query: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

positive: Sea level Mean sea level ( MSL ) ( abbreviated simply sea level ) is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earth 's oceans from which heights such as elevations may be measured . MSL is a type of vertical datuma standardised geodetic reference pointthat is used , for example , as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation , or , in aviation , as the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured in order to calibrate altitude and , consequently , aircraft flight levels . A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is the midpoint between a mean low and mean high tide at a particular location .   Sea levels can be affected by many factors and are known to have varied greatly over geological time scales . The careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change , and sea level rise has been widely quoted as evidence of ongoing global warming .   The term above sea level generally refers to above mean sea level ( AMSL ) .

positive: Sea surface temperature Sea surface temperature ( SST ) is the water temperature close to the ocean 's surface . The exact meaning of surface varies according to the measurement method used , but it is between 1 mm and 20 m below the sea surface . Air masses in the Earth 's atmosphere are highly modified by sea surface temperatures within a short distance of the shore . Localized areas of heavy snow can form in bands downwind of warm water bodies within an otherwise cold air mass . Warm sea surface temperatures are known to be a cause of tropical cyclogenesis over the Earth 's oceans . Tropical cyclones can also cause a cool wake , due to turbulent mixing of the upper 30 m of the ocean . SST changes diurnally , like the air above it , but to a lesser degree . There is less SST variation on breezy days than on calm days . In addition , ocean currents such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) , can effect SST 's on multi-decadal time scales , a major impact results from the global thermohaline circulation , which affects average SST significantly throughout most of the world 's oceans .   Coastal SSTs can cause offshore winds to generate upwelling , which can significantly cool or warm nearby landmasses , but shallower waters over a continental shelf are often warmer . Onshore winds can cause a considerable warm-up even in areas where upwelling is fairly constant , such as the northwest coast of South America . Its values are important within numerical weather prediction as the SST influences the atmosphere above , such as in the formation of sea breezes and sea fog . It is also used to calibrate measurements from weather satellites .

positive: Weather buoy Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and ocean data within the world 's oceans , as well as aid during emergency response to chemical spills , legal proceedings , and engineering design . Moored buoys have been in use since 1951 , while drifting buoys have been used since 1979 . Moored buoys are connected with the ocean bottom using either chains , nylon , or buoyant polypropylene . With the decline of the weather ship , they have taken a more primary role in measuring conditions over the open seas since the 1970s . During the 1980s and 1990s , a network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean helped study the El Niño-Southern Oscillation . Moored weather buoys range from 1.5 m to 12 m in diameter , while drifting buoys are smaller , with diameters of 30 cm to 40 cm . Drifting buoys are the dominant form of weather buoy in sheer number , with 1250 located worldwide . Wind data from buoys has smaller error than that from ships . There are differences in the values of sea surface temperature measurements between the two platforms as well , relating to the depth of the measurement and whether or not the water is heated by the ship which measures the quantity .

positive: Instrumental temperature record The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth 's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures . Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations , buoys and ships around the globe . The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series , that starts in 1659 . The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850 . In recent decades more extensive sampling of ocean temperatures at various depths have begun allowing estimates of ocean heat content but these do not form part of the global surface temperature datasets .

positive: Weather station A weather station is a facility , either on land or sea , with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate . The measurements taken include temperature , atmospheric pressure , humidity , wind speed , wind direction , and precipitation amounts . Wind measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible , while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation , or insolation . Manual observations are taken at least once daily , while automated measurements are taken at least once an hour . Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys , which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature ( SST ) , wave height , and wave period . Drifting weather buoys outnumber their moored versions by a significant amount .

negative: UAH satellite temperature dataset The UAH satellite temperature dataset , developed at the University of Alabama in Huntsville , infers the temperature of various atmospheric layers from satellite measurements of radiance .   It was the first global temperature datasets developed from satellite information and has been used as a tool for research into surface and atmospheric temperature changes .  The dataset is published by John Christy et al. and formerly jointly with Roy Spencer .

negative: Argo (oceanography) Argo is an international program that uses profiling floats to observe temperature , salinity , currents , and , recently , bio-optical properties in the Earth 's oceans ; it has been operational since the early 2000s . The real-time data it provides is used in climate and oceanographic research . A special research interest is to quantify the ocean heat content ( OHC ) .   The Argo fleet consists of almost 4000 drifting `` Argo floats '' ( as profiling floats used by the Argo program are often called ) deployed worldwide . Each float weighs 20 -- 30 kg . In most cases probes drift at a depth of 1000 metres ( the so-called parking depth ) and , every 10 days , by changing their buoyancy , dive to a depth of 2000 metres and then move to the sea-surface , measuring conductivity and temperature profiles as well as pressure . From these , salinity and density can be calculated . Seawater density is important in determining large-scale motions in the ocean . Average current velocities at 1000 metres are directly measured by the distance and direction a float drifts while parked at that depth , which is determined by GPS or Argos system positions at the surface . The data are transmitted to shore via satellite , and are freely available to everyone , without restrictions .   The Argo program is named after the Greek mythical ship Argo to emphasize the complementary relationship of Argo with the Jason satellite altimeters .

negative: Seasat Seasat was the first Earth-orbiting satellite designed for remote sensing of the Earth 's oceans and had on board the first spaceborne synthetic aperture radar ( SAR ) . The mission was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of global satellite monitoring of oceanographic phenomena and to help determine the requirements for an operational ocean remote sensing satellite system . Specific objectives were to collect data on sea-surface winds , sea-surface temperatures , wave heights , internal waves , atmospheric water , sea ice features and ocean topography . Seasat was managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and was launched on 27 June 1978 into a nearly circular 800 km orbit with an inclination of 108 ° . Seasat operated for 106 days until 10 October 1978 , when a massive short circuit in the satellite 's electrical system ended the mission .   Seasat carried five major instruments designed to return the maximum information from ocean surfaces :  Radar altimeter to measure spacecraft height above the ocean surface  Microwave scatterometer to measure wind speed and direction  Scanning multichannel microwave radiometer to measure sea surface temperature  Visible and infrared radiometer to identify cloud , land and water features  Synthetic Aperture Radar ( SAR ) L-band , HH polarization , fixed look angle to monitor the global surface wave field and polar sea ice conditions -LCB- the antenna is the light parallelogram in the picture -RCB- . The SAR support structure was designed and manufactured by Northrop Grumman Astro Aerospace in Carpinteria , CA . The structure deployed on orbit .   Many later remote sensing missions owe their legacy to Seasat . These include imaging radars flown on NASA 's Space Shuttle , altimeters on Earth-orbiting satellites such as TOPEX/Poseidon , and scatterometers on NASA Scatterometer ( NSCAT ) , QuikSCAT , and Jason 1 .

negative: Thermosalinograph The Thermosalinograph or TSG is an instrument mounted near the water intake of ships to continuously measure sea surface temperature and conductivity while the ship is in motion . Various programs have been developed to assist in the collection and analysis of TSG data . The data can be used to calculate salinity , density , sound velocity , and other parameters . There are various types of thermosalinographs available on the market today .

negative: Ocean surface topography The ocean surface has highs and lows , similar to the hills and valleys of Earth 's land surface depicted on a topographic map . These variations , called ocean surface topography ( or sea surface topography ) , also dynamic topography , are mapped using direct ( usually satellite-based ) or indirect measurements of sea surface height relative to Earth 's geoid . Earth 's geoid is a calculated surface of equal gravitational potential energy and represents the shape the sea surface would be if the ocean were not in motion . The main purpose of measuring ocean surface topography is to understand the large-scale circulation of the ocean .   On a daily basis , SSH is most obviously affected by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the Earth . Over longer timescales , SSH is influenced by ocean circulation . Typically , SSH anomalies resulting from these forces differ from the mean by less than ± 1 m at the global scale . Other influences include temperature , salinity , tides , waves , and the loading of atmospheric pressure . The slowest and largest variations are due to changes in the Earth 's gravitational field ( geoid ) due to the rearrangement of continents , formation of sea mounts and other redistribution of rock .   Since the Earth 's gravitational field is relatively stable on decadal to centennial timescales , ocean circulation plays a more significant role in the observed variation of SSH . Across the seasonal cycle changes in patterns of warming , cooling and surface wind forcing affect circulation and influence SSH . Variations in SSH can be measured by satellite altimetry ( e.g. TOPEX/Poseidon ) and used to calculate determine sea level rise and properties such as ocean heat storage .

negative: Upwelling Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense , cooler , and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface , replacing the warmer , usually nutrient-depleted surface water . The nutrient-rich upwelled water stimulates the growth and reproduction of primary producers such as phytoplankton . Due to the biomass of phytoplankton and presence of cool water in these regions , upwelling zones can be identified by cool sea surface temperatures ( SST ) and high concentrations of chlorophyll-a .   The increased availability in upwelling regions results in high levels of primary productivity and thus fishery production . Approximately 25 % of the total global marine fish catches come from five upwellings that occupy only 5 % of the total ocean area . Upwellings that are driven by coastal currents or diverging open ocean have the greatest impact on nutrient-enriched waters and global fishery yields .  __ TOC __

negative: Self-locating datum marker buoy A self-locating datum marker buoy ( SLDMB ) is a drifting surface buoy designed to measure surface ocean currents . The design is based on those of the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment ( CODE ) and Davis-style oceanographic surface drifters -- National Science Foundation ( NSF ) funded experiments exploring ocean surface currents . The SLDMB was designed for deployment by United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) vessels in search and rescue ( SAR ) missions , and is equipped with a Global Positioning Satellite ( GPS ) sensor that , upon deployment in fresh - or saltwater , transmits its location periodically to the USCG to aid in SAR missions . Additionally , SLDMB are deployed in oceanographic research in order to study surface currents of the ocean . This design has also been utilized by Nomis Connectivity for secure ocean based communications .

negative: CORA dataset CORA ( standing for Coriolis Ocean database ReAnalysis ) is a global oceanographic temperature and salinity dataset produced and maintained by the French institute IFREMER . Most of those data are real-time data coming from different types of platforms ( research vessels , profilers , underwater gliders , drifting buoys , moored buoys , sea mammals , opportunity ships , ... ) .

negative: Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements refers to temperature measurement using the Microwave Sounding Unit instrument and is one of several methods of measuring Earth atmospheric temperature from satellites. Microwave measurements have been obtained from the troposphere since 1979, when they were included within NOAA weather satellites, starting with TIROS-N.  By comparison, the usable balloon (radiosonde) record begins in 1958 but has less geographic coverage and is less uniform. Microwave brightness measurements do not directly measure temperature.  They measure radiances in various wavelength bands, which must then be mathematically inverted to obtain indirect inferences of temperature. The resulting temperature profiles depend on details of the methods that are used to obtain temperatures from radiances. As a result, different groups that have analyzed the satellite data  have obtained different temperature trends. Among these groups are Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) and the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH). The satellite series is not fully homogeneous – the record is constructed from a series of satellites with similar but not identical instrumentation. The sensors deteriorate over time, and corrections are necessary for satellite drift in orbit. Particularly large differences between reconstructed temperature series occur at the few times when there is little temporal overlap between successive satellites, making intercalibration difficult.

negative: Sea ice thickness Sea ice thickness spatial extent , and open water within ice packs can vary rapidly in response to weather and climate . Sea ice concentration are measured by satellites , with the Special Sensor Microwave Imager / Sounder ( SSMIS ) , and the European Space Agency 's Cryosat-2 satellite to map the thickness and shape of the Earth 's polar ice cover . The sea ice volume is calculated with the Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System ( PIOMAS ) , which blends satellite-observed data , such as sea ice concentrations into model calculations to estimate sea ice thickness and volume . Sea ice thickness determines a number of important fluxes such as heat flux between the air and ocean surface -- see below -- as well as salt and fresh water fluxes between the ocean since saline water ejects much of its salt content when frozen -- see sea ice growth processes . It is also important for navigators on icebreakers since there is an upper limit to the thickness of ice any ship can sail through .

negative: Remote Sensing Systems Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) is a private research company founded in 1974 by Frank Wentz . It processes microwave data from a variety of NASA satellites . Most of their research is supported by the Earth Science Enterprise program . The company is based in Santa Rosa , California .   They are a widely cited source of data , on the satellite temperature record . Their data is one source of evidence for global warming . Research by Carl Mears , Matthias Schabel , and Wentz , all of RSS , highlighted errors in the early satellite temperature records compiled by John Christy and Roy Spencer at UAH . The UAH data had previously showed no significant temperature trend , bringing the derived satellite data into closer agreement with surface temperature trends , radiosonde data and computer models . The UAH data is now closer to the RSS data but differences remain , for example the Lower Troposphere global average trend since 1979 , RSS currently have +0.133 K/decade while UAH have 0.140 K/decade , while the mid troposphere difference is even more marked at 0.079 K/decade and 0.052 K/decade respectively . However , in a recent online YouTube video , Dr. Carl Mears , a senior scientist with the team behind the satellite data , explained how he believes his data set needed correction .  I would have to say that the surface data seems that it 's more accurate , because a number of groups analyze the surface data , including some who set out to prove the other ones wrong , and they all get more or less the same answer .

negative: Community Radiative Transfer Model Community Radiative Transfer Model ( CRTM ) is a fast radiative transfer model for calculations of radiances for satellite infrared or microwave radiometers .   Given an atmospheric profile of temperature , variable gas concentrations , cloud and surface properties CRTM calculates radiances and brightness temperatures . The only mandatory inputs in terms of variable gases are water vapor and ozone . The range of temperatures and water vapour concentrations over which the optical depth computations are valid depends on the training datasets which were used .   CRTM contains forward , tangent linear , adjoint and K ( full Jacobian matrices ) versions of the model ; the latter three modules are used in inversion methods , including variational assimilation and satellite retrievals .   One of several applications of CRTM are retrievals of brightness temperature and sea surface temperature from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer sensor .

negative: Coastal-Marine Automated Network The Coastal-Marine Automated Network ( C-MAN ) is a meteorological observation network along the coastal United States . Consisting of about sixty stations installed on lighthouses , at capes and beaches , on near shore islands , and on offshore platforms , the stations record atmospheric pressure , wind direction , speed and gust , and air temperature ; however , some C-MAN stations are designed to also measure sea surface temperature , water level , waves , relative humidity , precipitation , and visibility .   The network is maintained by the National Data Buoy Center ( NDBC ) of the National Weather Service ( NWS ) , which is part of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , and data is ingested into numerical weather prediction computer models . It was created in the early 1980s to maintain observations that were about to be discontinued by other programs . Data is processed and transmitted similarly to the moored buoy system .   In 2002 , C-MAN was added to the NOAA Observing System Architecture ( NOSA ) .

negative: Deep ocean water Deep ocean water ( DOW ) is the name for cold , salty water found deep below the surface of Earth 's oceans . Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity . Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters ; in polar regions , the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh . Deep ocean water makes up about 90 % of the volume of the oceans . Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature , around 0-3 ° C , and a salinity of about 3.5 % or as oceanographers state as 35 ppt ( parts per thousand ) .   In specialized locations such as the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii NELHA ocean water is pumped to the surface from approximately 900 metres ( 3000 feet ) deep for applications in research , commercial and pre-commercial activities . DOW is typically used to describe ocean water at sub-thermal depths sufficient to provide a measurable difference in water temperature .   When deep ocean water is brought to the surface , it can be used for a variety of things . Its most useful property is its temperature . At the surface of the Earth , most water and air is well above 3 ° C . The difference in temperature is indicative of a difference in energy . Where there is an energy gradient , skillful application of science and engineering can harness that energy for productive use by humans . Assuming the source of deep ocean water is environmentally friendly and replenished by natural mechanisms , it forms a more innovative basis for cleaner energy than current fossil-fuel-derived energy .   The simplest use of cold water is for air conditioning : using the cold water itself to cool air saves the energy that would be used by the compressors for traditional refrigeration . Another use could be to replace expensive desalination plants . When cold water passes through a pipe surrounded by humid air , condensation results . The condensate is pure water , suitable for humans to drink or for crop irrigation . Via a technology called Ocean thermal energy conversion , the temperature difference can be turned into electricity .

negative: Polar amplification Polar amplification is the phenomenon that any change in the net radiation balance ( for example greenhouse intensification ) tends to produce a larger change in temperature near the poles than the planetary average . On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict longwave radiation to space ( a greenhouse effect ) , surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict . Where the atmosphere or an extensive ocean is able to convect heat polewards , the poles will be warmer and equatorial regions cooler than their local net radiation balances would predict .   In the extreme , the planet Venus is thought to have experienced a very large increase in greenhouse effect over its lifetime , so much so that its poles have warmed sufficiently to render its surface temperature effectively isothermal ( no difference between poles and equator ) . On Earth , water vapor and trace gasses provide a lesser greenhouse effect , and the atmosphere and extensive oceans provide efficient poleward heat transport . Both palaeoclimate changes and recent global warming changes have exhibited strong polar amplification , as described below .

negative: Bathythermograph The bathythermograph , or BT , also known as the Mechanical Bathythermograph , or MBT ; is a small torpedo-shaped device that holds a temperature sensor and a transducer to detect changes in water temperature versus depth down to a depth of approximately 285 meters ( 935 feet ) . Lowered by a small winch on the ship into the water , the BT records pressure and temperature changes on a coated glass slide as it is dropped nearly freely through the water . While the instrument is being dropped , the wire is paid out until it reaches a predetermined depth , then a brake is applied and the BT is drawn back to the surface . Because the pressure is a function of depth ( see Pascal 's law ) , temperature measurements can be correlated with the depth at which they are recorded .

negative: Giovanni (meteorology) Giovanni ( meteorology ) - Web interface that allows users to analyze NASA 's gridded data from various satellite and surface observations .   Giovanni provides researchers with the capability to examine data on atmospheric chemistry , atmospheric temperature , water vapor and clouds , atmospheric aerosols , precipitation , and ocean chlorophyll and surface temperature . The primary data consist of global gridded data sets with reduced spatial resolution . Basic analytical functions performed by Giovanni currently are carried out by the Grid Analysis and Display System ( GrADS ) .   The GES-DISC Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure ( Giovanni ) allows to explore satellite data using sophisticated analyses and visualizations .  Giovanni allows access to data from multiple remote sites , supports multiple data formats including Hierarchical Data Format ( HDF ) , HDF-EOS , network Common Data Form ( netCDF ) , GRIdded Binary ( GRIB ) , and binary , and multiple plot types including area , time , Hovmoller , and image animation .

negative: Satellite temperature measurements The temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures can be inferred from satellite measurements . These measurements can be used to locate weather fronts , monitor the El Niño-Southern Oscillation , determine the strength of tropical cyclones , study urban heat islands and monitor the global climate . Wildfires , volcanos , and industrial hot spots can also be found via thermal imaging from weather satellites .   Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly . They measure radiances in various wavelength bands . Since 1978 microwave sounding units ( MSUs ) on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar orbiting satellites have measured the intensity of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric oxygen , which is related to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere . Measurements of infrared radiation pertaining to sea surface temperature have been collected since 1967 .   Satellite datasets show that over the past four decades the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere has cooled . Both of these trends are consistent with the influence of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases .

negative: Atlantic multidecadal oscillation The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) is a climate cycle that affects the sea surface temperature of the North Atlantic Ocean based on different modes on multidecadal timescales . While there is some support for this mode in models and in historical observations , controversy exists with regard to its amplitude , and in particular , the attribution of sea surface temperature change to natural or anthropogenic causes , especially in tropical Atlantic areas important for hurricane development .

negative: Potential density The potential density of a fluid parcel at pressure is the density that the parcel would acquire if adiabatically brought to a reference pressure , often 1 bar ( 100 kPa ) . Whereas density changes with changing pressure , potential density of a fluid parcel is conserved as the pressure experienced by the parcel changes ( provided no mixing with other parcels or net heat flux occurs ) . The concept is used in oceanography and ( to a lesser extent ) atmospheric science .   Potential density is a dynamically important property : for static stability potential density must decrease upward . If it does n't , a fluid parcel displaced upward finds itself lighter than its neighbors , and continues to move upward ; similarly , a fluid parcel displaced downward would be heavier than its neighbors . This is true even if the density of the fluid decreases upward . In stable conditions ( potential density decreasing upward ) motion along surfaces of constant potential density ( isopycnals ) is energetically favored over flow across these surfaces ( diapycnal flow ) , so most of the motion within a 3-D geophysical fluid takes place along these 2-D surfaces .   In oceanography , the symbol is used to denote potential density , with the reference pressure taken to be the pressure at the ocean surface . The corresponding potential density anomaly is denoted by kg/m3 . Because the compressibility of seawater varies with salinity and temperature , the reference pressure must chosen to be near the actual pressure to keep the definition of potential density dynamically meaningful . Reference pressures are often chosen as a whole multiple of 100 bar ; for water near a pressure of 400 bar ( 40 MPa ) , say , the reference pressure 400 bar would be used , and the potential density anomaly symbol would be written .  Surfaces of constant potential density ( relative to and in the vicinity of a given reference pressure ) are used in the analyses of ocean data and to construct models of ocean currents . Neutral density surfaces , defined using another variable called neutral density , can be considered the continuous analog of these potential density surfaces .   Potential density adjusts for the effect of compression in two ways :  The effect of a parcel 's change in volume due to a change in pressure ( as pressure increases , volume decreases ) .  The effect of the parcel 's change in temperature due to adiabatic change in pressure ( as pressure increases , temperature increases ) .   A parcel 's density may be calculated from an equation of state :   where is temperature , is pressure and are other tracers that affect density ( e.g. salinity of seawater ) . The potential density would then be calculated as :   where is the potential temperature of the fluid parcel for the same reference pressure .

negative: Thermal pollution Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature . A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers . When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature , the change in temperature decreases oxygen supply and affects ecosystem composition . Fish and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by an abrupt change in water temperature ( either a rapid increase or decrease ) known as `` thermal shock . ''   Urban runoff -- stormwater discharged to surface waters from roads and parking lots -- can also be a source of elevated water temperatures .

negative: History of numerical weather prediction The history of numerical weather prediction considers how current weather conditions as input into mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather and future sea state ( the process of numerical weather prediction ) has changed over the years . Though first attempted manually in the 1920s , it was not until the advent of the computer and computer simulation that computation time was reduced to less than the forecast period itself . ENIAC was used to create the first forecasts via computer in 1950 , and over the years more powerful computers have been used to increase the size of initial datasets as well as include more complicated versions of the equations of motion . The development of global forecasting models led to the first climate models . The development of limited area ( regional ) models facilitated advances in forecasting the tracks of tropical cyclone as well as air quality in the 1970s and 1980s .   Because the output of forecast models based on atmospheric dynamics requires corrections near ground level , model output statistics ( MOS ) were developed in the 1970s and 1980s for individual forecast points ( locations ) . The MOS apply statistical techniques to post-process the output of dynamical models with the most recent surface observations and the forecast point 's climatology . This technique can correct for model resolution as well as model biases . Even with the increasing power of supercomputers , the forecast skill of numerical weather models only extends to about two weeks into the future , since the density and quality of observations -- together with the chaotic nature of the partial differential equations used to calculate the forecast -- introduce errors which double every five days . The use of model ensemble forecasts since the 1990s helps to define the forecast uncertainty and extend weather forecasting farther into the future than otherwise possible .

negative: MSU temperature measurements Microwave sounding unit temperature measurements have been obtained from the troposphere since 1979 , when they were included within NOAA weather satellites . By comparison , the usable balloon ( radiosonde ) record begins in 1958 but has less geographic coverage and is less uniform .   Satellites do not measure temperature . They measure radiances in various wavelength bands , which must then be mathematically inverted to obtain indirect inferences of temperature . The resulting temperature profiles depend on details of the methods that are used to obtain temperatures from radiances . As a result , different groups that have analyzed the satellite data have obtained different temperature trends . Among these groups are Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) and the University of Alabama in Huntsville ( UAH ) . The satellite series is not fully homogeneous - the record is constructed from a series of satellites with similar but not identical instrumentation . The sensors deteriorate over time , and corrections are necessary for satellite drift in orbit . Particularly large differences between reconstructed temperature series occur at the few times when there is little temporal overlap between successive satellites , making intercalibration difficult .   To compare to the trend from the surface temperature record ( approximately +0.07 ° C/decade over the past century and +0.15 -0.16 ° C/decade since 1979 ) it is most appropriate to derive trends for the part of the atmosphere nearest the surface , i.e. , the lower troposphere . Doing this , through January 2012 :  RSS v3 .3 finds a trend of +0.137 ° C/decade .  UAH v5 .4 finds a trend of +0.136 ° C/decade .   An alternative adjustment introduced by Fu et al. ( 2004 ) finds trends ( 1979 -- 2011 ) of +0.14 ° C/decade when applied to the RSS data set and +0.11 ° C/decade when applied to the UAH data set .   Using the T2 channel ( which include significant contributions from the stratosphere , which has cooled ) , Mears et al. of Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) find ( through January 2012 ) a trend of +0.082 ° C/decade . Spencer and Christy of the University of Alabama in Huntsville ( UAH ) , find a smaller trend of +0.046 ° C/decade .  A no longer updated analysis of Vinnikov and Grody found +0.20 ° C/decade ( 1978 -- 2005 ) .  Another satellite temperature analysis is provided by NOAA/NESDIS STAR Center for Satellite Application and Research and use simultaneous nadir overpasses ( SNO ) to remove satellite intercalibration biases yielding more accurate temperature trends . The SNO analysis finds a 1979-2011 trend of +0.128 ° C/decade for T2 channel .   The satellite records have the advantage of greater spatial coverage , whereas the radiosonde record is longer . There have been complaints of data problems with both records , and difficulty reconciling climate model predictions with the observed data .

negative: Tropical Warm Pool The Tropical Warm Pool ( TPW ) is a mass of ocean water located in the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean which exhibits the highest water temperatures over the largest expanse of the Earth 's surface .

negative: Film temperature In heat transfer and fluid dynamics , the film temperature is an approximation to the temperature of a fluid inside a convection boundary layer . It is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the temperature at the surface of the solid boundary wall and the free-stream temperature :   The film temperature is often used as the temperature at which fluid properties are calculated when using Prandtl number , Nusselt number , Reynolds number or Grashof number to calculate a heat transfer coefficient , because it is a reasonable first approximation to the temperature within the convection boundary layer .   Somewhat confusing terminology may be encountered in relation to boilers and heat exchangers , where the same term is used to refer to the limit ( hot ) temperature of a fluid in contact with a hot surface .

negative: METRIC METRIC ( Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration ) is a computer model developed by the University of Idaho , that uses Landsat satellite data to compute and map evapotranspiration ( ET ) . METRIC calculates ET as a residual of the surface energy balance , where ET is estimated by keeping account of total net short wave and long wave radiation at the vegetation or soil surface , the amount of heat conducted into soil , and the amount of heat convected into the air above the surface . The difference in these three terms represents the amount of energy absorbed during the conversion of liquid water to vapor , which is ET . METRIC expresses near-surface temperature gradients used in heat convection as indexed functions of radiometric surface temperature , thereby eliminating the need for absolutely accurate surface temperature and the need for air-temperature measurements .   The surface energy balance is internally calibrated using ground-based reference ET that is based on local weather or gridded weather data sets to reduce computational biases inherent to remote sensing-based energy balance . Slope and aspect functions and temperature lapsing are used for application to mountainous terrain . METRIC algorithms are designed for relatively routine application by trained engineers and other technical professionals who possess a familiarity with energy balance and basic radiation physics . The primary inputs for the model are short-wave and long-wave thermal images from a satellite e.g. , Landsat and MODIS , a digital elevation model , and ground-based weather data measured within or near the area of interest . ET `` maps '' i.e. , images via METRIC provide the means to quantify ET on a field-by-field basis in terms of both the rate and spatial distribution . The use of surface energy balance can detect reduced ET caused by water shortage .   In the decade since Idaho introduced METRIC , it has been adopted for use in Montana , California , New Mexico , Utah , Wyoming , Texas , Nebraska , Colorado , Nevada , and Oregon . The mapping method has enabled these states to negotiate Native American water rights ; assess agriculture to urban water transfers ; manage aquifer depletion , monitor water right compliance ; and protect endangered species .

negative: Chesapeake Bay Interpretive Buoy System Chesapeake Bay Interpretive Buoy System ( CBIBS ) is a network of observational buoys that are deployed throughout the Chesapeake Bay to observe the estuary 's changing conditions and to serve as way points along the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail . They are maintained by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . These `` smart buoys '' observe and record meteorological , oceanographic and water quality data which can be obtained in real-time by calling 1-877-BUOY-BAY or by logging on to http://buoybay.noaa.gov/ . CBIBS is an operational buoy system in the Chesapeake Bay dedicated to maintaining a broad range of measurements necessary to track Bay restoration progress .

negative: Leeway Leeway is the amount of drift motion to leeward of an object floating in the water caused by the component of the wind vector that is perpendicular to the object 's forward motion . The National Search and Rescue Supplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual defines leeway as `` the movement of a search object through water caused by winds blowing against exposed surfaces '' . However , the resultant total motion of an object is made up of the leeway drift and the movement of the upper layer of the ocean caused by the surface currents , tidal currents and ocean currents . Objects with a greater exposure to each element will experience more leeway drift and overall movement through the water than ones with less exposure .   A navigator or pilot on a vessel must adjust the ordered course to compensate for the leeway drift and more important set and drift , an all encompassing term for drift that includes the steering error of the vessel . Failure to make these adjustments during a voyage will yield poor navigational results . Bowditch 's American Practical Navigator ( 1995 ) offers a comprehensive free guide to navigation principles .   An object can be classified as either an active object like a ship navigating through a waterway or a passive object like a liferaft , drifting debris , or a person in the water ( PIW ) ( Figure 3 ) . A passive object will experience the greatest leeway drift and it is this drift that is of utmost importance to those involved in search and rescue ( SAR ) upon inland waterways and open oceans .

negative: Meteorological reanalysis A meteorological reanalysis is a meteorological data assimilation project which aims to assimilate historical observational data spanning an extended period , using a single consistent assimilation ( or `` analysis '' ) scheme throughout .


query: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.

positive: Communications satellite A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder ; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth . Communications satellites are used for television , telephone , radio , internet , and military applications . There are over 2,000 communications satellites in Earth 's orbit , used by both private and government organizations .   Wireless communication uses electromagnetic waves to carry signals . These waves require line-of-sight , and are thus obstructed by the curvature of the Earth . The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points .  Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies . To avoid signal interference , international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or `` bands '' certain organizations are allowed to use . This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference .

positive: Instrumental temperature record The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth 's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures . Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations , buoys and ships around the globe . The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series , that starts in 1659 . The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850 . In recent decades more extensive sampling of ocean temperatures at various depths have begun allowing estimates of ocean heat content but these do not form part of the global surface temperature datasets .

positive: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

positive: Global warming Global warming , also referred to as climate change , is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth 's climate system and its related effects . Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming . Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid 19th century , and in paleoclimate proxy records over thousands of years .   In 2013 , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that `` It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century . '' The largest human influence has been emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide . Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.6 to for the highest emissions scenario . These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing .   Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe . Anticipated effects include warming global temperature , rising sea levels , changing precipitation , and expansion of deserts in the subtropics . Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic , with the continuing retreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice . Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves , droughts , heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall ; ocean acidification ; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes . Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea levels . Because the climate system has a large `` inertia '' and greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere for a long time , many of these effects will not only exist for decades or centuries , but will persist for tens of thousands of years .   Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction , adaptation to its effects , building systems resilient to its effects , and possible future climate engineering . Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ,  whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change . Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 C-change relative to pre-industrial levels , with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 C-change .   Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing . A global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54 % consider it `` a very serious problem '' . There are significant regional differences , with Americans and Chinese ( whose economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions ) among the least concerned .

negative: Arenal Eco Zoo The Arenal Eco Zoo is a nature center located in western Alajuela Province , Costa Rica . It is located across Lake Arenal , west of Arenal Volcano National Park , right at the border between Alajuela and Guanacaste Provinces .

negative: Jan-Hein Arens Jan-Hein Arens ( Vught , the Netherlands , born September 23 , 1974 ) is a Dutch painter , sculptor and illustrator . He attended the Grafische School Eindhoven from 1992 -- 1996 , where he was educated in Graphic Design and illustration . Arens is heavily influenced by COBRA ( a European art movement active around 1950 ) , Pop Art and the drawings of his seven-year-old daughter .   The work of Arens concentrates on basic human needs and emotions , and by adding different , often strange elements , or placing them out of context the spectator is forced to make up his/her own reason or meaning for the work . Humor and alienation are also common elements in Arens ' work .

negative: Arene (disambiguation) An Aromatic hydrocarbon or Arene is a hydrocarbon with alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms forming rings .   Arene may also refer to :   an aromatic hydrocarbon  Arene ( gastropod ) , a genus of marine snails in the family Areneidae  Arene ( mythology ) , the wife of Aphareus and mother of Idas and Lynceus in Greek mythology  Arene , Elis , an ancient town in Elis , Greece , also known as Makistos , Samia or Samiko  a French surname , Arène , derived from the Latin ( h ) arena , meaning sand

negative: Lake Arenal Lake Arenal ( Lago Arenal ) is a lake which is situated in the northern highlands of Costa Rica . It is currently the largest lake in Costa Rica at 85 sqkm . Its depth varies between 30 and 60 meters ( 100 -- 200 feet ) season .   The town of Arenal was relocated to higher ground when the lake was expanded in 1979 . The old towns of Arenal and Tronadora now lie abandoned at the bottom of the lake , with the new town of Arenal existing to the northeast on the lake .

negative: Her Face Value Her Face Value is a 1921 American drama silent film directed by Thomas N. Heffron and written by Earl Derr Biggers and Percy Heath . The film stars Wanda Hawley , Lincoln Plumer , Richard Rosson , T. Roy Barnes , Winifred Bryson , Donald MacDonald and Harvey Clark . The film was released on October 13 , 1921 , by Paramount Pictures .

negative: Arenal Prehistory Project The Arenal Prehistory Project ( Proyecto Prehistorico Arenal ) was a multidisciplinary research effort taking place between 1984 and 1987 that uncovered evidence of human occupation from Paleoindian and Archaic times through four sedentary phases to the Spanish Conquest in the tropical rainforest of Northwest Costa Rica .

negative: Nuevo Arenal Nuevo Arenal is a town and district in Tilarán Canton in the Guanacaste Province , Costa Rica . It is located on the north-east shore of Lake Arenal . The former village of Arenal near the La Fortuna area was inundated in 1978 with the formation of the artificial Lake Arenal . Nuevo Arenal was a government project to relocate the displaced people . Nuevo Arenal is located about a one-hour drive northwest from the original village along a beautiful paved lakeside road that goes from La Fortuna to Tilaran .   It is connected by road to Tejona and Tilarán along Route 142 . Several miles south-east are the Arenal Botanical Gardens . Arenal Botanical Gardens are rarely open anymore .   Hotel Los Héroes is one of the main hotels about 10 km east of Nuevo Arenal . There are several Bed and Breakfasts within the outskirts of the town , the most notable being Chalet Nicholas and Villa de Cary . The town has notable German and Italian restaurants , a pizza place called Moya 's , also there is a new Organic Food Store called La Farmacia Organica on the main highway across the street from Restaurant Casa Paniagua between the German Bakery and the only fuel station in the area .

negative: Arens Arens is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Henry M. Arens ( 1873-1963 ) , American politician  Jan-Hein Arens ( born 1974 ) , Dutch painter  Moshe Arens ( born 1925 ) , Israeli politician  Richard Friedrich Arens ( 1919-2000 ) , American mathematician

negative: Tug of War (film) Tug of War is the first film by British film director Scott Mann . The film was a co-production between Bigger Picture Productions and Shakabuku Films with the assistance of Granada Film . Completion funding was provided by the UK Film Council

negative: Tabacón Tabacón is a hot springs resort in the Alajuela Province of Costa Rica , located at the northern base of Arenal Volcano between Lake Arenal and the town of La Fortuna . The geothermal springs are heated naturally by the volcano .   Category : Populated places in Costa Rica  Category : Populated places in Alajuela Province

negative: Biggers Biggers is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Cliff Biggers , comic-book writer and journalist  Clyde Biggers , American college football coach  Dan Biggers , American television actor  Earl Derr Biggers ( 1884 -- 1933 ) , American novelist and playwright  E. J. Biggers ( born 1987 ) , American football cornerback  Jeff Biggers ( born 1963 ) , American writer and journalist  John T. Biggers ( 1924 -- 2001 ) , American muralist during the Harlem Renaissance  Sissy Biggers ( born 1957 ) , American television personality  Trenesha Biggers ( born 1981 ) , American professional wrestler  W. Watts Biggers ( 1927 -- 2013 ) , American novelist and television writer  William Biggers ( 18741935 ) , English footballer   Biggers can also refer to :   Biggers , Arkansas , a town in Randolph County , Arkansas  Biggers , Texas , a ghost town in Collin County , Texas

negative: The Climb (2002 film) The Climb is a 2002 film directed by John Schmidt , distributed by World Wide Pictures .

negative: Skill mix Skill mix is the combination or grouping of different categories of workers that is employed in any field of work . In the context of health care provision it can be applied to broad ( e.g. national ) macro level planning or micro level in the context of local service delivery .   In the context of health care provision , it can refer to :  a combination of skills available at a specific time ;  a mix of posts in a given facility ;  a mix of employees in a post ;  a combination of activities that comprises each role ;  differences across occupational groups such as nurses and physicians or between various sectors of the health system ; or  a mix within an occupational group such as between different types of nursing providers with different level of training and different wage rates .

negative: Manfred Schmidt Manfred Schmid ( t ) may refer to :  Manfred Schmid ( born 1944 ) , Austrian luger  Manfred G. Schmidt ( born 1948 ) , German professor of political science  Manfred Schmidt ( artist ) ( 1913 -- 1999 ) , German author and cartoonist ( eg Nick Knatterton )  Manfred Schmidt ( referee ) in 1994 -- 95 VfL Bochum season  Manfred Schmidt ( SPD ) on List of Social Democratic Party of Germany members  Manni Schmidt ( born 1964 ) , German heavy metal guitarist and songwriter

negative: Arenal River Arenal River is a river of Costa Rica that is a tributary of the San Carlos River . Its upper part is dammed by the Presa Sangregado Dam to form the Lake Arenal .

negative: Arenal District Arenal District may refer to :   Arenal District , Paita , in Paita province , Piura region , Peru  Arenal District , Tilarán , in Tilarán Canton , Guanacaste province , Costa Rica

negative: El Silencio, Costa Rica El Silencio is a village and nature park in the Guanacaste Province , Costa Rica . It is located in the hills overlooking the west shore of Lake Arenal .  El Silencio is a very good tropical forest area for viewing birds and monkeys ( while visiting the area to freely view the active Arenal Volcano ) . There are a few kilometres of trails for picture taking . The price to use the park ( March , 2010 ) is $ 14 USD ( for the whole day ) .  It is connected by road to Tilarán , which in turn connects via the 142 road town to Tejona .

negative: Tawasa language Tawasa is an extinct Native American language . Ostensibly the language of the Tawasa people of what is now Alabama , it is known exclusively through a word list attributed to a Tawasa named Lamhatty , collected in 1707 .   John Swanton studied the Lamhatty word list and identified the language as a Timucuan dialect , suggesting it was intermediary between Timucua and Muskogean . This opinion has been the subject of significant scholarly debate , with some such as Julian Granberry considering it a dialect of Timucua , others arguing it was a distinct language in the Timucua family , and yet others such as John Hann doubting that Lamhatty was a Tawasa at all . The language shows significant Alabama influence , including the Muskogean same-subject suffix - t.

negative: Arene microforis Arene microforis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Areneidae .

negative: Cerro Arenal Natural Reserve Cerro Arenal Natural Reserve ( Spanish : Reserva Natural Cerro Arenal ) is a natural reserve with an area of 14.28 square kilometres in the Cordillera Dariense , it is located in the Matagalpa department in central Nicaragua .   The Cerro Arenal Natural Reserve was declared a protected area on November 4 , 1991 , it compromises one of 78 protected areas of Nicaragua and is managed by Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources ( MARENA ) .   The highest point in the reserve is located inside a tropical cloud forest 1,570 meters above sea level , rain occurs 8 months annually , between May and December . Cerro Arenal Natural Reserve is one of the smallest protected areas of Nicaragua and is abundant with flora and fauna . Many animals are present throughout the reserve , animals such as monkeys , and armadillos . The reserve also contains the oldest oak trees in Central America .

negative: Arenal Volcano National Park Arenal Volcano National Park ( Parque Nacional Volcán Arenal ) is a Costa Rican national park in the central part of the country , forming the Arenal Tilaran Conservation Area . The park encompasses the Arenal Volcano , which `` was '' the most active in the country , which had previously been believed to be dormant until a major eruption in 1968 . It neighbors Lake Arenal , which is the site of the country 's largest hydroelectricity project , the Lake Arenal Dam .   The park also contains a second volcano , Chato , whose crater contains a lagoon . It is also called Cerro Chato ( literally Mount Chato ) as it has been inactive for around 3500 years -- coinciding with the creation and growth of Arenal itself . In and around the park are various lodges and hotels , some with their own hot springs , and others focused on the wildlife of the area . Within the national park are the Museum of Volcanicity and a ranger station .   The park lies within the 2040 km2 Arenal Tilaran Conservation Area , protecting eight of Costa Rica 's 12 life zones and 16 protected reserves in the region between the Guanacaste and Tilarán mountain ranges , and including Lake Arenal . The park is most directly accessed from La Fortuna , but is also easily accessed via Tilarán and the north shore of Lake Arenal .   The Arenal Volcano National Park is popular with birders , as most of the 850 species identified in Costa Rica can be found within the park 's borders . This includes one of the country 's most elusive and beautiful birds , the endangered resplendent quetzal . Other animal species living within the park include white-faced capuchin monkeys , jaguar , deer , coati , and snakes like the fer-de-lance and parrot snake . The park also has a strong showing of plant life , including orchids , heliconias , ferns , laurel , cirri , guayabo de monte , palms , bromeliads , and strangler figs .

negative: Arene centrifuga Arene centrifuga is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Areneidae .

negative: Arenal District, Paita Arenal District is one of seven districts of the province Paita in Peru .

negative: Arene lucasensis Arene lucasensis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Areneidae .

negative: Arene laguairana Arene laguairana is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Areneidae .

negative: Arenal Volcano Emergency Forest Reserve Arenal Volcano Emergency Forest Reserve is a Forest Reserve , part of the Arenal Huetar Norte Conservation Area , in the northern part of Costa Rica in the emergency zone of the Arenal Volcano . It was created in 1972 covering an area of forest , and there are no public facilities at the reserve .

negative: Arenal Hanging Bridges The Arenal Hanging Bridges ( Mistico Park ) are a series of suspension bridges in the Volcan Arenal National Park area , offering views of Lake Arenal and Volcan Arenal . The bridges form part of a 2-mile ( 3 kilometre ) self-guided interpretive trail through a private rainforest reserve .  Místico Arenal Hanging Bridges Park is located on the Arenal fault in a tropical transition wet forest . It is located at 600 m. above sea level , and it concentrates 250 ha of mature forest , with an annual rainfall of 3.500-6 .000 m.m. and a relative humidity of 88-92 % . The trail is 3 km and allows tourists to walk on 15 bridges ; 6 of which are hanging . This is a highly diverse forest since it lies between the boundary of highland and lowland forest , integrating species from both areas .   Through years of evolution , flora of the lowland rainforest , typical from Sarapiquí and Tortuguero , had an altitudinal migration to 500-600 m high , and flora of the highlands did not descent to less than 300 m.   At Místico Arenal Hanging Bridges Park , the junction between the two types of ecosystems forming a transitional vegetation strip with high biodiversity occurred . In this forest we can observe both highland bird species , like bellbirds and species of trees like yema huevo , cirri and pilón . We can also   see lowland species like toucans and Crested guans , and trees like caobilla , fruta dorada and maquenque .   The treetop is a diverse and almost unknown environment to science ; it is a space that offers a completely different perspective than the one seen from the ground , with various species of epiphytic plants , birds and butterflies .   One of the advantages of walking on Místico Arenal Hanging Bridges Park compared to walking on the ground is that it allows to observe more species , more closely . It also allows appreciating the shape of trees , flowers and vegetable structures that emerge above the canopy .   Along the tour you can see a variety of flora and fauna in the understory , the overstory and understory , making Místico Arenal Hanging Bridges Park a very rich place where you can see and enjoy the biodiversity of the region . This forest has been being affected by acid rain and ash fall from Arenal Volcano for thousands of years . The flora has certain modifications , there are lithophytes ( plants that grow in rocky soils ) and species associated to andisols acidic soils of volcanic origin .   Over 700 species of flora can be found in the area . Fauna has a high biodiversity and it is part of a biological corridor that connects the Guanacaste Volcanic Range with Tilarán Volcanic Range . Místico Arenal Hanging Bridges Park is the only biological corridor that allows the flow of large mammals or megafauna like the puma , jaguar and tapir around both ranges .   Místico Arenal Hanging Bridges Park is ideal for hiking and wildlife observation . You can find more than 700 species , including trees , lianas , epiphytes and herbs . Also , there are more than 300 species of birds , including highland and lowland species , as well as migratory species . The excellent visibility of the bridges allows enjoying the mass migration of raptors between November and February each year . You can also go on night walks for observation of herpetofauna like frogs , snakes and lizards , as well as mammals , martillas , raccoons , ocelots and caucels .

negative: Arene briareus Arene briareus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Areneidae .

negative: Arenal, Yoro Arenal is a municipality in the Honduran department of Yoro .

negative: Coleophora arens Coleophora arens is a moth of the family Coleophoridae that is endemic to Namibia .