Fix BIO_f_cipher() flushing

If an error occurs during a flush on a BIO_f_cipher() then in some cases
we could get into an infinite loop. We add a check to make sure we are
making progress during flush and exit if not.

This issue was reported by Octavio Galland who also demonstrated an
infinite loop in CMS encryption as a result of this bug.

The security team has assessed this issue as not a CVE. This occurs on
*encryption* only which is typically processing trusted data. We are not
aware of a way to trigger this with untrusted data.

Reviewed-by: Hugo Landau <hlandau@openssl.org>
Reviewed-by: Tomas Mraz <tomas@openssl.org>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/19918)
