avcodec/shorten: Move buffer allocation and offset init to end of read_header()

They are time consuming operations, performing them after the other checks
improves the speed with damaged input dramatically.

Fixes: Timeout
Fixes: 2928/clusterfuzz-testcase-4992812120539136

Found-by: continuous fuzzing process https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz/tree/master/projects/ffmpeg
Reviewed-by: Paul B Mahol <onemda@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Niedermayer <michael@niedermayer.cc>
