portal: Convert --env in extra-args into --env-fd

This hides overridden variables from the command-line, which means
processes running under other uids can't see them in /proc/*/cmdline,
which might be important if they contain secrets.

Signed-off-by: Simon McVittie <smcv@collabora.com>
Part-of: https://github.com/flatpak/flatpak/security/advisories/GHSA-4ppf-fxf6-vxg2