avutil/mathematics: speed up av_gcd by using Stein's binary GCD algorithm

This uses Stein's binary GCD algorithm:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_GCD_algorithm
to get a roughly 4x speedup over Euclidean GCD on standard architectures
with a compiler intrinsic for ctzll, and a roughly 2x speedup otherwise.
At the moment, the compiler intrinsic is used on GCC and Clang due to
its easy availability.

Quick note regarding overflow: yes, subtractions on int64_t can, but the
llabs takes care of that. The llabs is also guaranteed to be safe, with
no annoying INT64_MIN business since INT64_MIN being a power of 2, is
shifted down before being sent to llabs.

The binary GCD needs ff_ctzll, an extension of ff_ctz for long long (int64_t). On
GCC, this is provided by a built-in. On Microsoft, there is a
BitScanForward64 analog of BitScanForward that should work; but I can't confirm.
Apparently it is not available on 32 bit builds; so this may or may not
work correctly. On Intel, per the documentation there is only an
intrinsic for _bit_scan_forward and people have posted on forums
regarding _bit_scan_forward64, but often their documentation is
woeful. Again, I don't have it, so I can't test.

As such, to be safe, for now only the GCC/Clang intrinsic is added, the rest
use a compiled version based on the De-Bruijn method of Leiserson et al:
http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/papers/debruijn.pdf.

Tested with FATE, sample benchmark (x86-64, GCC 5.2.0, Haswell)
with a START_TIMER and STOP_TIMER in libavutil/rationsl.c, followed by a
make fate.

aac-am00_88.err:
builtin:
714 decicycles in av_gcd,    4095 runs,      1 skips

de-bruijn:
1440 decicycles in av_gcd,    4096 runs,      0 skips

previous:
2889 decicycles in av_gcd,    4096 runs,      0 skips

Signed-off-by: Ganesh Ajjanagadde <gajjanagadde@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Niedermayer <michael@niedermayer.cc>
