query: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

positive: That Hideous Strength That Hideous Strength ( subtitled A Modern Fairy-Tale for Grown-Ups ) is a 1945 novel by C. S. Lewis , the final book in Lewis 's theological science fiction Space Trilogy . The events of this novel follow those of Out of the Silent Planet and Perelandra ( also titled Voyage to Venus ) and once again feature the philologist Elwin Ransom . Yet unlike the principal events of those two novels , the story takes place on Earth rather than in space or on other planets in the solar system . The story involves an ostensibly scientific institute , the N.I.C.E. , which is a front for sinister supernatural forces .   The novel was heavily influenced by the writing of Lewis 's friend and fellow Inkling Charles Williams , and is markedly dystopian in style . In the book 's preface Lewis acknowledges science-fiction writer Olaf Stapledon and his work : `` Mr. Stapledon is so rich in invention that he can well afford to lend , and I admire his invention ( though not his philosophy ) so much that I should feel no shame to borrow . ''   In the foreword , Lewis states that the novel 's point is the same as that in his non-fiction work The Abolition of Man , which argues that there are natural laws and objective values , which education should teach children to recognise .   The novel 's title is taken from a poem written by David Lyndsay in 1555 , Ane Dialog betuix Experience and ane Courteour , also known as The Monarche . The couplet in question , `` The shadow of that hyddeous strength , sax myle and more it is of length '' , refers to the Tower of Babel .

positive: Arthur D. Levinson Arthur D. Levinson ( born March 31 , 1950 ) is an American businessman and is the current CEO of Calico ( an Alphabet Inc. venture ) and chairman of Apple Inc. ( 2011 to present ) . He is the former chief executive officer ( 1995 to 2009 ) and chairman ( 1999 to 2014 ) of Genentech .   In addition to serving on the board of Apple Inc. ( 2000 -- present ) , Levinson serves on the board of directors of the Broad Institute ( affiliated with MIT and Harvard ) . Previously , Levinson had served on the board of directors at F. Hoffmann-La Roche ( 2010-2014 ) , NGM Biopharmaceuticals ( 2009-2014 ) , and Amyris Biotechnologies ( 2009-2014 ) . He currently serves on the Board of Scientific Consultants of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , the Industrial Advisory Board of the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences ( QB3 ) , the Advisory Council for the Princeton University Department of Molecular Biology and the Advisory Council for the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics .

positive: Developing country A developing country , also called a less developed country or an underdeveloped country , is a nation or a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index ( HDI ) relative to other countries . There are no universally agreed-upon criteria for what makes a country developing versus developed and which countries fit these two categories , although there are general reference points such as a nation 's GDP per capita compared with other nations . Also , the general term less-developed country should not be confused with the specific least developed country . The term `` developing '' describes a currently observed situation and not a dynamic or expected direction of progress . Since the late 1990s developing countries tended to demonstrate higher growth rates than the developed ones .   There is criticism for using the term developing country . The term implies inferiority of a developing country or undeveloped country compared with a developed country , which many countries dislike . It assumes a desire to develop along the traditional Western model of economic development which a few countries , such as Cuba and Bhutan , choose not to follow . An alternative measurement that has been suggested is that of gross national happiness . Countries on the boundary between developed and developing are often categorized under the term newly industrialized countries .   According to authors such as Walt Whitman Rostow , developing countries are in transition from traditional lifestyles towards the modern lifestyle which began in the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries .   In the 2016 edition of its World Development Indicators , the World Bank made a decision to no longer distinguish between `` developed '' and `` developing '' countries in the presentation of its data . Nobody has ever agreed on a definition for these terms in the first place .

positive: Sarah Palin Sarah Louise Palin ( -LSB- ˈpeɪlᵻn -RSB- née Heath ; born February 11 , 1964 ) is an American politician , commentator , and author who served as the ninth Governor of Alaska from 2006 until her resignation in 2009 . As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2008 election alongside presidential nominee , Arizona Senator John McCain , she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major political party and the first Republican woman selected as a vice presidential candidate . Also , her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies .   She was elected to the Wasilla city council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996 . In 2003 , after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor , she was appointed chair of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission , responsible for overseeing the state 's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency . She was the youngest person and the first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska .   Since her resignation as Governor , she has endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement as well as several candidates in multiple election cycles , prominently including Donald Trump for President in 2016 . From 2010 to 2015 , she provided political commentary for Fox News . On April 3 , 2014 , Palin premiered her TV show , Amazing America with Sarah Palin , on the Sportsman Channel , which ran until February 12 , 2015 . On July 27 , 2014 , Palin launched the online news network called the Sarah Palin Channel , which was closed on July 4 , 2015 .

positive: Bangladesh Bangladesh ( -LSB- bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ -RSB- -LSB- ˌbɑːŋɡləˈdɛʃ -RSB- -LSB- : bn : বাংলাদেশ , বাংলাদেশ -RSB- , -LSB- ˈbaŋlad̪eʃ -RSB- , lit . `` The country of Bengal '' ) , officially the People 's Republic of Bangladesh , is a country in South Asia . It shares land borders with India and Myanmar ( Burma ) . Nepal , Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it . The country 's maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area . Bangladesh is the world 's eighth most populous country . Dhaka is its capital and largest city , followed by Chittagong , which has the country 's largest port .   Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions . Bengalis , who speak the official Bengali language , make up 98 % of the population . The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the world 's third largest Muslim-majority country . Most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta , the largest delta on Earth . The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km ( 5,000 miles ) of inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country . Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef . It is home to the Sundarbans , the largest mangrove forest in the world . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife , including critically endangered Bengal tigers , the national animal .   The Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai , a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent , in the 3rd century BCE . Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh , which had international trade links for millennia . The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries . The region was home to many principalities that had inland naval prowess . It was also a notable center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade . As part of British India , the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance and played an important role in anti-colonial movements . The Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan ; and was renamed as East Pakistan . The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 . After independence , a parliamentary republic was established . A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990 , followed by a return to parliamentary democracy . The country has also been affected by poverty , natural disasters , hunger , dominant party systems and military coups .   Bangladesh is a middle power and a major developing nation . Within South Asia , the country ranks first in gender equality , second in foreign exchange earnings and third in life expectancy and peacefulness . Listed as one of the Next Eleven , its economy ranks 46th in terms of nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) and 29th in terms of purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . It is one of the largest textile exporters in the world . Its major trading partners are the European Union , the United States , China , India , Japan , Malaysia and Singapore . With its strategically vital location between Southern , Eastern and Southeast Asia , Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation . It is a founding member of SAARC , BIMSTEC , the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation and the Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative . It is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Developing 8 Countries , the OIC , the Non Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 and the World Trade Organization . Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping forces .

negative: Climate change in Argentina According to scientists , global warming is predicted to have significant effects on the climate of Argentina . Though temperatures have increased at a slower rate than the global average , nonetheless these impacts have occurred in many areas . If these trends continue , it is predicted that climate change will exacerbate existing natural disasters such as increasing the intensity and frequency of floods or create new ones .

negative: Climate change in Nevada Climate change in Nevada has been measured over the last century , with the average temperature in Elko , Nevada increasing by 0.6 F-change , and precipitation increasing by up to 20 % in many parts of the state . These past trends may or may not continue into the future .

negative: Natural history of Australia The natural history of Australia has been shaped by the geological evolution of the Australian continent from Gondwana and the changes in global climate over geological time . The building of the Australian continent and its association with other land masses , as well as climate changes over geological time , have created the unique flora and fauna present in Australia today .

negative: Masahito Anzai is a Japanese social scientist and archaeologist , professor at the Tohoku University of Art and Design . A graduate of the University of Tokyo in archeology in 1970 , he was an assistant at the same university for many years , but in 2008 was appointed professor at the Tohoku University of Art and Design . He has written a number of books and papers particularly on social archaeology and the structure of Paleolithic society . He was an editor of A Study of Regional Chronology in the Palaeolithic in 2006 . His more recent work since 2010 has focused on the archaeology of climate change , and the climate change in Nawamon culture .

negative: Global Roundtable on Climate Change The Global Roundtable on Climate Change , convened by the Earth Institute at Columbia University brought together representatives from corporations , research institutions , and government organizations to discuss the scientific consensus , economics , technology , and public policy issues associated with climate change . Following preliminary research and discussions , the group first met in 2005 and held a series of public and private meetings over the next five year .   The Roundtable had five objectives :   Improve global consensus on the science , technology , economics , and policy issues of anthropogenic climate change .  Review technology and policy proposals for mitigating climate change while meeting global energy demand .  Support research and prototypes of technologies and policies that address climate change .  Provide a forum for discussion , analysis , and exchange of ideas from the represented groups .  Support proposals and initiatives generated by the Roundtable 's discussions .   Participants in the Roundtable meetings : ABB , Air France , Alcan , Alcoa , Alliant Energy , Allianz , American Electric Power , BASF , Bayer , Calvert Group , China Renewable Energy Industry Association , Citigroup , Coalition of Rainforest Nations , Columbia University , Deutsche Telekom , DuPont , Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand , Endesa , Environmental Defense , Eskom , Eni , Exelon , Fairfield University , FPL Group , General Electric , Iberdrola , ING Group , Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , International Gas Union , Munich Re , National Grid , NRG Energy , Rainforest Alliance , Republic of Iceland , Ricoh , Suntech Power , Swiss Re , Vattenfall , Volvo , World Council on Churches , World Petroleum Council , and many others .   The Roundtable was funded by a grant from the Lenfest Foundation . Jeffrey Sachs , Director of the Earth Institute served as Chair . David L. Downie served as Director of the Global Roundtable on Climate Change before leaving the Earth Institute to join Fairfield University .   On February 20 , 2007 , the Roundtable released `` The Path to Climate Sustainability : A Joint Statement by the Global Roundtable on Climate Change '' . The Joint Statement outlines a post-Kyoto framework and has been endorsed by over 100 of the Roundtable participating corporations and organizations . The Statement outlines ways to effect change at the levels of policy and industry , particularly in regards to creating sustainable energy systems necessary for achieving economic growth .   In addition to its internal discussions , which were aimed at information exchange , education and consensus building , and development of the parthbreaking Joint Statement , Roundtable participants also participated in public forums . For example , David L. Downie organized two side-event panels during sessions of the global climate negotiations that featured presentations by Roundtable Participants , including himself , regarding how businesses and scientists were working together to lower greenhouse gas emissions . David L. Downie also discussed the Roundtable and related issues at other events during the climate negotiations and in other forums

negative: Climate Vulnerable Forum The Climate Vulnerable Forum ( CVF ) is a global partnership of countries that are disproportionately affected by the consequences of global warming . The forum addresses the negative effects of global warming as a result of heightened socioeconomic and environmental vulnerabilities . These countries actively seek a firm and urgent resolution to the current intensification of climate change , domestically and internationally .   The CVF was formed to increase the accountability of industrialized nations for the consequences of global climate change . It also aims to exert additional pressure for action to tackle the challenge , which includes local action by countries considered susceptible . Political leaders involved in this partnership are `` using their status as those most vulnerable to climate change to punch far above their weight at the negotiating table '' . The governments which founded the CVF agree to national commitments to pursue low-carbon development and carbon neutrality .   Ethiopia became the first African Chair of the Climate Vulnerable Forum during the CVF High-Level Climate Policy Forum held in the Senate of the Philippines on 15 August 2016 .   The Philippines was the Chair of the Climate Vulnerable Forum during the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris ( COP21 ) and oversaw the adoption of the body 's Manila-Paris Declaration at the Third High-Level Meeting of the Forum on 30 November 2015 . The Manila-Paris Declaration articulated the common concerns and commitments of vulnerable countries and urged the strengthening of the UNFCCC goal of limiting warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels . During this meeting the membership of the Climate Vulnerable Forum expanded to include 23 new members .   In 2015 , the twenty member countries in a forum chaired by the Philippines launched the official bloc of the forum , the ` V20 ' or ` Vulnerable Twenty ' , consisting of the top 20 nations from all over the world that are most affected by the catastrophes rooted from climate change . The members of the bloc are Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Barbados , Bhutan , Costa Rica , Ethiopia , Ghana , Kenya , Kiribati , Madagascar , Maldives , Nepal , Philippines , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Tanzania , Timor-Leste , Tuvalu , Vanuatu and Vietnam . During the 2nd V20 Ministerial Dialogue in April 2016 in Washington DC , the V20 recognized the 23 new members that joined the CVF in 2015 as incoming members in the V20 initiative . These countries are currently and diversely affected by various climate change problems such as super storms , storm surges , tsunamis , droughts , famine due to climate factors , food shortage as by-product of climate change , power cutting , flash floods , mud slides , desertification , heatwaves , reduction of fresh water sources , and other effects of climate change . Climate change is globally believed and scientifically proven to have incurred from the economic activities of developed and developing nations and regions such as China , the United States , and Europe .

negative: Edward Hands & Lewis Edward Hands & Lewis is a firm of solicitors with offices nationwide across the UK . It was founded in 1897 and , since August 2009 , has been under the directorship of solicitor Jason Hathaway . Fellow solicitor Paul Stubbs became a director in May 2010 and Managing Director in 2013 . As of December 2015 Edward Hands and Lewis is in the top 2 % of largest solicitors in the UK and forms part of the EHL Group .   The firm has undergone several changes in recent years , having grown from a company of 20 staff with 3 offices to over 190 staff and 12 offices nationwide .


query: However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.

positive: Barrier island Barrier islands are coastal landforms and a type of dune system that are exceptionally flat or lumpy areas of sand that form by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast . They usually occur in chains , consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen . They are subject to change during storms and other action , but absorb energy and protect the coastlines and create areas of protected waters where wetlands may flourish . A barrier chain may extend uninterrupted for over a hundred kilometers , excepting the tidal inlets that separate the islands , the longest and widest being Padre Island of Texas . The length and width of barriers and overall morphology of barrier coasts are related to parameters including tidal range , wave energy , sediment supply , sea-level trends , and basement controls . The amount of vegetation on the barrier has a large impact on the height and evolution of the island .   Chains of barrier islands can be found along approximately thirteen percent of the world 's coastlines . They display different settings , suggesting that they can form and be maintained in a variety of environmental settings . Numerous theories have been given to explain their formation .

positive: Coral reef Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals . Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients . Most coral reefs are built from stony corals , which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups . The polyps belong to a group of animals known as Cnidaria , which also includes sea anemones and jellyfish . Unlike sea anemones , corals secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons which support and protect the coral polyps . Most reefs grow best in warm , shallow , clear , sunny and agitated waters .   Often called `` rainforests of the sea '' , shallow coral reefs form some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth . They occupy less than 0.1 % of the world 's ocean surface , about half the area of France , yet they provide a home for at least 25 % of all marine species , including fish , mollusks , worms , crustaceans , echinoderms , sponges , tunicates and other cnidarians . Paradoxically , coral reefs flourish even though they are surrounded by ocean waters that provide few nutrients . They are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical waters , but deep water and cold water corals also exist on smaller scales in other areas .   Coral reefs deliver ecosystem services to tourism , fisheries and shoreline protection . The annual global economic value of coral reefs is estimated between US$ 29.8-375 billion . However , coral reefs are fragile ecosystems , partly because they are very sensitive to water temperature . They are under threat from climate change , oceanic acidification , blast fishing , cyanide fishing for aquarium fish , sunscreen use , overuse of reef resources , and harmful land-use practices , including urban and agricultural runoff and water pollution , which can harm reefs by encouraging excess algal growth .

positive: Coral Corals are marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria . They typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps . The group includes the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton .   A coral `` group '' is a colony of myriad genetically identical polyps . Each polyp is a sac-like animal typically only a few millimeters in diameter and a few centimeters in length . A set of tentacles surround a central mouth opening . An exoskeleton is excreted near the base . Over many generations , the colony thus creates a large skeleton that is characteristic of the species . Individual heads grow by asexual reproduction of polyps . Corals also breed sexually by spawning : polyps of the same species release gametes simultaneously over a period of one to several nights around a full moon .   Although some corals can catch small fish and plankton using stinging cells on their tentacles , most corals obtain the majority of their energy and nutrients from photosynthetic unicellular dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium that live within their tissues . These are commonly known as zooxanthellae and the corals that contain them are zooxanthellate corals . Such corals require sunlight and grow in clear , shallow water , typically at depths shallower than 60 m. Corals are major contributors to the physical structure of the coral reefs that develop in tropical and subtropical waters , such as the enormous Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Queensland , Australia .   Other corals do not rely on zooxanthellae and can live in much deeper water , with the cold-water genus Lophelia surviving as deep as 3000 m . Some have been found on the Darwin Mounds , north-west of Cape Wrath , Scotland . Corals have also been found as far north as off the coast of Washington State and the Aleutian Islands .

negative: Mud Islands The Mud Islands reserve is located within Port Phillip , about 90 km south-west of Melbourne , Australia , lying 10 km inside Port Phillip Heads , 7 km north of Portsea and 9 km east of Queenscliff . The land area of about 50 ha is made up of three low-lying islands surrounding a shallow tidal 35 ha lagoon connected to the sea by three narrow channels . The shapes and configuration of the islands change over the years due to movement of sand by tidal currents .

negative: Swash Swash , or forewash in geography , ( the white part of the water ) is known as a turbulent layer of water that washes up on the beach after an incoming wave has broken . The swash action can move beach materials up and down the beach , which results in the cross-shore sediment exchange . The time-scale of swash motion varies from seconds to minutes depending on the type of beach ( see Figure 1 for beach types ) . Greater swash generally occurs on flatter beaches . The swash motion plays the primary role in the formation of morphological features and their changes in the swash zone . The swash action also plays an important role as one of the instantaneous processes in wider coastal morphodynamics .   There are two approaches that describe swash motions : ( 1 ) swash resulting from the collapse of high-frequency bores ( f > 0.05 Hz ) on the beachface ; and ( 2 ) swash characterised by standing , low-frequency ( f < 0.05 Hz ) motions . Which type of swash motion prevails is dependent on the wave conditions and the beach morphology and this can be predicted by calculating the surf similarity parameter εb ( Guza & Inman 1975 )   Where Hb is the breaker height , g is gravity , T is the incident-wave period and tan β is the beach gradient . Values εb > 20 indicate dissipative conditions where swash is characterised by standing long-wave motion . Values εb < 2.5 indicate reflective conditions where swash is dominated by wave bores .

negative: Wireless Hill Wireless Hill is a steep-sided hill with a summit plateau that takes up most of the North Head promontory at the northern end of Australia 's subantarctic Macquarie Island , lying in the Southern Ocean about halfway between Australia and Antarctica . Its highest point is about 100 m above sea level and it is joined to the main body of the island by a low and narrow isthmus that is occasionally wave-washed in heavy storms . Macquarie Island Station , operated by the Australian Antarctic Division and the only permanently populated place on the island , lies at the northern end of the isthmus at the foot of Wireless Hill . The hill is so named because it was the site of an early wireless telegraphy relay station , part of the first radio link to Antarctica .

negative: Coastal flood Coastal flooding occurs when normally dry , low-lying land is flooded by seawater . The extent of coastal flooding is a function of the elevation inland flood waters penetrate which is controlled by the topography of the coastal land exposed to flooding . The seawater can inundate the land via several different paths :   Direct inundation -- where the sea height exceeds the elevation of the land , often where waves have not built up a natural barrier such as a dune system  Overtopping of a barrier -- the barrier may be natural or human engineered and overtopping occurs due to swell conditions during storm or high tides often on open stretches of the coast . The height of the waves exceeds the height of the barrier and water flows over the top of the barrier to flood the land behind it . Overtopping can result in high velocity flows that can erode significant amounts of the land surface which can undermine defense structures .  Breaching of a barrier -- again the barrier may be natural or human engineered , and breaching occurs on open coasts exposed to large waves . Breaching is where the barrier is broken down by waves allowing the seawater to extend inland .   Coastal flooding is largely a natural event , however human influence on the coastal environment can exacerbate coastal flooding . Extraction of water from groundwater reservoirs in the coastal zone can enhance subsidence of the land increasing the risk of flooding . Engineered protection structures along the coast such as sea walls alter the natural processes of the beach , often leading to erosion on adjacent stretches of the coast which also increases the risk of flooding .

negative: Cottonwood Island (Nevada) Cottonwood Island , a large island in the Colorado River , within Cottonwood Valley , in Clark County , Nevada . Cottonwood Island was a low-lying island about 10 miles long and up to 3 miles wide . It was forested by cottonwoods and also after the spring flood , cluttered with driftwood from the riparian woodlands along the upper watershed of the Colorado River , washed down and caught in the first wide valley where the river slowed and spread out . Cottonwood Island was important as a source wood and of fuel for steamboats on that river and for the early mills and mines in El Dorado Canyon .   John Ross Browne described it in his 1869 report on the Colorado River :  `` Cottonwood island , about 10 miles long by an average of about three miles wide , is a fine , level island , fertile and covered with grass , and having considerable timber . Claims are said to have been located upon the land , but it is yet unoccupied . On the main land on both sides of the river opposite Cottonwood island are fine bottom lands , with good grass . ''   `` A large quantity of driftwood of superior kind for fuel , composed mainly of pitch-pine and cedar , every year lodges at the head and along the sides of the island -- sufficient , perhaps , alone , if taken care of , to furnish the fuel for years to steamboats passing on the Callville route . An immense quantity of this wood was upon the island , estimated at several thousand cords . The entire head of the island seemed to be formed of trunks of trees and sand washed in between them . The driftwood consists of trees , much broken up , of various sizes , not usually exceeding 14 inches in diameter . ''   Cottonwood Island appears in the 1875 Topographical Sketch showing the Outward and Inward Route of a Party , while examining as to the practicability of a Diversion of the Colorado River for Purposes of Irrigation , from an annual report by 1st Lt. G. M. Wheeler , Corps Of Engineers . Cottonwood Island later appears on a September 1911 reprint of a U. S. Geological Survey , Reconnaissance Map , Arizona , Nevada , California , Camp Mohave Sheet , Edition of March 1892 , reprinted .

negative: Caviana Caviana , the Ilha Caviana , is an island lying off the north coast of Ilha de Marajó in the delta lowlands at the mouth of the Amazon in the state of Pará , Brazil . The island forms part of the low-lying marajó várzea , the inundated land in and around the mouth of the Amazon River . The island is an excellent place to observe the tidal bore called the pororoca , where the Amazon river waters meet the incoming Atlantic tides and form a standing wave , and is a birdwatchers ' haven .

negative: Marie Louise Island Marie Louise Island is a low-lying coral island in the Amirantes group of the Outer Islands of the Republic of Seychelles , in the western Indian Ocean , with a distance of 308 km south-west of Victoria , Seychelles .

negative: Factory Point, Virginia Factory Point is a land peninsula separating the Back River and the Chesapeake Bay in the Commonwealth of Virginia .   Factory Point has received much local attention due to erosion by a nor'easter . The peninsula is the buffer from wave action coming from the Chesapeake Bay into Back River . Consequently , it has protective value for thousands of homes that adjoin the river . In 1998 , a spit of sand connecting Factory Point to Grand View Nature Preserve was washed away in a storm , reducing Factory Point to an island . However , the peninsular was rebuilt and reconnected in the spring of 2010 .

negative: Sibhinis Sibhinis , Siobhanais or Shivinish . is one of the Monach Islands , lying between Ceann Iar and Ceann Ear . It is tidal , and connected at low tide to Ceann Iar by Fadhail Shibhinis , and to Ceann Ear by Faodhail Chinn Ear . It is 16 m at its highest point . It is said that it was at one time possible to walk all the way to Baleshare , and on to North Uist , 5 mi away at low tide . In the 16th century , a large tidal wave was said to have washed this away .   The island is about 22 ha acres in extent .

negative: Reid Rocks Reid Rocks is a small island nature reserve in south-eastern Australia . It is part of Tasmania 's New Year Island Group , which includes the much larger King Island , lying north-west of Tasmania in Bass Strait . It is frequently wave-washed and lacks vegetation .

negative: Fatima Island (New South Wales) Fatima Island is a small island on Cooks River in Tempe , New South Wales , Australia . A low-lying sandbar , it is a refuge for Australian pelicans , egrets and silver gulls . It was named in 1951 for a Portuguese statue of Our Lady of Fátima .   The island is slowly being washed away , something that is of concern to local environmentalists .

negative: UW Coronae Borealis UW Coronae Borealis , also known as MS 1603.6 +2600 , is a low mass X-ray binary star system located in the constellation Corona Borealis . Astronomer Simon Morris and colleagues discovered the X-ray source in 1990 and were able to match it up with a faint star with an average visual magnitude of 19.4 . The system is thought to be made up of a neutron star that has an accretion disk that draws material from its companion , a star less massive than the Sun . The disk is asymmetrical . The variability of the system is complex , with several periods identified : the two components orbit each other every 111 minutes , while there is another period of 112.6 minutes . The beat period of these is 5.5 days , which is thought to represent the precession of the asymmetrical accretion disk around the neutron star .

negative: Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology The Hawai`i Institute of Marine Biology ( HIMB ) is a marine biology laboratory located on the state-owned Coconut Island in Kāne'ohe Bay . Coconut Island is approximately 29 acre , including 6 acre of enclosed lagoons used to keep organisms being studied in captivity . Surrounding it are 64 acre of coral reef , designated by the state of Hawai`i as the Hawai`i Marine Laboratory Refuge . It is part of the University of Hawaii at Manoa . It is the only research facility in the world built on a coral reef .   The boundaries of the Hawaii Marine Laboratory Refuge surrounding the island start at the high-water mark on the island and go to twenty-five feet beyond the outer edges of the reefs , including sand and seawall shoreline , where coral and sand calcium carbonate reef flats are exposed at low tides . High coral and macro-algae flourish at shallow-depth zones while the deep habitats are characterized by sediment with low coral cover and colonized by slumping from upper reef zones . Within Kaneohe Bay are sheltered areas . Man-made impacts in the area include dredging , sewage release and freshwater flooding . The shores of the bay are characterized by coastal development .

negative: Murcielagos Island Murcielagos Island is a small island in the Sulu Sea off the coast of Zamboanga del Norte in the southern Philippine island of Mindanao . It measures over 500 m across at its widest point and is situated on an oval reef about 1.6 km in length . This low-lying island , also known locally as Baliudyong , is situated some 4.8 km north of Quipit Point on the west side of Patauag Bay in the Zamboanga municipality of Labason . It is known for its white coral-sand beaches and rich marine resources . To its west lies an islet called Bayangan Island . The two islands are collectively known as Murcielagos Islands and are administratively part of the Labason poblacion of Antonino .

negative: Smooth Island (Tasmania) The Smooth Island , part of the Sloping Island Group , is a privately owned island with an area of 59.31 ha lying close to the south-eastern coast of Tasmania , Australia . The island is situated in Norfolk Bay , surrounded by the Tasman and Forestier Peninsulas . The towns Dunalley and Murdunna are nearby . Smooth Island is particularly unique as it is one of the only islands in Tasmania where absolutely all of the land ( up to the waterline ) is privately owned with unrestricted freehold tenure .

negative: Chaetodon argentatus Chaetodon argentatus , the Asian butterflyfish , is a species of butterflyfish native to the western pacific ocean from the Philippines up to Japan . They live in coral reefs where there is dense coral growth , however , in Japan they live in rocky areas from depths from 15-70 ft. They grow up to eight inches ( 20 cm ) .

negative: Point of Sangomar The Point of Sangomar is a sand spit located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Saloum Delta , which marks the end of the Petite Côte west of Senegal .   This narrow sandbar extends south about twenty kilometers from Palmarin Diakhanor . Long threatened by coastal erosion , the fragile cord was again broken by a tidal wave in 1987 , giving birth to the island of Sangomar . The gap between this new island and the point where the village of Djiffer continues to widen .

negative: Cayo Levisa Cayo Levisa is a cay in Pinar del Río Province , Cuba . Accessible only through boats from Palma Rubia , the white sand beaches on its north coast attract tourism . It has several snorkeling and diving sites . It is part of the Colorados Archipelago coral reef and well known for its black coral .   There is a hotel facility on the island made up of roughly 20 cottages .

negative: Diamond Island (Tasmania) Diamond Island is a low granite island , with an area of 6.76 ha , in south-eastern Australia . It is part of the Schouten Island Group , lying close to the eastern coast of Tasmania near the Freycinet Peninsula , just off the town of Bicheno . It is sometimes connected to the mainland by a sand spit . It is a nature reserve .

negative: Spar Island (Rhode Island) Spar Island is a small sandbar in Mount Hope Bay in eastern Rhode Island . The island is more or less a sand bar , and is made up entirely of an intertidal zone . A small portion is visible at high tide , expanding by about 4 times that size at low tide .

negative: Shark Island (Cronulla Beach) Shark Island is a dangerous reef break about 100 metres off Cronulla , New South Wales , Australia . It comprises a rock ledge that is fully exposed at low tide .   The island is a well-known bodyboarding and surfing location . The wave can stand up fast and violently ( `` jack up '' in surfing jargon ) , making it difficult and dangerous . The island is regarded by bodyboarders as producing one of the `` heaviest '' waves in the world .   The annual Shark Island Challenge bodyboarding contest is held there , as well as the annual Shark Island Swim Challenge held at Cronulla Beach .

negative: Geography of Tuvalu The Western Pacific nation of Tuvalu , formerly known as the Ellice Islands , is situated 4,000 km northeast of Australia and is approximately halfway between Hawaii and Australia . It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands ( belonging to the Solomons ) , southeast of Nauru , south of Kiribati , west of Tokelau , northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna and north of Fiji .   Tuvalu consists of three reef islands and six atolls . The three reef islands are actually atolls , although they have a completely closed rim of dry land , with a lagoon that has no connection to the open sea or that may be drying up . For example , Niutao has two lakes , which are brackish to saline ; and are the degraded lagoon as the result of coral debris filling the lagoon .   The islands of Tuvalu have poor soil and a total land area of only about 26 km ² , less than 10 sqmi . The land is very low-lying , with narrow coral atolls . The highest elevation is 4.6 m above sea level on Niulakita .   Tuvalu experiences two distinct seasons , a wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to October . Westerly gales and heavy rain are the predominate weather conditions from October to March , the period that is known as Tau-o-lalo , with tropical temperatures moderated by easterly winds from April to November . In terms of size , it is the second-smallest country in Oceania .

negative: Dutch sand ladder A Dutch sand ladder is a cable or rope ladder with rungs usually made of wood , lying on a sandy slope to allow persons to ascend or descend with minimal erosion . The bottom end is anchored and the top end is designed for easy disconnection so that the ladder can be lifted up to shake loose any sand that has accumulated on the rungs . The ability to be easily maintained and reset makes sand ladders useful trail features for steep sand dunes or other easily eroded areas where permanent structures are infeasible or impractical .

negative: Dishwashing Dish washing ( British English : washing up ) is the process of cleaning cooking utensils , dishes , cutlery and other items to prevent foodborne illness . This is either achieved by hand in a sink or using dishwasher and may take place in a kitchen , utility room , scullery or elsewhere . In Britain to do the washing up also includes to dry and put away . There are cultural divisions over rinsing and drying after washing .

negative: Ammophila arenaria Ammophila arenaria is a species of grass known by the common names European marram grass and European beachgrass . It is one of two species of the genus Ammophila ( marram grass ) . It is native to the coastlines of Europe and North Africa where it grows in the sands of beach dunes . It is a perennial grass forming stiff , hardy clumps of erect stems up to 1.2 m in height . It grows from a network of thick rhizomes which give it a sturdy anchor in its sand substrate and allow it to spread outward . These rhizomes can grow laterally by 2 metres ( 7 feet ) in six months . One clump can produce 100 new shoots annually .   The rhizomes tolerate submersion in sea water and can break off and float in the currents to establish the grass at new sites . The leaves are thick and coated in a white waxy cuticle . They are up to 1 m long and sharply pointed . The cylindrical inflorescence is up to 30 cm long . It is adapted to habitat made up of shifting , accreting sand layers , as well as that composed of stabilised dunes .

negative: Rock Edge Nature Reserve Rock Edge Nature Reserve is a small nature park in an area that was once a lime stone quarry in Oxford , England . The local geology is made up of an old tropical coral reef , with coral outcrops surrounded by old sand bottom beds , similar to what is found in the waters around Bahamas today .   A small track leads meanders around the old quarry , where fossils of ancient marine creatures can still be found .

negative: Weeroona Island, South Australia __ NOTOC __   Weeroona Island ( formerly known as Port Flinders ) is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia about 209 km north of the state capital of Adelaide and about 9.5 km northeast of the city of Port Pirie .   Weeroona Island began as a private subdivision of land in the Hundreds of Pirie and Telowie . The subdivision was originally named `` Port Flinders '' by its proponents , the Trustees of the Mount Remarkable Mining Company , in about 1853 . The name was subsequently replaced by other names including Price Nob , Benjamin Hill and Weeroona Island , and was officially reinstated by the Geographical Names Advisory Committee in 1993 . Boundaries were created for the locality in March 1997 and included the Weeroona Island Shack Site . The locality 's name was changed to Weeroona Island in November 2013 following a display of `` strong support from residents '' . The name `` Weeroona Island '' is derived from the name of a holiday camp operated by the Broken Hill Proprietary Company on the coastline of a bay ( now known as Weeroona Bay ) located near Point Lowly on the eastern coast of Eyre Peninsula .   The locality consists of an outcrop of land which is surrounded by low lying land that can be subject to inundation at high tide and which is connected to the Augusta Highway in the east by a causeway .   Land use within the locality consists of residential use and conservation . The former use consists of both permanent residence and ` recreational housing ' located on the high ground while latter use is concerned with the low-lying land where built development is required to be minimal and limited to `` low-intensity recreational uses '' and where provided , should complement the environment of the locality .   Weeroona Island is located within the federal division of Grey , the state electoral district of Stuart and the local government area of the District Council of Mount Remarkable .

negative: Terra Firma Islands The Terra Firma Islands are a small group of islands lying 8 nmi north of Cape Berteaux , off the west coast of Graham Land in West Antarctica . Roughly surveyed by the British Graham Land Expedition ( BGLE ) in 1936 . The name `` Terra Firma Island '' was applied to the largest island ( Alamode Island , q.v. ) , because a BGLE depot-laying party camped there following the break-up of sea ice , but the name Terra Firma Islands was later applied to the whole group . They include Dumbbell Island .   The Terra Firma islands are the southernmost point in the world where grass ( Deschampsia antarctica ) and flowers ( Colobanthus quitensis ) grow naturally .

negative: Northern Coral Group Northern Coral Group is a collective term for two islands of Inner Islands of the Seychelles , lying in the north of the island nation , between 92 and 102 kilometers north of the capital , Victoria , on Mahé Island .

negative: Southern Coral Group Southern Coral Group is a collective term for two islands of Outer Islands of the Seychelles , lying in the south of the island nation , between 135 and 300 kilometers south of the capital , Victoria , on Mahé Island .

negative: Pulau Sudong Pulau Sudong is a 209-hectare coral island off the southern coast of Singapore , it was enlarged through a land reclamation process during the late 1970s .

negative: Blenheim Reef Blenheim Reef is a partly submerged atoll structure in the Chagos Archipelago , Indian Ocean . It includes the coral reef of Baxio Predassa in its southeastern rim , plus another completely submerged part . It is located in the northeastern part of the Chagos Archipelago . It measures almost eleven kilometres ( north -- south ) by more than four kilometres ( east -- west ) , with a total area of 36.8 square kilometres , including the lagoon of 8.5 km ² , the difference being accounted for the mostly by the reef flat . Only on the eastern side , there are a few sand cays above the water . The largest of them is East Island , which is not quite 200 metres long and 70 metres wide . The other islands in the group are North , Middle and South . Only a few grasses grow on the island . The lagoon is up to 18 metres deep and encumbered with rock . The fringing coral reef has a wide passage in the southwest . The closest land is Takamaka Island in the Salomon Islands Atoll , about 20 kilometres to the southwest .


query: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

positive: Kilowatt hour The kilowatt-hour ( symbol kWh , kW ⋅ h or kW h ) is a derived unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules . If the energy is being transmitted or used at a constant rate ( power ) over a period of time , the total energy in kilowatt-hours is the power in kilowatts multiplied by the time in hours . The kilowatt-hour is commonly used as a billing unit for energy delivered to consumers by electric utilities .

positive: Energy policy of India The energy policy of India is largely defined by the country 's expanding energy deficit and increased focus on developing alternative sources of energy , particularly nuclear , solar and wind energy . India ranks 81 position in overall energy self sufficiency at 66 % in 2014 .   The primary energy consumption in India is the third biggest after China and USA with 5.3 % global share in 2015 . The total primary energy consumption from crude oil ( 195.5 Mtoe ; 27.91 % ) , natural gas ( 45.5 Mtoe ; 6.50 % ) , coal ( 407.2 Mtoe ; 58.13 % ) , nuclear energy ( 8.6 Mtoe ; 1.23 % ) , hydro electricity ( 28.1 Mtoe ; 4.01 % ) and renewable power ( 15.5 Mtoe ; 2.21 % ) is 700.5 Mtoe ( excluding traditional biomass use ) in 2015 . In 2013 , India 's net imports are nearly 144.3 million tons of crude oil , 16 Mtoe of LNG and 95 Mtoe coal totalling to 255.3 Mtoe of primary energy which is equal to 42.9 % of total primary energy consumption . About 70 % of India 's electricity generation capacity is from fossil fuels . India is largely dependent on fossil fuel imports to meet its energy demands -- by 2030 , India 's dependence on energy imports is expected to exceed 53 % of the country 's total energy consumption . In 2009-10 , the country imported 159.26 million tonnes of crude oil which amounts to 80 % of its domestic crude oil consumption and 31 % of the country 's total imports are oil imports . By the end of calendar year 2015 , India has become a power surplus country with huge power generation capacity idling for want of electricity demand . India ranks second after China in renewables production with 208.7 Mtoe in 2014 .   In 2015-16 , the per-capita energy consumption is 22.042 Giga Joules ( 0.527 Mtoe ) excluding traditional biomass use and the energy intensity of the Indian economy is 0.271 Mega Joules per INR ( 65 kcal/INR ) . Due to rapid economic expansion , India has one of the world 's fastest growing energy markets and is expected to be the second-largest contributor to the increase in global energy demand by 2035 , accounting for 18 % of the rise in global energy consumption . Given India 's growing energy demands and limited domestic fossil fuel reserves , the country has ambitious plans to expand its renewable and most worked out nuclear power programme . India has the world 's fifth largest wind power market and also plans to add about 100,000 MW of solar power capacity by 2020 . India also envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 4.2 % to 9 % within 25 years . The country has five nuclear reactors under construction ( third highest in the world ) and plans to construct 18 additional nuclear reactors ( second highest in the world ) by 2025 .

positive: National Electricity Market The National Electricity Market ( NEM ) is the Australian wholesale electricity market that covers the electrically connected states and territories of eastern and southern Australia , and the associated synchronous electricity transmission grid . The Australian Energy Market Commission develops and maintains the Australian National Electricity Rules , which have the force of law for the NEM in the participating states and territories . The Rules are enforced by the Australian Energy Regulator .   The NEM began operation on 13 December 1998 and operations currently cover the electrically connected states and territories of eastern and southern Australia of Queensland , New South Wales , Australian Capital Territory , Victoria , Tasmania and South Australia . Western Australia and the Northern Territory are not connected to the NEM . The NEM comprises five regions , with the ACT being in the NSW region . Tasmania joined the NEM in May 2005 and became fully operational on 29 April 2006 when the Basslink interconnector was fully activated . The Snowy region was abolished as a region on 1 July 2008 and the components split between New South Wales and Victoria . The Northern Territory has adopted parts of the National Electricity Law , with the Australian Energy Market Commission becoming the rule maker for the Territory for parts of the National Electricity Rules from 1 July 2016 . Western Australia is also considering adopting parts of the NER .   The NEM operates the world 's longest interconnected power systems between Port Douglas , Queensland and Port Lincoln , South Australia with an end-to-end distance of more than 5000 kilometres , and 40,000 circuit kilometres . Over A$ 11 billion of electricity is traded annually in the NEM to meet the demand of almost 19 million end-use consumers .

positive: Solar power Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( PV ) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power . Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect .   Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications , from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system . Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s . The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world , located in the Mojave Desert of California .   As the cost of solar electricity has fallen , the number of grid-connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and utility-scale solar power stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built . Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive , low-carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Qinghai , China .   The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its `` high renewables '' scenario , by 2050 , solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent , respectively , of the worldwide electricity consumption , and solar would be the world 's largest source of electricity . Most solar installations would be in China and India . Currently , as of 2016 , solar power provides just 1 % of total worldwide electricity production but growing 33 % per annum .

negative: Linda Mackenzie Linda June Mackenzie , OAM ( born 14 December 1983 ) is an Australian freestyle swimmer . She preferred the longer 200 - , 400 - , and 800-metre events and won the Australian 400-metre national title five years in a row ( 2004 -- 2008 ) . She was part of the Australian team that won the gold medal in the 4 × 200-metre freestyle relay at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne and has picked up silver medals in the same event at the 2003 and 2005 world championships .   Mackenzie qualified for the 200-metre and 400-metre freestyle events at the Olympic Games in Beijing and was a member of the winning Australian team in the women 's 4 × 200-metre freestyle relay . She was the last swimmer in the 4 × 200-metre freestyle relay at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . Together with Stephanie Rice , Bronte Barratt and Kylie Palmer the world record was broken by 5.78 seconds .   She was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .

negative: Greenergy Greenergy International Ltd is a British distributor of petrol and diesel for motor vehicles and has over a quarter of the UK market . It blends fuels at terminals on the Thames estuary in the south and on Teesside in the north . It sells more than 20 million litres of petrol and diesel a day . As of 2015 it is currently ranked at 474 in the Fortune 500 list of largest companies by revenue .   Greenergy sells fuel to petrol stations and supermarkets for retail sale , and to transport companies .   The company produces and sells biofuel . It has a 250,000 tonne/300 million litre per year plant at Immingham on the east coast of England where biodiesel is made from rapeseed oil .

negative: Ukujima Mega Solar Plant The Ukujima Mega Solar Plant project in Japan would be one of the world 's largest photovoltaic solar generating facilities at 480 MW ( DC ) ( 400 MW ( AC ) ) . It would be located on the island of Ukujima , off the west coast of Kyushu , and is in a developing stage . The plan suffered a setback in September 2014 when Kyushu Electric announced it would not buy any electricity from any new solar plants . In November 2015 , it was announced that Kyushu Electric would allow 400 MW ( AC ) to be connected .

negative: Peugeot J9 The Peugeot J9 is a van manufactured by Peugeot from January 1981 until 1991 . It was also manufactured under license by Karsan , in Turkey , from 1981 until 2010 . It was facelifted in 1991 , and in 2006 , Karsan released the restyled J9 Premier . Production ended in 2010 when the J9 was replaced by the closely related Karsan J10 .   When first introduced , the J9 had 1.6 or 2.0 litre petrol engines , or the familiar Indénor diesel engines of 2.1 or 2.3 litres . Late in the French production run , the 2.5 litre diesel engine also became available .

negative: Lanchester petrol-electric car The Lanchester petrol-electric car is a protype motor vehicle , designed in 1927 by Frederick W. Lanchester of the Lanchester Motor Company in his workshop in Birmingham , England . It is now on display in Thinktank , Birmingham Science Museum .   The term `` petrol-electric '' denotes that the car was a hybrid vehicle , with both a petrol engine , at the rear , and an electric motor . The later was used for starting , reversing , and when extra power was needed , for example for climbing hills . When traveling at speed , under petrol power , the electric motor acted as a generator , charging the battery . The car has no clutch or gearbox . The body and suspension are both made of wood .   The design never went into production . After it had been driven for only 757 mi , Lanchester abandoned the project .

negative: ESP Grynch ESP Grynch is a guitar model distributed by ESP .   It originally came up when Hetfield would buy a regular ESP LTD VB-400 BARITONE and ask a friend to paint green flames on it .   This model is now discontinued .   Category : ESP electric guitars

negative: Lone Star Wind Farm The Lone Star Wind Farm in Shackelford and Callahan Counties in Texas was officially opened by Horizon Wind Energy in June 2008 , with an installed generating capacity of 400 MW . The site 's 200 Gamesa 2 MW wind turbines produce enough electricity for at least 120,000 homes , with environmental benefits claimed to be equivalent to taking about 90,000 cars off the road .

negative: Tata Manza Tata Manza is next generation sedan from the Indian car company Tata Motors Limited . The Tata Manza is also known as The Club Class Sedan . There are eight variants available currently , four each in petrol and diesel . The diesel variants are LS , LX , VX , & EX . The Manza comes with a 1.3 litre Q-Jet diesel engine and 1.4 litre SF petrol engine .

negative: Energy in Belarus Energy in Belarus describes energy and electricity production , consumption and import in Belarus . Belarus is a net energy importer . According to IEA , the energy import exceeded the energy use in 2008 . Primary energy use in Belarus was 327 TWh or 34 TWh per million persons in 2008 .   Primary energy use per capita in Belarus in 2009 ( 34 MWh ) was slightly more than in Portugal ( 26 MWh ) and about half of the use in Belgium ( 64 MWh ) or Sweden ( 62 MWh ) .

negative: Blackle Blackle is a website powered by Google Custom Search and created by Heap Media , which aims to save energy by displaying a black background and using grayish-white font color for search results . Blackle claims having saved nearly 6 MWh of electrical energy up to December 2016 , a claim currently under dispute . For comparison , the average American household consumes 11 MWh of electrical energy per year .

negative: Rover 20 The Rover 20 was a new medium sized car announced by Rover in June 1907 . It was a production version of the car which won the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Race in 1906 . However artillery wood wheels were fitted instead of the ( still recommended ) wire wheels used in the race and the longer wheelbase allowed the engine to be kept out of the passenger area . The prototype 's engine came back beneath the petrol tank .   With a few breaks Rover kept a premium 20 tax horsepower car in their catalogue until the outbreak of war in 1939 . In the early 1950s an equivalent model returned to the market , the 2.6-litre Rover 90 and later Rover 's 3-litre .

negative: 1965 Australian One and a Half Litre Championship The 1965 Australian One and a Half Litre Championship was a CAMS sanctioned national motor racing title for drivers of Racing Cars complying with the Australian 1 1/2 Litre Formula . The title was contested over a single 20 lap race at the Mount Panorama Circuit , Bathurst , New South Wales on 19 April 1965 . The race also included a class for under 1100cc Australian Formula 2 cars .

negative: Peugeot HR1 The Peugeot HR1 is a concept car designed by Peugeot for the 2010 Paris Motor Show . It is a Supermini SUV and features an innovative hybrid powertrain . Instead of using a diesel linked to an electric motor , like in the Peugeot 3008 and Peugeot 508 , it uses a 1.2 litre petrol engine . The concept is 3.67 m long , which is shorter than the Nissan Juke , but longer than the Citroën Lacoste . The Lacoste is its sister car and also uses a hybrid engine .

negative: 2007 Iranian petrol rationing riots Iranian petrol rationing riots started on 27 June 2007 when the Iranian government introduced petrol rationing . Iranians set fire to at least 12 petrol stations in Tehran , chanting that President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad must be killed .   Private motorists were rationed to 100 litres of petrol a month . Petrol currently sells at the heavily subsidised price of 1,000 rials a litre ( approx . $ 0.08 or US$ 0.11 ) .   The Iranian government 's justification for the rationing was to reduce Iran 's vulnerability to potential sanctions by the United Nations Security Council which would be in response to Iran 's nuclear programme . Iran had been planning to ration petrol for a year prior , but had postponed the policy out of fear of unrest . The Iranian Parliament voted on May 7 to increase the price of petrol to $ 0.64 , but Ahmadinejad decided to ration it instead . Iranian newspapers have been criticizing the decision , despite a warning prior to the start of the rationing to not report the riots . Iranian newspaper Etemad Melli criticized the decision , saying that it had overwhelmed public transportation , stranding people on the streets , and wondered if the Iranian government enjoys or benefits from causing such difficulties .   Another Iranian newspaper , Seday-e-Edelat , reported that five gallons of petrol sold for US$ 15 in the southeast regions on Iran on the black market .

negative: Peugeot 407 The Peugeot 407 is a large family car produced by the French automaker Peugeot from 2004 to 2010 . It is available in saloon , coupé and estate variants , with both diesel and petrol engines . The petrol engines range from 1.8 to 2.9 litres displacement , whereas the diesels range from 1.6 to 3.0 litre engines . The 407 , along with the larger 607 , was succeeded by the 508 in January 2011 .   According to the European Car of the Year website , the 407 was one of the runners up in the award in 2005 .

negative: Beer in Africa Beer in Africa , especially lager , is produced commercially in most African countries , and varieties of beer are also made by indigenous tribes . Beer is served in a range of locales , from neighbourhood shebeens to upscale bars . Many countries have standardized beer bottle sizes , which are cleaned and re-used , and so when buying beer at a store often people must pay a deposit on the bottle as well as the price of the beer . An alternative to glass-bottle beers is local beer sold in tetra-pak style paper cartons .   South Africa consumes the most beer of any African country , with an average of 60 litres of beer consumed per person annually .

negative: 1964 Australian One and a Half Litre Championship The 1964 Australian One and a Half Litre Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of Australian 1 1/2 Litre Formula racing cars . The title was contested over a 34 lap , 76 1/2 miles ( 123 km ) race held at the Warwick Farm circuit in New South Wales , Australia on 6 September 1964 . This was the first national title for the Australian 1 1/2 Litre Formula which was in its first year of existence .

negative: Peugeot 108 The Peugeot 108 is a city car , launched by the French manufacturer Peugeot in March 2014 , at the Geneva Motor Show . It went on sale later in July 2014 , for the United Kingdom .   It is related to the Citroën C1 and Toyota Aygo , again sharing the same chassis , engines , transmissions and electrics . Cars are built in the same factory , situated in the Czech Republic .   The 108 is powered by a choice of two three cylinder petrol engines : a 1.0 litre VTi with 68 bhp , emitting up to 97g/km of , with an e-VTi producing 88g/km , and a larger 1.2 litre VTi has 82 bhp , and emits 99g/km of .

negative: In Your House 1 In Your House ( retroactively titled In Your House : Premiere , and sequentially known as In Your House 1 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , which took place on May 14 , 1995 , at the Onondaga War Memorial in Syracuse , New York . It was the first pay-per-view of the In Your House series and consisted of ten professional wrestling matches .   In the main event WWF World Heavyweight Champion Diesel defeated Sid to retain his title . In the undercard Bret Hart defeated Hakushi , but lost to Jerry Lawler , whereas Razor Ramon defeated Jeff Jarrett and The Roadie in a two-on-one handicap match .   The pay-per-view received a 0.83 buyrate , equivalent to approximately 332,000 buys .

negative: Energy in the United Kingdom Energy use in the United Kingdom stood at 2,249 TWh ( 193.4 million tonnes of oil equivalent ) in 2014 . This equates to energy consumption per capita of 34.82 MWh ( 3.00 tonnes of oil equivalent ) compared to a 2010 world average of 21.54 MWh ( 1.85 tonnes of oil equivalent ) . Demand for electricity in 2014 was 34.42 GW on average ( 301.7 TWh over the year ) coming from a total electricity generation of 335.0 TWh .   Successive UK governments have outlined numerous commitments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions . One such announcement was the Low Carbon Transition Plan launched by the Brown ministry in July 2009 , which aimed to generate 30 % electricity from renewable sources , and 40 % from low carbon content fuels by 2020 . Notably , the UK is one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy , and wind power production is its fastest growing supply , in 2014 it generated 9.3 % of the UK 's total electricity .   Government commitments to reduce emissions are occurring against a backdrop of economic crisis across Europe . During the European financial crisis , Europe 's consumption of electricity shrank by 5 % , with primary production also facing a noticeable decline . Britain 's trade deficit was reduced by 8 % due to substantial cuts in energy imports . Between 2007 and 2015 , the UK 's peak electrical demand fell from 61.5 GW to 52.7 . GW .   UK government energy policy aims to play a key role in limiting greenhouse gas emissions , whilst meeting energy demand . Shifting availabilities of resources and development of technologies also change the country 's energy mix through changes in costs . In 2016 , the United Kingdom was ranked 12th in the World on the Environmental Performance Index , which measures how well a country carries through environmental policy .

negative: South African Class 34-400 The South African Railways Class 34-400 of 1973 is a diesel-electric locomotive .   Between April 1973 and November 1974 , the South African Railways placed one hundred Class 34-400 General Electric type U26C diesel-electric locomotives in service .

negative: Colin McQueen Colin McQueen ( born 12 February 1956 ) is an Australian retired sprinter that specialised in the 200 and 400 metres .   He won the Australian 200 metre championships in 1977 , 1978 , and 1979 . He also won the 400 metre title in 1979 . In 1977 he represented Australia/Oceania in the IAAF World Cup 200 metres where he finished 8th , then 7th in the sprint relay .

negative: Victa Victa is an Australian manufacturer of outdoor garden equipment , this includes petrol & electric lawn mowers , edgers , trimmers , chainsaws . They manufacture these in petrol & lithium-ion powered variants . However , Victa remains most well known for the Victa Lawn Mower .   The Victa brand is currently owned by the American engine manufacturer Briggs & Stratton , while being American owned , manufacturing is retained in Australia in Moorebank , New South Wales .   In Australia & New Zealand , Victa Products are sold through Bunnings Warehouse , specialist dealers and Mitre 10 . Victa is also sold in limited quantities through specialist dealers internationally .

negative: Patrick Dwyer (athlete) Patrick ( `` Pat '' ) Dwyer ( born 3 November 1977 in Wagga Wagga , New South Wales ) is an Australian athlete specializing in the 400 metres .   He competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics , and was a part of the Australian team that won the silver medal in 4 × 400 metres relay . In addition he finished seventh with the relay teams at the 2000 Summer Olympics and fifth at the 2002 Commonwealth Games .   His personal bests of 20.60 s ( 200 m ) and 44.73 s ( 400 m ) were both achieved in 2000 .

negative: South Australian Railways 400 class The South Australian Railways 400 class was a class of 4-8-2 +2 -8 -4 steam locomotives built in the early 1950s . The 400 class locomotives mainly hauled mineral trains on the South Australian Railways ' narrow gauge Broken Hill line from 1953 to 1963 , when they were replaced by diesel locomotives . They operated as far as far south as Port Pirie and Terowie and as far north as Quorn . The 400 class was temporarily returned to service in 1969 while the diesel locomotives were converted to . Two have been preserved , 402 at the Zig Zag Railway , Lithgow and 409 at the National Railway Museum , Port Adelaide .

negative: Peter Donalek Peter Donalek from the MWH Global , Chicago , IL was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) in 2014 for contributions to grid-connected pumped storage hydro systems .

negative: 1967 Australian One and a Half Litre Championship The 1967 Australian One and a Half Litre Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title for racing cars complying with the Australian 1 1/2 Litre Formula . The title , which was the fourth Australian One and a Half Litre Championship , was won by Max Stewart , driving a Rennmax BN1 Ford .

negative: Jodie Clatworthy Judith Michell `` Jodie '' Clatworthy ( born 3 April 1972 ) , also known by her married name Jodie Housman , is an Australian former competitive swimmer and individual medley specialist .   As a 16-year-old , Clatworthy represented Australia at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea . She competed in the 200-metre and 400-metre individual medley events , advanced to the final of both , and finished fourth and sixth , respectively .   Clatworthy is a three-time Commonwealth Games silver medallist . At the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh , Scotland , she won her first silver in the women 's 400-metre individual medley , finishing behind fellow Australian Suzie Landells . Four years later when Auckland , New Zealand hosted the 1990 Commonwealth Games , she qualified for both individual medley events . In the 200-metre individual medley , she came second behind Canadian Nancy Sweetman , and in the 400-metre individual medley event she was runner-up to Australian Hayley Lewis .   Clatworthy is married to fellow Australian Olympic swimmer Glen Housman .

negative: DS 6 The DS 6WR is a compact SUV ( J ) designed specifically for Asian market . It is manufactured in France . It was the second model of DS , then a sub brand , to not feature the Citroën logo , following the launch of the DS 5LS earlier in 2014 . First announced to the public in April 2014 as the DS 6WR , it was released for sale in the autumn of 2014 .   It is powered by a four cylinder 1.6 litre ( 1598 cc ) petrol engine , producing 200 PS at 5800 rpm and 275 Nm torque at 1700 to 4500 rpm . It is claimed to accelerate from 0 -- 100 km in 8.4 seconds .

negative: South African Class 33-200 The South African Railways Class 33-200 of 1966 was a diesel-electric locomotive .   Between October 1966 and May 1967 the South African Railways placed twenty Class 33-200 General Motors Electro-Motive Division type GL26MC diesel-electric locomotives in service .

negative: South African Class 33-400 The South African Railways Class 33-400 of 1968 was a South African and Namibian diesel-electric locomotive .   Between 1968 and 1970 , the South African Railways placed 115 Class General Electric type U20C diesel-electric locomotives in service . A large number of them were transferred to TransNamib , the Namibian Railways , upon South West Africa 's independence on 21 March 1990 .

negative: 1968 Australian One and a Half Litre Championship The 1968 Australian One and a Half Litre Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of Australian 1 1/2 Litre Formula racing cars . It was the fifth and final Australian One and a Half Litre Championship to be awarded prior to the demise of the formula at the end of 1968 .