tests: Add coverage for recent block geometry fixes

Use blkdebug's new geometry constraints to emulate setups that
have needed past regression fixes: write zeroes asserting
when running through a loopback block device with max-transfer
smaller than cluster size, and discard rounding away portions
of requests not aligned to preferred boundaries.  Also, add
coverage that the block layer is honoring max transfer limits.

For now, a single iotest performs all actions, with the idea
that we can add future blkdebug constraint test cases in the
same file; but it can be split into multiple iotests if we find
reason to run one portion of the test in more setups than what
are possible in the other.

For reference, the final portion of the test (checking whether
discard passes as much as possible to the lowest layers of the
stack) works as follows:

qemu-io: discard 30M at 80000001, passed to blkdebug
  blkdebug: discard 511 bytes at 80000001, -ENOTSUP (smaller than
blkdebug's 512 align)
  blkdebug: discard 14371328 bytes at 80000512, passed to qcow2
    qcow2: discard 739840 bytes at 80000512, -ENOTSUP (smaller than
qcow2's 1M align)
    qcow2: discard 13M bytes at 77M, succeeds
  blkdebug: discard 15M bytes at 90M, passed to qcow2
    qcow2: discard 15M bytes at 90M, succeeds
  blkdebug: discard 1356800 bytes at 105M, passed to qcow2
    qcow2: discard 1M at 105M, succeeds
    qcow2: discard 308224 bytes at 106M, -ENOTSUP (smaller than qcow2's
1M align)
  blkdebug: discard 1 byte at 111457280, -ENOTSUP (smaller than
blkdebug's 512 align)

Signed-off-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Message-id: 20170429191419.30051-10-eblake@redhat.com
[mreitz: For cooperation with image locking, add -r to the qemu-io
         invocation which verifies the image content]
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
