block: Introduce BlockBackendPublic

Some features, like I/O throttling, are implemented outside
block-backend.c, but still want to keep information in BlockBackend,
e.g. list entries that allow keeping a list of BlockBackends.

In order to avoid exposing the whole struct layout in the public header
file, this patch introduces an embedded public struct where such
information can be added and a pair of functions to convert between
BlockBackend and BlockBackendPublic.

Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Alberto Garcia <berto@igalia.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
