query: (2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.

positive: Florida Florida -LSB- ˈflɒrᵻdə -RSB- ( Spanish for `` land of flowers '' ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the north by Alabama and Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive , the 3rd-most populous , and the 8th-most densely populated of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area . The city of Tallahassee is the state capital .   A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Straits of Florida , it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States , approximately 1350 mi , and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean . Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil . The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south . The American alligator , American crocodile , Florida panther , and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park .   Since the first European contact was made in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León -- who named it La Florida ( -LSB- la floˈɾiða -RSB- `` land of flowers '' ) upon landing there in the Easter season , Pascua Florida -- Florida was a challenge for the European colonial powers before it gained statehood in the United States in 1845 . It was a principal location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans , and racial segregation after the American Civil War .   Today , Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth , as well as for its increasing environmental issues . The state 's economy relies mainly on tourism , agriculture , and transportation , which developed in the late 19th century . Florida is also renowned for amusement parks , orange crops , the Kennedy Space Center , and as a popular destination for retirees .   Florida culture is a reflection of influences and multiple inheritance ; Native American , European American , Hispanic and Latino , and African American heritages can be found in the architecture and cuisine . Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings , Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams , and continues to attract celebrities and athletes . It is internationally known for golf , tennis , auto racing and water sports .

negative: The Rubens The Rubens are a five-piece alternative rock band originally from Menangle , New South Wales . The band comprises the three Margin brothers , Zaac , Sam and Elliott , and friends Scott Baldwin and William Zeglis . Their debut self-titled album The Rubens gained them domestic success with it reaching No. 3 on the ARIA Charts and being nominated for a J Award for Album of the Year .   In 2011 , their debut single , `` Lay It Down '' , was voted number 57 in the Triple J Hottest 100 . Their next single , `` My Gun '' , was nominated for Best Music Video at the 2012 ARIA Awards and was voted number 10 in the Triple J Hottest 100 .   In May 2015 , the band released the lead single from their second album , called `` Hallelujah '' . The album , Hoops , was released in August 2015 . The follow-up single from the album , the title track `` Hoops '' , reached number 25 on the ARIA Singles Chart in 2015 and was voted number one in the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2015 held on Australia Day 2016 ( 26 January ) . After its success on the Hottest 100 , the single re-entered the charts , reaching a new peak of number 9 on the ARIA Singles Chart in February 2016 .

negative: Hannah Moscovitch Hannah Moscovitch ( born June 5 , 1978 ) is a Canadian playwright who rose to national prominence in the 2000s . She has been dubbed `` an indie sensation '' by Toronto Life Magazine ; `` the wunderkind of Canadian theatre '' by CBC Radio ; `` irritatingly talented '' by the now defunct Eye Weekly ; and the `` dark angel of Toronto theatre '' by Toronto Star . The National Post , The Globe and Mail , and Now Magazine have all hailed Hannah as `` Canada 's Hottest Young Playwright '' . She is best known for her plays East of Berlin , The Russian Play , and This Is War .

negative: Teenage Rampage Teenage Rampage is the debut studio album by punk band Dangerous ! , released world wide on September 20 , 2011 on Epitaph Records .   The album received critical acclaim including KKKK 's in Kerrang ! Magazine and 4 Stars in Rolling Stone . Positive reviews resulted in the band being titled ` Hottest New Band of 2011 ' in UK 's Big Cheese Magazine and a string of high profile festival appearances and tours in UK/Europe/USA & Australia .

negative: 2010 Conference USA football season The 2010 Conference USA football season was an NCAA football season played from September 2 , 2010 , through December 31 , 2010 . Conference USA consists of 12 football members separated into 2 divisions : East Carolina , Marshall , Memphis , Southern Miss , UAB , and UCF make up the eastern division , while Houston , Rice , SMU , Tulane , Tulsa , and UTEP comprise the western division .   This was the 15th football season and 16th overall for Conference USA . Although C-USA was founded in 1995 , it did not start football competition until 1996 .

negative: Conjunctivochalasis Conjunctivochalasis '' ' is a common eye surface condition characterized by the presence of excess folds of the conjunctiva located between the globe of the eye and the eyelid margin .

negative: Bathville Bathville is a village in West Lothian , Scotland .   Bathville now forms a section of Armadale in West Lothian , it is located ( 1 km ) south of the town centre and 2 miles north of Whitburn . In the middle of the 19th century Bathville comprised only a farm-steading , a coal pit and a row of houses . Today , in addition to housing , there is a business park here .

negative: Eurycheilichthys limulus Eurycheilichthys limulus is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil , where it is found in the upper Jacuí River basin . The habitat at the type locality of E. limulus is a small river about 3 -- 5 metres wide with moderate water current , bottom comprising some rocks but mostly sand and a large amount of marginal vegetation . These fishes live among leaves and stalks . This species grows to a length of 4.8 cm SL .

negative: Brasilicereus Brasilicereus is a genus of cacti known only from Brazil and comprising 2 species .

negative: Okemos High School Okemos High School is a public high school in Okemos , Michigan , USA . It is the only high school in the Okemos Public Schools district . It is located southeast of the main campus of Michigan State University , between Bennett and Jolly Roads on the North and South , and Hulett and Hagadorn Roads on the East and West . The current building was completed in 1994 , replacing the now Chippewa Middle School building as the district 's high school . Former students of Chippewa 7-8 School comprise the school 's student body .

negative: Mohd Shafie Zahari Shafie Zahari ( born 3 January 1993 in Pahang ) is a Malaysian footballer currently playing for Shahzan Muda FC in FAM League . Shafie is widely regarded as one of the hottest prospects in Pahang football .

negative: Canon EF-M 18–55mm lens The Canon EF-M 18-55mm f/3 .5 -5.6 IS STM is an interchangeable wide angle lens for the Canon EOS M system of mirrorless cameras . It was announced by Canon Inc. on June 22nd 2012 . It is the kit lens of the Canon EOS M camera . The current EOS M3 camera is only available with this kit lens . This lens was for long time not available from Canon USA , but it is since 2015 .

negative: Livistona decora Livistona decora is a species of palm endemic to the sclerophyll woodlands of Queensland , Australia . It is known only from Magnetic Island near the City of Townsville , and south along the coast as far as Rainbow Beach The species is now widely cultivated in arid regions worldwide as a decorative plant .   Livistona decora is up to 18 m tall . Leaves are costapalmate with petioles up to 300 long , with black spines along the margins . Infloresences are up to 350 cm long , producing shiny black fruits up to 20 mm in diameter .

negative: Miss New Jersey Teen USA The Miss New Jersey Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of New Jersey in the Miss Teen USA pageant .   New Jersey has had only marginal success at Miss Teen USA , with ten placements . In the first twenty years of the competition , New Jersey only recorded three placements ; from 2003 they placed in four of five years . New Jersey 's first top five placement came in 2003 when Jacklyn Pezzotta placed fourth runner-up , and this was bettered in 2007 when Alyssa Campanella placed 1st runner up .   Three New Jersey teens ( 2001 , 2006 , and 2008 ) have held the Miss New Jersey USA title and competed at Miss USA . Alyssa Campanella , Miss New Jersey Teen USA 2007 , competed twice for Miss New Jersey USA , but relocated to California and won Miss California USA and won the title of Miss USA 2011 , the first former Miss New Jersey Teen USA titleholder to win Miss USA , regardless of the representing state .

negative: Franklinoceras Franklinoceras is an extinct gensu of cephalopods from the nautiloid order , Discosorida . Nautiloids comprise a subclass of shelled cephalopods that were once diverse and numerous but are now represented by only a handful of species .   Franklinoceras is an early discosorid from the family Reudemannoceratidae , similar to the ancestral Reudemannoceras . Both are from the early Middle Ordovician ; both have endogastric cyrtocones , except in Franklinoceras they are compressed so as to be higher than wide , rather than the other way around as in Reudemannoceras ( Teichert , 1964 ) .

negative: Kyrgyzstani referendum, 2003 A double referendum was held in Kyrgyzstan on 2 February 2003 . Voters were asked whether they approved of amendments to the constitution , and whether President Askar Akayev should be allowed to remain in office until 2005 . Both were approved by wide margins .

negative: Skewjack Skewjack is the name of a plot of land in west Cornwall , England , United Kingdom . It is situated about 1.5 miles ( 2 km ) east of Land 's End on the B3315 road . It was the site of RAF Sennen , and is now the site of a Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe building .

negative: Winn Farm Winn Farm is a historic farmhouse at 57 Summer Street in Arlington , Massachusetts , USA . The 2-1/2 story wood frame house is estimated to have been built c. 1820 , and is the only surviving farmhouse in northwestern Arlington from that period . It is a typical Federal style house , five bays wide , with a center entrance , standing in a part of the town that was not developed more fully until the 20th century . Albert Winn , its likely builder , was active in local civic affairs , serving in town offices and as a state representative .   The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .

negative: Villains (electronic music group) Villains are an American electronic duo consisting of Mad V and Koncept . The group officially formed in late 2007 . Within a few months , they were performing all over the United States and getting commissioned to produce official remixes . And now , within just two years , they are touring the globe and producing original music as well as remixes for a wide variety of artists .

negative: Abdul Malik Mat Ariff Abdul Malik Bin Mat Ariff commonly known as Malik Ariff is a Malaysia Premier League footballer who plays as a Winger or Forward for Kuantan FA .   Malik is widely regarded as one of the hottest prospects in Pahang football .

negative: Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film The Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film was awarded for the first time at the 64th Golden Globe Awards in 2007 . It was the first time that the Golden Globe Awards had created a separate category for animated films since its establishment . The nominations are announced in January and an awards ceremony is held later in the month . Initially , only three films are nominated for best animated film , in contrast to five nominations for the majority of other awards . The Pixar film Cars was the first recipient of the award . The award for best animated film has subsequently been presented to six other Pixar films : Ratatouille received the award in 2008 , WALL-E was the recipient in 2009 , Up received the award in 2010 , Toy Story 3 won in 2011 , Brave won in 2013 , and Inside Out won in 2016 . In 2012 , Cars 2 lost to The Adventures of Tintin , in 2014 , Monsters University was the first not to be nominated and also in 2016 , The Good Dinosaur lost to Inside Out . In 2017 , Finding Dory was also not nominated . The Hollywood Foreign Press Association has been awarding Golden Globe Awards since 1944 .   English-language films may be nominated in only one feature category . Therefore , films nominated in this category are ineligible to be nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , Best Motion Picture -- Drama if their principal dialogue is in English . However , films nominated for Best Foreign Language Film are eligible for Best Animated Feature ; the only Golden Globe film awards for which they are ineligible are the two Best Motion Picture awards . This has led to much confusion leading many to believe animated films are snubbed in the Best Motion Picture categories , specifically Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy where animated films have won before , but in reality they simply are not eligible to be nominated .

negative: Vilna Edition Shas The Vilna Edition of the Talmud , printed in Vilna ( now Vilnius ) , Lithuania , is by far the most common printed edition of the Talmud still in use today as the basic text for Torah study in yeshivas and by all scholars of Judaism .   It was typeset by the Widow Romm and Brothers of Vilna . This edition comprises 37 volumes and contains the entire Babylonian Talmud . In its entirety there are 2,711 double sided folios . It follows the typical pagination due to Bomberg of printing with the Gemara and/or Mishnah centered with Rashi 's commentary on the inner margin and Tosafot on the outer margin . It is also flanked by other various marginal notations from various prominent Talmudists . This edition was first printed in the 1870s and 1880s , but it continues to be reproduced photomechanically all around the world .

negative: Miss Mississippi Teen USA The Miss Mississippi Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Mississippi in the Miss Teen USA pageant .   Mississippi has had 2 Miss Teen USA placements as of 2010 . They have had 1 Miss USA , and in 2014 , Vaeda Mann was 1st-runner .   Six titleholders have competed at Miss USA .   The state pageant , now held at the Gold Strike Casino in Robinsonville , Mississippi , has been directed by Miss Tennessee USA 1989 : Kim Greenwood since 2010 .

negative: 2000 Golden Globes (Portugal) The 2000 Golden Globes ( Portugal ) were held at the Coliseu dos Recreios , Lisbon on 2 April 2000 .

negative: RTÉ News Now RTÉ News Now is a 24-hour news television network in the Republic of Ireland operated by  Irish public service broadcaster RTÉ . The channel launched as RTÉ News Now available exclusively online on 12 June 2008 . The channel began broadcasting as a free-to-air channel on 29 October 2010 on Saorview . It began broadcasting on channel 200 of UPC Ireland 's basic Value pack on 2 October 2012 . As of January 2016 the channel is also available on the Sky Ireland platform channel number 578 ( Republic of Ireland only )   The channel broadcasts free-to-air and commercial free . The channel is available in Ireland and globally online , on mobile phones and an iPhone/iPad application is also widely available free . The channel is operated by RTÉ 's department RTÉ News and Current Affairs . The channel broadcasts in the Irish , English and ISL languages .

negative: 2012–13 Bundesliga The 2012 -- 13 Bundesliga was the 50th season of the Bundesliga , Germany 's premier football league . The season began on 24 August 2012 with the season opening match at Westfalenstadion involving defending champions Borussia Dortmund and SV Werder Bremen and ended with the last games on 18 May 2013 , with a winter break between the weekends around 15 December 2012 and 19 January 2013 . Bayern Munich managed to secure the championship of the 2012 -- 13 season after only 28 match days , beating their previous record by two matches .   The league comprises eighteen teams : The best fifteen teams of the 2011 -- 12 season , the best two teams from the 2011 -- 12 2 . Bundesliga and the winners of the relegation play-off between the 16th-placed Bundesliga team and the third-placed 2 . Bundesliga team .   Notably , in the 2012 -- 13 season , there are no teams located in the former East Germany , including the capital city , Berlin .

negative: List of United States magazines with online archives This is a list of magazines in the USA that have online archives . This is not to be confused with webzines which do not print a hardcopy edition and instead provide it online only , typically via the World Wide Web .

negative: Beijing International Triathlon The Beijing International Triathlon is a world-class , Olympic distance triathlon in the Fengtai District of Beijing .   The race features a 1.5 km swim in the picturesque Qing Long Lake , a challenging 40 km bike race from the Park to Qian Ling Mountain and back , and finally a fast 10 km run through the beautiful trails and pathways of Qing Long Lake Park .   The Beijing International Triathlon is the newest international event to be added to the Escape TO Alcatraz Triathlon Series . The top 50 finishers across all divisions will qualify for an entry into the next year 's Escape from Alcatraz Triathlon in San Francisco , CA .   ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________   2013   Date : September 21 , 2013   Location : Qinglong Lake Park , Fengtai District , Beijing , China   ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________   2012   Date : September 16 , 2012   Results :   Pro Male :   Bevan Docherty , NZL , 1:54:24   Matt Reed , USA ,1:55:04   Chris `` Macca '' McCormack , AUS , 1:56:37   Brian Fleishmann , USA , 1:58 : 37   Bai Faquan , CHN , 2:03:03   Pro Female :   Sarah Groff , USA , 2:04:09   Nicky Samuels , NZL , 2:05:52   Becky Lavelle , USA , 2:06:40   Jenna Parker , USA , 2:06:47   Ricarda Lisk , GER , 2:14:32   Zhang Yi , CHN , 2:18:07

negative: Exmouth Plateau The Exmouth Plateau is an elongate northeast striking extensional passive margin located in the Indian Ocean roughly 3,000 meters offshore from western and northwestern Western Australia .   The plateau makes up the westernmost structural unit of the Northern Carnarvon Basin , which comprises the Exmouth , Barrow , Dampier , and Beagle Sub-basins , and the Rankin Platform . The Exmouth Plateau was once a part of the northern shore of eastern of Gondwanaland until it broke away during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous , leaving behind the oceanic crust of the Argo , Cuvier , and Gascoyne abyssal plains that now surround the distal margins of Exmouth Plateau .

negative: 27th Golden Globe Awards The 27th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television for 1969 films , were held on February 2 , 1970 .

negative: International Circle of Korean Linguistics The International Circle of Korean Linguistics is a scholarly organization dedicated to the promotion of awareness of , the dissemination of information about , and the facilitation of communication among those in the field of , Korean language and linguistics . It was founded on October 20 , 1975 . It publishes the journal Korean Linguistics .   The ICKL holds meetings in various locales across the globe every two years . Recent meetings :   2017 Helsinki , Finland  2015 Chicago , Illinois , USA  2012 Xuzhou , Jiangsu Province , China  2010 Ulaanbataar , Mongolia  2008 Ithaca , New York , USA  2006 Guadalajara , Mexico  2004 Çolakli , Turkey  2002 Oslo , Norway  2000 Prague , Czech Republic  1998 Honolulu , Hawai'i , USA  1996 Brisbane , Australia  1994 London , United Kingdom  1992 Washington , DC , USA  1990 Osaka , Japan  1988 Toronto , Canada

negative: Hyalospectra grisea Hyalospectra grisea is a moth in the family Drepanidae . It was described by Warren in 1906 . It is found in New Guinea .   The wingspan is about 30 mm . The forewings are hyaline , the basal area , the costal area above the subcostal vein and the hindmarginal border clothed with sparse grey scales . At about one-third from the base is a dark paler-edged lunulate-dentate line , toothed outwards on the veins . There is a lunulate-dentate dark line in the grey marginal area , running out from the costa at three-fourths and below the middle forming the limit of the hyaline space . This space is roughly four-lobed , comprising the outer half of the cell and the inner half of all the intervals between veins 2 and 8 . There is a round hyaline marginal spot between veins 3 and 4 , and the marginal area below the apex is semihyaline . There is a dark grey marginal line , spotted on the veins . The hinwings are grey , with the base , an angled band beyond the middle , and the marginal spot between veins 3 and 4 hyaline .

negative: Warren Z. Cole House Warren Z. Cole House , now known as Indenhofen Farm and also known as the Kidder-De Haven House , is a historic home located in Evansburg State Park at Skippack , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , USA . It was built about 1725 , and is a 2 1/2 - story , brownstone dwelling , four bays wide and two bays deep . It features gable end chimneys and a steep shingled gable roof . The property also includes a summer kitchen and bake oven and a Swiss / German bank barn . The property was restored and is open to the public by the Skippack Historical Society .   It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 .


query: Never mind that the emissions of carbon dioxide to make and maintain a wind or solar industrial complex are far greater than they will ever save.

positive: Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a colorless gas with a density about 60 % higher than that of air ( 1.225 g/L ) that is odorless at normally encountered concentrations . Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms . It occurs naturally in Earth 's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent ( 400 ppm ) by volume . Natural sources include volcanoes , hot springs and geysers , and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids . Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water , it occurs naturally in groundwater , rivers and lakes , ice caps , glaciers and seawater . It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas .   As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth and its concentration in Earth 's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian has been regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena . Plants , algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water , with oxygen produced as a waste product .   Carbon dioxide is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration . It is returned to water via the gills of fish and to the air via the lungs of air-breathing land animals , including humans . Carbon dioxide is produced during the processes of decay of organic materials and the fermentation of sugars in bread , beer and winemaking . It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal , peat , petroleum and natural gas .   It is a versatile industrial material , used , for example , as an inert gas in welding and fire extinguishers , as a pressurizing gas in air guns and oil recovery , as a chemical feedstock and in liquid form as a solvent in decaffeination of coffee and supercritical drying . It is added to drinking water and carbonated beverages including beer and sparkling wine to add effervescence . The frozen solid form of , known as `` dry ice '' is used as a refrigerant and as an abrasive in dry-ice blasting .   Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth 's atmosphere . Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions - primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation - have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere , leading to global warming . Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid .

positive: Fossil fuel power station A fossil fuel power station is a power station which burns fossil fuel such as coal , natural gas , or petroleum to produce electricity . Central station fossil fuel power plants are designed on a large scale for continuous operation . In many countries , such plants provide most of the electrical energy used . Fossil fuel power stations have machinery to convert the heat energy of combustion into mechanical energy , which then operates an electrical generator . The prime mover may be a steam turbine , a gas turbine or , in small plants , a reciprocating internal combustion engine . All plants use the energy extracted from expanding gas , either steam or combustion gases . Very few MHD generators have been built which directly convert the energy of hot , moving water into electricity . MHD means Magnetohydrodynamics , which is the study of the magnetic properties of electrically conducting fluids . Examples of such magnetofluids include plasmas , liquid metals , salt water and electrolytes .   By-products of thermal power plant operation must be considered in their design and operation . Waste heat energy , which remains due to the finite efficiency of the Carnot , Rankine , or Diesel power cycle , is released directly to the atmosphere or river/lake water , or indirectly to the atmosphere using a cooling tower with river or lake water used as a cooling medium . The flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels is discharged to the air . This gas contains carbon dioxide and water vapor , as well as other substances such as nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , sulfur oxides ( SOx ) , mercury , traces of other metals , and , for coal-fired plants , fly ash . Solid waste ash from coal-fired boilers must also be removed . Some coal ash can be recycled for building materials .   Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , a greenhouse gas which according to a consensus opinion of scientific organisations is a contributor to global warming . The results of a recent study show that the net income available to shareholders of large companies could see a significant reduction from the greenhouse gas emissions liability related to only natural disasters in the U.S. from a single coal-fired power plant . However , as of 2015 , no such cases have awarded damages in the U.S. Per unit of electric energy , brown coal emits nearly two times as much CO2 as natural gas , and black coal emits somewhat less than brown . Carbon capture and storage of emissions is not currently available .

positive: Coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams . The harder forms , such as anthracite coal , can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure . Coal is composed primarily of carbon , along with variable quantities of other elements , chiefly hydrogen , sulfur , oxygen , and nitrogen . A fossil fuel , coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat , which in turn is converted into lignite , then sub-bituminous coal , after that bituminous coal , and lastly anthracite . This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time .   Throughout human history , coal has been used as an energy resource , primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat , and is also used for industrial purposes , such as refining metals . Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide , as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases . The extraction of coal , its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects including climate change .   Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining . Since 1983 , the world 's top coal producer has been China . In 2015 China produced 3,747 million tonnes of coal -- 47.7 % of 7,861 million tonnes world coal production . In 2015 other large producers were United States ( 813 million tonnes ) , India ( 678 ) , European Union ( 539 ) and Australia ( 503 ) . In 2010 the largest exporters were Australia with 328 million tonnes ( 27.1 % of world coal export ) and Indonesia with 316 million tonnes ( 26.1 % ) , while the largest importers were Japan with 207 million tonnes ( 17.5 % of world coal import ) , China with 195 million tonnes ( 16.6 % ) and South Korea with 126 million tonnes ( 10.7 % ) .

positive: Engine An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy . Heat engines burn a fuel to create heat , which is then used to create a force . Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion ; pneumatic motors use compressed air and clockwork motors in wind-up toys use elastic energy . In biological systems , molecular motors , like myosins in muscles , use chemical energy to create forces and eventually motion .

positive: Carbon footprint A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual , event , organisation , or product , expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent .   In most cases , the total carbon footprint can not be exactly calculated because of inadequate knowledge of and data about the complex interactions between contributing processes , especially which including the influence on natural processes storing or releasing carbon dioxide . For this reason , Wright , Kemp , and Williams , have suggested to define the carbon footprint as :   A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) and methane ( CH4 ) emissions of a defined population , system or activity , considering all relevant sources , sinks and storage within the spatial and temporal boundary of the population , system or activity of interest . Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent using the relevant 100-year global warming potential ( GWP100 ) .   Greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) can be emitted through land clearance and the production and consumption of food , fuels , manufactured goods , materials , wood , roads , buildings , transportation and other services . For simplicity of reporting , it is often expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide , or its equivalent of other GHGs , emitted .   Most of the carbon footprint emissions for the average U.S. household come from `` indirect '' sources , i.e. fuel burned to produce goods far away from the final consumer . These are distinguished from emissions which come from burning fuel directly in one 's car or stove , commonly referred to as `` direct '' sources of the consumer 's carbon footprint .   The concept name of the carbon footprint originates from ecological footprint , discussion , which was developed by Rees and Wackernagel in the 1990s which estimates the number of `` earths '' that would theoretically be required if everyone on the planet consumed resources at the same level as the person calculating their ecological footprint . However , given that ecological footprints are a measure of failure , Anindita Mitra ( CREA , Seattle ) chose the more easily calculated `` carbon footprint '' to easily measure use of carbon , as an indicator of unsustainable energy use . In 2007 , carbon footprint was used as a measure of carbon emissions to develop the energy plan for City of Lynnwood , Washington . Carbon footprints are much more specific than ecological footprints since they measure direct emissions of gases that cause climate change into the atmosphere .   Carbon footprint is one of a family of footprint indicators , which also includes water footprint and land footprint .

negative: Solar power in Portugal At the end of 2013 , Portugal had 277.9 MWp of photovoltaics and produced an estimated 437 GWh of electricity which supplied nearly 166 500 homes and saved approximately 107 074 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions .   In 2013 , solar power was responsible for 0,58 % of the total electricity produced . Portugal also increased its solar capacity by 25 % when comparing to 2012 .

negative: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita This is a list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita from 1990 through 2011 . All data was calculated by the US Department of Energy 's Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) , mostly based on data collected from country agencies by the United Nations Statistics Division . Countries are ranked by their metric tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per capita in 2009 . The data only considers carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture , but not emissions from land use such as deforestation . Emissions from international shipping or bunker fuels are also not included in national figures , which can make a huge difference for small countries with important ports .   The carbon dioxide emissions of a country are only an indicator of one greenhouse gas . For a more complete idea of how a country influences climate change , gases such as methane and nitrous oxide should be taken into account . This is particularly so in agricultural economies .   Carbon dioxide emissions are also known for earlier periods . A study of a global sample of twelve countries provide estimates for emissions since 1800 and explores the long-run drivers of carbon dioxide emissions by decomposing changes in carbon emissions into population , income , technological and energy mix changes .

negative: Carbon profiling Carbon profiling is a mathematical process that calculates how much carbon dioxide is put into the atmosphere per m2 of space in a building over one year .   The analysis is in two parts which are then added together to produce an overall figure which is termed the ` Carbon Profile ' :  operational carbon emissions  embodied carbon emissions .   Embodied carbon emissions relate to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from creating and maintaining the materials that form the building e.g. the carbon dioxide released from the baking of bricks or smelting or iron . In the Carbon Profiling Model these emissions are measured as Embodied Carbon Efficiency ( ECE ) , measured as kg of CO2/m2/year .   Occupational Carbon Emissions relate to the amount of Carbon Dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from the direct use of energy to run the building e.g. the heating or electricity used by the building over the year . In the Carbon Profiling Model these emissions are measured in BER 's ( Building Emission Rate ) in kg of / m2/year .   The BER is a United Kingdom government accepted unit of measurement that comes from an approved calculation process called sBEM ( Simplified Building Emission Model )   The purpose of Carbon Profiling is to provide a method of analyzing and comparing both operational and embodied carbon emissions at the same time . With this information it is then possible to allocate a projects resources in such a way to minimize the total amount of Carbon Dioxide emitted into the atmosphere through the use of a given piece of space .   A secondary benefit is that having quantified the Carbon Profiling of different buildings it is then possible to make comparisons and rank buildings in term of their performance . This allows investors and occupiers to identify which building are good and bad carbon investments .   Simon Sturgis and Gareth Roberts of Sturgis Associates in the United Kingdom originally developed ` Carbon Profiling ' in December 2007 .

negative: Carbon-neutral fuel Carbon-neutral fuels can refer to a variety of energy fuels or energy systems which have no net greenhouse gas emissions or carbon footprint . One class is synthetic fuel ( including methane , gasoline , diesel fuel , jet fuel or ammonia ) produced from sustainable or nuclear energy used to hydrogenate waste carbon dioxide recycled from power plant flue exhaust gas or derived from carbonic acid in seawater . Other types can be produced from renewable energy sources such as wind turbines , solar panels , and hydroelectric power stations .  Such fuels are potentially carbon-neutral because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases . Until captured carbon is used for plastics feedstock , carbon neutral fuel synthesis is the primary means of carbon capture and utilization or recycling .   To the extent that carbon-neutral fuels displace fossil fuels , or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid , and their combustion is subject to carbon capture at the flue or exhaust pipe , they result in negative carbon dioxide emission and net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere , and thus constitute a form of greenhouse gas remediation .   Such power to gas carbon-neutral and carbon-negative fuels can be produced by the electrolysis of water to make hydrogen used in the Sabatier reaction to produce methane which may then be stored to be burned later in power plants as synthetic natural gas , transported by pipeline , truck , or tanker ship , or be used in gas to liquids processes such as the Fischer -- Tropsch process to make traditional fuels for transportation or heating .   Carbon-neutral fuels are used in Germany and Iceland for distributed storage of renewable energy , minimizing problems of wind and solar intermittency , and enabling transmission of wind , water , and solar power through existing natural gas pipelines . Such renewable fuels could alleviate the costs and dependency issues of imported fossil fuels without requiring either electrification of the vehicle fleet or conversion to hydrogen or other fuels , enabling continued compatible and affordable vehicles . A 250 kilowatt synthetic methane plant has been built in Germany and it is being scaled up to 10 megawatts .

negative: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions -RSB-   This is a list of sovereign states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions due to certain forms of human activity , based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency released in 2015 . The following table lists the 2015 annual emissions estimates ( in thousands of tonnes ) along with a list of emissions per capita ( in tonnes of per year ) from same source . The data only considers carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture , but not emissions from land use , land-use change and forestry . Emissions from international shipping or bunker fuels are also not included in national figures , which can make a huge difference for small countries with important ports .  The top 10 largest emitter countries account for 67.6 % of the world total . Other powerful , more potent greenhouse gases , including methane , are not included in this data .

negative: Portoscuso Wind Farm The Portoscuso Wind Farm is a proposed wind power project in Portoscuso , Sardinia , Italy . It will have 39 individual wind turbines with a nominal output of around 2.3 MW each which will deliver up to 90 MW of power , enough to power over 70,000 homes , with a capital investment required of approximately $ 100 million . The wind farm will have an electricity production of 185 GWh per year that will save the emission of 130,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide .

negative: Road-effect zone The Road-effect zone is the area in which effects on the natural environment extend outward from a road . Such effects are substance emissions like carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide , particulate matter , nitrogen oxide , volatile organic compounds , biological matter , rubber , or salt , intangible emissions like noise or light , and changes of the micro climate like alterations of wind , water flows , temperature or moisture .

negative: Carbon emission label A carbon emission label or carbon label describes the carbon dioxide emissions created as a by-product of manufacturing , transporting , or disposing of a consumer product . This information is important to consumers wishing to minimize their ecological footprint and contribution to global warming made by their purchases .

negative: Carbon offset A carbon offset is a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide or greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for or to offset an emission made elsewhere .   Carbon offsets are measured in metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent ( CO2e ) and may represent six primary categories of greenhouse gases : carbon dioxide , methane ( CH4 ) , nitrous oxide ( N2O ) , perfluorocarbons ( PFCs ) , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , and sulfur hexafluoride ( SF6 ) . One carbon offset represents the reduction of one metric ton of carbon dioxide or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases .   There are two markets for carbon offsets . In the larger , compliance market , companies , governments , or other entities buy carbon offsets in order to comply with caps on the total amount of carbon dioxide they are allowed to emit . This market exists in order to achieve compliance with obligations of Annex 1 Parties under the Kyoto Protocol , and of liable entities under the EU Emission Trading Scheme . In 2006 , about $ 5.5 billion of carbon offsets were purchased in the compliance market , representing about 1.6 billion metric tons of CO2e reductions .   In the much smaller , voluntary market , individuals , companies , or governments purchase carbon offsets to mitigate their own greenhouse gas emissions from transportation , electricity use , and other sources . For example , an individual might purchase carbon offsets to compensate for the greenhouse gas emissions caused by personal air travel . Many companies ( see list ) offer carbon offsets as an up-sell during the sales process so that customers can mitigate the emissions related with their product or service purchase ( such as offsetting emissions related to a vacation flight , car rental , hotel stay , consumer good , etc. ) . In 2008 , about $ 705 million of carbon offsets were purchased in the voluntary market , representing about 123.4 million metric tons of CO2e reductions . Some fuel suppliers in the UK offer fuel which has been carbon offset such as Fuel dyes .   Offsets are typically achieved through financial support of projects that reduce the emission of greenhouse gases in the short - or long-term . The most common project type is renewable energy , such as wind farms , biomass energy , or hydroelectric dams . Others include energy efficiency projects , the destruction of industrial pollutants or agricultural byproducts , destruction of landfill methane , and forestry projects . Some of the most popular carbon offset projects from a corporate perspective are energy efficiency and wind turbine projects .   Carbon offsetting has gained some appeal and momentum mainly among consumers in western countries who have become aware and concerned about the potentially negative environmental effects of energy-intensive lifestyles and economies . The Kyoto Protocol has sanctioned offsets as a way for governments and private companies to earn carbon credits that can be traded on a marketplace . The protocol established the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) , which validates and measures projects to ensure they produce authentic benefits and are genuinely `` additional '' activities that would not otherwise have been undertaken . Organizations that are unable to meet their emissions quota can offset their emissions by buying CDM-approved Certified Emissions Reductions . Emissions from burning fuel , such as red diesel , has pushed one UK fuel supplier to create a carbon offset fuel named Carbon Offset Red Diesel .   Offsets may be cheaper or more convenient alternatives to reducing one 's own fossil-fuel consumption . However , some critics object to carbon offsets , and question the benefits of certain types of offsets .  Due diligence is recommended to help businesses in the assessment and identification of `` good quality '' offsets to ensure offsetting provides the desired additional environmental benefits , and to avoid reputational risk associated with poor quality offsets .   Offsets are viewed as an important policy tool to maintain stable economies and to improve sustainability . One of the hidden dangers of climate change policy is unequal prices of carbon in the economy , which can cause economic collateral damage if production flows to regions or industries that have a lower price of carbon -- unless carbon can be purchased from that area , which offsets effectively permit , equalizing the price .

negative: Wind power in Portugal Wind power in Portugal describes wind power in Portugal as part of energy in Portugal and renewable energy in Portugal . As of December 2013 , wind power capacity in Portugal ( Madeira and Azores included ) was of 4,731 MW . Wind share of total electricity consumption was 23 % saving nearly 8,182,900 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions .   The major wind turbine manufacturers in the Portuguese market are Enercon , Vestas , Gamesa and Nordex .   The largest owners of wind farms , as of December 2013 , are ENEOP2 ( 23,9 % ) , Iberwind ( 14,5 % ) ( EDP Renováveis ) ( 13 % ) , Generg ( 9,2 % ) and EEVM ( 6,2 % ) . The record of wind power generation utilization was achieved on October 24 , 2013 at 02:00 with 3844 MW or 84 % of the total used electricity .

negative: Power tower (Linz) thumb | The Facade of the Power Tower  thumb | Integrated louvers to manage solar gain .   The Power Tower is the first high-rise office tower to attempt to meet the strict Passive House energy efficiency building standard . It was built to house the corporate headquarters of the Austrian utility company Energie AG in Linz , Austria .   In accordance with the Passive House standard the building has no connection to the local district heating system , and requires no fossil fuel inputs to maintain a comfortable interior climate , resulting in much lower carbon dioxide emissions than comparable buildings .

negative: Low-carbon emission The main components of automobile exhaust are carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) and water vapor ( H2O ) . Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas ( GHG ) and the most significant Greenhouse Gas emitted in the U.S. ( with 82-84 % of all U.S. emissions ) . Increases in carbon dioxide concentration are due primarily to fossil fuel use and land-use change .   The CO2 emission standards can be referred to the fuel or to the vehicle :   The European Union is moving towards fuel mandatory CO2 standards and USA has reflected it in the Greenhouse Gas Score .  There are information , but no mandatory , standards for CO2 limits in vehicle ( engine ) emissions , excepting some state regulations ( i.e. California ) . See hybrid vehicles .   CO2 mass emission in vehicles is measured in g/km ( g/mi * 0.621371192 = g/km ) .

negative: Marine cloud brightening Marine cloud brightening is a proposed solar radiation management climate engineering technique that would make clouds brighter , reflecting a small fraction of incoming sunlight back into space in order to offset anthropogenic global warming . Along with stratospheric aerosol injection , it is one of the two solar radiation management methods that may most feasibly have a substantial climate impact . The intention is that increasing the Earth 's albedo , in combination with greenhouse gas emissions reduction , carbon dioxide removal , and adaptation , would reduce climate change and its risks to people and the environment . If implemented , the cooling effect is expected to be felt rapidly and to be reversible on fairly short time scales . However , technical barriers remain to large-scale marine cloud brightening . There are also risks with such modification of complex climate systems .

negative: Individual action on climate change Making various personal choices has been advocated as a means of fighting climate change .   A carbon diet is an effective way to understand the amount of impact on the environment and how to make meaningful changes .  A low carbon diet is a way of reducing impact by choosing food that causes much less pollution .  Trees : Protecting forests and planting new trees contributes to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air . There are many opportunities to plant trees in the yard , along roads , in parks , and in public gardens . In addition , some charities plant fast-growing trees -- for as little as $ US0 .10 per tree -- to help people in tropical developing countries restore the productivity of their lands . Conversely , clearing old-growth forests adds to the carbon in the atmosphere , so buying non-old-growth paper is good for the climate as well as the forest .  Labels : The Energy Star label can be seen on many household appliances , home electronics , office equipment , heating and cooling equipment , windows , residential light fixtures , and other products . Energy Star products use less energy .  Travel :  In the United States , perception towards climate change influenced people to change their travel lifestyle . More than a third of Americans have changed their travel habits in 2008 , versus only 14 % in 2007 .  Cars : Purchasing a vehicle which gets high gas mileage helps to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide .  Flying : Avoiding air travel and particularly frequent flyer programs has a high benefit because the convenience makes frequent , long distance travel easy , and high-altitude emissions are more potent for the climate than the same emissions made at ground level .  Walking and running are among the least environmentally harmful modes of transportation , followed by the bicycle .  Many energy suppliers in various countries worldwide have options to purchase part or pure `` green energy . '' The wind energy produced in Denmark , for example , provides about 20 percent of the country 's total electricity needs . These methods of energy production emit no greenhouse gases once they are up and running .  Carbon offsets : The principle of carbon offset is thus : one decides that they do n't want to be responsible for accelerating climate change , and they 've already made efforts to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions , so they decide to pay someone else to further reduce their net emissions by planting trees or by taking up low-carbon technologies . Every unit of carbon that is absorbed by trees -- or not emitted due to your funding of renewable energy deployment -- offsets the emissions from their fossil fuel use . In many cases , funding of renewable energy , energy efficiency , or tree planting -- particularly in developing nations -- can be a relatively cheap way of making an individual `` carbon neutral '' . Carbon offset providers -- some as inexpensive as US$ 0.11 per metric ton ( USD 0.10 per US ton ) of carbon dioxide -- are referenced below under Lifestyle Action .

negative: Energy Saving Trust Energy Saving Trust ( EST ) is a British organization devoted to promoting energy efficiency , energy conservation , and the sustainable use of energy , thereby reducing carbon dioxide emissions and helping to prevent man-made climate change . It was founded in the United Kingdom as a government-sponsored initiative in 1992 , following the global Earth Summit .   Energy Saving Trust is an independent , not-for-profit organization funded by the government and the private sector . It is a social enterprise , and also has a charitable foundation . The EST has regional offices in England , and country offices in Wales , Northern Ireland , and Scotland . It maintains a comprehensive website , and a network of numerous local advice centres .

negative: List of U.S. states by carbon dioxide emissions This is a list of U.S. states by carbon dioxide emissions due to human activity . The data presented below from the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Energy Information Administration corresponds to emissions in 2014 . Interactive bar charts ( showing state rankings for total and per-capita emissions ) and interactive maps ( for both total emissions and per capita emissions ) for the 2014 data are available on Tableau Public .   __ TOC __

negative: Environmental issues in Austria The Ministry of Health and Environmental Protection of Austria , established in 1972 , is responsible for the coordination at the national level of all environmental protection efforts , addressing its efforts toward problems including waste disposal , pollution , noise , sulfur dioxide , and carbon monoxide levels , as well as emissions by the iron , steel , and ceramics industries . A toxic waste law enacted in 1984 established strict regulations for the collection , transport , and disposal of dangerous substances .   The Austrian government has imposed strict regulations on gas emissions , which helped to reduce sulfur dioxide by two-thirds over an eight-year period beginning in 1980 . In 1992 Austria was among the 50 countries with the highest level of industrial carbon dioxide emissions , producing 56.6 million metric tons of emissions , or 7.29 m tons per capita . In 1996 , the level rose to 59.3 million metric tons . In 2000 , the total was 60.8 million metric tons .

negative: Green Infra Green Infra Limited is a renewable energy company that generates power and currently operating in India . The company is operating under diverse portfolio of Wind , Solar , Hydro Energy , Biomass , and Energy Efficiency , and currently supplies 406 MW of clean energy to India 's power grid . ''   This company operates under portfolio of Wind , Solar , Hydro , Biomass and Energy Efficiency and currently operating in the states of Tamil Nadu , Rajasthan , Karnataka , Maharashtra and Gujarat in India .   Company has wind operating asset of 406 MW , has recently commissioned its first Solar project in the Rajkot district of Gujarat in India of 10 MW .   This 10 MW project is expected to generate 16 Million units annually and expects to save 12,000 tonnes of carbon emissions .

negative: List of countries by ratio of GDP to carbon dioxide emissions On 6 October 2010 , the International Energy Agency released for free download the 2008 numbers for over 140 countries/regions/economies .   The list of countries below is arranged by their ratio of gross domestic product , nominal and by purchasing power parity , to carbon dioxide emissions . GDP data is for the year 2006 produced by the International Monetary Fund . Carbon dioxide emissions data is for 2006 , provided by the CDIAC for United Nations ( see List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions ) .   The countries at the top of the list are the most efficient . They produce the most economic output with the least emissions . Countries at the bottom of the list produce the most emissions per unit of economic output .   Including French Guiana , French Polynesia , Guadeloupe , Martinique , New Caledonia , Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Réunion  Including Greenland and Faroe Islands  Including Netherlands Antilles  Including Taiwan and Macau , excluding Hong Kong

negative: Eurus Wind Farm The Eurus Wind Farm is a wind farm located in Juchitán de Zaragoza , Oaxaca , Mexico . The largest wind farm in Latin America , the partnership between Cemex and Acciona Energia cost US$ 550 million to build . Its 167 wind turbines combine to generate 250.5 megawatts ( MW ) , sufficient power to supply about half a million people . By contrast with traditional means of power , it may reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions by 600,000 metric tons .

negative: Carbon dioxide snow Carbon dioxide snow may refer to :   Dry ice , a solid form of carbon dioxide  Carbon dioxide cleaning , an industrial cleaning method

negative: Electricity sector in Italy The electricity sector in Italy describes the production , sale , and use of electrical power in Italy . The country 's total electricity consumption was 297.3 TWh in 2013 , of which 278.8 TWh ( 93.7 % ) was produced domestically ( the remaining 6.3 % was imported ) .   According to its national energy plan , Italy plans to increase renewable power generation from all renewable sources to 26 % of all electricity produced by 2020 , covering 17 % of its total energy consumption . In 2014 , 38.2 % of the national electric energy consumption came from renewable sources ( in 2005 this value was 15.4 % ) , covering 16.2 % of the total energy consumption of the country ( 5.3 % in 2005 ) . Solar energy production alone accounted for almost 9 % of the total electric consumption in the country in 2014 , making Italy the country with the highest contribution from solar energy in the world .   Italy has abandoned nuclear power following a referendum in the wake of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster , and nuclear power in Italy has never been greater than a few percent of total power generation .   Italy has a high share of electricity in the total final energy consumption . The share of primary energy dedicated to electricity production is above 35 % , and grew steadily since the 1970s .   Emissions of carbon dioxide per capita in 2007 were 7.4 tons , below the EU27 average of 7.9 tons CO2 . Emission change 1990/2007 was 10 % increase .

negative: Global Carbon Project The Global Carbon Project ( GCP ) was established in 2001 . The organisation seeks to quantify global carbon emissions and their causes .   The main object of the group has been to fully understand the carbon cycle . The project has brought together emissions experts and economists to tackle the problem of rising concentrations of greenhouse gases .   The Global Carbon Project works collaboratively with the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme , the World Climate Programme , the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change and Diversitas , under the Earth System Science Partnership .   In late 2006 researchers from the project claimed that carbon dioxide emissions had dramatically increased to a rate of 3.2 % annually from 2000 . At the time , the chair of the group Dr Mike Raupach stated that `` This is a very worrying sign . It indicates that recent efforts to reduce emissions have had virtually no impact on emissions growth and that effective caps are urgently needed , '' .   A 2010 study conducted by the Project and Nature Geoscience revealed that the world 's oceans absorb 2.3 billion metric tonnes of carbon dioxide .   On December 5 , 2011 analysis released from the project claimed carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel burning jumped by the largest amount on record in 2010 to 5.9 percent from a growth rate in the 1990s closer to 1 percent annually . The combustion of coal represented more than half of the growth in emissions , the report found .   They predict greenhouse gas emissions to occur according to the IPCC 's worst-case scenario , as CO2 concentration in the atmosphere reaches 500ppm in the 21st century .

negative: Make Cars Green Make Cars Green ( MCG ) is a campaign by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) aimed at reducing the impact of cars on the environment . The campaign consists of advising motorists of methods of reducing carbon dioxide emissions , as well as purchasing environmentally friendlier vehicles .

negative: Greenhouse gas emissions in Kentucky The report `` Kentucky Greenhouse Gas Inventory '' provides a detailed inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks for Kentucky in 1990 . Emissions were estimated using methods from EPA 's 1995 guidance document State Workbook : Methodologies for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions . In 1990 , Kentucky emitted 35.4 million metric tons of carbon equivalent ( MMTCE ) . In addition , Kentucky estimated emissions of 0.4 MMTCE from biofuels . Emissions from biofuels are not included .   The principal greenhouse gases were carbon dioxide , comprising 87.9 million metric tons ( 24.0 MMTCE ) , and methane , with 1.1 million metric tons ( 6.4 MMTCE ) . Other emissions included 0.0016 million metric tons of perfluorocarbons ( PFCs ) ( 4.8 MMTCE ) , and 0.003 million metric tons of nitrous oxide ( 0.2 MMTCE )   The major source of carbon dioxide emissions was fossil fuel combustion ( 96 % ) , the majority of which is utility coal . Minor emissions came from cement and lime production and forest/grassland conversion . Carbon dioxide sinks ( i.e. , an increase in forest carbon storage ) offset about 26 % of the total carbon dioxide emissions .   Sources of methane emissions were coal mining ( 73 % ) , domesticated animals ( 12 % ) , landfills ( 10 % ) , manure management ( 3 % ) , and natural gas/oil extraction ( 2 % ) .   Nitrous oxide emissions were from fertilizer use . Sources of perfluorocarbons were HCFC-22 production ( 91 % ) and aluminum production ( 9 % ) .   Kentucky 's emissions in 1990 were 9.6 MTCE per capita , compared to 1990 U.S. emissions of 6.4 MTCE per capita . Kentucky 's per capita emissions are high due to the large volume of coal-related activities in the state .

negative: Carbon Recycling International Carbon Recycling International Inc. ( CRI ) is an Icelandic renewable methanol company . Its emissions-to-liquid process uses carbon dioxide and water and electricity to create methanol fuel .

negative: Green textile Green textiles are farmed , processed and manufactured with minimal impact on the environment with regard to energy , resource , raw material usage ; greenhouse gases / Carbon dioxide emissions ; toxic emissions and waste generation .

negative: Politics of global warming The complex politics of global warming results from numerous cofactors arising from the global economy 's interdependence on carbon dioxide emitting hydrocarbon energy sources and because carbon dioxide is directly implicated in global warming -- making global warming a non-traditional environmental challenge .

negative: List of countries by carbon intensity This article lists countries by their carbon intensity . Carbon intensity is defined as a country 's annual carbon dioxide emissions divided by the country 's gross domestic product . National incomes are calculated using market exchange rates ( MER ) and purchasing power parities ( PPP ) . Units are metric tons of carbon dioxide per thousand year 2005 US dollars .

negative: List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions This is a list of countries by total greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions in 2010 . It is based on data for carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , perfluorocarbon , hydrofluorocarbon , and sulfur hexafluoride emissions compiled by the World Resources Institute . The emissions data shown below do not include land-use change and forestry .

negative: Deforestation and climate change Deforestation is one of the main contributors to climate change . It is the second largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere , after fossil fuel combustion . Deforestation and forest degradation contribute to atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions through combustion of forest biomass and decomposition of remaining plant material and soil carbon . It used to account for more than 20 % of carbon dioxide emissions , but it 's currently somewhere around the 10 % mark . By 2008 , deforestation was 12 % of total , or 15 % if peatlands are included . These proportions are likely to have fallen since given the continued rise of fossil fuel use .   Averaged over all land and ocean surfaces , temperatures warmed roughly 1.53 ° F ( 0.85 ° C ) between 1880 and 2012 , according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . In the Northern Hemisphere , 1983 to 2012 were the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years .

negative: Continuous emissions monitoring system Continuous emission monitoring systems ( CEMS ) were historically used as a tool to monitor flue gas for oxygen , carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to provide information for combustion control in industrial settings . They are currently used as a means to comply with air emission standards such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency 's Acid Rain Program , other federal emission programs , or state permitted emission standards . Facilities employ the use of CEMS to continuously collect , record and report the required emissions data .   The standard CEM system consists of a sample probe , filter , sample line ( umbilical ) , gas conditioning system , calibration gas system , and a series of gas analyzers which reflect the parameters being monitored . Typical monitored emissions include : sulfur dioxide , nitrogen oxides , carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide , hydrogen chloride , airborne particulate matter , mercury , volatile organic compounds , and oxygen . CEM systems can also measure air flow , flue gas opacity and moisture .   In the U.S. , the EPA requires a data acquisition and handling system to collect and report the data . emissions must be measured in pounds per hour using both an pollutant concentration monitor and a volumetric flow monitor . For NOx , both a NOx pollutant concentration monitor and a diluent gas monitor are required to determine the emissions rate ( lbs/mmBtu ) . Opacity must also be monitored . NOx measuring is not a current requirement , however if monitored , a or oxygen monitor plus a flow monitor should be used . In monitoring these emissions , the system must be in continuous operation and must be able to sample , analyze , and record data at least every 15 minutes and then averaged hourly .