query: The atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years

positive: Greenhouse gas A greenhouse gas ( abbrev . GHG ) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature of Earth 's surface would be about -18 ° C , rather than the present average of 15 ° C . In the Solar System , the atmospheres of Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect .   Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution ( taken as the year 1750 ) have produced a 40 % increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide , from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017 . This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural `` sinks '' involved in the carbon cycle . Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions ( i.e. , emissions produced by human activities ) come from combustion of fossil fuels , principally coal , oil , and natural gas , along with deforestation , soil erosion and animal agriculture .   It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the present rate , Earth 's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047 , with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems , biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide . Recent estimates suggest that on the current emissions trajectory the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 ° C global warming , which the United Nations ' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid `` dangerous '' global warming , by 2036 .

positive: Eocene The Eocene ( -LSB- pronˈiːəˌsiːn , _ ˈiːoʊ - -RSB- ) Epoch , lasting from , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era . The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch . The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C . The end is set at a major extinction event called the Grande Coupure ( the `` Great Break '' in continuity ) or the Eocene -- Oligocene extinction event , which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Siberia and in what is now Chesapeake Bay . As with other geologic periods , the strata that define the start and end of the epoch are well identified , though their exact dates are slightly uncertain .   The name Eocene comes from the Ancient Greek ἠώς ( ēṓs , `` dawn '' ) and καινός ( kainós , `` new '' ) and refers to the `` dawn '' of modern ( ` new ' ) fauna that appeared during the epoch .

positive: Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a colorless gas with a density about 60 % higher than that of air ( 1.225 g/L ) that is odorless at normally encountered concentrations . Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms . It occurs naturally in Earth 's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent ( 400 ppm ) by volume . Natural sources include volcanoes , hot springs and geysers , and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids . Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water , it occurs naturally in groundwater , rivers and lakes , ice caps , glaciers and seawater . It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas .   As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth and its concentration in Earth 's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian has been regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena . Plants , algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water , with oxygen produced as a waste product .   Carbon dioxide is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration . It is returned to water via the gills of fish and to the air via the lungs of air-breathing land animals , including humans . Carbon dioxide is produced during the processes of decay of organic materials and the fermentation of sugars in bread , beer and winemaking . It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal , peat , petroleum and natural gas .   It is a versatile industrial material , used , for example , as an inert gas in welding and fire extinguishers , as a pressurizing gas in air guns and oil recovery , as a chemical feedstock and in liquid form as a solvent in decaffeination of coffee and supercritical drying . It is added to drinking water and carbonated beverages including beer and sparkling wine to add effervescence . The frozen solid form of , known as `` dry ice '' is used as a refrigerant and as an abrasive in dry-ice blasting .   Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth 's atmosphere . Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions - primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation - have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere , leading to global warming . Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid .

negative: Carbonate–silicate cycle The carbonate -- silicate geochemical cycle describes the transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate rocks by weathering and sedimentation at Earth 's surface and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicates by metamorphism and magmatism . It plays a large part in the carbon cycle , since the equilibrium point of the carbonate-silicate cycle dictates the pace of carbon release from the lithosphere .   The carbonate-silicate cycle involves several chemical reactions that occur in different environments . In the atmosphere , gaseous carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) dissolves in rainwater , forming natural carbonic acid ( H2CO3 ) . This weak acid weathers silicate rocks on continents , slowly dissolving the rock and releasing aqueous minerals through the chemical reaction CaSiO3 ( s ) ( wollastonite ) + 2CO2 ( g ) + H2O ( l ) → Ca + 2HCO ( aq ) ( bicarbonate ) + SiO2 ( aq ) ( dissolved silica ) . These dissolved minerals are eventually carried by water to the ocean , where they are used by living organisms such as foraminifera , radiolarians , coccolithopores , and diatoms to create shells of CaCO3 ( calcite ) or SiO2 ( opal ) through the reactions Ca2 + ( aq ) + 2HCO3 → CaCO3 ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) + H2O ( l ) ( for calcite precipitation ) and SiO2 ( aq ) → SiO2 ( s ) ( for opal precipitation ) . When these organisms die , many shells are remineralized but some shells fall all the way to the sea floor and are buried . The cycle is completed when the sea floor is subducted and carbonate minerals recombine with silicate minerals under temperatures above 300 ° C to reform calcium silicates and release gaseous CO2 through volcanism ( CaCO3 ( s ) + SiO2 ( s ) → CaSiO3 ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) ) .   The carbonate-silicate cycle impacts the global carbon cycle , as carbon dioxide is removed from the Earth 's surface through the burial of weathered minerals in deep ocean sediments and returned to the atmosphere through metamorphism and volcanism . However , this process is far from being a closed loop . In Earth history generally the formation of carbonates significantly outpaces the formation of silicates , effectively removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Because carbon dioxide is a potent greenhouse gas , the carbonate-silicate cycle is suspected to initiate ice ages by creating a negative feedback on the global temperature with a typical time scale of a few million years that is capable of countering water vapor and carbon dioxide short-term positive feedback on global temperature .   The carbonate-silicate cycle equilibrium point is shifted on Venus due to surface temperatures above 300 ° C , which favor the formation of calcium silicates over weathering . Thus , Venus has a high-density carbon-dioxide atmosphere .

negative: Stephen E. Schwartz Stephen E. Schwartz ( born 1941 ) is an atmospheric scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory . He served from 2004 to 2009 as the Chief Scientist of the Atmospheric Science Program of the United States Department of Energy . The program is charged with developing a comprehensive understanding of how the atmosphere processes energy related trace chemicals , such as nitrogen oxides , sulfur , aerosols and carbon dioxide . The current focus is on aerosols and carbon dioxide .

negative: Mars regional atmospheric modeling system The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System ( MRAMS ) is a computer program that simulates the circulations of the Martian atmosphere at regional and local scales . MRAMS , developed by Scot Rafkin and Timothy Michaels , is derived from the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System ( RAMS ) developed by William R. Cotton and Roger A. Pielke to study atmospheric circulations on the Earth .   Key features of MRAMS include a non-hydrostatic , fully compressible dynamics , explicit bin dust , water , and carbon dioxide ice atmospheric physics model , and a fully prognostic regolith model that includes carbon dioxide deposition and sublimation . Several Mars exploration projects , including the Mars Exploration Rovers , the Phoenix Scout Mission , and the Mars Science Laboratory have used MRAMS to study a variety of atmospheric circulations .

negative: Enhanced weathering Enhanced weathering refers to geoengineering approaches that use the dissolution of natural or artificially created minerals to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Since the carbon dioxide is usually first removed from ocean water , these approaches would attack the problem by first reducing ocean acidification .

negative: Capnophile Capnophiles are microorganisms that thrive in the presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide .   Some capnophiles may have a metabolic requirement for carbon dioxide , while others merely compete more successfully for resources under these conditions . The term is a generally descriptive one and has less relevance as a means of establishing a taxonomic or evolutionary relationship among organisms with this characteristic .   For example , the ability of capnophiles to tolerate ( or utilize ) the amount of oxygen that is also in their environment may vary widely and may be far more critical to their survival . Species of Campylobacter are bacterial capnophiles that are more easily identified because they are also microaerophiles , organisms that can grow in high carbon dioxide as long as a small amount of free oxygen is present , but at a dramatically reduced concentration . ( In the earth 's atmosphere carbon dioxide levels are approximately five hundred times lower than that of oxygen , 0.04 % and 21 % of the total , respectively . ) Obligate anaerobes are microbes that will die in the presence of oxygen without respect to the concentration of carbon dioxide in their environment , and typically acquire energy through anaerobic respiration , or fermentation ( biochemistry ) .   In 2004 , a capnophilic bacterium was characterized that appears to require carbon dioxide . This organism , Mannheimia succiniciproducens , has a unique metabolism involving carbon fixation . While carbon fixation is common to most plant life on earth since it is the key initial step in the biosynthesis of complex carbon compounds during photosynthesis ( the Calvin cycle ) , it is found in relatively few microorganisms and not found in animals . Mannheimia succiniciproducens can attach carbon dioxide to the three-carbon backbone of phosphoenolpyruvate , an endproduct in glycolysis , to generate the four-carbon compound , oxaloacetic acid , an intermediate in the Krebs cycle . Although Mannheimia succiniciproducens has most of the intermediates in the Krebs cycle , it is not capable of oxidative phosphorylation , the final step in the electron transport chain that would allow it to carry out the highly efficient process of harvesting energy by aerobic respiration .

negative: Total Carbon Column Observing Network The Total Carbon Column Observing Network ( TCCON ) is a global network of instruments that measure the amount of carbon dioxide , methane , carbon monoxide , nitrous oxide and other trace gases in the Earth 's atmosphere . The TCCON ( -LSB- ˈtiːkɒn -RSB- ) began in 2004 with the installation of the first instrument in Park Falls , Wisconsin , USA , and has since grown to 23 operational instruments worldwide , with 7 former sites . The TCCON is designed to investigate several things , including the flow ( or flux ) of carbon between the atmosphere , land , and ocean ( the so-called carbon budget or carbon cycle ) . This is achieved by measuring the atmospheric mass of carbon ( the airborne fraction ) . The TCCON measurements have improved the scientific community 's understanding of the carbon cycle , and urban greenhouse gas emissions . The TCCON supports several satellite instruments by providing an independent measurement to compare ( or validate ) the satellite measurements of the atmosphere over the TCCON site locations . The TCCON provides the primary measurement validation dataset for the Orbiting Carbon Observatory ( OCO-2 ) mission , and has been used to validate other space-based measurements of carbon dioxide .

negative: Charles David Keeling Charles David Keeling ( April 20 , 1928 -- June 20 , 2005 ) was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory first alerted the world to the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to the `` greenhouse effect '' and global warming . The Keeling Curve measures the progressive buildup of carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas , in the atmosphere .

negative: Controlled atmosphere A controlled atmosphere is an agricultural storage method in which the concentrations of oxygen , carbon dioxide and nitrogen , as well as the temperature and humidity of a storage room are regulated . Both dry commodities and fresh fruit and vegetables can be stored in controlled atmospheres .

negative: Deforestation and climate change Deforestation is one of the main contributors to climate change . It is the second largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere , after fossil fuel combustion . Deforestation and forest degradation contribute to atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions through combustion of forest biomass and decomposition of remaining plant material and soil carbon . It used to account for more than 20 % of carbon dioxide emissions , but it 's currently somewhere around the 10 % mark . By 2008 , deforestation was 12 % of total , or 15 % if peatlands are included . These proportions are likely to have fallen since given the continued rise of fossil fuel use .   Averaged over all land and ocean surfaces , temperatures warmed roughly 1.53 ° F ( 0.85 ° C ) between 1880 and 2012 , according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . In the Northern Hemisphere , 1983 to 2012 were the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years .

negative: Katsuko Saruhashi was a geochemist who made some of the first measurements of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) levels in seawater and subsequently showed the evidence in seawater and the atmosphere of the dangers of radioactive fallout .

negative: Paul Wennberg Paul O. Wennberg is the R. Stanton Avery Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Science and Engineering at the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) . He is the director of the Ronald and Maxine Linde Center for Global Environmental Science . He is chair of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network and a founding member of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory project , which created NASA 's first spacecraft for analysis of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere . He is also the principal investigator for the Mars Atmospheric Trace Molecule Occultation Spectrometer ( MATMOS ) to investigate trace gases in Mars 's atmosphere .   Wennberg 's research focuses on the atmospheric chemistry of planets , including air quality , photochemistry , and the carbon cycle . He designs and builds remote-sensing and in-situ scientific instruments which are used in field investigations supported by the National Science Foundation and NASA . His scientific instruments have made it possible to measure radicals in the atmosphere at concentrations that could not previously be detected . He measures atmospheric trace gases , making it possible to accurately describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and other gases between the atmosphere and the land and ocean . His research has substantially advanced understanding of the atmospheric chemistry of the troposphere and the stratosphere .

negative: SpectraSensors SpectraSensors , Inc. is a manufacturer of optical-based gas sensors for the industrial process , environmental monitoring and clean technology markets . The company 's sensors measure the absorption of laser light at specific wavelengths to detect carbon dioxide and water vapor in industrial process control and environmental monitoring applications . Such applications include non-contact measurement of moisture , carbon dioxide , and other corrosives in the energy industry , petrochemical industry , arsenic and other impurities in drinking water ( Water Quality ) , and airborne water vapor and other atmospheric measurements from commercial aircraft for the U.S. and International Weather Services ( Atmospheric ) . Clean tech applications include identifying and harvesting methane ( CH4 ) as a clean energy source , as well as mounting sensors on commercial airliners to enable real-time monitoring of weather conditions to avoid commercial flight delays totaling $ 1 billion per year in wasted time and fuel .

negative: Estuarine acidification Estuarine acidification is a decrease in the pH of coastal marine ecosystems , specifically those of estuaries . pH change in estuaries is more complicated than in the open ocean due to direct impacts from land run-off and coastal current dynamics . Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans , caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) from the atmosphere ( 0.1 units over the last century ) . The ocean absorbs 30-40 % of all CO2 emitted to the atmosphere ; this increase in aqueous carbon dioxide causes a decline in the pH of the ocean surface . As carbon dioxide combines with water , it releases protons ( hydrogen ions ) , based on the following equation :   CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3 + H + ↔ CO3 + 2 H +

negative: D. James Baker D. James Baker ( born March 23 , 1937 ) is an American scientist who was trained as a physicist , practiced as an oceanographer , and has held science and management positions in academia , non-profit institutions , and government agencies . He a former Under Secretary of Commerce for Atmosphere and Oceans and Administrator of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , and currently Director , Global Carbon Measurement Program , William J. Clinton Foundation working with forestry programs in developing countries with the aim of reducing carbon dioxide emissions and at the same time helping alleviate poverty .

negative: Terraforming of Venus The terraforming of Venus is the hypothetical process of engineering the global environment of the planet Venus in such a way as to make it suitable for human habitation . Terraforming Venus was first seriously proposed by the astronomer Carl Sagan in 1961 , although fictional treatments , such as The Big Rain by Poul Anderson , preceded it . Adjustments to the existing environment of Venus to support human life would require at least three major changes to the planet . These three changes are closely interrelated , because Venus 's extreme temperature is due to the greenhouse effect caused by its dense carbon-dioxide atmosphere :  Reducing Venus 's surface temperature of 462 C.  Eliminating most of the planet 's dense 9.2 MPa carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide atmosphere , via removal or conversion to some other form .  Addition of breathable oxygen to the atmosphere .

negative: Henry's law In chemistry , Henry 's law is one of the gas laws formulated by the English chemist William Henry , who studied the topic in the early 19th century . In his publication about the quantity of gases absorbed by water , he described the results of his experiments :   ... `` water takes up , of gas condensed by one , two , or more additional atmospheres , a quantity which , ordinarily compressed , would be equal to twice , thrice , & c. the volume absorbed under the common pressure of the atmosphere . ''   In other words , the amount of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure in the gas phase . The proportionality factor is called the Henry 's law constant .   An example where Henry 's law is at play is in the depth-dependent dissolution of oxygen and nitrogen in the blood of underwater divers that changes during decompression , leading to decompression sickness . An everyday example is given by one 's experience with carbonated soft drinks , which contain dissolved carbon dioxide . Before opening , the gas above the drink in its container is almost pure carbon dioxide , at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure . After the bottle is opened , this gas escapes , moving the partial pressure of carbon dioxide above the liquid to be much lower , resulting in degassing as the dissolved carbon dioxide comes out of solution .

negative: Phototrophic prokaryotes Phototropic prokaryotes are bacteria or archaea that obtain energy from light . phototropic prokaryotes may utilize a variety of carbon sources , depending on the metabolic pathways available to the bacterium . Most phototropic organisms are also autotrophs , obtaining carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide in a process called photosynthesis .

negative: Huronian glaciation The Huronian glaciation ( or Makganyene glaciation ) was a glaciation that extended from 2.4 billion years ago ( Ga ) to 2.1 Ga , during the Siderian and Rhyacian periods of the Paleoproterozoic era . The Huronian glaciation followed after the Great Oxygenation Event ( GOE ) , a time when increased atmospheric oxygen decreased atmospheric methane . The oxygen combined with the methane to form carbon dioxide and water , which does not retain heat as well as methane does .   It is the oldest and longest ice age , occurring at a time when , in a biological sense , only simple , unicellular life existed on Earth . This ice age led to a mass-extinction on Earth .

negative: Klaus Lackner Klaus S. Lackner is the director of the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions ( CNCE ) and a professor in School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment at Arizona State University . He is a pioneer in carbon management and is the first to suggest capturing carbon dioxide from air in the context of addressing climate change . His current work includes the demonstrating and improving passive methods to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , integrating air capture technology with applications for using carbon dioxide , exploring safe and permanent disposal options for carbon dioxide , and identifying opportunities for automation and scaling . His publications have been cited 5842 times as of November 12 , 2015 . His h-index is 31 .   Previously , he was the director of the Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy at the Earth Institute and Faculty in the Earth and Environmental Engineering department at Columbia University from 2001 - 2014 . He , along with CNCE executive director , Allen Wright , co - founded of the first privately held air capture company Global Research Technologies ( GRT ) in Tucson , AZ where they demonstrated the moisture swing . Prior to his academic work he held appointments at the theoretical division of Los Alamos National Laboratory for nearly 17 years . His idea of the self - replicating machines along with his colleague , Christopher Wendt , was featured by Discover Magazine in 1995 as `` One of the 7 Ideas that can Change the World . ''

negative: Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 is a chemical process whereby carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons by the energy of incident light . This process needs to be catalyzed either homogeneously or heterogeneously in order to proceed , and current research is aimed at developing these catalysts , most of which are semiconducting materials . Semiconducting catalysts provide favourable electron transfer kinetics .   Motivation for research in this area is strong due to the current attention to atmospheric carbon dioxide as the reduction of carbon dioxide would be one route for removal and sequestration . Furthermore , the reduced species may prove to be a valuable feedstock for other processes . If the incident light utilized is solar in nature then this process also potentially represents energy routes which combine renewable energy with CO2 reduction .

negative: Asphyxiant gas An asphyxiant gas is a nontoxic or minimally toxic gas which reduces or displaces the normal oxygen concentration in breathing air . Breathing of oxygen-depleted air can lead to death by asphyxiation ( suffocation ) . Because asphyxiant gases are relatively inert and odorless , their presence in high concentration may not be noticed , except in the case of carbon dioxide ( hypercapnia ) .   Toxic gases , by contrast , cause death by other mechanisms , such as competing with oxygen on the cellular level ( e.g. carbon monoxide ) or directly damaging the respiratory system ( e.g. phosgene ) . Far smaller quantities of these are deadly .   Notable examples of asphyxiant gases are nitrogen , argon , helium , butane and propane . Along with trace gases such as carbon dioxide and ozone , these compose 79 % of Earth 's atmosphere . The atmosphere is mostly harmless because the remaining 21 % is O2 .

negative: Carbon engineering Carbon engineering may refer to :   Greenhouse gas remediation  Carbon dioxide removal  Carbon dioxide scrubber  Carbon Engineering , a company researching Carbon dioxide scrubbers .

negative: Five Ways to Save the World Five Ways to Save the World is a British documentary film on environmental issues related to climate change , released in 2006 . The film was made by Karen O'Connor , for the big screen and was shot in the English language to reach an international audience . It includes interviews with five environmental scientists and experts including Paul Crutzen , James Roger Angel , John Latham , Ian Jones , and Klaus Lackner .   The `` five ways '' proposed are geoengineering techniques :  space lenses in orbit , to diffract sunlight away from the earth  cloud seeding with seawater to increase albedo  sulfur launched into the stratosphere to increase albedo  ocean fertilization with iron or urea ( nitrogen fertilizer )  artificial trees ( see carbon capture and sequestration )   Since the first three methods do not remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , they would only reduce global warming but not ocean acidification . Since the last two methods would remove carbon dioxide , they could in theory reduce both global warming and ocean acidification .

negative: V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics The V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics is a Russian research organisation based in Tomsk . Its purpose is to study the atmosphere . The Laboratory of Optical Signals Propagation gathers satellite data on aerosols , ozone , and Earth reflectivity over Siberia . The Laboratory of Aerosol Optics collects information on temperature , humidity , soot , and atmospheric scattering at Tomsk . The TOR Station measures gas constituents in the atmosphere , in cluding carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide , sulfur dioxide , ozone , nitrogen oxides , methane and hydrogen sulfide at two locations . The Siberian lidar station can measure the temperature in the stratosphere and troposphere . Aerosol particle size is measured by using six different wavelengths for the laser .   The institute was founded in 1969 by Vladimir Yevseyevich Zuev who became its director . The parent organisation was the Laboratory of Infrared Radiations of the Siberian Physical-Technical Institute of the Tomsk State University .   A journal is published called Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics .

negative: The Nitrogen Fix The Nitrogen Fix is a 1980 science fiction novel by Hal Clement . The plot revolves around a nomadic family in a future where all oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere has combined with nitrogen , so the atmosphere is mostly nitrogen with traces of water , nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide , and the seas are very dilute nitric acid .

negative: Carbon dioxide (data page) This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon dioxide .

negative: Kenneth Hare Fredrick Kenneth Hare , ( February 5 , 1919 -- September 3 , 2002 ) was a Canadian climatologist and academic , who researched atmospheric carbon dioxide , climate change , drought , and arid zone climates and was a strong advocate for preserving the natural environment .

negative: Huygens (crater) Huygens is an impact crater on Mars named in honour of the Dutch astronomer , mathematician and physicist Christiaan Huygens .   The crater is approximately 456 km in diameter and can be found at 304.4 ° W 14.0 ° S , in the Iapygia quadrangle .   Scientists were delighted to see branched channels in pictures taken with spacecraft that were sent in orbit around Mars . The existence of these channels is strong evidence that much water once flowed on the surface of the planet . Simple organisms may have once lived where water once was . An excellent group of these channels is shown in the picture below from the rim of Huygens taken with THEMIS .   Carbonates ( calcium or iron carbonates ) were discovered in a crater on the rim of Huygens . The impact on the rim exposed material that had been dug up from the impact that created Huygens . These minerals represent evidence that Mars once had a thicker carbon dioxide atmosphere with abundant moisture . Carbonates of these kinds only form when there is a lot of water . They were found with the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars ( CRISM ) instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter . Earlier , the instrument had detected clay minerals . The carbonates were found near the clay minerals . Both of these minerals form in wet environments . It is supposed that billions of years ago Mars was much warmer and wetter . At that time , carbonates would have formed from water and the carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere . Later the deposits of carbonate would have been buried . The double impact has now exposed the minerals . Earth has vast carbonate deposits in the form of limestone .

negative: Carbon capture and storage Carbon capture and storage ( CCS ) ( or carbon capture and sequestration ) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide from large point sources , such as fossil fuel power plants , transporting it to a storage site , and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere , normally an underground geological formation . The aim is to prevent the release of large quantities of into the atmosphere ( from fossil fuel use in power generation and other industries ) . It is a potential means of mitigating the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming and ocean acidification . Although has been injected into geological formations for several decades for various purposes , including enhanced oil recovery , the long term storage of is a relatively new concept . The first commercial example was the Weyburn-Midale Carbon Dioxide Project in 2000 . Other examples include SaskPower 's Boundary Dam and Mississippi Power 's Kemper Project . ` CCS ' can also be used to describe the scrubbing of from ambient air as a climate engineering technique .   An integrated pilot-scale CCS power plant was to begin operating in September 2008 in the eastern German power plant Schwarze Pumpe run by utility Vattenfall , to test the technological feasibility and economic efficiency . CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 80 -- 90 % compared to a plant without CCS . The IPCC estimates that the economic potential of CCS could be between 10 % and 55 % of the total carbon mitigation effort until year 2100 .   Carbon dioxide can be captured out of air or fossil fuel power plant flue gas using adsorption ( or carbon scrubbing ) , membrane gas separation , or adsorption technologies . Amines are the leading carbon scrubbing technology .  Capturing and compressing may increase the energy needs of a coal-fired CCS plant by 25 -- 40 % . These and other system costs are estimated to increase the cost per watt energy produced by 21 -- 91 % for fossil fuel power plants . Applying the technology to existing plants would be more expensive , especially if they are far from a sequestration site . A 2005 industry report suggests that with successful research , development and deployment ( RD&D ) , sequestered coal-based electricity generation in 2025 may cost less than unsequestered coal-based electricity generation today .   Storage of the is envisaged either in deep geological formations , or in the form of mineral carbonates . Deep ocean storage is not currently considered feasible due to the associated effect of ocean acidification . Geological formations are currently considered the most promising sequestration sites . The National Energy Technology Laboratory ( NETL ) reported that North America has enough storage capacity for more than 900 years worth of carbon dioxide at current production rates . A general problem is that long term predictions about submarine or underground storage security are very difficult and uncertain , and there is still the risk that might leak into the atmosphere .

negative: Andrew Watson (scientist) Andrew James Watson FRS ( born 1952 ) is a British marine and atmospheric scientist and an expert in processes affecting atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations . He was formerly a Professor of biogeochemistry in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia , in 2013 he moved to a position as Professor at the College of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Exeter .

negative: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) is an organization within the United States Department of Energy that has the primary responsibility for providing the US government and research community with global warming data and analysis as it pertains to energy issues . The CDIAC , and its subsidiary the World Data Center for Atmospheric Trace Gases , focus on obtaining , evaluating and distributing data related to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions .   CDIAC was founded in 1982 . Its present offices are located within the Environmental Sciences Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory . The current director is Thomas A. Boden .

negative: Orbiting Carbon Observatory The Orbiting Carbon Observatory ( OCO ) is a NASA satellite mission intended to provide global space-based observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) . The original spacecraft was lost in a launch failure on 24 February 2009 , when the payload fairing of the Taurus rocket which was carrying it failed to separate during ascent . The added mass of the fairing prevented the satellite from reaching orbit . It subsequently re-entered the atmosphere and crashed into the Indian Ocean near Antarctica . The replacement satellite , Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 , was launched 2 July 2014 aboard a Delta II rocket . The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3 , a stand-alone payload built from the spare OCO-2 flight instrument , will be installed on the International Space Station Kibō Exposed Facility in December 2016 .


query: Greenland ice sheet won't collapse

positive: Greenland Greenland ( -LSB- ˈɡriːnlənd -RSB- Kalaallit Nunaat -LSB- kaˈlaːɬit ˈnunaːt -RSB- Grønland -LSB- ˈɡ̊ʁɶnˌlanˀ -RSB- ) is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans , east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America , Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe ( specifically Norway and Denmark , the colonial powers , as well as the nearby island of Iceland ) for more than a millennium . The majority of its residents are Inuit , whose ancestors began migrating from the Canadian mainland in the 13th century , gradually settling across the island .   Greenland is the world 's largest island ( Australia , although larger , is generally considered to be a continental landmass rather than an island ) . Three-quarters of Greenland is covered by the only permanent ice sheet outside Antarctica . With a population of about 56,480 ( 2013 ) , it is the least densely populated country in the world . The Arctic Umiaq Line ferry acts as a lifeline for western Greenland , connecting the various cities and settlements .   Greenland has been inhabited off and on for at least the last 4,500 years by Arctic peoples whose forebears migrated there from what is now Canada . Norsemen settled the uninhabited southern part of Greenland beginning in the 10th century , and Inuit peoples arrived in the 13th century . The Norse colonies disappeared in the late 15th century . Soon after their demise , beginning in 1499 , the Portuguese briefly explored and claimed the island , naming it Terra do Lavrador ( later applied to Labrador in Canada ) . In the early 18th century , Scandinavian explorers reached Greenland again . To strengthen trading and power , Denmark-Norway affirmed sovereignty over the island .   Denmark -- Norway claimed Greenland for centuries . Greenland was settled by Vikings ( of Norwegian origin ) more than a thousand years ago , who had previously settled Iceland to escape persecution from the King of Norway and his central government . Vikings set sail from Greenland and Iceland , encountering North America nearly 500 years before Columbus reached the Caribbean islands . They attempted to colonize land . Though under continuous influence of Norway and Norwegians , Greenland was not formally under the Norwegian crown until 1262 . The Kingdom of Norway was extensive and a military power until the mid-14th century . Norway was dramatically hit with a larger death toll than Denmark by the Black Death , forcing Norway to accept a union in which the central government , university and other fundamental institutions were located in Copenhagen . Thus , the two kingdoms ' resources were directed at creating Copenhagen . Norway became the weaker part and lost sovereignty over Greenland in 1814 when the union was dissolved . Greenland became a Danish colony in 1814 , and was made a part of the Danish Realm in 1953 under the Constitution of Denmark .   In 1973 , Greenland joined the European Economic Community with Denmark . However , in a referendum in 1982 , a majority of the population voted for Greenland to withdraw from the EEC which was effected in 1985 . Greenland contains the world 's largest and most northernly national park , Northeast Greenland National Park ( Kalaallit Nunaanni nuna eqqissisimatitaq ) . Established in 1974 and expanded to its present size in 1988 , it protects 972001 km2 of the interior and northeastern coast of Greenland and is bigger than all but twenty-nine countries in the world . Greenland is divided into four municipalities - Sermersooq , Kujalleq , Qaasuitsup , and Qeqqata .   In 1979 , Denmark had granted home rule to Greenland , and in 2008 , Greenlanders voted in favour of the Self-Government Act , which transferred more power from the Danish royal government to the local Greenlandic government . Under the new structure , in effect since 21 June 2009 , Greenland can gradually assume responsibility for policing , judicial system , company law , accounting , and auditing ; mineral resource activities ; aviation ; law of legal capacity , family law and succession law ; aliens and border controls ; the working environment ; and financial regulation and supervision , while the Danish government retains control of foreign affairs and defence . It also retains control of monetary policy , providing an initial annual subsidy of DKK 3.4 billion , which is planned to diminish gradually over time . Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources . The capital , Nuuk , held the 2016 Arctic Winter Games . At 70 % , Greenland has one of the highest shares of renewable energy in the world , mostly coming from hydropower .

positive: Greenland ice sheet The Greenland ice sheet ( Grønlands indlandsis , Sermersuaq ) is a vast body of ice covering 1710000 km ² , roughly 80 % of the surface of Greenland .   It is the second largest ice body in the world , after the Antarctic ice sheet . The ice sheet is almost 2400 km long in a north-south direction , and its greatest width is 1100 km at a latitude of 77 ° N , near its northern margin . The mean altitude of the ice is 2135 m . The thickness is generally more than 2 km and over 3 km at its thickest point . It is not the only ice mass of Greenland -- isolated glaciers and small ice caps cover between 76000 and around the periphery . If the entire 2850000 km3 of ice were to melt , it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m . The Greenland Ice Sheet is sometimes referred to under the term inland ice , or its Danish equivalent , indlandsis . It is also sometimes referred to as an ice cap .

negative: Ice-sheet model In climate modelling , Ice-sheet models use numerical methods to simulate the evolution , dynamics and thermodynamics of ice sheets , such as the Greenland ice sheet , the Antarctic ice sheet or the large ice sheets on the northern hemisphere during the last glacial period . They are used for a variety of purposes , from studies of the glaciation of Earth over glacial -- interglacial cycles in the past to projections of ice-sheet decay under future global warming conditions .

negative: Ice-sheet dynamics Ice sheet dynamics describe the motion within large bodies of ice , such those currently on Greenland and Antarctica . Ice motion is dominated by the movement of glaciers , whose gravity-driven activity is controlled by two main variable factors : the temperature and strength of their bases . A number of processes alter these two factors , resulting in cyclic surges of activity interspersed with longer periods of inactivity , on both hourly and centennial time scales . Ice-sheet dynamics are of interest in modelling future sea level rise .   __ TOC __

negative: Nioghalvfjerdsbrae Nioghalvfjerdsbrae , sometimes referred to as `` 79 N Glacier '' , is a large glacier located in northeast Greenland . It drains an area of 103,314 km2 of the Greenland Ice Sheet with a flux ( quantity of ice moved from the land to the sea ) of 14.3 km3 per year , as measured for 1996 .

negative: East Greenland Ice-Core Project The East Greenland Ice-Core Project , known as EGRIP , is a scientific project that plans to retrieve an ice core from the Northeast Greenland ice stream . The first season in the field was 2015 ; the project is expected to be drilling through to the base of the ice sheet by 2020 .   Much of the camp set up for the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling Project ( NEEM ) was moved to the EGRIP location in 2015 . The equipment was towed by several tractors . The team ran low on fuel and had to abandon some equipment , arriving at the EGRIP location on 26 May , after nine days of towing .

negative: Dye 3 Dye 3 is an ice core site and previously part of the Distant Early Warning ( DEW ) line , located at ( , 2480 masl ) in Greenland . As a DEW line base , it was disbanded in years 1990/1991 .   An ice core is a core sample from the accumulation of snow and ice that has re-crystallized and trapped air bubbles over many years . The composition of these ice cores , especially the presence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes , provides a picture of the climate at the time . Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information .   Inclusions in the snow , such as wind-blown dust , ash , bubbles of atmospheric gas and radioactive substances , remain in the ice . The variety of climatic proxies is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate , such as tree rings or sediment layers . These include ( proxies for ) temperature , ocean volume , precipitation , chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere , volcanic eruptions , solar variability , sea-surface productivity , desert extent and forest fires .   Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet such as the ice cap internal to Greenland . Greenland is , by area , the world 's largest island . The Greenland ice sheet covers about 1.71 million km2 and contains about 2.6 million km3 of ice .

negative: Orsugissap Qaqqarsua Orsugissap Qaqqarsua ( old spelling : Orssugissap Qaqqarssua ) is a nunatak ( nunataq ) of the Greenland ice sheet in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland .

negative: Greenland Ice Sheet Project The Greenland Ice Sheet Project ( GISP ) was a decade-long project to drill ice cores in Greenland that involved scientists and funding agencies from Denmark , Switzerland and the United States . Besides the U.S. National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , funding was provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Danish Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland . The ice cores provide a proxy archive of temperature and atmospheric constituents that help to understand past climate variations .   The preliminary GISP field work started in 1971 at Dye 3 , where a 372 meter deep , 10.2 cm diameter core was recovered . After this , annual field expeditions were carried out to drill intermediate depth cores at various locations on the ice sheet . The first was a 398 m core at Milcent and another was a 405 m core at the Crete station in 1974 . After working out various logistical and engineering problems related to the development of a more sophisticated drilling rig , drilling to bedrock at Dye 3 began in the summer of 1979 using a new Danish electro-mechanical ice drill . In the first year , an 18 cm diameter hole was drilled and cased to a depth of 80 m. Coring continued for two more seasons , and on August 10 , 1981 , bedrock was reached at a depth of 2037 m . The Dye 3 site was a compromise : glaciologically , a higher site on the ice divide with smooth bedrock would have been better ; logistically , such a site would have been too remote .

negative: Climate change in the Arctic The effects of global warming in the Arctic , or climate change in the Arctic include rising temperatures , loss of sea ice , and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly , observed in recent years . Potential methane release from the region , especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates , is also a concern . The Arctic warms twice as fast compared to the rest of the world . The pronounced warming signal , the amplified response of the Arctic to global warming , it is often seen as a leading indicator of global warming . The melting of Greenland 's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification . According to a study published in 2016 , about 0.5 ◦ C of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980 .

negative: King Oscar Glacier King Oscar Glacier ( Kong Oscar Gletscher ) is one of several glaciers that drain the north-western part of the Greenland Ice Sheet into Melville Bay . As part of a comprehensive survey of Greenland 's glaciers that was published in 2006 , scientists documented that the mass balance -- the sum of gains through snow accumulation and losses through iceberg calving and melting -- of Kong Oscar and Greenland 's other north-western glaciers was strongly negative between 1996 and 2005 : they lost more ice than they gained . The pattern was similar to the ice sheet as a whole , which has been losing ice mass at an accelerating pace in the past decade .

negative: Tipping points in the climate system A tipping point in the climate system is a threshold that, when exceeded, can lead to large changes in the state of the system. Potential tipping points have been identified in the physical climate system, in impacted ecosystems, and sometimes in both. For instance, feedback from the global carbon cycle is a driver for the transition between glacial and interglacial periods, with orbital forcing providing the initial trigger. Earth's geologic temperature record includes many more examples of geologically rapid transitions between different climate states.Climate tipping points are of particular interest in reference to concerns about global warming in the modern era. Possible tipping point behaviour has been identified for the global mean surface temperature by studying self-reinforcing feedbacks and the past behavior of Earth's climate system. Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.Large-scale components of the Earth system that may pass a tipping point have been referred to as tipping elements. Tipping elements are found in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, possibly causing tens of meters of sea level rise. These tipping points are not always abrupt. For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries. Some tipping elements, like the collapse of ecosystems, are irreversible.

negative: Greenland's Grand Canyon Greenland 's Grand Canyon or Grand Canyon of Greenland is a tentative canyon of record length discovered underneath the Greenland ice sheet as reported in the journal Science on 30 August 2013 ( submitted 29 April 2013 ) , by scientists from the University of Bristol , University of Calgary , and University of Urbino , who described it as a mega-canyon .   Ice-penetrating radar data collected during NASA 's Operation IceBridge showed a huge subglacial canyon running from the central region of the island northward into the Arctic Ocean , to the fjord of the Petermann Glacier . The bottom of the canyon is below sea level ; the canyon is likely to have influenced basal water flow from the ice sheet interior to the margin . Jonathan Bamber , a geographer at University of Bristol , stated , `` The distinctive V-shaped walls and flat bottom suggests water carved the buried valley , not ice . ''   The canyon is more than 750 km long , up to 800 m deep and 10 km wide , making it the longest canyon discovered on the Earth to date . There are , however , many canyons -- including Arizona 's Grand Canyon and Tibet 's Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon , previously the world 's longest -- that are deeper .   The canyon predates ice sheet inception and has influenced basal hydrology in Greenland over past glacial cycles .

negative: Greenland ice core project The Greenland Ice Core Project ( GRIP ) was a multinational European research project , organized through the European Science Foundation . Funding came from 8 nations ( Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Iceland , Italy , Switzerland , and United Kingdom ) , and from the European Union .   The project ran from 1989 to 1995 , with drilling seasons from 1990 to 1992 . GRIP successfully drilled a 3029-metre ice core to the bed of the Greenland ice sheet at Summit , Central Greenland from 1989 to 1992 at .   Studies of isotopes and various atmospheric constituents in the core have revealed a detailed record of climatic variations reaching more than 100,000 years back in time . The results indicate that Holocene climate has been remarkably stable and have confirmed the occurrence of rapid climatic variation during the last ice age ( the Wisconsin ) . Delta-O-18 variations observed in the core part believed to date from the Eemian Stage have not been confirmed by other records including the NGRIP core and are now believed not to represent climate events : the interglacial climate of Eemian Stage appears to have been as stable as the Holocene .

negative: Ice age An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth 's surface and atmosphere , resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers . Within a long-term ice age , individual pulses of cold climate are termed `` glacial periods '' ( or alternatively `` glacials '' or `` glaciations '' or colloquially as `` ice age '' ) , and intermittent warm periods are called `` interglacials '' . In the terminology of glaciology , ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres . By this definition , we are in an interglacial period -- the Holocene -- of the ice age . The ice age began 2.6 million years ago at the start of the Pleistocene epoch , because the Greenland , Arctic , and Antarctic ice sheets still exist .

negative: Midgard Glacier Midgard Glacier ( Midgårdsgletscher ) is a glacier on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet .

negative: Kangerlussuaq Glacier Kangerlussuaq Glacier ( Kangerlussuaq , meaning ` large fjord ' ; old spelling Kangerdlugssuaq ) is the largest glacier on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet . It flows into the head of the Kangerlussuaq Fjord , the second largest fjord in East Greenland .

negative: Nunatakassaup Sermia Nunatakassaup Sermia ( old spelling : Nunatakavsaup Sermia ) is a tidewater glacier in the Qaasuitsup municipality on the northwestern shore of Greenland . It drains the Greenland ice sheet westwards into Melville Bay . The glacier front is located between the Nunatakassak nunatak in the north , and the Wandel Land nunatak in the south .

negative: Upernavik Glacier Upernavik Glacier ( Sermeq , Upernavik isstrøm ) is a large tidewater glacier in the Qaasuitsup municipality on the northwestern shore of Greenland . It drains a large portion of the Greenland ice sheet westwards into Upernavik Icefjord .

negative: Petermann Glacier Petermann Glacier is a large glacier located in North-West Greenland to the east of Nares Strait . It connects the Greenland ice sheet to the Arctic Ocean near 81 degrees north latitude . It is named after the German cartographer August Heinrich Petermann

negative: Jakobshavn Glacier Jakobshavn Glacier , also known as Sermeq Kujalleq ( in Greenlandic ) and the Jakobshavn Isbræ ( in Danish ) , is a large outlet glacier in West Greenland . It is located near the Greenlandic town of Ilulissat ( Jakobshavn ) and ends at the sea in the Ilulissat Icefjord .   Jakobshavn Glacier drains 6.5 % of the Greenland ice sheet and produces around 10 % of all Greenland icebergs . Some 35 billion tonnes of icebergs calve off and pass out of the fjord every year . Icebergs breaking from the glacier are often so large ( up to a kilometer in height ) that they are too tall to float down the fjord and lie stuck on the bottom of its shallower areas , sometimes for years , until they are broken up by the force of the glacier and icebergs further up the fjord . Studied for over 250 years , Jakobshavn Glacier has helped develop our understanding of climate change and icecap glaciology .   Ilulissat Icefjord ( Ilulissat Kangerlua ) was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004 .

negative: Antarctic ice sheet The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth . It covers about 98 % of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth . It covers an area of almost 14 e6km2 and contains 26.5 e6km3 of ice . Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet , an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise . In East Antarctica , the ice sheet rests on a major land mass , but in West Antarctica the bed can extend to more than 2,500 m below sea level . Much of the land in this area would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there .   In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice , sea ice around Antarctica was expanding . The reasons for this are not fully understood , but suggestions include the climatic effects on ocean and atmospheric circulation of the ozone hole , and/or cooler ocean surface temperatures as the warming deep waters melt the ice shelves .

negative: Hayes Glacier (Greenland) Hayes Glacier is a tidewater glacier in the Qaasuitsup municipality , located on the northwestern shore of Greenland . It drains the Greenland ice sheet ( Sermersuaq ) southwards into Melville Bay . The glacier front is located to the east of the Tuttulikassak nunatak .

negative: Majorqaq Majorqaq is a meltwater river and valley of the same name in the Qeqqata municipality in central-western Greenland . It is one of the widest rivers in western Greenland , draining the Greenland ice sheet .

negative: Ice cap climate An ice cap climate is a polar climate where the temperature never exceeds 0 C . The climate covers areas in or near the polar regions , such as Antarctica and Greenland , as well as the highest mountaintops . Such areas are covered by a permanent layer of ice and have no vegetation , but they may have animal life , that usually feeds from the oceans . Ice cap climates are inhospitable to human life . Antarctica , the coldest continent on Earth , sustains no permanent human residents , but has some civil inhabitants in proximity to research stations in coastal settlements that are maritime polar and there are some communities that are situated in a transitional zone between the two climates , but barely qualify as a tundra . Some places like Antarctica had a different climate before having an ice cap climate

negative: North Greenland Ice Core Project The drilling site of the North Greenland Ice Core Project ( NGRIP or NorthGRIP ) is near the center of Greenland ( 75.1 N , 42.32 W , 2917 m , ice thickness 3085 ) . Drilling began in 1999 and was completed at bedrock in 2003 . The cores are cylinders of ice 11 centimeters in diameter that were brought to the surface in 3.5-meter lengths . The NGRIP site was chosen to extract a long and undisturbed record stretching into the last glacial , and it succeeded . The site was chosen for a flat basal topography to avoid the flow distortions that render the bottom of the GRIP and GISP cores unreliable . Unusually , there is melting at the bottom of the NGRIP core - believed to be due to a high geothermal heat flux locally . This has the advantage that the bottom layers are less compressed by thinning than they would otherwise be : NGRIP annual layers at 105 kyr age are 1.1 cm thick , twice the GRIP thicknesses at equal age .   The NGRIP record helps to resolve a problem with the GRIP and GISP2 records - the unreliability of the Eemian Stage portion of the record . NGRIP covers 5 kyr of the Eemian , and shows that temperatures then were roughly as stable as the pre-industrial Holocene temperatures were . This is confirmed by sediment cores , in particular MD95-2042 .   In 2003 , NGRIP recovered what seem to be plant remnants nearly two miles below the surface , and they may be several million years old .   `` Several of the pieces look very much like blades of grass or pine needles , '' said University of Colorado at Boulder geological sciences Professor James White , an NGRIP principal investigator . `` If confirmed , this will be the first organic material ever recovered from a deep ice-core drilling project , '' he said .

negative: Greenland Plate The Greenland Plate is a supposed tectonic plate bounded to the west by Nares Strait , a probable transform fault , on the southwest by the Ungava transform underlying Davis Strait , on the southeast by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , and the northeast by the Gakkel Ridge , with its northwest border is still being explored ( Danish scientists hope that the plate extends along the Lomonosov Ridge ) . The Greenland craton is made up of some of the oldest rocks on Earth . The Isua greenstone belt in southwestern Greenland contains the oldest known rocks on Earth dated at 3.7 -- 3.8 billion years old .   The Precambrian basement of Greenland formed an integral part of the Laurentian Shield that is at the core of the North American continent . Greenland was formed in two rifting stages from the main body of North America . The first , during the Cretaceous period formed Baffin Bay . Baffin Bay is the northwestern extension and terminus of the North Atlantic-Labrador Sea rift system that started forming 140 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous period . The Labrador Sea started opening 69 million years ago during the Maastrichtian period but sea-floor spreading appears to have ceased by the Oligocene period 30 -- 35 million years ago . Correlations between tectonic units in Canada and Greenland have been proposed , however , the pre-drift fit of Greenland to Canada is still not accurately known .   Since the closure of the North Atlantic -- Labrador Sea rift , Greenland has moved roughly in conjunction with North America ; thus , there are questions as to whether the Greenland Plate should be still considered a separate plate at all . That said , the area between Greenland and Baffin Island is extremely seismically active , being the epicenter of many earthquakes including a 7.3-magnitude earthquake in 1933 . To date , no one has been able to correlate the seismicity with particular geological structures or geophysical anomalies . It has been suggested that seismicity in the region is related to the stresses associated with post-glacial rebound .

negative: Chryseobacterium greenlandensis Chryseobacterium greenlandensis is an ultramicrobacteria species of bacteria that is able to live for long periods of time in low-temperature , high-pressure , reduced-oxygen and nutrient-poor habitats . It is known to have survived for more than 120,000 years in an ice block in Greenland , at a depth of 3000 m.

negative: Summit Camp Summit Camp , also Summit Station , is a year-round research station on the apex of the Greenland Ice Sheet . Its coordinates are variable , since the ice is moving . The coordinates provided here are as of July 2009 . The station is located 3216 m above sea level . The population of the station is typically five in wintertime , and has peaked at 55 in the summer . The station is operated by the American-based CH2M HILL Polar Services ( formerly known as Veco Polar Resources ) , with support from the United States ' National Science Foundation . A permit from the Danish Polar Center ( Dansk Polarcenter ) under the auspices of the Home Rule Government of Greenland ( Kalaallit Nunaanni Inatsisartut ) is required to visit the station .

negative: West Greenland Current The West Greenland Current is a weak cold water current that flows to the north along the west coast of Greenland . The current results from the movement of water flowing around the southernmost point of Greenland caused by the East Greenland Current .   According to Lloyd et al. , 2007 , the WGC is a WARM current connected to a broader scale North Atlantic climate via the combined influences of Atlantic water from the Irminger Current ( IC ) and polar water from the East Greenland Current .   Paleoclimatology records derived from foraminifera abundance show that periodic influxes of warm subsurface temperatures and near-bottom temperatures occurred throughout the Late Holocene epoch , particularly during the Holocene climatic optimum . The increased flow from the nearby East Greenland Current was associated with increased glacial iceberg calving from the large Jakobshavn Isbrae glacial outlet within the western Greenland Ice Sheet , causing rapid melting and destabilization events . Following the Neoglaciation , the Jakobshavn outlet formed a floating ice tongue around 2000 years before present .

negative: Bredebrae Bredebrae ( Bredebræ `` Broad Glacier '' ) , sometimes also known as `` Brede Glacier '' , is a large glacier in northeastern Greenland . It has its terminus on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet .

negative: East Greenland Orogen The East Greenland orogen , also known as East Greenland mountain range , is the linear mountain range along the eastern Greenland coast , from 70 to 82 degrees north latitude .   Geologically , the mountain chain consists of late Cryogenian to late Devonian ( 650 to 350 millions years ago ) fold and thrust belts . Little is known about the exact timing and setting of the earlier phases as this area was later heavily deformed during the Caledonian Orogeny ( 450 to 350 million years ago ) . The rocks of the East Greenland orogen are mostly Silurian granites with Devonian sedimentary rocks overlying Ediacarian marine deposits , all on a basement of gneisses .   The current mountain range formed as a result of uplift during the opening of the Atlantic Ocean in the Cretaceous and early Tertiary ( starting 100 million years ago ) . The related East Greenland Rift Basin oil deposits are estimated to be one of the largest in the world .

negative: Wordie Glacier Wordie Glacier ( Wordie Gletscher ) is a glacier in northeastern Greenland . It has its terminus on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet .   This glacier was named after Scottish polar explorer James Wordie ( 1890 -- 1962 ) by the 1926 -- 27 expedition led by Lauge Koch .

negative: NEEM Camp NEEM Camp was a small research facility on the northern Greenland Ice Sheet , used as a base for ice core drilling . It is located about 313 km east of the closest coast , Peabody Bay in northern Greenland , 275 km northwest of the historical ice sheet camp North Ice , and 484 km ENE of Siorapaluk , the closest settlement . There is only one heavy-duty tent for accommodation of the researchers during summer . Access is by skiway ( snow runway ) .   The acronym NEEM stands for North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling . The ice at the NEEM coring location ( 77 ° 27 'N 51 ° 3.6 ` W ) was predicted to be 2545 m thick .   Drilling started at NEEM in June 2009 and drillers expected to hit bedrock in 2010 . The drilling progressed well and reached through the brittle zone ( ~ 800 m ) in mid-July 2009 . The plan was to process the ice below the brittle zone , per decision at the steering committee meeting in November 2008 in Copenhagen .   By September 1 , 2009 , the coring had reached 1757.84 m for this season , setting a single-season deep ice core drilling record in 100 days .   On July 26 , 2010 , drilling reached bedrock at 2537.36 m.   The November/December 2007 issue of Technology Review magazine and its website carried a report on early efforts to establish this camp . The research goal is seek preserved ice from the Eemian , which included a warming period in Earth 's history . http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/19504/   After the conclusion of the drilling activities , the machinery and dome of the NEEM camp was moved to a new location in the NEEM-EastGRIP traverse , forming the EastGRIP camp at location in 2015 .


query: Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did

positive: Petroleum Petroleum ( from petra #Greek : `` rock '' + oleum #Latin : `` oil '' . ) is a naturally occurring , yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth 's surface , which is commonly refined into various types of fuels . Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation .   It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic compounds . The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil . A fossil fuel , petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms , usually zooplankton and algae , are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure .   Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling ( natural petroleum springs are rare ) . Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology ( at the reservoir scale ) , sedimentary basin analysis , and reservoir characterization ( mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures ) have been completed . It is refined and separated , most easily by distillation , into a large number of consumer products , from gasoline ( petrol ) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals . Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials , and it is estimated that the world consumes about 95 million barrels each day .   Concern over the depletion of the earth 's finite reserves of oil , and the effect this would have on a society dependent on it , is a concept known as peak oil . The use of fossil fuels , such as petroleum , will have a negative impact on Earth 's biosphere , damaging ecosystems through events such as oil spills and releasing a range of pollutants into the air including ground-level ozone and sulfur dioxide from sulfur impurities in fossil fuels . The burning of fossil fuels plays the major role in the current episode of global warming .

positive: Greenpeace Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization with offices in over 40 countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam , the Netherlands . Founded by Canadian and US ex-pat environmental activists in 1971 , Greenpeace states its goal is to `` ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity '' and focuses its campaigning on worldwide issues such as climate change , deforestation , overfishing , commercial whaling , genetic engineering , and anti-nuclear issues . It uses direct action , lobbying , research , and ecotage to achieve its goals . The global organization does not accept funding from governments , corporations , or political parties , relying on 2.9 million individual supporters and foundation grants . Greenpeace has a general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council and is a founding member of the INGO Accountability Charter ; an international non-governmental organization that intends to foster accountability and transparency of non-governmental organizations .   Greenpeace is known for its direct actions and has been described as the most visible environmental organization in the world . Greenpeace has raised environmental issues to public knowledge , and influenced both the private and the public sector . Greenpeace has also been a source of controversy ; its motives and methods ( some of the latter being illegal ) have received criticism , including an open letter from more than 100 Nobel laureates urging Greenpeace to end its campaign against genetically modified organisms ( GMOs ) . The organization 's direct actions have sparked legal actions against Greenpeace activists , such as fines and suspended sentences for destroying a test plot of genetically modified wheat and damaging the Nazca Lines , a UN World Heritage site in Peru .

negative: Coal oil Coal oil is a shale oil obtained from the destructive distillation of cannel coal , mineral wax , or bituminous shale , once used widely for illumination .   Chemically similar to the more refined , petroleum-derived kerosene , it consists mainly of several hydrocarbons of the alkane series , with 10 to 16 carbon atoms in each molecule and a higher boiling point ( 175 -- 325 ° C ) than gasoline or the petroleum ethers and lower than the oils .   The term was in use by the late 18th century , for oil produced as a byproduct of the production of coal gas and coal tar . In the early 19th century it was discovered that coal oil distilled from cannel coal could be used in lamps as an illuminant , although the early coal oil burned with a smokey flame , so that it was used only for outdoor lamps ; cleaner-burning whale oil was used in indoor lamps .   Coal oil that burned cleanly enough to compete with whale oil as an indoor illuminant was first produced in 1850 by James Young on the Union Canal in Scotland , who patented the process . Production thrived in Scotland , creating much wealth for Young .   In the United States , coal oil was widely manufactured in the 1850s under the trade name Kerosene , manufactured by a process invented by Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner . Young triumphed in his patent lawsuit against the Gesner process in the United States in 1860 . But by that time , US coal oil distillers were switching over to refining cheaper petroleum , after the discovery of abundant petroleum in western Pennsylvania in 1859 , and oil from coal operations ceased in the US .   Because kerosene was first derived from cannel coal , classified as terrestrial type of oil shale , it continued to be popularly referred to as `` coal oil '' even after production shifted to petroleum as a feedstock . Technically , refined hydrocarbons of the alkane series with 10 to 16 carbon atoms are the same thing whether taken from coal or petroleum .

negative: Blue Whale Unit A blue whale unit ( BWU ) was a unit of measurement used in the regulation of whaling . It was originally used by a cartel of whaling companies in the Antarctic Ocean in the 1930s . It was later used by the International Whaling Commission through the 1960s to measure nations respective whale quotas .  One blue whale unit can be expressed in terms of : one blue whale , two fin whales , two and a half humpback whale , or six sei whales . The ratios are roughly based on the relative amounts of oil that each species yields .

negative: Toward the Sea is a work by the Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu , commissioned by Greenpeace for the Save the Whales campaign .

negative: Astral Oil Works Astral Oil Works was founded in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn , New York , by Charles Pratt . Pratt was a pioneer of the petroleum industry who formed Charles Pratt and Company with Henry H. Rogers . The Pratt interests became part of John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil organization in 1874 .   Specializing in illuminating oil , which had earlier been derived from whale oil , the products of the Astral Oil Works kerosene refinery became famous worldwide in the late 19th century . Company advertising used the slogan , `` The holy lamps of Tibet are primed with Astral Oil . ''   Pratt founded and endowed the Pratt Institute with profits of the Astral Oil Works .

negative: Trywork A trywork , located aft of the fore-mast , is the most distinguishing feature of a whaling ship .   In two cast-iron trypots set into this furnace of brick , iron and wood , whale oil was rendered from the blubber of whales , much as lard is rendered from frying fatty pork . The furnace is temporarily affixed to the deck by `` iron knees '' , and a reservoir of water under the bricks keeps the heat from burning the wood of the deck .   In the 18th and 19th century New England whaling industry , the use of tryworks ( two large try pots in a brick furnace ) on whaling ships allowed them to stay at sea longer . Since they could boil out their oil , they did not have to carry unprocessed blubber home . The slices of blubber were kept as thin as possible for the process , and on New England whaling ships , these slices were known as `` bible leaves '' by the sailors . The ability to use tryworks at sea thus enabled the Yankee whaling industry to flourish .

negative: Will E. Jackson William E. ( Will ) Jackson ( born February 13 , 1945 ) served with Greenpeace in its early years ( 1975 -- 77 ) , as crew member on the first anti-whaling expedition , and as cofounder of Greenpeace San Francisco ( the first GP chapter after Vancouver , BC ) . A pioneer synthesizer player ( Serge , Buchla , Moog ) , Jackson was aboard the Greenpeace V as part of the media campaign to demonstrate whale intelligence , and to disrupt Russian whaling . Jackson played a large modular synthesizer that had been brought onboard , broadcast through underwater speakers , with the intention of communicating with whales through synthesized whale song . He was one of six persons out of a rotating pool of 35 to remain aboard throughout the expedition . Bob Hunter , cofounder and first president of Greenpeace , credits Jackson with saving him from drowning at Triangle Island .   Following on the success of that voyage , Jackson opened the San Francisco office of Greenpeace . With the assistance of Fund for Animals ( Cleveland Amory , Virginia Handley ) , and eco-filmmaker Stan Minasian , and commercial pilot Al Johnson . Jackson launched a grassroots media campaign , struggling from a South-of-Market condemned hotel to gain volunteers and donations , in preparation for the first anti-sealing expedition , and the follow-up whale expedition of 1976 . ( Three years after he left , the chapter was embroiled in a lawsuit with Vancouver over a million dollars and rights ; the outcome being the formation of today 's Greenpeace International ) . These accounts and others are referenced in Robert Hunter 's book , Rex Weyler 's Greenpeace ( Rodale 2004 ) , the Hunter-Weyler collaboration To Save A Whale ( Chronicle Books 1978 ) , and The Greenpeace Story ( Dorling Kindersley 1989 ) .   Prefacing his Greenpeace years , in 1970 as a multimedia artist he won a scholarship to California Institute of the Arts , but then lost it when he offended his mentor Allen Kaprow . He moved on to Serge Tcherepnin 's CalArts synthesizer workshop , and co-founded electronic music groups Cellar M with Naut Humon , and ` TO ' with Z'EV . Later he performed with Ethership ( Willard Van De Bogart , Lemon DeGeorge ) . Notably , he played synthesizer `` whale music '' with saxist Paul Winter aboard the GP-5 , and at the `` Save The Seas International Music Benefit '' , International Trade Center , Tokyo 1977 , with Z'EV .   In the 1980s Jackson became interviewer/program producer for Miss Wire Waist of KPFK 's Sounds of Jamaica ( L.A. ) ; and published Jah Guide reggae culture magazine . He recorded , published and broadcast speeches on apartheid by Jesse Jackson , Michael Manley , and Bishop Desmond Tutu ; and interviews with Steel Pulse , Burning Spear , Big Youth , Mutabaruka , Ras Michael and Peter Tosh . Meanwhile , he managed a 25-year career as a maritime seaman , union captain , and then fatherhood . In 2003 he authored the reggae novel Flight From Babylon ( Infinity ) . His second novel and Greenpeace memoirs are forthcoming .

negative: Whaling in Seychelles Whaling in Seychelles was established in the early 19th century , coming largely to a close by 1915 due to declining prices for sperm whale oil , as well as the lack of materials and freight congestion due to the onset of World War I . The primary quarry , sperm whales , were generally caught near Bird and Denis Islands , and towed to a whaling station on Saint Anne .

negative: Spermaceti organ The spermaceti organ is an organ that commonly appears in the heads of toothed whales of the family Physeteroidea , in particular the sperm whale . This organ contains a waxy liquid called spermaceti and is involved in the generation of sound .   The spermaceti organ in sperm whales is shaped like an elongated barrel and sits on top of the whale 's melon . Historically , the liquid from this organ was used to produce sperm oil , providing the economic basis for the sperm whaling industry .

negative: Porto Pim Whale Factory Museum The Porto Pim Whale Factory Museum ( Fábrica da Baleia e Centro do Mar ) is a whaling museum in the civil parish of Angústias , in the municipality of Horta , in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores . Dedicated to the socio-economic influence of the whaling industry in the region , the museum was established in the abandoned whaling factory used for many years in the processing of whale blubber into oil .

negative: Paul Spong Dr. Paul Spong is a neuroscientist and cetologist from New Zealand . He has spent more than 30 years researching orcas ( or Killer whales ) in British Columbia , and is credited with increasing public awareness of whaling , through his involvement with Greenpeace .

negative: Nantucket sleighride A Nantucket sleighride was a term used by Nantucket whalemen to describe what occurs immediately following the harpooning of a whale . The whale , distressed by the harpoon , attempts to flee and thus drags the boat along with it . The speed of the `` sleigh ride '' would vary depending on the species of the whale , with certain species ( e.g. humpbacks ) giving faster rides . The sperm whale was the whale that caused the longest drag events , reaching speeds of 23 mph ( 37 km/h ) . The length of the drag for the sailors would last as long as the whale could swim before it became exhausted . Once the whale expended its energy , the sailors would kill it and harvest its oil .

negative: Common minke whale The common minke whale or northern minke whale ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata ) is a species of minke whale within the suborder of baleen whales . It is the smallest member of the rorquals and the second smallest species of baleen whale . Although first ignored by whalers due to its small size and low oil yield , it began to be exploited by various countries beginning in the early 20th century . As other species declined larger numbers of common minke whales were caught , largely for their meat . It is now one of the primary targets of the whaling industry . There is a dwarf form in the Southern Hemisphere .   This species is known in the fossil record from the Pliocene period to the Quaternary period ( age range : 3.6 million years ago to present day ) .

negative: Antarctic minke whale The Antarctic minke whale or southern minke whale ( Balaenoptera bonaerensis ) is a species of minke whale within the suborder of baleen whales . It is the second smallest rorqual after the common minke whale and the third smallest baleen whale . Although first scientifically described in the mid-19th century , it was not recognized as a distinct species until the 1990s . Once ignored by the whaling industry due to its small size and low oil yield , the Antarctic minke was able to avoid the fate of other baleen whales and maintained a large population into the 21st century , numbering in the hundreds of thousands . Surviving to become the most abundant baleen whale in the world , it is now one of the mainstays of the industry alongside its cosmopolitan counterpart the common minke . It is primarily restricted to the Southern Hemisphere ( although vagrants have been reported in the North Atlantic ) and feeds mainly on euphausiids .

negative: John Parker (whaling master) John Parker ( 1803-1867 ) was a whaler and , according to the 1861 census form completed when he was master of the whale ship Lady Seale , was born at Grimsby , Lincolnshire . However it was as a whaling master of Hull that he is especially remembered . He was one of the most successful and intrepid arctic whalers to sail from that port in the nineteenth century . The products of the whaling trade such as oil and whalebone ( baleen ) were essential to the British economy during this period and the rigours of life on board a whale ship in the Greenland fisheries produced a particularly hardy and efficient breed of sailor .

negative: Dewey K. Hickok Dewey K. Hickok of Morrisville , Vermont was an inventor and a dealer of patent rights . On July 19 , 1887 , he received a patent for his new invention , a washing machine .   Hickok was mechanically creative and managed to come up with a number of inventions no one else had yet patented , including a clothes dryer in addition to his washing machine .   Hickok was related to Wild Bill Hickok ( distant cousins ? ) , and went on two long whaling voyages in the Pacific Ocean .  The following is extracted from the detailed sailors log he kept on his voyages . This log documents the taking of the whales with dates and locations of kills , as well as a rich narrative of areas visited . His journeys spanned the entire Pacific from Kamchatka to New Zealand and the islands in between . The original log was donated to the Morrisville Historical Society .  His first voyage was aboard the whaler Superior of New London , CT. which set sail on Tuesday , Sept. 27 1842 . This voyage lasted over 2 years .  The second voyage was aboard the whaler Isaak Walton of New London , CT , which set sail on Tuesday , October 8 , 1844 , bound for the east coast of Asia . Master : Daniel Fitch . The ship returned to New London on May 24 , 1847 with 3.030 barrels of whale oil , another 2 year voyage .  Whale oil taken aboard the Isaak Walton :  First season , 1845 = 12 whales made and 1,300 barrells .  Second season , 1846 = 29 whales made and 1,825 barrells .  125 barrells lost to leakage .  2 Sperm whales made 30 barrells .  Total cargo = 3,030 barrells .  `` Cut in 38 whale during the voyage . Sank 8 . Struck 80 .  Struck 32 the first season , saved 10 , sunk 4 , picked up 2 .  Struck 48 whale second season , saved 25 , sunk 4 , picked up 1 . ''

negative: Rorqual Rorquals -LSB- ˈrɔrkwəl -RSB- ( Balaenopteridae ) are the largest group of baleen whales , a family with nine extant species in two genera . They include what is believed to be the largest animal that has ever lived , the blue whale , which can reach 180 t , and the fin whale , which reaches 120 t ; even the smallest of the group , the northern minke whale , reaches 9 t.   Rorquals take their name from French rorqual , which derives from the Norwegian word , meaning `` rorqual-whale '' ( the first element røyr was a name for this type of whales , probably related to the Norse word for `` red '' ) .  The family name , Balaenopteridae , is from the type genus , Balaenoptera .

negative: Oriental Bluebird The 8,725 ton Hiyo Maru was the largest member of the Japanese whaling fleet ; providing fuel , resources , and stock storage space for that fleet and its crew . In 1992 , it was renamed and re-flagged to Panama as the Oriental Bluebird . According to Greenpeace , after a dispute with the Panamanian Government in 2008 , it was de-flagged and re-registered to Japan .  The Hiyo Maru served as the fuel tanker for Japan 's whaling fleet , and was alleged by Greenpeace to also transport whale meat .  In August 2010 , the ship was sold to China to be scrapped .

negative: Tom Nevers, Nantucket Tom Never was a Native American born on the island of Nantucket circa 1725 . His birth name was originally very long and was shortened to Tom Never by the British settlers who hired him to be in charge of a whale lookout station around 1745 . This lookout station was located in the southeast corner of the island which was subsequently known as Tom Never 's Head . In later years the apostrophe was dropped and that part of Nantucket is now known as Tom Nevers Head or simply Tom Nevers .   When whale oil began to be sold in great quantity around 1870 , the law at the time gave great tax advantages to companies owned by Native Americans . A group of local businessmen added Tom Nevers to their company and named their whale oil after him . Tom Nevers Whale Oil then became the first product given a trademark by the newly formed U.S. Trademark and Patent Office in 1871 .   Category :1725 births

negative: Harriet Hoxie Harriet Hoxie was an 1851 clipper in the California trade . She was known for carrying cargoes of whale oil from Honolulu , and for importing the first Brown Leghorn chickens to the United States .

negative: Mister Splashy Pants Mister Splashy Pants , or Mr. Splashypants , is a humpback whale in the South Pacific Ocean . It is being tracked with a satellite tag by Greenpeace as a part of its Great Whale Trail Expedition , which was working to raise awareness about whales threatened by the Japanese Fisheries Agency 's plan to hunt 50 humpback whales . The whale 's name was chosen in an online poll that garnered attention from several websites , including Boing Boing and Reddit , quickly becoming an internet meme . Mister Splashy Pants became the subject of a TED Talk by Reddit co-founder Alexis Ohanian , titled `` How to make a splash in social media . ''

negative: Oil industry in Singapore The petroleum industry in Singapore is accountable for part of the country 's economy , exporting about 68,100,000 t of oil ( as of 2007 ) . Singapore is dubbed `` the undisputed oil hub in Asia '' , with the country 's oil industry responsible for five percent of the country 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) .

negative: Nine oils In the 19th century , the nine oils was a preparation , or liniment , which was rubbed into the skin to relieve aches , such as over bruises . The `` nine oils '' were apparently developed in veterinary medicine , for treating horses , but later was adopted for human medical use .   According to one 19th-century druggists ' book , oils used in the preparation included :  train oil ; that is , whale oil or the oil of the blubber of another marine mammal  oil of turpentine  oil of bricks , the oil obtained by the distillation of pieces of brick saturated with rapeseed oil or olive oil  oil of amber  spirit of camphor  Barbados tar , a kind of greenish petroleum found in Barbados  oil of vitriol ; that is , sulfuric acid   However , it is certain that many `` nine oils '' preparations did not contain these ingredients , and in fact it is possible that the name `` nine oils '' never referred to any specific combination of compounds . The writer James Greenwood , in 1883 , put these words in the mouth of the street-doctor `` Dr. Quackinbosh '' , in his series of articles Toilers in London , by One of the Crowd , originally serialized in the Daily Telegraph :  When I first started I worked Woolwich with my `` miraculous Nine Oils . '' Men who work at heavy lifting and hauling , and are likely to get strains and ricks of the back , have a superstitious belief in the `` Nine Oils . '' It is the same wherever you go . What are they ? what , the original Nine ? Blessed if I know , nor they do n't know either . But that do n't make any difference . I used to give 'em one -- sperm oil -- and call it the Nine .

negative: High North Alliance The High North Alliance ( Høge Nord Alliansen ) is an umbrella organisation of several fishing , whaling and Nordic municipal councils . The organisation objectives are , it says , `` to protect the rights of whalers , sealers and fishermen to harvest renewable resources in accordance with the principle of sustainable management . ''   The alliance was founded in 1991 in response to calls from environmentalists to prohibit completely commercial whaling , and , from more radical groups , calls to prohibit the killing of marine mammals for any purpose . The alliance is organised by a governing committee of six members , three from Norway , and one each from the Faroe Islands , Greenland and Iceland . The alliance is funded by membership fees , and from grants from organisations such as the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission ( founded by Norway , Iceland , Greenland , and the Faroe Islands in 1992 ) and the Regional Development Committee for Northern Norway .   Activities of the Alliance include lobbying the largely sympathetic Norwegian government for increases in Norway 's whaling quota , promoting studies into methods of more humane whaling , lobbying the International Whaling Commission into relaxing the whaling moratorium , and responding to campaigns from anti-whaling groups such as the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society and Greenpeace .

negative: Charles W. Morgan (ship) Charles W. Morgan is an American whaling ship built in 1841 whose active service period was during the 19th and early 20th centuries . Ships of this type were usually used to harvest the blubber of whales for whale oil , which was commonly used in lamps . The ship has served as a museum ship since the 1940s , and is now an exhibit at the Mystic Seaport museum in Mystic , Connecticut . She is the world 's oldest surviving merchant vessel , and the only surviving wooden whaling ship from the 19th century American merchant fleet . She was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966 .

negative: Astra Agro Lestari Astra Agro Lestari ( AAL ) is an Indonesian palm oil company . It is a subsidiary of PT Astra International Tbk .  At least in 2004 , it controlled extensive land banks . It has two concessions on peatlands in Riau , with an estimated total area of 20,000 hectares . According to Greenpeace , 2007 , it has seven concessions on peat in Central Kalimantan . Greenpeace also reported hotspots on five Astra Agro concessions in Riau , two of which were on peatlands . Joko Supriyono was or is a director at Astra Agro and secretary of a palm oil industry lobby group . He said companies had no choice , but to continue establishing plantations on restricted areas .

negative: Save Each Other, the Whales Are Doing Fine Save Each Other , the Whales Are Doing Fine is the debut studio album by American rock band Patent Pending . The original name of the CD was Save The Children , The Whales Are Doing Fine , but it was changed due to a threat to sue by the Save the Children Foundation . The title reflects the environmental concept of save the whales . Because the band did n't have the budget to fight their case in court , they were forced to change the name . Because of the changing of the name , and a few other minor legal and technical issues , the CD/DVD was pushed back one month . It came out on June 6 , instead of May 9 .   The CD was released with a bonus DVD which was filmed on January 13 , 2006 at Alley Katz in Richmond , Virginia with some portions filmed on February 24 , 2006 at Calvary Lutheran Church in East Meadow , New York .

negative: Palm kernel The palm kernel is the edible seed of the oil palm fruit . The fruit yields two distinct oils : palm oil derived from the outer parts of the fruit , and palm kernel oil derived from the kernel .   The pulp left after oil is rendered from the kernel is formed into `` palm kernel cake '' , used either as high-protein feed for dairy cattle or burned in boilers to generate electricity for palm oil mills and surrounding villages .

negative: Whale Cove, Nunavut Whale Cove ( ᑎᑭᕋᕐᔪᐊᖅ in Inuktitut syllabics ) ( Tikiraqjuaq , meaning `` long point '' ) , is a hamlet located 45 mi south of Rankin Inlet , 100 mi north of Arviat , in Kivalliq Region , Nunavut , Canada , on the western shore of Hudson Bay .   The community is named for the many beluga whales which congregate off the coast . Many of the inhabitants hunt these whales every fall and use their by-products for their oil and food . Whale Cove , initially settled by three distinct Inuit groups ( one inland and two coastal ) , is a relatively traditional community : 99 % Inuit , who still wear fur , hunt , fish , eat raw meat and fish . Whale Cove is on the polar bear migration route .   Local Inuit , regularly travel by snowmobile in the winter or by boat in summer months between the hamlet of Rankin Inlet and Whale Cove a distance of 100 km . The terrain is arctic tundra , this consists mostly of rocks , mosses and lichens .   As of the 2016 census , the population was 435 , an increase of 6.9 % from the 2011 census .

negative: List of plants known as oil palm Oil palm refers to several palms that yield oil from fruit pulp and seeds , primarily   Elaeis guineensis , the African oil palm , the major palm oil crop species   but also :  Attalea maripa , the maripa palm  Cocus nucifera , the coconut palm , which yields coconut oil from its seeds  Elaeis oleifera , the American oil palm  The genus Elaeis , with just two species , E. guineensis and E. oleifera , referred to as the oil-palm genus

negative: Bioasphalt Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources .   These sources include sugar , molasses and rice , corn and potato starches , natural tree and gum resins , natural latex rubber and vegetable oils , lignin , cellulose , palm oil waste , coconut waste , peanut oil waste , canola oil waste , dried sewerage effluent and so on . Bitumen can also be made from waste vacuum tower bottoms produced in the process of cleaning used motor oils , which are normally burned or dumped into land fills .   Non-petroleum based bitumen binders can be colored , which can reduce the temperatures of road surfaces and reduce the Urban heat islands .

negative: Whale Oil Row Whale Oil Row refers to four nearly identical high quality Greek Revival houses , standing side-by-side at 105-119 Huntington Street in New London , Connecticut . All four were built between 1835 and 1845 by Charles Henry Beebe , and three were owned by men directly involved in whaling ; the fourth was owned by a dry goods merchant . All four are distinguished by their two-story gabled porticos supported by fluted columns , with a semicircular window in the gable pediment . The first one ( 105 Huntington ) is slightly wider than the others , extending on either side of the front portico . This assembly of Greek temple front houses may be unique in the United States .   The group of houses was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 .

negative: Mineral oil A mineral oil or paraffin oil is any of various colorless , odorless , light mixtures of higher alkanes from a mineral source , particularly a distillate of petroleum .   The name mineral oil by itself is imprecise , having been used for many specific oils over the past few centuries . Other names , similarly imprecise , include white oil , liquid paraffin , paraffinum liquidum ( Latin ) , and liquid petroleum . Baby oil is a perfumed mineral oil .   Most often , mineral oil is a liquid by-product of refining crude oil to make gasoline and other petroleum products . This type of mineral oil is a transparent , colorless oil composed mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes , related to petroleum jelly . It has a density of around 0.8 g/cm3 .   Mineral oil is a substance of relatively low value , and it is produced in very large quantities . Mineral oil is available in light and heavy grades , and can often be found in drug stores .