nbd: Expose constants and structs for structured read

Upcoming patches will implement the NBD structured reply
extension [1] for both client and server roles.  Declare the
constants, structs, and lookup routines that will be valuable
whether the server or client code is backported in isolation.

This includes moving one constant from an internal header to
the public header, as part of the structured read processing
will be done in block/nbd-client.c rather than nbd/client.c.

[1]https://github.com/NetworkBlockDevice/nbd/blob/extension-structured-reply/doc/proto.md

Based on patches from Vladimir Sementsov-Ogievskiy.

Signed-off-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Vladimir Sementsov-Ogievskiy <vsementsov@virtuozzo.com>
Message-Id: <20171027104037.8319-4-eblake@redhat.com>
