Fix common test framework options

PR#6975 added the ability to our test framework to have common options to
all tests. For example providing the option "-test 5" to one of our test
programs will just run test number 5. This can be useful when debugging
tests.

Unforuntately this does not work well for a number of tests. In particular
those tests that call test_get_argument() without first skipping over these
common test options will not get the expected value. Some tests did this
correctly but a large number did not.

A helper function is introduced, test_skip_common_options(), to make this
easier for those tests which do not have their own specialised test option
handling, but yet still need to call test_get_argument(). This function
call is then added to all those tests that need it.

Reviewed-by: Shane Lontis <shane.lontis@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Paul Dale <paul.dale@oracle.com>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/10975)
