query: With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.

positive: Carbon footprint A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual , event , organisation , or product , expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent .   In most cases , the total carbon footprint can not be exactly calculated because of inadequate knowledge of and data about the complex interactions between contributing processes , especially which including the influence on natural processes storing or releasing carbon dioxide . For this reason , Wright , Kemp , and Williams , have suggested to define the carbon footprint as :   A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) and methane ( CH4 ) emissions of a defined population , system or activity , considering all relevant sources , sinks and storage within the spatial and temporal boundary of the population , system or activity of interest . Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent using the relevant 100-year global warming potential ( GWP100 ) .   Greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) can be emitted through land clearance and the production and consumption of food , fuels , manufactured goods , materials , wood , roads , buildings , transportation and other services . For simplicity of reporting , it is often expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide , or its equivalent of other GHGs , emitted .   Most of the carbon footprint emissions for the average U.S. household come from `` indirect '' sources , i.e. fuel burned to produce goods far away from the final consumer . These are distinguished from emissions which come from burning fuel directly in one 's car or stove , commonly referred to as `` direct '' sources of the consumer 's carbon footprint .   The concept name of the carbon footprint originates from ecological footprint , discussion , which was developed by Rees and Wackernagel in the 1990s which estimates the number of `` earths '' that would theoretically be required if everyone on the planet consumed resources at the same level as the person calculating their ecological footprint . However , given that ecological footprints are a measure of failure , Anindita Mitra ( CREA , Seattle ) chose the more easily calculated `` carbon footprint '' to easily measure use of carbon , as an indicator of unsustainable energy use . In 2007 , carbon footprint was used as a measure of carbon emissions to develop the energy plan for City of Lynnwood , Washington . Carbon footprints are much more specific than ecological footprints since they measure direct emissions of gases that cause climate change into the atmosphere .   Carbon footprint is one of a family of footprint indicators , which also includes water footprint and land footprint .

positive: Greenhouse gas A greenhouse gas ( abbrev . GHG ) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature of Earth 's surface would be about -18 ° C , rather than the present average of 15 ° C . In the Solar System , the atmospheres of Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect .   Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution ( taken as the year 1750 ) have produced a 40 % increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide , from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017 . This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural `` sinks '' involved in the carbon cycle . Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions ( i.e. , emissions produced by human activities ) come from combustion of fossil fuels , principally coal , oil , and natural gas , along with deforestation , soil erosion and animal agriculture .   It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the present rate , Earth 's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047 , with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems , biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide . Recent estimates suggest that on the current emissions trajectory the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 ° C global warming , which the United Nations ' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid `` dangerous '' global warming , by 2036 .

positive: Environmental degradation Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air , water and soil ; the destruction of ecosystems ; habitat destruction ; the extinction of wildlife ; and pollution . It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable . As indicated by the I = PAT equation , environmental impact ( I ) or degradation is caused by the combination of an already very large and increasing human population ( P ) , continually increasing economic growth or per capita affluence ( A ) , and the application of resource depleting and polluting technology ( T ) .   Environmental degradation is one of the ten threats officially cautioned by the High-level Panel on Threats , Challenges and Change of the United Nations . The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction defines environmental degradation as `` The reduction of the  capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives , and needs '' . Environmental degradation is of many types . When natural habitats are destroyed or natural resources are depleted , the environment is degraded . Efforts to counteract this problem include environmental protection and environmental resources management .

negative: Epidemiology of malnutrition There were 795 million undernourished people in the world in 2014 , a decrease of 216 million since 1990 , despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone -- 7 billion people -- and could feed more than that -- 12 billion people .

negative: Recycled fuel Fuel made of residues as CO2 produced by using a primary fuel .   For example , CO2 pollution in the atmosphere , produced by petrol burning or other sources , can be extracted to produce fuel through an artificial photosynthesis based in nanotechnology , which helps to mitigate pollution , climate change and energy issues .

negative: Estuarine acidification Estuarine acidification is a decrease in the pH of coastal marine ecosystems , specifically those of estuaries . pH change in estuaries is more complicated than in the open ocean due to direct impacts from land run-off and coastal current dynamics . Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans , caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) from the atmosphere ( 0.1 units over the last century ) . The ocean absorbs 30-40 % of all CO2 emitted to the atmosphere ; this increase in aqueous carbon dioxide causes a decline in the pH of the ocean surface . As carbon dioxide combines with water , it releases protons ( hydrogen ions ) , based on the following equation :   CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3 + H + ↔ CO3 + 2 H +

negative: Seven Spades Seven Spades is a card game , apparently created by Johan Wästlund in 2002 . It 's similar to Bullshit in that bluffing plays a key role ; however the game is more fast-paced and , arguably , more intense .   While originally intended for two players ( which is still the best way to play it ) , any number of people can play .   The gameplay is simple . A deck of 52 cards is used . The dealer shuffles the deck and places it on the table face down . The player to the left of the dealer is the first to go - he picks up a card from the deck , taking care not to show it to anyone . Now he can either discard it on the table , face up , or declare it a spade and put it in front of him , face down . If the latter happened , any other player can , but is not obliged to , challenge the first player by opening the card . If it 's not a spade ( i.e. the player attempted bluff ) , the first player is out of the game ; if it is a spade , the second player is out . When only one player is left , he is declared the winner ; with two people playing , the winner will always be determined on the first challenge .   The only other way to win is to collect a pre-determined number of spades - seven spades in the two-player version . The last ( seventh ) spade has to be a real spade , and is put face up , not face down . The person to do this is declared the winner .   Anyone can challenge a person who claims to have a spade , but only immediately after the card is put down . When the next player picks up a card , you are no longer allowed to challenge the previous player . Only the last card a player put down can be challenged , not the other ones .   When more than two people are playing , the number of spades to collect is adjusted so that it 's always possible to win without bluffing . With a single 52-card deck , the number of spades to collect is :   for 2 people : 7  for 3 people : 5  for 4 people : 4  for 5 people : 3   To increase the number of spades , or to allow more than five people to play , more than one deck can be used . The number of spades to collect is then multiplied by the number of decks used .   Optionally the following rule can be added when more than two people are playing : if a person challenges another player and proves him a liar , he gets a free turn . This promotes challenging and makes bluffing a bit more expensive .

negative: Lime kiln A lime kiln is a kiln used for the calcination of limestone ( calcium carbonate ) to produce the form of lime called quicklime ( calcium oxide ) . The chemical equation for this reaction is   CaCO3 + heat → CaO + CO2   This reaction takes place at 900 ° C ( 1650 ° F ; at which temperature the partial pressure of CO2 is 1 atmosphere ) , but a temperature around 1000 ° C ( 1800 ° F ; at which temperature the partial pressure of CO2 is 3.8 atmospheres ) is usually used to make the reaction proceed quickly . Excessive temperature is avoided because it produces unreactive , `` dead-burned '' lime .   Slaked lime ( calcium hydroxide ) can be formed by mixing water with quicklime .

negative: Wetland methane emissions As one of the most significant natural sources of atmospheric methane , wetlands remain a major area of concern with respect to climate change . Wetlands are characterized by water-logged soils and distinctive communities of plant and animal species that have evolved and adapted to the constant presence of water . Due to this high level of water saturation as well as warm weather , wetlands are one of the most significant natural sources of atmospheric methane .   Most methanogenesis , or methane production , occurs in oxygen-poor environments . Because the microbes that live in warm , moist environments consume oxygen more rapidly than it can diffuse in from the atmosphere , wetlands are the ideal anaerobic , or oxygen poor , environments for fermentation .   Fermentation is a process used by certain kinds of microorganisms to break down essential nutrients . In a process called acetoclastic methanogenesis , microorganisms from the classification domain archaea produce methane by fermenting acetate and H2-CO2 into methane and carbon dioxide .   H3C-COOH → CH4 + CO2   Depending on the wetland and type of archaea , hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis , another process that yields methane , can also occur . This process occurs as a result of archaea oxidizing hydrogen with carbon dioxide to yield methane and water .   4H2 + CO2 → CH4 + 2H2O

negative: Billion Tree Campaign The Billion Tree Campaign was launched in 2006 , by the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) as a response to the challenges of global warming , as well as to a wider array of sustainability challenges from water supply to biodiversity loss . Its initial target was the planting of one billion trees in 2007 ( achieved by November ) . One year later , in 2008 , the campaign 's objective was raised to 7 billion trees -- a target to be met by the climate change conference that was held in Copenhagen , Denmark in December 2009 . Three months before the conference , the 7 billion planted trees mark had been surpassed . In December 2011 , after more than 12 billion trees had been planted , UNEP formally handed management of the program over to the youth-led not-for-profit Plant-for-the-Planet Foundation , based in Tutzing , Germany . Over 14.2 billion trees have been planted as of 2016 . The Billion Tree Campaign calls upon all individuals , countries and companies to participate , and accepts all contributions . Planted trees and pledges can be registered here .

negative: Suess effect The Suess effect is a change in the ratio of the atmospheric concentrations of heavy isotopes of carbon ( 13C and 14C ) by the admixture of large amounts of fossil-fuel derived CO2 , which is depleted in 13CO2 and contains no 14CO2 . It is named for the Austrian chemist Hans Suess , who noted the influence of this effect on the accuracy of radiocarbon dating . More recently , the Suess effect has been used in studies of climate change . The term originally referred only to dilution of atmospheric 14CO2 . The concept was later extended to dilution of 13CO2 and to other reservoirs of carbon such as the oceans and soils .

negative: Smallholding A smallholding is a small farm .  In third world countries , smallholdings are usually farms supporting a single family with a mixture of cash crops and subsistence farming . As a country becomes more affluent and farming practices become more efficient , smallholdings may persist as a legacy of historical land ownership practices . In more affluent societies , smallholdings may be valued primarily for the rural lifestyle that they provide for the owners , who often do not earn their livelihood from the farm . There are an estimated 500 million smallholder farms in the world , supporting almost 2 billion people . Today some companies try to include smallholdings into their value chain , providing seed , feed or fertilizer to improve production . Some say that this model shows benefits for both parties .

negative: FUTBOLIN FUTBOLIN ( FUll Transfer By Optimized LINe-by-line methods ) : Multi-level multiple scattering radiative transfer model for the calculation of line-by-line atmospheric emission/transmission spectra in planetary atmospheres . It has been developed by Javier Martin-Torres ( AS&M . Inc , NASA/Langley Research Center , Hampton , VA , USA ; Jet Propulsion Laboratory , Pasadena , CA ; Now at IACT ( CSIC-URG ) , Granada , SPAIN ) . It allows generating high-resolution synthetic spectra in the 0.3-1000 micrometre spectral range .   The code can handle spherical or plane-parallel atmospheres . It reads spectral lines in HITRAN or GEISA format and can handle CO2 line mixing and continuum absorption from H2O , O2 , N2 and CO2 . It also takes into account the Non Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium ( NLTE ) effects on the rotational , electronic and vibrational populations of the atmospheric species and allows to specify any combinations of clouds , coverage and spectral albedo . It has been used to model the Earth 's atmosphere , and the atmospheres of Mars , Venus , and Titan .   The code can calculate reflection , transmission , absorption , infrared cooling rate , and flux spectra .

negative: Incubator (culture) In biology , an incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures . The incubator maintains optimal temperature , humidity and other conditions such as the carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside . Incubators are essential for a lot of experimental work in cell biology , microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial as well as eukaryotic cells .   Louis Pasteur used the small opening underneath his staircase as an incubator . Incubators are also used in the poultry industry to act as a substitute for hens . This often results in higher hatch rates due to the ability to control both temperature and humidity . Various brands of incubators are commercially available to breeders .   The simplest incubators are insulated boxes with an adjustable heater , typically going up to 60 to 65 ° C ( 140 to 150 ° F ) , though some can go slightly higher ( generally to no more than 100 ° C ) . The most commonly used temperature both for bacteria such as the frequently used E. coli as well as for mammalian cells is approximately 37 ° C , as these organisms grow well under such conditions . For other organisms used in biological experiments , such as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a growth temperature of 30 ° C is optimal .   More elaborate incubators can also include the ability to lower the temperature ( via refrigeration ) , or the ability to control humidity or CO2 levels . This is important in the cultivation of mammalian cells , where the relative humidity is typically > 80 % to prevent evaporation and a slightly acidic pH is achieved by maintaining a CO2 level of 5 % .

negative: Nicholson challenge The term `` Nicholson challenge '' refers to a set of mandates that the former ( 2006-2012 ) leader of the National Health Service in England , Sir David Nicholson , has put forth to the entirety of the NHS in a drive to find `` efficiency savings '' amidst a UK economy in upheaval .   The parameters of the `` challenge '' by Nicholson to the NHS collectively add up to a demand by Nicholson for the NHS to find # 20 billion in `` efficiency savings '' by 2015 . The claim is that better ways of working rather than more spending must be found , amidst a warning that if the challenge were not met , either more money would be needed or fewer desirable results would be achieved .   The Health and Social Care Bill 2011 's provisions , which greatly alter the fundamentals of NHS functioning ( not just financing ) , is technically not a part of this `` challenge '' at all , but is happening separately . The Nicholson challenge keeps NHS law and regulations as they have been prior to the Health And Social Care Bill 's passage , but asks staff and administrators to find these `` savings '' within those present parameters nevertheless .

negative: List of tornadoes in the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak From May 2 to 8 , 1999 , a large tornado outbreak took place across much of the Central and parts of the Eastern United States , as well as southern Canada . During this week-long event , 152 tornadoes touched down in these areas . The most dramatic events unfolded during the afternoon of May 3 through the early morning hours of May 4 when more than half of these storms occurred . Oklahoma experienced its largest tornado outbreak on record , with 70 confirmed . The most notable of these was the F5 Bridge Creek -- Moore tornado which devastated Oklahoma City and suburban communities . The tornado killed 36 people and injured 583 others ; losses amounted to $ 1 billion , making it the first billion-dollar tornado in history . Overall , 50 people lost their lives during the outbreak and damage amounted to $ 1.4 billion .   On May 2 , a strong area of low pressure moved out of the Rocky Mountains and into the High Plains , producing scattered severe weather and ten tornadoes in Nebraska . The following day , atmospheric conditions across Oklahoma became significantly more favorable for an outbreak of severe weather . Wind profiles across the region strongly favored tornadic activity , with the Storm Prediction Center stating , `` it became more obvious something major was looming '' by the afternoon hours . Numerous supercell thunderstorms developed across the state as well as bordering areas in Kansas and Texas . Over the following 48 hours , May 3 -- 4 , 116 tornadoes touched down across the Central United States . Following the extensive outbreak , activity became increasingly scattered from May 5 to 8 , with 26 tornadoes touching down across the Eastern United States and Quebec .   __ TOC __

negative: Revelle factor The Revelle factor ( buffer factor ) is the ratio of instantaneous change in carbon dioxide to the change in total dissolved inorganic carbon ( DIC ) , and is a measure of the resistance to atmospheric CO2 being absorbed by the ocean surface layer . The buffer factor is used to examine the distribution of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean , and measures the amount of CO2 that can be dissolved in the mixed surface layer . It is named after the oceanographer Roger Revelle , who was one of the first scientists to study global warming .   Revelle factor = / ( Δ -LSB- DIC -RSB- / -LSB- DIC -RSB- ) where DIC is dissolved inorganic carbon . Δ -LSB- -RSB- / -LSB- -RSB- is the instantaneous change in p and Δ -LSB- DIC -RSB- / -LSB- DIC -RSB- is the instantaneous change in DIC .

negative: Soil microbiology Soil microbiology is the study of organisms in soil , their functions , and how they affect soil properties . It is believed that between two and four billion years ago , the first ancient bacteria and microorganisms came about in Earth 's oceans . These bacteria could fix nitrogen , in time multiplied and as a result released oxygen into the atmosphere . This led to more advanced microorganisms . Microorganisms in soil are important because they affect soil structure and fertility . Soil microorganisms can be classified as bacteria , actinomycetes , fungi , algae and protozoa . Each of these groups has characteristics that define them and their functions in soil .   Up to 10 billion bacterial cells inhabit each gram of soil in and around plant roots , a region known as the rhizosphere . In 2011 , a team detected more than 33,000 bacterial and archaeal species on sugar beet roots .   The composition of the rhizobiome can change rapidly in response to changes in the surrounding environment .

negative: Carbon dioxide generator A Carbon dioxide generator or CO2 generator is a machine used to enhance carbon dioxide levels in order to promote plant growth in greenhouses or other enclosed areas . Carbon dioxide generators have been used to help grow marijuana . They can be fueled with propane or natural gas . CO2 generators were used mostly by commercial growers until smaller and less expansive systems made the technology more widely available to hobbyists . The generators also give off heat . Using compressed CO2 is an alternative to generators .

negative: Crossfire (card game) Crossfire is a card game for 2 or more people in which the aim is to win more rounds than your opponent . You can win rounds by getting the highest card above a neutral card .

negative: 1995 Mayfest Storm The 1995 Fort Worth Mayfest storm was a supercell storm that occurred on the 5 -- 6 May in the Fort Worth and Tarrant County areas of Texas . It affected a highly populated area with hail up to 4 in in diameter , as well as striking the local outdoor festival known as the Fort Worth Mayfest . At the time the storm was the costliest hailstorm in the United States history , causing more than $ 2 billion in damage . The hail injured at least 100 people , and flash flooding and lightning from the same storm killed at least 13 people .

negative: Liquid Light Liquid Light is a New Jersey-based company that develops and licenses electrochemical process technology to make chemicals from carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) . The company has more than 100 patents and patent applications for the technology that can produce multiple chemicals such as ethylene glycol , propylene , isopropanol , methyl-methacrylate and acetic acid . Funding has been provided by VantagePoint Capital Partners , BP Ventures , Chrysalix Energy Venture Capital , Osage University Partners and Sustainable Conversion Ventures . Liquid Light 's technology can be used to produce more than 60 chemicals , but its first targeted process is for the production of monoethylene glycol ( MEG ) which has a $ 27 billion annual market . MEG is used to make a wide range of consumer products including plastic bottles , antifreeze and polyester fiber .

negative: 4-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase In enzymology , a 4-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   2-carboxy-2 ,5 - dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate 4,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate + CO2   Hence , this enzyme has one substrate , 2-carboxy-2 ,5 - dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate , and two products , 4,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate and CO2 .   This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases , specifically the carboxy-lyases , which cleave carbon-carbon bonds . The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-carboxy-2 ,5 - dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate carboxy-lyase ( 4,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate-forming ) . Other names in common use include gamma-4-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase , and 4-carboxymuconolactone carboxy-lyase . This enzyme participates in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation .

negative: Wim Sweldens Wim Sweldens is a Belgian American business leader notable for innovations in communications and signal processing technology . He developed algorithms for compressing three dimensional images into billions of tiny triangular modules . At telecommunications firm Alcatel-Lucent in New Jersey , he led development of new cell tower technology called lightRadio which reduces the size of transmission equipment dramatically . The equipment uses only basic electrical power and can be placed indoors and linked to optical fiber cables ; it enables mobile networks to operate with much less electricity , halving CO2 emissions and reducing the carbon footprint , and permitting cell phone service to reach more people over expanded geographic areas . The technology may mean the end of cell towers within ten years , according to several reports .

negative: Overweight Overweight is having more body fat than is optimally healthy . Being overweight is common especially where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sedentary .   Excess weight has reached epidemic proportions globally , with more than 1 billion adults being either overweight or obese in 2003 . In 2013 this increased to more than 2 billion . Increases have been observed across all age groups .   A healthy body requires a minimum amount of fat for proper functioning of the hormonal , reproductive , and immune systems , as thermal insulation , as shock absorption for sensitive areas , and as energy for future use . But the accumulation of too much storage fat can impair movement , flexibility , and alter appearance of the body .

negative: Stichodactyla gigantea Stichodactyla gigantea , commonly known as the giant carpet anemone is a species of sea anemone that lives in the Indo-Pacific area . It can be kept in an aquarium but is a very challenging species to keep alive and healthy for more than 3 -- 5 years .

negative: 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate decarboxylase In enzymology , a 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate decarboxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   5-guanidino-2-oxo-pentanoate 4-guanidinobutanal + CO2   Hence , this enzyme has one substrate , 5-guanidino-2-oxo-pentanoate , and two products , 4-guanidinobutanal and CO2 .   This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases , specifically the carboxy-lyases , which cleave carbon-carbon bonds . The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-guanidino-2-oxo-pentanoate carboxy-lyase ( 4-guanidinobutanal-forming ) . Other names in common use include alpha-ketoarginine decarboxylase , and 2-oxo-5-guanidinopentanoate carboxy-lyase . It has 2 cofactors : thiamin diphosphate , and Divalent cation .

negative: Respiratory exchange ratio The respiratory exchange ratio ( RER ) is the ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) produced in metabolism and oxygen ( O2 ) used . Humans typically inhale more molecules of oxygen than they exhale of carbon dioxide because air contains much more oxygen by volume .   The ratio is determined by comparing exhaled gases to room air . Measuring this ratio can be used for estimating the respiratory quotient ( RQ ) , an indicator of which fuel ( carbohydrate or fat ) is being metabolized to supply the body with energy . This estimation is only valid if metabolism is in a steady state .   RER is about 0.8 at rest with a modern diet . This value however , can exceed 1 during intense exercise , as CO2 production by the working muscles becomes greater and more of the inhaled O2 gets used rather than being expelled . During moderate or higher intensity aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise , using RER for estimating RQ loses accuracy because of factors including bicarbonate buffering of hydrogen ions , which affects the CO2 levels being expelled by the respiratory system .   Calculation of RER is commonly done in conjunction with exercise tests such as the VO2 Max Test and can be used as an indicator that the participants are nearing exhaustion and the limits of their cardio-respiratory system . An RER greater than or equal to 1.15 is often used as a secondary endpoint criterion of a VO2 Max Test .   An RER of 0.70 indicates that fat is the predominant fuel source , RER of 0.85 suggests a mix of fat and carbohydrates , and a value of 1.00 or above is indicative of carbohydrate being the predominant fuel source .   Oxidation of a molecule of Carbohydrate  6 O2 + C6H12O6 = > 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP  RER = VCO2/VO2 = 6 CO2/6 O2 = 1.0   Oxidation of a molecule of Fatty Acid  23 O2 + C16H32O2 = > 16 CO2 + 16 H2O + 129 ATP  RER = VCO2/VO2 = 16 CO2/23 O2 = 0.7

negative: 2011 Colombia floods A series of floods in Colombia began in late April 2011 , coinciding with the country 's rainy season . Torrential rains triggered extensive flooding and landslides that killed at least 111 people and left more than 69,000 homeless . Estimates have placed damage at US$ 5 billion . After September , a second wave of flooding and landslides ( coinciding with the year 's second rainy season ) killed another 81 people , wounded 65 more and affected approximately 289,000 ( including 61,000 families ) .

negative: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4,5-dicarboxylate 4-decarboxylase In enzymology , a 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4 ,5 - dicarboxylate 4-decarboxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction   3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4 ,5 - dicarboxylate 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate + CO2   Hence , this enzyme has one substrate , 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4 ,5 - dicarboxylate , and two products , 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate and CO2 .   This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases , specifically the carboxy-lyases , which cleave carbon-carbon bonds . The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4 ,5 - dicarboxylate 4-carboxy-lyase ( 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate-forming ) . This enzyme is also called 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4 ,5 - dicarboxylate 4-carboxy-lyase . This enzyme participates in vitamin B6 metabolism .

negative: Clear-air turbulence Clear-air turbulence ( CAT ) is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any visual clues such as clouds , and is caused when bodies of air moving at widely different speeds meet .   The atmospheric region most susceptible to CAT is the high troposphere at altitudes of around 7000 - as it meets the tropopause . Here CAT is most frequently encountered in the regions of jet streams . At lower altitudes it may also occur near mountain ranges . Thin cirrus clouds can also indicate high probability of CAT .   CAT can be hazardous to the comfort , but rarely the safety , of air travelers .   CAT in the jet stream is expected to become stronger and more frequent because of climate change , with transatlantic wintertime CAT increasing by 59 % ( light ) , 94 % ( moderate ) , and 149 % ( severe ) by the time of CO2 doubling .

negative: Respirometer A respirometer is a device used to measure the rate of respiration of a living organism by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide . They allow investigation into how factors such as age , or chemicals affect the rate of respiration . Respirometers are designed to measure respiration either on the level of a whole animal ( plant ) or on the cellular level . These fields are covered by whole animal and cellular ( or mitochondrial ) respirometry , respectively .   A simple whole plant respirometer designed to measure oxygen uptake or CO2 release consists of a sealed container with the living specimen together with a substance to absorb the carbon dioxide given off during respiration , such as soda lime pellets or cotton wads soaked with potassium hydroxide . The oxygen uptake is detected by manometry . Typically , a U-tube manometer is used , which directly shows the pressure difference between the container and the atmosphere . As an organism takes up O2 , it generates a proportionate quantity of CO2 ( see respiratory quotient ) , but all the CO2 is absorbed by the soda lime . Therefore , all of the drop of pressure in the chamber can be attributed to the drop of O2 partial pressure in the container . The rate of change gives a direct and reasonably accurate reading for the organism 's rate of respiration .   As changes in temperature or pressure can also affect the displacement of the manometric fluid , a second respirometer identical to the first except with a dead specimen ( or something with the same mass as the specimen in place of the organism ) is sometimes set up . Subtracting the displacement of the second respirometer from the first allows for control of these factors .   The set up of modern respirometers is described in more detail under respirometry . A Respirometer may also be called an oxygraph . Suppliers for whole animal respirometers are e.g. Sable Systems , Qubit Systems , or Challenge Technology ; for mitochondrial respirometers Oroboros Instruments , Hansatech Instruments , or YSI .

negative: Exhaust heat recovery system In transportation , an exhaust heat recovery system turns thermal losses in the exhaust pipe into energy . This technology seems to be more and more of interest by car and heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers as an efficient way to save fuel and reduce vehicles ' CO2 emissions .  This technology can be used either on a hybrid vehicle or a conventional one : it produces either electric energy for batteries or mechanical energy reintroduced on the crankshaft .

negative: Wet-milling Wet-milling is a process in which feed material is steeped in water , with or without sulfur dioxide , to soften the seed kernel in order to help separate the kernel 's various components . For example , wet-milling plants can separate a 56-pound bushel of corn into more than 31 pounds of cornstarch ( which in turn can be converted into corn syrups or corn ethanol ) , 15 pounds of corn gluten meal for use in animal feed , and nearly 2 pounds of corn oil .

negative: Langspil The Langspil ( -LSB- ˈlauŋ̊spɪl -RSB- ) is a traditional Icelandic drone zither . Since old folk music has been gaining more popularity in recent years , more and more people are able to play this instrument . And since it only has 1 melody string with 1 to 5 drone strings ( usually 2 ) it is easy to learn to play it compared with more complicated instruments .   The langspil can be played by plucking the strings by hand , with a bow or by hammering . Langspils exist in two basic versions , straight and curved and are generally around the length of 80 cm , but can be as long as 104 cm or as short as 73 cm . Many different types of wood have traditionally been used , including pine , fir , beechwood , birch , oak and walnut , since they were generally constructed from driftwood .


query: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

positive: Attribution of recent climate change Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent climate changes on Earth , commonly known as ` global warming ' . The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record , when records are most reliable ; particularly in the last 50 years , when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available . The dominant mechanisms are anthropogenic , i.e. , the result of human activity . They are :  increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases  global changes to land surface , such as deforestation  increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols .   There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations , changes in solar activity , and volcanic activity .   According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , it is `` extremely likely '' that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010 . The IPCC defines `` extremely likely '' as indicating a probability of 95 to 100 % , based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence .   Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities :  A basic physical understanding of the climate system : greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established .  Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual .  Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included .  Natural forces alone ( such as solar and volcanic activity ) can not explain the observed warming .   The IPCC 's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community , and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide ( see also : scientific opinion on climate change ) .

positive: Scientific consensus on climate change There is currently a strong scientific consensus that the Earth is warming and that this warming is mainly caused by human activities. This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.  Nearly all actively publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 2% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.

negative: Climate of the Past Climate of the Past is an open-access peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research within Earth science .

negative: Stratospheric Processes And their Role in Climate Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate ( SPARC ) is a core project of the World Climate Research Programme .   Founded in 1992 , SPARC has coordinated high-level research activities related to understanding Earth system processes for over two decades . More specifically , SPARC promotes and facilitates cutting-edge international research activities on how chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere interact with climate and climate change .

negative: World Climate Research Programme The World Climate Research Programme ( WCRP ) was established in 1980 , under the joint sponsorship of International Council for Science and the World Meteorological Organization , and has also been sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO since 1993 . It is a component of the World Climate Programme . The objectives of the programme are to develop the fundamental scientific understanding of the physical climate system and climate processes needed to determine to what extent climate can be predicted and the extent of human influence on climate . The programme encompasses studies of the global atmosphere , oceans , sea ice , land ice ( such as glaciers , ice caps and ice sheets ) , and the land surface which together constitute the Earth 's physical climate system .   WCRP activities address issues of scientific uncertainty in the Earth 's climate system including transport and storage of heat by the ocean , the global energy and hydrological cycle , the formation of clouds and their effects on radiative transfer , and the role of the cryosphere in climate . These activities match the scientific priorities identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , and provide the basis for responding to issues raised in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . WCRP also lays the scientific foundation for meeting the research challenges posed in Agenda 21 . Together with the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and the International Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme , WCRP provides the international framework for scientific cooperation in the study of global climate change .   Scientific guidance for the programme is provided by a Joint Scientific Committee consisting of 18 scientists selected by mutual agreement between the three sponsoring organizations .

negative: Michael Schlesinger Dr. Michael Earl Schlesinger ( born February 23 , 1943 ) is a Professor of Atmospheric Sciences and director of the Climate Research Group at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . He received his Ph.D. ( meteorology ) in 1976 from the University of California , Los Angeles .   Michael Schlesinger is an expert in the modeling , simulation and analysis of climate and climate change , with interests in simulating and understanding the climates of the geologic past and possible future climates resulting from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases and human-made aerosols .   He has been instrumental in developing a range of simple and complex climate models , which have been used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Energy Modeling Forum . His research currently focuses on : ( 1 ) simulating and understanding the effects on climate of a human-induced melting of the Greenland ice sheet ; ( 2 ) simulating and understanding the coupled climate-chemistry system , including the influences of the Sun - both irradiance and energetic electron precipitation - and volcanoes ; ( 3 ) understanding and reducing the uncertainty in the estimation of climate sensitivity and climate feedbacks ; and ( 4 ) performing integrative assessment of climate change , including further development of the robust adaptive decision strategy for mitigating and adapting to human-induced climate change .   He is known for his work on oscillations in the global climate system , on estimating the climate sensitivity , and on seasonal climate change .   He has edited four books , most recently Human-induced climate change : An interdisciplinary assessment . He regularly appears in the media .

negative: Climate change (general concept) Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more. In the time since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities that are causing global warming and climate change.The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth\'s energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth\'s energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling.\nThe energy moving through Earth\'s climate system finds expression in weather, varying on geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region constitute the region\'s climate. Such changes can be the result of "internal variability", when natural processes inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Climate variability can also result from external forcing, when events outside of the climate system\'s components nonetheless produce changes within the system. Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism.\nClimate variability has consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass extinctions; it also affects human societies.

negative: Subatlantic The Subatlantic is the current climatic age of the Holocene epoch . It started at about 2,500 years BP and is still ongoing . Its average temperatures were slightly lower than during the preceding Subboreal and Atlantic . During its course the temperature underwent several oscillations which had a strong influence on fauna and flora and thus indirectly on the evolution of human civilizations . With intensifying industrialisation , human society started to stress the natural climatic cycles with increased greenhouse gas emissions .

negative: Michael O'Connell (botanist) Michael O'Connell , Professor of Botany , National University of Ireland , Galway .   O'Connell is a member of the Palaeoenvironmental Research Unit , and a member of the Environmental Protection Agency . His area of interests include past environments , past climate change , long-term human impact , as well as lat-glacial and Holocene environments .

negative: Valerie Masson-Delmotte Valerie Masson-Delmotte is a French climate scientist and Research Director at the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission , where she works in the Climate and Environment Sciences Laboratory ( LSCE ) . She uses data from past climates to test models of climate change , and has contributed to several IPCC reports .

negative: Climate Research (journal) Climate Research is a small peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Inter-Research Science Center that was established in 1990 . Its founder and long time publisher was marine biologist Otto Kinne . Outside the climate research community , the journal is mostly known for its 2003 publication of a controversial and now discredited climate change article .   Three volumes , each typically containing half a dozen articles , are published each year . Each of its 12 editors therefore handles an average of less than 2 articles a year . Climate Research covers all aspects of the interactions of climate with organisms , ecosystems , and human societies . In 2006 , a special issue of the journal , titled `` Advances in Applying Climate Prediction to Agriculture '' , was published under open access .

negative: Timeline of environmental history The timeline lists events in the external environment that have influenced events in human history . This timeline is for use with the article on environmental determinism .  For the history of humanity 's influence on the environment , and humanity 's perspective on this influence , see timeline of the history of environmentalism .  See List of periods and events in climate history for a timeline list focused on climate .

negative: Media coverage of global warming Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global temperature has increased in recent decades and that the trend is mainly caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. Almost all scientific bodies of national or international standing agree with this view, although a few organisations hold non-committal positions. Climate change communication research frequently studies the effectiveness of that media.  Some researchers and journalists believe that media coverage of political issues is adequate and fair, while a few feel that it is biased. However, most studies on media coverage of the topic are neither recent nor concerned with coverage of environmental issues. Moreover, they are only rarely concerned specifically with the question of bias.Despite recent trends in increased coverage on climate change, media coverage is not constant, and researchers wonder if the current increase in attention will be sustained.

negative: Effects of sex in the media In the past several decades , researchers have spent continuous efforts on exploring how sexual content in the media influence individuals ' perceptions of sex , marriage , and the rape . Among these sexual content in the media , pornography has been a big business , generating $ 13 billion just in the U.S. in 2006 . Researchers have reached agreement on some effects of sexual content in the media , such as arousal and some attitudinal effects . However , there is still an argument on whether the Catharsis effects resulting from the sexual media content .

negative: Climate ethics Climate ethics is an area of research that focuses on the ethical dimensions of climate change ( also known as global warming ) , and concepts such as climate justice .   Human-induced climate change raises many profound ethical questions , yet many believe that these ethical issues have not been addressed adequately in climate change policy debates or in the scientific and economic literature on climate change ; and that , consequently , ethical questions are being overlooked or obscured in climate negotiations , policies and discussions . It has been pointed out that those most responsible for climate change are not the same people as those most vulnerable to its effects .   Terms such as climate justice and ecological justice ( ` eco justice ' ) are used worldwide , and have been adopted by various groups .

negative: Ecological humanities The ecological humanities ( also environmental humanities ) is an interdisciplinary area of research , drawing on the many environmental sub-disciplines that have emerged in the humanities over the past several decades ( in particular environmental literature , environmental philosophy , environmental history and environmental anthropology ) . The ecological humanities aim to help bridge traditional divides between the sciences and the humanities , and between Western , Eastern and Indigenous ways of knowing the natural world and the place of humans in it ( Rose 2004 ) .   The ecological humanities are characterised by a connectivity ontology and a commitment to two fundamental axioms relating to the need to submit to ecological laws and to see humanity as part of a larger living system .

negative: Climate oscillation A climate oscillation or climate cycle is any recurring cyclical oscillation within global or regional climate , and is a type of climate pattern . These fluctuations in atmospheric temperature , sea surface temperature , precipitation or other parameters can be quasi-periodic , often occurring on inter-annual , multi-annual , decadal , multidecadal , century-wide , millennial or longer timescales . They are not perfectly periodic and a Fourier analysis of the data does not give a sharp spectrum .   A prominent example is the El Niño Southern Oscillation , involving sea surface temperatures along a stretch of the equatorial Central and East Pacific Ocean and the western coast of tropical South America , but which affects climate worldwide .   Records of past climate conditions are recovered through geological examination of proxies , found in glacier ice , sea bed sediment , tree ring studies or otherwise .

negative: Physical impacts of climate change This article is about the physical impacts of climate change . For some of these physical impacts , their effect on social and economic systems are also described .   This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC . In their usage , `` climate change '' refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties , and that persists for extended periods , typically decades or longer ( IPCC , 2007d :30 ) . The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes and/or the result of human activity .

negative: The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars : Dispatches from the Front Lines is a 2012 book about climate change by the American climatologist and geophysicist Michael E. Mann . In the book Mann describes how he became a researcher investigating the temperature record of the past 1000 years and was lead author , with Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes , on the 1999 reconstruction that was the first to be dubbed the hockey stick graph . He concisely explains the basics of climate science including statistical methodology dealing with paleoclimate proxy data , and examines the tactics which opponents of action on climate change use to distort the science and attack the reputations of climate scientists . The book describes both the hockey stick controversy and the broader context of skepticism in science and contrarians rejecting evidence of human influence on climate .   The book was picked by Physics Today books editor Jermey Matthews as one of the five top books of the 49 they had reviewed in 2012 .

negative: Climatic Research Unit documents Climatic Research Unit documents including thousands of e-mails and other computer files were stolen from a server at the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia in a hacking incident in November 2009 . The documents were redistributed first through several blogs of global warming skeptics , and allegations were made that they indicated misconduct by leading climate scientists . A series of investigations rejected these allegations , while concluding that CRU scientists should have been more open with distributing data and methods on request . Precisely six committees investigated the allegations and published reports , finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct . The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged by the end of the investigations .   The incident occurred shortly before the opening December 2009 Copenhagen global climate summit . It has prompted general discussion about increasing the openness of scientific data ( though the majority of climate data have always been freely available ) . Scientists , scientific organisations , and government officials have stated that the incident does not affect the overall scientific case for climate change . Andrew Revkin reported in the New York Times that `` The evidence pointing to a growing human contribution to global warming is so widely accepted that the hacked material is unlikely to erode the overall argument . ''

negative: Climate of Adelaide Adelaide has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ) , with mild to cool winters with moderate rainfall and warm to hot , dry summers .   Adelaide is the driest of the Australian capital cities and the past two decades have been far warmer than usual , with the past 8 years seeing an excess of 40 + degrees every summer . Alarmingly , the city has also recorded almost 10 consecutive years of below-average Spring rainfall , with 2014 on track to continuing this trend .   A spike in heat waves , droughts and record-breaking high temperatures over the past decade has led to some concerns over the effects of global warming and Man-made climate change ( AGW ) on the city . Nine of the ten warmest years recorded in Adelaide have occurred since 2002 , with 2013 being the hottest year and summer 2015 -- 2016 being the fourth-hottest summer recorded .

negative: Tom Wigley Tom Wigley is a climate scientist at the University of Adelaide . He is also affiliated with the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research ( UCAR ) . He was named a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) for his major contributions to climate and carbon cycle modeling and to climate data analysis , and because he is `` one of the world 's foremost experts on climate change and one of the most highly cited scientists in the discipline . '' His h-index ( August 2014 ) is 64 , one of the highest in the discipline . He contributed to many of the reports published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( the work of the IPCC , including the contributions of many scientists , was recognised by the joint award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize ) .   Wigley was educated as a mathematical physicist and earned his doctorate at the University of Adelaide in Australia . He served as director of the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia in the United Kingdom from 1978 to 1993 . In 1993 he went on to the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder , Colorado , where he was appointed a senior scientist in 1994 . He subsequently moved to the University of Adelaide where he currently ( 2014 ) holds a Professorial Fellowship .   His published papers include the first paper to demonstrate 20th century warming using both land and marine data , the first paper to include the effects of aerosol cooling on projections of future climate change , the first paper to provide realistic scenarios for the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 , and the first paper to use pattern-based methods to identify a significant human influence on the climate . Wigley has also published a number of highly cited papers in aqueous geochemistry , including a now-standard method for carbon dating of groundwater . Wigley has argued in the popular media that the IPCC has been too optimistic about the prospect of averting harmful climate change by reducing greenhouse emissions through the use of renewable technologies alone , and argued that any realistic portfolio must include significant contributions from nuclear energy . He has also pointed out that `` the human-induced changes that are expected over the next 100 years are much , much greater than any changes that societies experienced in the past . '' In 2013 , with other leading experts , he was co-author of an open letter to policy makers , which stated that `` continued opposition to nuclear power threatens humanity 's ability to avoid dangerous climate change . ''

negative: Sägistalsee Sägistalsee is a lake in Canton of Berne , Switzerland . Its surface area is 7 ha . The lake 's sediments were studied to determine past climate and human activities .

negative: Albert P. Li Albert P. Li is President and CEO of In Vitro ADMET Laboratories ( IVAL ) , Columbia , MD and Malden , MA . For the past three decades , Li has devoted his scientific career to the advancement of scientific concepts and technologies to accurately predict human drug properties . His research is focused on the development and application of human-based in vitro experimental systems in drug discovery and development . He is a pioneer in the isolation , cryopreservation , and culturing of human hepatocytes and their application in the evaluation of drug metabolism , drug-drug interactions , and drug toxicity .

negative: Climatic Research Unit email controversy The Climatic Research Unit email controversy ( also known as `` Climategate '' ) began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit ( CRU ) at the University of East Anglia ( UEA ) by an external attacker , copying thousands of emails and computer files , the Climatic Research Unit documents , to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change .   The story was first broken by climate change denialists with columnist James Delingpole popularising the term `` Climategate '' to describe the controversy . Several people considered climate change `` skeptics '' argued that the emails showed global warming was a scientific conspiracy , that scientists manipulated climate data and attempted to suppress critics . The CRU rejected this , saying the emails had been taken out of context and merely reflected an honest exchange of ideas .   The mainstream media picked up the story as negotiations over climate change mitigation began in Copenhagen on 7 December 2009 . Because of the timing , scientists , policy makers and public relations experts said that the release of emails was a smear campaign intended to undermine the climate conference . In response to the controversy , the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , the American Meteorological Society ( AMS ) and the Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) released statements supporting the scientific consensus that the Earth 's mean surface temperature had been rising for decades , with the AAAS concluding , `` based on multiple lines of scientific evidence that global climate change caused by human activities is now underway ... it is a growing threat to society . ''   Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports , finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct . However , the reports called on the scientists to avoid any such allegations in the future by taking steps to regain public confidence in their work , for example by opening up access to their supporting data , processing methods and software , and by promptly honouring freedom of information requests . The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged throughout the investigations .

negative: Global Land Project The Global Land Project -LSB- changed to Global Land Programme in 2016 -RSB- is a research initiative of Future Earth ( originally the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme ( IGBP ) and the International Human Dimensions Programme ( IHDP ) ) . It aims to understand the changes of the land systems given the prospects of rapid and massive global environmental change . The goal of GLP is `` to measure , model and understand the coupled human-environment system '' .   The Global Land Project Science Plan describes the scientific questions that the land systems research community considers to be crucial for the next decade . GLP has three objectives that determine the research framework :  To identify the agents , structures and nature of change in coupled human-environment systems on land , and to quantify their effects on the coupled system ;  To assess how the provision of ecosystem services is affected by the changes in ( i ) above ; and  To identify the character and dynamics of vulnerable and sustainable coupled human-environment systems to interacting perturbations , including climate change .

negative: Verbal Behavior Verbal Behavior is a 1957 book by psychologist B. F. Skinner , in which he inspects human behavior , describing what is traditionally called linguistics . The book Verbal Behavior is almost entirely theoretical , involving little experimental research in the work itself . It was an outgrowth of a series of lectures first presented at the University of Minnesota in the early 1940s and developed further in his summer lectures at Columbia and William James lectures at Harvard in the decade before the book 's publication . A growing body of research and applications based on Verbal Behavior has occurred since its original publication , particularly in the past decade .   In addition , a growing body of research has developed on structural topics in verbal behavior such as grammar .

negative: Sustainability and environmental management At the global scale sustainability and environmental management involves managing the oceans , freshwater systems , land and atmosphere , according to sustainability principles .   Land use change is fundamental to the operations of the biosphere because alterations in the relative proportions of land dedicated to urbanisation , agriculture , forest , woodland , grassland and pasture have a marked effect on the global water , carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles . Management of the Earth 's atmosphere involves assessment of all aspects of the carbon cycle to identify opportunities to address human-induced climate change and this has become a major focus of scientific research because of the potential catastrophic effects on biodiversity and human communities . Ocean circulation patterns have a strong influence on climate and weather and , in turn , the food supply of both humans and other organisms .

negative: Decade of the Mind The Decade of the Mind Project is an international initiative to advance scientific understanding of how the mind and complex behaviors are related to the activity of human brains . The problem of explaining the mind is so complex as to require `` big science '' to make real progress . The effort stemmed from concerns in the scientific community that mind research ( as opposed to simply brain research ) had received inadequate support relative to its importance in human lives . The Project began with a conference of leading US scientists at George Mason University in May 2007 which led to The Decade of the Mind Manifesto , published as a letter to the editor in Science . The Manifesto called for a new $ 4B US investment in research across the many disciplines of mind research over the decade from 2012 to 2022 . Since the May 2007 meeting , the Decade of the Mind Project has held several other conferences across the United States and is now being internationalized with a conference in Berlin , Germany , in September 2009 and a conference planned for Singapore in October 2010 .

negative: Environmental determinism Environmental determinism ( also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism ) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories . Nineteenth century approaches held that climate and terrain largely determined human activity and psychology , and it was associated with institutionalized racism and eugenics . Many scholars underscore that this approach supported colonialism and eurocentrism , and devalued human agency in non-Western societies . Jared Diamond , Jeffrey Herbst , and other social scientists sparked a revival of the theory during the late twentieth century . This `` neo-environmental determinism '' school of thought examines how geographic and ecological forces influence state-building , economic development , and institutions .

negative: Environment and intelligence Environment and intelligence research investigates the impact of environment on intelligence . This is one of the most important factors in understanding human group differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability . It is estimated that genes contribute about 20 -- 40 % of the variance in intelligence in childhood and about 80 % in old age . Thus the environment and its interaction with genes account for a high proportion of the variation in intelligence seen in groups of young children , and for a small proportion of the variation observed in groups of mature adults . Historically , there has been great interest in the field of intelligence research to determine environmental influences on the development of cognitive functioning , in particular , fluid intelligence , as defined by its stabilization at 16 years of age . Despite the fact that intelligence stabilizes in early adulthood it is thought that genetic factors come to play more of a role in our intelligence during middle and old age and that the importance of the environment dissipates .

negative: Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center The Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center ( BPCRC ) is a polar , alpine , and climate research center at The Ohio State University founded in 1960 .

negative: Antarctic Research Centre The Antarctic Research Centre ( ARC ) is part of the School of Geography , Environment and Earth Sciences at Victoria University of Wellington . Its mission is to research `` Antarctic climate history and processes , and their influence on the global climate system . '' Its current director is Professor Tim Naish .

negative: Climate of Venezuela The Climate of Venezuela is characterized for being tropical and isothermal as a result of its geographical location near the Equator , but because of the topography and the dominant wind direction , several climatic types occur which can be the same as found in temperate latitudes , and even polar regions . Latitude exerts little influence on the Venezuelan climate , but the altitude changes it dramatically , particularly the temperature , reaching values very different according to the presence of different thermal floors .