query: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

positive: Climate Climate is the statistics of weather , usually over a 30-year interval . It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature , humidity , atmospheric pressure , wind , precipitation , atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time . Climate differs from weather , in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region .   A region 's climate is generated by the climate system , which has five components : atmosphere , hydrosphere , cryosphere , lithosphere , and biosphere .   The climate of a location is affected by its latitude , terrain , and altitude , as well as nearby water bodies and their currents . Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables , most commonly temperature and precipitation . The most commonly used classification scheme was the Köppen climate classification . The Thornthwaite system , in use since 1948 , incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying biological diversity and how climate change affects it . The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region .   Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates . Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century , paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores , and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral . Climate models are mathematical models of past , present and future climates . Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors ; recent warming is discussed in global warming . Global warming results in redistributions . For example , `` a 3 ° C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300 -- 400 km in latitude ( in the temperate zone ) or 500 m in elevation . Therefore , species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in latitude in response to shifting climate zones '' .

positive: Ice age An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth 's surface and atmosphere , resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers . Within a long-term ice age , individual pulses of cold climate are termed `` glacial periods '' ( or alternatively `` glacials '' or `` glaciations '' or colloquially as `` ice age '' ) , and intermittent warm periods are called `` interglacials '' . In the terminology of glaciology , ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres . By this definition , we are in an interglacial period -- the Holocene -- of the ice age . The ice age began 2.6 million years ago at the start of the Pleistocene epoch , because the Greenland , Arctic , and Antarctic ice sheets still exist .

positive: Mesozoic The Mesozoic Era ( -LSB- pronˌmɛsəˈzoʊɪk , _ ˌmiː - , _ - soʊ - -RSB- or -LSB- ˌmɛzəˈzoʊɪk , _ ˌmiː - , _ - soʊ - -RSB- ) is an interval of geological time from about . It is also called the Age of Reptiles , a phrase introduced by the 19th century paleontologist Gideon Mantell who viewed it as dominated by diapsids such as Iguanodon , Megalosaurus , Plesiosaurus and Pterodactylus . This Era is also called from a paleobotanist view the Age of Conifers .   Mesozoic means `` middle life '' , deriving from the Greek prefix meso - / μεσο - for `` between '' and zōon / ζῷον meaning `` animal '' or `` living being '' . It is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon , preceded by the Paleozoic ( `` ancient life '' ) and succeeded by the Cenozoic ( `` new life '' ) . The era is subdivided into three major periods : the Triassic , Jurassic , and Cretaceous , which are further subdivided into a number of epochs and stages .   The era began in the wake of the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth 's history , and ended with the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs , as well as other plant and animal species . The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic , climate and evolutionary activity . The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions . The climate of the Mesozoic was varied , alternating between warming and cooling periods . Overall , however , the Earth was hotter than it is today . Dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic , occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous . Birds first appeared in the Jurassic , having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs . The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic , but would remain small -- less than 15 kg ( 33 lb ) -- until the Cenozoic .

positive: Eocene The Eocene ( -LSB- pronˈiːəˌsiːn , _ ˈiːoʊ - -RSB- ) Epoch , lasting from , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era . The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch . The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C . The end is set at a major extinction event called the Grande Coupure ( the `` Great Break '' in continuity ) or the Eocene -- Oligocene extinction event , which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Siberia and in what is now Chesapeake Bay . As with other geologic periods , the strata that define the start and end of the epoch are well identified , though their exact dates are slightly uncertain .   The name Eocene comes from the Ancient Greek ἠώς ( ēṓs , `` dawn '' ) and καινός ( kainós , `` new '' ) and refers to the `` dawn '' of modern ( ` new ' ) fauna that appeared during the epoch .

negative: Roman Warm Period The Roman Warm Period or the Roman climatic optimum has been proposed as a period of unusually warm weather in Europe and the North Atlantic that ran from approximately 250 BC to AD 400 .

negative: HR 8799 c __ NOTOC __   HR 8799 c is an extrasolar planet located approximately 129 light-years away in the constellation of Pegasus , orbiting the 6th magnitude Lambda Boötis star HR 8799 . This planet has a mass between 5 and 10 Jupiter masses and a radius from 20 to 30 % larger than Jupiter 's . It orbits at 38 AU from HR 8799 with an unknown eccentricity and a period of 190 years ; it is the 2nd planet discovered in the HR 8799 system . Along with two other planets orbiting HR 8799 , this planet was discovered on November 13 , 2008 by Marois et al. , using the Keck and the Gemini observatories in Hawaii . These planets were discovered using the direct imaging technique . In January 2010 , HR 8799 c became the 3rd exoplanet to have a portion of its spectrum directly observed ( following 2M1207b and 1RXS J1609b ) , confirming the feasibility of direct spectrographic studies of exoplanets .

negative: Atlantic Equatorial mode The Atlantic Equatorial Mode or Atlantic Niño is a quasiperiodic interannual climate pattern of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean . It is the dominant mode of year-to-year variability that results in alternating warming and cooling episodes of sea surface temperatures accompanied by changes in atmospheric circulation . The term Atlantic Niño comes from its close similarity with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) that dominates the tropical Pacific basin . The Atlantic Niño is not the same as the Atlantic Meridional ( Interhemispheric ) Mode that consists of a north-south dipole and operates more on decadal timescales . The equatorial warming and cooling events associated with the Atlantic Niño are known to be strongly related to atmospheric climate anomalies , especially in African countries bordering the Gulf of Guinea . Therefore , understanding of the Atlantic Niño ( or lack thereof ) has important implications for climate prediction in those regions . Although the Atlantic Niño is an intrinsic mode to the equatorial Atlantic , there may be a tenuous causal relationship between ENSO and the Atlantic Niño in some circumstances .

negative: HD 37605 HD 37605 is an orange dwarf star located approximately 143 light years away in the constellation Orion . It formed about 7 billion years ago and is inactive .   There are two giant planets known in orbit . Planet b was discovered in 2004 and planet c was discovered eight years later . The planets do not transit relative to Earth ; b 's maximum inclination is 88.1 % .   In a simulation , HD 37605 b 's orbit `` sweeps clean '' most test particles within 0.5 AU ; leaving only asteroids `` in low-eccentricity orbits near the known planet 's apastron distance , near the 1:2 mean-motion resonance '' with oscillating eccentricity up to 0.06 , and also at 1:3 with oscillating eccentricity up to 0.4 . Also , observation has ruled out planets heavier than 0.7 Jupiter mass with a period of one year or less ; which still allows for planets at 0.8 AU or more .

negative: Climate of Dubai Dubai has a tropical desert climate , köppen classification Bwh , because of its location within the Northern desert belt . Summers are extremely hot and humid , with an average high around 41 ° C and overnight lows around 30 ° C . The highest recorded temperature in Dubai is 55 ° C in 2002 . Most days are sunny throughout the year . Winters are warm and short with an average high of 23 ° C and overnight lows of 14 ° C. Precipitation , however , has been increasing in the last few decades with accumulated rain reaching 150 mm per year .  The weather in Dubai can bring short and irregular rainfall as is typical for the Middle East . Most of the rainfall occurs in the December to March period . The weather between December and March remains warm and is considered to be the most comfortable climatic conditions of the year .

negative: Climate of Australia Australia 's climate is governed largely by its size and by the hot , sinking air of the subtropical high pressure belt . This moves north and south with the seasons , so that the rainfall pattern over Australia is highly seasonal . Australia 's rainfall is the lowest of all continents except Antarctica . But it is variable , with frequent droughts lasting several seasons -- thought to be caused in part by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation . The climate varies widely due to its large geographical size , but by far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid . Only the south-east and south-west corners have a temperate climate and moderately fertile soil . The northern part of the country has a tropical climate , varied between tropical rainforests , grasslands and part dessert .   Because Australia is a small continent , separated from polar regions by the Southern Ocean , it is not subject to the movements of frigid polar air that sweep over Northern Hemisphere continents during winter . Consequently , its winter is relatively mild , so that there is n't the great contrast between summer and winter temperatures there is in the northern continents . Yet in many parts of the country , seasonal highs and lows can be considerable : temperatures have ranged from above 50 C to well below zero . Nonetheless , minimum temperatures are moderated .   The El Niño-Southern Oscillation is associated with seasonal abnormality in many areas in the world . Australia is one of the continents most affected and experiences extensive droughts alongside considerable wet periods . Occasionally a dust storm will blanket a region and there are reports of the occasional tornado . Tropical cyclones , heat waves , bushfires and frosts in the country are also associated with the Southern Oscillation . Rising levels of salinity and desertification in some areas is ravaging the landscape .   Climate change in Australia is a highly contentious issue . Temperatures in the country have risen following an increasing trend of global warming between the years of 1910 to 2004 by approximately 0.7 ° C. Overnight minimum temperatures have warmed more rapidly than daytime maximum temperatures in recent years . The late-20th century warming has been largely attributed to the increased greenhouse effect . According to the Bureau of Meteorology , 80 % of the land has less than 600 mm of rainfall per year and 50 % has even less than 300 mm . As a whole , Australia has a very low annual average rainfall of 419 mm .

negative: Global warming hiatus A global warming hiatus , also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown , is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures . In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record , along with robust evidence of the long-term warming trend ; climate is classically averaged over 30-year periods .   Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998 -- 2013 . The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend , and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus : by January 2006 , it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused . A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional , and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability , the rising temperature trend continued unabated . There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend , the IPCC included a section on a hiatus , which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012 , than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012 . Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown . Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth 's positive energy budget , the available temperature readings at the Earth 's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade . Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space , the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth 's climate system .   Research reported in July 2015 on an updated NOAA dataset casts doubt on the existence of a hiatus , and it finds no indication of a slowdown even in earlier years . Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study , though they have expressed the view that the recent warming trend was less than in previous periods of the same length . Subsequently , a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing , but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted , and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation ( PDO ) , which was negative during that period . Another review finds `` no substantive evidence '' of a pause in global warming . A statistical study of global temperature data since 1970 concludes that the term ` hiatus ' or ` pause ' is not justified .   Independent of these discussions about data and measurements for earlier years , 2015 turned out to be much warmer than any of the earlier years , already before El Niño conditions started . The warmth of 2015 largely ended any remaining scientific credibility of claims that the supposed `` hiatus '' since 1998 had any significance for the long-term warming trend . In January 2017 , a study published in the journal Science Advances cast further doubt on the existence of a recent pause , with more evidence that ocean temperatures have been underestimated . An April 2017 study found the data consistent with a steady warming trend globally since the 1970s , with fluctuations within the expected range of short term variability .

negative: Cool tropics paradox The cool tropics paradox refers to an apparent difference between modeled estimates of tropical temperatures during warm , ice-free periods of the Cretaceous and Eocene , and the colder temperatures which proxies suggested were present . The long-standing paradox was resolved when novel proxy derived temperatures showed significantly warmer tropics during past greenhouse climates . The low-gradient problem , i.e. the very warm polar regions with respect to present day , is still an issue for state-of-the-art climate models .

negative: HD 45350 b HD 45350 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 160 light-years away in the constellation of Auriga . It has a minimum mass about 1.79 times that of Jupiter . The mean distance of the planet from the star is more than the distance between Mars and the Sun , but the eccentricity of the orbit is nothing short of remarkable ; at periastron the planet is as close to the star as Mercury is from the Sun , but at apastron it is 8 times further . No doubt seasons on the planet would be extreme .   Dynamical simulations covering a period of 107 years show that a second , low-mass , planet could only orbit stably if it were no more than 0.2 AU away from the star ; in the simulations , these planets show oscillations in eccentricity up to an eccentricity of 0.25 . Radial velocity observations rule out any such planet whose mass is greater than 4 Neptune masses .

negative: Climate of Moscow Moscow has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with warm , sometimes hot , somewhat humid summers and long , cold winters .  Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June , July and August are around 23 ° C , but during heat waves , which can occur anytime from May to September , daytime temperature highs often top 30 ° C for sometimes one or two weeks . In the winter , temperatures normally drop to approximately -10 ° C , though there can be periods of warmth with temperatures rising above 0 ° C. Summer lasts from mid-May to the beginning of September . Winter lasts from the beginning of November to the end of March .

negative: Futalognkosaurus Futalognkosaurus ( -LSB- ˌfuːtəˌlɒŋkoʊ-ˈsɔːrəs -RSB- ; meaning `` giant chief lizard '' ) is a genus of titanosaurian dinosaur . The herbivorous Futalognkosaurus lived approximately 87 million years ago in the Portezuelo Formation , in what is now Argentina , of the Coniacian stage of the late Cretaceous Period . The fish and fossilized leaf debris on the site , together with other dinosaur remains , suggest a warm tropical climate in Patagonia during this period .

negative: Medieval Warm Period The Medieval Warm Period ( MWP ) , Medieval Climate Optimum , or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region that may also have been related to other climate events around the world during that time , including China and other areas , lasting from about 950 to 1250 . It was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age . Some refer to the event as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly as this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were important .   Despite uncertainties , especially for the period prior to 1600 for which data are scarce , the warmest period of the last 2,000 years prior to the 20th century in the Northern Hemisphere very likely occurred between 950 and 1100 . Proxy records show peak warmth occurred at different times for different regions , indicating that the Medieval Warm Period was not a time of globally uniform change . Temperatures in some regions matched or exceeded recent temperatures in these regions , but globally the Medieval Warm Period was cooler than recent global temperatures .   Possible causes of the Medieval Warm Period include increased solar activity , decreased volcanic activity , and changes to ocean circulation .

negative: Holocene climatic optimum The Holocene Climate Optimum ( HCO ) was a warm period during roughly the interval 9,000 to 5,000 years BP . This event has also been known by many other names , including : Hypsithermal , Altithermal , Climatic Optimum , Holocene Optimum , Holocene Thermal Maximum , and Holocene Megathermal .   This warm period was followed by a gradual decline until about two millennia ago .  For other temperature fluctuations see : Temperature record  For other past climate fluctuation see : Paleoclimatology  For the pollen zone and Blytt-Sernander period associated with the climate optimum , see : Atlantic ( period )

negative: Suzanniwana Suzanniwana is an extinct genus of iguanian lizards that lived in western North America during the earliest Eocene , approximately 56 million years ago . Two species are known from the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming : the type species S. patriciana named in 2009 , and the species S. revenanta named in 2013 . Suzanniwana lived during the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum , a brief period of global warming that resulted in warmer and drier conditions in the Bighorn Basin . It likely stemmed from a lineage that had migrated into the basin from regions farther to the south , following a latitudinal band of constant climatic conditions that moved northward as the planet warmed ( a phenomenon known as habitat tracking ) . Suzanniwana shares many skeletal features with modern casquehead lizards of the family Corytophanidae and may be a stem-corytophanid . It also closely resembles Geiseltaliellus , an iguanian from the middle Eocene Messel pit in Germany .

negative: HD 202206 b HD 202206 b is a substellar object orbiting the star HD 202206 approximately 151 light-years away in the constellation of Capricornus . The classification of this object as an extrasolar planet or a brown dwarf is currently unclear . With a mass at least 17.4 times that of Jupiter , it exceeds the limit ( approximately 13 Jupiter masses ) required for an object to sustain deuterium fusion in its core . The deuterium fusion criterion is used by the IAU 's Working Group on Extrasolar Planets to define the boundary between giant planets and brown dwarfs , so in this view HD 202206 b is a brown dwarf . On the other hand , simulations of planet formation by core accretion show that objects of up to 25-30 Jupiter masses can be produced in this way , and therefore the object can potentially be regarded as a planet .

negative: Hirnantian The Hirnantian is the seventh and final internationally recognized stage of the Ordovician Period of the Paleozoic Era . It was of short duration , lasting about 1.9 million years , from to Ma ( million years ago ) . The early part of the Hirnantian was characterized by cold temperatures , major glaciation , and a severe drop in sea level . In the latter part of the Hirnantian , temperatures rose , the glaciers melted , and sea level returned to the same or to a slightly higher level than it had been prior to the glaciation .   Most scientists believe that this climatic oscillation caused the major extinction event that took place during this time . In fact , the Hirnantian ( also known as the End Ordovician and the Ordovician-Silurian ) mass extinction event represents the second largest such event in geologic history . Approximately 85 % of marine ( sea-dwelling ) species died . Only the End Permian mass extinction was larger . Unlike many smaller extinction events , however , the long-term consequences of the End Ordovician event were relatively small . Following the climatic oscillation , the climate returned to its previous state , and the species that survived soon ( within two or three million years ) evolved into species very similar to the ones that existed before .

negative: WASP-24b WASP-24b is a Hot Jupiter detected in the orbit of the F-type star WASP-24 . The planet is approximately the same size and mass of Jupiter , but it orbits at approximately 4 % of the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun every two days . WASP-24b was observed by SuperWASP starting in 2008 ; after two years of observations , follow-ups led to the collection of the information that led to the planet 's discovery .

negative: Climate of Karachi Karachi has an arid climate , albeit a moderate version of this climate . Karachi is located on the coast and as a result has a relatively mild climate . Karachi has two main seasons ; Summer & Winter , while spring and autumn are very short . Summer season persists for longest period during the year . The level of precipitation is low for most of the year . Less precipitation during summer is due to inversion layer . Karachi also receives the monsoon rains from July to September . The city enjoys a tropical climate encompassing mild winters and warm summers . The humidity levels usually remain high from March to November , while very low in Winter as the wind direction in winter is North Easterly . Tropical Cyclones forms in the Arabian Sea in the Pre-Monsoon Season , mostly in the month of June .  Since summer temperatures ( From the end of April till the end of August ) are approximately 30 C to 36 C , the winter months ( From November till the end of March ) are the best time to visit Karachi . Most visitors , tourists come to Karachi during the month of December .

negative: Climate of Peru The climate of Peru is very diverse , with a large variety of climates and microclimates , including 30 of the 32 world climates . Such a diversity is chiefly conditioned by the presence of the Andes mountains and the cold Humboldt Current   The climate on the coast is subtropical with very little rainfall . The Andes mountains observe a cool-to-cold climate with rainy summers and very dry winter . The eastern lowlands present an Equatorial climate with hot weather and rain distributed all year long .

negative: HD 190984 b HD 190984 b ( also known as HIP 99496 b ) is an extrasolar planet which orbits the F-type main sequence star HD 190984 , located approximately 330 light years away in the constellation Pavo . This planet is at least three times more massive than Jupiter and takes 13 years and four-and-a-half months to orbit the star at a semimajor axis of 5.5 AU with an eccentricity of 0.57 . This planet was detected by HARPS on October 19 , 2009 , together with 29 other planets .   Since this is a very long-period planet detected by the radial velocity method that this planet did n't complete the orbit during the continuous observations , the error range for orbital period is very large , at 4885 ± 1600 days or 13.37 ± 4.4 years . This puts it in the range of semimajor axes between 4.2 and 6.6 AU or between 630 and 990 Gm . So this planet will need couple more years of observations to better constrain the period and semimajor axis .

negative: Younger Dryas The Younger Dryas is a geological period from c. 12,900 to c. 11,700 calendar years ago ( BP ) . It is named after an indicator genus , the alpine-tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala . Leaves of Dryas octopetala are occasionally abundant in the Late Glacial , often minerogenic-rich , like the lake sediments of Scandinavian lakes . The Younger Dryas saw a sharp decline in temperature over most of the northern hemisphere , at the end of the Pleistocene epoch , immediately before the current warmer Holocene . It was the most recent and longest of several interruptions to the gradual warming of the Earth 's climate since the severe Last Glacial Maximum , c. 27,000 to 24,000 calendar years BP . The change was relatively sudden , taking place in decades , and resulted in a decline of 2 to 6 degrees Celsius , advances of glaciers and drier conditions , over much of the temperate northern hemisphere . It is thought to have been caused by a decline in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation , which transports warm water from the equator towards the North Pole , and which in turn is thought to have been caused by an influx of fresh cold water from North America into the Atlantic . The Younger Dryas was a period of climatic change , but the effects were complex and variable . In the southern hemisphere , and some areas of the north such as southeastern North America , there was a slight warming .   The presence of a distinct cold period at the end of the Late Glacial interval has been known for a long time . Paleobotanical and lithostratigraphic studies of Swedish and Danish bog and lake sites , e.g. the Allerød clay pit in Denmark , first recognized and described the Younger Dryas .   The Younger Dryas is the youngest and longest of three stadials that resulted from typically abrupt climatic changes that took place over the last 16,000 calendar years . Within the Blytt-Sernander classification of north European climatic phases , the prefix ` Younger ' refers to the recognition that this original ` Dryas ' period was preceded by a warmer stage , the Allerød oscillation , which in turn was preceded by the Older Dryas around 14,000 calendar years BP . This is not securely dated , and estimates vary by 400 years , but it is generally accepted that it lasted around 200 years . In northern Scotland the glaciers were thicker and more extensive than during the Younger Dryas . The Older Dryas , in turn , is preceded by another warmer stage , the Bølling oscillation that separates it from a third and even older stadial . This stadial is often , but not always , known as the Oldest Dryas . The Oldest Dryas occurred approximately 1,770 calendar years before the Younger Dryas and lasted about 400 calendar years . According to the GISP2 ice core from Greenland , the Oldest Dryas occurred between about 15,070 and 14,670 calendar years BP .   In Ireland , the Younger Dryas has also been known as the Nahanagan Stadial , while in Great Britain it has been called the Loch Lomond Stadial . In the Greenland Summit ice core chronology , the Younger Dryas corresponds to Greenland Stadial 1 ( GS-1 ) . The preceding Allerød warm period ( interstadial ) is subdivided into three events : Greenland Interstadial-1c to 1a ( GI-1c to GI-1a ) .

negative: CVSO 30 CVSO 30 ( PTFO 8-8695 ) is a star , located in constellation Orion at 1200 light years from Earth away with two candidate planets ( CVSO 30 b and CVSO 30 c ) . Both candidate planets are gas giants . It is the first star around which potential planets have been found both by the transit method and by direct imaging .   CVSO 30 b is calculated to have a period of 10.76 hours ( 0.008 AU ) and CVSO 30 c a period of 27,000 years ( 660 AU ) . B is a Hot Jupiter candidate planet orbiting the T Tauri star , with 6.2 Jupiter masses .   Direct imaging of CVSO 30 c , with 4.7 Jupiter masses , has been achieved through photometric and spectroscopic high contrast observations carried out with the Very Large Telescope located in Chile , the Keck Observatory in Hawaii and the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain .

negative: John Michael Wallace John Michael Wallace ( born October 28 , 1940 ) , is a professor of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington , as well as the former director of the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean ( JISAO ) -- a joint research venture between the University of Washington and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . His research concerns understanding global climate and its variations using observations and covers the quasi biennial oscillation , Pacific decadal oscillation and the annular modes of the Arctic oscillation and the Antarctic oscillation , and the dominant spatial patterns in month-to-month and year-to-year climate variability , including the one through which El Niño phenomenon in the tropical Pacific influences climate over North America . He is also the coauthor with Peter V. Hobbs of what is generally considered the standard introductory textbook in the field : Atmospheric Science : An Introductory Survey . He was the third most cited geoscientist during the period 1973 -- 2007 .

negative: Climate change in popular culture The issue of climate change and global warming , their possible effects , and related human-environment interaction have entered popular culture since the late 20th century .   Science historian Naomi Oreskes has noted , `` There 's a huge disconnect between what professional scientists have studied and learned in the last 30 years , and what is out there in the popular culture . '' An academic study contrasts the relatively rapid acceptance of ozone depletion as reflected in popular culture with the much slower acceptance of the scientific consensus on global warming .

negative: Deforestation and climate change Deforestation is one of the main contributors to climate change . It is the second largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere , after fossil fuel combustion . Deforestation and forest degradation contribute to atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions through combustion of forest biomass and decomposition of remaining plant material and soil carbon . It used to account for more than 20 % of carbon dioxide emissions , but it 's currently somewhere around the 10 % mark . By 2008 , deforestation was 12 % of total , or 15 % if peatlands are included . These proportions are likely to have fallen since given the continued rise of fossil fuel use .   Averaged over all land and ocean surfaces , temperatures warmed roughly 1.53 ° F ( 0.85 ° C ) between 1880 and 2012 , according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . In the Northern Hemisphere , 1983 to 2012 were the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years .

negative: HD 5319 b HD 5319 b is a gas giant exoplanet approximately 370 light years away in the constellation of Cetus . This planet has a minimum mass nearly two times more than Jupiters . The planet has an almost circular orbit , ranging from 1.53 to 1.95 AU with a period of 1.8 years .

negative: Climate of Turkey The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a hot-summer Mediterranean climate , with hot , dry summers and mild to cool , wet winters . The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm , wet summers and cool to cold , wet winters . The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year . The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is the highest precipitation in the country .   The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Sea of Marmara ( including Istanbul ) , which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea , have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot , moderately dry summers and cool to cold , wet winters . Snow does occur on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter , but it usually lies no more than a few days . Snow on the other hand is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea .   Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior . Mountains close to the coast prevent maritime influences from extending inland , giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons .   Winters on the plateau are especially severe . Temperatures of − 30 ° C to − 40 ° C ( − 22 ° F to − 40 ° F ) do occur in eastern Anatolia , and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year and in the mountains almost the entire year . In the west , winter temperatures average below 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) . Summers are hot and dry , with temperatures generally around or above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in the day . Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres ( 15 in ) , with actual amounts determined by elevation . The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain , where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres ( 12 in ) . May is generally the wettest month , whereas July and August are the driest .   Below are the climates from the seven census regions of Turkey , showing how varied they can be in different places around the country :

negative: 30 Arietis Bb 30 Arietis Bb ( sometimes abbreviated 30 Ari Bb ) is an extrasolar planet which orbits the F-type main sequence star 30 Arietis B , located in a quadruple star system approximately 129 light years away in the constellation Aries . This planet has minimum mass nearly 10 times that of Jupiter . Because inclination is not known , its true mass is unknown . Meanwhile , this planet orbits only 0.005 AU ( or 700,000 km ) closer to the star than Earth to the Sun , but its orbital eccentricity is much higher compared to Earth . At periastron , the planet 's closest distance to the star is 0.708 AU , which is slightly closer to the star than Venus to the Sun . At apastron , the planet 's farthest distance to the star is 1.283 AU , which is more than halfway between the orbits of Earth and Mars .   This gas giant planet was discovered on Friday , November 27 , 2009 by using precise radial velocity method from echelle spectrograph installed in Alfred-Jensch telescope in Karl Schwarzschild Observatory .

negative: Attribution of recent climate change Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent climate changes on Earth , commonly known as ` global warming ' . The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record , when records are most reliable ; particularly in the last 50 years , when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available . The dominant mechanisms are anthropogenic , i.e. , the result of human activity . They are :  increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases  global changes to land surface , such as deforestation  increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols .   There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations , changes in solar activity , and volcanic activity .   According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , it is `` extremely likely '' that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010 . The IPCC defines `` extremely likely '' as indicating a probability of 95 to 100 % , based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence .   Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities :  A basic physical understanding of the climate system : greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established .  Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual .  Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included .  Natural forces alone ( such as solar and volcanic activity ) can not explain the observed warming .   The IPCC 's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community , and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide ( see also : scientific opinion on climate change ) .

negative: HD 24040 HD 24040 is a G-type star located approximately 152 light-years away in the constellation of Taurus . In 2006 a long-period planet was discovered .

negative: Rainforest in Victoria (Australia) Victoria , Australia contains approximately 32,000 hectares of temperate rainforest in various regions . The areas with rainforest include : East Gippsland , Strzelecki Ranges , Wilsons Promontory , Central Highlands , and Otway Ranges . The rainforests vary between cool temperate , warm temperate , and mixed cool temperate .

negative: 47 Ursae Majoris d 47 Ursae Majoris d ( sometimes abbreviated 47 Uma d ) is an extrasolar planet approximately 46 light-years away in the constellation of Ursa Major . The planet was discovered located in a long-period orbit ( 38 years ) around the star 47 Ursae Majoris . As of 2011 , it is the outermost of three known planets in its planetary system . It has a mass of at least 1.64 times that of Jupiter . It is the longest-period planet detected by Doppler spectroscopy . The evidence of this planet was found by Bayesian Kepler periodogram in March 2010 .


query: The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.

positive: Greenland Greenland ( -LSB- ˈɡriːnlənd -RSB- Kalaallit Nunaat -LSB- kaˈlaːɬit ˈnunaːt -RSB- Grønland -LSB- ˈɡ̊ʁɶnˌlanˀ -RSB- ) is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans , east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America , Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe ( specifically Norway and Denmark , the colonial powers , as well as the nearby island of Iceland ) for more than a millennium . The majority of its residents are Inuit , whose ancestors began migrating from the Canadian mainland in the 13th century , gradually settling across the island .   Greenland is the world 's largest island ( Australia , although larger , is generally considered to be a continental landmass rather than an island ) . Three-quarters of Greenland is covered by the only permanent ice sheet outside Antarctica . With a population of about 56,480 ( 2013 ) , it is the least densely populated country in the world . The Arctic Umiaq Line ferry acts as a lifeline for western Greenland , connecting the various cities and settlements .   Greenland has been inhabited off and on for at least the last 4,500 years by Arctic peoples whose forebears migrated there from what is now Canada . Norsemen settled the uninhabited southern part of Greenland beginning in the 10th century , and Inuit peoples arrived in the 13th century . The Norse colonies disappeared in the late 15th century . Soon after their demise , beginning in 1499 , the Portuguese briefly explored and claimed the island , naming it Terra do Lavrador ( later applied to Labrador in Canada ) . In the early 18th century , Scandinavian explorers reached Greenland again . To strengthen trading and power , Denmark-Norway affirmed sovereignty over the island .   Denmark -- Norway claimed Greenland for centuries . Greenland was settled by Vikings ( of Norwegian origin ) more than a thousand years ago , who had previously settled Iceland to escape persecution from the King of Norway and his central government . Vikings set sail from Greenland and Iceland , encountering North America nearly 500 years before Columbus reached the Caribbean islands . They attempted to colonize land . Though under continuous influence of Norway and Norwegians , Greenland was not formally under the Norwegian crown until 1262 . The Kingdom of Norway was extensive and a military power until the mid-14th century . Norway was dramatically hit with a larger death toll than Denmark by the Black Death , forcing Norway to accept a union in which the central government , university and other fundamental institutions were located in Copenhagen . Thus , the two kingdoms ' resources were directed at creating Copenhagen . Norway became the weaker part and lost sovereignty over Greenland in 1814 when the union was dissolved . Greenland became a Danish colony in 1814 , and was made a part of the Danish Realm in 1953 under the Constitution of Denmark .   In 1973 , Greenland joined the European Economic Community with Denmark . However , in a referendum in 1982 , a majority of the population voted for Greenland to withdraw from the EEC which was effected in 1985 . Greenland contains the world 's largest and most northernly national park , Northeast Greenland National Park ( Kalaallit Nunaanni nuna eqqissisimatitaq ) . Established in 1974 and expanded to its present size in 1988 , it protects 972001 km2 of the interior and northeastern coast of Greenland and is bigger than all but twenty-nine countries in the world . Greenland is divided into four municipalities - Sermersooq , Kujalleq , Qaasuitsup , and Qeqqata .   In 1979 , Denmark had granted home rule to Greenland , and in 2008 , Greenlanders voted in favour of the Self-Government Act , which transferred more power from the Danish royal government to the local Greenlandic government . Under the new structure , in effect since 21 June 2009 , Greenland can gradually assume responsibility for policing , judicial system , company law , accounting , and auditing ; mineral resource activities ; aviation ; law of legal capacity , family law and succession law ; aliens and border controls ; the working environment ; and financial regulation and supervision , while the Danish government retains control of foreign affairs and defence . It also retains control of monetary policy , providing an initial annual subsidy of DKK 3.4 billion , which is planned to diminish gradually over time . Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources . The capital , Nuuk , held the 2016 Arctic Winter Games . At 70 % , Greenland has one of the highest shares of renewable energy in the world , mostly coming from hydropower .

positive: Greenland ice sheet The Greenland ice sheet ( Grønlands indlandsis , Sermersuaq ) is a vast body of ice covering 1710000 km ² , roughly 80 % of the surface of Greenland .   It is the second largest ice body in the world , after the Antarctic ice sheet . The ice sheet is almost 2400 km long in a north-south direction , and its greatest width is 1100 km at a latitude of 77 ° N , near its northern margin . The mean altitude of the ice is 2135 m . The thickness is generally more than 2 km and over 3 km at its thickest point . It is not the only ice mass of Greenland -- isolated glaciers and small ice caps cover between 76000 and around the periphery . If the entire 2850000 km3 of ice were to melt , it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m . The Greenland Ice Sheet is sometimes referred to under the term inland ice , or its Danish equivalent , indlandsis . It is also sometimes referred to as an ice cap .

positive: Ice sheet An ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50000 km2 , thus also known as continental glacier . The only current ice sheets are in Antarctica and Greenland ; during the last glacial period at Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) the Laurentide ice sheet covered much of North America , the Weichselian ice sheet covered northern Europe and the Patagonian Ice Sheet covered southern South America .   Ice sheets are bigger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers . Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km2 are termed an ice cap . An ice cap will typically feed a series of glaciers around its periphery .   Although the surface is cold , the base of an ice sheet is generally warmer due to geothermal heat . In places , melting occurs and the melt-water lubricates the ice sheet so that it flows more rapidly . This process produces fast-flowing channels in the ice sheet -- these are ice streams .   The present-day polar ice sheets are relatively young in geological terms . The Antarctic Ice Sheet first formed as a small ice cap ( maybe several ) in the early Oligocene , but retreating and advancing many times until the Pliocene , when it came to occupy almost all of Antarctica . The Greenland ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene , but apparently developed very rapidly with the first continental glaciation . This had the unusual effect of allowing fossils of plants that once grew on present-day Greenland to be much better preserved than with the slowly forming Antarctic ice sheet .

negative: Regional effects of global warming Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

negative: Deglaciation Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .

negative: Retrogradation Retrogradation is the landward change in position of the front of a river delta with time . This occurs when the mass balance of sediment into the delta is such that the volume of incoming sediment is less than the volume of the delta that is lost through subsidence , sea-level rise , and/or erosion . As a result , retrogradation is most common :  during periods of sea-level rise which results in marine transgression . This can occur during major periods of global warming and the melting of continental ice sheets .  with extremely low sediment input .

negative: Greenland Sea The Greenland Sea is a body of water that borders Greenland to the west , the Svalbard archipelago to the east , Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean to the north , and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland to the south . The Greenland Sea is often defined as part of the Arctic Ocean , sometimes as part of the Atlantic Ocean . However , definitions of the Arctic Ocean and its seas tend to be imprecise or arbitrary . In general usage the term `` Arctic Ocean '' would exclude the Greenland Sea . In oceanographic studies the Greenland Sea is considered part of the Nordic Seas , along with the Norwegian Sea . The Nordic Seas are the main connection between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans and , as such , could be of great significance in a possible shutdown of thermohaline circulation . In oceanography the Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas are often referred to collectively as the `` Arctic Mediterranean Sea '' , a marginal sea of the Atlantic .   The sea has Arctic climate with regular northern winds and temperatures rarely rising above 0 ° C . It previously contained the Odden ice tongue ( or Odden ) area , which extended eastward from the main East Greenland ice edge in the vicinity of 72 -- 74 ° N during the winter and acted as a key winter ice formation area in the Arctic . The West Ice forms in winter in the Greenland Sea , north of Iceland , between Greenland and Jan Mayen island . It is a major breeding ground of harp seal and hooded seal that has been used for seal hunting for more than 200 years .

negative: Meltwater pulse 1A Meltwater pulse 1A ( MWP1a ) is the name used by Quaternary geologists , paleoclimatologists , and oceanographers for a period of rapid post-glacial sea level rise during which global sea level rose between 16 m and 25 m in about 400 -- 500 years , giving mean rates of roughly 40 -- 60 mm/yr . Meltwater pulse 1A is also known as catastrophic rise event 1 ( CRE1 ) in the Caribbean Sea . The rates of sea level rise associated with meltwater pulse 1A are the highest known rates of post-glacial , eustatic sea level rise . Meltwater pulse 1A is also the most widely recognized and least disputed of the named , postglacial meltwater pulses . Other named , postglacial meltwater pulses are known most commonly as meltwater pulse 1A0 ( meltwater pulse 19ka ) , meltwater pulse 1B , meltwater pulse 1C , meltwater pulse 1D , and meltwater pulse 2 . It and these other periods of rapid sea level rise are known as meltwater pulses because the inferred cause of them was the rapid release of meltwater into the oceans from the collapse of continental ice sheets .

negative: Retreat of glaciers since 1850 The retreat of glaciers since 1850 affects the availability of fresh water for irrigation and domestic use , mountain recreation , animals and plants that depend on glacier-melt , and , in the longer term , the level of the oceans . Studied by glaciologists , the temporal coincidence of glacier retreat with the measured increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases is often cited as an evidentiary underpinning of global warming . Mid-latitude mountain ranges such as the Himalayas , Alps , Rocky Mountains , Cascade Range , and the southern Andes , as well as isolated tropical summits such as Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa , are showing some of the largest proportionate glacial losses .   Glacier mass balance is the key determinant of the health of a glacier . If the amount of frozen precipitation in the accumulation zone exceeds the quantity of glacial ice lost due to melting or in the ablation zone a glacier will advance ; if the accumulation is less than the ablation , the glacier will retreat . Glaciers in retreat will have negative mass balances , and if they do not find an equilibrium between accumulation and ablation , will eventually disappear .   The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the present . Subsequently , until about 1940 , glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed substantially . Glacial retreat slowed and even reversed temporarily , in many cases , between 1950 and 1980 as global temperatures cooled slightly . Since 1980 , a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous , so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether , and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened . In locations such as the Andes of South America and Himalayas in Asia , the demise of glaciers in these regions has the potential to affect water supplies in those areas .   The retreat of mountain glaciers , notably in western North America , Asia , the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America , Africa and Indonesia , provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century . The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level , which would affect coastal regions .

negative: Geography of Antarctica The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and , thus , by ice . The Antarctic continent , located in the Earth 's southern hemisphere , is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle . It is washed by the Southern ( or Antarctic ) Ocean or , depending on definition , the southern Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans . It has an area of more than 14 million km ² .   Some 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , the world 's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water . Averaging at least 1.6 km thick , the ice is so massive that it has depressed the continental bedrock in some areas more than 2.5 km below sea level ; subglacial lakes of liquid water also occur ( e.g. , Lake Vostok ) . Ice shelves and rises populate the ice sheet on the periphery .

negative: Konrad Steffen Konrad `` Koni '' Steffen ( born 1952 ) is a glaciologist and the former director of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder , a position he held from 2005 until he took office as the director of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest , Snow and Landscape Research on July 1 , 2012 . He is known for his research into Arctic sea ice and the glaciers of Greenland , and how they are affected by global warming . He has often traveled to Greenland to study these glaciers firsthand ; for example , when studying Petermann Glacier for three weeks in 2004 , Steffen did so from a camp set up 4,000 feet up the flanks of the glacier 's ice cap . He also operates a network of 20 weather stations on the Greenland ice sheet , the first of which , Swiss Camp , he established in 1990 . He has argued that due to this ice sheet melting faster than anticipated , sea levels could rise by about 3 feet by 2100 , considerably higher than the IPCC 's upper limit of 59 cm , and that Greenland might lose all its ice in 10,000 years , but Antarctica would take considerably longer , since it is so much bigger .

negative: Denmark Strait The Denmark Strait or Greenland Strait ( , the latter meaning ` Greenland Sound ' ) is an oceanic strait between Iceland ( to its southeast ) and Greenland ( to its northwest ) . The Norwegian island of Jan Mayen lies northeast of the strait .   It connects the Greenland Sea , an extension of the Arctic Ocean , to the Irminger Sea , a part of the Atlantic Ocean . It stretches 300 mi long and 180 mi wide at its narrowest , between Straumnes , the northwestern headland of the Westfjords peninsula of Hornstrandir , and Cape Tupinier on Blosseville Coast in East Greenland ) . The official International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) delineation between the Arctic and the North Atlantic Oceans runs from Straumnes to Cape Nansen , 132 km southwest of Cape Tunipier . From Straumnes to Cape Nansen the distance is 336 km .   The narrow depth , where the Greenland-Iceland Rise runs along the bottom of the sea , is 625 ft. The cold East Greenland Current passes through the strait and carries icebergs south into the North Atlantic . It hosts important fisheries .   The world 's largest known underwater waterfall , known as the Denmark Strait cataract , flows down the western side of the Denmark Strait .   During World War II , the Battle of the Denmark Strait took place on 24 May 1941 . The German battleship Bismarck sank the British battlecruiser , which exploded with the loss of all but three of its 1,418 crew ; HMS Prince of Wales was seriously damaged in the engagement . Bismarck entered the Atlantic through the Strait , but damage sustained in the battle -- combined with British aircraft search-and-destroy missions -- led to its sinking three days later .

negative: King Oscar Glacier King Oscar Glacier ( Kong Oscar Gletscher ) is one of several glaciers that drain the north-western part of the Greenland Ice Sheet into Melville Bay . As part of a comprehensive survey of Greenland 's glaciers that was published in 2006 , scientists documented that the mass balance -- the sum of gains through snow accumulation and losses through iceberg calving and melting -- of Kong Oscar and Greenland 's other north-western glaciers was strongly negative between 1996 and 2005 : they lost more ice than they gained . The pattern was similar to the ice sheet as a whole , which has been losing ice mass at an accelerating pace in the past decade .

negative: Cap carbonate Cap carbonates are layers of distinctively textured carbonate rocks which typically form the uppermost layer of sedimentary sequences reflecting major glaciations in the geological record .   The rising temperatures , and increased oceanic surface area - due to reduced ice cover and rising sea levels - at the end of a glaciation increase the rate of precipitation .   High concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) must build up in the atmosphere to overcome the effect of the high reflectivity ( albedo ) of ice and allow temperatures to rise sufficiently to begin melting .   Increased precipitation dissolves carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , falling as a weak carbonic acid - acid rain .   This would weather exposed silicate and carbonate rock , including readily-attacked glacial debris , which would release large amounts of calcium . When washed into the ocean , these precipitate to form distinctively textured layers of carbonate sedimentary rock .   A heavily debated cap carbonate appears at the top of the Gaskiers glaciation , believed by many to be global in extent .

negative: Climate change in New York City Climate change in New York City could affect buildings/structures , wetlands , water supply , health , and energy demand , due to the high population and extensive infrastructure in the region . New York is especially at risk if the sea level rises , due to many of the bridges connecting to boroughs , and entrances to roads and rail tunnels . High-traffic locations such as the airports , the Holland Tunnel , the Lincoln Tunnel , and the New York Passenger Ship Terminal are located in areas vulnerable to flooding . Flooding would be expensive to reverse .   Rising temperatures could bring a higher risk of heat related deaths from heat waves and increased concentrations of ground-level ozone ( potentially causing asthma and other health concerns ) .

negative: Post-glacial rebound Post-glacial rebound ( also called either isostatic rebound or crustal rebound ) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period , through a process known as isostatic depression . Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy , glacial isostatic adjustment , or glacioisostasy . Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution . The most obvious and direct effects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in parts of Northern Eurasia , Northern America , Patagonia , and Antarctica . However , through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering , the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets .

negative: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment ( ACIA ) is a study describing the ongoing climate change in the Arctic and its consequences : rising temperatures , loss of sea ice , unprecedented melting of the Greenland ice sheet , and many impacts on ecosystems , animals , and people . The ACIA is the first comprehensively researched , fully referenced , and independently reviewed evaluation of Arctic climate change and its impacts for the region and for the world . The project was guided by the intergovernmental Arctic Council and the non-governmental International Arctic Science Committee . Three hundred scientists participated in the study over a span of three years .   The 140-page synthesis report Impacts of a Warming Arctic was released in November 2004 , and the scientific report later in 2005 .   The ACIA Secretariat is located at the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks .

negative: James McCarthy (oceanographer) James J. McCarthy is a Professor of Biological Oceanography at Harvard and was President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from Feb 2008-Feb 2009 .   McCarthy is Alexander Agassiz Professor of Biological Oceanography and former Master of Pforzheimer House . He is also Acting Curator of the Malacology Department in the Museum of Comparative Zoology .   His studies address factors that regulate the processes of primary production and nutrient supply in upper ocean , approached using controlled laboratory studies and field investigations . Study sites range from near shore to the open ocean . Recent and current field research sites include the North Atlantic , equatorial Pacific , and Arabian Sea .   He is on the faculty of the Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment .   Quote from Science News February 2009 interview : The Maldives and Kiribati highlight a hidden challenge for coping with climate change \ global Warming . It 's not just about slowing the emissions of greenhouse gases . It 's also about figuring out what to do for localities threatened with the possibility of extinction from -LSB- rising ocean waters . `` They are like the canary in the coal mine in terms of the dramatic impact of climate change on a whole civilization of people '' `` They did n't cause the problem , but they will be among the first to feel it . '' The 2007 IPCC report took an extremely conservative approach to potential sea level rise , focusing on thermal expansion . It estimated that sea level increases could range from 0.2 to 0.6 meters by 2100 . Experts cautioned , however , that these numbers were highly uncertain and probably underestimated the potential change . The IPCC analysis did not take into account the unexpectedly rapid rate of melting and decay of polar ice sheets , particularly in Greenland , that has been observed recently , or the prospect of accelerated breakdown of polar sheets in the future . `` That 's not something that was anticipated '' .

negative: Ice-sheet dynamics Ice sheet dynamics describe the motion within large bodies of ice , such those currently on Greenland and Antarctica . Ice motion is dominated by the movement of glaciers , whose gravity-driven activity is controlled by two main variable factors : the temperature and strength of their bases . A number of processes alter these two factors , resulting in cyclic surges of activity interspersed with longer periods of inactivity , on both hourly and centennial time scales . Ice-sheet dynamics are of interest in modelling future sea level rise .   __ TOC __

negative: Ice rise An ice rise is a clearly defined elevation of the otherwise totally flat ice shelf , typically dome-shaped and rising 100 to 200 metres above the surrounding ice shelf . An ice rise forms where the ice shelf touches the rocky seabed because of an elevation in the seabed that remains below sea level . ( In contrast , an elevation in the seabed that extends above sea level is defined as an island ) . The ice shelf flows over the seabed elevation , completely covering it with ice , thereby forming an ice rise . The resulting tension forms crevasses around the ice rise .   An island within and totally covered by the ice shelf , may appear the exactly the same as an ice rise . Elaborate measurements may be required to distinguish between these two geographic features .   Although ice rises are typically located within the ice shelf area , they can partially face the open sea . Ice rises are found only on the ice shelves of Antarctica . The largest ice rises exceed dimensions of 50 by 200 km , or 10 000 km ² in area . Some ice rises are incorrectly called islands , but also a few totally ice-covered islands within an ice shelf are also called ice rises .   Ice rises , grouped by ice shelf , clockwise starting in East Antarctica :  Brunt Ice Shelf  McDonald Ice Rumples  Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf  Lyddan Island  King Baudouin Ice Shelf  Derwael Ice Rise  Amery Ice Shelf  Budd Ice Rumples  IR1 to IR5 near the ice front  Shackleton Ice Shelf  Green Ice Rises ( the northernmost ice rise , at 66 ° 21 'S )  Harrisson Ice Rises  Ross Ice Shelf  Crary Ice Rise ( the southernmost ice rise , at 82 ° 56 'S )  Crosson Ice Shelf  Davis Ice Rise  Bach Ice Shelf  Burgess Ice Rise  Dvořák Ice Rise  Ives Ice Rise  Landy Ice Rises  George VI Ice Shelf  Martin Ice Rise  Wilkins Ice Shelf  Petrie Ice Rises  Schaus Ice Rises  Vere Ice Rise  Wordie Ice Shelf  Coker Ice Rise  Linchpin Ice Rise  Miller Ice Rise  Napier Ice Rise  Reynolds Ice Rise  Wade Ice Rise  Müller Ice Shelf  Humphreys Ice Rise  Larsen-C Ice Shelf  Bawden Ice Rise  Gipps Ice Rise  Tharp Ice Rise  Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf  Berkner Island  Korff Ice Rise  Henry Ice Rise  Fowler Ice Rise  Skytrain Ice Rise  Doake Ice Rumples  Dott Ice Rise  Fletcher Ice Rise  Hemmen Ice Rise  Kealey Ice Rise  Kershaw Ice Rumples   Henry and Korff Ice Rises are the largest ice rises , with areas of roughly 1 500 to 1 600 km ² .

negative: Arctic resources race The Arctic resources race refers to the competition between global entities for newly available natural resources in the Arctic . As the ice in the Arctic melts at a record rate and the sea ice extent continues to decrease due to global climate change , the Arctic waters become more navigable and Arctic resources -- such as oil and gas , minerals , fish , as well as tourism and new trade routes -- are becoming more accessible . Under the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea , five nations have the legal right to exploit the Arctic 's natural resources within their exclusive economic zones : Canada , Russia , Denmark , Norway , and the United States ( though the U.S. has yet to ratify the treaty , it considers the treaty to be customary international law and abides by it ) .   The Arctic region and its resources have recently been at the center of controversy and pose potential conflicts between nations that have differing opinions of how to manage the area , including conflicting territorial claims . In addition , the Arctic region is home to an estimated 400,000 indigenous people . If the ice continues to melt at the current rate , then these indigenous people are at risk of being displaced . The acceleration of ice depletion will contribute to climate change as a whole : melting ice releases methane , ice reflects incoming solar radiation , and without it will cause the ocean to absorb more radiation ( albedo effect ) , heating up the water causing more ocean acidification , and melting ice will cause a rise in sea level .

negative: Greenland's Grand Canyon Greenland 's Grand Canyon or Grand Canyon of Greenland is a tentative canyon of record length discovered underneath the Greenland ice sheet as reported in the journal Science on 30 August 2013 ( submitted 29 April 2013 ) , by scientists from the University of Bristol , University of Calgary , and University of Urbino , who described it as a mega-canyon .   Ice-penetrating radar data collected during NASA 's Operation IceBridge showed a huge subglacial canyon running from the central region of the island northward into the Arctic Ocean , to the fjord of the Petermann Glacier . The bottom of the canyon is below sea level ; the canyon is likely to have influenced basal water flow from the ice sheet interior to the margin . Jonathan Bamber , a geographer at University of Bristol , stated , `` The distinctive V-shaped walls and flat bottom suggests water carved the buried valley , not ice . ''   The canyon is more than 750 km long , up to 800 m deep and 10 km wide , making it the longest canyon discovered on the Earth to date . There are , however , many canyons -- including Arizona 's Grand Canyon and Tibet 's Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon , previously the world 's longest -- that are deeper .   The canyon predates ice sheet inception and has influenced basal hydrology in Greenland over past glacial cycles .

negative: Frederikshaab Glacier Frederikshaab Glacier is a glacier on the southwest coast of Greenland in the Sermersooq municipality . It flows from Greenland 's ice sheet and at its mouth melts into various ponds and channels that empty into Davis Strait . The nearest major town is Paamiut , roughly 110 km to the south , although some smaller settlements are closer .   Category : Glaciers of Greenland

negative: Catherine Ritz Catherine Ritz is a French Antarctic researcher , best known for her work on ice sheets and their impact on sea level rise .

negative: Geography of Greenland Greenland is located between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean , northeast of Canada and northwest of Iceland . The territory comprises the island of Greenland -- the largest island in the world -- and more than a hundred other smaller islands ( see alphabetic list ) . As an island , Greenland has no land boundaries and 44,087 km of coastline . A sparse population is confined to small settlements along certain sectors of the coast . Greenland possesses the world 's second largest ice sheet .   Greenland sits atop the Greenland plate , a subplate of the North American plate . The Greenland craton is made up of some of the oldest rocks on the face of the earth . The Isua greenstone belt in southwestern Greenland contains the oldest known rocks on Earth , dated at 3.7 -- 3.8 billion years old .   The vegetation is generally sparse , with the only patch of forested land being found in Nanortalik Municipality in the extreme south near Cape Farewell .   The climate is arctic to subarctic , with cool summers and cold winters . The terrain is mostly a flat but gradually sloping icecap that covers all land except for a narrow , mountainous , barren , rocky coast . The lowest elevation is sea level and the highest elevation is the summit of Gunnbjørn Fjeld , the highest point in the Arctic at 3694 m . The northernmost point of the Island of Greenland is Cape Morris Jesup , discovered by Admiral Robert Peary in 1909 . Natural resources include zinc , lead , iron ore , coal , molybdenum , gold , platinum , uranium , hydropower and fish .

negative: Bald Island Bald Island is an island that is located in the Great Southern region of Western Australia . The island is 1.5 km offshore from Cheynes Beach and is a protected area managed by the Department of Parks and Wildlife .   The island is a World Conservation Union Category IA nature reserve . ( A Class A Nature Reserve , No 25869 , managed by Parks and Wildlife was created in 1964 . ) With an area of 8.09 km2 the island is one of the largest off the South Coast .  Composed almost entirely of granite the island rises steeply from the ocean to a maximum height of 310 m.  The island was isolated around 10,000 years ago by rising sea levels .

negative: Cold blob (North Atlantic) The cold blob in the North Atlantic describes a cold temperature anomaly of ocean surface waters , affecting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation ( AMOC ) which is part of the thermohaline circulation , possibly related to global warming-induced melting of the Greenland ice sheet .

negative: Dye 3 Dye 3 is an ice core site and previously part of the Distant Early Warning ( DEW ) line , located at ( , 2480 masl ) in Greenland . As a DEW line base , it was disbanded in years 1990/1991 .   An ice core is a core sample from the accumulation of snow and ice that has re-crystallized and trapped air bubbles over many years . The composition of these ice cores , especially the presence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes , provides a picture of the climate at the time . Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information .   Inclusions in the snow , such as wind-blown dust , ash , bubbles of atmospheric gas and radioactive substances , remain in the ice . The variety of climatic proxies is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate , such as tree rings or sediment layers . These include ( proxies for ) temperature , ocean volume , precipitation , chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere , volcanic eruptions , solar variability , sea-surface productivity , desert extent and forest fires .   Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet such as the ice cap internal to Greenland . Greenland is , by area , the world 's largest island . The Greenland ice sheet covers about 1.71 million km2 and contains about 2.6 million km3 of ice .

negative: Tyrrell Sea The Tyrrell Sea , named for Canadian geologist Joseph Tyrrell , is another name for prehistoric Hudson Bay , namely as it existed during the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet .   Roughly 8,000 years BP , the Laurentide Ice Sheet thinned and split into two lobes , one centred over Quebec-Labrador , the other over Keewatin . This drained Glacial Lake Ojibway , a massive proglacial lake south of the ice sheet , leading to the formation of the early Tyrrell Sea . The weight of the ice had isostatically depressed the surface as much as 270-280 m below its current level , making the Tyrrell Sea much larger than modern Hudson Bay . Indeed , in some places the shoreline was 100 to 250 km farther inland than at present . It was at its largest at roughly 7,000 years BP .   Isostatic uplift proceeded rapidly after the retreat of the ice , as much as .09 m per year , causing the margins of the sea to regress quickly towards its present margins . The rate of uplift decreased with time however , and in any event was nearly matched by sea-level rise from the melting ice sheets . When the Tyrrell Sea `` became '' Hudson Bay is difficult to define , as Hudson Bay is still shrinking from isostatic rebound .

negative: Flood basalt A flood basalt is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava . Flood basalt provinces such as the Deccan Traps of India are often called traps , which derives from the characteristic stairstep geomorphology of many associated landscapes . Rampino and Stothers ( 1988 ) cite eleven distinct flood basalt episodes occurring in the past 250 million years , creating large volcanic provinces , plateaus , and mountain ranges . However , more have been recognized such as the large Ontong Java Plateau , and the Chilcotin Group , though the latter may be linked to the Columbia River Basalt Group . Large igneous provinces have been connected to five mass extinction events , and may be associated with bolide impacts .

negative: Global warming in Antarctica The effects of global warming in Antarctica may include rising temperatures and increasing snow melt .

negative: Arctic Ocean The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world 's five major oceans . The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) recognizes it as an ocean , although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea , classifying it a mediterranean sea or an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean . Alternatively , the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean .   Located mostly in the Arctic north polar region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere , the Arctic Ocean is almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America . It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter . The Arctic Ocean 's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes ; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans , due to low evaporation , heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams , and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities . The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50 % . The US National Snow and Ice Data Center ( NSIDC ) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years .

negative: East Greenland Current The East Greenland Current ( EGC ) is a cold , low salinity current that extends from Fram Strait ( ~ 80N ) to Cape Farewell ( ~ 60N ) . The current is located off the eastern coast of Greenland along the Greenland continental margin . The current cuts through the Nordic Seas ( the Greenland and Norwegian Seas ) and through the Denmark Strait . The current is of major importance because it directly connects the Arctic to the Northern Atlantic , it is a major contributor to sea ice export out of the Arctic , and it is a major freshwater sink for the Arctic .

negative: Campbell Plateau The Campbell Plateau is a large oceanic plateau south of New Zealand and the Chatham Rise . It originated in the Gondwanan breakup and is part of Zealandia , a largely submerged continent . The above sea level parts of the plateau -- the Bounty Islands , Antipodes Islands , Auckland Islands and Campbell Island -- form part of the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands which were declared a World Heritage Site in 1998 .  Large parts of the Campbell Plateau lies less than 1000 m below sea level . It rises to 500 m at the Pukaki Rise and emerges above sea level at the Auckland and Campbell Islands .   Covering an area of 800000 km2 , the Campbell Plateau has a gently undulating bathymetry with major rises trending east-west : Campbell Island Rise , Pukaki Rise , and Bounty Island Ridge . There are two near-parallel rises on the western margin : Stewart Island -- Snare Island Rise and Auckland Island platform . The continental slopes are steep on western and southern margins while the northern margin slowly falls into the Bounty Trough .

negative: Ice shelf An ice shelf is a thick floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface . Ice shelves are only found in Antarctica , Greenland , Canada and the Russian Arctic . The boundary between the floating ice shelf and the grounded ( resting on bedrock ) ice that feeds it is called the grounding line . The thickness of ice shelves ranges from about 100 to 1000 meters .   In contrast , sea ice is formed on water , is much thinner ( typically less than 3m ) , and forms throughout the Arctic Ocean . It also is found in the Southern Ocean around the continent of Antarctica .   Ice shelves are principally driven by gravity-driven pressure from the grounded ice . That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf . The primary mechanism of mass loss from ice shelves was thought to have been iceberg calving , in which a chunk of ice breaks off from the seaward front of the shelf . A study by NASA and university researchers - published in the June 14 , 2013 issue of Science - found however that ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent 's ice shelf mass loss .   Typically , a shelf front will extend forward for years or decades between major calving events . Snow accumulation on the upper surface and melting from the lower surface are also important to the mass balance of an ice shelf . Ice may also accrete onto the underside of the shelf .   The density contrast between glacial ice , which is denser than normal ice , and liquid water means that only about 1/9 of the floating ice is above the ocean surface . The world 's largest ice shelves are the Ross Ice Shelf and the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica .   The term captured ice shelf has been used for the ice over a subglacial lake , such as Lake Vostok .