surroundings in paintings and drawings . Financial stringency during the depression of the 1890s made life in the camps even more attractive for Australian artists trying to establish themselves in a difficult market .

negative: Climate change mitigation Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change . Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human ( anthropogenic ) emissions of greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) . Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks , e.g. , through reforestation . Mitigation policies can substantially reduce the risks associated with human-induced global warming .   According to the IPCC 's 2014 assessment report , `` Mitigation is a public good ; climate change is a case of the ` tragedy of the commons . Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent ( individual , institution or country ) acts independently in its own selfish interest ( see international cooperation and emissions trading ) , suggesting the need for collective action . Some adaptation actions , on the other hand , have characteristics of a private good as benefits of actions may accrue more directly to the individuals , regions , or countries that undertake them , at least in the short term . Nevertheless , financing such adaptive activities remains an issue , particularly for poor individuals and countries . ''   Examples of mitigation include phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources , such as renewable and nuclear energy , and expanding forests and other `` sinks '' to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Energy efficiency may also play a role , for example , through improving the insulation of buildings . Another approach to climate change mitigation is climate engineering .   Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system . Scientific analysis can provide information on the impacts of climate change , but deciding which impacts are dangerous requires value judgments .   In 2010 , Parties to the UNFCCC agreed that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 ° C ( 3.6 ° F ) relative to the pre-industrial level . With the Paris Agreement of 2015 this was confirmed , but was revised with a new target laying down `` parties will do the best '' to achieve warming below 1.5 ° C . The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 ° C . Other mitigation policies have been proposed , some of which are more stringent or modest than the 2 ° C limit .

negative: Testimonial party A testimonial party is a political party that focuses on its principles , instead of adapting them to local or temporal issues in the pursuit of coalition government participation . It is a specific phenomenon in the Netherlands , because of the Dutch system of proportional representation , in which any party which has over 0.66 % of the vote can enter parliament , resulting in a large number of relatively small political parties , none of which are able to obtain a majority in the house of representatives . As a result , Dutch political parties will negotiate and compromise to form a coalition government . Testimonial parties will not compromise , and combined with the fact that they are usually small parties , participation in a coalition government is extremely unlikely . Examples of parties that have referred to themselves as `` testimonial '' include the orthodox Protestant Reformed Political Party ( SGP ) and the animal rights advocating Party for the Animals . In contrast , the term program party is used for parties oriented at coalition participation .

negative: Noisy investigation Noisy investigations are used by the Church of Scientology to intimidate , harass , and attack their enemies . The Church used to openly label such people as Fair Game . The goal of a noisy investigation may not be to find out anything , but to harass the person being investigated . The procedure is to contact friends , neighbours , co-workers , etc. and inform them that they are investigating crimes by the target person .   A 1966 Hubbard Communications Office Executive Letter entitled `` How to do a NOISY Investigation '' described the practice as follows : `` You find out where he or she works or worked , doctor , dentist , friends , neighbours , anyone , and ` phone 'em up and say , ' I am investigating Mr/Mrs ... . for criminal activities as he/she has been trying to prevent Man 's freedom and is restricting my religious freedom and that of my friends and children , etc ' '' . Cooper , Paulette The Scandal of Scientology Chapter 9 : Attacking the Attackers Copyright © 1971 ( convenience link by Xenu.net ) The investigation may also be done by hired detectives .   A memo , reprinted in the British paper `` People '' , said : `` We want at least one bad mark on every psychiatrist in England , a murder , an assault , or a rape or more than one ... . This is Project Psychiatry . We will remove them . ''   Some Scientologists claim that their policy of `` Fair Game '' is no longer in effect , but critics of the Church maintain that whether the rule is still written in Scientology policy or not , the policy is still adhered to today . Some ex-Scientologists have claimed that the cancellation of the policy only cancelled the use of the words `` fair game '' and did not change the actual policy .

negative: Bunninadden GAA Bunninadden is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in the south of the county , comprising the parish of Bunninadden in County Sligo , Republic of Ireland . Players often go months without drinking in the hope of winning a championship . Friends in other counties often can not understand the commitment to a small club in Sligo and try to lure them on the pints at the weekends instead of letting them return to Bunninadden .