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14.8.17. testparm	14.8.17. testparm testparm <options> <filename> <hostname IP_address> The testparm program checks the syntax of the smb.conf file. If your smb.conf file is in the default location ( /etc/samba/smb.conf ) you do not need to specify the location. Specifying the hostname and IP address to the testparm program verifies that the hosts.allow and host.deny files are configured correctly. The testparm program also displays a summary of your smb.conf file and the server's role (stand-alone, domain, etc.) after testing. This is convenient when debugging as it excludes comments and concisely presents information for experienced administrators to read. For example:	[ "~]# testparm Load smb config files from /etc/samba/smb.conf Processing section \"[homes]\" Processing section \"[printers]\" Processing section \"[tmp]\" Processing section \"[html]\" Loaded services file OK. Server role: ROLE_STANDALONE Press enter to see a dump of your service definitions <enter> Global parameters [global] workgroup = MYGROUP server string = Samba Server security = SHARE log file = /var/log/samba/%m.log max log size = 50 socket options = TCP_NODELAY SO_RCVBUF=8192 SO_SNDBUF=8192 dns proxy = No [homes] comment = Home Directories read only = No browseable = No [printers] comment = All Printers path = /var/spool/samba printable = Yes browseable = No [tmp] comment = Wakko tmp path = /tmp guest only = Yes [html] comment = Wakko www path = /var/www/html force user = andriusb force group = users read only = No guest only = Yes" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/4/html/reference_guide/s2-samba-programs-testparm
Chapter 15. Using the partition reassignment tool	Chapter 15. Using the partition reassignment tool When scaling a Kafka cluster, you may need to add or remove brokers and update the distribution of partitions or the replication factor of topics. To update partitions and topics, you can use the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool. You can change the replication factor of a topic using the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool. The tool can also be used to reassign partitions and balance the distribution of partitions across brokers to improve performance. However, it is recommended to use Cruise Control for automated partition reassignments and cluster rebalancing and changing the topic replication factor . Cruise Control can move topics from one broker to another without any downtime, and it is the most efficient way to reassign partitions. 15.1. Partition reassignment tool overview The partition reassignment tool provides the following capabilities for managing Kafka partitions and brokers: Redistributing partition replicas Scale your cluster up and down by adding or removing brokers, and move Kafka partitions from heavily loaded brokers to under-utilized brokers. To do this, you must create a partition reassignment plan that identifies which topics and partitions to move and where to move them. Cruise Control is recommended for this type of operation as it automates the cluster rebalancing process . Scaling topic replication factor up and down Increase or decrease the replication factor of your Kafka topics. To do this, you must create a partition reassignment plan that identifies the existing replication assignment across partitions and an updated assignment with the replication factor changes. Changing the preferred leader Change the preferred leader of a Kafka partition. This can be useful if the current preferred leader is unavailable or if you want to redistribute load across the brokers in the cluster. To do this, you must create a partition reassignment plan that specifies the new preferred leader for each partition by changing the order of replicas. Changing the log directories to use a specific JBOD volume Change the log directories of your Kafka brokers to use a specific JBOD volume. This can be useful if you want to move your Kafka data to a different disk or storage device. To do this, you must create a partition reassignment plan that specifies the new log directory for each topic. 15.1.1. Generating a partition reassignment plan The partition reassignment tool ( kafka-reassign-partitions.sh ) works by generating a partition assignment plan that specifies which partitions should be moved from their current broker to a new broker. If you are satisfied with the plan, you can execute it. The tool then does the following: Migrates the partition data to the new broker Updates the metadata on the Kafka brokers to reflect the new partition assignments Triggers a rolling restart of the Kafka brokers to ensure that the new assignments take effect The partition reassignment tool has three different modes: --generate Takes a set of topics and brokers and generates a reassignment JSON file which will result in the partitions of those topics being assigned to those brokers. Because this operates on whole topics, it cannot be used when you only want to reassign some partitions of some topics. --execute Takes a reassignment JSON file and applies it to the partitions and brokers in the cluster. Brokers that gain partitions as a result become followers of the partition leader. For a given partition, once the new broker has caught up and joined the ISR (in-sync replicas) the old broker will stop being a follower and will delete its replica. --verify Using the same reassignment JSON file as the --execute step, --verify checks whether all the partitions in the file have been moved to their intended brokers. If the reassignment is complete, --verify also removes any traffic throttles ( --throttle ) that are in effect. Unless removed, throttles will continue to affect the cluster even after the reassignment has finished. It is only possible to have one reassignment running in a cluster at any given time, and it is not possible to cancel a running reassignment. If you must cancel a reassignment, wait for it to complete and then perform another reassignment to revert the effects of the first reassignment. The kafka-reassign-partitions.sh will print the reassignment JSON for this reversion as part of its output. Very large reassignments should be broken down into a number of smaller reassignments in case there is a need to stop in-progress reassignment. 15.1.2. Specifying topics in a partition reassignment JSON file The kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool uses a reassignment JSON file that specifies the topics to reassign. You can generate a reassignment JSON file or create a file manually if you want to move specific partitions. A basic reassignment JSON file has the structure presented in the following example, which describes three partitions belonging to two Kafka topics. Each partition is reassigned to a new set of replicas, which are identified by their broker IDs. The version , topic , partition , and replicas properties are all required. Example partition reassignment JSON file structure 1 The version of the reassignment JSON file format. Currently, only version 1 is supported, so this should always be 1. 2 An array that specifies the partitions to be reassigned. 3 The name of the Kafka topic that the partition belongs to. 4 The ID of the partition being reassigned. 5 An ordered array of the IDs of the brokers that should be assigned as replicas for this partition. The first broker in the list is the leader replica. Note Partitions not included in the JSON are not changed. If you specify only topics using a topics array, the partition reassignment tool reassigns all the partitions belonging to the specified topics. Example reassignment JSON file structure for reassigning all partitions for a topic 15.1.3. Reassigning partitions between JBOD volumes When using JBOD storage in your Kafka cluster, you can reassign the partitions between specific volumes and their log directories (each volume has a single log directory). To reassign a partition to a specific volume, add log_dirs values for each partition in the reassignment JSON file. Each log_dirs array contains the same number of entries as the replicas array, since each replica should be assigned to a specific log directory. The log_dirs array contains either an absolute path to a log directory or the special value any . The any value indicates that Kafka can choose any available log directory for that replica, which can be useful when reassigning partitions between JBOD volumes. Example reassignment JSON file structure with log directories 15.1.4. Throttling partition reassignment Partition reassignment can be a slow process because it involves transferring large amounts of data between brokers. To avoid a detrimental impact on clients, you can throttle the reassignment process. Use the --throttle parameter with the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool to throttle a reassignment. You specify a maximum threshold in bytes per second for the movement of partitions between brokers. For example, --throttle 5000000 sets a maximum threshold for moving partitions of 50 MBps. Throttling might cause the reassignment to take longer to complete. If the throttle is too low, the newly assigned brokers will not be able to keep up with records being published and the reassignment will never complete. If the throttle is too high, clients will be impacted. For example, for producers, this could manifest as higher than normal latency waiting for acknowledgment. For consumers, this could manifest as a drop in throughput caused by higher latency between polls. 15.2. Reassigning partitions after adding brokers Use a reassignment file generated by the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool to reassign partitions after increasing the number of brokers in a Kafka cluster. The reassignment file should describe how partitions are reassigned to brokers in the enlarged Kafka cluster. You apply the reassignment specified in the file to the brokers and then verify the new partition assignments. This procedure describes a secure scaling process that uses TLS. You'll need a Kafka cluster that uses TLS encryption and mTLS authentication. Note Though you can use the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool, Cruise Control is recommended for automated partition reassignments and cluster rebalancing . Cruise Control can move topics from one broker to another without any downtime, and it is the most efficient way to reassign partitions. Prerequisites An existing Kafka cluster. A new machine with the additional AMQ broker installed . You have created a JSON file to specify how partitions should be reassigned to brokers in the enlarged cluster. In this procedure, we are reassigning all partitions for a topic called my-topic . A JSON file named topics.json specifies the topic, and is used to generate a reassignment.json file. Example JSON file specifies my-topic { "version": 1, "topics": [ { "topic": "my-topic"} ] } Procedure Create a configuration file for the new broker using the same settings as for the other brokers in your cluster, except for broker.id , which should be a number that is not already used by any of the other brokers. Start the new Kafka broker passing the configuration file you created in the step as the argument to the kafka-server-start.sh script: su - kafka /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-server-start.sh -daemon /opt/kafka/config/kraft/server.properties Verify that the Kafka broker is running. jcmd \| grep Kafka Repeat the above steps for each new broker. If you haven't done so, generate a reassignment JSON file named reassignment.json using the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool. Example command to generate the reassignment JSON file /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --topics-to-move-json-file topics.json \ 1 --broker-list 0,1,2,3,4 \ 2 --generate 1 The JSON file that specifies the topic. 2 Brokers IDs in the kafka cluster to include in the operation. This assumes broker 4 has been added. Example reassignment JSON file showing the current and proposed replica assignment Current partition replica assignment {"version":1,"partitions":[{"topic":"my-topic","partition":0,"replicas":[0,1,2],"log_dirs":["any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":1,"replicas":[1,2,3],"log_dirs":["any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":2,"replicas":[2,3,0],"log_dirs":["any","any","any"]}]} Proposed partition reassignment configuration {"version":1,"partitions":[{"topic":"my-topic","partition":0,"replicas":[0,1,2,3],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":1,"replicas":[1,2,3,4],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":2,"replicas":[2,3,4,0],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]}]} Save a copy of this file locally in case you need to revert the changes later on. Run the partition reassignment using the --execute option. /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json \ --execute If you are going to throttle replication you can also pass the --throttle option with an inter-broker throttled rate in bytes per second. For example: /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json \ --throttle 5000000 \ --execute Verify that the reassignment has completed using the --verify option. /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json \ --verify The reassignment has finished when the --verify command reports that each of the partitions being moved has completed successfully. This final --verify will also have the effect of removing any reassignment throttles. 15.3. Reassigning partitions before removing brokers Use a reassignment file generated by the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool to reassign partitions before decreasing the number of brokers in a Kafka cluster. The reassignment file must describe how partitions are reassigned to the remaining brokers in the Kafka cluster. You apply the reassignment specified in the file to the brokers and then verify the new partition assignments. Brokers in the highest numbered pods are removed first. This procedure describes a secure scaling process that uses TLS. You'll need a Kafka cluster that uses TLS encryption and mTLS authentication. Note Though you can use the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool, Cruise Control is recommended for automated partition reassignments and cluster rebalancing . Cruise Control can move topics from one broker to another without any downtime, and it is the most efficient way to reassign partitions. Prerequisites An existing Kafka cluster. You have created a JSON file to specify how partitions should be reassigned to brokers in the reduced cluster. In this procedure, we are reassigning all partitions for a topic called my-topic . A JSON file named topics.json specifies the topic, and is used to generate a reassignment.json file. Example JSON file specifies my-topic { "version": 1, "topics": [ { "topic": "my-topic"} ] } Procedure If you haven't done so, generate a reassignment JSON file named reassignment.json using the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool. Example command to generate the reassignment JSON file /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --topics-to-move-json-file topics.json \ 1 --broker-list 0,1,2,3 \ 2 --generate 1 The JSON file that specifies the topic. 2 Brokers IDs in the kafka cluster to include in the operation. This assumes broker 4 has been removed. Example reassignment JSON file showing the current and proposed replica assignment Current partition replica assignment {"version":1,"partitions":[{"topic":"my-topic","partition":0,"replicas":[3,4,2,0],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":1,"replicas":[0,2,3,1],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":2,"replicas":[1,3,0,4],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]}]} Proposed partition reassignment configuration {"version":1,"partitions":[{"topic":"my-topic","partition":0,"replicas":[0,1,2],"log_dirs":["any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":1,"replicas":[1,2,3],"log_dirs":["any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":2,"replicas":[2,3,0],"log_dirs":["any","any","any"]}]} Save a copy of this file locally in case you need to revert the changes later on. Run the partition reassignment using the --execute option. /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json \ --execute If you are going to throttle replication you can also pass the --throttle option with an inter-broker throttled rate in bytes per second. For example: /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json \ --throttle 5000000 \ --execute Verify that the reassignment has completed using the --verify option. /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json \ --verify The reassignment has finished when the --verify command reports that each of the partitions being moved has completed successfully. This final --verify will also have the effect of removing any reassignment throttles. Check that each broker being removed does not have any live partitions in its log ( log.dirs ). ls -l <LogDir> \| grep -E '^d' \| grep -vE '[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-z0-9]+-deleteUSD' If a log directory does not match the regular expression \.[a-z0-9]-deleteUSD , active partitions are still present. If you have active partitions, check the reassignment has finished or the configuration in the reassignment JSON file. You can run the reassignment again. Make sure that there are no active partitions before moving on to the step. Stop the broker. su - kafka /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-server-stop.sh Confirm that the Kafka broker has stopped. jcmd \| grep kafka 15.4. Changing the replication factor of topics Use the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool to change the replication factor of topics in a Kafka cluster. This can be done using a reassignment file to describe how the topic replicas should be changed. Prerequisites An existing Kafka cluster. You have created a JSON file to specify the topics to include in the operation. In this procedure, a topic called my-topic has 4 replicas and we want to reduce it to 3. A JSON file named topics.json specifies the topic, and is used to generate a reassignment.json file. Example JSON file specifies my-topic { "version": 1, "topics": [ { "topic": "my-topic"} ] } Procedure If you haven't done so, generate a reassignment JSON file named reassignment.json using the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool. Example command to generate the reassignment JSON file /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --topics-to-move-json-file topics.json \ 1 --broker-list 0,1,2,3,4 \ 2 --generate 1 The JSON file that specifies the topic. 2 Brokers IDs in the kafka cluster to include in the operation. Example reassignment JSON file showing the current and proposed replica assignment Current partition replica assignment {"version":1,"partitions":[{"topic":"my-topic","partition":0,"replicas":[3,4,2,0],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":1,"replicas":[0,2,3,1],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":2,"replicas":[1,3,0,4],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]}]} Proposed partition reassignment configuration {"version":1,"partitions":[{"topic":"my-topic","partition":0,"replicas":[0,1,2,3],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":1,"replicas":[1,2,3,4],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":2,"replicas":[2,3,4,0],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]}]} Save a copy of this file locally in case you need to revert the changes later on. Edit the reassignment.json to remove a replica from each partition. For example use jq to remove the last replica in the list for each partition of the topic: Removing the last topic replica for each partition jq '.partitions[].replicas \|= del(.[-1])' reassignment.json > reassignment.json Example reassignment file showing the updated replicas {"version":1,"partitions":[{"topic":"my-topic","partition":0,"replicas":[0,1,2],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":1,"replicas":[1,2,3],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]},{"topic":"my-topic","partition":2,"replicas":[2,3,4],"log_dirs":["any","any","any","any"]}]} Make the topic replica change using the --execute option. /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json \ --execute Note Removing replicas from a broker does not require any inter-broker data movement, so there is no need to throttle replication. If you are adding replicas, then you may want to change the throttle rate. Verify that the change to the topic replicas has completed using the --verify option. /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json \ --verify The reassignment has finished when the --verify command reports that each of the partitions being moved has completed successfully. This final --verify will also have the effect of removing any reassignment throttles. Run the bin/kafka-topics.sh command with the --describe option to see the results of the change to the topics. /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-topics.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --describe Results of reducing the number of replicas for a topic my-topic Partition: 0 Leader: 0 Replicas: 0,1,2 Isr: 0,1,2 my-topic Partition: 1 Leader: 2 Replicas: 1,2,3 Isr: 1,2,3 my-topic Partition: 2 Leader: 3 Replicas: 2,3,4 Isr: 2,3,4	[ "{ \"version\": 1, 1 \"partitions\": [ 2 { \"topic\": \"example-topic-1\", 3 \"partition\": 0, 4 \"replicas\": [1, 2, 3] 5 }, { \"topic\": \"example-topic-1\", \"partition\": 1, \"replicas\": [2, 3, 4] }, { \"topic\": \"example-topic-2\", \"partition\": 0, \"replicas\": [3, 4, 5] } ] }", "{ \"version\": 1, \"topics\": [ { \"topic\": \"my-topic\"} ] }", "{ \"version\": 1, \"partitions\": [ { \"topic\": \"example-topic-1\", \"partition\": 0, \"replicas\": [1, 2, 3] \"log_dirs\": [\"/var/lib/kafka/data-0/kafka-log1\", \"any\", \"/var/lib/kafka/data-1/kafka-log2\"] }, { \"topic\": \"example-topic-1\", \"partition\": 1, \"replicas\": [2, 3, 4] \"log_dirs\": [\"any\", \"/var/lib/kafka/data-2/kafka-log3\", \"/var/lib/kafka/data-3/kafka-log4\"] }, { \"topic\": \"example-topic-2\", \"partition\": 0, \"replicas\": [3, 4, 5] \"log_dirs\": [\"/var/lib/kafka/data-4/kafka-log5\", \"any\", \"/var/lib/kafka/data-5/kafka-log6\"] } ] }", "{ \"version\": 1, \"topics\": [ { \"topic\": \"my-topic\"} ] }", "su - kafka /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-server-start.sh -daemon /opt/kafka/config/kraft/server.properties", "jcmd \| grep Kafka", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --topics-to-move-json-file topics.json \\ 1 --broker-list 0,1,2,3,4 \\ 2 --generate", "Current partition replica assignment {\"version\":1,\"partitions\":[{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":0,\"replicas\":[0,1,2],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":1,\"replicas\":[1,2,3],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":2,\"replicas\":[2,3,0],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]}]} Proposed partition reassignment configuration {\"version\":1,\"partitions\":[{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":0,\"replicas\":[0,1,2,3],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":1,\"replicas\":[1,2,3,4],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":2,\"replicas\":[2,3,4,0],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]}]}", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json --execute", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json --throttle 5000000 --execute", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json --verify", "{ \"version\": 1, \"topics\": [ { \"topic\": \"my-topic\"} ] }", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --topics-to-move-json-file topics.json \\ 1 --broker-list 0,1,2,3 \\ 2 --generate", "Current partition replica assignment {\"version\":1,\"partitions\":[{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":0,\"replicas\":[3,4,2,0],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":1,\"replicas\":[0,2,3,1],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":2,\"replicas\":[1,3,0,4],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]}]} Proposed partition reassignment configuration {\"version\":1,\"partitions\":[{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":0,\"replicas\":[0,1,2],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":1,\"replicas\":[1,2,3],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":2,\"replicas\":[2,3,0],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]}]}", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json --execute", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json --throttle 5000000 --execute", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json --verify", "ls -l <LogDir> \| grep -E '^d' \| grep -vE '[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\\.[a-z0-9]+-deleteUSD'", "su - kafka /opt/kafka/bin/kafka-server-stop.sh", "jcmd \| grep kafka", "{ \"version\": 1, \"topics\": [ { \"topic\": \"my-topic\"} ] }", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --topics-to-move-json-file topics.json \\ 1 --broker-list 0,1,2,3,4 \\ 2 --generate", "Current partition replica assignment {\"version\":1,\"partitions\":[{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":0,\"replicas\":[3,4,2,0],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":1,\"replicas\":[0,2,3,1],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":2,\"replicas\":[1,3,0,4],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]}]} Proposed partition reassignment configuration {\"version\":1,\"partitions\":[{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":0,\"replicas\":[0,1,2,3],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":1,\"replicas\":[1,2,3,4],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":2,\"replicas\":[2,3,4,0],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]}]}", "jq '.partitions[].replicas \|= del(.[-1])' reassignment.json > reassignment.json", "{\"version\":1,\"partitions\":[{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":0,\"replicas\":[0,1,2],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":1,\"replicas\":[1,2,3],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]},{\"topic\":\"my-topic\",\"partition\":2,\"replicas\":[2,3,4],\"log_dirs\":[\"any\",\"any\",\"any\",\"any\"]}]}", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json --execute", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --reassignment-json-file reassignment.json --verify", "/opt/kafka/bin/kafka-topics.sh --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 --describe", "my-topic Partition: 0 Leader: 0 Replicas: 0,1,2 Isr: 0,1,2 my-topic Partition: 1 Leader: 2 Replicas: 1,2,3 Isr: 1,2,3 my-topic Partition: 2 Leader: 3 Replicas: 2,3,4 Isr: 2,3,4" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_streams_for_apache_kafka/2.7/html/using_streams_for_apache_kafka_on_rhel_in_kraft_mode/assembly-reassign-tool-str
Chapter 1. Introduction to provisioning	Chapter 1. Introduction to provisioning Provisioning is a process that starts with a bare physical or virtual machine and ends with a fully configured, ready-to-use operating system. Using Red Hat Satellite, you can define and automate fine-grained provisioning for a large number of hosts. 1.1. Provisioning methods in Red Hat Satellite With Red Hat Satellite, you can provision hosts by using the following methods. Bare-metal hosts Satellite provisions bare-metal hosts primarily by using PXE boot and MAC address identification. When provisioning bare-metal hosts with Satellite, you can do the following: Create host entries and specify the MAC address of the physical host to provision. Boot blank hosts to use the Satellite Discovery service, which creates a pool of hosts that are ready for provisioning. Cloud providers Satellite connects to private and public cloud providers to provision instances of hosts from images stored in the cloud environment. When provisioning from cloud with Satellite, you can do the following: Select which hardware profile to use. Provision cloud instances from specific providers by using their APIs. Virtualization infrastructure Satellite connects to virtualization infrastructure services, such as Red Hat Virtualization and VMware. When provisioning virtual machines with Satellite, you can do the following: Provision virtual machines from virtual image templates. Use the same PXE-based boot methods that you use to provision bare-metal hosts. 1.2. Supported host platforms in provisioning Satellite supports the following operating systems and architectures for host provisioning. Supported host operating systems The hosts can use the following operating systems: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 and 8 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 and 6 with the ELS Add-On Supported host architectures The hosts can use the following architectures: AMD and Intel 64-bit architectures The 64-bit ARM architecture IBM Power Systems, Little Endian 64-bit IBM Z architectures 1.3. Supported cloud providers You can connect the following cloud providers as compute resources to Satellite: Red Hat OpenStack Platform Amazon EC2 Google Compute Engine Microsoft Azure 1.4. Supported virtualization infrastructures You can connect the following virtualization infrastructures as compute resources to Satellite: KVM (libvirt) Red Hat Virtualization (deprecated) VMware OpenShift Virtualization 1.5. Network boot provisioning workflow The provisioning process follows a basic PXE workflow: You create a host and select a domain and subnet. Satellite requests an available IP address from the DHCP Capsule Server that is associated with the subnet or from the PostgreSQL database in Satellite. Satellite loads this IP address into the IP address field in the Create Host window. When you complete all the options for the new host, submit the new host request. Depending on the configuration specifications of the host and its domain and subnet, Satellite creates the following settings: A DHCP record on Capsule Server that is associated with the subnet. A forward DNS record on Capsule Server that is associated with the domain. A reverse DNS record on the DNS Capsule Server that is associated with the subnet. PXELinux, Grub, Grub2, and iPXE configuration files for the host in the TFTP Capsule Server that is associated with the subnet. A Puppet certificate on the associated Puppet server. A realm on the associated identity server. The host is configured to boot from the network as the first device and HDD as the second device. The new host requests a DHCP reservation from the DHCP server. The DHCP server responds to the reservation request and returns TFTP -server and filename options. The host requests the boot loader and menu from the TFTP server according to the PXELoader setting. A boot loader is returned over TFTP. The boot loader fetches configuration for the host through its provisioning interface MAC address. The boot loader fetches the operating system installer kernel, init RAM disk, and boot parameters. The installer requests the provisioning template from Satellite. Satellite renders the provision template and returns the result to the host. The installer performs installation of the operating system. The installer registers the host to Satellite by using Subscription Manager. The installer notifies Satellite of a successful build in the postinstall script. The PXE configuration files revert to a local boot template. The host reboots. The new host requests a DHCP reservation from the DHCP server. The DHCP server responds to the reservation request and returns TFTP -server and filename options. The host requests the bootloader and menu from the TFTP server according to the PXELoader setting. A boot loader is returned over TFTP. The boot loader fetches the configuration for the host through its provision interface MAC address. The boot loader initiates boot from the local drive. If you configured the host to use Puppet classes, the host uses the modules to configure itself. The fully provisioned host performs the following workflow: The host is configured to boot from the network as the first device and HDD as the second device. The new host requests a DHCP reservation from the DHCP server. The DHCP server responds to the reservation request and returns TFTP -server and filename options. The host requests the boot loader and menu from the TFTP server according to the PXELoader setting. A boot loader is returned over TFTP. The boot loader fetches the configuration settings for the host through its provisioning interface MAC address. For BIOS hosts: The boot loader returns non-bootable device so BIOS skips to the device (boot from HDD). For EFI hosts: The boot loader finds Grub2 on a ESP partition and chainboots it. If the host is unknown to Satellite, a default bootloader configuration is provided. When Discovery service is enabled, it boots into discovery, otherwise it boots from HDD. This workflow differs depending on custom options. For example: Discovery If you use the discovery service, Satellite automatically detects the MAC address of the new host and restarts the host after you submit a request. Note that TCP port 8443 must be reachable by the Capsule to which the host is attached for Satellite to restart the host. PXE-less Provisioning After you submit a new host request, you must boot the specific host with the boot disk that you download from Satellite and transfer by using an external storage device. Compute Resources Satellite creates the virtual machine and retrieves the MAC address and stores the MAC address in Satellite. If you use image-based provisioning, the host does not follow the standard PXE boot and operating system installation. The compute resource creates a copy of the image for the host to use. Depending on image settings in Satellite, seed data can be passed in for initial configuration, for example by using cloud-init . Satellite can connect to the host by using SSH and execute a template to finish the customization. 1.6. Required boot order for network boot For physical or virtual BIOS hosts Set the first booting device as boot configuration with network. Set the second booting device as boot from hard drive. Satellite manages TFTP boot configuration files, so hosts can be easily provisioned just by rebooting. For physical or virtual EFI hosts Set the first booting device as boot configuration with network. Depending on the EFI firmware type and configuration, the operating system installer typically configures the operating system boot loader as the first entry. To reboot into installer again, use the efibootmgr utility to switch back to boot from network.	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_satellite/6.16/html/provisioning_hosts/introduction_to_provisioning_provisioning
3.6. Testing the Resource Configuration	3.6. Testing the Resource Configuration You can validate your system configuration with the following procedure. You should be able to mount the exported file system with either NFSv3 or NFSv4. On a node outside of the cluster, residing in the same network as the deployment, verify that the NFS share can be seen by mounting the NFS share. For this example, we are using the 192.168.122.0/24 network. To verify that you can mount the NFS share with NFSv4, mount the NFS share to a directory on the client node. After mounting, verify that the contents of the export directories are visible. Unmount the share after testing. Verify that you can mount the NFS share with NFSv3. After mounting, verify that the test file clientdatafile1 is visible. Unlike NFSv4, since NFSV3 does not use the virtual file system, you must mount a specific export. Unmount the share after testing. To test for failover, perform the following steps. On a node outside of the cluster, mount the NFS share and verify access to the clientdatafile1 we created in Section 3.3, "NFS Share Setup" . From a node within the cluster, determine which node in the cluster is running nfsgroup . In this example, nfsgroup is running on z1.example.com . From a node within the cluster, put the node that is running nfsgroup in standby mode. Verify that nfsgroup successfully starts on the other cluster node. From the node outside the cluster on which you have mounted the NFS share, verify that this outside node still continues to have access to the test file within the NFS mount. Service will be lost briefly for the client during the failover briefly but the client should recover in with no user intervention. By default, clients using NFSv4 may take up to 90 seconds to recover the mount; this 90 seconds represents the NFSv4 file lease grace period observed by the server on startup. NFSv3 clients should recover access to the mount in a matter of a few seconds. From a node within the cluster, remove the node that was initially running running nfsgroup from standby mode. This will not in itself move the cluster resources back to this node. Note Removing a node from standby mode does not in itself cause the resources to fail back over to that node. This will depend on the resource-stickiness value for the resources. For information on the resource-stickiness meta attribute, see Configuring a Resource to Prefer its Current Node in the Red Hat High Availability Add-On Reference .	[ "showmount -e 192.168.122.200 Export list for 192.168.122.200: /nfsshare/exports/export1 192.168.122.0/255.255.255.0 /nfsshare/exports 192.168.122.0/255.255.255.0 /nfsshare/exports/export2 192.168.122.0/255.255.255.0", "mkdir nfsshare mount -o \"vers=4\" 192.168.122.200:export1 nfsshare ls nfsshare clientdatafile1 umount nfsshare", "mkdir nfsshare mount -o \"vers=3\" 192.168.122.200:/nfsshare/exports/export2 nfsshare ls nfsshare clientdatafile2 umount nfsshare", "mkdir nfsshare mount -o \"vers=4\" 192.168.122.200:export1 nfsshare ls nfsshare clientdatafile1", "pcs status Full list of resources: myapc (stonith:fence_apc_snmp): Started z1.example.com Resource Group: nfsgroup my_lvm (ocf::heartbeat:LVM): Started z1.example.com nfsshare (ocf::heartbeat:Filesystem): Started z1.example.com nfs-daemon (ocf::heartbeat:nfsserver): Started z1.example.com nfs-root (ocf::heartbeat:exportfs): Started z1.example.com nfs-export1 (ocf::heartbeat:exportfs): Started z1.example.com nfs-export2 (ocf::heartbeat:exportfs): Started z1.example.com nfs_ip (ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2): Started z1.example.com nfs-notify (ocf::heartbeat:nfsnotify): Started z1.example.com", "pcs node standby z1.example.com", "pcs status Full list of resources: Resource Group: nfsgroup my_lvm (ocf::heartbeat:LVM): Started z2.example.com nfsshare (ocf::heartbeat:Filesystem): Started z2.example.com nfs-daemon (ocf::heartbeat:nfsserver): Started z2.example.com nfs-root (ocf::heartbeat:exportfs): Started z2.example.com nfs-export1 (ocf::heartbeat:exportfs): Started z2.example.com nfs-export2 (ocf::heartbeat:exportfs): Started z2.example.com nfs_ip (ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2): Started z2.example.com nfs-notify (ocf::heartbeat:nfsnotify): Started z2.example.com", "ls nfsshare clientdatafile1", "pcs node unstandby z1.example.com" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/high_availability_add-on_administration/s1-unittestNFS-HAAA
Deploying OpenShift Data Foundation using Microsoft Azure	Deploying OpenShift Data Foundation using Microsoft Azure Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation 4.18 Instructions on deploying OpenShift Data Foundation using Microsoft Azure Red Hat Storage Documentation Team Abstract Read this document for instructions about how to install and manage Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation using Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform on Microsoft Azure. Making open source more inclusive Red Hat is committed to replacing problematic language in our code, documentation, and web properties. We are beginning with these four terms: master, slave, blacklist, and whitelist. Because of the enormity of this endeavor, these changes will be implemented gradually over several upcoming releases. For more details, see our CTO Chris Wright's message . Providing feedback on Red Hat documentation We appreciate your input on our documentation. Do let us know how we can make it better. To give feedback, create a Jira ticket: Log in to the Jira . Click Create in the top navigation bar Enter a descriptive title in the Summary field. Enter your suggestion for improvement in the Description field. Include links to the relevant parts of the documentation. Select Documentation in the Components field. Click Create at the bottom of the dialogue. Preface Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation supports deployment on existing Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform (RHOCP) Azure clusters. Note Only internal OpenShift Data Foundation clusters are supported on Microsoft Azure. See Planning your deployment for more information about deployment requirements. To deploy OpenShift Data Foundation, start with the requirements in Preparing to deploy OpenShift Data Foundation chapter and then follow the appropriate deployment process based on your requirement: Deploy OpenShift Data Foundation on Microsoft Azure Deploy standalone Multicloud Object Gateway component Chapter 1. Preparing to deploy OpenShift Data Foundation Deploying OpenShift Data Foundation on OpenShift Container Platform using dynamic storage devices provides you with the option to create internal cluster resources. This will result in the internal provisioning of the base services, which helps to make additional storage classes available to applications. Before you begin the deployment of OpenShift Data Foundation, follow these steps: Setup a chrony server. See Configuring chrony time service and use knowledgebase solution to create rules allowing all traffic. Optional: If you want to enable cluster-wide encryption using the external Key Management System (KMS) HashiCorp Vault, follow these steps: Ensure that you have a valid Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Advanced subscription. To know how subscriptions for OpenShift Data Foundation work, see knowledgebase article on OpenShift Data Foundation subscriptions . When the Token authentication method is selected for encryption then refer to Enabling cluster-wide encryption with the Token authentication using KMS . When the Kubernetes authentication method is selected for encryption then refer to Enabling cluster-wide encryption with the Kubernetes authentication using KMS . Ensure that you are using signed certificates on your Vault servers. Note If you are using Thales CipherTrust Manager as your KMS, you will enable it during deployment. Minimum starting node requirements An OpenShift Data Foundation cluster is deployed with minimum configuration when the standard deployment resource requirement is not met. See Resource requirements section in Planning guide. Disaster recovery requirements Disaster Recovery features supported by Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation require all of the following prerequisites to successfully implement a disaster recovery solution: A valid Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Advanced subscription A valid Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes subscription To know how subscriptions for OpenShift Data Foundation work, see knowledgebase article on OpenShift Data Foundation subscriptions . For detailed requirements, see Configuring OpenShift Data Foundation Disaster Recovery for OpenShift Workloads guide, and Requirements and recommendations section of the Install guide in Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes documentation. Chapter 2. Deploying OpenShift Data Foundation on Microsoft Azure You can deploy OpenShift Data Foundation on OpenShift Container Platform using dynamic storage devices provided by Microsoft Azure installer-provisioned infrastructure (IPI) (type: managed-csi ) that enables you to create internal cluster resources. This results in internal provisioning of the base services, which helps to make additional storage classes available to applications. Also, it is possible to deploy only the Multicloud Object Gateway (MCG) component with OpenShift Data Foundation. For more information, see Deploy standalone Multicloud Object Gateway . Note Only internal OpenShift Data Foundation clusters are supported on Microsoft Azure. See Planning your deployment for more information about deployment requirements. Ensure that you have addressed the requirements in Preparing to deploy OpenShift Data Foundation chapter before proceeding with the below steps for deploying using dynamic storage devices: Install the Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Operator . Create the OpenShift Data Foundation Cluster 2.1. Installing Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Operator You can install Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Operator using the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform Operator Hub. Prerequisites Access to an OpenShift Container Platform cluster using an account with cluster-admin and operator installation permissions. You must have at least three worker or infrastructure nodes in the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform cluster. For additional resource requirements, see the Planning your deployment guide. Important When you need to override the cluster-wide default node selector for OpenShift Data Foundation, you can use the following command to specify a blank node selector for the openshift-storage namespace (create openshift-storage namespace in this case): Taint a node as infra to ensure only Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation resources are scheduled on that node. This helps you save on subscription costs. For more information, see the How to use dedicated worker nodes for Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation section in the Managing and Allocating Storage Resources guide. Procedure Log in to the OpenShift Web Console. Click Operators -> OperatorHub . Scroll or type OpenShift Data Foundation into the Filter by keyword box to find the OpenShift Data Foundation Operator. Click Install . Set the following options on the Install Operator page: Update Channel as stable-4.18 . Installation Mode as A specific namespace on the cluster . Installed Namespace as Operator recommended namespace openshift-storage . If Namespace openshift-storage does not exist, it is created during the operator installation. Select Approval Strategy as Automatic or Manual . If you select Automatic updates, then the Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM) automatically upgrades the running instance of your Operator without any intervention. If you select Manual updates, then the OLM creates an update request. As a cluster administrator, you must then manually approve that update request to update the Operator to a newer version. Ensure that the Enable option is selected for the Console plugin . Click Install . Verification steps After the operator is successfully installed, a pop-up with a message, Web console update is available appears on the user interface. Click Refresh web console from this pop-up for the console changes to reflect. In the Web Console: Navigate to Installed Operators and verify that the OpenShift Data Foundation Operator shows a green tick indicating successful installation. Navigate to Storage and verify if the Data Foundation dashboard is available. 2.2. Enabling cluster-wide encryption with KMS using the Token authentication method You can enable the key value backend path and policy in the vault for token authentication. Prerequisites Administrator access to the vault. A valid Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Advanced subscription. For more information, see the knowledgebase article on OpenShift Data Foundation subscriptions . Carefully, select a unique path name as the backend path that follows the naming convention since you cannot change it later. Procedure Enable the Key/Value (KV) backend path in the vault. For vault KV secret engine API, version 1: For vault KV secret engine API, version 2: Create a policy to restrict the users to perform a write or delete operation on the secret: Create a token that matches the above policy: 2.3. Enabling cluster-wide encryption with KMS using the Kubernetes authentication method You can enable the Kubernetes authentication method for cluster-wide encryption using the Key Management System (KMS). Prerequisites Administrator access to Vault. A valid Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Advanced subscription. For more information, see the knowledgebase article on OpenShift Data Foundation subscriptions . The OpenShift Data Foundation operator must be installed from the Operator Hub. Select a unique path name as the backend path that follows the naming convention carefully. You cannot change this path name later. Procedure Create a service account: where, <serviceaccount_name> specifies the name of the service account. For example: Create clusterrolebindings and clusterroles : For example: Create a secret for the serviceaccount token and CA certificate. where, <serviceaccount_name> is the service account created in the earlier step. Get the token and the CA certificate from the secret. Retrieve the OCP cluster endpoint. Fetch the service account issuer: Use the information collected in the step to setup the Kubernetes authentication method in Vault: Important To configure the Kubernetes authentication method in Vault when the issuer is empty: Enable the Key/Value (KV) backend path in Vault. For Vault KV secret engine API, version 1: For Vault KV secret engine API, version 2: Create a policy to restrict the users to perform a write or delete operation on the secret: Generate the roles: The role odf-rook-ceph-op is later used while you configure the KMS connection details during the creation of the storage system. 2.3.1. Enabling and disabling key rotation when using KMS Security common practices require periodic encryption of key rotation. You can enable or disable key rotation when using KMS. 2.3.1.1. Enabling key rotation To enable key rotation, add the annotation keyrotation.csiaddons.openshift.io/schedule: <value> to PersistentVolumeClaims , Namespace , or StorageClass (in the decreasing order of precedence). <value> can be @hourly , @daily , @weekly , @monthly , or @yearly . If <value> is empty, the default is @weekly . The below examples use @weekly . Important Key rotation is only supported for RBD backed volumes. Annotating Namespace Annotating StorageClass Annotating PersistentVolumeClaims 2.3.1.2. Disabling key rotation You can disable key rotation for the following: All the persistent volume claims (PVCs) of storage class A specific PVC Disabling key rotation for all PVCs of a storage class To disable key rotation for all PVCs, update the annotation of the storage class: Disabling key rotation for a specific persistent volume claim Identify the EncryptionKeyRotationCronJob CR for the PVC you want to disable key rotation on: Where <PVC_NAME> is the name of the PVC that you want to disable. Apply the following to the EncryptionKeyRotationCronJob CR from the step to disable the key rotation: Update the csiaddons.openshift.io/state annotation from managed to unmanaged : Where <encryptionkeyrotationcronjob_name> is the name of the EncryptionKeyRotationCronJob CR. Add suspend: true under the spec field: Save and exit. The key rotation will be disabled for the PVC. 2.4. Creating OpenShift Data Foundation cluster Create an OpenShift Data Foundation cluster after you install the OpenShift Data Foundation operator. Prerequisites The OpenShift Data Foundation operator must be installed from the Operator Hub. For more information, see Installing OpenShift Data Foundation Operator using the Operator Hub . If you want to use Azure Vault as the key management service provider, make sure to set up client authentication and fetch the client credentials from Azure using the following steps: Create Azure Vault. For more information, see Quickstart: Create a key vault using the Azure portal in Microsoft product documentation. Create Service Principal with certificate based authentication. For more information, see Create an Azure service principal with Azure CLI in Microsoft product documentation. Set Azure Key Vault role based access control (RBAC). For more information, see Enable Azure RBAC permissions on Key Vault Procedure In the OpenShift Web Console, click Operators -> Installed Operators to view all the installed operators. Ensure that the Project selected is openshift-storage . Click on the OpenShift Data Foundation operator, and then click Create StorageSystem . In the Backing storage page, select the following: Select Full Deployment for the Deployment type option. Select the Use an existing StorageClass option. Select the Storage Class . By default, it is set to managed-csi . Optional: Select Use external PostgreSQL checkbox to use an external PostgreSQL [Technology preview] . This provides high availability solution for Multicloud Object Gateway where the PostgreSQL pod is a single point of failure. Provide the following connection details: Username Password Server name and Port Database name Select Enable TLS/SSL checkbox to enable encryption for the Postgres server. Click . In the Capacity and nodes page, provide the necessary information: Select a value for Requested Capacity from the dropdown list. It is set to 2 TiB by default. Note Once you select the initial storage capacity, cluster expansion is performed only using the selected usable capacity (three times of raw storage). In the Select Nodes section, select at least three available nodes. In the Configure performance section, select one of the following performance profiles: Lean Use this in a resource constrained environment with minimum resources that are lower than the recommended. This profile minimizes resource consumption by allocating fewer CPUs and less memory. Balanced (default) Use this when recommended resources are available. This profile provides a balance between resource consumption and performance for diverse workloads. Performance Use this in an environment with sufficient resources to get the best performance. This profile is tailored for high performance by allocating ample memory and CPUs to ensure optimal execution of demanding workloads. Note You have the option to configure the performance profile even after the deployment using the Configure performance option from the options menu of the StorageSystems tab. Important Before selecting a resource profile, make sure to check the current availability of resources within the cluster. Opting for a higher resource profile in a cluster with insufficient resources might lead to installation failures. For more information about resource requirements, see Resource requirement for performance profiles . Optional: Select the Taint nodes checkbox to dedicate the selected nodes for OpenShift Data Foundation. For cloud platforms with multiple availability zones, ensure that the Nodes are spread across different Locations/availability zones. If the nodes selected do not match the OpenShift Data Foundation cluster requirements of an aggregated 30 CPUs and 72 GiB of RAM, a minimal cluster is deployed. For minimum starting node requirements, see the Resource requirements section in the Planning guide. Click . Optional: In the Security and network page, configure the following based on your requirements: To enable encryption, select Enable data encryption for block and file storage . Select either one or both the encryption levels: Cluster-wide encryption Encrypts the entire cluster (block and file). StorageClass encryption Creates encrypted persistent volume (block only) using encryption enabled storage class. Optional: Select the Connect to an external key management service checkbox. This is optional for cluster-wide encryption. From the Key Management Service Provider drop-down list, select one of the following providers and provide the necessary details: Vault Select an Authentication Method . Using Token authentication method Enter a unique Connection Name , host Address of the Vault server ('https://<hostname or ip>'), Port number and Token . Expand Advanced Settings to enter additional settings and certificate details based on your Vault configuration: Enter the Key Value secret path in Backend Path that is dedicated and unique to OpenShift Data Foundation. Optional: Enter TLS Server Name and Vault Enterprise Namespace . Upload the respective PEM encoded certificate file to provide the CA Certificate , Client Certificate and Client Private Key . Click Save . Using Kubernetes authentication method Enter a unique Vault Connection Name , host Address of the Vault server ('https://<hostname or ip>'), Port number and Role name. Expand Advanced Settings to enter additional settings and certificate details based on your Vault configuration: Enter the Key Value secret path in Backend Path that is dedicated and unique to OpenShift Data Foundation. Optional: Enter TLS Server Name and Authentication Path if applicable. Upload the respective PEM encoded certificate file to provide the CA Certificate , Client Certificate and Client Private Key . Click Save . Note In case you need to enable key rotation for Vault KMS, run the following command in the OpenShift web console after the storage cluster is created: Thales CipherTrust Manager (using KMIP) Enter a unique Connection Name for the Key Management service within the project. In the Address and Port sections, enter the IP of Thales CipherTrust Manager and the port where the KMIP interface is enabled. For example: Address : 123.34.3.2 Port : 5696 Upload the Client Certificate , CA certificate , and Client Private Key . If StorageClass encryption is enabled, enter the Unique Identifier to be used for encryption and decryption generated above. The TLS Server field is optional and used when there is no DNS entry for the KMIP endpoint. For example, kmip_all_<port>.ciphertrustmanager.local . Azure Key Vault For information about setting up client authentication and fetching the client credentials in Azure platform, see the Prerequisites section of this procedure. Enter a unique Connection name for the key management service within the project. Enter Azure Vault URL . Enter Client ID . Enter Tenant ID . Upload Certificate file in .PEM format and the certificate file must include a client certificate and a private key. To enable in-transit encryption, select In-transit encryption . Select a Network . Click . In the Review and create page, review the configuration details. To modify any configuration settings, click Back . Click Create StorageSystem . Note When your deployment has five or more nodes, racks, or rooms, and when there are five or more number of failure domains present in the deployment, you can configure Ceph monitor counts based on the number of racks or zones. An alert is displayed in the notification panel or Alert Center of the OpenShift Web Console to indicate the option to increase the number of Ceph monitor counts. You can use the Configure option in the alert to configure the Ceph monitor counts. For more information, see Resolving low Ceph monitor count alert . Verification steps To verify the final Status of the installed storage cluster: In the OpenShift Web Console, navigate to Installed Operators -> OpenShift Data Foundation -> Storage System -> ocs-storagecluster-storagesystem -> Resources . Verify that Status of StorageCluster is Ready and has a green tick mark to it. To verify that all components for OpenShift Data Foundation are successfully installed, see Verifying your OpenShift Data Foundation deployment . Additional resources To enable Overprovision Control alerts, refer to Alerts in Monitoring guide. Chapter 3. Deploying OpenShift Data Foundation on Azure Red Hat OpenShift The Azure Red Hat OpenShift service enables you to deploy fully managed OpenShift clusters. Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation can be deployed on Azure Red Hat OpenShift service. Important OpenShift Data Foundation on Azure Red Hat OpenShift is not a managed service offering. Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation subscriptions are required to have the installation supported by the Red Hat support team. Open support cases by choosing the product as Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation with the Red Hat support team (and not Microsoft) if you need any assistance for Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation on Azure Red Hat OpenShift. To install OpenShift Data Foundation on Azure Red Hat OpenShift, follow sections: Getting a Red Hat pull secret for new deployment of Azure Red Hat OpenShift . Preparing a Red Hat pull secret for existing Azure Red Hat OpenShift clusters . Adding the pull secret to the cluster . Validating your Red Hat pull secret is working . Install the Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Operator . Create the OpenShift Data Foundation Cluster Service . 3.1. Getting a Red Hat pull secret for new deployment of Azure Red Hat OpenShift A Red Hat pull secret enables the cluster to access Red Hat container registries along with additional content. Prerequisites A Red Hat portal account. OpenShift Data Foundation subscription. Procedure To get a Red Hat pull secret for a new deployment of Azure Red Hat OpenShift, follow the steps in the section Get a Red Hat pull secret in the official Microsoft Azure documentation. Note that while creating the Azure Red Hat OpenShift cluster , you may need larger worker nodes, controlled by --worker-vm-size or more worker nodes, controlled by --worker-count . The recommended worker-vm-size is Standard_D16s_v3 . You can also use dedicated worker nodes, for more information, see How to use dedicated worker nodes for Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation in the Managing and allocating storage resources guide. 3.2. Preparing a Red Hat pull secret for existing Azure Red Hat OpenShift clusters When you create an Azure Red Hat OpenShift cluster without adding a Red Hat pull secret, a pull secret is still created on the cluster automatically. However, this pull secret is not fully populated. Use this section to update the automatically created pull secret with the additional values from the Red Hat pull secret. Prerequisites Existing Azure Red Hat OpenShift cluster without a Red Hat pull secret. Procedure To prepare a Red Hat pull secret for existing an existing Azure Red Hat OpenShift clusters, follow the steps in the section Prepare your pull secret in the official Mircosoft Azure documentation. 3.3. Adding the pull secret to the cluster Prerequisites A Red Hat pull secret. Procedure Run the following command to update your pull secret. Note Running this command causes the cluster nodes to restart one by one as they are updated. After the secret is set, you can enable the Red Hat Certified Operators. 3.3.1. Modifying the configuration files to enable Red Hat operators To modify the configuration files to enable Red Hat operators, follow the steps in the section Modify the configuration files in the official Microsoft Azure documentation. 3.4. Validating your Red Hat pull secret is working After you add the pull secret and modify the configuration files, the cluster can take several minutes to get updated. To check if the cluster has been updated, run the following command to show the Certified Operators and Red Hat Operators sources available: If you do not see the Red Hat Operators, wait for a few minutes and try again. To ensure that your pull secret has been updated and is working correctly, open Operator Hub and check for any Red Hat verified Operator. For example, check if the OpenShift Data Foundation Operator is available, and see if you have permissions to install it. 3.5. Installing Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Operator You can install Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Operator using the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform Operator Hub. Prerequisites Access to an OpenShift Container Platform cluster using an account with cluster-admin and operator installation permissions. You must have at least three worker or infrastructure nodes in the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform cluster. For additional resource requirements, see the Planning your deployment guide. Important When you need to override the cluster-wide default node selector for OpenShift Data Foundation, you can use the following command to specify a blank node selector for the openshift-storage namespace (create openshift-storage namespace in this case): Taint a node as infra to ensure only Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation resources are scheduled on that node. This helps you save on subscription costs. For more information, see the How to use dedicated worker nodes for Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation section in the Managing and Allocating Storage Resources guide. Procedure Log in to the OpenShift Web Console. Click Operators -> OperatorHub . Scroll or type OpenShift Data Foundation into the Filter by keyword box to find the OpenShift Data Foundation Operator. Click Install . Set the following options on the Install Operator page: Update Channel as stable-4.18 . Installation Mode as A specific namespace on the cluster . Installed Namespace as Operator recommended namespace openshift-storage . If Namespace openshift-storage does not exist, it is created during the operator installation. Select Approval Strategy as Automatic or Manual . If you select Automatic updates, then the Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM) automatically upgrades the running instance of your Operator without any intervention. If you select Manual updates, then the OLM creates an update request. As a cluster administrator, you must then manually approve that update request to update the Operator to a newer version. Ensure that the Enable option is selected for the Console plugin . Click Install . Verification steps After the operator is successfully installed, a pop-up with a message, Web console update is available appears on the user interface. Click Refresh web console from this pop-up for the console changes to reflect. In the Web Console: Navigate to Installed Operators and verify that the OpenShift Data Foundation Operator shows a green tick indicating successful installation. Navigate to Storage and verify if the Data Foundation dashboard is available. 3.6. Creating OpenShift Data Foundation cluster Create an OpenShift Data Foundation cluster after you install the OpenShift Data Foundation operator. Prerequisites The OpenShift Data Foundation operator must be installed from the Operator Hub. For more information, see Installing OpenShift Data Foundation Operator using the Operator Hub . If you want to use Azure Vault as the key management service provider, make sure to set up client authentication and fetch the client credentials from Azure using the following steps: Create Azure Vault. For more information, see Quickstart: Create a key vault using the Azure portal in Microsoft product documentation. Create Service Principal with certificate based authentication. For more information, see Create an Azure service principal with Azure CLI in Microsoft product documentation. Set Azure Key Vault role based access control (RBAC). For more information, see Enable Azure RBAC permissions on Key Vault Procedure In the OpenShift Web Console, click Operators -> Installed Operators to view all the installed operators. Ensure that the Project selected is openshift-storage . Click on the OpenShift Data Foundation operator, and then click Create StorageSystem . In the Backing storage page, select the following: Select Full Deployment for the Deployment type option. Select the Use an existing StorageClass option. Select the Storage Class . By default, it is set to managed-csi . Optional: Select Use external PostgreSQL checkbox to use an external PostgreSQL [Technology preview] . This provides high availability solution for Multicloud Object Gateway where the PostgreSQL pod is a single point of failure. Provide the following connection details: Username Password Server name and Port Database name Select Enable TLS/SSL checkbox to enable encryption for the Postgres server. Click . In the Capacity and nodes page, provide the necessary information: Select a value for Requested Capacity from the dropdown list. It is set to 2 TiB by default. Note Once you select the initial storage capacity, cluster expansion is performed only using the selected usable capacity (three times of raw storage). In the Select Nodes section, select at least three available nodes. In the Configure performance section, select one of the following performance profiles: Lean Use this in a resource constrained environment with minimum resources that are lower than the recommended. This profile minimizes resource consumption by allocating fewer CPUs and less memory. Balanced (default) Use this when recommended resources are available. This profile provides a balance between resource consumption and performance for diverse workloads. Performance Use this in an environment with sufficient resources to get the best performance. This profile is tailored for high performance by allocating ample memory and CPUs to ensure optimal execution of demanding workloads. Note You have the option to configure the performance profile even after the deployment using the Configure performance option from the options menu of the StorageSystems tab. Important Before selecting a resource profile, make sure to check the current availability of resources within the cluster. Opting for a higher resource profile in a cluster with insufficient resources might lead to installation failures. For more information about resource requirements, see Resource requirement for performance profiles . Optional: Select the Taint nodes checkbox to dedicate the selected nodes for OpenShift Data Foundation. For cloud platforms with multiple availability zones, ensure that the Nodes are spread across different Locations/availability zones. If the nodes selected do not match the OpenShift Data Foundation cluster requirements of an aggregated 30 CPUs and 72 GiB of RAM, a minimal cluster is deployed. For minimum starting node requirements, see the Resource requirements section in the Planning guide. Click . Optional: In the Security and network page, configure the following based on your requirements: To enable encryption, select Enable data encryption for block and file storage . Select either one or both the encryption levels: Cluster-wide encryption Encrypts the entire cluster (block and file). StorageClass encryption Creates encrypted persistent volume (block only) using encryption enabled storage class. Optional: Select the Connect to an external key management service checkbox. This is optional for cluster-wide encryption. From the Key Management Service Provider drop-down list, select one of the following providers and provide the necessary details: Vault Select an Authentication Method . Using Token authentication method Enter a unique Connection Name , host Address of the Vault server ('https://<hostname or ip>'), Port number and Token . Expand Advanced Settings to enter additional settings and certificate details based on your Vault configuration: Enter the Key Value secret path in Backend Path that is dedicated and unique to OpenShift Data Foundation. Optional: Enter TLS Server Name and Vault Enterprise Namespace . Upload the respective PEM encoded certificate file to provide the CA Certificate , Client Certificate and Client Private Key . Click Save . Using Kubernetes authentication method Enter a unique Vault Connection Name , host Address of the Vault server ('https://<hostname or ip>'), Port number and Role name. Expand Advanced Settings to enter additional settings and certificate details based on your Vault configuration: Enter the Key Value secret path in Backend Path that is dedicated and unique to OpenShift Data Foundation. Optional: Enter TLS Server Name and Authentication Path if applicable. Upload the respective PEM encoded certificate file to provide the CA Certificate , Client Certificate and Client Private Key . Click Save . Note In case you need to enable key rotation for Vault KMS, run the following command in the OpenShift web console after the storage cluster is created: Thales CipherTrust Manager (using KMIP) Enter a unique Connection Name for the Key Management service within the project. In the Address and Port sections, enter the IP of Thales CipherTrust Manager and the port where the KMIP interface is enabled. For example: Address : 123.34.3.2 Port : 5696 Upload the Client Certificate , CA certificate , and Client Private Key . If StorageClass encryption is enabled, enter the Unique Identifier to be used for encryption and decryption generated above. The TLS Server field is optional and used when there is no DNS entry for the KMIP endpoint. For example, kmip_all_<port>.ciphertrustmanager.local . Azure Key Vault For information about setting up client authentication and fetching the client credentials in Azure platform, see the Prerequisites section of this procedure. Enter a unique Connection name for the key management service within the project. Enter Azure Vault URL . Enter Client ID . Enter Tenant ID . Upload Certificate file in .PEM format and the certificate file must include a client certificate and a private key. To enable in-transit encryption, select In-transit encryption . Select a Network . Click . In the Review and create page, review the configuration details. To modify any configuration settings, click Back . Click Create StorageSystem . Note When your deployment has five or more nodes, racks, or rooms, and when there are five or more number of failure domains present in the deployment, you can configure Ceph monitor counts based on the number of racks or zones. An alert is displayed in the notification panel or Alert Center of the OpenShift Web Console to indicate the option to increase the number of Ceph monitor counts. You can use the Configure option in the alert to configure the Ceph monitor counts. For more information, see Resolving low Ceph monitor count alert . Verification steps To verify the final Status of the installed storage cluster: In the OpenShift Web Console, navigate to Installed Operators -> OpenShift Data Foundation -> Storage System -> ocs-storagecluster-storagesystem -> Resources . Verify that Status of StorageCluster is Ready and has a green tick mark to it. To verify that all components for OpenShift Data Foundation are successfully installed, see Verifying your OpenShift Data Foundation deployment . Additional resources To enable Overprovision Control alerts, refer to Alerts in Monitoring guide. Chapter 4. Verifying OpenShift Data Foundation deployment Use this section to verify that OpenShift Data Foundation is deployed correctly. 4.1. Verifying the state of the pods Procedure Click Workloads -> Pods from the OpenShift Web Console. Select openshift-storage from the Project drop-down list. Note If the Show default projects option is disabled, use the toggle button to list all the default projects. For more information on the expected number of pods for each component and how it varies depending on the number of nodes, see the following table: Set filter for Running and Completed pods to verify that the following pods are in Running and Completed state: Component Corresponding pods OpenShift Data Foundation Operator ocs-operator-* (1 pod on any storage node) ocs-metrics-exporter-* (1 pod on any storage node) odf-operator-controller-manager-* (1 pod on any storage node) odf-console-* (1 pod on any storage node) csi-addons-controller-manager-* (1 pod on any storage node) ux-backend-server- * (1 pod on any storage node) * ocs-client-operator -* (1 pod on any storage node) ocs-client-operator-console -* (1 pod on any storage node) ocs-provider-server -* (1 pod on any storage node) Rook-ceph Operator rook-ceph-operator-* (1 pod on any storage node) Multicloud Object Gateway noobaa-operator-* (1 pod on any storage node) noobaa-core-* (1 pod on any storage node) noobaa-db-pg-* (1 pod on any storage node) noobaa-endpoint-* (1 pod on any storage node) MON rook-ceph-mon-* (3 pods distributed across storage nodes) MGR rook-ceph-mgr-* (1 pod on any storage node) MDS rook-ceph-mds-ocs-storagecluster-cephfilesystem-* (2 pods distributed across storage nodes) CSI cephfs csi-cephfsplugin-* (1 pod on each storage node) csi-cephfsplugin-provisioner-* (2 pods distributed across storage nodes) rbd csi-rbdplugin-* (1 pod on each storage node) csi-rbdplugin-provisioner-* (2 pods distributed across storage nodes) rook-ceph-crashcollector rook-ceph-crashcollector-* (1 pod on each storage node) OSD rook-ceph-osd-* (1 pod for each device) rook-ceph-osd-prepare-ocs-deviceset-* (1 pod for each device) ceph-csi-operator ceph-csi-controller-manager-* (1 pod for each device) 4.2. Verifying the OpenShift Data Foundation cluster is healthy Procedure In the OpenShift Web Console, click Storage -> Data Foundation . In the Status card of the Overview tab, click Storage System and then click the storage system link from the pop up that appears. In the Status card of the Block and File tab, verify that the Storage Cluster has a green tick. In the Details card, verify that the cluster information is displayed. For more information on the health of the OpenShift Data Foundation cluster using the Block and File dashboard, see Monitoring OpenShift Data Foundation . 4.3. Verifying the Multicloud Object Gateway is healthy Procedure In the OpenShift Web Console, click Storage -> Data Foundation . In the Status card of the Overview tab, click Storage System and then click the storage system link from the pop up that appears. In the Status card of the Object tab, verify that both Object Service and Data Resiliency have a green tick. In the Details card, verify that the MCG information is displayed. For more information on the health of the OpenShift Data Foundation cluster using the object service dashboard, see Monitoring OpenShift Data Foundation . Important The Multicloud Object Gateway only has a single copy of the database (NooBaa DB). This means if NooBaa DB PVC gets corrupted and we are unable to recover it, can result in total data loss of applicative data residing on the Multicloud Object Gateway. Because of this, Red Hat recommends taking a backup of NooBaa DB PVC regularly. If NooBaa DB fails and cannot be recovered, then you can revert to the latest backed-up version. For instructions on backing up your NooBaa DB, follow the steps in this knowledgabase article . 4.4. Verifying that the specific storage classes exist Procedure Click Storage -> Storage Classes from the left pane of the OpenShift Web Console. Verify that the following storage classes are created with the OpenShift Data Foundation cluster creation: ocs-storagecluster-ceph-rbd ocs-storagecluster-cephfs openshift-storage.noobaa.io Chapter 5. Deploy standalone Multicloud Object Gateway Deploying only the Multicloud Object Gateway component with OpenShift Data Foundation provides the flexibility in deployment and helps to reduce the resource consumption. After deploying the MCG component, you can create and manage buckets using MCG object browser. For more information, see Creating and managing buckets using MCG object browser . Use this section to deploy only the standalone Multicloud Object Gateway component, which involves the following steps: Installing Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Operator Creating standalone Multicloud Object Gateway Important The Multicloud Object Gateway only has a single copy of the database (NooBaa DB). This means if NooBaa DB PVC gets corrupted and we are unable to recover it, can result in total data loss of applicative data residing on the Multicloud Object Gateway. Because of this, Red Hat recommends taking a backup of NooBaa DB PVC regularly. If NooBaa DB fails and cannot be recovered, then you can revert to the latest backed-up version. For instructions on backing up your NooBaa DB, follow the steps in this knowledgabase article . 5.1. Installing Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Operator You can install Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation Operator using the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform Operator Hub. Prerequisites Access to an OpenShift Container Platform cluster using an account with cluster-admin and operator installation permissions. You must have at least three worker or infrastructure nodes in the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform cluster. For additional resource requirements, see the Planning your deployment guide. Important When you need to override the cluster-wide default node selector for OpenShift Data Foundation, you can use the following command to specify a blank node selector for the openshift-storage namespace (create openshift-storage namespace in this case): Taint a node as infra to ensure only Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation resources are scheduled on that node. This helps you save on subscription costs. For more information, see the How to use dedicated worker nodes for Red Hat OpenShift Data Foundation section in the Managing and Allocating Storage Resources guide. Procedure Log in to the OpenShift Web Console. Click Operators -> OperatorHub . Scroll or type OpenShift Data Foundation into the Filter by keyword box to find the OpenShift Data Foundation Operator. Click Install . Set the following options on the Install Operator page: Update Channel as stable-4.18 . Installation Mode as A specific namespace on the cluster . Installed Namespace as Operator recommended namespace openshift-storage . If Namespace openshift-storage does not exist, it is created during the operator installation. Select Approval Strategy as Automatic or Manual . If you select Automatic updates, then the Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM) automatically upgrades the running instance of your Operator without any intervention. If you select Manual updates, then the OLM creates an update request. As a cluster administrator, you must then manually approve that update request to update the Operator to a newer version. Ensure that the Enable option is selected for the Console plugin . Click Install . Verification steps After the operator is successfully installed, a pop-up with a message, Web console update is available appears on the user interface. Click Refresh web console from this pop-up for the console changes to reflect. In the Web Console: Navigate to Installed Operators and verify that the OpenShift Data Foundation Operator shows a green tick indicating successful installation. Navigate to Storage and verify if the Data Foundation dashboard is available. 5.2. Creating a standalone Multicloud Object Gateway You can create only the standalone Multicloud Object Gateway (MCG) component while deploying OpenShift Data Foundation. After you create the MCG component, you can create and manage buckets using the MCG object browser. For more information, see Creating and managing buckets using MCG object browser . Prerequisites Ensure that the OpenShift Data Foundation Operator is installed. Procedure In the OpenShift Web Console, click Operators -> Installed Operators to view all the installed operators. Ensure that the Project selected is openshift-storage . Click OpenShift Data Foundation operator and then click Create StorageSystem . In the Backing storage page, select the following: Select Multicloud Object Gateway for Deployment type . Select the Use an existing StorageClass option. Click . Optional: Select the Connect to an external key management service checkbox. This is optional for cluster-wide encryption. From the Key Management Service Provider drop-down list, either select Vault or Thales CipherTrust Manager (using KMIP) . If you selected Vault , go to the step. If you selected Thales CipherTrust Manager (using KMIP) , go to step iii. Select an Authentication Method . Using Token authentication method Enter a unique Connection Name , host Address of the Vault server ('https://<hostname or ip>'), Port number and Token . Expand Advanced Settings to enter additional settings and certificate details based on your Vault configuration: Enter the Key Value secret path in Backend Path that is dedicated and unique to OpenShift Data Foundation. Optional: Enter TLS Server Name and Vault Enterprise Namespace . Upload the respective PEM encoded certificate file to provide the CA Certificate , Client Certificate and Client Private Key . Click Save and skip to step iv. Using Kubernetes authentication method Enter a unique Vault Connection Name , host Address of the Vault server ('https://<hostname or ip>'), Port number and Role name. Expand Advanced Settings to enter additional settings and certificate details based on your Vault configuration: Enter the Key Value secret path in Backend Path that is dedicated and unique to OpenShift Data Foundation. Optional: Enter TLS Server Name and Authentication Path if applicable. Upload the respective PEM encoded certificate file to provide the CA Certificate , Client Certificate and Client Private Key . Click Save and skip to step iv. To use Thales CipherTrust Manager (using KMIP) as the KMS provider, follow the steps below: Enter a unique Connection Name for the Key Management service within the project. In the Address and Port sections, enter the IP of Thales CipherTrust Manager and the port where the KMIP interface is enabled. For example: Address : 123.34.3.2 Port : 5696 Upload the Client Certificate , CA certificate , and Client Private Key . If StorageClass encryption is enabled, enter the Unique Identifier to be used for encryption and decryption generated above. The TLS Server field is optional and used when there is no DNS entry for the KMIP endpoint. For example, kmip_all_<port>.ciphertrustmanager.local . Select a Network . Click . In the Review and create page, review the configuration details: To modify any configuration settings, click Back . Click Create StorageSystem . Verification steps Verifying that the OpenShift Data Foundation cluster is healthy In the OpenShift Web Console, click Storage -> Data Foundation . In the Status card of the Overview tab, click Storage System and then click the storage system link from the pop up that appears. In the Status card of the Object tab, verify that both Object Service and Data Resiliency have a green tick. In the Details card, verify that the MCG information is displayed. Verifying the state of the pods Click Workloads -> Pods from the OpenShift Web Console. Select openshift-storage from the Project drop-down list and verify that the following pods are in Running state. Note If the Show default projects option is disabled, use the toggle button to list all the default projects. Component Corresponding pods OpenShift Data Foundation Operator ocs-operator-* (1 pod on any storage node) ocs-metrics-exporter-* (1 pod on any storage node) odf-operator-controller-manager-* (1 pod on any storage node) odf-console-* (1 pod on any storage node) csi-addons-controller-manager-* (1 pod on any storage node) Rook-ceph Operator rook-ceph-operator-* (1 pod on any storage node) Multicloud Object Gateway noobaa-operator-* (1 pod on any storage node) noobaa-core-* (1 pod on any storage node) noobaa-db-pg-* (1 pod on any storage node) noobaa-endpoint-* (1 pod on any storage node) Chapter 6. View OpenShift Data Foundation Topology The topology shows the mapped visualization of the OpenShift Data Foundation storage cluster at various abstraction levels and also lets you to interact with these layers. The view also shows how the various elements compose the Storage cluster altogether. Procedure On the OpenShift Web Console, navigate to Storage -> Data Foundation -> Topology . The view shows the storage cluster and the zones inside it. You can see the nodes depicted by circular entities within the zones, which are indicated by dotted lines. The label of each item or resource contains basic information such as status and health or indication for alerts. Choose a node to view node details on the right-hand panel. You can also access resources or deployments within a node by clicking on the search/preview decorator icon. To view deployment details Click the preview decorator on a node. A modal window appears above the node that displays all of the deployments associated with that node along with their statuses. Click the Back to main view button in the model's upper left corner to close and return to the view. Select a specific deployment to see more information about it. All relevant data is shown in the side panel. Click the Resources tab to view the pods information. This tab provides a deeper understanding of the problems and offers granularity that aids in better troubleshooting. Click the pod links to view the pod information page on OpenShift Container Platform. The link opens in a new window. Chapter 7. Uninstalling OpenShift Data Foundation 7.1. Uninstalling OpenShift Data Foundation in Internal mode To uninstall OpenShift Data Foundation in Internal mode, refer to the knowledgebase article on Uninstalling OpenShift Data Foundation .	[ "oc annotate namespace openshift-storage openshift.io/node-selector=", "vault secrets enable -path=odf kv", "vault secrets enable -path=odf kv-v2", "echo ' path \"odf/\" { capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\", \"update\", \"delete\", \"list\"] } path \"sys/mounts\" { capabilities = [\"read\"] }'\| vault policy write odf -", "vault token create -policy=odf -format json", "oc -n openshift-storage create serviceaccount <serviceaccount_name>", "oc -n openshift-storage create serviceaccount odf-vault-auth", "oc -n openshift-storage create clusterrolebinding vault-tokenreview-binding --clusterrole=system:auth-delegator --serviceaccount=openshift-storage:_<serviceaccount_name>_", "oc -n openshift-storage create clusterrolebinding vault-tokenreview-binding --clusterrole=system:auth-delegator --serviceaccount=openshift-storage:odf-vault-auth", "cat <<EOF \| oc create -f - apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret metadata: name: odf-vault-auth-token namespace: openshift-storage annotations: kubernetes.io/service-account.name: <serviceaccount_name> type: kubernetes.io/service-account-token data: {} EOF", "SA_JWT_TOKEN=USD(oc -n openshift-storage get secret odf-vault-auth-token -o jsonpath=\"{.data['token']}\" \| base64 --decode; echo) SA_CA_CRT=USD(oc -n openshift-storage get secret odf-vault-auth-token -o jsonpath=\"{.data['ca\\.crt']}\" \| base64 --decode; echo)", "OCP_HOST=USD(oc config view --minify --flatten -o jsonpath=\"{.clusters[0].cluster.server}\")", "oc proxy & proxy_pid=USD! issuer=\"USD( curl --silent http://127.0.0.1:8001/.well-known/openid-configuration \| jq -r .issuer)\" kill USDproxy_pid", "vault auth enable kubernetes", "vault write auth/kubernetes/config token_reviewer_jwt=\"USDSA_JWT_TOKEN\" kubernetes_host=\"USDOCP_HOST\" kubernetes_ca_cert=\"USDSA_CA_CRT\" issuer=\"USDissuer\"", "vault write auth/kubernetes/config token_reviewer_jwt=\"USDSA_JWT_TOKEN\" kubernetes_host=\"USDOCP_HOST\" kubernetes_ca_cert=\"USDSA_CA_CRT\"", "vault secrets enable -path=odf kv", "vault secrets enable -path=odf kv-v2", "echo ' path \"odf/\" { capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\", \"update\", \"delete\", \"list\"] } path \"sys/mounts\" { capabilities = [\"read\"] }'\| vault policy write odf -", "vault write auth/kubernetes/role/odf-rook-ceph-op bound_service_account_names=rook-ceph-system,rook-ceph-osd,noobaa bound_service_account_namespaces=openshift-storage policies=odf ttl=1440h", "vault write auth/kubernetes/role/odf-rook-ceph-osd bound_service_account_names=rook-ceph-osd bound_service_account_namespaces=openshift-storage policies=odf ttl=1440h", "oc get namespace default NAME STATUS AGE default Active 5d2h", "oc annotate namespace default \"keyrotation.csiaddons.openshift.io/schedule=@weekly\" namespace/default annotated", "oc get storageclass rbd-sc NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE rbd-sc rbd.csi.ceph.com Delete Immediate true 5d2h", "oc annotate storageclass rbd-sc \"keyrotation.csiaddons.openshift.io/schedule=@weekly\" storageclass.storage.k8s.io/rbd-sc annotated", "oc get pvc data-pvc NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE data-pvc Bound pvc-f37b8582-4b04-4676-88dd-e1b95c6abf74 1Gi RWO default 20h", "oc annotate pvc data-pvc \"keyrotation.csiaddons.openshift.io/schedule=@weekly\" persistentvolumeclaim/data-pvc annotated", "oc get encryptionkeyrotationcronjobs.csiaddons.openshift.io NAME SCHEDULE SUSPEND ACTIVE LASTSCHEDULE AGE data-pvc-1642663516 @weekly 3s", "oc annotate pvc data-pvc \"keyrotation.csiaddons.openshift.io/schedule=/1 * * \" --overwrite=true persistentvolumeclaim/data-pvc annotated", "oc get encryptionkeyrotationcronjobs.csiaddons.openshift.io NAME SCHEDULE SUSPEND ACTIVE LASTSCHEDULE AGE data-pvc-1642664617 /1 * * * * 3s", "oc get storageclass rbd-sc NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE rbd-sc rbd.csi.ceph.com Delete Immediate true 5d2h", "oc annotate storageclass rbd-sc \"keyrotation.csiaddons.openshift.io/enable: false\" storageclass.storage.k8s.io/rbd-sc annotated", "oc get encryptionkeyrotationcronjob -o jsonpath='{range .items[?(@.spec.jobTemplate.spec.target.persistentVolumeClaim==\"<PVC_NAME>\")]}{.metadata.name}{\"\\n\"}{end}'", "oc annotate encryptionkeyrotationcronjob <encryptionkeyrotationcronjob_name> \"csiaddons.openshift.io/state=unmanaged\" --overwrite=true", "oc patch encryptionkeyrotationcronjob <encryptionkeyrotationcronjob_name> -p '{\"spec\": {\"suspend\": true}}' --type=merge.", "patch storagecluster ocs-storagecluster -n openshift-storage --type=json -p '[{\"op\": \"add\", \"path\":\"/spec/encryption/keyRotation/enable\", \"value\": true}]'", "set data secret/pull-secret -n openshift-config --from-file=.dockerconfigjson=./pull-secret.json", "oc get catalogsource -A NAMESPACE NAME DISPLAY openshift-marketplace redhat-operators Red Hat Operators TYPE PUBLISHER AGE grpc Red Hat 11s", "oc annotate namespace openshift-storage openshift.io/node-selector=", "patch storagecluster ocs-storagecluster -n openshift-storage --type=json -p '[{\"op\": \"add\", \"path\":\"/spec/encryption/keyRotation/enable\", \"value\": true}]'", "oc annotate namespace openshift-storage openshift.io/node-selector=" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_openshift_data_foundation/4.18/html-single/deploying_openshift_data_foundation_using_microsoft_azure/index
Chapter 29. Best practices for automation controller	Chapter 29. Best practices for automation controller The following describes best practice for the use of automation controller: 29.1. Use Source Control Automation controller supports playbooks stored directly on the server. Therefore, you must store your playbooks, roles, and any associated details in source control. This way you have an audit trail describing when and why you changed the rules that are automating your infrastructure. Additionally, it permits sharing of playbooks with other parts of your infrastructure or team. 29.2. Ansible file and directory structure If you are creating a common set of roles to use across projects, these should be accessed through source control submodules, or a common location such as /opt . Projects should not expect to import roles or content from other projects. For more information, see the link General tips from the Ansible documentation. Note Avoid using the playbooks vars_prompt feature, as automation controller does not interactively permit vars_prompt questions. If you cannot avoid using vars_prompt , see the Surveys in job templates functionality. Avoid using the playbooks pause feature without a timeout, as automation controller does not permit canceling a pause interactively. If you cannot avoid using pause , you must set a timeout. Jobs use the playbook directory as the current working directory, although jobs must be coded to use the playbook_dir variable rather than relying on this. 29.3. Use Dynamic Inventory Sources If you have an external source of truth for your infrastructure, whether it is a cloud provider or a local CMDB, it is best to define an inventory sync process and use the support for dynamic inventory (including cloud inventory sources). This ensures your inventory is always up to date. Note Edits and additions to Inventory host variables persist beyond an inventory synchronization as long as --overwrite_vars is not set. 29.4. Variable Management for Inventory Keep variable data with the hosts and groups definitions (see the inventory editor), rather than using group_vars/ and host_vars/ . If you use dynamic inventory sources, automation controller can synchronize such variables with the database as long as the Overwrite Variables option is not set. 29.5. Autoscaling Use the "callback" feature to permit newly booting instances to request configuration for auto-scaling scenarios or provisioning integration. 29.6. Larger Host Counts Set "forks" on a job template to larger values to increase parallelism of execution runs. 29.7. Continuous integration / Continuous Deployment For a Continuous Integration system, such as Jenkins, to spawn a job, it must make a curl request to a job template. The credentials to the job template must not require prompting for any particular passwords. For configuration and use instructions, see Installation in the Ansible documentation.	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_ansible_automation_platform/2.5/html/using_automation_execution/assembly-controller-best-practices
Chapter 6. Generic ephemeral volumes	Chapter 6. Generic ephemeral volumes 6.1. Overview Generic ephemeral volumes are a type of ephemeral volume that can be provided by all storage drivers that support persistent volumes and dynamic provisioning. Generic ephemeral volumes are similar to emptyDir volumes in that they provide a per-pod directory for scratch data, which is usually empty after provisioning. Generic ephemeral volumes are specified inline in the pod spec and follow the pod's lifecycle. They are created and deleted along with the pod. Generic ephemeral volumes have the following features: Storage can be local or network-attached. Volumes can have a fixed size that pods are not able to exceed. Volumes might have some initial data, depending on the driver and parameters. Typical operations on volumes are supported, assuming that the driver supports them, including snapshotting, cloning, resizing, and storage capacity tracking. Note Generic ephemeral volumes do not support offline snapshots and resize. Due to this limitation, the following Container Storage Interface (CSI) drivers do not support the following features for generic ephemeral volumes: Azure Disk CSI driver does not support resize. Cinder CSI driver does not support snapshot. 6.2. Lifecycle and persistent volume claims The parameters for a volume claim are allowed inside a volume source of a pod. Labels, annotations, and the whole set of fields for persistent volume claims (PVCs) are supported. When such a pod is created, the ephemeral volume controller then creates an actual PVC object (from the template shown in the Creating generic ephemeral volumes procedure) in the same namespace as the pod, and ensures that the PVC is deleted when the pod is deleted. This triggers volume binding and provisioning in one of two ways: Either immediately, if the storage class uses immediate volume binding. With immediate binding, the scheduler is forced to select a node that has access to the volume after it is available. When the pod is tentatively scheduled onto a node ( WaitForFirstConsumervolume binding mode). This volume binding option is recommended for generic ephemeral volumes because then the scheduler can choose a suitable node for the pod. In terms of resource ownership, a pod that has generic ephemeral storage is the owner of the PVCs that provide that ephemeral storage. When the pod is deleted, the Kubernetes garbage collector deletes the PVC, which then usually triggers deletion of the volume because the default reclaim policy of storage classes is to delete volumes. You can create quasi-ephemeral local storage by using a storage class with a reclaim policy of retain: the storage outlives the pod, and in this case, you must ensure that volume clean-up happens separately. While these PVCs exist, they can be used like any other PVC. In particular, they can be referenced as data source in volume cloning or snapshotting. The PVC object also holds the current status of the volume. Additional resources Creating generic ephemeral volumes 6.3. Security You can enable the generic ephemeral volume feature to allows users who can create pods to also create persistent volume claims (PVCs) indirectly. This feature works even if these users do not have permission to create PVCs directly. Cluster administrators must be aware of this. If this does not fit your security model, use an admission webhook that rejects objects such as pods that have a generic ephemeral volume. The normal namespace quota for PVCs still applies, so even if users are allowed to use this new mechanism, they cannot use it to circumvent other policies. 6.4. Persistent volume claim naming Automatically created persistent volume claims (PVCs) are named by a combination of the pod name and the volume name, with a hyphen (-) in the middle. This naming convention also introduces a potential conflict between different pods, and between pods and manually created PVCs. For example, pod-a with volume scratch and pod with volume a-scratch both end up with the same PVC name, pod-a-scratch . Such conflicts are detected, and a PVC is only used for an ephemeral volume if it was created for the pod. This check is based on the ownership relationship. An existing PVC is not overwritten or modified, but this does not resolve the conflict. Without the right PVC, a pod cannot start. Important Be careful when naming pods and volumes inside the same namespace so that naming conflicts do not occur. 6.5. Creating generic ephemeral volumes Procedure Create the pod object definition and save it to a file. Include the generic ephemeral volume information in the file. my-example-pod-with-generic-vols.yaml kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: my-app spec: containers: - name: my-frontend image: busybox:1.28 volumeMounts: - mountPath: "/mnt/storage" name: data command: [ "sleep", "1000000" ] volumes: - name: data 1 ephemeral: volumeClaimTemplate: metadata: labels: type: my-app-ephvol spec: accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ] storageClassName: "gp2-csi" resources: requests: storage: 1Gi 1 Generic ephemeral volume claim.	[ "kind: Pod apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: my-app spec: containers: - name: my-frontend image: busybox:1.28 volumeMounts: - mountPath: \"/mnt/storage\" name: data command: [ \"sleep\", \"1000000\" ] volumes: - name: data 1 ephemeral: volumeClaimTemplate: metadata: labels: type: my-app-ephvol spec: accessModes: [ \"ReadWriteOnce\" ] storageClassName: \"gp2-csi\" resources: requests: storage: 1Gi" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.14/html/storage/generic-ephemeral-volumes
Chapter 5. SelfSubjectRulesReview [authorization.openshift.io/v1]	Chapter 5. SelfSubjectRulesReview [authorization.openshift.io/v1] Description SelfSubjectRulesReview is a resource you can create to determine which actions you can perform in a namespace Compatibility level 1: Stable within a major release for a minimum of 12 months or 3 minor releases (whichever is longer). Type object Required spec 5.1. Specification Property Type Description apiVersion string APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources kind string Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds spec object SelfSubjectRulesReviewSpec adds information about how to conduct the check status object SubjectRulesReviewStatus is contains the result of a rules check 5.1.1. .spec Description SelfSubjectRulesReviewSpec adds information about how to conduct the check Type object Required scopes Property Type Description scopes array (string) Scopes to use for the evaluation. Empty means "use the unscoped (full) permissions of the user/groups". Nil means "use the scopes on this request". 5.1.2. .status Description SubjectRulesReviewStatus is contains the result of a rules check Type object Required rules Property Type Description evaluationError string EvaluationError can appear in combination with Rules. It means some error happened during evaluation that may have prevented additional rules from being populated. rules array Rules is the list of rules (no particular sort) that are allowed for the subject rules[] object PolicyRule holds information that describes a policy rule, but does not contain information about who the rule applies to or which namespace the rule applies to. 5.1.3. .status.rules Description Rules is the list of rules (no particular sort) that are allowed for the subject Type array 5.1.4. .status.rules[] Description PolicyRule holds information that describes a policy rule, but does not contain information about who the rule applies to or which namespace the rule applies to. Type object Required verbs resources Property Type Description apiGroups array (string) APIGroups is the name of the APIGroup that contains the resources. If this field is empty, then both kubernetes and origin API groups are assumed. That means that if an action is requested against one of the enumerated resources in either the kubernetes or the origin API group, the request will be allowed attributeRestrictions RawExtension AttributeRestrictions will vary depending on what the Authorizer/AuthorizationAttributeBuilder pair supports. If the Authorizer does not recognize how to handle the AttributeRestrictions, the Authorizer should report an error. nonResourceURLs array (string) NonResourceURLsSlice is a set of partial urls that a user should have access to. *s are allowed, but only as the full, final step in the path This name is intentionally different than the internal type so that the DefaultConvert works nicely and because the ordering may be different. resourceNames array (string) ResourceNames is an optional white list of names that the rule applies to. An empty set means that everything is allowed. resources array (string) Resources is a list of resources this rule applies to. ResourceAll represents all resources. verbs array (string) Verbs is a list of Verbs that apply to ALL the ResourceKinds and AttributeRestrictions contained in this rule. VerbAll represents all kinds. 5.2. API endpoints The following API endpoints are available: /apis/authorization.openshift.io/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/selfsubjectrulesreviews POST : create a SelfSubjectRulesReview 5.2.1. /apis/authorization.openshift.io/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/selfsubjectrulesreviews Table 5.1. Global query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed fieldValidation string fieldValidation instructs the server on how to handle objects in the request (POST/PUT/PATCH) containing unknown or duplicate fields. Valid values are: - Ignore: This will ignore any unknown fields that are silently dropped from the object, and will ignore all but the last duplicate field that the decoder encounters. This is the default behavior prior to v1.23. - Warn: This will send a warning via the standard warning response header for each unknown field that is dropped from the object, and for each duplicate field that is encountered. The request will still succeed if there are no other errors, and will only persist the last of any duplicate fields. This is the default in v1.23+ - Strict: This will fail the request with a BadRequest error if any unknown fields would be dropped from the object, or if any duplicate fields are present. The error returned from the server will contain all unknown and duplicate fields encountered. HTTP method POST Description create a SelfSubjectRulesReview Table 5.2. Body parameters Parameter Type Description body SelfSubjectRulesReview schema Table 5.3. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK SelfSubjectRulesReview schema 201 - Created SelfSubjectRulesReview schema 202 - Accepted SelfSubjectRulesReview schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.15/html/authorization_apis/selfsubjectrulesreview-authorization-openshift-io-v1
1.4. LVM Logical Volumes in a Red Hat High Availability Cluster	1.4. LVM Logical Volumes in a Red Hat High Availability Cluster The Red Hat High Availability Add-On provides support for LVM volumes in two distinct cluster configurations: High availability LVM volumes (HA-LVM) in an active/passive failover configurations in which only a single node of the cluster accesses the storage at any one time. LVM volumes that use the Clustered Logical Volume (CLVM) extensions in an active/active configurations in which more than one node of the cluster requires access to the storage at the same time. CLVM is part of the Resilient Storage Add-On. 1.4.1. Choosing CLVM or HA-LVM When to use CLVM or HA-LVM should be based on the needs of the applications or services being deployed. If multiple nodes of the cluster require simultaneous read/write access to LVM volumes in an active/active system, then you must use CLVMD. CLVMD provides a system for coordinating activation of and changes to LVM volumes across nodes of a cluster concurrently. CLVMD's clustered-locking service provides protection to LVM metadata as various nodes of the cluster interact with volumes and make changes to their layout. This protection is contingent upon appropriately configuring the volume groups in question, including setting locking_type to 3 in the lvm.conf file and setting the clustered flag on any volume group that will be managed by CLVMD and activated simultaneously across multiple cluster nodes. If the high availability cluster is configured to manage shared resources in an active/passive manner with only one single member needing access to a given LVM volume at a time, then you can use HA-LVM without the CLVMD clustered-locking service Most applications will run better in an active/passive configuration, as they are not designed or optimized to run concurrently with other instances. Choosing to run an application that is not cluster-aware on clustered logical volumes may result in degraded performance if the logical volume is mirrored. This is because there is cluster communication overhead for the logical volumes themselves in these instances. A cluster-aware application must be able to achieve performance gains above the performance losses introduced by cluster file systems and cluster-aware logical volumes. This is achievable for some applications and workloads more easily than others. Determining what the requirements of the cluster are and whether the extra effort toward optimizing for an active/active cluster will pay dividends is the way to choose between the two LVM variants. Most users will achieve the best HA results from using HA-LVM. HA-LVM and CLVM are similar in the fact that they prevent corruption of LVM metadata and its logical volumes, which could otherwise occur if multiple machines are allowed to make overlapping changes. HA-LVM imposes the restriction that a logical volume can only be activated exclusively; that is, active on only one machine at a time. This means that only local (non-clustered) implementations of the storage drivers are used. Avoiding the cluster coordination overhead in this way increases performance. CLVM does not impose these restrictions and a user is free to activate a logical volume on all machines in a cluster; this forces the use of cluster-aware storage drivers, which allow for cluster-aware file systems and applications to be put on top. 1.4.2. Configuring LVM volumes in a cluster In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, clusters are managed through Pacemaker. Both HA-LVM and CLVM logical volumes are supported only in conjunction with Pacemaker clusters, and must be configured as cluster resources. For a procedure for configuring an HA-LVM volume as part of a Pacemaker cluster, see An active/passive Apache HTTP Server in a Red Hat High Availability Cluster in High Availability Add-On Administration . Note that this procedure includes the following steps: Configuring an LVM logical volume Ensuring that only the cluster is capable of activating the volume group Configuring the LVM volume as a cluster resource For a procedure for configuring a CLVM volume in a cluster, see Configuring a GFS2 File System in a Cluster in Global File System 2 .	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/logical_volume_manager_administration/lvm_cluster_overview
Chapter 2. Preparing the hub cluster for ZTP	Chapter 2. Preparing the hub cluster for ZTP To use RHACM in a disconnected environment, create a mirror registry that mirrors the OpenShift Container Platform release images and Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM) catalog that contains the required Operator images. OLM manages, installs, and upgrades Operators and their dependencies in the cluster. You can also use a disconnected mirror host to serve the RHCOS ISO and RootFS disk images that are used to provision the bare-metal hosts. 2.1. Telco RAN DU 4.15 validated software components The Red Hat telco RAN DU 4.15 solution has been validated using the following Red Hat software products for OpenShift Container Platform managed clusters and hub clusters. Table 2.1. Telco RAN DU managed cluster validated software components Component Software version Managed cluster version 4.15 Cluster Logging Operator 5.8 Local Storage Operator 4.15 PTP Operator 4.15 SRIOV Operator 4.15 Node Tuning Operator 4.15 Logging Operator 4.15 SRIOV-FEC Operator 2.8 Table 2.2. Hub cluster validated software components Component Software version Hub cluster version 4.15 GitOps ZTP plugin 4.15 Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM) 2.9, 2.10 Red Hat OpenShift GitOps 1.11 Topology Aware Lifecycle Manager (TALM) 4.15 2.2. Recommended hub cluster specifications and managed cluster limits for GitOps ZTP With GitOps Zero Touch Provisioning (ZTP), you can manage thousands of clusters in geographically dispersed regions and networks. The Red Hat Performance and Scale lab successfully created and managed 3500 virtual single-node OpenShift clusters with a reduced DU profile from a single Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM) hub cluster in a lab environment. In real-world situations, the scaling limits for the number of clusters that you can manage will vary depending on various factors affecting the hub cluster. For example: Hub cluster resources Available hub cluster host resources (CPU, memory, storage) are an important factor in determining how many clusters the hub cluster can manage. The more resources allocated to the hub cluster, the more managed clusters it can accommodate. Hub cluster storage The hub cluster host storage IOPS rating and whether the hub cluster hosts use NVMe storage can affect hub cluster performance and the number of clusters it can manage. Network bandwidth and latency Slow or high-latency network connections between the hub cluster and managed clusters can impact how the hub cluster manages multiple clusters. Managed cluster size and complexity The size and complexity of the managed clusters also affects the capacity of the hub cluster. Larger managed clusters with more nodes, namespaces, and resources require additional processing and management resources. Similarly, clusters with complex configurations such as the RAN DU profile or diverse workloads can require more resources from the hub cluster. Number of managed policies The number of policies managed by the hub cluster scaled over the number of managed clusters bound to those policies is an important factor that determines how many clusters can be managed. Monitoring and management workloads RHACM continuously monitors and manages the managed clusters. The number and complexity of monitoring and management workloads running on the hub cluster can affect its capacity. Intensive monitoring or frequent reconciliation operations can require additional resources, potentially limiting the number of manageable clusters. RHACM version and configuration Different versions of RHACM can have varying performance characteristics and resource requirements. Additionally, the configuration settings of RHACM, such as the number of concurrent reconciliations or the frequency of health checks, can affect the managed cluster capacity of the hub cluster. Use the following representative configuration and network specifications to develop your own Hub cluster and network specifications. Important The following guidelines are based on internal lab benchmark testing only and do not represent complete bare-metal host specifications. Table 2.3. Representative three-node hub cluster machine specifications Requirement Description Server hardware 3 x Dell PowerEdge R650 rack servers NVMe hard disks 50 GB disk for /var/lib/etcd 2.9 TB disk for /var/lib/containers SSD hard disks 1 SSD split into 15 200GB thin-provisioned logical volumes provisioned as PV CRs 1 SSD serving as an extra large PV resource Number of applied DU profile policies 5 Important The following network specifications are representative of a typical real-world RAN network and were applied to the scale lab environment during testing. Table 2.4. Simulated lab environment network specifications Specification Description Round-trip time (RTT) latency 50 ms Packet loss 0.02% packet loss Network bandwidth limit 20 Mbps Additional resources Creating and managing single-node OpenShift clusters with RHACM 2.3. Installing GitOps ZTP in a disconnected environment Use Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM), Red Hat OpenShift GitOps, and Topology Aware Lifecycle Manager (TALM) on the hub cluster in the disconnected environment to manage the deployment of multiple managed clusters. Prerequisites You have installed the OpenShift Container Platform CLI ( oc ). You have logged in as a user with cluster-admin privileges. You have configured a disconnected mirror registry for use in the cluster. Note The disconnected mirror registry that you create must contain a version of TALM backup and pre-cache images that matches the version of TALM running in the hub cluster. The spoke cluster must be able to resolve these images in the disconnected mirror registry. Procedure Install RHACM in the hub cluster. See Installing RHACM in a disconnected environment . Install GitOps and TALM in the hub cluster. Additional resources Installing OpenShift GitOps Installing TALM Mirroring an Operator catalog 2.4. Adding RHCOS ISO and RootFS images to the disconnected mirror host Before you begin installing clusters in the disconnected environment with Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM), you must first host Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) images for it to use. Use a disconnected mirror to host the RHCOS images. Prerequisites Deploy and configure an HTTP server to host the RHCOS image resources on the network. You must be able to access the HTTP server from your computer, and from the machines that you create. Important The RHCOS images might not change with every release of OpenShift Container Platform. You must download images with the highest version that is less than or equal to the version that you install. Use the image versions that match your OpenShift Container Platform version if they are available. You require ISO and RootFS images to install RHCOS on the hosts. RHCOS QCOW2 images are not supported for this installation type. Procedure Log in to the mirror host. Obtain the RHCOS ISO and RootFS images from mirror.openshift.com , for example: Export the required image names and OpenShift Container Platform version as environment variables: USD export ISO_IMAGE_NAME=<iso_image_name> 1 USD export ROOTFS_IMAGE_NAME=<rootfs_image_name> 1 USD export OCP_VERSION=<ocp_version> 1 1 ISO image name, for example, rhcos-4.15.1-x86_64-live.x86_64.iso 1 RootFS image name, for example, rhcos-4.15.1-x86_64-live-rootfs.x86_64.img 1 OpenShift Container Platform version, for example, 4.15.1 Download the required images: USD sudo wget https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/dependencies/rhcos/4.15/USD{OCP_VERSION}/USD{ISO_IMAGE_NAME} -O /var/www/html/USD{ISO_IMAGE_NAME} USD sudo wget https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/dependencies/rhcos/4.15/USD{OCP_VERSION}/USD{ROOTFS_IMAGE_NAME} -O /var/www/html/USD{ROOTFS_IMAGE_NAME} Verification steps Verify that the images downloaded successfully and are being served on the disconnected mirror host, for example: USD wget http://USD(hostname)/USD{ISO_IMAGE_NAME} Example output Saving to: rhcos-4.15.1-x86_64-live.x86_64.iso rhcos-4.15.1-x86_64-live.x86_64.iso- 11%[====> ] 10.01M 4.71MB/s Additional resources Creating a mirror registry Mirroring images for a disconnected installation 2.5. Enabling the assisted service Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM) uses the assisted service to deploy OpenShift Container Platform clusters. The assisted service is deployed automatically when you enable the MultiClusterHub Operator on Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM). After that, you need to configure the Provisioning resource to watch all namespaces and to update the AgentServiceConfig custom resource (CR) with references to the ISO and RootFS images that are hosted on the mirror registry HTTP server. Prerequisites You have installed the OpenShift CLI ( oc ). You have logged in to the hub cluster as a user with cluster-admin privileges. You have RHACM with MultiClusterHub enabled. Procedure Enable the Provisioning resource to watch all namespaces and configure mirrors for disconnected environments. For more information, see Enabling the central infrastructure management service . Update the AgentServiceConfig CR by running the following command: USD oc edit AgentServiceConfig Add the following entry to the items.spec.osImages field in the CR: - cpuArchitecture: x86_64 openshiftVersion: "4.15" rootFSUrl: https://<host>/<path>/rhcos-live-rootfs.x86_64.img url: https://<host>/<path>/rhcos-live.x86_64.iso where: <host> Is the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) for the target mirror registry HTTP server. <path> Is the path to the image on the target mirror registry. Save and quit the editor to apply the changes. 2.6. Configuring the hub cluster to use a disconnected mirror registry You can configure the hub cluster to use a disconnected mirror registry for a disconnected environment. Prerequisites You have a disconnected hub cluster installation with Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM) 2.9 installed. You have hosted the rootfs and iso images on an HTTP server. See the Additional resources section for guidance about Mirroring the OpenShift Container Platform image repository . Warning If you enable TLS for the HTTP server, you must confirm the root certificate is signed by an authority trusted by the client and verify the trusted certificate chain between your OpenShift Container Platform hub and managed clusters and the HTTP server. Using a server configured with an untrusted certificate prevents the images from being downloaded to the image creation service. Using untrusted HTTPS servers is not supported. Procedure Create a ConfigMap containing the mirror registry config: apiVersion: v1 kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: assisted-installer-mirror-config namespace: multicluster-engine 1 labels: app: assisted-service data: ca-bundle.crt: \| 2 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <certificate_contents> -----END CERTIFICATE----- registries.conf: \| 3 unqualified-search-registries = ["registry.access.redhat.com", "docker.io"] [[registry]] prefix = "" location = "quay.io/example-repository" 4 mirror-by-digest-only = true [[registry.mirror]] location = "mirror1.registry.corp.com:5000/example-repository" 5 1 The ConfigMap namespace must be set to multicluster-engine . 2 The mirror registry's certificate that is used when creating the mirror registry. 3 The configuration file for the mirror registry. The mirror registry configuration adds mirror information to the /etc/containers/registries.conf file in the discovery image. The mirror information is stored in the imageContentSources section of the install-config.yaml file when the information is passed to the installation program. The Assisted Service pod that runs on the hub cluster fetches the container images from the configured mirror registry. 4 The URL of the mirror registry. You must use the URL from the imageContentSources section by running the oc adm release mirror command when you configure the mirror registry. For more information, see the Mirroring the OpenShift Container Platform image repository section. 5 The registries defined in the registries.conf file must be scoped by repository, not by registry. In this example, both the quay.io/example-repository and the mirror1.registry.corp.com:5000/example-repository repositories are scoped by the example-repository repository. This updates mirrorRegistryRef in the AgentServiceConfig custom resource, as shown below: Example output apiVersion: agent-install.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: AgentServiceConfig metadata: name: agent namespace: multicluster-engine 1 spec: databaseStorage: volumeName: <db_pv_name> accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: <db_storage_size> filesystemStorage: volumeName: <fs_pv_name> accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: <fs_storage_size> mirrorRegistryRef: name: assisted-installer-mirror-config 2 osImages: - openshiftVersion: <ocp_version> 3 url: <iso_url> 4 1 Set the AgentServiceConfig namespace to multicluster-engine to match the ConfigMap namespace. 2 Set mirrorRegistryRef.name to match the definition specified in the related ConfigMap CR. 3 Set the OpenShift Container Platform version to either the x.y or x.y.z format. 4 Set the URL for the ISO hosted on the httpd server. Important A valid NTP server is required during cluster installation. Ensure that a suitable NTP server is available and can be reached from the installed clusters through the disconnected network. Additional resources Mirroring the OpenShift Container Platform image repository 2.7. Configuring the hub cluster to use unauthenticated registries You can configure the hub cluster to use unauthenticated registries. Unauthenticated registries does not require authentication to access and download images. Prerequisites You have installed and configured a hub cluster and installed Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM) on the hub cluster. You have installed the OpenShift Container Platform CLI (oc). You have logged in as a user with cluster-admin privileges. You have configured an unauthenticated registry for use with the hub cluster. Procedure Update the AgentServiceConfig custom resource (CR) by running the following command: USD oc edit AgentServiceConfig agent Add the unauthenticatedRegistries field in the CR: apiVersion: agent-install.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: AgentServiceConfig metadata: name: agent spec: unauthenticatedRegistries: - example.registry.com - example.registry2.com ... Unauthenticated registries are listed under spec.unauthenticatedRegistries in the AgentServiceConfig resource. Any registry on this list is not required to have an entry in the pull secret used for the spoke cluster installation. assisted-service validates the pull secret by making sure it contains the authentication information for every image registry used for installation. Note Mirror registries are automatically added to the ignore list and do not need to be added under spec.unauthenticatedRegistries . Specifying the PUBLIC_CONTAINER_REGISTRIES environment variable in the ConfigMap overrides the default values with the specified value. The PUBLIC_CONTAINER_REGISTRIES defaults are quay.io and registry.svc.ci.openshift.org . Verification Verify that you can access the newly added registry from the hub cluster by running the following commands: Open a debug shell prompt to the hub cluster: USD oc debug node/<node_name> Test access to the unauthenticated registry by running the following command: sh-4.4# podman login -u kubeadmin -p USD(oc whoami -t) <unauthenticated_registry> where: <unauthenticated_registry> Is the new registry, for example, unauthenticated-image-registry.openshift-image-registry.svc:5000 . Example output Login Succeeded! 2.8. Configuring the hub cluster with ArgoCD You can configure the hub cluster with a set of ArgoCD applications that generate the required installation and policy custom resources (CRs) for each site with GitOps Zero Touch Provisioning (ZTP). Note Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM) uses SiteConfig CRs to generate the Day 1 managed cluster installation CRs for ArgoCD. Each ArgoCD application can manage a maximum of 300 SiteConfig CRs. Prerequisites You have a OpenShift Container Platform hub cluster with Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM) and Red Hat OpenShift GitOps installed. You have extracted the reference deployment from the GitOps ZTP plugin container as described in the "Preparing the GitOps ZTP site configuration repository" section. Extracting the reference deployment creates the out/argocd/deployment directory referenced in the following procedure. Procedure Prepare the ArgoCD pipeline configuration: Create a Git repository with the directory structure similar to the example directory. For more information, see "Preparing the GitOps ZTP site configuration repository". Configure access to the repository using the ArgoCD UI. Under Settings configure the following: Repositories - Add the connection information. The URL must end in .git , for example, https://repo.example.com/repo.git and credentials. Certificates - Add the public certificate for the repository, if needed. Modify the two ArgoCD applications, out/argocd/deployment/clusters-app.yaml and out/argocd/deployment/policies-app.yaml , based on your Git repository: Update the URL to point to the Git repository. The URL ends with .git , for example, https://repo.example.com/repo.git . The targetRevision indicates which Git repository branch to monitor. path specifies the path to the SiteConfig and PolicyGenTemplate CRs, respectively. To install the GitOps ZTP plugin, patch the ArgoCD instance in the hub cluster with the relevant multicluster engine (MCE) subscription image. Customize the patch file that you previously extracted into the out/argocd/deployment/ directory for your environment. Select the multicluster-operators-subscription image that matches your RHACM version. For RHACM 2.8 and 2.9, use the registry.redhat.io/rhacm2/multicluster-operators-subscription-rhel8:v<rhacm_version> image. For RHACM 2.10 and later, use the registry.redhat.io/rhacm2/multicluster-operators-subscription-rhel9:v<rhacm_version> image. Important The version of the multicluster-operators-subscription image must match the RHACM version. Beginning with the MCE 2.10 release, RHEL 9 is the base image for multicluster-operators-subscription images. Click [Expand for Operator list] in the "Platform Aligned Operators" table in OpenShift Operator Life Cycles to view the complete supported Operators matrix for OpenShift Container Platform. Add the following configuration to the out/argocd/deployment/argocd-openshift-gitops-patch.json file: { "args": [ "-c", "mkdir -p /.config/kustomize/plugin/policy.open-cluster-management.io/v1/policygenerator && cp /policy-generator/PolicyGenerator-not-fips-compliant /.config/kustomize/plugin/policy.open-cluster-management.io/v1/policygenerator/PolicyGenerator" 1 ], "command": [ "/bin/bash" ], "image": "registry.redhat.io/rhacm2/multicluster-operators-subscription-rhel9:v2.10", 2 3 "name": "policy-generator-install", "imagePullPolicy": "Always", "volumeMounts": [ { "mountPath": "/.config", "name": "kustomize" } ] } 1 Optional: For RHEL 9 images, copy the required universal executable in the /policy-generator/PolicyGenerator-not-fips-compliant folder for the ArgoCD version. 2 Match the multicluster-operators-subscription image to the RHACM version. 3 In disconnected environments, replace the URL for the multicluster-operators-subscription image with the disconnected registry equivalent for your environment. Patch the ArgoCD instance. Run the following command: USD oc patch argocd openshift-gitops \ -n openshift-gitops --type=merge \ --patch-file out/argocd/deployment/argocd-openshift-gitops-patch.json In RHACM 2.7 and later, the multicluster engine enables the cluster-proxy-addon feature by default. Apply the following patch to disable the cluster-proxy-addon feature and remove the relevant hub cluster and managed pods that are responsible for this add-on. Run the following command: USD oc patch multiclusterengines.multicluster.openshift.io multiclusterengine --type=merge --patch-file out/argocd/deployment/disable-cluster-proxy-addon.json Apply the pipeline configuration to your hub cluster by running the following command: USD oc apply -k out/argocd/deployment Optional: If you have existing ArgoCD applications, verify that the PrunePropagationPolicy=background policy is set in the Application resource by running the following command: USD oc -n openshift-gitops get applications.argoproj.io \ clusters -o jsonpath='{.spec.syncPolicy.syncOptions}' \|jq Example output for an existing policy [ "CreateNamespace=true", "PrunePropagationPolicy=background", "RespectIgnoreDifferences=true" ] If the spec.syncPolicy.syncOption field does not contain a PrunePropagationPolicy parameter or PrunePropagationPolicy is set to the foreground value, set the policy to background in the Application resource. See the following example: kind: Application spec: syncPolicy: syncOptions: - PrunePropagationPolicy=background Setting the background deletion policy ensures that the ManagedCluster CR and all its associated resources are deleted. 2.9. Preparing the GitOps ZTP site configuration repository Before you can use the GitOps Zero Touch Provisioning (ZTP) pipeline, you need to prepare the Git repository to host the site configuration data. Prerequisites You have configured the hub cluster GitOps applications for generating the required installation and policy custom resources (CRs). You have deployed the managed clusters using GitOps ZTP. Procedure Create a directory structure with separate paths for the SiteConfig and PolicyGenTemplate CRs. Note Keep SiteConfig and PolicyGenTemplate CRs in separate directories. Both the SiteConfig and PolicyGenTemplate directories must contain a kustomization.yaml file that explicitly includes the files in that directory. Export the argocd directory from the ztp-site-generate container image using the following commands: USD podman pull registry.redhat.io/openshift4/ztp-site-generate-rhel8:v4.15 USD mkdir -p ./out USD podman run --log-driver=none --rm registry.redhat.io/openshift4/ztp-site-generate-rhel8:v4.15 extract /home/ztp --tar \| tar x -C ./out Check that the out directory contains the following subdirectories: out/extra-manifest contains the source CR files that SiteConfig uses to generate extra manifest configMap . out/source-crs contains the source CR files that PolicyGenTemplate uses to generate the Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM) policies. out/argocd/deployment contains patches and YAML files to apply on the hub cluster for use in the step of this procedure. out/argocd/example contains the examples for SiteConfig and PolicyGenTemplate files that represent the recommended configuration. Copy the out/source-crs folder and contents to the PolicyGentemplate directory. The out/extra-manifests directory contains the reference manifests for a RAN DU cluster. Copy the out/extra-manifests directory into the SiteConfig folder. This directory should contain CRs from the ztp-site-generate container only. Do not add user-provided CRs here. If you want to work with user-provided CRs you must create another directory for that content. For example: example/ ├── policygentemplates │ ├── kustomization.yaml │ └── source-crs/ └── siteconfig ├── extra-manifests └── kustomization.yaml Commit the directory structure and the kustomization.yaml files and push to your Git repository. The initial push to Git should include the kustomization.yaml files. You can use the directory structure under out/argocd/example as a reference for the structure and content of your Git repository. That structure includes SiteConfig and PolicyGenTemplate reference CRs for single-node, three-node, and standard clusters. Remove references to cluster types that you are not using. For all cluster types, you must: Add the source-crs subdirectory to the policygentemplate directory. Add the extra-manifests directory to the siteconfig directory. The following example describes a set of CRs for a network of single-node clusters: example/ ├── policygentemplates │ ├── common-ranGen.yaml │ ├── example-sno-site.yaml │ ├── group-du-sno-ranGen.yaml │ ├── group-du-sno-validator-ranGen.yaml │ ├── kustomization.yaml │ ├── source-crs/ │ └── ns.yaml └── siteconfig ├── example-sno.yaml ├── extra-manifests/ 1 ├── custom-manifests/ 2 ├── KlusterletAddonConfigOverride.yaml └── kustomization.yaml 1 Contains reference manifests from the ztp-container . 2 Contains custom manifests. 2.9.1. Preparing the GitOps ZTP site configuration repository for version independence You can use GitOps ZTP to manage source custom resources (CRs) for managed clusters that are running different versions of OpenShift Container Platform. This means that the version of OpenShift Container Platform running on the hub cluster can be independent of the version running on the managed clusters. Procedure Create a directory structure with separate paths for the SiteConfig and PolicyGenTemplate CRs. Within the PolicyGenTemplate directory, create a directory for each OpenShift Container Platform version you want to make available. For each version, create the following resources: kustomization.yaml file that explicitly includes the files in that directory source-crs directory to contain reference CR configuration files from the ztp-site-generate container If you want to work with user-provided CRs, you must create a separate directory for them. In the /siteconfig directory, create a subdirectory for each OpenShift Container Platform version you want to make available. For each version, create at least one directory for reference CRs to be copied from the container. There is no restriction on the naming of directories or on the number of reference directories. If you want to work with custom manifests, you must create a separate directory for them. The following example describes a structure using user-provided manifests and CRs for different versions of OpenShift Container Platform: ├── policygentemplates │ ├── kustomization.yaml 1 │ ├── version_4.13 2 │ │ ├── common-ranGen.yaml │ │ ├── group-du-sno-ranGen.yaml │ │ ├── group-du-sno-validator-ranGen.yaml │ │ ├── helix56-v413.yaml │ │ ├── kustomization.yaml 3 │ │ ├── ns.yaml │ │ └── source-crs/ 4 │ │ └── reference-crs/ 5 │ │ └── custom-crs/ 6 │ └── version_4.14 7 │ ├── common-ranGen.yaml │ ├── group-du-sno-ranGen.yaml │ ├── group-du-sno-validator-ranGen.yaml │ ├── helix56-v414.yaml │ ├── kustomization.yaml 8 │ ├── ns.yaml │ └── source-crs/ 9 │ └── reference-crs/ 10 │ └── custom-crs/ 11 └── siteconfig ├── kustomization.yaml ├── version_4.13 │ ├── helix56-v413.yaml │ ├── kustomization.yaml │ ├── extra-manifest/ 12 │ └── custom-manifest/ 13 └── version_4.14 ├── helix57-v414.yaml ├── kustomization.yaml ├── extra-manifest/ 14 └── custom-manifest/ 15 1 Create a top-level kustomization YAML file. 2 7 Create the version-specific directories within the custom /policygentemplates directory. 3 8 Create a kustomization.yaml file for each version. 4 9 Create a source-crs directory for each version to contain reference CRs from the ztp-site-generate container. 5 10 Create the reference-crs directory for policy CRs that are extracted from the ZTP container. 6 11 Optional: Create a custom-crs directory for user-provided CRs. 12 14 Create a directory within the custom /siteconfig directory to contain extra manifests from the ztp-site-generate container. 13 15 Create a folder to hold user-provided manifests. Note In the example, each version subdirectory in the custom /siteconfig directory contains two further subdirectories, one containing the reference manifests copied from the container, the other for custom manifests that you provide. The names assigned to those directories are examples. If you use user-provided CRs, the last directory listed under extraManifests.searchPaths in the SiteConfig CR must be the directory containing user-provided CRs. Edit the SiteConfig CR to include the search paths of any directories you have created. The first directory that is listed under extraManifests.searchPaths must be the directory containing the reference manifests. Consider the order in which the directories are listed. In cases where directories contain files with the same name, the file in the final directory takes precedence. Example SiteConfig CR extraManifests: searchPaths: - extra-manifest/ 1 - custom-manifest/ 2 1 The directory containing the reference manifests must be listed first under extraManifests.searchPaths . 2 If you are using user-provided CRs, the last directory listed under extraManifests.searchPaths in the SiteConfig CR must be the directory containing those user-provided CRs. Edit the top-level kustomization.yaml file to control which OpenShift Container Platform versions are active. The following is an example of a kustomization.yaml file at the top level: resources: - version_4.13 1 #- version_4.14 2 1 Activate version 4.13. 2 Use comments to deactivate a version.	[ "export ISO_IMAGE_NAME=<iso_image_name> 1", "export ROOTFS_IMAGE_NAME=<rootfs_image_name> 1", "export OCP_VERSION=<ocp_version> 1", "sudo wget https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/dependencies/rhcos/4.15/USD{OCP_VERSION}/USD{ISO_IMAGE_NAME} -O /var/www/html/USD{ISO_IMAGE_NAME}", "sudo wget https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/dependencies/rhcos/4.15/USD{OCP_VERSION}/USD{ROOTFS_IMAGE_NAME} -O /var/www/html/USD{ROOTFS_IMAGE_NAME}", "wget http://USD(hostname)/USD{ISO_IMAGE_NAME}", "Saving to: rhcos-4.15.1-x86_64-live.x86_64.iso rhcos-4.15.1-x86_64-live.x86_64.iso- 11%[====> ] 10.01M 4.71MB/s", "oc edit AgentServiceConfig", "- cpuArchitecture: x86_64 openshiftVersion: \"4.15\" rootFSUrl: https://<host>/<path>/rhcos-live-rootfs.x86_64.img url: https://<host>/<path>/rhcos-live.x86_64.iso", "apiVersion: v1 kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: assisted-installer-mirror-config namespace: multicluster-engine 1 labels: app: assisted-service data: ca-bundle.crt: \| 2 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- <certificate_contents> -----END CERTIFICATE----- registries.conf: \| 3 unqualified-search-registries = [\"registry.access.redhat.com\", \"docker.io\"] [[registry]] prefix = \"\" location = \"quay.io/example-repository\" 4 mirror-by-digest-only = true [[registry.mirror]] location = \"mirror1.registry.corp.com:5000/example-repository\" 5", "apiVersion: agent-install.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: AgentServiceConfig metadata: name: agent namespace: multicluster-engine 1 spec: databaseStorage: volumeName: <db_pv_name> accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: <db_storage_size> filesystemStorage: volumeName: <fs_pv_name> accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: <fs_storage_size> mirrorRegistryRef: name: assisted-installer-mirror-config 2 osImages: - openshiftVersion: <ocp_version> 3 url: <iso_url> 4", "oc edit AgentServiceConfig agent", "apiVersion: agent-install.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: AgentServiceConfig metadata: name: agent spec: unauthenticatedRegistries: - example.registry.com - example.registry2.com", "oc debug node/<node_name>", "sh-4.4# podman login -u kubeadmin -p USD(oc whoami -t) <unauthenticated_registry>", "Login Succeeded!", "{ \"args\": [ \"-c\", \"mkdir -p /.config/kustomize/plugin/policy.open-cluster-management.io/v1/policygenerator && cp /policy-generator/PolicyGenerator-not-fips-compliant /.config/kustomize/plugin/policy.open-cluster-management.io/v1/policygenerator/PolicyGenerator\" 1 ], \"command\": [ \"/bin/bash\" ], \"image\": \"registry.redhat.io/rhacm2/multicluster-operators-subscription-rhel9:v2.10\", 2 3 \"name\": \"policy-generator-install\", \"imagePullPolicy\": \"Always\", \"volumeMounts\": [ { \"mountPath\": \"/.config\", \"name\": \"kustomize\" } ] }", "oc patch argocd openshift-gitops -n openshift-gitops --type=merge --patch-file out/argocd/deployment/argocd-openshift-gitops-patch.json", "oc patch multiclusterengines.multicluster.openshift.io multiclusterengine --type=merge --patch-file out/argocd/deployment/disable-cluster-proxy-addon.json", "oc apply -k out/argocd/deployment", "oc -n openshift-gitops get applications.argoproj.io clusters -o jsonpath='{.spec.syncPolicy.syncOptions}' \|jq", "[ \"CreateNamespace=true\", \"PrunePropagationPolicy=background\", \"RespectIgnoreDifferences=true\" ]", "kind: Application spec: syncPolicy: syncOptions: - PrunePropagationPolicy=background", "podman pull registry.redhat.io/openshift4/ztp-site-generate-rhel8:v4.15", "mkdir -p ./out", "podman run --log-driver=none --rm registry.redhat.io/openshift4/ztp-site-generate-rhel8:v4.15 extract /home/ztp --tar \| tar x -C ./out", "example/ ├── policygentemplates │ ├── kustomization.yaml │ └── source-crs/ └── siteconfig ├── extra-manifests └── kustomization.yaml", "example/ ├── policygentemplates │ ├── common-ranGen.yaml │ ├── example-sno-site.yaml │ ├── group-du-sno-ranGen.yaml │ ├── group-du-sno-validator-ranGen.yaml │ ├── kustomization.yaml │ ├── source-crs/ │ └── ns.yaml └── siteconfig ├── example-sno.yaml ├── extra-manifests/ 1 ├── custom-manifests/ 2 ├── KlusterletAddonConfigOverride.yaml └── kustomization.yaml", "├── policygentemplates │ ├── kustomization.yaml 1 │ ├── version_4.13 2 │ │ ├── common-ranGen.yaml │ │ ├── group-du-sno-ranGen.yaml │ │ ├── group-du-sno-validator-ranGen.yaml │ │ ├── helix56-v413.yaml │ │ ├── kustomization.yaml 3 │ │ ├── ns.yaml │ │ └── source-crs/ 4 │ │ └── reference-crs/ 5 │ │ └── custom-crs/ 6 │ └── version_4.14 7 │ ├── common-ranGen.yaml │ ├── group-du-sno-ranGen.yaml │ ├── group-du-sno-validator-ranGen.yaml │ ├── helix56-v414.yaml │ ├── kustomization.yaml 8 │ ├── ns.yaml │ └── source-crs/ 9 │ └── reference-crs/ 10 │ └── custom-crs/ 11 └── siteconfig ├── kustomization.yaml ├── version_4.13 │ ├── helix56-v413.yaml │ ├── kustomization.yaml │ ├── extra-manifest/ 12 │ └── custom-manifest/ 13 └── version_4.14 ├── helix57-v414.yaml ├── kustomization.yaml ├── extra-manifest/ 14 └── custom-manifest/ 15", "extraManifests: searchPaths: - extra-manifest/ 1 - custom-manifest/ 2", "resources: - version_4.13 1 #- version_4.14 2" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.15/html/edge_computing/ztp-preparing-the-hub-cluster
Preface	Preface Preface	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_streams_for_apache_kafka/2.7/html/using_the_streams_for_apache_kafka_bridge/preface
Chapter 3. Installing a user-provisioned bare metal cluster with network customizations	Chapter 3. Installing a user-provisioned bare metal cluster with network customizations In OpenShift Container Platform 4.15, you can install a cluster on bare metal infrastructure that you provision with customized network configuration options. By customizing your network configuration, your cluster can coexist with existing IP address allocations in your environment and integrate with existing MTU and VXLAN configurations. When you customize OpenShift Container Platform networking, you must set most of the network configuration parameters during installation. You can modify only kubeProxy network configuration parameters in a running cluster. 3.1. Prerequisites You reviewed details about the OpenShift Container Platform installation and update processes. You read the documentation on selecting a cluster installation method and preparing it for users . If you use a firewall and plan to use the Telemetry service, you configured the firewall to allow the sites that your cluster requires access to. 3.2. Internet access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.15, you require access to the internet to install your cluster. You must have internet access to: Access OpenShift Cluster Manager to download the installation program and perform subscription management. If the cluster has internet access and you do not disable Telemetry, that service automatically entitles your cluster. Access Quay.io to obtain the packages that are required to install your cluster. Obtain the packages that are required to perform cluster updates. Important If your cluster cannot have direct internet access, you can perform a restricted network installation on some types of infrastructure that you provision. During that process, you download the required content and use it to populate a mirror registry with the installation packages. With some installation types, the environment that you install your cluster in will not require internet access. Before you update the cluster, you update the content of the mirror registry. Additional resources See Installing a user-provisioned bare metal cluster on a restricted network for more information about performing a restricted network installation on bare metal infrastructure that you provision. 3.3. Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure For a cluster that contains user-provisioned infrastructure, you must deploy all of the required machines. This section describes the requirements for deploying OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. 3.3.1. Required machines for cluster installation The smallest OpenShift Container Platform clusters require the following hosts: Table 3.1. Minimum required hosts Hosts Description One temporary bootstrap machine The cluster requires the bootstrap machine to deploy the OpenShift Container Platform cluster on the three control plane machines. You can remove the bootstrap machine after you install the cluster. Three control plane machines The control plane machines run the Kubernetes and OpenShift Container Platform services that form the control plane. At least two compute machines, which are also known as worker machines. The workloads requested by OpenShift Container Platform users run on the compute machines. Note As an exception, you can run zero compute machines in a bare metal cluster that consists of three control plane machines only. This provides smaller, more resource efficient clusters for cluster administrators and developers to use for testing, development, and production. Running one compute machine is not supported. Important To maintain high availability of your cluster, use separate physical hosts for these cluster machines. The bootstrap and control plane machines must use Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) as the operating system. However, the compute machines can choose between Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS), Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8.6 and later. Note that RHCOS is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 9.2 and inherits all of its hardware certifications and requirements. See Red Hat Enterprise Linux technology capabilities and limits . 3.3.2. Minimum resource requirements for cluster installation Each cluster machine must meet the following minimum requirements: Table 3.2. Minimum resource requirements Machine Operating System CPU [1] RAM Storage Input/Output Per Second (IOPS) [2] Bootstrap RHCOS 4 16 GB 100 GB 300 Control plane RHCOS 4 16 GB 100 GB 300 Compute RHCOS, RHEL 8.6 and later [3] 2 8 GB 100 GB 300 One CPU is equivalent to one physical core when simultaneous multithreading (SMT), or Hyper-Threading, is not enabled. When enabled, use the following formula to calculate the corresponding ratio: (threads per core x cores) x sockets = CPUs. OpenShift Container Platform and Kubernetes are sensitive to disk performance, and faster storage is recommended, particularly for etcd on the control plane nodes which require a 10 ms p99 fsync duration. Note that on many cloud platforms, storage size and IOPS scale together, so you might need to over-allocate storage volume to obtain sufficient performance. As with all user-provisioned installations, if you choose to use RHEL compute machines in your cluster, you take responsibility for all operating system life cycle management and maintenance, including performing system updates, applying patches, and completing all other required tasks. Use of RHEL 7 compute machines is deprecated and has been removed in OpenShift Container Platform 4.10 and later. Note As of OpenShift Container Platform version 4.13, RHCOS is based on RHEL version 9.2, which updates the micro-architecture requirements. The following list contains the minimum instruction set architectures (ISA) that each architecture requires: x86-64 architecture requires x86-64-v2 ISA ARM64 architecture requires ARMv8.0-A ISA IBM Power architecture requires Power 9 ISA s390x architecture requires z14 ISA For more information, see Architectures (RHEL documentation). If an instance type for your platform meets the minimum requirements for cluster machines, it is supported to use in OpenShift Container Platform. Additional resources Optimizing storage 3.3.3. Certificate signing requests management Because your cluster has limited access to automatic machine management when you use infrastructure that you provision, you must provide a mechanism for approving cluster certificate signing requests (CSRs) after installation. The kube-controller-manager only approves the kubelet client CSRs. The machine-approver cannot guarantee the validity of a serving certificate that is requested by using kubelet credentials because it cannot confirm that the correct machine issued the request. You must determine and implement a method of verifying the validity of the kubelet serving certificate requests and approving them. Additional resources See Configuring a three-node cluster for details about deploying three-node clusters in bare metal environments. See Approving the certificate signing requests for your machines for more information about approving cluster certificate signing requests after installation. 3.3.4. Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure All the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines require networking to be configured in initramfs during boot to fetch their Ignition config files. During the initial boot, the machines require an IP address configuration that is set either through a DHCP server or statically by providing the required boot options. After a network connection is established, the machines download their Ignition config files from an HTTP or HTTPS server. The Ignition config files are then used to set the exact state of each machine. The Machine Config Operator completes more changes to the machines, such as the application of new certificates or keys, after installation. It is recommended to use a DHCP server for long-term management of the cluster machines. Ensure that the DHCP server is configured to provide persistent IP addresses, DNS server information, and hostnames to the cluster machines. Note If a DHCP service is not available for your user-provisioned infrastructure, you can instead provide the IP networking configuration and the address of the DNS server to the nodes at RHCOS install time. These can be passed as boot arguments if you are installing from an ISO image. See the Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process section for more information about static IP provisioning and advanced networking options. The Kubernetes API server must be able to resolve the node names of the cluster machines. If the API servers and worker nodes are in different zones, you can configure a default DNS search zone to allow the API server to resolve the node names. Another supported approach is to always refer to hosts by their fully-qualified domain names in both the node objects and all DNS requests. 3.3.4.1. Setting the cluster node hostnames through DHCP On Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines, the hostname is set through NetworkManager. By default, the machines obtain their hostname through DHCP. If the hostname is not provided by DHCP, set statically through kernel arguments, or another method, it is obtained through a reverse DNS lookup. Reverse DNS lookup occurs after the network has been initialized on a node and can take time to resolve. Other system services can start prior to this and detect the hostname as localhost or similar. You can avoid this by using DHCP to provide the hostname for each cluster node. Additionally, setting the hostnames through DHCP can bypass any manual DNS record name configuration errors in environments that have a DNS split-horizon implementation. 3.3.4.2. Network connectivity requirements You must configure the network connectivity between machines to allow OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. Each machine must be able to resolve the hostnames of all other machines in the cluster. This section provides details about the ports that are required. Important In connected OpenShift Container Platform environments, all nodes are required to have internet access to pull images for platform containers and provide telemetry data to Red Hat. Table 3.3. Ports used for all-machine to all-machine communications Protocol Port Description ICMP N/A Network reachability tests TCP 1936 Metrics 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 and the Cluster Version Operator on port 9099 . 10250 - 10259 The default ports that Kubernetes reserves UDP 4789 VXLAN 6081 Geneve 9000 - 9999 Host level services, including the node exporter on ports 9100 - 9101 . 500 IPsec IKE packets 4500 IPsec NAT-T packets 123 Network Time Protocol (NTP) on UDP port 123 If an external NTP time server is configured, you must open UDP port 123 . TCP/UDP 30000 - 32767 Kubernetes node port ESP N/A IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Table 3.4. Ports used for all-machine to control plane communications Protocol Port Description TCP 6443 Kubernetes API Table 3.5. Ports used for control plane machine to control plane machine communications Protocol Port Description TCP 2379 - 2380 etcd server and peer ports NTP configuration for user-provisioned infrastructure OpenShift Container Platform clusters are configured to use a public Network Time Protocol (NTP) server by default. If you want to use a local enterprise NTP server, or if your cluster is being deployed in a disconnected network, you can configure the cluster to use a specific time server. For more information, see the documentation for Configuring chrony time service . If a DHCP server provides NTP server information, the chrony time service on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines read the information and can sync the clock with the NTP servers. Additional resources Configuring chrony time service 3.3.5. User-provisioned DNS requirements In OpenShift Container Platform deployments, DNS name resolution is required for the following components: The Kubernetes API The OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard The bootstrap, control plane, and compute machines Reverse DNS resolution is also required for the Kubernetes API, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records are used for name resolution and PTR records are used for reverse name resolution. The reverse records are important because Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) uses the reverse records to set the hostnames for all the nodes, unless the hostnames are provided by DHCP. Additionally, the reverse records are used to generate the certificate signing requests (CSR) that OpenShift Container Platform needs to operate. Note It is recommended to use a DHCP server to provide the hostnames to each cluster node. See the DHCP recommendations for user-provisioned infrastructure section for more information. The following DNS records are required for a user-provisioned OpenShift Container Platform cluster and they must be in place before installation. In each record, <cluster_name> is the cluster name and <base_domain> is the base domain that you specify in the install-config.yaml file. A complete DNS record takes the form: <component>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. . Table 3.6. Required DNS records Component Record Description Kubernetes API api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to identify the API load balancer. These records must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to internally identify the API load balancer. These records must be resolvable from all the nodes within the cluster. Important The API server must be able to resolve the worker nodes by the hostnames that are recorded in Kubernetes. If the API server cannot resolve the node names, then proxied API calls can fail, and you cannot retrieve logs from pods. Routes .apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A wildcard DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record that refers to the application ingress load balancer. The application ingress load balancer targets the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. These records must be resolvable by both clients external to the cluster and from all the nodes within the cluster. For example, console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> is used as a wildcard route to the OpenShift Container Platform console. Bootstrap machine bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. A DNS A/AAAA or CNAME record, and a DNS PTR record, to identify the bootstrap machine. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Control plane machines <control_plane><n>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records and DNS PTR records to identify each machine for the control plane nodes. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Compute machines <compute><n>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>. DNS A/AAAA or CNAME records and DNS PTR records to identify each machine for the worker nodes. These records must be resolvable by the nodes within the cluster. Note In OpenShift Container Platform 4.4 and later, you do not need to specify etcd host and SRV records in your DNS configuration. Tip You can use the dig command to verify name and reverse name resolution. See the section on Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure for detailed validation steps. 3.3.5.1. Example DNS configuration for user-provisioned clusters This section provides A and PTR record configuration samples that meet the DNS requirements for deploying OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. The samples are not meant to provide advice for choosing one DNS solution over another. In the examples, the cluster name is ocp4 and the base domain is example.com . Example DNS A record configuration for a user-provisioned cluster The following example is a BIND zone file that shows sample A records for name resolution in a user-provisioned cluster. Example 3.1. Sample DNS zone database USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. IN MX 10 smtp.example.com. ; ; ns1.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 smtp.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; helper.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 helper.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; api.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 1 api-int.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 2 ; .apps.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 3 ; bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.96 4 ; control-plane0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.97 5 control-plane1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.98 6 control-plane2.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.99 7 ; compute0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.11 8 compute1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.7 9 ; ;EOF 1 Provides name resolution for the Kubernetes API. The record refers to the IP address of the API load balancer. 2 Provides name resolution for the Kubernetes API. The record refers to the IP address of the API load balancer and is used for internal cluster communications. 3 Provides name resolution for the wildcard routes. The record refers to the IP address of the application ingress load balancer. The application ingress load balancer targets the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. Note In the example, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. 4 Provides name resolution for the bootstrap machine. 5 6 7 Provides name resolution for the control plane machines. 8 9 Provides name resolution for the compute machines. Example DNS PTR record configuration for a user-provisioned cluster The following example BIND zone file shows sample PTR records for reverse name resolution in a user-provisioned cluster. Example 3.2. Sample DNS zone database for reverse records USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. ; 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 2 ; 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 3 ; 97.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR control-plane0.ocp4.example.com. 4 98.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR control-plane1.ocp4.example.com. 5 99.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR control-plane2.ocp4.example.com. 6 ; 11.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR compute0.ocp4.example.com. 7 7.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR compute1.ocp4.example.com. 8 ; ;EOF 1 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API. The PTR record refers to the record name of the API load balancer. 2 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API. The PTR record refers to the record name of the API load balancer and is used for internal cluster communications. 3 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the bootstrap machine. 4 5 6 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the control plane machines. 7 8 Provides reverse DNS resolution for the compute machines. Note A PTR record is not required for the OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard. Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure 3.3.6. Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, you must provision the API and application Ingress load balancing infrastructure. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application Ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. Note If you want to deploy the API and application Ingress load balancers with a Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) instance, you must purchase the RHEL subscription separately. The load balancing infrastructure must meet the following requirements: API load balancer : Provides a common endpoint for users, both human and machine, to interact with and configure the platform. Configure the following conditions: Layer 4 load balancing only. This can be referred to as Raw TCP or SSL Passthrough mode. A stateless load balancing algorithm. The options vary based on the load balancer implementation. Important Do not configure session persistence for an API load balancer. Configuring session persistence for a Kubernetes API server might cause performance issues from excess application traffic for your OpenShift Container Platform cluster and the Kubernetes API that runs inside the cluster. Configure the following ports on both the front and back of the load balancers: Table 3.7. API load balancer Port Back-end machines (pool members) Internal External Description 6443 Bootstrap and control plane. You remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer after the bootstrap machine initializes the cluster control plane. You must configure the /readyz endpoint for the API server health check probe. X X Kubernetes API server 22623 Bootstrap and control plane. You remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer after the bootstrap machine initializes the cluster control plane. X Machine config server Note The load balancer must be configured to take a maximum of 30 seconds from the time the API server turns off the /readyz endpoint to the removal of the API server instance from the pool. Within the time frame after /readyz returns an error or becomes healthy, the endpoint must have been removed or added. Probing every 5 or 10 seconds, with two successful requests to become healthy and three to become unhealthy, are well-tested values. Application Ingress load balancer : Provides an ingress point for application traffic flowing in from outside the cluster. A working configuration for the Ingress router is required for an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Configure the following conditions: Layer 4 load balancing only. This can be referred to as Raw TCP or SSL Passthrough mode. A connection-based or session-based persistence is recommended, based on the options available and types of applications that will be hosted on the platform. Tip If the true IP address of the client can be seen by the application Ingress load balancer, enabling source IP-based session persistence can improve performance for applications that use end-to-end TLS encryption. Configure the following ports on both the front and back of the load balancers: Table 3.8. Application Ingress load balancer Port Back-end machines (pool members) Internal External Description 443 The machines that run the Ingress Controller pods, compute, or worker, by default. X X HTTPS traffic 80 The machines that run the Ingress Controller pods, compute, or worker, by default. X X HTTP traffic Note If you are deploying a three-node cluster with zero compute nodes, the Ingress Controller pods run on the control plane nodes. In three-node cluster deployments, you must configure your application Ingress load balancer to route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the control plane nodes. 3.3.6.1. Example load balancer configuration for user-provisioned clusters This section provides an example API and application Ingress load balancer configuration that meets the load balancing requirements for user-provisioned clusters. The sample is an /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg configuration for an HAProxy load balancer. The example is not meant to provide advice for choosing one load balancing solution over another. In the example, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. Note If you are using HAProxy as a load balancer and SELinux is set to enforcing , you must ensure that the HAProxy service can bind to the configured TCP port by running setsebool -P haproxy_connect_any=1 . Example 3.3. Sample API and application Ingress load balancer configuration global log 127.0.0.1 local2 pidfile /var/run/haproxy.pid maxconn 4000 daemon defaults mode http log global option dontlognull option http-server-close option redispatch retries 3 timeout http-request 10s timeout queue 1m timeout connect 10s timeout client 1m timeout server 1m timeout http-keep-alive 10s timeout check 10s maxconn 3000 listen api-server-6443 1 bind :6443 mode tcp option httpchk GET /readyz HTTP/1.0 option log-health-checks balance roundrobin server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:6443 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3 backup 2 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:6443 weight 1 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3 server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:6443 weight 1 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3 server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:6443 weight 1 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3 listen machine-config-server-22623 3 bind :22623 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s backup 4 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-443 5 bind :443 mode tcp balance source server compute0 compute0.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s server compute1 compute1.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-80 6 bind :80 mode tcp balance source server compute0 compute0.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s server compute1 compute1.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s 1 Port 6443 handles the Kubernetes API traffic and points to the control plane machines. 2 4 The bootstrap entries must be in place before the OpenShift Container Platform cluster installation and they must be removed after the bootstrap process is complete. 3 Port 22623 handles the machine config server traffic and points to the control plane machines. 5 Port 443 handles the HTTPS traffic and points to the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. 6 Port 80 handles the HTTP traffic and points to the machines that run the Ingress Controller pods. The Ingress Controller pods run on the compute machines by default. Note If you are deploying a three-node cluster with zero compute nodes, the Ingress Controller pods run on the control plane nodes. In three-node cluster deployments, you must configure your application Ingress load balancer to route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the control plane nodes. Tip If you are using HAProxy as a load balancer, you can check that the haproxy process is listening on ports 6443 , 22623 , 443 , and 80 by running netstat -nltupe on the HAProxy node. 3.4. Preparing the user-provisioned infrastructure Before you install OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure, you must prepare the underlying infrastructure. This section provides details about the high-level steps required to set up your cluster infrastructure in preparation for an OpenShift Container Platform installation. This includes configuring IP networking and network connectivity for your cluster nodes, enabling the required ports through your firewall, and setting up the required DNS and load balancing infrastructure. After preparation, your cluster infrastructure must meet the requirements outlined in the Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure section. Prerequisites You have reviewed the OpenShift Container Platform 4.x Tested Integrations page. You have reviewed the infrastructure requirements detailed in the Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure section. Procedure If you are using DHCP to provide the IP networking configuration to your cluster nodes, configure your DHCP service. Add persistent IP addresses for the nodes to your DHCP server configuration. In your configuration, match the MAC address of the relevant network interface to the intended IP address for each node. When you use DHCP to configure IP addressing for the cluster machines, the machines also obtain the DNS server information through DHCP. Define the persistent DNS server address that is used by the cluster nodes through your DHCP server configuration. Note If you are not using a DHCP service, you must provide the IP networking configuration and the address of the DNS server to the nodes at RHCOS install time. These can be passed as boot arguments if you are installing from an ISO image. See the Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process section for more information about static IP provisioning and advanced networking options. Define the hostnames of your cluster nodes in your DHCP server configuration. See the Setting the cluster node hostnames through DHCP section for details about hostname considerations. Note If you are not using a DHCP service, the cluster nodes obtain their hostname through a reverse DNS lookup. Ensure that your network infrastructure provides the required network connectivity between the cluster components. See the Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for details about the requirements. Configure your firewall to enable the ports required for the OpenShift Container Platform cluster components to communicate. See Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for details about the ports that are required. Important By default, port 1936 is accessible for an OpenShift Container Platform cluster, because each control plane node needs access to this port. Avoid using the Ingress load balancer to expose this port, because doing so might result in the exposure of sensitive information, such as statistics and metrics, related to Ingress Controllers. Setup the required DNS infrastructure for your cluster. Configure DNS name resolution for the Kubernetes API, the application wildcard, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. Configure reverse DNS resolution for the Kubernetes API, the bootstrap machine, the control plane machines, and the compute machines. See the User-provisioned DNS requirements section for more information about the OpenShift Container Platform DNS requirements. Validate your DNS configuration. From your installation node, run DNS lookups against the record names of the Kubernetes API, the wildcard routes, and the cluster nodes. Validate that the IP addresses in the responses correspond to the correct components. From your installation node, run reverse DNS lookups against the IP addresses of the load balancer and the cluster nodes. Validate that the record names in the responses correspond to the correct components. See the Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure section for detailed DNS validation steps. Provision the required API and application ingress load balancing infrastructure. See the Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure section for more information about the requirements. Note Some load balancing solutions require the DNS name resolution for the cluster nodes to be in place before the load balancing is initialized. Additional resources Requirements for a cluster with user-provisioned infrastructure Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process Setting the cluster node hostnames through DHCP Advanced RHCOS installation configuration Networking requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure User-provisioned DNS requirements Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure 3.5. Validating DNS resolution for user-provisioned infrastructure You can validate your DNS configuration before installing OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. Important The validation steps detailed in this section must succeed before you install your cluster. Prerequisites You have configured the required DNS records for your user-provisioned infrastructure. Procedure From your installation node, run DNS lookups against the record names of the Kubernetes API, the wildcard routes, and the cluster nodes. Validate that the IP addresses contained in the responses correspond to the correct components. Perform a lookup against the Kubernetes API record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the API load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> 1 1 Replace <nameserver_ip> with the IP address of the nameserver, <cluster_name> with your cluster name, and <base_domain> with your base domain name. Example output api.ocp4.example.com. 604800 IN A 192.168.1.5 Perform a lookup against the Kubernetes internal API record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the API load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output api-int.ocp4.example.com. 604800 IN A 192.168.1.5 Test an example .apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> DNS wildcard lookup. All of the application wildcard lookups must resolve to the IP address of the application ingress load balancer: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> random.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output random.apps.ocp4.example.com. 604800 IN A 192.168.1.5 Note In the example outputs, the same load balancer is used for the Kubernetes API and application ingress traffic. In production scenarios, you can deploy the API and application ingress load balancers separately so that you can scale the load balancer infrastructure for each in isolation. You can replace random with another wildcard value. For example, you can query the route to the OpenShift Container Platform console: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output console-openshift-console.apps.ocp4.example.com. 604800 IN A 192.168.1.5 Run a lookup against the bootstrap DNS record name. Check that the result points to the IP address of the bootstrap node: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> Example output bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 604800 IN A 192.168.1.96 Use this method to perform lookups against the DNS record names for the control plane and compute nodes. Check that the results correspond to the IP addresses of each node. From your installation node, run reverse DNS lookups against the IP addresses of the load balancer and the cluster nodes. Validate that the record names contained in the responses correspond to the correct components. Perform a reverse lookup against the IP address of the API load balancer. Check that the response includes the record names for the Kubernetes API and the Kubernetes internal API: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.5 Example output 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 604800 IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 604800 IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 2 1 Provides the record name for the Kubernetes internal API. 2 Provides the record name for the Kubernetes API. Note A PTR record is not required for the OpenShift Container Platform application wildcard. No validation step is needed for reverse DNS resolution against the IP address of the application ingress load balancer. Perform a reverse lookup against the IP address of the bootstrap node. Check that the result points to the DNS record name of the bootstrap node: USD dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.96 Example output 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 604800 IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. Use this method to perform reverse lookups against the IP addresses for the control plane and compute nodes. Check that the results correspond to the DNS record names of each node. Additional resources User-provisioned DNS requirements Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure 3.6. Generating a key pair for cluster node SSH access During an OpenShift Container Platform installation, you can provide an SSH public key to the installation program. The key is passed to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) nodes through their Ignition config files and is used to authenticate SSH access to the nodes. The key is added to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys list for the core user on each node, which enables password-less authentication. After the key is passed to the nodes, you can use the key pair to SSH in to the RHCOS nodes as the user core . To access the nodes through SSH, the private key identity must be managed by SSH for your local user. If you want to SSH in to your cluster nodes to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, you must provide the SSH public key during the installation process. The ./openshift-install gather command also requires the SSH public key to be in place on the cluster nodes. Important Do not skip this procedure in production environments, where disaster recovery and debugging is required. Note You must use a local key, not one that you configured with platform-specific approaches such as AWS key pairs . Procedure If you do not have an existing SSH key pair on your local machine to use for authentication onto your cluster nodes, create one. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 , of the new SSH key. If you have an existing key pair, ensure your public key is in the your ~/.ssh directory. Note If you plan to install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster that uses the RHEL cryptographic libraries that have been submitted to NIST for FIPS 140-2/140-3 Validation on only the x86_64 , ppc64le , and s390x architectures, do not create a key that uses the ed25519 algorithm. Instead, create a key that uses the rsa or ecdsa algorithm. View the public SSH key: USD cat <path>/<file_name>.pub For example, run the following to view the ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub public key: USD cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub Add the SSH private key identity to the SSH agent for your local user, if it has not already been added. SSH agent management of the key is required for password-less SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes, or if you want to use the ./openshift-install gather command. Note On some distributions, default SSH private key identities such as ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_dsa are managed automatically. If the ssh-agent process is not already running for your local user, start it as a background task: USD eval "USD(ssh-agent -s)" Example output Agent pid 31874 Note If your cluster is in FIPS mode, only use FIPS-compliant algorithms to generate the SSH key. The key must be either RSA or ECDSA. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent : USD ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1 1 Specify the path and file name for your SSH private key, such as ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 Example output Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>) steps When you install OpenShift Container Platform, provide the SSH public key to the installation program. Additional resources Verifying node health 3.7. Obtaining the installation program Before you install OpenShift Container Platform, download the installation file on the host you are using for installation. Prerequisites You have a computer that runs Linux or macOS, with at least 1.2 GB of local disk space. Procedure Go to the Cluster Type page on the Red Hat Hybrid Cloud Console. If you have a Red Hat account, log in with your credentials. If you do not, create an account. Tip You can also download the binaries for a specific OpenShift Container Platform release . Select your infrastructure provider from the Run it yourself section of the page. Select your host operating system and architecture from the dropdown menus under OpenShift Installer and click Download Installer . Place the downloaded file in the directory where you want to store the installation configuration files. Important The installation program creates several files on the computer that you use to install your cluster. You must keep the installation program and the files that the installation program creates after you finish installing the cluster. Both of the files are required to delete the cluster. Deleting the files created by the installation program does not remove your cluster, even if the cluster failed during installation. To remove your cluster, complete the OpenShift Container Platform uninstallation procedures for your specific cloud provider. Extract the installation program. For example, on a computer that uses a Linux operating system, run the following command: USD tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz Download your installation pull secret from Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager . This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OpenShift Container Platform components. Tip Alternatively, you can retrieve the installation program from the Red Hat Customer Portal , where you can specify a version of the installation program to download. However, you must have an active subscription to access this page. 3.8. Installing the OpenShift CLI by downloading the binary You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) to interact with OpenShift Container Platform from a command-line interface. You can install oc on Linux, Windows, or macOS. Important If you installed an earlier version of oc , you cannot use it to complete all of the commands in OpenShift Container Platform 4.15. Download and install the new version of oc . Installing the OpenShift CLI on Linux You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Linux by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the architecture from the Product Variant drop-down list. Select the appropriate version from the Version drop-down list. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.15 Linux Clients entry and save the file. Unpack the archive: USD tar xvf <file> Place the oc binary in a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH Verification After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: USD oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on Windows You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on Windows by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version from the Version drop-down list. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.15 Windows Client entry and save the file. Unzip the archive with a ZIP program. Move the oc binary to a directory that is on your PATH . To check your PATH , open the command prompt and execute the following command: C:\> path Verification After you install the OpenShift CLI, it is available using the oc command: C:\> oc <command> Installing the OpenShift CLI on macOS You can install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ) binary on macOS by using the following procedure. Procedure Navigate to the OpenShift Container Platform downloads page on the Red Hat Customer Portal. Select the appropriate version from the Version drop-down list. Click Download Now to the OpenShift v4.15 macOS Clients entry and save the file. Note For macOS arm64, choose the OpenShift v4.15 macOS arm64 Client entry. Unpack and unzip the archive. Move the oc binary to a directory on your PATH. To check your PATH , open a terminal and execute the following command: USD echo USDPATH Verification Verify your installation by using an oc command: USD oc <command> 3.9. Manually creating the installation configuration file Installing the cluster requires that you manually create the installation configuration file. Prerequisites You have an SSH public key on your local machine to provide to the installation program. The key will be used for SSH authentication onto your cluster nodes for debugging and disaster recovery. You have obtained the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. Procedure Create an installation directory to store your required installation assets in: USD mkdir <installation_directory> Important You must create a directory. Some installation assets, like bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OpenShift Container Platform version. Customize the sample install-config.yaml file template that is provided and save it in the <installation_directory> . Note You must name this configuration file install-config.yaml . Back up the install-config.yaml file so that you can use it to install multiple clusters. Important The install-config.yaml file is consumed during the step of the installation process. You must back it up now. Additional resources Installation configuration parameters for bare metal 3.9.1. Sample install-config.yaml file for bare metal You can customize the install-config.yaml file to specify more details about your OpenShift Container Platform cluster's platform or modify the values of the required parameters. apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: 2 - hyperthreading: Enabled 3 name: worker replicas: 0 4 controlPlane: 5 hyperthreading: Enabled 6 name: master replicas: 3 7 metadata: name: test 8 networking: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14 9 hostPrefix: 23 10 networkType: OVNKubernetes 11 serviceNetwork: 12 - 172.30.0.0/16 platform: none: {} 13 fips: false 14 pullSecret: '{"auths": ...}' 15 sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' 16 1 The base domain of the cluster. All DNS records must be sub-domains of this base and include the cluster name. 2 5 The controlPlane section is a single mapping, but the compute section is a sequence of mappings. To meet the requirements of the different data structures, the first line of the compute section must begin with a hyphen, - , and the first line of the controlPlane section must not. Only one control plane pool is used. 3 6 Specifies whether to enable or disable simultaneous multithreading (SMT), or hyperthreading. By default, SMT is enabled to increase the performance of the cores in your machines. You can disable it by setting the parameter value to Disabled . If you disable SMT, you must disable it in all cluster machines; this includes both control plane and compute machines. Note Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) is enabled by default. If SMT is not enabled in your BIOS settings, the hyperthreading parameter has no effect. Important If you disable hyperthreading , whether in the BIOS or in the install-config.yaml file, ensure that your capacity planning accounts for the dramatically decreased machine performance. 4 You must set this value to 0 when you install OpenShift Container Platform on user-provisioned infrastructure. In installer-provisioned installations, the parameter controls the number of compute machines that the cluster creates and manages for you. In user-provisioned installations, you must manually deploy the compute machines before you finish installing the cluster. Note If you are installing a three-node cluster, do not deploy any compute machines when you install the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines. 7 The number of control plane machines that you add to the cluster. Because the cluster uses these values as the number of etcd endpoints in the cluster, the value must match the number of control plane machines that you deploy. 8 The cluster name that you specified in your DNS records. 9 A block of IP addresses from which pod IP addresses are allocated. This block must not overlap with existing physical networks. These IP addresses are used for the pod network. If you need to access the pods from an external network, you must configure load balancers and routers to manage the traffic. Note Class E CIDR range is reserved for a future use. To use the Class E CIDR range, you must ensure your networking environment accepts the IP addresses within the Class E CIDR range. 10 The subnet prefix length to assign to each individual node. For example, if hostPrefix is set to 23 , then each node is assigned a /23 subnet out of the given cidr , which allows for 510 (2^(32 - 23) - 2) pod IP addresses. If you are required to provide access to nodes from an external network, configure load balancers and routers to manage the traffic. 11 The cluster network plugin to install. The default value OVNKubernetes is the only supported value. 12 The IP address pool to use for service IP addresses. You can enter only one IP address pool. This block must not overlap with existing physical networks. If you need to access the services from an external network, configure load balancers and routers to manage the traffic. 13 You must set the platform to none . You cannot provide additional platform configuration variables for your platform. Important Clusters that are installed with the platform type none are unable to use some features, such as managing compute machines with the Machine API. This limitation applies even if the compute machines that are attached to the cluster are installed on a platform that would normally support the feature. This parameter cannot be changed after installation. 14 Whether to enable or disable FIPS mode. By default, FIPS mode is not enabled. If FIPS mode is enabled, the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) machines that OpenShift Container Platform runs on bypass the default Kubernetes cryptography suite and use the cryptography modules that are provided with RHCOS instead. Important To enable FIPS mode for your cluster, you must run the installation program from a Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) computer configured to operate in FIPS mode. For more information about configuring FIPS mode on RHEL, see Installing the system in FIPS mode . When running Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) or Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) booted in FIPS mode, OpenShift Container Platform core components use the RHEL cryptographic libraries that have been submitted to NIST for FIPS 140-2/140-3 Validation on only the x86_64, ppc64le, and s390x architectures. 15 The pull secret from Red Hat OpenShift Cluster Manager . This pull secret allows you to authenticate with the services that are provided by the included authorities, including Quay.io, which serves the container images for OpenShift Container Platform components. 16 The SSH public key for the core user in Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS). Note For production OpenShift Container Platform clusters on which you want to perform installation debugging or disaster recovery, specify an SSH key that your ssh-agent process uses. Additional resources See Load balancing requirements for user-provisioned infrastructure for more information on the API and application ingress load balancing requirements. 3.10. Network configuration phases There are two phases prior to OpenShift Container Platform installation where you can customize the network configuration. Phase 1 You can customize the following network-related fields in the install-config.yaml file before you create the manifest files: networking.networkType networking.clusterNetwork networking.serviceNetwork networking.machineNetwork For more information, see "Installation configuration parameters". Note Set the networking.machineNetwork to match the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) where the preferred subnet is located. Important The CIDR range 172.17.0.0/16 is reserved by libVirt . You cannot use any other CIDR range that overlaps with the 172.17.0.0/16 CIDR range for networks in your cluster. Phase 2 After creating the manifest files by running openshift-install create manifests , you can define a customized Cluster Network Operator manifest with only the fields you want to modify. You can use the manifest to specify an advanced network configuration. During phase 2, you cannot override the values that you specified in phase 1 in the install-config.yaml file. However, you can customize the network plugin during phase 2. 3.11. Specifying advanced network configuration You can use advanced network configuration for your network plugin to integrate your cluster into your existing network environment. You can specify advanced network configuration only before you install the cluster. Important Customizing your network configuration by modifying the OpenShift Container Platform manifest files created by the installation program is not supported. Applying a manifest file that you create, as in the following procedure, is supported. Prerequisites You have created the install-config.yaml file and completed any modifications to it. Procedure Change to the directory that contains the installation program and create the manifests: USD ./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 <installation_directory> specifies the name of the directory that contains the install-config.yaml file for your cluster. Create a stub manifest file for the advanced network configuration that is named cluster-network-03-config.yml in the <installation_directory>/manifests/ directory: apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: Specify the advanced network configuration for your cluster in the cluster-network-03-config.yml file, such as in the following example: Enable IPsec for the OVN-Kubernetes network provider apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: defaultNetwork: ovnKubernetesConfig: ipsecConfig: mode: Full Optional: Back up the manifests/cluster-network-03-config.yml file. The installation program consumes the manifests/ directory when you create the Ignition config files. 3.12. Cluster Network Operator configuration The configuration for the cluster network is specified as part of the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) configuration and stored in a custom resource (CR) object that is named cluster . The CR specifies the fields for the Network API in the operator.openshift.io API group. The CNO configuration inherits the following fields during cluster installation from the Network API in the Network.config.openshift.io API group: clusterNetwork IP address pools from which pod IP addresses are allocated. serviceNetwork IP address pool for services. defaultNetwork.type Cluster network plugin. OVNKubernetes is the only supported plugin during installation. You can specify the cluster network plugin configuration for your cluster by setting the fields for the defaultNetwork object in the CNO object named cluster . 3.12.1. Cluster Network Operator configuration object The fields for the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) are described in the following table: Table 3.9. Cluster Network Operator configuration object Field Type Description metadata.name string The name of the CNO object. This name is always cluster . spec.clusterNetwork array A list specifying the blocks of IP addresses from which pod IP addresses are allocated and the subnet prefix length assigned to each individual node in the cluster. For example: spec: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/19 hostPrefix: 23 - cidr: 10.128.32.0/19 hostPrefix: 23 spec.serviceNetwork array A block of IP addresses for services. The OpenShift SDN and OVN-Kubernetes network plugins support only a single IP address block for the service network. For example: spec: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/14 You can customize this field only in the install-config.yaml file before you create the manifests. The value is read-only in the manifest file. spec.defaultNetwork object Configures the network plugin for the cluster network. spec.kubeProxyConfig object The fields for this object specify the kube-proxy configuration. If you are using the OVN-Kubernetes cluster network plugin, the kube-proxy configuration has no effect. Important For a cluster that needs to deploy objects across multiple networks, ensure that you specify the same value for the clusterNetwork.hostPrefix parameter for each network type that is defined in the install-config.yaml file. Setting a different value for each clusterNetwork.hostPrefix parameter can impact the OVN-Kubernetes network plugin, where the plugin cannot effectively route object traffic among different nodes. defaultNetwork object configuration The values for the defaultNetwork object are defined in the following table: Table 3.10. defaultNetwork object Field Type Description type string OVNKubernetes . The Red Hat OpenShift Networking network plugin is selected during installation. This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. Note OpenShift Container Platform uses the OVN-Kubernetes network plugin by default. OpenShift SDN is no longer available as an installation choice for new clusters. ovnKubernetesConfig object This object is only valid for the OVN-Kubernetes network plugin. Configuration for the OVN-Kubernetes network plugin The following table describes the configuration fields for the OVN-Kubernetes network plugin: Table 3.11. ovnKubernetesConfig object Field Type Description mtu integer The maximum transmission unit (MTU) for the Geneve (Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation) overlay network. This is detected automatically based on the MTU of the primary network interface. You do not normally need to override the detected MTU. If the auto-detected value is not what you expect it to be, confirm that the MTU on the primary network interface on your nodes is correct. You cannot use this option to change the MTU value of the primary network interface on the nodes. If your cluster requires different MTU values for different nodes, you must set this value to 100 less than the lowest MTU value in your cluster. For example, if some nodes in your cluster have an MTU of 9001 , and some have an MTU of 1500 , you must set this value to 1400 . genevePort integer The port to use for all Geneve packets. The default value is 6081 . This value cannot be changed after cluster installation. ipsecConfig object Specify a configuration object for customizing the IPsec configuration. ipv4 object Specifies a configuration object for IPv4 settings. ipv6 object Specifies a configuration object for IPv6 settings. policyAuditConfig object Specify a configuration object for customizing network policy audit logging. If unset, the defaults audit log settings are used. gatewayConfig object Optional: Specify a configuration object for customizing how egress traffic is sent to the node gateway. Note While migrating egress traffic, you can expect some disruption to workloads and service traffic until the Cluster Network Operator (CNO) successfully rolls out the changes. Table 3.12. ovnKubernetesConfig.ipv4 object Field Type Description internalTransitSwitchSubnet string If your existing network infrastructure overlaps with the 100.88.0.0/16 IPv4 subnet, you can specify a different IP address range for internal use by OVN-Kubernetes. The subnet for the distributed transit switch that enables east-west traffic. This subnet cannot overlap with any other subnets used by OVN-Kubernetes or on the host itself. It must be large enough to accommodate one IP address per node in your cluster. The default value is 100.88.0.0/16 . internalJoinSubnet string If your existing network infrastructure overlaps with the 100.64.0.0/16 IPv4 subnet, you can specify a different IP address range for internal use by OVN-Kubernetes. You must ensure that the IP address range does not overlap with any other subnet used by your OpenShift Container Platform installation. The IP address range must be larger than the maximum number of nodes that can be added to the cluster. For example, if the clusterNetwork.cidr value is 10.128.0.0/14 and the clusterNetwork.hostPrefix value is /23 , then the maximum number of nodes is 2^(23-14)=512 . The default value is 100.64.0.0/16 . Table 3.13. ovnKubernetesConfig.ipv6 object Field Type Description internalTransitSwitchSubnet string If your existing network infrastructure overlaps with the fd98::/48 IPv6 subnet, you can specify a different IP address range for internal use by OVN-Kubernetes. You must ensure that the IP address range does not overlap with any other subnet used by your OpenShift Container Platform installation. The IP address range must be larger than the maximum number of nodes that can be added to the cluster. This field cannot be changed after installation. The default value is fd98::/48 . internalJoinSubnet string If your existing network infrastructure overlaps with the fd98::/64 IPv6 subnet, you can specify a different IP address range for internal use by OVN-Kubernetes. You must ensure that the IP address range does not overlap with any other subnet used by your OpenShift Container Platform installation. The IP address range must be larger than the maximum number of nodes that can be added to the cluster. The default value is fd98::/64 . Table 3.14. policyAuditConfig object Field Type Description rateLimit integer The maximum number of messages to generate every second per node. The default value is 20 messages per second. maxFileSize integer The maximum size for the audit log in bytes. The default value is 50000000 or 50 MB. maxLogFiles integer The maximum number of log files that are retained. destination string One of the following additional audit log targets: libc The libc syslog() function of the journald process on the host. udp:<host>:<port> A syslog server. Replace <host>:<port> with the host and port of the syslog server. unix:<file> A Unix Domain Socket file specified by <file> . null Do not send the audit logs to any additional target. syslogFacility string The syslog facility, such as kern , as defined by RFC5424. The default value is local0 . Table 3.15. gatewayConfig object Field Type Description routingViaHost boolean Set this field to true to send egress traffic from pods to the host networking stack. For highly-specialized installations and applications that rely on manually configured routes in the kernel routing table, you might want to route egress traffic to the host networking stack. By default, egress traffic is processed in OVN to exit the cluster and is not affected by specialized routes in the kernel routing table. The default value is false . This field has an interaction with the Open vSwitch hardware offloading feature. If you set this field to true , you do not receive the performance benefits of the offloading because egress traffic is processed by the host networking stack. ipForwarding object You can control IP forwarding for all traffic on OVN-Kubernetes managed interfaces by using the ipForwarding specification in the Network resource. Specify Restricted to only allow IP forwarding for Kubernetes related traffic. Specify Global to allow forwarding of all IP traffic. For new installations, the default is Restricted . For updates to OpenShift Container Platform 4.14 or later, the default is Global . ipv4 object Optional: Specify an object to configure the internal OVN-Kubernetes masquerade address for host to service traffic for IPv4 addresses. ipv6 object Optional: Specify an object to configure the internal OVN-Kubernetes masquerade address for host to service traffic for IPv6 addresses. Table 3.16. gatewayConfig.ipv4 object Field Type Description internalMasqueradeSubnet string The masquerade IPv4 addresses that are used internally to enable host to service traffic. The host is configured with these IP addresses as well as the shared gateway bridge interface. The default value is 169.254.169.0/29 . Table 3.17. gatewayConfig.ipv6 object Field Type Description internalMasqueradeSubnet string The masquerade IPv6 addresses that are used internally to enable host to service traffic. The host is configured with these IP addresses as well as the shared gateway bridge interface. The default value is fd69::/125 . Table 3.18. ipsecConfig object Field Type Description mode string Specifies the behavior of the IPsec implementation. Must be one of the following values: Disabled : IPsec is not enabled on cluster nodes. External : IPsec is enabled for network traffic with external hosts. Full : IPsec is enabled for pod traffic and network traffic with external hosts. Example OVN-Kubernetes configuration with IPSec enabled defaultNetwork: type: OVNKubernetes ovnKubernetesConfig: mtu: 1400 genevePort: 6081 ipsecConfig: mode: Full Important Using OVNKubernetes can lead to a stack exhaustion problem on IBM Power(R). kubeProxyConfig object configuration (OpenShiftSDN container network interface only) The values for the kubeProxyConfig object are defined in the following table: Table 3.19. kubeProxyConfig object Field Type Description iptablesSyncPeriod string The refresh period for iptables rules. The default value is 30s . Valid suffixes include s , m , and h and are described in the Go time package documentation. Note Because of performance improvements introduced in OpenShift Container Platform 4.3 and greater, adjusting the iptablesSyncPeriod parameter is no longer necessary. proxyArguments.iptables-min-sync-period array The minimum duration before refreshing iptables rules. This field ensures that the refresh does not happen too frequently. Valid suffixes include s , m , and h and are described in the Go time package . The default value is: kubeProxyConfig: proxyArguments: iptables-min-sync-period: - 0s 3.13. Creating the Ignition config files Because you must manually start the cluster machines, you must generate the Ignition config files that the cluster needs to make its machines. Important The Ignition config files that the installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Prerequisites Obtain the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and the pull secret for your cluster. Procedure Obtain the Ignition config files: USD ./openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the directory name to store the files that the installation program creates. Important If you created an install-config.yaml file, specify the directory that contains it. Otherwise, specify an empty directory. Some installation assets, like bootstrap X.509 certificates have short expiration intervals, so you must not reuse an installation directory. If you want to reuse individual files from another cluster installation, you can copy them into your directory. However, the file names for the installation assets might change between releases. Use caution when copying installation files from an earlier OpenShift Container Platform version. The following files are generated in the directory: 3.14. Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process To install OpenShift Container Platform on bare metal infrastructure that you provision, you must install Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) on the machines. When you install RHCOS, you must provide the Ignition config file that was generated by the OpenShift Container Platform installation program for the type of machine you are installing. If you have configured suitable networking, DNS, and load balancing infrastructure, the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process begins automatically after the RHCOS machines have rebooted. To install RHCOS on the machines, follow either the steps to use an ISO image or network PXE booting. Note The compute node deployment steps included in this installation document are RHCOS-specific. If you choose instead to deploy RHEL-based compute nodes, you take responsibility for all operating system life cycle management and maintenance, including performing system updates, applying patches, and completing all other required tasks. Only RHEL 8 compute machines are supported. You can configure RHCOS during ISO and PXE installations by using the following methods: Kernel arguments: You can use kernel arguments to provide installation-specific information. For example, you can specify the locations of the RHCOS installation files that you uploaded to your HTTP server and the location of the Ignition config file for the type of node you are installing. For a PXE installation, you can use the APPEND parameter to pass the arguments to the kernel of the live installer. For an ISO installation, you can interrupt the live installation boot process to add the kernel arguments. In both installation cases, you can use special coreos.inst. arguments to direct the live installer, as well as standard installation boot arguments for turning standard kernel services on or off. Ignition configs: OpenShift Container Platform Ignition config files ( .ign ) are specific to the type of node you are installing. You pass the location of a bootstrap, control plane, or compute node Ignition config file during the RHCOS installation so that it takes effect on first boot. In special cases, you can create a separate, limited Ignition config to pass to the live system. That Ignition config could do a certain set of tasks, such as reporting success to a provisioning system after completing installation. This special Ignition config is consumed by the coreos-installer to be applied on first boot of the installed system. Do not provide the standard control plane and compute node Ignition configs to the live ISO directly. coreos-installer : You can boot the live ISO installer to a shell prompt, which allows you to prepare the permanent system in a variety of ways before first boot. In particular, you can run the coreos-installer command to identify various artifacts to include, work with disk partitions, and set up networking. In some cases, you can configure features on the live system and copy them to the installed system. Whether to use an ISO or PXE install depends on your situation. A PXE install requires an available DHCP service and more preparation, but can make the installation process more automated. An ISO install is a more manual process and can be inconvenient if you are setting up more than a few machines. 3.14.1. Installing RHCOS by using an ISO image You can use an ISO image to install RHCOS on the machines. Prerequisites You have created the Ignition config files for your cluster. You have configured suitable network, DNS and load balancing infrastructure. You have an HTTP server that can be accessed from your computer, and from the machines that you create. You have reviewed the Advanced RHCOS installation configuration section for different ways to configure features, such as networking and disk partitioning. Procedure Obtain the SHA512 digest for each of your Ignition config files. For example, you can use the following on a system running Linux to get the SHA512 digest for your bootstrap.ign Ignition config file: USD sha512sum <installation_directory>/bootstrap.ign The digests are provided to the coreos-installer in a later step to validate the authenticity of the Ignition config files on the cluster nodes. Upload the bootstrap, control plane, and compute node Ignition config files that the installation program created to your HTTP server. Note the URLs of these files. Important You can add or change configuration settings in your Ignition configs before saving them to your HTTP server. If you plan to add more compute machines to your cluster after you finish installation, do not delete these files. From the installation host, validate that the Ignition config files are available on the URLs. The following example gets the Ignition config file for the bootstrap node: USD curl -k http://<HTTP_server>/bootstrap.ign 1 Example output % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0{"ignition":{"version":"3.2.0"},"passwd":{"users":[{"name":"core","sshAuthorizedKeys":["ssh-rsa... Replace bootstrap.ign with master.ign or worker.ign in the command to validate that the Ignition config files for the control plane and compute nodes are also available. Although it is possible to obtain the RHCOS images that are required for your preferred method of installing operating system instances from the RHCOS image mirror page, the recommended way to obtain the correct version of your RHCOS images are from the output of openshift-install command: USD openshift-install coreos print-stream-json \| grep '\.iso[^.]' Example output "location": "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-aarch64/<release>/aarch64/rhcos-<release>-live.aarch64.iso", "location": "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-ppc64le/<release>/ppc64le/rhcos-<release>-live.ppc64le.iso", "location": "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-s390x/<release>/s390x/rhcos-<release>-live.s390x.iso", "location": "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15/<release>/x86_64/rhcos-<release>-live.x86_64.iso", Important The RHCOS images might not change with every release of OpenShift Container Platform. You must download images with the highest version that is less than or equal to the OpenShift Container Platform version that you install. Use the image versions that match your OpenShift Container Platform version if they are available. Use only ISO images for this procedure. RHCOS qcow2 images are not supported for this installation type. ISO file names resemble the following example: rhcos-<version>-live.<architecture>.iso Use the ISO to start the RHCOS installation. Use one of the following installation options: Burn the ISO image to a disk and boot it directly. Use ISO redirection by using a lights-out management (LOM) interface. Boot the RHCOS ISO image without specifying any options or interrupting the live boot sequence. Wait for the installer to boot into a shell prompt in the RHCOS live environment. Note It is possible to interrupt the RHCOS installation boot process to add kernel arguments. However, for this ISO procedure you should use the coreos-installer command as outlined in the following steps, instead of adding kernel arguments. Run the coreos-installer command and specify the options that meet your installation requirements. At a minimum, you must specify the URL that points to the Ignition config file for the node type, and the device that you are installing to: USD sudo coreos-installer install --ignition-url=http://<HTTP_server>/<node_type>.ign <device> --ignition-hash=sha512-<digest> 1 2 1 1 You must run the coreos-installer command by using sudo , because the core user does not have the required root privileges to perform the installation. 2 The --ignition-hash option is required when the Ignition config file is obtained through an HTTP URL to validate the authenticity of the Ignition config file on the cluster node. <digest> is the Ignition config file SHA512 digest obtained in a preceding step. Note If you want to provide your Ignition config files through an HTTPS server that uses TLS, you can add the internal certificate authority (CA) to the system trust store before running coreos-installer . The following example initializes a bootstrap node installation to the /dev/sda device. The Ignition config file for the bootstrap node is obtained from an HTTP web server with the IP address 192.168.1.2: USD sudo coreos-installer install --ignition-url=http://192.168.1.2:80/installation_directory/bootstrap.ign /dev/sda --ignition-hash=sha512-a5a2d43879223273c9b60af66b44202a1d1248fc01cf156c46d4a79f552b6bad47bc8cc78ddf0116e80c59d2ea9e32ba53bc807afbca581aa059311def2c3e3b Monitor the progress of the RHCOS installation on the console of the machine. Important Be sure that the installation is successful on each node before commencing with the OpenShift Container Platform installation. Observing the installation process can also help to determine the cause of RHCOS installation issues that might arise. After RHCOS installs, you must reboot the system. During the system reboot, it applies the Ignition config file that you specified. Check the console output to verify that Ignition ran. Example command Ignition: ran on 2022/03/14 14:48:33 UTC (this boot) Ignition: user-provided config was applied Continue to create the other machines for your cluster. Important You must create the bootstrap and control plane machines at this time. If the control plane machines are not made schedulable, also create at least two compute machines before you install OpenShift Container Platform. If the required network, DNS, and load balancer infrastructure are in place, the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process begins automatically after the RHCOS nodes have rebooted. Note RHCOS nodes do not include a default password for the core user. You can access the nodes by running ssh core@<node>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> as a user with access to the SSH private key that is paired to the public key that you specified in your install_config.yaml file. OpenShift Container Platform 4 cluster nodes running RHCOS are immutable and rely on Operators to apply cluster changes. Accessing cluster nodes by using SSH is not recommended. However, when investigating installation issues, if the OpenShift Container Platform API is not available, or the kubelet is not properly functioning on a target node, SSH access might be required for debugging or disaster recovery. 3.14.2. Installing RHCOS by using PXE or iPXE booting You can use PXE or iPXE booting to install RHCOS on the machines. Prerequisites You have created the Ignition config files for your cluster. You have configured suitable network, DNS and load balancing infrastructure. You have configured suitable PXE or iPXE infrastructure. You have an HTTP server that can be accessed from your computer, and from the machines that you create. You have reviewed the Advanced RHCOS installation configuration section for different ways to configure features, such as networking and disk partitioning. Procedure Upload the bootstrap, control plane, and compute node Ignition config files that the installation program created to your HTTP server. Note the URLs of these files. Important You can add or change configuration settings in your Ignition configs before saving them to your HTTP server. If you plan to add more compute machines to your cluster after you finish installation, do not delete these files. From the installation host, validate that the Ignition config files are available on the URLs. The following example gets the Ignition config file for the bootstrap node: USD curl -k http://<HTTP_server>/bootstrap.ign 1 Example output % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0{"ignition":{"version":"3.2.0"},"passwd":{"users":[{"name":"core","sshAuthorizedKeys":["ssh-rsa... Replace bootstrap.ign with master.ign or worker.ign in the command to validate that the Ignition config files for the control plane and compute nodes are also available. Although it is possible to obtain the RHCOS kernel , initramfs and rootfs files that are required for your preferred method of installing operating system instances from the RHCOS image mirror page, the recommended way to obtain the correct version of your RHCOS files are from the output of openshift-install command: USD openshift-install coreos print-stream-json \| grep -Eo '"https.(kernel-\|initramfs.\|rootfs.)\w+(\.img)?"' Example output "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-aarch64/<release>/aarch64/rhcos-<release>-live-kernel-aarch64" "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-aarch64/<release>/aarch64/rhcos-<release>-live-initramfs.aarch64.img" "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-aarch64/<release>/aarch64/rhcos-<release>-live-rootfs.aarch64.img" "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-ppc64le/49.84.202110081256-0/ppc64le/rhcos-<release>-live-kernel-ppc64le" "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-ppc64le/<release>/ppc64le/rhcos-<release>-live-initramfs.ppc64le.img" "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-ppc64le/<release>/ppc64le/rhcos-<release>-live-rootfs.ppc64le.img" "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-s390x/<release>/s390x/rhcos-<release>-live-kernel-s390x" "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-s390x/<release>/s390x/rhcos-<release>-live-initramfs.s390x.img" "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-s390x/<release>/s390x/rhcos-<release>-live-rootfs.s390x.img" "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15/<release>/x86_64/rhcos-<release>-live-kernel-x86_64" "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15/<release>/x86_64/rhcos-<release>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img" "<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15/<release>/x86_64/rhcos-<release>-live-rootfs.x86_64.img" Important The RHCOS artifacts might not change with every release of OpenShift Container Platform. You must download images with the highest version that is less than or equal to the OpenShift Container Platform version that you install. Only use the appropriate kernel , initramfs , and rootfs artifacts described below for this procedure. RHCOS QCOW2 images are not supported for this installation type. The file names contain the OpenShift Container Platform version number. They resemble the following examples: kernel : rhcos-<version>-live-kernel-<architecture> initramfs : rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.<architecture>.img rootfs : rhcos-<version>-live-rootfs.<architecture>.img Upload the rootfs , kernel , and initramfs files to your HTTP server. Important If you plan to add more compute machines to your cluster after you finish installation, do not delete these files. Configure the network boot infrastructure so that the machines boot from their local disks after RHCOS is installed on them. Configure PXE or iPXE installation for the RHCOS images and begin the installation. Modify one of the following example menu entries for your environment and verify that the image and Ignition files are properly accessible: For PXE ( x86_64 ): 1 1 Specify the location of the live kernel file that you uploaded to your HTTP server. The URL must be HTTP, TFTP, or FTP; HTTPS and NFS are not supported. 2 If you use multiple NICs, specify a single interface in the ip option. For example, to use DHCP on a NIC that is named eno1 , set ip=eno1:dhcp . 3 Specify the locations of the RHCOS files that you uploaded to your HTTP server. The initrd parameter value is the location of the initramfs file, the coreos.live.rootfs_url parameter value is the location of the rootfs file, and the coreos.inst.ignition_url parameter value is the location of the bootstrap Ignition config file. You can also add more kernel arguments to the APPEND line to configure networking or other boot options. Note This configuration does not enable serial console access on machines with a graphical console. To configure a different console, add one or more console= arguments to the APPEND line. For example, add console=tty0 console=ttyS0 to set the first PC serial port as the primary console and the graphical console as a secondary console. For more information, see How does one set up a serial terminal and/or console in Red Hat Enterprise Linux? and "Enabling the serial console for PXE and ISO installation" in the "Advanced RHCOS installation configuration" section. For iPXE ( x86_64 + aarch64 ): 1 Specify the locations of the RHCOS files that you uploaded to your HTTP server. The kernel parameter value is the location of the kernel file, the initrd=main argument is needed for booting on UEFI systems, the coreos.live.rootfs_url parameter value is the location of the rootfs file, and the coreos.inst.ignition_url parameter value is the location of the bootstrap Ignition config file. 2 If you use multiple NICs, specify a single interface in the ip option. For example, to use DHCP on a NIC that is named eno1 , set ip=eno1:dhcp . 3 Specify the location of the initramfs file that you uploaded to your HTTP server. Note This configuration does not enable serial console access on machines with a graphical console. To configure a different console, add one or more console= arguments to the kernel line. For example, add console=tty0 console=ttyS0 to set the first PC serial port as the primary console and the graphical console as a secondary console. For more information, see How does one set up a serial terminal and/or console in Red Hat Enterprise Linux? and "Enabling the serial console for PXE and ISO installation" in the "Advanced RHCOS installation configuration" section. Note To network boot the CoreOS kernel on aarch64 architecture, you need to use a version of iPXE build with the IMAGE_GZIP option enabled. See IMAGE_GZIP option in iPXE . For PXE (with UEFI and Grub as second stage) on aarch64 : 1 Specify the locations of the RHCOS files that you uploaded to your HTTP/TFTP server. The kernel parameter value is the location of the kernel file on your TFTP server. The coreos.live.rootfs_url parameter value is the location of the rootfs file, and the coreos.inst.ignition_url parameter value is the location of the bootstrap Ignition config file on your HTTP Server. 2 If you use multiple NICs, specify a single interface in the ip option. For example, to use DHCP on a NIC that is named eno1 , set ip=eno1:dhcp . 3 Specify the location of the initramfs file that you uploaded to your TFTP server. Monitor the progress of the RHCOS installation on the console of the machine. Important Be sure that the installation is successful on each node before commencing with the OpenShift Container Platform installation. Observing the installation process can also help to determine the cause of RHCOS installation issues that might arise. After RHCOS installs, the system reboots. During reboot, the system applies the Ignition config file that you specified. Check the console output to verify that Ignition ran. Example command Ignition: ran on 2022/03/14 14:48:33 UTC (this boot) Ignition: user-provided config was applied Continue to create the machines for your cluster. Important You must create the bootstrap and control plane machines at this time. If the control plane machines are not made schedulable, also create at least two compute machines before you install the cluster. If the required network, DNS, and load balancer infrastructure are in place, the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process begins automatically after the RHCOS nodes have rebooted. Note RHCOS nodes do not include a default password for the core user. You can access the nodes by running ssh core@<node>.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> as a user with access to the SSH private key that is paired to the public key that you specified in your install_config.yaml file. OpenShift Container Platform 4 cluster nodes running RHCOS are immutable and rely on Operators to apply cluster changes. Accessing cluster nodes by using SSH is not recommended. However, when investigating installation issues, if the OpenShift Container Platform API is not available, or the kubelet is not properly functioning on a target node, SSH access might be required for debugging or disaster recovery. 3.14.3. Advanced RHCOS installation configuration A key benefit for manually provisioning the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) nodes for OpenShift Container Platform is to be able to do configuration that is not available through default OpenShift Container Platform installation methods. This section describes some of the configurations that you can do using techniques that include: Passing kernel arguments to the live installer Running coreos-installer manually from the live system Customizing a live ISO or PXE boot image The advanced configuration topics for manual Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) installations detailed in this section relate to disk partitioning, networking, and using Ignition configs in different ways. 3.14.3.1. Using advanced networking options for PXE and ISO installations Networking for OpenShift Container Platform nodes uses DHCP by default to gather all necessary configuration settings. To set up static IP addresses or configure special settings, such as bonding, you can do one of the following: Pass special kernel parameters when you boot the live installer. Use a machine config to copy networking files to the installed system. Configure networking from a live installer shell prompt, then copy those settings to the installed system so that they take effect when the installed system first boots. To configure a PXE or iPXE installation, use one of the following options: See the "Advanced RHCOS installation reference" tables. Use a machine config to copy networking files to the installed system. To configure an ISO installation, use the following procedure. Procedure Boot the ISO installer. From the live system shell prompt, configure networking for the live system using available RHEL tools, such as nmcli or nmtui . Run the coreos-installer command to install the system, adding the --copy-network option to copy networking configuration. For example: USD sudo coreos-installer install --copy-network \ --ignition-url=http://host/worker.ign /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> Important The --copy-network option only copies networking configuration found under /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections . In particular, it does not copy the system hostname. Reboot into the installed system. Additional resources See Getting started with nmcli and Getting started with nmtui in the RHEL 8 documentation for more information about the nmcli and nmtui tools. 3.14.3.2. Disk partitioning Disk partitions are created on OpenShift Container Platform cluster nodes during the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) installation. Each RHCOS node of a particular architecture uses the same partition layout, unless you override the default partitioning configuration. During the RHCOS installation, the size of the root file system is increased to use any remaining available space on the target device. Important The use of a custom partition scheme on your node might result in OpenShift Container Platform not monitoring or alerting on some node partitions. If you override the default partitioning, see Understanding OpenShift File System Monitoring (eviction conditions) for more information about how OpenShift Container Platform monitors your host file systems. OpenShift Container Platform monitors the following two filesystem identifiers: nodefs , which is the filesystem that contains /var/lib/kubelet imagefs , which is the filesystem that contains /var/lib/containers For the default partition scheme, nodefs and imagefs monitor the same root filesystem, / . To override the default partitioning when installing RHCOS on an OpenShift Container Platform cluster node, you must create separate partitions. Consider a situation where you want to add a separate storage partition for your containers and container images. For example, by mounting /var/lib/containers in a separate partition, the kubelet separately monitors /var/lib/containers as the imagefs directory and the root file system as the nodefs directory. Important If you have resized your disk size to host a larger file system, consider creating a separate /var/lib/containers partition. Consider resizing a disk that has an xfs format to reduce CPU time issues caused by a high number of allocation groups. 3.14.3.2.1. Creating a separate /var partition In general, you should use the default disk partitioning that is created during the RHCOS installation. However, there are cases where you might want to create a separate partition for a directory that you expect to grow. OpenShift Container Platform supports the addition of a single partition to attach storage to either the /var directory or a subdirectory of /var . For example: /var/lib/containers : Holds container-related content that can grow as more images and containers are added to a system. /var/lib/etcd : Holds data that you might want to keep separate for purposes such as performance optimization of etcd storage. /var : Holds data that you might want to keep separate for purposes such as auditing. Important For disk sizes larger than 100GB, and especially larger than 1TB, create a separate /var partition. Storing the contents of a /var directory separately makes it easier to grow storage for those areas as needed and reinstall OpenShift Container Platform at a later date and keep that data intact. With this method, you will not have to pull all your containers again, nor will you have to copy massive log files when you update systems. The use of a separate partition for the /var directory or a subdirectory of /var also prevents data growth in the partitioned directory from filling up the root file system. The following procedure sets up a separate /var partition by adding a machine config manifest that is wrapped into the Ignition config file for a node type during the preparation phase of an installation. Procedure On your installation host, change to the directory that contains the OpenShift Container Platform installation program and generate the Kubernetes manifests for the cluster: USD openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> Create a Butane config that configures the additional partition. For example, name the file USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu , change the disk device name to the name of the storage device on the worker systems, and set the storage size as appropriate. This example places the /var directory on a separate partition: variant: openshift version: 4.15.0 metadata: labels: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker name: 98-var-partition storage: disks: - device: /dev/disk/by-id/<device_name> 1 partitions: - label: var start_mib: <partition_start_offset> 2 size_mib: <partition_size> 3 number: 5 filesystems: - device: /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var path: /var format: xfs mount_options: [defaults, prjquota] 4 with_mount_unit: true 1 The storage device name of the disk that you want to partition. 2 When adding a data partition to the boot disk, a minimum offset value of 25000 mebibytes is recommended. The root file system is automatically resized to fill all available space up to the specified offset. If no offset value is specified, or if the specified value is smaller than the recommended minimum, the resulting root file system will be too small, and future reinstalls of RHCOS might overwrite the beginning of the data partition. 3 The size of the data partition in mebibytes. 4 The prjquota mount option must be enabled for filesystems used for container storage. Note When creating a separate /var partition, you cannot use different instance types for compute nodes, if the different instance types do not have the same device name. Create a manifest from the Butane config and save it to the clusterconfig/openshift directory. For example, run the following command: USD butane USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu -o USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/98-var-partition.yaml Create the Ignition config files: USD openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir <installation_directory> 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the same installation directory. Ignition config files are created for the bootstrap, control plane, and compute nodes in the installation directory: The files in the <installation_directory>/manifest and <installation_directory>/openshift directories are wrapped into the Ignition config files, including the file that contains the 98-var-partition custom MachineConfig object. steps You can apply the custom disk partitioning by referencing the Ignition config files during the RHCOS installations. 3.14.3.2.2. Retaining existing partitions For an ISO installation, you can add options to the coreos-installer command that cause the installer to maintain one or more existing partitions. For a PXE installation, you can add coreos.inst.* options to the APPEND parameter to preserve partitions. Saved partitions might be data partitions from an existing OpenShift Container Platform system. You can identify the disk partitions you want to keep either by partition label or by number. Note If you save existing partitions, and those partitions do not leave enough space for RHCOS, the installation will fail without damaging the saved partitions. Retaining existing partitions during an ISO installation This example preserves any partition in which the partition label begins with data ( data* ): # coreos-installer install --ignition-url http://10.0.2.2:8080/user.ign \ --save-partlabel 'data' /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> The following example illustrates running the coreos-installer in a way that preserves the sixth (6) partition on the disk: # coreos-installer install --ignition-url http://10.0.2.2:8080/user.ign \ --save-partindex 6 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> This example preserves partitions 5 and higher: # coreos-installer install --ignition-url http://10.0.2.2:8080/user.ign --save-partindex 5- /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> In the examples where partition saving is used, coreos-installer recreates the partition immediately. Retaining existing partitions during a PXE installation This APPEND option preserves any partition in which the partition label begins with 'data' ('data'): coreos.inst.save_partlabel=data* This APPEND option preserves partitions 5 and higher: coreos.inst.save_partindex=5- This APPEND option preserves partition 6: coreos.inst.save_partindex=6 3.14.3.3. Identifying Ignition configs When doing an RHCOS manual installation, there are two types of Ignition configs that you can provide, with different reasons for providing each one: Permanent install Ignition config : Every manual RHCOS installation needs to pass one of the Ignition config files generated by openshift-installer , such as bootstrap.ign , master.ign and worker.ign , to carry out the installation. Important It is not recommended to modify these Ignition config files directly. You can update the manifest files that are wrapped into the Ignition config files, as outlined in examples in the preceding sections. For PXE installations, you pass the Ignition configs on the APPEND line using the coreos.inst.ignition_url= option. For ISO installations, after the ISO boots to the shell prompt, you identify the Ignition config on the coreos-installer command line with the --ignition-url= option. In both cases, only HTTP and HTTPS protocols are supported. Live install Ignition config : This type can be created by using the coreos-installer customize subcommand and its various options. With this method, the Ignition config passes to the live install medium, runs immediately upon booting, and performs setup tasks before or after the RHCOS system installs to disk. This method should only be used for performing tasks that must be done once and not applied again later, such as with advanced partitioning that cannot be done using a machine config. For PXE or ISO boots, you can create the Ignition config and APPEND the ignition.config.url= option to identify the location of the Ignition config. You also need to append ignition.firstboot ignition.platform.id=metal or the ignition.config.url option will be ignored. 3.14.3.4. Default console configuration Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) nodes installed from an OpenShift Container Platform 4.15 boot image use a default console that is meant to accomodate most virtualized and bare metal setups. Different cloud and virtualization platforms may use different default settings depending on the chosen architecture. Bare metal installations use the kernel default settings which typically means the graphical console is the primary console and the serial console is disabled. The default consoles may not match your specific hardware configuration or you might have specific needs that require you to adjust the default console. For example: You want to access the emergency shell on the console for debugging purposes. Your cloud platform does not provide interactive access to the graphical console, but provides a serial console. You want to enable multiple consoles. Console configuration is inherited from the boot image. This means that new nodes in existing clusters are unaffected by changes to the default console. You can configure the console for bare metal installations in the following ways: Using coreos-installer manually on the command line. Using the coreos-installer iso customize or coreos-installer pxe customize subcommands with the --dest-console option to create a custom image that automates the process. Note For advanced customization, perform console configuration using the coreos-installer iso or coreos-installer pxe subcommands, and not kernel arguments. 3.14.3.5. Enabling the serial console for PXE and ISO installations By default, the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) serial console is disabled and all output is written to the graphical console. You can enable the serial console for an ISO installation and reconfigure the bootloader so that output is sent to both the serial console and the graphical console. Procedure Boot the ISO installer. Run the coreos-installer command to install the system, adding the --console option once to specify the graphical console, and a second time to specify the serial console: USD coreos-installer install \ --console=tty0 \ 1 --console=ttyS0,<options> \ 2 --ignition-url=http://host/worker.ign /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> 1 The desired secondary console. In this case, the graphical console. Omitting this option will disable the graphical console. 2 The desired primary console. In this case the serial console. The options field defines the baud rate and other settings. A common value for this field is 11520n8 . If no options are provided, the default kernel value of 9600n8 is used. For more information on the format of this option, see Linux kernel serial console documentation. Reboot into the installed system. Note A similar outcome can be obtained by using the coreos-installer install --append-karg option, and specifying the console with console= . However, this will only set the console for the kernel and not the bootloader. To configure a PXE installation, make sure the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel command line option is omitted, and use the shell prompt to run coreos-installer manually using the above ISO installation procedure. 3.14.3.6. Customizing a live RHCOS ISO or PXE install You can use the live ISO image or PXE environment to install RHCOS by injecting an Ignition config file directly into the image. This creates a customized image that you can use to provision your system. For an ISO image, the mechanism to do this is the coreos-installer iso customize subcommand, which modifies the .iso file with your configuration. Similarly, the mechanism for a PXE environment is the coreos-installer pxe customize subcommand, which creates a new initramfs file that includes your customizations. The customize subcommand is a general purpose tool that can embed other types of customizations as well. The following tasks are examples of some of the more common customizations: Inject custom CA certificates for when corporate security policy requires their use. Configure network settings without the need for kernel arguments. Embed arbitrary preinstall and post-install scripts or binaries. 3.14.3.7. Customizing a live RHCOS ISO image You can customize a live RHCOS ISO image directly with the coreos-installer iso customize subcommand. When you boot the ISO image, the customizations are applied automatically. You can use this feature to configure the ISO image to automatically install RHCOS. Procedure Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page. Retrieve the RHCOS ISO image from the RHCOS image mirror page and the Ignition config file, and then run the following command to inject the Ignition config directly into the ISO image: USD coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso \ --dest-ignition bootstrap.ign \ 1 --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> 2 1 The Ignition config file that is generated from the openshift-installer installation program. 2 When you specify this option, the ISO image automatically runs an installation. Otherwise, the image remains configured for installation, but does not install automatically unless you specify the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel argument. Optional: To remove the ISO image customizations and return the image to its pristine state, run: USD coreos-installer iso reset rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso You can now re-customize the live ISO image or use it in its pristine state. Applying your customizations affects every subsequent boot of RHCOS. 3.14.3.7.1. Modifying a live install ISO image to enable the serial console On clusters installed with OpenShift Container Platform 4.12 and above, the serial console is disabled by default and all output is written to the graphical console. You can enable the serial console with the following procedure. Procedure Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page. Retrieve the RHCOS ISO image from the RHCOS image mirror page and run the following command to customize the ISO image to enable the serial console to receive output: USD coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso \ --dest-ignition <path> \ 1 --dest-console tty0 \ 2 --dest-console ttyS0,<options> \ 3 --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> 4 1 The location of the Ignition config to install. 2 The desired secondary console. In this case, the graphical console. Omitting this option will disable the graphical console. 3 The desired primary console. In this case, the serial console. The options field defines the baud rate and other settings. A common value for this field is 115200n8 . If no options are provided, the default kernel value of 9600n8 is used. For more information on the format of this option, see the Linux kernel serial console documentation. 4 The specified disk to install to. If you omit this option, the ISO image automatically runs the installation program which will fail unless you also specify the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel argument. Note The --dest-console option affects the installed system and not the live ISO system. To modify the console for a live ISO system, use the --live-karg-append option and specify the console with console= . Your customizations are applied and affect every subsequent boot of the ISO image. Optional: To remove the ISO image customizations and return the image to its original state, run the following command: USD coreos-installer iso reset rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso You can now recustomize the live ISO image or use it in its original state. 3.14.3.7.2. Modifying a live install ISO image to use a custom certificate authority You can provide certificate authority (CA) certificates to Ignition with the --ignition-ca flag of the customize subcommand. You can use the CA certificates during both the installation boot and when provisioning the installed system. Note Custom CA certificates affect how Ignition fetches remote resources but they do not affect the certificates installed onto the system. Procedure Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page. Retrieve the RHCOS ISO image from the RHCOS image mirror page and run the following command to customize the ISO image for use with a custom CA: USD coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso --ignition-ca cert.pem Important The coreos.inst.ignition_url kernel parameter does not work with the --ignition-ca flag. You must use the --dest-ignition flag to create a customized image for each cluster. Applying your custom CA certificate affects every subsequent boot of RHCOS. 3.14.3.7.3. Modifying a live install ISO image with customized network settings You can embed a NetworkManager keyfile into the live ISO image and pass it through to the installed system with the --network-keyfile flag of the customize subcommand. Warning When creating a connection profile, you must use a .nmconnection filename extension in the filename of the connection profile. If you do not use a .nmconnection filename extension, the cluster will apply the connection profile to the live environment, but it will not apply the configuration when the cluster first boots up the nodes, resulting in a setup that does not work. Procedure Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page. Create a connection profile for a bonded interface. For example, create the bond0.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content: [connection] id=bond0 type=bond interface-name=bond0 multi-connect=1 [bond] miimon=100 mode=active-backup [ipv4] method=auto [ipv6] method=auto Create a connection profile for a secondary interface to add to the bond. For example, create the bond0-proxy-em1.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content: [connection] id=em1 type=ethernet interface-name=em1 master=bond0 multi-connect=1 slave-type=bond Create a connection profile for a secondary interface to add to the bond. For example, create the bond0-proxy-em2.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content: [connection] id=em2 type=ethernet interface-name=em2 master=bond0 multi-connect=1 slave-type=bond Retrieve the RHCOS ISO image from the RHCOS image mirror page and run the following command to customize the ISO image with your configured networking: USD coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso \ --network-keyfile bond0.nmconnection \ --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em1.nmconnection \ --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em2.nmconnection Network settings are applied to the live system and are carried over to the destination system. 3.14.3.8. Customizing a live RHCOS PXE environment You can customize a live RHCOS PXE environment directly with the coreos-installer pxe customize subcommand. When you boot the PXE environment, the customizations are applied automatically. You can use this feature to configure the PXE environment to automatically install RHCOS. Procedure Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page. Retrieve the RHCOS kernel , initramfs and rootfs files from the RHCOS image mirror page and the Ignition config file, and then run the following command to create a new initramfs file that contains the customizations from your Ignition config: USD coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img \ --dest-ignition bootstrap.ign \ 1 --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> \ 2 -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img 3 1 The Ignition config file that is generated from openshift-installer . 2 When you specify this option, the PXE environment automatically runs an install. Otherwise, the image remains configured for installing, but does not do so automatically unless you specify the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel argument. 3 Use the customized initramfs file in your PXE configuration. Add the ignition.firstboot and ignition.platform.id=metal kernel arguments if they are not already present. Applying your customizations affects every subsequent boot of RHCOS. 3.14.3.8.1. Modifying a live install PXE environment to enable the serial console On clusters installed with OpenShift Container Platform 4.12 and above, the serial console is disabled by default and all output is written to the graphical console. You can enable the serial console with the following procedure. Procedure Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page. Retrieve the RHCOS kernel , initramfs and rootfs files from the RHCOS image mirror page and the Ignition config file, and then run the following command to create a new customized initramfs file that enables the serial console to receive output: USD coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img \ --dest-ignition <path> \ 1 --dest-console tty0 \ 2 --dest-console ttyS0,<options> \ 3 --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> \ 4 -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img 5 1 The location of the Ignition config to install. 2 The desired secondary console. In this case, the graphical console. Omitting this option will disable the graphical console. 3 The desired primary console. In this case, the serial console. The options field defines the baud rate and other settings. A common value for this field is 115200n8 . If no options are provided, the default kernel value of 9600n8 is used. For more information on the format of this option, see the Linux kernel serial console documentation. 4 The specified disk to install to. If you omit this option, the PXE environment automatically runs the installer which will fail unless you also specify the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel argument. 5 Use the customized initramfs file in your PXE configuration. Add the ignition.firstboot and ignition.platform.id=metal kernel arguments if they are not already present. Your customizations are applied and affect every subsequent boot of the PXE environment. 3.14.3.8.2. Modifying a live install PXE environment to use a custom certificate authority You can provide certificate authority (CA) certificates to Ignition with the --ignition-ca flag of the customize subcommand. You can use the CA certificates during both the installation boot and when provisioning the installed system. Note Custom CA certificates affect how Ignition fetches remote resources but they do not affect the certificates installed onto the system. Procedure Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page. Retrieve the RHCOS kernel , initramfs and rootfs files from the RHCOS image mirror page and run the following command to create a new customized initramfs file for use with a custom CA: USD coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img \ --ignition-ca cert.pem \ -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img Use the customized initramfs file in your PXE configuration. Add the ignition.firstboot and ignition.platform.id=metal kernel arguments if they are not already present. Important The coreos.inst.ignition_url kernel parameter does not work with the --ignition-ca flag. You must use the --dest-ignition flag to create a customized image for each cluster. Applying your custom CA certificate affects every subsequent boot of RHCOS. 3.14.3.8.3. Modifying a live install PXE environment with customized network settings You can embed a NetworkManager keyfile into the live PXE environment and pass it through to the installed system with the --network-keyfile flag of the customize subcommand. Warning When creating a connection profile, you must use a .nmconnection filename extension in the filename of the connection profile. If you do not use a .nmconnection filename extension, the cluster will apply the connection profile to the live environment, but it will not apply the configuration when the cluster first boots up the nodes, resulting in a setup that does not work. Procedure Download the coreos-installer binary from the coreos-installer image mirror page. Create a connection profile for a bonded interface. For example, create the bond0.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content: [connection] id=bond0 type=bond interface-name=bond0 multi-connect=1 [bond] miimon=100 mode=active-backup [ipv4] method=auto [ipv6] method=auto Create a connection profile for a secondary interface to add to the bond. For example, create the bond0-proxy-em1.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content: [connection] id=em1 type=ethernet interface-name=em1 master=bond0 multi-connect=1 slave-type=bond Create a connection profile for a secondary interface to add to the bond. For example, create the bond0-proxy-em2.nmconnection file in your local directory with the following content: [connection] id=em2 type=ethernet interface-name=em2 master=bond0 multi-connect=1 slave-type=bond Retrieve the RHCOS kernel , initramfs and rootfs files from the RHCOS image mirror page and run the following command to create a new customized initramfs file that contains your configured networking: USD coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img \ --network-keyfile bond0.nmconnection \ --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em1.nmconnection \ --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em2.nmconnection \ -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img Use the customized initramfs file in your PXE configuration. Add the ignition.firstboot and ignition.platform.id=metal kernel arguments if they are not already present. Network settings are applied to the live system and are carried over to the destination system. 3.14.3.9. Advanced RHCOS installation reference This section illustrates the networking configuration and other advanced options that allow you to modify the Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS (RHCOS) manual installation process. The following tables describe the kernel arguments and command-line options you can use with the RHCOS live installer and the coreos-installer command. 3.14.3.9.1. Networking and bonding options for ISO installations If you install RHCOS from an ISO image, you can add kernel arguments manually when you boot the image to configure networking for a node. If no networking arguments are specified, DHCP is activated in the initramfs when RHCOS detects that networking is required to fetch the Ignition config file. Important When adding networking arguments manually, you must also add the rd.neednet=1 kernel argument to bring the network up in the initramfs. The following information provides examples for configuring networking and bonding on your RHCOS nodes for ISO installations. The examples describe how to use the ip= , nameserver= , and bond= kernel arguments. Note Ordering is important when adding the kernel arguments: ip= , nameserver= , and then bond= . The networking options are passed to the dracut tool during system boot. For more information about the networking options supported by dracut , see the dracut.cmdline manual page . The following examples are the networking options for ISO installation. Configuring DHCP or static IP addresses To configure an IP address, either use DHCP ( ip=dhcp ) or set an individual static IP address ( ip=<host_ip> ). If setting a static IP, you must then identify the DNS server IP address ( nameserver=<dns_ip> ) on each node. The following example sets: The node's IP address to 10.10.10.2 The gateway address to 10.10.10.254 The netmask to 255.255.255.0 The hostname to core0.example.com The DNS server address to 4.4.4.41 The auto-configuration value to none . No auto-configuration is required when IP networking is configured statically. ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp1s0:none nameserver=4.4.4.41 Note When you use DHCP to configure IP addressing for the RHCOS machines, the machines also obtain the DNS server information through DHCP. For DHCP-based deployments, you can define the DNS server address that is used by the RHCOS nodes through your DHCP server configuration. Configuring an IP address without a static hostname You can configure an IP address without assigning a static hostname. If a static hostname is not set by the user, it will be picked up and automatically set by a reverse DNS lookup. To configure an IP address without a static hostname refer to the following example: The node's IP address to 10.10.10.2 The gateway address to 10.10.10.254 The netmask to 255.255.255.0 The DNS server address to 4.4.4.41 The auto-configuration value to none . No auto-configuration is required when IP networking is configured statically. ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0::enp1s0:none nameserver=4.4.4.41 Specifying multiple network interfaces You can specify multiple network interfaces by setting multiple ip= entries. ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp1s0:none ip=10.10.10.3::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp2s0:none Configuring default gateway and route Optional: You can configure routes to additional networks by setting an rd.route= value. Note When you configure one or multiple networks, one default gateway is required. If the additional network gateway is different from the primary network gateway, the default gateway must be the primary network gateway. Run the following command to configure the default gateway: ip=::10.10.10.254:::: Enter the following command to configure the route for the additional network: rd.route=20.20.20.0/24:20.20.20.254:enp2s0 Disabling DHCP on a single interface You can disable DHCP on a single interface, such as when there are two or more network interfaces and only one interface is being used. In the example, the enp1s0 interface has a static networking configuration and DHCP is disabled for enp2s0 , which is not used: ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp1s0:none ip=::::core0.example.com:enp2s0:none Combining DHCP and static IP configurations You can combine DHCP and static IP configurations on systems with multiple network interfaces, for example: ip=enp1s0:dhcp ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp2s0:none Configuring VLANs on individual interfaces Optional: You can configure VLANs on individual interfaces by using the vlan= parameter. To configure a VLAN on a network interface and use a static IP address, run the following command: ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp2s0.100:none vlan=enp2s0.100:enp2s0 To configure a VLAN on a network interface and to use DHCP, run the following command: ip=enp2s0.100:dhcp vlan=enp2s0.100:enp2s0 Providing multiple DNS servers You can provide multiple DNS servers by adding a nameserver= entry for each server, for example: nameserver=1.1.1.1 nameserver=8.8.8.8 Bonding multiple network interfaces to a single interface Optional: You can bond multiple network interfaces to a single interface by using the bond= option. Refer to the following examples: The syntax for configuring a bonded interface is: bond=<name>[:<network_interfaces>][:options] <name> is the bonding device name ( bond0 ), <network_interfaces> represents a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces ( em1,em2 ), and options is a comma-separated list of bonding options. Enter modinfo bonding to see available options. When you create a bonded interface using bond= , you must specify how the IP address is assigned and other information for the bonded interface. To configure the bonded interface to use DHCP, set the bond's IP address to dhcp . For example: bond=bond0:em1,em2:mode=active-backup ip=bond0:dhcp To configure the bonded interface to use a static IP address, enter the specific IP address you want and related information. For example: bond=bond0:em1,em2:mode=active-backup ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:bond0:none Bonding multiple SR-IOV network interfaces to a dual port NIC interface Important Support for Day 1 operations associated with enabling NIC partitioning for SR-IOV devices is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs) and might not be functionally complete. Red Hat does not recommend using them in production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process. For more information about the support scope of Red Hat Technology Preview features, see Technology Preview Features Support Scope . Optional: You can bond multiple SR-IOV network interfaces to a dual port NIC interface by using the bond= option. On each node, you must perform the following tasks: Create the SR-IOV virtual functions (VFs) following the guidance in Managing SR-IOV devices . Follow the procedure in the "Attaching SR-IOV networking devices to virtual machines" section. Create the bond, attach the desired VFs to the bond and set the bond link state up following the guidance in Configuring network bonding . Follow any of the described procedures to create the bond. The following examples illustrate the syntax you must use: The syntax for configuring a bonded interface is bond=<name>[:<network_interfaces>][:options] . <name> is the bonding device name ( bond0 ), <network_interfaces> represents the virtual functions (VFs) by their known name in the kernel and shown in the output of the ip link command( eno1f0 , eno2f0 ), and options is a comma-separated list of bonding options. Enter modinfo bonding to see available options. When you create a bonded interface using bond= , you must specify how the IP address is assigned and other information for the bonded interface. To configure the bonded interface to use DHCP, set the bond's IP address to dhcp . For example: bond=bond0:eno1f0,eno2f0:mode=active-backup ip=bond0:dhcp To configure the bonded interface to use a static IP address, enter the specific IP address you want and related information. For example: bond=bond0:eno1f0,eno2f0:mode=active-backup ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:bond0:none Using network teaming Optional: You can use a network teaming as an alternative to bonding by using the team= parameter: The syntax for configuring a team interface is: team=name[:network_interfaces] name is the team device name ( team0 ) and network_interfaces represents a comma-separated list of physical (ethernet) interfaces ( em1, em2 ). Note Teaming is planned to be deprecated when RHCOS switches to an upcoming version of RHEL. For more information, see this Red Hat Knowledgebase Article . Use the following example to configure a network team: team=team0:em1,em2 ip=team0:dhcp 3.14.3.9.2. coreos-installer options for ISO and PXE installations You can install RHCOS by running coreos-installer install <options> <device> at the command prompt, after booting into the RHCOS live environment from an ISO image. The following table shows the subcommands, options, and arguments you can pass to the coreos-installer command. Table 3.20. coreos-installer subcommands, command-line options, and arguments coreos-installer install subcommand Subcommand Description USD coreos-installer install <options> <device> Embed an Ignition config in an ISO image. coreos-installer install subcommand options Option Description -u , --image-url <url> Specify the image URL manually. -f , --image-file <path> Specify a local image file manually. Used for debugging. -i, --ignition-file <path> Embed an Ignition config from a file. -I , --ignition-url <URL> Embed an Ignition config from a URL. --ignition-hash <digest> Digest type-value of the Ignition config. -p , --platform <name> Override the Ignition platform ID for the installed system. --console <spec> Set the kernel and bootloader console for the installed system. For more information about the format of <spec> , see the Linux kernel serial console documentation. --append-karg <arg>... Append a default kernel argument to the installed system. --delete-karg <arg>... Delete a default kernel argument from the installed system. -n , --copy-network Copy the network configuration from the install environment. Important The --copy-network option only copies networking configuration found under /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections . In particular, it does not copy the system hostname. --network-dir <path> For use with -n . Default is /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/ . --save-partlabel <lx>.. Save partitions with this label glob. --save-partindex <id>... Save partitions with this number or range. --insecure Skip RHCOS image signature verification. --insecure-ignition Allow Ignition URL without HTTPS or hash. --architecture <name> Target CPU architecture. Valid values are x86_64 and aarch64 . --preserve-on-error Do not clear partition table on error. -h , --help Print help information. coreos-installer install subcommand argument Argument Description <device> The destination device. coreos-installer ISO subcommands Subcommand Description USD coreos-installer iso customize <options> <ISO_image> Customize a RHCOS live ISO image. coreos-installer iso reset <options> <ISO_image> Restore a RHCOS live ISO image to default settings. coreos-installer iso ignition remove <options> <ISO_image> Remove the embedded Ignition config from an ISO image. coreos-installer ISO customize subcommand options Option Description --dest-ignition <path> Merge the specified Ignition config file into a new configuration fragment for the destination system. --dest-console <spec> Specify the kernel and bootloader console for the destination system. --dest-device <path> Install and overwrite the specified destination device. --dest-karg-append <arg> Add a kernel argument to each boot of the destination system. --dest-karg-delete <arg> Delete a kernel argument from each boot of the destination system. --network-keyfile <path> Configure networking by using the specified NetworkManager keyfile for live and destination systems. --ignition-ca <path> Specify an additional TLS certificate authority to be trusted by Ignition. --pre-install <path> Run the specified script before installation. --post-install <path> Run the specified script after installation. --installer-config <path> Apply the specified installer configuration file. --live-ignition <path> Merge the specified Ignition config file into a new configuration fragment for the live environment. --live-karg-append <arg> Add a kernel argument to each boot of the live environment. --live-karg-delete <arg> Delete a kernel argument from each boot of the live environment. --live-karg-replace <k=o=n> Replace a kernel argument in each boot of the live environment, in the form key=old=new . -f , --force Overwrite an existing Ignition config. -o , --output <path> Write the ISO to a new output file. -h , --help Print help information. coreos-installer PXE subcommands Subcommand Description Note that not all of these options are accepted by all subcommands. coreos-installer pxe customize <options> <path> Customize a RHCOS live PXE boot config. coreos-installer pxe ignition wrap <options> Wrap an Ignition config in an image. coreos-installer pxe ignition unwrap <options> <image_name> Show the wrapped Ignition config in an image. coreos-installer PXE customize subcommand options Option Description Note that not all of these options are accepted by all subcommands. --dest-ignition <path> Merge the specified Ignition config file into a new configuration fragment for the destination system. --dest-console <spec> Specify the kernel and bootloader console for the destination system. --dest-device <path> Install and overwrite the specified destination device. --network-keyfile <path> Configure networking by using the specified NetworkManager keyfile for live and destination systems. --ignition-ca <path> Specify an additional TLS certificate authority to be trusted by Ignition. --pre-install <path> Run the specified script before installation. post-install <path> Run the specified script after installation. --installer-config <path> Apply the specified installer configuration file. --live-ignition <path> Merge the specified Ignition config file into a new configuration fragment for the live environment. -o, --output <path> Write the initramfs to a new output file. Note This option is required for PXE environments. -h , --help Print help information. 3.14.3.9.3. coreos.inst boot options for ISO or PXE installations You can automatically invoke coreos-installer options at boot time by passing coreos.inst boot arguments to the RHCOS live installer. These are provided in addition to the standard boot arguments. For ISO installations, the coreos.inst options can be added by interrupting the automatic boot at the bootloader menu. You can interrupt the automatic boot by pressing TAB while the RHEL CoreOS (Live) menu option is highlighted. For PXE or iPXE installations, the coreos.inst options must be added to the APPEND line before the RHCOS live installer is booted. The following table shows the RHCOS live installer coreos.inst boot options for ISO and PXE installations. Table 3.21. coreos.inst boot options Argument Description coreos.inst.install_dev Required. The block device on the system to install to. It is recommended to use the full path, such as /dev/sda , although sda is allowed. coreos.inst.ignition_url Optional: The URL of the Ignition config to embed into the installed system. If no URL is specified, no Ignition config is embedded. Only HTTP and HTTPS protocols are supported. coreos.inst.save_partlabel Optional: Comma-separated labels of partitions to preserve during the install. Glob-style wildcards are permitted. The specified partitions do not need to exist. coreos.inst.save_partindex Optional: Comma-separated indexes of partitions to preserve during the install. Ranges m-n are permitted, and either m or n can be omitted. The specified partitions do not need to exist. coreos.inst.insecure Optional: Permits the OS image that is specified by coreos.inst.image_url to be unsigned. coreos.inst.image_url Optional: Download and install the specified RHCOS image. This argument should not be used in production environments and is intended for debugging purposes only. While this argument can be used to install a version of RHCOS that does not match the live media, it is recommended that you instead use the media that matches the version you want to install. If you are using coreos.inst.image_url , you must also use coreos.inst.insecure . This is because the bare-metal media are not GPG-signed for OpenShift Container Platform. Only HTTP and HTTPS protocols are supported. coreos.inst.skip_reboot Optional: The system will not reboot after installing. After the install finishes, you will receive a prompt that allows you to inspect what is happening during installation. This argument should not be used in production environments and is intended for debugging purposes only. coreos.inst.platform_id Optional: The Ignition platform ID of the platform the RHCOS image is being installed on. Default is metal . This option determines whether or not to request an Ignition config from the cloud provider, such as VMware. For example: coreos.inst.platform_id=vmware . ignition.config.url Optional: The URL of the Ignition config for the live boot. For example, this can be used to customize how coreos-installer is invoked, or to run code before or after the installation. This is different from coreos.inst.ignition_url , which is the Ignition config for the installed system. 3.14.4. Enabling multipathing with kernel arguments on RHCOS RHCOS supports multipathing on the primary disk, allowing stronger resilience to hardware failure to achieve higher host availability. You can enable multipathing at installation time for nodes that were provisioned in OpenShift Container Platform 4.8 or later. While postinstallation support is available by activating multipathing via the machine config, enabling multipathing during installation is recommended. In setups where any I/O to non-optimized paths results in I/O system errors, you must enable multipathing at installation time. Important On IBM Z(R) and IBM(R) LinuxONE, you can enable multipathing only if you configured your cluster for it during installation. For more information, see "Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process" in Installing a cluster with z/VM on IBM Z(R) and IBM(R) LinuxONE . The following procedure enables multipath at installation time and appends kernel arguments to the coreos-installer install command so that the installed system itself will use multipath beginning from the first boot. Note OpenShift Container Platform does not support enabling multipathing as a day-2 activity on nodes that have been upgraded from 4.6 or earlier. Prerequisites You have created the Ignition config files for your cluster. You have reviewed Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process . Procedure To enable multipath and start the multipathd daemon, run the following command on the installation host: USD mpathconf --enable && systemctl start multipathd.service Optional: If booting the PXE or ISO, you can instead enable multipath by adding rd.multipath=default from the kernel command line. Append the kernel arguments by invoking the coreos-installer program: If there is only one multipath device connected to the machine, it should be available at path /dev/mapper/mpatha . For example: USD coreos-installer install /dev/mapper/mpatha \ 1 --ignition-url=http://host/worker.ign \ --append-karg rd.multipath=default \ --append-karg root=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-root \ --append-karg rw 1 Indicates the path of the single multipathed device. If there are multiple multipath devices connected to the machine, or to be more explicit, instead of using /dev/mapper/mpatha , it is recommended to use the World Wide Name (WWN) symlink available in /dev/disk/by-id . For example: USD coreos-installer install /dev/disk/by-id/wwn-<wwn_ID> \ 1 --ignition-url=http://host/worker.ign \ --append-karg rd.multipath=default \ --append-karg root=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-root \ --append-karg rw 1 Indicates the WWN ID of the target multipathed device. For example, 0xx194e957fcedb4841 . This symlink can also be used as the coreos.inst.install_dev kernel argument when using special coreos.inst.* arguments to direct the live installer. For more information, see "Installing RHCOS and starting the OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process". Reboot into the installed system. Check that the kernel arguments worked by going to one of the worker nodes and listing the kernel command line arguments (in /proc/cmdline on the host): USD oc debug node/ip-10-0-141-105.ec2.internal Example output Starting pod/ip-10-0-141-105ec2internal-debug ... To use host binaries, run `chroot /host` sh-4.2# cat /host/proc/cmdline ... rd.multipath=default root=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-root ... sh-4.2# exit You should see the added kernel arguments. 3.14.4.1. Enabling multipathing on secondary disks RHCOS also supports multipathing on a secondary disk. Instead of kernel arguments, you use Ignition to enable multipathing for the secondary disk at installation time. Prerequisites You have read the section Disk partitioning . You have read Enabling multipathing with kernel arguments on RHCOS . You have installed the Butane utility. Procedure Create a Butane config with information similar to the following: Example multipath-config.bu variant: openshift version: 4.15.0 systemd: units: - name: mpath-configure.service enabled: true contents: \| [Unit] Description=Configure Multipath on Secondary Disk ConditionFirstBoot=true ConditionPathExists=!/etc/multipath.conf Before=multipathd.service 1 DefaultDependencies=no [Service] Type=oneshot ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mpathconf --enable 2 [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target - name: mpath-var-lib-container.service enabled: true contents: \| [Unit] Description=Set Up Multipath On /var/lib/containers ConditionFirstBoot=true 3 Requires=dev-mapper-mpatha.device After=dev-mapper-mpatha.device After=ostree-remount.service Before=kubelet.service DefaultDependencies=no [Service] 4 Type=oneshot ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mkfs.xfs -L containers -m reflink=1 /dev/mapper/mpatha ExecStart=/usr/bin/mkdir -p /var/lib/containers [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target - name: var-lib-containers.mount enabled: true contents: \| [Unit] Description=Mount /var/lib/containers After=mpath-var-lib-containers.service Before=kubelet.service 5 [Mount] 6 What=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-containers Where=/var/lib/containers Type=xfs [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target 1 The configuration must be set before launching the multipath daemon. 2 Starts the mpathconf utility. 3 This field must be set to the value true . 4 Creates the filesystem and directory /var/lib/containers . 5 The device must be mounted before starting any nodes. 6 Mounts the device to the /var/lib/containers mount point. This location cannot be a symlink. Create the Ignition configuration by running the following command: USD butane --pretty --strict multipath-config.bu > multipath-config.ign Continue with the rest of the first boot RHCOS installation process. Important Do not add the rd.multipath or root kernel arguments on the command-line during installation unless the primary disk is also multipathed. 3.15. Waiting for the bootstrap process to complete The OpenShift Container Platform bootstrap process begins after the cluster nodes first boot into the persistent RHCOS environment that has been installed to disk. The configuration information provided through the Ignition config files is used to initialize the bootstrap process and install OpenShift Container Platform on the machines. You must wait for the bootstrap process to complete. Prerequisites You have created the Ignition config files for your cluster. You have configured suitable network, DNS and load balancing infrastructure. You have obtained the installation program and generated the Ignition config files for your cluster. You installed RHCOS on your cluster machines and provided the Ignition config files that the OpenShift Container Platform installation program generated. Your machines have direct internet access or have an HTTP or HTTPS proxy available. Procedure Monitor the bootstrap process: USD ./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for bootstrap-complete \ 1 --log-level=info 2 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. 2 To view different installation details, specify warn , debug , or error instead of info . Example output INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the Kubernetes API at https://api.test.example.com:6443... INFO API v1.28.5 up INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for bootstrapping to complete... INFO It is now safe to remove the bootstrap resources The command succeeds when the Kubernetes API server signals that it has been bootstrapped on the control plane machines. After the bootstrap process is complete, remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer. Important You must remove the bootstrap machine from the load balancer at this point. You can also remove or reformat the bootstrap machine itself. Additional resources See Monitoring installation progress for more information about monitoring the installation logs and retrieving diagnostic data if installation issues arise. 3.16. Logging in to the cluster by using the CLI You can log in to your cluster as a default system user by exporting the cluster kubeconfig file. The kubeconfig file contains information about the cluster that is used by the CLI to connect a client to the correct cluster and API server. The file is specific to a cluster and is created during OpenShift Container Platform installation. Prerequisites You deployed an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. You installed the oc CLI. Procedure Export the kubeadmin credentials: USD export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Verify you can run oc commands successfully using the exported configuration: USD oc whoami Example output system:admin 3.17. Approving the certificate signing requests for your machines When you add machines to a cluster, two pending certificate signing requests (CSRs) are generated for each machine that you added. You must confirm that these CSRs are approved or, if necessary, approve them yourself. The client requests must be approved first, followed by the server requests. Prerequisites You added machines to your cluster. Procedure Confirm that the cluster recognizes the machines: USD oc get nodes Example output NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 63m v1.28.5 master-1 Ready master 63m v1.28.5 master-2 Ready master 64m v1.28.5 The output lists all of the machines that you created. Note The preceding output might not include the compute nodes, also known as worker nodes, until some CSRs are approved. Review the pending CSRs and ensure that you see the client requests with the Pending or Approved status for each machine that you added to the cluster: USD oc get csr Example output NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-8b2br 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending csr-8vnps 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending ... In this example, two machines are joining the cluster. You might see more approved CSRs in the list. If the CSRs were not approved, after all of the pending CSRs for the machines you added are in Pending status, approve the CSRs for your cluster machines: Note Because the CSRs rotate automatically, approve your CSRs within an hour of adding the machines to the cluster. If you do not approve them within an hour, the certificates will rotate, and more than two certificates will be present for each node. You must approve all of these certificates. After the client CSR is approved, the Kubelet creates a secondary CSR for the serving certificate, which requires manual approval. Then, subsequent serving certificate renewal requests are automatically approved by the machine-approver if the Kubelet requests a new certificate with identical parameters. Note For clusters running on platforms that are not machine API enabled, such as bare metal and other user-provisioned infrastructure, you must implement a method of automatically approving the kubelet serving certificate requests (CSRs). If a request is not approved, then the oc exec , oc rsh , and oc logs commands cannot succeed, because a serving certificate is required when the API server connects to the kubelet. Any operation that contacts the Kubelet endpoint requires this certificate approval to be in place. The method must watch for new CSRs, confirm that the CSR was submitted by the node-bootstrapper service account in the system:node or system:admin groups, and confirm the identity of the node. To approve them individually, run the following command for each valid CSR: USD oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1 1 <csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs. To approve all pending CSRs, run the following command: USD oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' \| xargs --no-run-if-empty oc adm certificate approve Note Some Operators might not become available until some CSRs are approved. Now that your client requests are approved, you must review the server requests for each machine that you added to the cluster: USD oc get csr Example output NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-bfd72 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-50-126.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending csr-c57lv 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-95-157.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending ... If the remaining CSRs are not approved, and are in the Pending status, approve the CSRs for your cluster machines: To approve them individually, run the following command for each valid CSR: USD oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1 1 <csr_name> is the name of a CSR from the list of current CSRs. To approve all pending CSRs, run the following command: USD oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{"\n"}}{{end}}{{end}}' \| xargs oc adm certificate approve After all client and server CSRs have been approved, the machines have the Ready status. Verify this by running the following command: USD oc get nodes Example output NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 73m v1.28.5 master-1 Ready master 73m v1.28.5 master-2 Ready master 74m v1.28.5 worker-0 Ready worker 11m v1.28.5 worker-1 Ready worker 11m v1.28.5 Note It can take a few minutes after approval of the server CSRs for the machines to transition to the Ready status. Additional information For more information on CSRs, see Certificate Signing Requests . 3.18. Initial Operator configuration After the control plane initializes, you must immediately configure some Operators so that they all become available. Prerequisites Your control plane has initialized. Procedure Watch the cluster components come online: USD watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.15.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.15.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.15.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.15.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.15.0 True False False 38m console 4.15.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.15.0 True False False 37m dns 4.15.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.15.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.15.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.15.0 True False False 30m insights 4.15.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.15.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.15.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.15.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.15.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.15.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.15.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.15.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.15.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.15.0 True False False 29m network 4.15.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.15.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.15.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.15.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.15.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.15.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.15.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.15.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.15.0 True False False 38m storage 4.15.0 True False False 37m Configure the Operators that are not available. Additional resources See Gathering logs from a failed installation for details about gathering data in the event of a failed OpenShift Container Platform installation. See Troubleshooting Operator issues for steps to check Operator pod health across the cluster and gather Operator logs for diagnosis. 3.18.1. Image registry removed during installation On platforms that do not provide shareable object storage, the OpenShift Image Registry Operator bootstraps itself as Removed . This allows openshift-installer to complete installations on these platform types. After installation, you must edit the Image Registry Operator configuration to switch the managementState from Removed to Managed . When this has completed, you must configure storage. 3.18.2. Image registry storage configuration The Image Registry Operator is not initially available for platforms that do not provide default storage. After installation, you must configure your registry to use storage so that the Registry Operator is made available. Instructions are shown for configuring a persistent volume, which is required for production clusters. Where applicable, instructions are shown for configuring an empty directory as the storage location, which is available for only non-production clusters. Additional instructions are provided for allowing the image registry to use block storage types by using the Recreate rollout strategy during upgrades. 3.18.3. Configuring block registry storage for bare metal To allow the image registry to use block storage types during upgrades as a cluster administrator, you can use the Recreate rollout strategy. Important Block storage volumes, or block persistent volumes, are supported but not recommended for use with the image registry on production clusters. An installation where the registry is configured on block storage is not highly available because the registry cannot have more than one replica. If you choose to use a block storage volume with the image registry, you must use a filesystem persistent volume claim (PVC). Procedure Enter the following command to set the image registry storage as a block storage type, patch the registry so that it uses the Recreate rollout strategy, and runs with only one ( 1 ) replica: USD oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{"spec":{"rolloutStrategy":"Recreate","replicas":1}}' Provision the PV for the block storage device, and create a PVC for that volume. The requested block volume uses the ReadWriteOnce (RWO) access mode. Create a pvc.yaml file with the following contents to define a VMware vSphere PersistentVolumeClaim object: kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4 1 A unique name that represents the PersistentVolumeClaim object. 2 The namespace for the PersistentVolumeClaim object, which is openshift-image-registry . 3 The access mode of the persistent volume claim. With ReadWriteOnce , the volume can be mounted with read and write permissions by a single node. 4 The size of the persistent volume claim. Enter the following command to create the PersistentVolumeClaim object from the file: USD oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry Enter the following command to edit the registry configuration so that it references the correct PVC: USD oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml Example output storage: pvc: claim: 1 1 By creating a custom PVC, you can leave the claim field blank for the default automatic creation of an image-registry-storage PVC. 3.19. Completing installation on user-provisioned infrastructure After you complete the Operator configuration, you can finish installing the cluster on infrastructure that you provide. Prerequisites Your control plane has initialized. You have completed the initial Operator configuration. Procedure Confirm that all the cluster components are online with the following command: USD watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators Example output NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.15.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.15.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.15.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.15.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.15.0 True False False 38m console 4.15.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.15.0 True False False 37m dns 4.15.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.15.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.15.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.15.0 True False False 30m insights 4.15.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.15.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.15.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.15.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.15.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.15.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.15.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.15.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.15.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.15.0 True False False 29m network 4.15.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.15.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.15.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.15.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.15.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.15.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.15.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.15.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.15.0 True False False 38m storage 4.15.0 True False False 37m Alternatively, the following command notifies you when all of the clusters are available. It also retrieves and displays credentials: USD ./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for install-complete 1 1 For <installation_directory> , specify the path to the directory that you stored the installation files in. Example output INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the cluster to initialize... The command succeeds when the Cluster Version Operator finishes deploying the OpenShift Container Platform cluster from Kubernetes API server. Important The Ignition config files that the installation program generates contain certificates that expire after 24 hours, which are then renewed at that time. If the cluster is shut down before renewing the certificates and the cluster is later restarted after the 24 hours have elapsed, the cluster automatically recovers the expired certificates. The exception is that you must manually approve the pending node-bootstrapper certificate signing requests (CSRs) to recover kubelet certificates. See the documentation for Recovering from expired control plane certificates for more information. It is recommended that you use Ignition config files within 12 hours after they are generated because the 24-hour certificate rotates from 16 to 22 hours after the cluster is installed. By using the Ignition config files within 12 hours, you can avoid installation failure if the certificate update runs during installation. Confirm that the Kubernetes API server is communicating with the pods. To view a list of all pods, use the following command: USD oc get pods --all-namespaces Example output NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE openshift-apiserver-operator openshift-apiserver-operator-85cb746d55-zqhs8 1/1 Running 1 9m openshift-apiserver apiserver-67b9g 1/1 Running 0 3m openshift-apiserver apiserver-ljcmx 1/1 Running 0 1m openshift-apiserver apiserver-z25h4 1/1 Running 0 2m openshift-authentication-operator authentication-operator-69d5d8bf84-vh2n8 1/1 Running 0 5m ... View the logs for a pod that is listed in the output of the command by using the following command: USD oc logs <pod_name> -n <namespace> 1 1 Specify the pod name and namespace, as shown in the output of the command. If the pod logs display, the Kubernetes API server can communicate with the cluster machines. For an installation with Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP), additional steps are required to enable multipathing. Do not enable multipathing during installation. See "Enabling multipathing with kernel arguments on RHCOS" in the Postinstallation machine configuration tasks documentation for more information. 3.20. Telemetry access for OpenShift Container Platform In OpenShift Container Platform 4.15, the Telemetry service, which runs by default to provide metrics about cluster health and the success of updates, requires internet access. If your cluster is connected to the internet, Telemetry runs automatically, and your cluster is registered to OpenShift Cluster Manager . After you confirm that your OpenShift Cluster Manager inventory is correct, either maintained automatically by Telemetry or manually by using OpenShift Cluster Manager, use subscription watch to track your OpenShift Container Platform subscriptions at the account or multi-cluster level. Additional resources See About remote health monitoring for more information about the Telemetry service 3.21. steps Validating an installation . Customize your cluster . If necessary, you can opt out of remote health reporting . Set up your registry and configure registry storage .	[ "USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. IN MX 10 smtp.example.com. ; ; ns1.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 smtp.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; helper.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 helper.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 ; api.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 1 api-int.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 2 ; .apps.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.5 3 ; bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.96 4 ; control-plane0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.97 5 control-plane1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.98 6 control-plane2.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.99 7 ; compute0.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.11 8 compute1.ocp4.example.com. IN A 192.168.1.7 9 ; ;EOF", "USDTTL 1W @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root ( 2019070700 ; serial 3H ; refresh (3 hours) 30M ; retry (30 minutes) 2W ; expiry (2 weeks) 1W ) ; minimum (1 week) IN NS ns1.example.com. ; 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 2 ; 96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 3 ; 97.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR control-plane0.ocp4.example.com. 4 98.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR control-plane1.ocp4.example.com. 5 99.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR control-plane2.ocp4.example.com. 6 ; 11.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR compute0.ocp4.example.com. 7 7.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR compute1.ocp4.example.com. 8 ; ;EOF", "global log 127.0.0.1 local2 pidfile /var/run/haproxy.pid maxconn 4000 daemon defaults mode http log global option dontlognull option http-server-close option redispatch retries 3 timeout http-request 10s timeout queue 1m timeout connect 10s timeout client 1m timeout server 1m timeout http-keep-alive 10s timeout check 10s maxconn 3000 listen api-server-6443 1 bind :6443 mode tcp option httpchk GET /readyz HTTP/1.0 option log-health-checks balance roundrobin server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:6443 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3 backup 2 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:6443 weight 1 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3 server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:6443 weight 1 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3 server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:6443 weight 1 verify none check check-ssl inter 10s fall 2 rise 3 listen machine-config-server-22623 3 bind :22623 mode tcp server bootstrap bootstrap.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s backup 4 server master0 master0.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master1 master1.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s server master2 master2.ocp4.example.com:22623 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-443 5 bind :443 mode tcp balance source server compute0 compute0.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s server compute1 compute1.ocp4.example.com:443 check inter 1s listen ingress-router-80 6 bind :80 mode tcp balance source server compute0 compute0.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s server compute1 compute1.ocp4.example.com:80 check inter 1s", "dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api.<cluster_name>.<base_domain> 1", "api.ocp4.example.com. 604800 IN A 192.168.1.5", "dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> api-int.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>", "api-int.ocp4.example.com. 604800 IN A 192.168.1.5", "dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> random.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>", "random.apps.ocp4.example.com. 604800 IN A 192.168.1.5", "dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> console-openshift-console.apps.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>", "console-openshift-console.apps.ocp4.example.com. 604800 IN A 192.168.1.5", "dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> bootstrap.<cluster_name>.<base_domain>", "bootstrap.ocp4.example.com. 604800 IN A 192.168.1.96", "dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.5", "5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 604800 IN PTR api-int.ocp4.example.com. 1 5.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 604800 IN PTR api.ocp4.example.com. 2", "dig +noall +answer @<nameserver_ip> -x 192.168.1.96", "96.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 604800 IN PTR bootstrap.ocp4.example.com.", "ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f <path>/<file_name> 1", "cat <path>/<file_name>.pub", "cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub", "eval \"USD(ssh-agent -s)\"", "Agent pid 31874", "ssh-add <path>/<file_name> 1", "Identity added: /home/<you>/<path>/<file_name> (<computer_name>)", "tar -xvf openshift-install-linux.tar.gz", "tar xvf <file>", "echo USDPATH", "oc <command>", "C:\\> path", "C:\\> oc <command>", "echo USDPATH", "oc <command>", "mkdir <installation_directory>", "apiVersion: v1 baseDomain: example.com 1 compute: 2 - hyperthreading: Enabled 3 name: worker replicas: 0 4 controlPlane: 5 hyperthreading: Enabled 6 name: master replicas: 3 7 metadata: name: test 8 networking: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/14 9 hostPrefix: 23 10 networkType: OVNKubernetes 11 serviceNetwork: 12 - 172.30.0.0/16 platform: none: {} 13 fips: false 14 pullSecret: '{\"auths\": ...}' 15 sshKey: 'ssh-ed25519 AAAA...' 16", "./openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory> 1", "apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec:", "apiVersion: operator.openshift.io/v1 kind: Network metadata: name: cluster spec: defaultNetwork: ovnKubernetesConfig: ipsecConfig: mode: Full", "spec: clusterNetwork: - cidr: 10.128.0.0/19 hostPrefix: 23 - cidr: 10.128.32.0/19 hostPrefix: 23", "spec: serviceNetwork: - 172.30.0.0/14", "defaultNetwork: type: OVNKubernetes ovnKubernetesConfig: mtu: 1400 genevePort: 6081 ipsecConfig: mode: Full", "kubeProxyConfig: proxyArguments: iptables-min-sync-period: - 0s", "./openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir <installation_directory> 1", ". ├── auth │ ├── kubeadmin-password │ └── kubeconfig ├── bootstrap.ign ├── master.ign ├── metadata.json └── worker.ign", "sha512sum <installation_directory>/bootstrap.ign", "curl -k http://<HTTP_server>/bootstrap.ign 1", "% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0{\"ignition\":{\"version\":\"3.2.0\"},\"passwd\":{\"users\":[{\"name\":\"core\",\"sshAuthorizedKeys\":[\"ssh-rsa", "openshift-install coreos print-stream-json \| grep '\\.iso[^.]'", "\"location\": \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-aarch64/<release>/aarch64/rhcos-<release>-live.aarch64.iso\", \"location\": \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-ppc64le/<release>/ppc64le/rhcos-<release>-live.ppc64le.iso\", \"location\": \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-s390x/<release>/s390x/rhcos-<release>-live.s390x.iso\", \"location\": \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15/<release>/x86_64/rhcos-<release>-live.x86_64.iso\",", "sudo coreos-installer install --ignition-url=http://<HTTP_server>/<node_type>.ign <device> --ignition-hash=sha512-<digest> 1 2", "sudo coreos-installer install --ignition-url=http://192.168.1.2:80/installation_directory/bootstrap.ign /dev/sda --ignition-hash=sha512-a5a2d43879223273c9b60af66b44202a1d1248fc01cf156c46d4a79f552b6bad47bc8cc78ddf0116e80c59d2ea9e32ba53bc807afbca581aa059311def2c3e3b", "Ignition: ran on 2022/03/14 14:48:33 UTC (this boot) Ignition: user-provided config was applied", "curl -k http://<HTTP_server>/bootstrap.ign 1", "% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0{\"ignition\":{\"version\":\"3.2.0\"},\"passwd\":{\"users\":[{\"name\":\"core\",\"sshAuthorizedKeys\":[\"ssh-rsa", "openshift-install coreos print-stream-json \| grep -Eo '\"https.(kernel-\|initramfs.\|rootfs.)\\w+(\\.img)?\"'", "\"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-aarch64/<release>/aarch64/rhcos-<release>-live-kernel-aarch64\" \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-aarch64/<release>/aarch64/rhcos-<release>-live-initramfs.aarch64.img\" \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-aarch64/<release>/aarch64/rhcos-<release>-live-rootfs.aarch64.img\" \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-ppc64le/49.84.202110081256-0/ppc64le/rhcos-<release>-live-kernel-ppc64le\" \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-ppc64le/<release>/ppc64le/rhcos-<release>-live-initramfs.ppc64le.img\" \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-ppc64le/<release>/ppc64le/rhcos-<release>-live-rootfs.ppc64le.img\" \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-s390x/<release>/s390x/rhcos-<release>-live-kernel-s390x\" \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-s390x/<release>/s390x/rhcos-<release>-live-initramfs.s390x.img\" \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15-s390x/<release>/s390x/rhcos-<release>-live-rootfs.s390x.img\" \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15/<release>/x86_64/rhcos-<release>-live-kernel-x86_64\" \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15/<release>/x86_64/rhcos-<release>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img\" \"<url>/art/storage/releases/rhcos-4.15/<release>/x86_64/rhcos-<release>-live-rootfs.x86_64.img\"", "DEFAULT pxeboot TIMEOUT 20 PROMPT 0 LABEL pxeboot KERNEL http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-kernel-<architecture> 1 APPEND initrd=http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.<architecture>.img coreos.live.rootfs_url=http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-rootfs.<architecture>.img coreos.inst.install_dev=/dev/sda coreos.inst.ignition_url=http://<HTTP_server>/bootstrap.ign 2 3", "kernel http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-kernel-<architecture> initrd=main coreos.live.rootfs_url=http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-rootfs.<architecture>.img coreos.inst.install_dev=/dev/sda coreos.inst.ignition_url=http://<HTTP_server>/bootstrap.ign 1 2 initrd --name main http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.<architecture>.img 3 boot", "menuentry 'Install CoreOS' { linux rhcos-<version>-live-kernel-<architecture> coreos.live.rootfs_url=http://<HTTP_server>/rhcos-<version>-live-rootfs.<architecture>.img coreos.inst.install_dev=/dev/sda coreos.inst.ignition_url=http://<HTTP_server>/bootstrap.ign 1 2 initrd rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.<architecture>.img 3 }", "Ignition: ran on 2022/03/14 14:48:33 UTC (this boot) Ignition: user-provided config was applied", "sudo coreos-installer install --copy-network --ignition-url=http://host/worker.ign /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number>", "openshift-install create manifests --dir <installation_directory>", "variant: openshift version: 4.15.0 metadata: labels: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker name: 98-var-partition storage: disks: - device: /dev/disk/by-id/<device_name> 1 partitions: - label: var start_mib: <partition_start_offset> 2 size_mib: <partition_size> 3 number: 5 filesystems: - device: /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var path: /var format: xfs mount_options: [defaults, prjquota] 4 with_mount_unit: true", "butane USDHOME/clusterconfig/98-var-partition.bu -o USDHOME/clusterconfig/openshift/98-var-partition.yaml", "openshift-install create ignition-configs --dir <installation_directory> 1", ". ├── auth │ ├── kubeadmin-password │ └── kubeconfig ├── bootstrap.ign ├── master.ign ├── metadata.json └── worker.ign", "coreos-installer install --ignition-url http://10.0.2.2:8080/user.ign --save-partlabel 'data' /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number>", "coreos-installer install --ignition-url http://10.0.2.2:8080/user.ign --save-partindex 6 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number>", "coreos-installer install --ignition-url http://10.0.2.2:8080/user.ign --save-partindex 5- /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number>", "coreos.inst.save_partlabel=data", "coreos.inst.save_partindex=5-", "coreos.inst.save_partindex=6", "coreos-installer install --console=tty0 \\ 1 --console=ttyS0,<options> \\ 2 --ignition-url=http://host/worker.ign /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number>", "coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso --dest-ignition bootstrap.ign \\ 1 --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> 2", "coreos-installer iso reset rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso", "coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso --dest-ignition <path> \\ 1 --dest-console tty0 \\ 2 --dest-console ttyS0,<options> \\ 3 --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> 4", "coreos-installer iso reset rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso", "coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso --ignition-ca cert.pem", "[connection] id=bond0 type=bond interface-name=bond0 multi-connect=1 [bond] miimon=100 mode=active-backup [ipv4] method=auto [ipv6] method=auto", "[connection] id=em1 type=ethernet interface-name=em1 master=bond0 multi-connect=1 slave-type=bond", "[connection] id=em2 type=ethernet interface-name=em2 master=bond0 multi-connect=1 slave-type=bond", "coreos-installer iso customize rhcos-<version>-live.x86_64.iso --network-keyfile bond0.nmconnection --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em1.nmconnection --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em2.nmconnection", "coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img --dest-ignition bootstrap.ign \\ 1 --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> \\ 2 -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img 3", "coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img --dest-ignition <path> \\ 1 --dest-console tty0 \\ 2 --dest-console ttyS0,<options> \\ 3 --dest-device /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-<serial_number> \\ 4 -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img 5", "coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img --ignition-ca cert.pem -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img", "[connection] id=bond0 type=bond interface-name=bond0 multi-connect=1 [bond] miimon=100 mode=active-backup [ipv4] method=auto [ipv6] method=auto", "[connection] id=em1 type=ethernet interface-name=em1 master=bond0 multi-connect=1 slave-type=bond", "[connection] id=em2 type=ethernet interface-name=em2 master=bond0 multi-connect=1 slave-type=bond", "coreos-installer pxe customize rhcos-<version>-live-initramfs.x86_64.img --network-keyfile bond0.nmconnection --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em1.nmconnection --network-keyfile bond0-proxy-em2.nmconnection -o rhcos-<version>-custom-initramfs.x86_64.img", "ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp1s0:none nameserver=4.4.4.41", "ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0::enp1s0:none nameserver=4.4.4.41", "ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp1s0:none ip=10.10.10.3::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp2s0:none", "ip=::10.10.10.254::::", "rd.route=20.20.20.0/24:20.20.20.254:enp2s0", "ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp1s0:none ip=::::core0.example.com:enp2s0:none", "ip=enp1s0:dhcp ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp2s0:none", "ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:enp2s0.100:none vlan=enp2s0.100:enp2s0", "ip=enp2s0.100:dhcp vlan=enp2s0.100:enp2s0", "nameserver=1.1.1.1 nameserver=8.8.8.8", "bond=bond0:em1,em2:mode=active-backup ip=bond0:dhcp", "bond=bond0:em1,em2:mode=active-backup ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:bond0:none", "bond=bond0:eno1f0,eno2f0:mode=active-backup ip=bond0:dhcp", "bond=bond0:eno1f0,eno2f0:mode=active-backup ip=10.10.10.2::10.10.10.254:255.255.255.0:core0.example.com:bond0:none", "team=team0:em1,em2 ip=team0:dhcp", "mpathconf --enable && systemctl start multipathd.service", "coreos-installer install /dev/mapper/mpatha \\ 1 --ignition-url=http://host/worker.ign --append-karg rd.multipath=default --append-karg root=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-root --append-karg rw", "coreos-installer install /dev/disk/by-id/wwn-<wwn_ID> \\ 1 --ignition-url=http://host/worker.ign --append-karg rd.multipath=default --append-karg root=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-root --append-karg rw", "oc debug node/ip-10-0-141-105.ec2.internal", "Starting pod/ip-10-0-141-105ec2internal-debug To use host binaries, run `chroot /host` sh-4.2# cat /host/proc/cmdline rd.multipath=default root=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-root sh-4.2# exit", "variant: openshift version: 4.15.0 systemd: units: - name: mpath-configure.service enabled: true contents: \| [Unit] Description=Configure Multipath on Secondary Disk ConditionFirstBoot=true ConditionPathExists=!/etc/multipath.conf Before=multipathd.service 1 DefaultDependencies=no [Service] Type=oneshot ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mpathconf --enable 2 [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target - name: mpath-var-lib-container.service enabled: true contents: \| [Unit] Description=Set Up Multipath On /var/lib/containers ConditionFirstBoot=true 3 Requires=dev-mapper-mpatha.device After=dev-mapper-mpatha.device After=ostree-remount.service Before=kubelet.service DefaultDependencies=no [Service] 4 Type=oneshot ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mkfs.xfs -L containers -m reflink=1 /dev/mapper/mpatha ExecStart=/usr/bin/mkdir -p /var/lib/containers [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target - name: var-lib-containers.mount enabled: true contents: \| [Unit] Description=Mount /var/lib/containers After=mpath-var-lib-containers.service Before=kubelet.service 5 [Mount] 6 What=/dev/disk/by-label/dm-mpath-containers Where=/var/lib/containers Type=xfs [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target", "butane --pretty --strict multipath-config.bu > multipath-config.ign", "./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for bootstrap-complete \\ 1 --log-level=info 2", "INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the Kubernetes API at https://api.test.example.com:6443 INFO API v1.28.5 up INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for bootstrapping to complete INFO It is now safe to remove the bootstrap resources", "export KUBECONFIG=<installation_directory>/auth/kubeconfig 1", "oc whoami", "system:admin", "oc get nodes", "NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 63m v1.28.5 master-1 Ready master 63m v1.28.5 master-2 Ready master 64m v1.28.5", "oc get csr", "NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-8b2br 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending csr-8vnps 15m system:serviceaccount:openshift-machine-config-operator:node-bootstrapper Pending", "oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1", "oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{\"\\n\"}}{{end}}{{end}}' \| xargs --no-run-if-empty oc adm certificate approve", "oc get csr", "NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION csr-bfd72 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-50-126.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending csr-c57lv 5m26s system:node:ip-10-0-95-157.us-east-2.compute.internal Pending", "oc adm certificate approve <csr_name> 1", "oc get csr -o go-template='{{range .items}}{{if not .status}}{{.metadata.name}}{{\"\\n\"}}{{end}}{{end}}' \| xargs oc adm certificate approve", "oc get nodes", "NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION master-0 Ready master 73m v1.28.5 master-1 Ready master 73m v1.28.5 master-2 Ready master 74m v1.28.5 worker-0 Ready worker 11m v1.28.5 worker-1 Ready worker 11m v1.28.5", "watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators", "NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.15.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.15.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.15.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.15.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.15.0 True False False 38m console 4.15.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.15.0 True False False 37m dns 4.15.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.15.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.15.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.15.0 True False False 30m insights 4.15.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.15.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.15.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.15.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.15.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.15.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.15.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.15.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.15.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.15.0 True False False 29m network 4.15.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.15.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.15.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.15.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.15.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.15.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.15.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.15.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.15.0 True False False 38m storage 4.15.0 True False False 37m", "oc patch config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/cluster --type=merge -p '{\"spec\":{\"rolloutStrategy\":\"Recreate\",\"replicas\":1}}'", "kind: PersistentVolumeClaim apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: image-registry-storage 1 namespace: openshift-image-registry 2 spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce 3 resources: requests: storage: 100Gi 4", "oc create -f pvc.yaml -n openshift-image-registry", "oc edit config.imageregistry.operator.openshift.io -o yaml", "storage: pvc: claim: 1", "watch -n5 oc get clusteroperators", "NAME VERSION AVAILABLE PROGRESSING DEGRADED SINCE authentication 4.15.0 True False False 19m baremetal 4.15.0 True False False 37m cloud-credential 4.15.0 True False False 40m cluster-autoscaler 4.15.0 True False False 37m config-operator 4.15.0 True False False 38m console 4.15.0 True False False 26m csi-snapshot-controller 4.15.0 True False False 37m dns 4.15.0 True False False 37m etcd 4.15.0 True False False 36m image-registry 4.15.0 True False False 31m ingress 4.15.0 True False False 30m insights 4.15.0 True False False 31m kube-apiserver 4.15.0 True False False 26m kube-controller-manager 4.15.0 True False False 36m kube-scheduler 4.15.0 True False False 36m kube-storage-version-migrator 4.15.0 True False False 37m machine-api 4.15.0 True False False 29m machine-approver 4.15.0 True False False 37m machine-config 4.15.0 True False False 36m marketplace 4.15.0 True False False 37m monitoring 4.15.0 True False False 29m network 4.15.0 True False False 38m node-tuning 4.15.0 True False False 37m openshift-apiserver 4.15.0 True False False 32m openshift-controller-manager 4.15.0 True False False 30m openshift-samples 4.15.0 True False False 32m operator-lifecycle-manager 4.15.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-catalog 4.15.0 True False False 37m operator-lifecycle-manager-packageserver 4.15.0 True False False 32m service-ca 4.15.0 True False False 38m storage 4.15.0 True False False 37m", "./openshift-install --dir <installation_directory> wait-for install-complete 1", "INFO Waiting up to 30m0s for the cluster to initialize", "oc get pods --all-namespaces", "NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE openshift-apiserver-operator openshift-apiserver-operator-85cb746d55-zqhs8 1/1 Running 1 9m openshift-apiserver apiserver-67b9g 1/1 Running 0 3m openshift-apiserver apiserver-ljcmx 1/1 Running 0 1m openshift-apiserver apiserver-z25h4 1/1 Running 0 2m openshift-authentication-operator authentication-operator-69d5d8bf84-vh2n8 1/1 Running 0 5m", "oc logs <pod_name> -n <namespace> 1" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.15/html/installing_on_bare_metal/installing-bare-metal-network-customizations
31.9. Additional Resources	31.9. Additional Resources For more information on kernel modules and their utilities, see the following resources. Installed Documentation lsmod(8) - The manual page for the lsmod command. modinfo(8) - The manual page for the modinfo command. modprobe(8) > - The manual page for the modprobe command. rmmod(8) - The manual page for the rmmod command. ethtool(8) - The manual page for the ethtool command. mii-tool(8) - The manual page for the mii-tool command. Installable Documentation /usr/share/doc/kernel-doc- <kernel_version> /Documentation/ - This directory, which is provided by the kernel-doc package, contains information on the kernel, kernel modules, and their respective parameters. Before accessing the kernel documentation, you must run the following command as root: Online Documentation - The Red Hat Knowledgebase article Which bonding modes work when used with a bridge that virtual machine guests connect to?	[ "~]# yum install kernel-doc" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/deployment_guide/s1-kernel-modules-additional-resources
OpenID Connect (OIDC) client and token propagation	OpenID Connect (OIDC) client and token propagation Red Hat build of Quarkus 3.8 Red Hat Customer Content Services	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_build_of_quarkus/3.8/html/openid_connect_oidc_client_and_token_propagation/index
3.23. RHEA-2011:1625 - new package: wdaemon	3.23. RHEA-2011:1625 - new package: wdaemon A new wdaemon package is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. The new wdaemon package contains a daemon to wrap input driver hotplugging in the X.Org implementation of the X Window System server. The wdaemon package emulates virtual input devices to avoid otherwise non-persistent configuration of Wacom tablets to persist across device removals. This enhancement update adds the wdaemon package to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. All users who require wdaemon should install this new package.	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/6.2_technical_notes/wdaemon
Chapter 9. Metal3Remediation [infrastructure.cluster.x-k8s.io/v1beta1]	Chapter 9. Metal3Remediation [infrastructure.cluster.x-k8s.io/v1beta1] Description Metal3Remediation is the Schema for the metal3remediations API. Type object 9.1. Specification Property Type Description apiVersion string APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources kind string Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds metadata ObjectMeta Standard object's metadata. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#metadata spec object Metal3RemediationSpec defines the desired state of Metal3Remediation. status object Metal3RemediationStatus defines the observed state of Metal3Remediation. 9.1.1. .spec Description Metal3RemediationSpec defines the desired state of Metal3Remediation. Type object Property Type Description strategy object Strategy field defines remediation strategy. 9.1.2. .spec.strategy Description Strategy field defines remediation strategy. Type object Property Type Description retryLimit integer Sets maximum number of remediation retries. timeout string Sets the timeout between remediation retries. type string Type of remediation. 9.1.3. .status Description Metal3RemediationStatus defines the observed state of Metal3Remediation. Type object Property Type Description lastRemediated string LastRemediated identifies when the host was last remediated phase string Phase represents the current phase of machine remediation. E.g. Pending, Running, Done etc. retryCount integer RetryCount can be used as a counter during the remediation. Field can hold number of reboots etc. 9.2. API endpoints The following API endpoints are available: /apis/infrastructure.cluster.x-k8s.io/v1beta1/metal3remediations GET : list objects of kind Metal3Remediation /apis/infrastructure.cluster.x-k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace}/metal3remediations DELETE : delete collection of Metal3Remediation GET : list objects of kind Metal3Remediation POST : create a Metal3Remediation /apis/infrastructure.cluster.x-k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace}/metal3remediations/{name} DELETE : delete a Metal3Remediation GET : read the specified Metal3Remediation PATCH : partially update the specified Metal3Remediation PUT : replace the specified Metal3Remediation /apis/infrastructure.cluster.x-k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace}/metal3remediations/{name}/status GET : read status of the specified Metal3Remediation PATCH : partially update status of the specified Metal3Remediation PUT : replace status of the specified Metal3Remediation 9.2.1. /apis/infrastructure.cluster.x-k8s.io/v1beta1/metal3remediations HTTP method GET Description list objects of kind Metal3Remediation Table 9.1. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Metal3RemediationList schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty 9.2.2. /apis/infrastructure.cluster.x-k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace}/metal3remediations HTTP method DELETE Description delete collection of Metal3Remediation Table 9.2. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Status schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method GET Description list objects of kind Metal3Remediation Table 9.3. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Metal3RemediationList schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method POST Description create a Metal3Remediation Table 9.4. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed fieldValidation string fieldValidation instructs the server on how to handle objects in the request (POST/PUT/PATCH) containing unknown or duplicate fields. Valid values are: - Ignore: This will ignore any unknown fields that are silently dropped from the object, and will ignore all but the last duplicate field that the decoder encounters. This is the default behavior prior to v1.23. - Warn: This will send a warning via the standard warning response header for each unknown field that is dropped from the object, and for each duplicate field that is encountered. The request will still succeed if there are no other errors, and will only persist the last of any duplicate fields. This is the default in v1.23+ - Strict: This will fail the request with a BadRequest error if any unknown fields would be dropped from the object, or if any duplicate fields are present. The error returned from the server will contain all unknown and duplicate fields encountered. Table 9.5. Body parameters Parameter Type Description body Metal3Remediation schema Table 9.6. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Metal3Remediation schema 201 - Created Metal3Remediation schema 202 - Accepted Metal3Remediation schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty 9.2.3. /apis/infrastructure.cluster.x-k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace}/metal3remediations/{name} Table 9.7. Global path parameters Parameter Type Description name string name of the Metal3Remediation HTTP method DELETE Description delete a Metal3Remediation Table 9.8. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed Table 9.9. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Status schema 202 - Accepted Status schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method GET Description read the specified Metal3Remediation Table 9.10. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Metal3Remediation schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method PATCH Description partially update the specified Metal3Remediation Table 9.11. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed fieldValidation string fieldValidation instructs the server on how to handle objects in the request (POST/PUT/PATCH) containing unknown or duplicate fields. Valid values are: - Ignore: This will ignore any unknown fields that are silently dropped from the object, and will ignore all but the last duplicate field that the decoder encounters. This is the default behavior prior to v1.23. - Warn: This will send a warning via the standard warning response header for each unknown field that is dropped from the object, and for each duplicate field that is encountered. The request will still succeed if there are no other errors, and will only persist the last of any duplicate fields. This is the default in v1.23+ - Strict: This will fail the request with a BadRequest error if any unknown fields would be dropped from the object, or if any duplicate fields are present. The error returned from the server will contain all unknown and duplicate fields encountered. Table 9.12. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Metal3Remediation schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method PUT Description replace the specified Metal3Remediation Table 9.13. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed fieldValidation string fieldValidation instructs the server on how to handle objects in the request (POST/PUT/PATCH) containing unknown or duplicate fields. Valid values are: - Ignore: This will ignore any unknown fields that are silently dropped from the object, and will ignore all but the last duplicate field that the decoder encounters. This is the default behavior prior to v1.23. - Warn: This will send a warning via the standard warning response header for each unknown field that is dropped from the object, and for each duplicate field that is encountered. The request will still succeed if there are no other errors, and will only persist the last of any duplicate fields. This is the default in v1.23+ - Strict: This will fail the request with a BadRequest error if any unknown fields would be dropped from the object, or if any duplicate fields are present. The error returned from the server will contain all unknown and duplicate fields encountered. Table 9.14. Body parameters Parameter Type Description body Metal3Remediation schema Table 9.15. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Metal3Remediation schema 201 - Created Metal3Remediation schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty 9.2.4. /apis/infrastructure.cluster.x-k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/{namespace}/metal3remediations/{name}/status Table 9.16. Global path parameters Parameter Type Description name string name of the Metal3Remediation HTTP method GET Description read status of the specified Metal3Remediation Table 9.17. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Metal3Remediation schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method PATCH Description partially update status of the specified Metal3Remediation Table 9.18. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed fieldValidation string fieldValidation instructs the server on how to handle objects in the request (POST/PUT/PATCH) containing unknown or duplicate fields. Valid values are: - Ignore: This will ignore any unknown fields that are silently dropped from the object, and will ignore all but the last duplicate field that the decoder encounters. This is the default behavior prior to v1.23. - Warn: This will send a warning via the standard warning response header for each unknown field that is dropped from the object, and for each duplicate field that is encountered. The request will still succeed if there are no other errors, and will only persist the last of any duplicate fields. This is the default in v1.23+ - Strict: This will fail the request with a BadRequest error if any unknown fields would be dropped from the object, or if any duplicate fields are present. The error returned from the server will contain all unknown and duplicate fields encountered. Table 9.19. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Metal3Remediation schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method PUT Description replace status of the specified Metal3Remediation Table 9.20. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed fieldValidation string fieldValidation instructs the server on how to handle objects in the request (POST/PUT/PATCH) containing unknown or duplicate fields. Valid values are: - Ignore: This will ignore any unknown fields that are silently dropped from the object, and will ignore all but the last duplicate field that the decoder encounters. This is the default behavior prior to v1.23. - Warn: This will send a warning via the standard warning response header for each unknown field that is dropped from the object, and for each duplicate field that is encountered. The request will still succeed if there are no other errors, and will only persist the last of any duplicate fields. This is the default in v1.23+ - Strict: This will fail the request with a BadRequest error if any unknown fields would be dropped from the object, or if any duplicate fields are present. The error returned from the server will contain all unknown and duplicate fields encountered. Table 9.21. Body parameters Parameter Type Description body Metal3Remediation schema Table 9.22. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Metal3Remediation schema 201 - Created Metal3Remediation schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.18/html/provisioning_apis/metal3remediation-infrastructure-cluster-x-k8s-io-v1beta1
Technical Notes	Technical Notes Red Hat Virtualization 4.3 Technical notes for Red Hat Virtualization 4.3 and associated packages Red Hat Virtualization Documentation Team Red Hat Customer Content Services [email protected] Abstract The Technical Notes document provides information about changes made between release 4.2 and release 4.3 of Red Hat Virtualization. This document is intended to supplement the information contained in the text of the relevant errata advisories available through the Content Delivery Network.	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_virtualization/4.3/html/technical_notes/index
25.3.3. Templates	25.3.3. Templates Any output that is generated by rsyslog can be modified and formatted according to your needs with the use of templates . To create a template use the following syntax in /etc/rsyslog.conf : where: USDtemplate is the template directive that indicates that the text following it, defines a template. TEMPLATE_NAME is the name of the template. Use this name to refer to the template. Anything between the two quotation marks ( " ... " ) is the actual template text. Within this text, special characters, such as \n for new line or \r for carriage return, can be used. Other characters, such as % or " , have to be escaped if you want to use those characters literally. The text specified between two percent signs ( % ) specifies a property that allows you to access specific contents of a syslog message. For more information on properties, see the section called "Properties" . The OPTION attribute specifies any options that modify the template functionality. The currently supported template options are sql and stdsql , which are used for formatting the text as an SQL query. Note Note that the database writer checks whether the sql or stdsql options are specified in the template. If they are not, the database writer does not perform any action. This is to prevent any possible security threats, such as SQL injection. See section Storing syslog messages in a database in Section 25.3.2, "Actions" for more information. Generating Dynamic File Names Templates can be used to generate dynamic file names. By specifying a property as a part of the file path, a new file will be created for each unique property, which is a convenient way to classify syslog messages. For example, use the timegenerated property, which extracts a time stamp from the message, to generate a unique file name for each syslog message: Keep in mind that the USDtemplate directive only specifies the template. You must use it inside a rule for it to take effect. In /etc/rsyslog.conf , use the question mark ( ? ) in an action definition to mark the dynamic file name template: Properties Properties defined inside a template (between two percent signs ( % )) enable access various contents of a syslog message through the use of a property replacer . To define a property inside a template (between the two quotation marks ( " ... " )), use the following syntax: where: The PROPERTY_NAME attribute specifies the name of a property. A list of all available properties and their detailed description can be found in the rsyslog.conf(5) manual page under the section Available Properties . FROM_CHAR and TO_CHAR attributes denote a range of characters that the specified property will act upon. Alternatively, regular expressions can be used to specify a range of characters. To do so, set the letter R as the FROM_CHAR attribute and specify your desired regular expression as the TO_CHAR attribute. The OPTION attribute specifies any property options, such as the lowercase option to convert the input to lowercase. A list of all available property options and their detailed description can be found in the rsyslog.conf(5) manual page under the section Property Options . The following are some examples of simple properties: The following property obtains the whole message text of a syslog message: The following property obtains the first two characters of the message text of a syslog message: The following property obtains the whole message text of a syslog message and drops its last line feed character: The following property obtains the first 10 characters of the time stamp that is generated when the syslog message is received and formats it according to the RFC 3999 date standard. Template Examples This section presents a few examples of rsyslog templates. Example 25.8, "A verbose syslog message template" shows a template that formats a syslog message so that it outputs the message's severity, facility, the time stamp of when the message was received, the host name, the message tag, the message text, and ends with a new line. Example 25.8. A verbose syslog message template Example 25.9, "A wall message template" shows a template that resembles a traditional wall message (a message that is send to every user that is logged in and has their mesg(1) permission set to yes ). This template outputs the message text, along with a host name, message tag and a time stamp, on a new line (using \r and \n ) and rings the bell (using \7 ). Example 25.9. A wall message template Example 25.10, "A database formatted message template" shows a template that formats a syslog message so that it can be used as a database query. Notice the use of the sql option at the end of the template specified as the template option. It tells the database writer to format the message as an MySQL SQL query. Example 25.10. A database formatted message template rsyslog also contains a set of predefined templates identified by the RSYSLOG_ prefix. These are reserved for the syslog's use and it is advisable to not create a template using this prefix to avoid conflicts. The following list shows these predefined templates along with their definitions. RSYSLOG_DebugFormat A special format used for troubleshooting property problems. RSYSLOG_SyslogProtocol23Format The format specified in IETF's internet-draft ietf-syslog-protocol-23, which is assumed to become the new syslog standard RFC. RSYSLOG_FileFormat A modern-style logfile format similar to TraditionalFileFormat, but with high-precision time stamps and time zone information. RSYSLOG_TraditionalFileFormat The older default log file format with low-precision time stamps. RSYSLOG_ForwardFormat A forwarding format with high-precision time stamps and time zone information. RSYSLOG_TraditionalForwardFormat The traditional forwarding format with low-precision time stamps.	[ "USDtemplate TEMPLATE_NAME ,\" text %PROPERTY% more text \", [ OPTION ]", "USDtemplate DynamicFile,\"/var/log/test_logs/%timegenerated%-test.log\"", ". ?DynamicFile", "% PROPERTY_NAME [ : FROM_CHAR : TO_CHAR : OPTION ]%", "%msg%", "%msg:1:2%", "%msg:::drop-last-lf%", "%timegenerated:1:10:date-rfc3339%", "USDtemplate verbose, \"%syslogseverity%, %syslogfacility%, %timegenerated%, %HOSTNAME%, %syslogtag%, %msg%\\n\"", "USDtemplate wallmsg,\"\\r\\n\\7Message from syslogd@%HOSTNAME% at %timegenerated% ...\\r\\n %syslogtag% %msg%\\n\\r\"", "USDtemplate dbFormat,\"insert into SystemEvents (Message, Facility, FromHost, Priority, DeviceReportedTime, ReceivedAt, InfoUnitID, SysLogTag) values ('%msg%', %syslogfacility%, '%HOSTNAME%', %syslogpriority%, '%timereported:::date-mysql%', '%timegenerated:::date-mysql%', %iut%, '%syslogtag%')\", sql", "\"Debug line with all properties:\\nFROMHOST: '%FROMHOST%', fromhost-ip: '%fromhost-ip%', HOSTNAME: '%HOSTNAME%', PRI: %PRI%,\\nsyslogtag '%syslogtag%', programname: '%programname%', APP-NAME: '%APP-NAME%', PROCID: '%PROCID%', MSGID: '%MSGID%',\\nTIMESTAMP: '%TIMESTAMP%', STRUCTURED-DATA: '%STRUCTURED-DATA%',\\nmsg: '%msg%'\\nescaped msg: '%msg:::drop-cc%'\\nrawmsg: '%rawmsg%'\\n\\n\\\"", "\"%PRI%1 %TIMESTAMP:::date-rfc3339% %HOSTNAME% %APP-NAME% %PROCID% %MSGID% %STRUCTURED-DATA% %msg%\\n\\\"", "\"%TIMESTAMP:::date-rfc3339% %HOSTNAME% %syslogtag%%msg:::sp-if-no-1st-sp%%msg:::drop-last-lf%\\n\\\"", "\"%TIMESTAMP% %HOSTNAME% %syslogtag%%msg:::sp-if-no-1st-sp%%msg:::drop-last-lf%\\n\\\"", "\"%PRI%%TIMESTAMP:::date-rfc3339% %HOSTNAME% %syslogtag:1:32%%msg:::sp-if-no-1st-sp%%msg%\\\"", "\"%PRI%%TIMESTAMP% %HOSTNAME% %syslogtag:1:32%%msg:::sp-if-no-1st-sp%%msg%\\\"" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/deployment_guide/s2-Templates
function::gettimeofday_s	function::gettimeofday_s Name function::gettimeofday_s - Number of seconds since UNIX epoch. Synopsis Arguments None General Syntax gettimeofday_s: long Description This function returns the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.	[ "function gettimeofday_s:long()" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/systemtap_tapset_reference/api-gettimeofday-s
Chapter 2. Configuring user access for container repositories in private automation hub	Chapter 2. Configuring user access for container repositories in private automation hub Configure user access for container repositories in your private automation hub to provide permissions that determine who can access and manage images in your Ansible Automation Platform. 2.1. Prerequisites You can create groups and assign permissions in private automation hub. 2.2. Container registry group permissions User access provides granular controls to how users can interact with containers managed in private automation hub. Use the following list of permissions to create groups with the right privileges for your container registries. Table 2.1. List of group permissions used to manage containers in private automation hub Permission name Description Create new containers Users can create new containers Change container namespace permissions Users can change permissions on the container repository Change container Users can change information on a container Change image tags Users can modify image tags Pull private containers Users can pull images from a private container Push to existing container Users can push an image to an existing container View private containers Users can view containers marked as private 2.3. Creating a new group You can create and assign permissions to a group in automation hub that enables users to access specified features in the system. By default, there is an admins group in automation hub that has all permissions assigned and is available on initial login with credentials created when installing automation hub. Prerequisites You have groups permissions and can create and manage group configuration and access in automation hub. Procedure Log in to your local automation hub. Navigate to User Access Groups . Click Create . Provide a Name and click Create . You can now assign permissions and add users on the group edit page. 2.4. Assigning permissions to groups You can assign permissions to groups in automation hub that enable users to access specific features in the system. By default, new groups do not have any assigned permissions. You can add permissions upon initial group creation or edit an existing group to add or remove permissions Prerequisites You have Change group permissions and can edit group permissions in automation hub. Procedure Log in to your local automation hub. Navigate to User Access Roles . Click Add roles . Click in the name field and fill in the role name. Click in the description field and fill in the description. Complete the Permissions section. Click in the field for each permission type and select permissions that appear in the list. Click Save when finished assigning permissions. Navigate to User Access Groups . Click on a group name. Click on the Access tab. Click Add roles . Select the role created in step 8. Click to confirm the selected role. Click Add to complete adding the role. The group can now access features in automation hub associated with their assigned permissions. Additional resources See Container registry group permissions to learn more about specific permissions. 2.5. Adding users to groups You can add users to groups when creating a group or manually add users to existing groups. This section describes how to add users to an existing group. Prerequisites You have groups permissions and can create and manage group configuration and access in automation hub. Procedure Log in to automation hub. Navigate to User Access Groups . Click on a Group name. Navigate to the Users tab, then click Add . Select users to add from the list and click Add . You have added the users you selected to the group. These users now have permissions to use automation hub assigned to the group.	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_ansible_automation_platform/2.3/html/managing_containers_in_private_automation_hub/configuring-user-access-containers
Chapter 14. ImagePruner [imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/v1]	Chapter 14. ImagePruner [imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/v1] Description ImagePruner is the configuration object for an image registry pruner managed by the registry operator. Compatibility level 1: Stable within a major release for a minimum of 12 months or 3 minor releases (whichever is longer). Type object Required metadata spec 14.1. Specification Property Type Description apiVersion string APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources kind string Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds metadata ObjectMeta Standard object's metadata. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#metadata spec object ImagePrunerSpec defines the specs for the running image pruner. status object ImagePrunerStatus reports image pruner operational status. 14.1.1. .spec Description ImagePrunerSpec defines the specs for the running image pruner. Type object Property Type Description affinity object affinity is a group of node affinity scheduling rules for the image pruner pod. failedJobsHistoryLimit integer failedJobsHistoryLimit specifies how many failed image pruner jobs to retain. Defaults to 3 if not set. ignoreInvalidImageReferences boolean ignoreInvalidImageReferences indicates whether the pruner can ignore errors while parsing image references. keepTagRevisions integer keepTagRevisions specifies the number of image revisions for a tag in an image stream that will be preserved. Defaults to 3. keepYoungerThan integer keepYoungerThan specifies the minimum age in nanoseconds of an image and its referrers for it to be considered a candidate for pruning. DEPRECATED: This field is deprecated in favor of keepYoungerThanDuration. If both are set, this field is ignored and keepYoungerThanDuration takes precedence. keepYoungerThanDuration string keepYoungerThanDuration specifies the minimum age of an image and its referrers for it to be considered a candidate for pruning. Defaults to 60m (60 minutes). logLevel string logLevel sets the level of log output for the pruner job. Valid values are: "Normal", "Debug", "Trace", "TraceAll". Defaults to "Normal". nodeSelector object (string) nodeSelector defines the node selection constraints for the image pruner pod. resources object resources defines the resource requests and limits for the image pruner pod. schedule string schedule specifies when to execute the job using standard cronjob syntax: https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron . Defaults to 0 0 * * * . successfulJobsHistoryLimit integer successfulJobsHistoryLimit specifies how many successful image pruner jobs to retain. Defaults to 3 if not set. suspend boolean suspend specifies whether or not to suspend subsequent executions of this cronjob. Defaults to false. tolerations array tolerations defines the node tolerations for the image pruner pod. tolerations[] object The pod this Toleration is attached to tolerates any taint that matches the triple <key,value,effect> using the matching operator <operator>. 14.1.2. .spec.affinity Description affinity is a group of node affinity scheduling rules for the image pruner pod. Type object Property Type Description nodeAffinity object Describes node affinity scheduling rules for the pod. podAffinity object Describes pod affinity scheduling rules (e.g. co-locate this pod in the same node, zone, etc. as some other pod(s)). podAntiAffinity object Describes pod anti-affinity scheduling rules (e.g. avoid putting this pod in the same node, zone, etc. as some other pod(s)). 14.1.3. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity Description Describes node affinity scheduling rules for the pod. Type object Property Type Description preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution array The scheduler will prefer to schedule pods to nodes that satisfy the affinity expressions specified by this field, but it may choose a node that violates one or more of the expressions. The node that is most preferred is the one with the greatest sum of weights, i.e. for each node that meets all of the scheduling requirements (resource request, requiredDuringScheduling affinity expressions, etc.), compute a sum by iterating through the elements of this field and adding "weight" to the sum if the node matches the corresponding matchExpressions; the node(s) with the highest sum are the most preferred. preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[] object An empty preferred scheduling term matches all objects with implicit weight 0 (i.e. it's a no-op). A null preferred scheduling term matches no objects (i.e. is also a no-op). requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution object If the affinity requirements specified by this field are not met at scheduling time, the pod will not be scheduled onto the node. If the affinity requirements specified by this field cease to be met at some point during pod execution (e.g. due to an update), the system may or may not try to eventually evict the pod from its node. 14.1.4. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution Description The scheduler will prefer to schedule pods to nodes that satisfy the affinity expressions specified by this field, but it may choose a node that violates one or more of the expressions. The node that is most preferred is the one with the greatest sum of weights, i.e. for each node that meets all of the scheduling requirements (resource request, requiredDuringScheduling affinity expressions, etc.), compute a sum by iterating through the elements of this field and adding "weight" to the sum if the node matches the corresponding matchExpressions; the node(s) with the highest sum are the most preferred. Type array 14.1.5. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[] Description An empty preferred scheduling term matches all objects with implicit weight 0 (i.e. it's a no-op). A null preferred scheduling term matches no objects (i.e. is also a no-op). Type object Required preference weight Property Type Description preference object A node selector term, associated with the corresponding weight. weight integer Weight associated with matching the corresponding nodeSelectorTerm, in the range 1-100. 14.1.6. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].preference Description A node selector term, associated with the corresponding weight. Type object Property Type Description matchExpressions array A list of node selector requirements by node's labels. matchExpressions[] object A node selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. matchFields array A list of node selector requirements by node's fields. matchFields[] object A node selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. 14.1.7. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].preference.matchExpressions Description A list of node selector requirements by node's labels. Type array 14.1.8. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].preference.matchExpressions[] Description A node selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string The label key that the selector applies to. operator string Represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists, DoesNotExist. Gt, and Lt. values array (string) An array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. If the operator is Gt or Lt, the values array must have a single element, which will be interpreted as an integer. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.9. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].preference.matchFields Description A list of node selector requirements by node's fields. Type array 14.1.10. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].preference.matchFields[] Description A node selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string The label key that the selector applies to. operator string Represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists, DoesNotExist. Gt, and Lt. values array (string) An array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. If the operator is Gt or Lt, the values array must have a single element, which will be interpreted as an integer. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.11. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution Description If the affinity requirements specified by this field are not met at scheduling time, the pod will not be scheduled onto the node. If the affinity requirements specified by this field cease to be met at some point during pod execution (e.g. due to an update), the system may or may not try to eventually evict the pod from its node. Type object Required nodeSelectorTerms Property Type Description nodeSelectorTerms array Required. A list of node selector terms. The terms are ORed. nodeSelectorTerms[] object A null or empty node selector term matches no objects. The requirements of them are ANDed. The TopologySelectorTerm type implements a subset of the NodeSelectorTerm. 14.1.12. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution.nodeSelectorTerms Description Required. A list of node selector terms. The terms are ORed. Type array 14.1.13. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution.nodeSelectorTerms[] Description A null or empty node selector term matches no objects. The requirements of them are ANDed. The TopologySelectorTerm type implements a subset of the NodeSelectorTerm. Type object Property Type Description matchExpressions array A list of node selector requirements by node's labels. matchExpressions[] object A node selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. matchFields array A list of node selector requirements by node's fields. matchFields[] object A node selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. 14.1.14. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution.nodeSelectorTerms[].matchExpressions Description A list of node selector requirements by node's labels. Type array 14.1.15. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution.nodeSelectorTerms[].matchExpressions[] Description A node selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string The label key that the selector applies to. operator string Represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists, DoesNotExist. Gt, and Lt. values array (string) An array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. If the operator is Gt or Lt, the values array must have a single element, which will be interpreted as an integer. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.16. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution.nodeSelectorTerms[].matchFields Description A list of node selector requirements by node's fields. Type array 14.1.17. .spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution.nodeSelectorTerms[].matchFields[] Description A node selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string The label key that the selector applies to. operator string Represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists, DoesNotExist. Gt, and Lt. values array (string) An array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. If the operator is Gt or Lt, the values array must have a single element, which will be interpreted as an integer. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.18. .spec.affinity.podAffinity Description Describes pod affinity scheduling rules (e.g. co-locate this pod in the same node, zone, etc. as some other pod(s)). Type object Property Type Description preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution array The scheduler will prefer to schedule pods to nodes that satisfy the affinity expressions specified by this field, but it may choose a node that violates one or more of the expressions. The node that is most preferred is the one with the greatest sum of weights, i.e. for each node that meets all of the scheduling requirements (resource request, requiredDuringScheduling affinity expressions, etc.), compute a sum by iterating through the elements of this field and adding "weight" to the sum if the node has pods which matches the corresponding podAffinityTerm; the node(s) with the highest sum are the most preferred. preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[] object The weights of all of the matched WeightedPodAffinityTerm fields are added per-node to find the most preferred node(s) requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution array If the affinity requirements specified by this field are not met at scheduling time, the pod will not be scheduled onto the node. If the affinity requirements specified by this field cease to be met at some point during pod execution (e.g. due to a pod label update), the system may or may not try to eventually evict the pod from its node. When there are multiple elements, the lists of nodes corresponding to each podAffinityTerm are intersected, i.e. all terms must be satisfied. requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[] object Defines a set of pods (namely those matching the labelSelector relative to the given namespace(s)) that this pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key <topologyKey> matches that of any node on which a pod of the set of pods is running 14.1.19. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution Description The scheduler will prefer to schedule pods to nodes that satisfy the affinity expressions specified by this field, but it may choose a node that violates one or more of the expressions. The node that is most preferred is the one with the greatest sum of weights, i.e. for each node that meets all of the scheduling requirements (resource request, requiredDuringScheduling affinity expressions, etc.), compute a sum by iterating through the elements of this field and adding "weight" to the sum if the node has pods which matches the corresponding podAffinityTerm; the node(s) with the highest sum are the most preferred. Type array 14.1.20. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[] Description The weights of all of the matched WeightedPodAffinityTerm fields are added per-node to find the most preferred node(s) Type object Required podAffinityTerm weight Property Type Description podAffinityTerm object Required. A pod affinity term, associated with the corresponding weight. weight integer weight associated with matching the corresponding podAffinityTerm, in the range 1-100. 14.1.21. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm Description Required. A pod affinity term, associated with the corresponding weight. Type object Required topologyKey Property Type Description labelSelector object A label query over a set of resources, in this case pods. If it's null, this PodAffinityTerm matches with no Pods. matchLabelKeys array (string) MatchLabelKeys is a set of pod label keys to select which pods will be taken into consideration. The keys are used to lookup values from the incoming pod labels, those key-value labels are merged with LabelSelector as key in (value) to select the group of existing pods which pods will be taken into consideration for the incoming pod's pod (anti) affinity. Keys that don't exist in the incoming pod labels will be ignored. The default value is empty. The same key is forbidden to exist in both MatchLabelKeys and LabelSelector. Also, MatchLabelKeys cannot be set when LabelSelector isn't set. This is an alpha field and requires enabling MatchLabelKeysInPodAffinity feature gate. mismatchLabelKeys array (string) MismatchLabelKeys is a set of pod label keys to select which pods will be taken into consideration. The keys are used to lookup values from the incoming pod labels, those key-value labels are merged with LabelSelector as key notin (value) to select the group of existing pods which pods will be taken into consideration for the incoming pod's pod (anti) affinity. Keys that don't exist in the incoming pod labels will be ignored. The default value is empty. The same key is forbidden to exist in both MismatchLabelKeys and LabelSelector. Also, MismatchLabelKeys cannot be set when LabelSelector isn't set. This is an alpha field and requires enabling MatchLabelKeysInPodAffinity feature gate. namespaceSelector object A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. namespaces array (string) namespaces specifies a static list of namespace names that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces listed in this field and the ones selected by namespaceSelector. null or empty namespaces list and null namespaceSelector means "this pod's namespace". topologyKey string This pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with the pods matching the labelSelector in the specified namespaces, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key topologyKey matches that of any node on which any of the selected pods is running. Empty topologyKey is not allowed. 14.1.22. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.labelSelector Description A label query over a set of resources, in this case pods. If it's null, this PodAffinityTerm matches with no Pods. Type object Property Type Description matchExpressions array matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. matchExpressions[] object A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. matchLabels object (string) matchLabels is a map of {key,value} pairs. A single {key,value} in the matchLabels map is equivalent to an element of matchExpressions, whose key field is "key", the operator is "In", and the values array contains only "value". The requirements are ANDed. 14.1.23. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.labelSelector.matchExpressions Description matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. Type array 14.1.24. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.labelSelector.matchExpressions[] Description A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string key is the label key that the selector applies to. operator string operator represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists and DoesNotExist. values array (string) values is an array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.25. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.namespaceSelector Description A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. Type object Property Type Description matchExpressions array matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. matchExpressions[] object A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. matchLabels object (string) matchLabels is a map of {key,value} pairs. A single {key,value} in the matchLabels map is equivalent to an element of matchExpressions, whose key field is "key", the operator is "In", and the values array contains only "value". The requirements are ANDed. 14.1.26. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.namespaceSelector.matchExpressions Description matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. Type array 14.1.27. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.namespaceSelector.matchExpressions[] Description A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string key is the label key that the selector applies to. operator string operator represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists and DoesNotExist. values array (string) values is an array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.28. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution Description If the affinity requirements specified by this field are not met at scheduling time, the pod will not be scheduled onto the node. If the affinity requirements specified by this field cease to be met at some point during pod execution (e.g. due to a pod label update), the system may or may not try to eventually evict the pod from its node. When there are multiple elements, the lists of nodes corresponding to each podAffinityTerm are intersected, i.e. all terms must be satisfied. Type array 14.1.29. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[] Description Defines a set of pods (namely those matching the labelSelector relative to the given namespace(s)) that this pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key <topologyKey> matches that of any node on which a pod of the set of pods is running Type object Required topologyKey Property Type Description labelSelector object A label query over a set of resources, in this case pods. If it's null, this PodAffinityTerm matches with no Pods. matchLabelKeys array (string) MatchLabelKeys is a set of pod label keys to select which pods will be taken into consideration. The keys are used to lookup values from the incoming pod labels, those key-value labels are merged with LabelSelector as key in (value) to select the group of existing pods which pods will be taken into consideration for the incoming pod's pod (anti) affinity. Keys that don't exist in the incoming pod labels will be ignored. The default value is empty. The same key is forbidden to exist in both MatchLabelKeys and LabelSelector. Also, MatchLabelKeys cannot be set when LabelSelector isn't set. This is an alpha field and requires enabling MatchLabelKeysInPodAffinity feature gate. mismatchLabelKeys array (string) MismatchLabelKeys is a set of pod label keys to select which pods will be taken into consideration. The keys are used to lookup values from the incoming pod labels, those key-value labels are merged with LabelSelector as key notin (value) to select the group of existing pods which pods will be taken into consideration for the incoming pod's pod (anti) affinity. Keys that don't exist in the incoming pod labels will be ignored. The default value is empty. The same key is forbidden to exist in both MismatchLabelKeys and LabelSelector. Also, MismatchLabelKeys cannot be set when LabelSelector isn't set. This is an alpha field and requires enabling MatchLabelKeysInPodAffinity feature gate. namespaceSelector object A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. namespaces array (string) namespaces specifies a static list of namespace names that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces listed in this field and the ones selected by namespaceSelector. null or empty namespaces list and null namespaceSelector means "this pod's namespace". topologyKey string This pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with the pods matching the labelSelector in the specified namespaces, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key topologyKey matches that of any node on which any of the selected pods is running. Empty topologyKey is not allowed. 14.1.30. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].labelSelector Description A label query over a set of resources, in this case pods. If it's null, this PodAffinityTerm matches with no Pods. Type object Property Type Description matchExpressions array matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. matchExpressions[] object A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. matchLabels object (string) matchLabels is a map of {key,value} pairs. A single {key,value} in the matchLabels map is equivalent to an element of matchExpressions, whose key field is "key", the operator is "In", and the values array contains only "value". The requirements are ANDed. 14.1.31. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].labelSelector.matchExpressions Description matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. Type array 14.1.32. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].labelSelector.matchExpressions[] Description A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string key is the label key that the selector applies to. operator string operator represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists and DoesNotExist. values array (string) values is an array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.33. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].namespaceSelector Description A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. Type object Property Type Description matchExpressions array matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. matchExpressions[] object A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. matchLabels object (string) matchLabels is a map of {key,value} pairs. A single {key,value} in the matchLabels map is equivalent to an element of matchExpressions, whose key field is "key", the operator is "In", and the values array contains only "value". The requirements are ANDed. 14.1.34. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].namespaceSelector.matchExpressions Description matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. Type array 14.1.35. .spec.affinity.podAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].namespaceSelector.matchExpressions[] Description A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string key is the label key that the selector applies to. operator string operator represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists and DoesNotExist. values array (string) values is an array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.36. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity Description Describes pod anti-affinity scheduling rules (e.g. avoid putting this pod in the same node, zone, etc. as some other pod(s)). Type object Property Type Description preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution array The scheduler will prefer to schedule pods to nodes that satisfy the anti-affinity expressions specified by this field, but it may choose a node that violates one or more of the expressions. The node that is most preferred is the one with the greatest sum of weights, i.e. for each node that meets all of the scheduling requirements (resource request, requiredDuringScheduling anti-affinity expressions, etc.), compute a sum by iterating through the elements of this field and adding "weight" to the sum if the node has pods which matches the corresponding podAffinityTerm; the node(s) with the highest sum are the most preferred. preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[] object The weights of all of the matched WeightedPodAffinityTerm fields are added per-node to find the most preferred node(s) requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution array If the anti-affinity requirements specified by this field are not met at scheduling time, the pod will not be scheduled onto the node. If the anti-affinity requirements specified by this field cease to be met at some point during pod execution (e.g. due to a pod label update), the system may or may not try to eventually evict the pod from its node. When there are multiple elements, the lists of nodes corresponding to each podAffinityTerm are intersected, i.e. all terms must be satisfied. requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[] object Defines a set of pods (namely those matching the labelSelector relative to the given namespace(s)) that this pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key <topologyKey> matches that of any node on which a pod of the set of pods is running 14.1.37. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution Description The scheduler will prefer to schedule pods to nodes that satisfy the anti-affinity expressions specified by this field, but it may choose a node that violates one or more of the expressions. The node that is most preferred is the one with the greatest sum of weights, i.e. for each node that meets all of the scheduling requirements (resource request, requiredDuringScheduling anti-affinity expressions, etc.), compute a sum by iterating through the elements of this field and adding "weight" to the sum if the node has pods which matches the corresponding podAffinityTerm; the node(s) with the highest sum are the most preferred. Type array 14.1.38. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[] Description The weights of all of the matched WeightedPodAffinityTerm fields are added per-node to find the most preferred node(s) Type object Required podAffinityTerm weight Property Type Description podAffinityTerm object Required. A pod affinity term, associated with the corresponding weight. weight integer weight associated with matching the corresponding podAffinityTerm, in the range 1-100. 14.1.39. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm Description Required. A pod affinity term, associated with the corresponding weight. Type object Required topologyKey Property Type Description labelSelector object A label query over a set of resources, in this case pods. If it's null, this PodAffinityTerm matches with no Pods. matchLabelKeys array (string) MatchLabelKeys is a set of pod label keys to select which pods will be taken into consideration. The keys are used to lookup values from the incoming pod labels, those key-value labels are merged with LabelSelector as key in (value) to select the group of existing pods which pods will be taken into consideration for the incoming pod's pod (anti) affinity. Keys that don't exist in the incoming pod labels will be ignored. The default value is empty. The same key is forbidden to exist in both MatchLabelKeys and LabelSelector. Also, MatchLabelKeys cannot be set when LabelSelector isn't set. This is an alpha field and requires enabling MatchLabelKeysInPodAffinity feature gate. mismatchLabelKeys array (string) MismatchLabelKeys is a set of pod label keys to select which pods will be taken into consideration. The keys are used to lookup values from the incoming pod labels, those key-value labels are merged with LabelSelector as key notin (value) to select the group of existing pods which pods will be taken into consideration for the incoming pod's pod (anti) affinity. Keys that don't exist in the incoming pod labels will be ignored. The default value is empty. The same key is forbidden to exist in both MismatchLabelKeys and LabelSelector. Also, MismatchLabelKeys cannot be set when LabelSelector isn't set. This is an alpha field and requires enabling MatchLabelKeysInPodAffinity feature gate. namespaceSelector object A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. namespaces array (string) namespaces specifies a static list of namespace names that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces listed in this field and the ones selected by namespaceSelector. null or empty namespaces list and null namespaceSelector means "this pod's namespace". topologyKey string This pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with the pods matching the labelSelector in the specified namespaces, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key topologyKey matches that of any node on which any of the selected pods is running. Empty topologyKey is not allowed. 14.1.40. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.labelSelector Description A label query over a set of resources, in this case pods. If it's null, this PodAffinityTerm matches with no Pods. Type object Property Type Description matchExpressions array matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. matchExpressions[] object A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. matchLabels object (string) matchLabels is a map of {key,value} pairs. A single {key,value} in the matchLabels map is equivalent to an element of matchExpressions, whose key field is "key", the operator is "In", and the values array contains only "value". The requirements are ANDed. 14.1.41. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.labelSelector.matchExpressions Description matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. Type array 14.1.42. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.labelSelector.matchExpressions[] Description A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string key is the label key that the selector applies to. operator string operator represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists and DoesNotExist. values array (string) values is an array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.43. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.namespaceSelector Description A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. Type object Property Type Description matchExpressions array matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. matchExpressions[] object A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. matchLabels object (string) matchLabels is a map of {key,value} pairs. A single {key,value} in the matchLabels map is equivalent to an element of matchExpressions, whose key field is "key", the operator is "In", and the values array contains only "value". The requirements are ANDed. 14.1.44. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.namespaceSelector.matchExpressions Description matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. Type array 14.1.45. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].podAffinityTerm.namespaceSelector.matchExpressions[] Description A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string key is the label key that the selector applies to. operator string operator represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists and DoesNotExist. values array (string) values is an array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.46. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution Description If the anti-affinity requirements specified by this field are not met at scheduling time, the pod will not be scheduled onto the node. If the anti-affinity requirements specified by this field cease to be met at some point during pod execution (e.g. due to a pod label update), the system may or may not try to eventually evict the pod from its node. When there are multiple elements, the lists of nodes corresponding to each podAffinityTerm are intersected, i.e. all terms must be satisfied. Type array 14.1.47. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[] Description Defines a set of pods (namely those matching the labelSelector relative to the given namespace(s)) that this pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key <topologyKey> matches that of any node on which a pod of the set of pods is running Type object Required topologyKey Property Type Description labelSelector object A label query over a set of resources, in this case pods. If it's null, this PodAffinityTerm matches with no Pods. matchLabelKeys array (string) MatchLabelKeys is a set of pod label keys to select which pods will be taken into consideration. The keys are used to lookup values from the incoming pod labels, those key-value labels are merged with LabelSelector as key in (value) to select the group of existing pods which pods will be taken into consideration for the incoming pod's pod (anti) affinity. Keys that don't exist in the incoming pod labels will be ignored. The default value is empty. The same key is forbidden to exist in both MatchLabelKeys and LabelSelector. Also, MatchLabelKeys cannot be set when LabelSelector isn't set. This is an alpha field and requires enabling MatchLabelKeysInPodAffinity feature gate. mismatchLabelKeys array (string) MismatchLabelKeys is a set of pod label keys to select which pods will be taken into consideration. The keys are used to lookup values from the incoming pod labels, those key-value labels are merged with LabelSelector as key notin (value) to select the group of existing pods which pods will be taken into consideration for the incoming pod's pod (anti) affinity. Keys that don't exist in the incoming pod labels will be ignored. The default value is empty. The same key is forbidden to exist in both MismatchLabelKeys and LabelSelector. Also, MismatchLabelKeys cannot be set when LabelSelector isn't set. This is an alpha field and requires enabling MatchLabelKeysInPodAffinity feature gate. namespaceSelector object A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. namespaces array (string) namespaces specifies a static list of namespace names that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces listed in this field and the ones selected by namespaceSelector. null or empty namespaces list and null namespaceSelector means "this pod's namespace". topologyKey string This pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with the pods matching the labelSelector in the specified namespaces, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key topologyKey matches that of any node on which any of the selected pods is running. Empty topologyKey is not allowed. 14.1.48. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].labelSelector Description A label query over a set of resources, in this case pods. If it's null, this PodAffinityTerm matches with no Pods. Type object Property Type Description matchExpressions array matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. matchExpressions[] object A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. matchLabels object (string) matchLabels is a map of {key,value} pairs. A single {key,value} in the matchLabels map is equivalent to an element of matchExpressions, whose key field is "key", the operator is "In", and the values array contains only "value". The requirements are ANDed. 14.1.49. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].labelSelector.matchExpressions Description matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. Type array 14.1.50. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].labelSelector.matchExpressions[] Description A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string key is the label key that the selector applies to. operator string operator represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists and DoesNotExist. values array (string) values is an array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.51. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].namespaceSelector Description A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. Type object Property Type Description matchExpressions array matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. matchExpressions[] object A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. matchLabels object (string) matchLabels is a map of {key,value} pairs. A single {key,value} in the matchLabels map is equivalent to an element of matchExpressions, whose key field is "key", the operator is "In", and the values array contains only "value". The requirements are ANDed. 14.1.52. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].namespaceSelector.matchExpressions Description matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed. Type array 14.1.53. .spec.affinity.podAntiAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution[].namespaceSelector.matchExpressions[] Description A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values. Type object Required key operator Property Type Description key string key is the label key that the selector applies to. operator string operator represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists and DoesNotExist. values array (string) values is an array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch. 14.1.54. .spec.resources Description resources defines the resource requests and limits for the image pruner pod. Type object Property Type Description claims array Claims lists the names of resources, defined in spec.resourceClaims, that are used by this container. This is an alpha field and requires enabling the DynamicResourceAllocation feature gate. This field is immutable. It can only be set for containers. claims[] object ResourceClaim references one entry in PodSpec.ResourceClaims. limits integer-or-string Limits describes the maximum amount of compute resources allowed. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-resources-containers/ requests integer-or-string Requests describes the minimum amount of compute resources required. If Requests is omitted for a container, it defaults to Limits if that is explicitly specified, otherwise to an implementation-defined value. Requests cannot exceed Limits. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-resources-containers/ 14.1.55. .spec.resources.claims Description Claims lists the names of resources, defined in spec.resourceClaims, that are used by this container. This is an alpha field and requires enabling the DynamicResourceAllocation feature gate. This field is immutable. It can only be set for containers. Type array 14.1.56. .spec.resources.claims[] Description ResourceClaim references one entry in PodSpec.ResourceClaims. Type object Required name Property Type Description name string Name must match the name of one entry in pod.spec.resourceClaims of the Pod where this field is used. It makes that resource available inside a container. 14.1.57. .spec.tolerations Description tolerations defines the node tolerations for the image pruner pod. Type array 14.1.58. .spec.tolerations[] Description The pod this Toleration is attached to tolerates any taint that matches the triple <key,value,effect> using the matching operator <operator>. Type object Property Type Description effect string Effect indicates the taint effect to match. Empty means match all taint effects. When specified, allowed values are NoSchedule, PreferNoSchedule and NoExecute. key string Key is the taint key that the toleration applies to. Empty means match all taint keys. If the key is empty, operator must be Exists; this combination means to match all values and all keys. operator string Operator represents a key's relationship to the value. Valid operators are Exists and Equal. Defaults to Equal. Exists is equivalent to wildcard for value, so that a pod can tolerate all taints of a particular category. tolerationSeconds integer TolerationSeconds represents the period of time the toleration (which must be of effect NoExecute, otherwise this field is ignored) tolerates the taint. By default, it is not set, which means tolerate the taint forever (do not evict). Zero and negative values will be treated as 0 (evict immediately) by the system. value string Value is the taint value the toleration matches to. If the operator is Exists, the value should be empty, otherwise just a regular string. 14.1.59. .status Description ImagePrunerStatus reports image pruner operational status. Type object Property Type Description conditions array conditions is a list of conditions and their status. conditions[] object OperatorCondition is just the standard condition fields. observedGeneration integer observedGeneration is the last generation change that has been applied. 14.1.60. .status.conditions Description conditions is a list of conditions and their status. Type array 14.1.61. .status.conditions[] Description OperatorCondition is just the standard condition fields. Type object Required type Property Type Description lastTransitionTime string message string reason string status string type string 14.2. API endpoints The following API endpoints are available: /apis/imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/v1/imagepruners DELETE : delete collection of ImagePruner GET : list objects of kind ImagePruner POST : create an ImagePruner /apis/imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/v1/imagepruners/{name} DELETE : delete an ImagePruner GET : read the specified ImagePruner PATCH : partially update the specified ImagePruner PUT : replace the specified ImagePruner /apis/imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/v1/imagepruners/{name}/status GET : read status of the specified ImagePruner PATCH : partially update status of the specified ImagePruner PUT : replace status of the specified ImagePruner 14.2.1. /apis/imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/v1/imagepruners HTTP method DELETE Description delete collection of ImagePruner Table 14.1. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Status schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method GET Description list objects of kind ImagePruner Table 14.2. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK ImagePrunerList schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method POST Description create an ImagePruner Table 14.3. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed fieldValidation string fieldValidation instructs the server on how to handle objects in the request (POST/PUT/PATCH) containing unknown or duplicate fields. Valid values are: - Ignore: This will ignore any unknown fields that are silently dropped from the object, and will ignore all but the last duplicate field that the decoder encounters. This is the default behavior prior to v1.23. - Warn: This will send a warning via the standard warning response header for each unknown field that is dropped from the object, and for each duplicate field that is encountered. The request will still succeed if there are no other errors, and will only persist the last of any duplicate fields. This is the default in v1.23+ - Strict: This will fail the request with a BadRequest error if any unknown fields would be dropped from the object, or if any duplicate fields are present. The error returned from the server will contain all unknown and duplicate fields encountered. Table 14.4. Body parameters Parameter Type Description body ImagePruner schema Table 14.5. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK ImagePruner schema 201 - Created ImagePruner schema 202 - Accepted ImagePruner schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty 14.2.2. /apis/imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/v1/imagepruners/{name} Table 14.6. Global path parameters Parameter Type Description name string name of the ImagePruner HTTP method DELETE Description delete an ImagePruner Table 14.7. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed Table 14.8. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK Status schema 202 - Accepted Status schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method GET Description read the specified ImagePruner Table 14.9. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK ImagePruner schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method PATCH Description partially update the specified ImagePruner Table 14.10. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed fieldValidation string fieldValidation instructs the server on how to handle objects in the request (POST/PUT/PATCH) containing unknown or duplicate fields. Valid values are: - Ignore: This will ignore any unknown fields that are silently dropped from the object, and will ignore all but the last duplicate field that the decoder encounters. This is the default behavior prior to v1.23. - Warn: This will send a warning via the standard warning response header for each unknown field that is dropped from the object, and for each duplicate field that is encountered. The request will still succeed if there are no other errors, and will only persist the last of any duplicate fields. This is the default in v1.23+ - Strict: This will fail the request with a BadRequest error if any unknown fields would be dropped from the object, or if any duplicate fields are present. The error returned from the server will contain all unknown and duplicate fields encountered. Table 14.11. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK ImagePruner schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method PUT Description replace the specified ImagePruner Table 14.12. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed fieldValidation string fieldValidation instructs the server on how to handle objects in the request (POST/PUT/PATCH) containing unknown or duplicate fields. Valid values are: - Ignore: This will ignore any unknown fields that are silently dropped from the object, and will ignore all but the last duplicate field that the decoder encounters. This is the default behavior prior to v1.23. - Warn: This will send a warning via the standard warning response header for each unknown field that is dropped from the object, and for each duplicate field that is encountered. The request will still succeed if there are no other errors, and will only persist the last of any duplicate fields. This is the default in v1.23+ - Strict: This will fail the request with a BadRequest error if any unknown fields would be dropped from the object, or if any duplicate fields are present. The error returned from the server will contain all unknown and duplicate fields encountered. Table 14.13. Body parameters Parameter Type Description body ImagePruner schema Table 14.14. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK ImagePruner schema 201 - Created ImagePruner schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty 14.2.3. /apis/imageregistry.operator.openshift.io/v1/imagepruners/{name}/status Table 14.15. Global path parameters Parameter Type Description name string name of the ImagePruner HTTP method GET Description read status of the specified ImagePruner Table 14.16. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK ImagePruner schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method PATCH Description partially update status of the specified ImagePruner Table 14.17. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed fieldValidation string fieldValidation instructs the server on how to handle objects in the request (POST/PUT/PATCH) containing unknown or duplicate fields. Valid values are: - Ignore: This will ignore any unknown fields that are silently dropped from the object, and will ignore all but the last duplicate field that the decoder encounters. This is the default behavior prior to v1.23. - Warn: This will send a warning via the standard warning response header for each unknown field that is dropped from the object, and for each duplicate field that is encountered. The request will still succeed if there are no other errors, and will only persist the last of any duplicate fields. This is the default in v1.23+ - Strict: This will fail the request with a BadRequest error if any unknown fields would be dropped from the object, or if any duplicate fields are present. The error returned from the server will contain all unknown and duplicate fields encountered. Table 14.18. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK ImagePruner schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty HTTP method PUT Description replace status of the specified ImagePruner Table 14.19. Query parameters Parameter Type Description dryRun string When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed fieldValidation string fieldValidation instructs the server on how to handle objects in the request (POST/PUT/PATCH) containing unknown or duplicate fields. Valid values are: - Ignore: This will ignore any unknown fields that are silently dropped from the object, and will ignore all but the last duplicate field that the decoder encounters. This is the default behavior prior to v1.23. - Warn: This will send a warning via the standard warning response header for each unknown field that is dropped from the object, and for each duplicate field that is encountered. The request will still succeed if there are no other errors, and will only persist the last of any duplicate fields. This is the default in v1.23+ - Strict: This will fail the request with a BadRequest error if any unknown fields would be dropped from the object, or if any duplicate fields are present. The error returned from the server will contain all unknown and duplicate fields encountered. Table 14.20. Body parameters Parameter Type Description body ImagePruner schema Table 14.21. HTTP responses HTTP code Reponse body 200 - OK ImagePruner schema 201 - Created ImagePruner schema 401 - Unauthorized Empty	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.16/html/operator_apis/imagepruner-imageregistry-operator-openshift-io-v1
Using Eclipse 4.19	Using Eclipse 4.19 Red Hat Developer Tools 1 Installing Eclipse 4.19 and the first steps with the application Eva-Lotte Gebhardt [email protected] Olga Tikhomirova [email protected] Peter Macko Kevin Owen Yana Hontyk Red Hat Developer Group Documentation Team [email protected]	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_developer_tools/1/html/using_eclipse_4.19/index
Chapter 5. Checking DNS records using IdM Healthcheck	Chapter 5. Checking DNS records using IdM Healthcheck You can identify issues with DNS records in Identity Management (IdM) using the Healthcheck tool. 5.1. DNS records healthcheck test The Healthcheck tool includes a test for checking that the expected DNS records required for autodiscovery are resolvable. To list all tests, run the ipa-healthcheck with the --list-sources option: You can find the DNS records check test under the ipahealthcheck.ipa.idns source. IPADNSSystemRecordsCheck This test checks the DNS records from the ipa dns-update-system-records --dry-run command using the first resolver specified in the /etc/resolv.conf file. The records are tested on the IPA server. 5.2. Screening DNS records using the healthcheck tool Follow this procedure to run a standalone manual test of DNS records on an Identity Management (IdM) server using the Healthcheck tool. The Healthcheck tool includes many tests. Results can be narrowed down by including only the DNS records tests by adding the --source ipahealthcheck.ipa.idns option. Prerequisites You must perform Healthcheck tests as the root user. Procedure To run the DNS records check, enter: If the record is resolvable, the test returns SUCCESS as a result: The test returns a WARNING when, for example, the number of records does not match the expected number: Additional resources See man ipa-healthcheck .	[ "ipa-healthcheck --list-sources", "ipa-healthcheck --source ipahealthcheck.ipa.idns", "{ \"source\": \"ipahealthcheck.ipa.idns\", \"check\": \"IPADNSSystemRecordsCheck\", \"result\": \"SUCCESS\", \"uuid\": \"eb7a3b68-f6b2-4631-af01-798cac0eb018\", \"when\": \"20200415143339Z\", \"duration\": \"0.210471\", \"kw\": { \"key\": \"_ldap._tcp.idm.example.com.:server1.idm.example.com.\" } }", "{ \"source\": \"ipahealthcheck.ipa.idns\", \"check\": \"IPADNSSystemRecordsCheck\", \"result\": \"WARNING\", \"uuid\": \"972b7782-1616-48e0-bd5c-49a80c257895\", \"when\": \"20200409100614Z\", \"duration\": \"0.203049\", \"kw\": { \"msg\": \"Got {count} ipa-ca A records, expected {expected}\", \"count\": 2, \"expected\": 1 } }" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/using_idm_healthcheck_to_monitor_your_idm_environment/checking-dns-records-using-idm-healthcheck_using-idm-healthcheck-to-monitor-your-idm-environment
Chapter 4. Overriding the cluster-wide default node selector for OpenShift Data Foundation post deployment	Chapter 4. Overriding the cluster-wide default node selector for OpenShift Data Foundation post deployment When a cluster-wide default node selector is used for OpenShift Data Foundation, the pods generated by CSI daemonsets are able to start only on the nodes that match the selector. To be able to use OpenShift Data Foundation from nodes which do not match the selector, override the cluster-wide default node selector by performing the following steps in the command line interface : Procedure Specify a blank node selector for the openshift-storage namespace. Delete the original pods generated by the DaemonSets.	[ "oc annotate namespace openshift-storage openshift.io/node-selector=", "delete pod -l app=csi-cephfsplugin -n openshift-storage delete pod -l app=csi-rbdplugin -n openshift-storage" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_openshift_data_foundation/4.9/html/troubleshooting_openshift_data_foundation/overriding-the-cluster-wide-default-node-selector-for-openshift-data-foundation-post-deployment_rhodf
Chapter 2. Installing virt-v2v	Chapter 2. Installing virt-v2v virt-v2v is run from a Red Hat Enterprise Linux 64-bit host system. virt-v2v must be installed on the host. Procedure 2.1. Installing virt-v2v Subscribe to the virt-v2v channel on the Red Hat Customer Portal virt-v2v is available on the Red Hat Customer Portal in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v.6 for 64-bit x86_64) or Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v.6 for x86_64) channel. Ensure the system is subscribed to the appropriate channel before installing virt-v2v . Note Red Hat Network Classic (RHN) has now been deprecated. Red Hat Subscription Manager should now be used for registration tasks. For more information, see https://access.redhat.com/rhn-to-rhsm . Install the prerequisites If you are converting Windows virtual machines, you must install the libguestfs-winsupport and virtio-win packages. These packages provide support for NTFS and Windows paravirtualized block and network drivers. If you attempt to convert a virtual machine using NTFS without the libguestfs-winsupport package installed, the conversion will fail. If you attempt to convert a virtual machine running Windows without the virtio-win package installed, the conversion will fail giving an error message concerning missing files. The libguestfs-winsupport is available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 6 in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server V2V Tools for Windows (v. 6) channel, while the virtio-win package is available in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Supplementary (v. 6) channel. To install these packages, ensure that your system has the required permissions to subscribe to both channels and run the following command as root: Install virt-v2v package As root, run the command: virt-v2v is now installed and ready to use on on your system.	[ "subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-6-server-v2vwin-1-rpms --enable rhel-6-server-supplementary-rpms", "install virt-v2v" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/v2v_guide/chap-v2v_guide-installing_virt_v2v
Chapter 46. Creating Resources	Chapter 46. Creating Resources Abstract In RESTful Web services all requests are handled by resources. The JAX-RS APIs implement resources as a Java class. A resource class is a Java class that is annotated with one, or more, JAX-RS annotations. The core of a RESTful Web service implemented using JAX-RS is a root resource class. The root resource class is the entry point to the resource tree exposed by a service. It may handle all requests itself, or it may provide access to sub-resources that handle requests. 46.1. Introduction Overview RESTful Web services implemented using JAX-RS APIs provide responses as representations of a resource implemented by Java classes. A resource class is a class that uses JAX-RS annotations to implement a resource. For most RESTful Web services, there is a collection of resources that need to be accessed. The resource class' annotations provide information such as the URI of the resources and which HTTP verb each operation handles. Types of resources The JAX-RS APIs allow you to create two basic types of resources: A Section 46.3, "Root resource classes" is the entry point to a service's resource tree. It is decorated with the @Path annotation to define the base URI for the resources in the service. Section 46.5, "Working with sub-resources" are accessed through the root resource. They are implemented by methods that are decorated with the @Path annotation. A sub-resource's @Path annotation defines a URI relative to the base URI of a root resource. Example Example 46.1, "Simple resource class" shows a simple resource class. Example 46.1. Simple resource class Two items make the class defined in Example 46.1, "Simple resource class" a resource class: The @Path annotation specifies the base URI for the resource. The @GET annotation specifies that the method implements the HTTP GET method for the resource. 46.2. Basic JAX-RS annotations Overview The most basic pieces of information required by a RESTful Web service implementation are: the URI of the service's resources how the class' methods are mapped to the HTTP verbs JAX-RS defines a set of annotations that provide this basic information. All resource classes must have at least one of these annotations. Setting the path The @Path annotation specifies the URI of a resource. The annotation is defined by the javax.ws.rs.Path interface and it can be used to decorate either a resource class or a resource method. It takes a string value as its only parameter. The string value is a URI template that specifies the location of an implemented resource. The URI template specifies a relative location for the resource. As shown in Example 46.2, "URI template syntax" , the template can contain the following: unprocessed path components parameter identifiers surrounded by { } Note Parameter identifiers can include regular expressions to alter the default path processing. Example 46.2. URI template syntax For example, the URI template widgets/{color}/{number} would map to widgets/blue/12 . The value of the color parameter is assigned to blue . The value of the number parameter is assigned 12 . How the URI template is mapped to a complete URI depends on what the @Path annotation is decorating. If it is placed on a root resource class, the URI template is the root URI of all resources in the tree and it is appended directly to the URI at which the service is published. If the annotation decorates a sub-resource, it is relative to the root resource URI. Specifying HTTP verbs JAX-RS uses five annotations for specifying the HTTP verb that will be used for a method: javax.ws.rs.DELETE specifies that the method maps to a DELETE . javax.ws.rs.GET specifies that the method maps to a GET . javax.ws.rs.POST specifies that the method maps to a POST . javax.ws.rs.PUT specifies that the method maps to a PUT . javax.ws.rs.HEAD specifies that the method maps to a HEAD . When you map your methods to HTTP verbs, you must ensure that the mapping makes sense. For example, if you map a method that is intended to submit a purchase order, you would map it to a PUT or a POST . Mapping it to a GET or a DELETE would result in unpredictable behavior. 46.3. Root resource classes Overview A root resource class is the entry point into a JAX-RS implemented RESTful Web service. It is decorated with a @Path that specifies the root URI of the resources implemented by the service. Its methods either directly implement operations on the resource or provide access to sub-resources. Requirements In order for a class to be a root resource class it must meet the following criteria: The class must be decorated with the @Path annotation. The specified path is the root URI for all of the resources implemented by the service. If the root resource class specifies that its path is widgets and one of its methods implements the GET verb, then a GET on widgets invokes that method. If a sub-resource specifies that its URI is {id} , then the full URI template for the sub-resource is widgets/{id} and it will handle requests made to URIs like widgets/12 and widgets/42 . The class must have a public constructor for the runtime to invoke. The runtime must be able to provide values for all of the constructor's parameters. The constructor's parameters can include parameters decorated with the JAX-RS parameter annotations. For more information on the parameter annotations see Chapter 47, Passing Information into Resource Classes and Methods . At least one of the classes methods must either be decorated with an HTTP verb annotation or the @Path annotation. Example Example 46.3, "Root resource class" shows a root resource class that provides access to a sub-resource. Example 46.3. Root resource class The class in Example 46.3, "Root resource class" meets all of the requirements for a root resource class. The class is decorated with the @Path annotation. The root URI for the resources exposed by the service is customerservice . The class has a public constructor. In this case the no argument constructor is used for simplicity. The class implements each of the four HTTP verbs for the resource. The class also provides access to a sub-resource through the getOrder() method. The URI for the sub-resource, as specified using the the @Path annotation, is customerservice/order/ id . The sub-resource is implemented by the Order class. For more information on implementing sub-resources see Section 46.5, "Working with sub-resources" . 46.4. Working with resource methods Overview Resource methods are annotated using JAX-RS annotations. They have one of the HTTP method annotation specifying the types of requests that the method processes. JAX-RS places several constraints on resource methods. General constraints All resource methods must meet the following conditions: It must be public. It must be decorated with one of the HTTP method annotations described in the section called "Specifying HTTP verbs" . It must not have more than one entity parameter as described in the section called "Parameters" . Parameters Resource method parameters take two forms: entity parameters -Entity parameters are not annotated. Their value is mapped from the request entity body. An entity parameter can be of any type for which your application has an entity provider. Typically they are JAXB objects. Important A resource method can have only one entity parameter. For more information on entity providers see Chapter 51, Entity Support . annotated parameters -Annotated parameters use one of the JAX-RS annotations that specify how the value of the parameter is mapped from the request. Typically, the value of the parameter is mapped from portions of the request URI. For more information about using the JAX-RS annotations for mapping request data to method parameters see Chapter 47, Passing Information into Resource Classes and Methods . Example 46.4, "Resource method with a valid parameter list" shows a resource method with a valid parameter list. Example 46.4. Resource method with a valid parameter list Example 46.5, "Resource method with an invalid parameter list" shows a resource method with an invalid parameter list. It has two parameters that are not annotated. Example 46.5. Resource method with an invalid parameter list Return values Resource methods can return one of the following: void any Java class for which the application has an entity provider For more information on entity providers see Chapter 51, Entity Support . a Response object For more information on Response objects see Section 48.3, "Fine tuning an application's responses" . a GenericEntity< T > object For more information on GenericEntity< T > objects see Section 48.4, "Returning entities with generic type information" . All resource methods return an HTTP status code to the requester. When the return type of the method is void or the value being returned is null , the resource method sets the HTTP status code to 204 . When the resource method returns any value other than null , it sets the HTTP status code to 200 . 46.5. Working with sub-resources Overview It is likely that a service will need to be handled by more than one resource. For example, in an order processing service best-practices suggests that each customer would be handled as a unique resource. Each order would also be handled as a unique resource. Using the JAX-RS APIs, you would implement the customer resources and the order resources as sub-resources . A sub-resource is a resource that is accessed through a root resource class. They are defined by adding a @Path annotation to a resource class' method. Sub-resources can be implemented in one of two ways: Sub-resource method -directly implements an HTTP verb for a sub-resource and is decorated with one of the annotations described in the section called "Specifying HTTP verbs" . Sub-resource locator -points to a class that implements the sub-resource. Specifying a sub-resource Sub-resources are specified by decorating a method with the @Path annotation. The URI of the sub-resource is constructed as follows: Append the value of the sub-resource's @Path annotation to the value of the sub-resource's parent resource's @Path annotation. The parent resource's @Path annotation maybe located on a method in a resource class that returns an object of the class containing the sub-resource. Repeat the step until the root resource is reached. The assembled URI is appended to the base URI at which the service is deployed. For example the URI of the sub-resource shown in Example 46.6, "Order sub-resource" could be baseURI /customerservice/order/12 . Example 46.6. Order sub-resource Sub-resource methods A sub-resource method is decorated with both a @Path annotation and one of the HTTP verb annotations. The sub-resource method is directly responsible for handling a request made on the resource using the specified HTTP verb. Example 46.7, "Sub-resource methods" shows a resource class with three sub-resource methods: getOrder() handles HTTP GET requests for resources whose URI matches /customerservice/orders/{orderId}/ . updateOrder() handles HTTP PUT requests for resources whose URI matches /customerservice/orders/{orderId}/ . newOrder() handles HTTP POST requests for the resource at /customerservice/orders/ . Example 46.7. Sub-resource methods Note Sub-resource methods with the same URI template are equivalent to resource class returned by a sub-resource locator. Sub-resource locators Sub-resource locators are not decorated with one of the HTTP verb annotations and do not directly handle are request on the sub-resource. Instead, a sub-resource locator returns an instance of a resource class that can handle the request. In addition to not having an HTTP verb annotation, sub-resource locators also cannot have any entity parameters. All of the parameters used by a sub-resource locator method must use one of the annotations described in Chapter 47, Passing Information into Resource Classes and Methods . As shown in Example 46.8, "Sub-resource locator returning a specific class" , sub-resource locator allows you to encapsulate a resource as a reusable class instead of putting all of the methods into one super class. The processOrder() method is a sub-resource locator. When a request is made on a URI matching the URI template /orders/{orderId}/ it returns an instance of the Order class. The Order class has methods that are decorated with HTTP verb annotations. A PUT request is handled by the updateOrder() method. Example 46.8. Sub-resource locator returning a specific class Sub-resource locators are processed at runtime so that they can support polymorphism. The return value of a sub-resource locator can be a generic Object , an abstract class, or the top of a class hierarchy. For example, if your service needed to process both PayPal orders and credit card orders, the processOrder() method's signature from Example 46.8, "Sub-resource locator returning a specific class" could remain unchanged. You would simply need to implement two classes, ppOrder and ccOder , that extended the Order class. The implementation of processOrder() would instantiate the desired implementation of the sub-resource based on what ever logic is required. 46.6. Resource selection method Overview It is possible for a given URI to map to one or more resource methods. For example the URI customerservice/12/ma could match the templates @Path("customerservice/{id}") or @Path("customerservice/{id}/{state}") . JAX-RS specifies a detailed algorithm for matching a resource method to a request. The algorithm compares the normalized URI, the HTTP verb, and the media types of the request and response entities to the annotations on the resource classes. The basic selection algorithm The JAX-RS selection algorithm is broken down into three stages: Determine the root resource class. The request URI is matched against all of the classes decorated with the @Path annotation. The classes whose @Path annotation matches the request URI are determined. If the value of the resource class' @Path annotation matches the entire request URI, the class' methods are used as input into the third stage. Determine the object will handle the request. If the request URI is longer than the value of the selected class' @Path annotation, the values of the resource methods' @Path annotations are used to look for a sub-resource that can process the request. If one or more sub-resource methods match the request URI, these methods are used as input for the third stage. If the only matches for the request URI are sub-resource locaters, the resource methods of the object created by the sub-resource locater to match the request URI. This stage is repeated until a sub-resource method matches the request URI. Select the resource method that will handle the request. The resource method whose HTTP verb annotation matches the HTTP verb in the request. In addition, the selected resource method must accept the media type of the request entity body and be capable of producing a response that conforms to the media type(s) specified in the request. Selecting from multiple resource classes The first two stages of the selection algorithm determine the resource that will handle the request. In some cases the resource is implemented by a resource class. In other cases, it is implemented by one or more sub-resources that use the same URI template. When there are multiple resources that match a request URI, resource classes are preferred over sub-resources. If more than one resource still matches the request URI after sorting between resource classes and sub-resources, the following criteria are used to select a single resource: Prefer the resource with the most literal characters in its URI template. Literal characters are characters that are not part of a template variable. For example, /widgets/{id}/{color} has ten literal characters and /widgets/1/{color} has eleven literal characters. So, the request URI /widgets/1/red would be matched to the resource with /widgets/1/{color} as its URI template. Note A trailing slash ( / ) counts as a literal character. So /joefred/ will be preferred over /joefred . Prefer the resource with the most variables in its URI template. The request URI /widgets/30/green could match both /widgets/{id}/{color} and /widgets/{amount}/ . However, the resource with the URI template /widgets/{id}/{color} will be selected because it has two variables. Prefer the resource with the most variables containing regular expressions. The request URI /widgets/30/green could match both /widgets/{number}/{color} and /widgets/{id:.}/{color}. However, the resource with the URI template /widgets/{id:.}/{color} will be selected because it has a variable containing a regular expression. Selecting from multiple resource methods In many cases, selecting a resource that matches the request URI results in a single resource method that can process the request. The method is determined by matching the HTTP verb specified in the request with a resource method's HTTP verb annotation. In addition to having the appropriate HTTP verb annotation, the selected method must also be able to handle the request entity included in the request and be able to produce the proper type of response specified in the request's metadata. Note The type of request entity a resource method can handle is specified by the @Consumes annotation. The type of responses a resource method can produce are specified using the @Produces annotation. When selecting a resource produces multiple methods that can handle a request the following criteria is used to select the resource method that will handle the request: Prefer resource methods over sub-resources. Prefer sub-resource methods over sub-resource locaters. Prefer methods that use the most specific values in the @Consumes annotation and the @Produces annotation. For example, a method that has the annotation @Consumes("text/xml") would be preferred over a method that has the annotation @Consumes("text/") . Both methods would be preferred over a method without an @Consumes annotation or the annotation @Consumes("\/*") . Prefer methods that most closely match the content type of the request body entity. Note The content type of the request body entity is specified in the HTTP Content-Type property. Prefer methods that most closely match the content type accepted as a response. Note The content types accepted as a response are specified in the HTTP Accept property. Customizing the selection process In some cases, developers have reported the algorithm being somewhat restrictive in the way multiple resource classes are selected. For example, if a given resource class has been matched and if this class has no matching resource method, then the algorithm stops executing. It never checks the remaining matching resource classes. Apache CXF provides the org.apache.cxf.jaxrs.ext.ResourceComparator interface which can be used to customize how the runtime handles multiple matching resource classes. The ResourceComparator interface, shown in Example 46.9, "Interface for customizing resource selection" , has to methods that need to be implemented. One compares two resource classes and the other compares two resource methods. Example 46.9. Interface for customizing resource selection Custom implementations select between the two resources as follows: Return 1 if the first parameter is a better match than the second parameter Return -1 if the second parameter is a better match than the first parameter If 0 is returned then the runtime will proceed with the default selection algorithm You register a custom ResourceComparator implementation by adding a resourceComparator child to the service's jaxrs:server element.	[ "package demo.jaxrs.server; import javax.ws.rs.GET; import javax.ws.rs.Path; import javax.ws.rs.PathParam; @Path(\"/customerservice\") public class CustomerService { public CustomerService() { } @GET public Customer getCustomer(@QueryParam(\"id\") String id) { } }", "@Path(\" resourceName /{ param1 }/../{ paramN }\")", "package demo.jaxrs.server; import javax.ws.rs.DELETE; import javax.ws.rs.GET; import javax.ws.rs.POST; import javax.ws.rs.PUT; import javax.ws.rs.Path; import javax.ws.rs.PathParam; import javax.ws.rs.QueryParam; import javax.ws.rs.core.Response; @Path(\"/customerservice/\") public class CustomerService { public CustomerService() { } @GET public Customer getCustomer(@QueryParam(\"id\") String id) { } @DELETE public Response deleteCustomer(@QueryParam(\"id\") String id) { } @PUT public Response updateCustomer(Customer customer) { } @POST public Response addCustomer(Customer customer) { } @Path(\"/orders/{orderId}/\") public Order getOrder(@PathParam(\"orderId\") String orderId) { } }", "@POST @Path(\"disaster/monster/giant/{id}\") public void addDaikaiju(Kaiju kaiju, @PathParam(\"id\") String id) { }", "@POST @Path(\"disaster/monster/giant/\") public void addDaikaiju(Kaiju kaiju, String id) { }", "@Path(\"/customerservice/\") public class CustomerService { @Path(\"/orders/{orderId}/\") @GET public Order getOrder(@PathParam(\"orderId\") String orderId) { } }", "@Path(\"/customerservice/\") public class CustomerService { @Path(\"/orders/{orderId}/\") @GET public Order getOrder(@PathParam(\"orderId\") String orderId) { } @Path(\"/orders/{orderId}/\") @PUT public Order updateOrder(@PathParam(\"orderId\") String orderId, Order order) { } @Path(\"/orders/\") @POST public Order newOrder(Order order) { } }", "@Path(\"/customerservice/\") public class CustomerService { @Path(\"/orders/{orderId}/\") public Order processOrder(@PathParam(\"orderId\") String orderId) { } } public class Order { @GET public Order getOrder(@PathParam(\"orderId\") String orderId) { } @PUT public Order updateOrder(@PathParam(\"orderId\") String orderId, Order order) { } }", "package org.apache.cxf.jaxrs.ext; import org.apache.cxf.jaxrs.model.ClassResourceInfo; import org.apache.cxf.jaxrs.model.OperationResourceInfo; import org.apache.cxf.message.Message; public interface ResourceComparator { int compare(ClassResourceInfo cri1, ClassResourceInfo cri2, Message message); int compare(OperationResourceInfo oper1, OperationResourceInfo oper2, Message message); }" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_fuse/7.13/html/apache_cxf_development_guide/restresourceclass
5.34. corosync	5.34. corosync 5.34.1. RHBA-2012:1237 - corosync bug fix update Updated corosync packages that fix a bug are now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. The corosync packages provide the Corosync Cluster Engine and C Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for Red Hat Enterprise Linux cluster software. Bug Fix BZ# 849554 Previously, the corosync-notifyd daemon, with dbus output enabled, waited 0.5 seconds each time a message was sent through dbus. Consequently, corosync-notifyd was extremely slow in producing output and memory of the Corosync server grew. In addition, when corosync-notifyd was killed, its memory was not freed. With this update, corosync-notifyd no longer slows down its operation with these half-second delays and Corosync now properly frees memory when an IPC client exits. Users of corosync are advised to upgrade to these updated packages, which fix this bug. 5.34.2. RHBA-2012:0777 - corosync bug fix and enhancement update Updated corosync packages that fix several bugs and add one enhancement are now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. The corosync packages provide the Corosync Cluster Engine and the C language APIs for Red Hat Enterprise Linux cluster software. Bug Fixes BZ# 741455 The mainconfig module passed an incorrect string pointer to the function that opens the corosync log file. If the path to the file (in cluster.conf) contained a non-existing directory, an incorrect error message was returned stating that there was a configuration file error. The correct error message is now returned informing the user that the log file cannot be created. BZ# 797192 The coroipcc library did not delete temporary buffers used for Inter-Process Communication (IPC) connections that are stored in the /dev/shm shared-memory file system. The /dev/shm memory resources became fully used and caused a Denial of Service event. The library has been modified so that applications delete temporary buffers if the buffers were not deleted by the corosync server. The /dev/shm system is now no longer cluttered with needless data. BZ# 758209 The range condition for the update_aru() function could cause incorrect checking of message IDs. The corosync utility entered the "FAILED TO RECEIVE" state and failed to receive multicast packets. The range value in the update_aru() function is no longer checked and the check is now performed using the fail_to_recv_const constant. BZ# 752159 If the corosync-notifyd daemon was running for a long time, the corosync process consumed an excessive amount of memory. This happened because the corosync-notifyd daemon failed to indicate that the no-longer used corosync objects were removed, resulting in memory leaks. The corosync-notifyd daemon has been fixed and the corosync memory usage no longer increases if corosync-notifyd is running for long periods of time. BZ# 743813 When a large cluster was booted or multiple corosync instances started at the same time, the CPG (Closed Process Group) events were not sent to the user. Therefore, nodes were incorrectly detected as no longer available, or as leaving and re-joining the cluster. The CPG service now checks the exit code in such scenarios properly and the CPG events are sent to users as expected. BZ# 743815 The OpenAIS EVT (Eventing) service sometimes caused deadlocks in corosync between the timer and serialize locks. The order of locking has been modified and the bug has been fixed. BZ# 743812 When corosync became overloaded, IPC messages could be lost without any notification. This happened because some services did not handle the error code returned by the totem_mcast() function. Applications that use IPC now handle the inability to send IPC messages properly and try sending the messages again. BZ# 747628 If both the corosync and cman RPM packages were installed on one system, the RPM verification process failed. This happened because both packages own the same directory but apply different rights to it. Now, the RPM packages have the same rights and the RPM verification no longer fails. BZ# 752951 corosync consumed excessive memory because the getaddrinfo() function leaked memory. The memory is now freed using the freeadrrinfo() function and getaddrinfo() no longer leaks memory. BZ# 773720 It was not possible to activate or deactivate debug logs at runtime due to memory corruption in the objdb structure. The debug logging can now be activated or deactivated on runtime, for example by the "corosync-objctl -w logging.debug=off" command. Enhancement BZ# 743810 Each IPC connection uses 48 K in the stack. Previously, multi-threading applications with reduced stack size did not work correctly, which resulted in excessive memory usage. Temporary memory resources in a heap are now allocated to the IPC connections so that multi-threading applications no longer need to justify IPC connections' stack size. All users of corosync are advised to upgrade to these updated packages, which fix these bugs and add this enhancement. 5.34.3. RHBA-2013:0731 - corosync bug fix update Updated corosync packages that fix one bug are now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Extended Update Support. The Corosync packages provide the Corosync Cluster Engine and C Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for Red Hat Enterprise Linux cluster software. Bug Fix BZ# 929100 When running applications which used the Corosync IPC library, some messages in the dispatch() function were lost or duplicated. This update properly checks the return values of the dispatch_put() function, returns the correct remaining bytes in the IPC ring buffer, and ensures that the IPC client is correctly informed about the real number of messages in the ring buffer. Now, messages in the dispatch() function are no longer lost or duplicated. Users of corosync are advised to upgrade to these updated packages, which fix this bug.	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/6.3_technical_notes/corosync
Chapter 14. Additional resources	Chapter 14. Additional resources PMML specification Packaging and deploying an Red Hat Process Automation Manager project Interacting with Red Hat Process Automation Manager using KIE APIs	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_process_automation_manager/7.13/html/developing_decision_services_in_red_hat_process_automation_manager/additional_resources_2
Chapter 1. OperatorHub APIs	Chapter 1. OperatorHub APIs 1.1. CatalogSource [operators.coreos.com/v1alpha1] Description CatalogSource is a repository of CSVs, CRDs, and operator packages. Type object 1.2. ClusterServiceVersion [operators.coreos.com/v1alpha1] Description ClusterServiceVersion is a Custom Resource of type ClusterServiceVersionSpec . Type object 1.3. InstallPlan [operators.coreos.com/v1alpha1] Description InstallPlan defines the installation of a set of operators. Type object 1.4. OLMConfig [operators.coreos.com/v1] Description OLMConfig is a resource responsible for configuring OLM. Type object 1.5. Operator [operators.coreos.com/v1] Description Operator represents a cluster operator. Type object 1.6. OperatorCondition [operators.coreos.com/v2] Description OperatorCondition is a Custom Resource of type OperatorCondition which is used to convey information to OLM about the state of an operator. Type object 1.7. OperatorGroup [operators.coreos.com/v1] Description OperatorGroup is the unit of multitenancy for OLM managed operators. It constrains the installation of operators in its namespace to a specified set of target namespaces. Type object 1.8. PackageManifest [packages.operators.coreos.com/v1] Description PackageManifest holds information about a package, which is a reference to one (or more) channels under a single package. Type object 1.9. Subscription [operators.coreos.com/v1alpha1] Description Subscription keeps operators up to date by tracking changes to Catalogs. Type object	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.12/html/operatorhub_apis/operatorhub-apis
8.14. Troubleshooting Snapshots	8.14. Troubleshooting Snapshots Situation Snapshot creation fails. Step 1 Check if the bricks are thinly provisioned by following these steps: Execute the mount command and check the device name mounted on the brick path. For example: Run the following command to check if the device has a LV pool name. For example: If the Pool field is empty, then the brick is not thinly provisioned. Ensure that the brick is thinly provisioned, and retry the snapshot create command. Step 2 Check if the bricks are down by following these steps: Execute the following command to check the status of the volume: If any bricks are down, then start the bricks by executing the following command: To verify if the bricks are up, execute the following command: Retry the snapshot create command. Step 3 Check if the node is down by following these steps: Execute the following command to check the status of the nodes: If a brick is not listed in the status, then execute the following command: If the status of the node hosting the missing brick is Disconnected , then power-up the node. Retry the snapshot create command. Step 4 Check if rebalance is in progress by following these steps: Execute the following command to check the rebalance status: If rebalance is in progress, wait for it to finish. Retry the snapshot create command. Situation Snapshot delete fails. Step 1 Check if the server quorum is met by following these steps: Execute the following command to check the peer status: If nodes are down, and the cluster is not in quorum, then power up the nodes. To verify if the cluster is in quorum, execute the following command: Retry the snapshot delete command. Situation Snapshot delete command fails on some node(s) during commit phase, leaving the system inconsistent. Solution Identify the node(s) where the delete command failed. This information is available in the delete command's error output. For example: On the node where the delete command failed, bring down glusterd using the following command: On RHEL 7 and RHEL 8, run On RHEL 6, run Important Red Hat Gluster Storage is not supported on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 (RHEL 6) from 3.5 Batch Update 1 onwards. See Version Details table in section Red Hat Gluster Storage Software Components and Versions of the Installation Guide Delete that particular snaps repository in /var/lib/glusterd/snaps/ from that node. For example: Start glusterd on that node using the following command: On RHEL 7 and RHEL 8, run On RHEL 6, run Important Red Hat Gluster Storage is not supported on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 (RHEL 6) from 3.5 Batch Update 1 onwards. See Version Details table in section Red Hat Gluster Storage Software Components and Versions of the Installation Guide Repeat the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th steps on all the nodes where the commit failed as identified in the 1st step. Retry deleting the snapshot. For example: Situation Snapshot restore fails. Step 1 Check if the server quorum is met by following these steps: Execute the following command to check the peer status: If nodes are down, and the cluster is not in quorum, then power up the nodes. To verify if the cluster is in quorum, execute the following command: Retry the snapshot restore command. Step 2 Check if the volume is in Stop state by following these steps: Execute the following command to check the volume info: If the volume is in Started state, then stop the volume using the following command: Retry the snapshot restore command. Situation Snapshot commands fail. Step 1 Check if there is a mismatch in the operating versions by following these steps: Open the following file and check for the operating version: If the operating-version is lesser than 30000, then the snapshot commands are not supported in the version the cluster is operating on. Upgrade all nodes in the cluster to Red Hat Gluster Storage 3.2 or higher. Retry the snapshot command. Situation After rolling upgrade, snapshot feature does not work. Solution You must ensure to make the following changes on the cluster to enable snapshot: Restart the volume using the following commands. Restart glusterd services on all nodes. On RHEL 7 and RHEL 8, run On RHEL 6, run Important Red Hat Gluster Storage is not supported on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 (RHEL 6) from 3.5 Batch Update 1 onwards. See Version Details table in section Red Hat Gluster Storage Software Components and Versions of the Installation Guide	[ "mount /dev/mapper/snap_lvgrp-snap_lgvol on /rhgs/brick1 type xfs (rw) /dev/mapper/snap_lvgrp1-snap_lgvol1 on /rhgs/brick2 type xfs (rw)", "lvs device-name", "lvs -o pool_lv /dev/mapper/snap_lvgrp-snap_lgvol Pool snap_thnpool", "gluster volume status VOLNAME", "gluster volume start VOLNAME force", "gluster volume status VOLNAME", "gluster volume status VOLNAME", "gluster pool list", "gluster volume rebalance VOLNAME status", "gluster pool list", "gluster pool list", "gluster snapshot delete snapshot1 Deleting snap will erase all the information about the snap. Do you still want to continue? (y/n) y snapshot delete: failed: Commit failed on 10.00.00.02. Please check log file for details. Snapshot command failed", "systemctl stop glusterd", "service glusterd stop", "rm -rf /var/lib/glusterd/snaps/snapshot1", "systemctl start glusterd", "service glusterd start.", "gluster snapshot delete snapshot1", "gluster pool list", "gluster pool list", "gluster volume info VOLNAME", "gluster volume stop VOLNAME", "/var/lib/glusterd/glusterd.info", "gluster volume stop VOLNAME gluster volume start VOLNAME", "systemctl restart glusterd", "service glusterd restart" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_gluster_storage/3.5/html/administration_guide/Troubleshooting_Snapshots
Chapter 3. Setting Up Load Balancer Prerequisites for Keepalived	Chapter 3. Setting Up Load Balancer Prerequisites for Keepalived Load Balancer using keepalived consists of two basic groups: the LVS routers and the real servers. To prevent a single point of failure, each group should have at least two members. The LVS router group should consist of two identical or very similar systems running Red Hat Enterprise Linux. One will act as the active LVS router while the other stays in hot standby mode, so they need to have as close to the same capabilities as possible. Before choosing and configuring the hardware for the real server group, determine which of the three Load Balancer topologies to use. 3.1. The NAT Load Balancer Network The NAT topology allows for great latitude in utilizing existing hardware, but it is limited in its ability to handle large loads because all packets going into and coming out of the pool pass through the Load Balancer router. Network Layout The topology for Load Balancer using NAT routing is the easiest to configure from a network layout perspective because only one access point to the public network is needed. The real servers are on a private network and respond to all requests through the LVS router. Hardware In a NAT topology, each real server only needs one NIC since it will only be responding to the LVS router. The LVS routers, on the other hand, need two NICs each to route traffic between the two networks. Because this topology creates a network bottleneck at the LVS router, Gigabit Ethernet NICs can be employed on each LVS router to increase the bandwidth the LVS routers can handle. If Gigabit Ethernet is employed on the LVS routers, any switch connecting the real servers to the LVS routers must have at least two Gigabit Ethernet ports to handle the load efficiently. Software Because the NAT topology requires the use of iptables for some configurations, there can be a large amount of software configuration outside of Keepalived. In particular, FTP services and the use of firewall marks requires extra manual configuration of the LVS routers to route requests properly. 3.1.1. Configuring Network Interfaces for Load Balancer with NAT To set up Load Balancer with NAT, you must first configure the network interfaces for the public network and the private network on the LVS routers. In this example, the LVS routers' public interfaces ( eth0 ) will be on the 203.0.113.0/24 network and the private interfaces which link to the real servers ( eth1 ) will be on the 10.11.12.0/24 network. Important At the time of writing, the NetworkManager service is not compatible with Load Balancer. In particular, IPv6 VIPs are known not to work when the IPv6 addresses are assigned by SLAAC. For this reason, the examples shown here use configuration files and the network service. On the active or primary LVS router node, the public interface's network configuration file, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 , could look something like this: The configuration file, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1 , for the private NAT interface on the LVS router could look something like this: The VIP address must be different to the static address but in the same range. In this example, the VIP for the LVS router's public interface could be configured to be 203.0.113.10 and the VIP for the private interface can be 10.11.12.10. The VIP addresses are set by the virtual_ipaddress option in the /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf file. For more information, see Section 4.1, "A Basic Keepalived configuration" . Also ensure that the real servers route requests back to the VIP for the NAT interface. Important The sample Ethernet interface configuration settings in this section are for the real IP addresses of an LVS router and not the floating IP addresses. After configuring the primary LVS router node's network interfaces, configure the backup LVS router's real network interfaces (taking care that none of the IP address conflict with any other IP addresses on the network). Important Ensure that each interface on the backup node services the same network as the interface on the primary node. For instance, if eth0 connects to the public network on the primary node, it must also connect to the public network on the backup node. 3.1.2. Routing on the Real Servers The most important thing to remember when configuring the real servers network interfaces in a NAT topology is to set the gateway for the NAT floating IP address of the LVS router. In this example, that address is 10.11.12.10. Note Once the network interfaces are up on the real servers, the machines will be unable to ping or connect in other ways to the public network. This is normal. You will, however, be able to ping the real IP for the LVS router's private interface, in this case 10.11.12.9. The real server's configuration file, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 , file could look similar to this: Warning If a real server has more than one network interface configured with a GATEWAY= line, the first one to come up will get the gateway. Therefore if both eth0 and eth1 are configured and eth1 is used for Load Balancer, the real servers may not route requests properly. It is best to turn off extraneous network interfaces by setting ONBOOT=no in their network configuration files within the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ directory or by making sure the gateway is correctly set in the interface which comes up first. 3.1.3. Enabling NAT Routing on the LVS Routers In a simple NAT Load Balancer configuration where each clustered service uses only one port, like HTTP on port 80, the administrator need only enable packet forwarding on the LVS routers for the requests to be properly routed between the outside world and the real servers. However, more configuration is necessary when the clustered services require more than one port to go to the same real server during a user session. Once forwarding is enabled on the LVS routers and the real servers are set up and have the clustered services running, use keepalived to configure IP information. Warning Do not configure the floating IP for eth0 or eth1 by manually editing network configuration files or using a network configuration tool. Instead, configure them by means of the keepalived.conf file. When finished, start the keepalived service. Once it is up and running, the active LVS router will begin routing requests to the pool of real servers.	[ "DEVICE=eth0 BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes IPADDR=203.0.113.9 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 GATEWAY=203.0.113.254", "DEVICE=eth1 BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes IPADDR=10.11.12.9 NETMASK=255.255.255.0", "DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=static IPADDR=10.11.12.1 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 GATEWAY=10.11.12.10" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/load_balancer_administration/ch-lvs-setup-prereqs-vsa
20.16.3. Device Addresses	20.16.3. Device Addresses Many devices have an optional <address> sub-element to describe where the device placed on the virtual bus is presented to the guest virtual machine. If an address (or any optional attribute within an address) is omitted on input, libvirt will generate an appropriate address; but an explicit address is required if more control over layout is required. See below for device examples including an address element. Every address has a mandatory attribute type that describes which bus the device is on. The choice of which address to use for a given device is constrained in part by the device and the architecture of the guest virtual machine. For example, a disk device uses type='disk' , while a console device would use type='pci' on the 32-bit AMD and Intel architecture or AMD64 and Intel 64 guest virtual machines, or type='spapr-vio' on PowerPC64 pseries guest virtual machines. Each address <type> has additional optional attributes that control where on the bus the device will be placed. The additional attributes are as follows: type='pci' - PCI addresses have the following additional attributes: domain (a 2-byte hex integer, not currently used by qemu) bus (a hex value between 0 and 0xff, inclusive) slot (a hex value between 0x0 and 0x1f, inclusive) function (a value between 0 and 7, inclusive) Also available is the multifunction attribute, which controls turning on the multifunction bit for a particular slot/function in the PCI control register. This multifunction attribute defaults to 'off' , but should be set to 'on' for function 0 of a slot that will have multiple functions used. type='drive - drive addresses have the following additional attributes: controller - (a 2-digit controller number) bus - (a 2-digit bus number) target - (a 2-digit bus number) unit - (a 2-digit unit number on the bus) type='virtio-serial' - Each virtio-serial address has the following additional attributes: controller - (a 2-digit controller number) bus - (a 2-digit bus number) slot - (a 2-digit slot within the bus) type='ccid' - A CCID address, used for smart-cards, has the following additional attributes: bus - (a 2-digit bus number) slot attribute - (a 2-digit slot within the bus) type='usb' - USB addresses have the following additional attributes: bus - (a hex value between 0 and 0xfff, inclusive) port - (a dotted notation of up to four octets, such as 1.2 or 2.1.3.1) type='spapr-vio - On PowerPC pseries guest virtual machines, devices can be assigned to the SPAPR-VIO bus. It has a flat 64-bit address space; by convention, devices are generally assigned at a non-zero multiple of 0x1000, but other addresses are valid and permitted by libvirt. The additional attribute: reg (the hex value address of the starting register) can be assigned to this attribute.	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/virtualization_administration_guide/sub-section-libvirt-dom-xml-devices-device-addresses
4.274. rpm	4.274. rpm 4.274.1. RHSA-2012:0451 - Important: rpm security update Updated rpm packages that fix multiple security issues are now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and 6; Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 and 4 Extended Life Cycle Support; Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 Long Life; and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.6, 6.0 and 6.1 Extended Update Support. The Red Hat Security Response Team has rated this update as having important security impact. Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) associated with each description below. The RPM Package Manager (RPM) is a command-line driven package management system capable of installing, uninstalling, verifying, querying, and updating software packages. Security Fix CVE-2012-0060 , CVE-2012-0061 , CVE-2012-0815 Multiple flaws were found in the way RPM parsed package file headers. An attacker could create a specially-crafted RPM package that, when its package header was accessed, or during package signature verification, could cause an application using the RPM library (such as the rpm command line tool, or the yum and up2date package managers) to crash or, potentially, execute arbitrary code. Note: Although an RPM package can, by design, execute arbitrary code when installed, this issue would allow a specially-crafted RPM package to execute arbitrary code before its digital signature has been verified. Package downloads from the Red Hat Network are protected by the use of a secure HTTPS connection in addition to the RPM package signature checks. All RPM users should upgrade to these updated packages, which contain a backported patch to correct these issues. All running applications linked against the RPM library must be restarted for this update to take effect. 4.274.2. RHBA-2011:1737 - rpm bug fix and enhancement update Updated rpm packages that fix several bugs and add one enhancement are now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. The RPM Package Manager (RPM) is a powerful command line driven package management system that can install, uninstall, verify, query and update software packages. Bug Fixes BZ# 651951 Prior to this update, RPM did not allow for self-conflicts. As a result, a package could not be installed if a conflict was added against the name of this package. With this update self-conflicts are permitted. Now, packages can be installed as expected. BZ# 674348 The rpm2cpio.sh utility was omitted when RPM switched the default compression format for the package payload to xz. As a consequence, the utility was not able to extract files. This update adds the xz support for rpm2cpio.sh and the utility now extracts files successfully. BZ# 705115 Prior to this update, when installing a package containing the same files as an already installed package, the file with the less preferred architecture was overwritten silently even if the file was not a binary. With this update, only binary files can overwrite other binary files; conflicting non-identical and non-binary files print an error message. BZ# 705993 Previously, files, that were listed in the spec file with the %defattr(-) directive, did not keep the attributes they had in the build root. With this update, the modified RPM can now keep these attributes. BZ# 707449 Prior to this update, signing packages that had already been signed with the same key could cause the entire signing process to abort. With this update, RPM is modified so that packages with identical signatures are skipped and the others are signed. BZ# 721363 Prior to this update, passing packages with a broken signature could cause the librpm library to crash. The source code has been revised and broken signatures are now rejected. Enhancement BZ# 680889 Previously, importing GPG keys that had already been imported before could cause RPM to fail with an error message. RPM has been modified and now imports the keys successfully. All users of RPM are advised to upgrade to these updated packages, which fix these bugs and add this enhancement.	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/6.2_technical_notes/rpm
Chapter 6. Deleting a machine	Chapter 6. Deleting a machine You can delete a specific machine. 6.1. Deleting a specific machine You can delete a specific machine. Important Do not delete a control plane machine unless your cluster uses a control plane machine set. Prerequisites Install an OpenShift Container Platform cluster. Install the OpenShift CLI ( oc ). Log in to oc as a user with cluster-admin permission. Procedure View the machines that are in the cluster by running the following command: USD oc get machine -n openshift-machine-api The command output contains a list of machines in the <clusterid>-<role>-<cloud_region> format. Identify the machine that you want to delete. Delete the machine by running the following command: USD oc delete machine <machine> -n openshift-machine-api Important By default, the machine controller tries to drain the node that is backed by the machine until it succeeds. In some situations, such as with a misconfigured pod disruption budget, the drain operation might not be able to succeed. If the drain operation fails, the machine controller cannot proceed removing the machine. You can skip draining the node by annotating machine.openshift.io/exclude-node-draining in a specific machine. If the machine that you delete belongs to a machine set, a new machine is immediately created to satisfy the specified number of replicas. 6.2. Lifecycle hooks for the machine deletion phase Machine lifecycle hooks are points in the reconciliation lifecycle of a machine where the normal lifecycle process can be interrupted. In the machine Deleting phase, these interruptions provide the opportunity for components to modify the machine deletion process. 6.2.1. Terminology and definitions To understand the behavior of lifecycle hooks for the machine deletion phase, you must understand the following concepts: Reconciliation Reconciliation is the process by which a controller attempts to make the real state of the cluster and the objects that it comprises match the requirements in an object specification. Machine controller The machine controller manages the reconciliation lifecycle for a machine. For machines on cloud platforms, the machine controller is the combination of an OpenShift Container Platform controller and a platform-specific actuator from the cloud provider. In the context of machine deletion, the machine controller performs the following actions: Drain the node that is backed by the machine. Delete the machine instance from the cloud provider. Delete the Node object. Lifecycle hook A lifecycle hook is a defined point in the reconciliation lifecycle of an object where the normal lifecycle process can be interrupted. Components can use a lifecycle hook to inject changes into the process to accomplish a desired outcome. There are two lifecycle hooks in the machine Deleting phase: preDrain lifecycle hooks must be resolved before the node that is backed by the machine can be drained. preTerminate lifecycle hooks must be resolved before the instance can be removed from the infrastructure provider. Hook-implementing controller A hook-implementing controller is a controller, other than the machine controller, that can interact with a lifecycle hook. A hook-implementing controller can do one or more of the following actions: Add a lifecycle hook. Respond to a lifecycle hook. Remove a lifecycle hook. Each lifecycle hook has a single hook-implementing controller, but a hook-implementing controller can manage one or more hooks. 6.2.2. Machine deletion processing order In OpenShift Container Platform 4.12, there are two lifecycle hooks for the machine deletion phase: preDrain and preTerminate . When all hooks for a given lifecycle point are removed, reconciliation continues as normal. Figure 6.1. Machine deletion flow The machine Deleting phase proceeds in the following order: An existing machine is slated for deletion for one of the following reasons: A user with cluster-admin permissions uses the oc delete machine command. The machine gets a machine.openshift.io/delete-machine annotation. The machine set that manages the machine marks it for deletion to reduce the replica count as part of reconciliation. The cluster autoscaler identifies a node that is unnecessary to meet the deployment needs of the cluster. A machine health check is configured to replace an unhealthy machine. The machine enters the Deleting phase, in which it is marked for deletion but is still present in the API. If a preDrain lifecycle hook exists, the hook-implementing controller that manages it does a specified action. Until all preDrain lifecycle hooks are satisfied, the machine status condition Drainable is set to False . There are no unresolved preDrain lifecycle hooks and the machine status condition Drainable is set to True . The machine controller attempts to drain the node that is backed by the machine. If draining fails, Drained is set to False and the machine controller attempts to drain the node again. If draining succeeds, Drained is set to True . The machine status condition Drained is set to True . If a preTerminate lifecycle hook exists, the hook-implementing controller that manages it does a specified action. Until all preTerminate lifecycle hooks are satisfied, the machine status condition Terminable is set to False . There are no unresolved preTerminate lifecycle hooks and the machine status condition Terminable is set to True . The machine controller removes the instance from the infrastructure provider. The machine controller deletes the Node object. 6.2.3. Deletion lifecycle hook configuration The following YAML snippets demonstrate the format and placement of deletion lifecycle hook configurations within a machine set: YAML snippet demonstrating a preDrain lifecycle hook apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: Machine metadata: ... spec: lifecycleHooks: preDrain: - name: <hook_name> 1 owner: <hook_owner> 2 ... 1 The name of the preDrain lifecycle hook. 2 The hook-implementing controller that manages the preDrain lifecycle hook. YAML snippet demonstrating a preTerminate lifecycle hook apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: Machine metadata: ... spec: lifecycleHooks: preTerminate: - name: <hook_name> 1 owner: <hook_owner> 2 ... 1 The name of the preTerminate lifecycle hook. 2 The hook-implementing controller that manages the preTerminate lifecycle hook. Example lifecycle hook configuration The following example demonstrates the implementation of multiple fictional lifecycle hooks that interrupt the machine deletion process: Example configuration for lifecycle hooks apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: Machine metadata: ... spec: lifecycleHooks: preDrain: 1 - name: MigrateImportantApp owner: my-app-migration-controller preTerminate: 2 - name: BackupFileSystem owner: my-backup-controller - name: CloudProviderSpecialCase owner: my-custom-storage-detach-controller 3 - name: WaitForStorageDetach owner: my-custom-storage-detach-controller ... 1 A preDrain lifecycle hook stanza that contains a single lifecycle hook. 2 A preTerminate lifecycle hook stanza that contains three lifecycle hooks. 3 A hook-implementing controller that manages two preTerminate lifecycle hooks: CloudProviderSpecialCase and WaitForStorageDetach . 6.2.4. Machine deletion lifecycle hook examples for Operator developers Operators can use lifecycle hooks for the machine deletion phase to modify the machine deletion process. The following examples demonstrate possible ways that an Operator can use this functionality. Example use cases for preDrain lifecycle hooks Proactively replacing machines An Operator can use a preDrain lifecycle hook to ensure that a replacement machine is successfully created and joined to the cluster before removing the instance of a deleted machine. This can mitigate the impact of disruptions during machine replacement or of replacement instances that do not initialize promptly. Implementing custom draining logic An Operator can use a preDrain lifecycle hook to replace the machine controller draining logic with a different draining controller. By replacing the draining logic, the Operator would have more flexibility and control over the lifecycle of the workloads on each node. For example, the machine controller drain libraries do not support ordering, but a custom drain provider could provide this functionality. By using a custom drain provider, an Operator could prioritize moving mission-critical applications before draining the node to ensure that service interruptions are minimized in cases where cluster capacity is limited. Example use cases for preTerminate lifecycle hooks Verifying storage detachment An Operator can use a preTerminate lifecycle hook to ensure that storage that is attached to a machine is detached before the machine is removed from the infrastructure provider. Improving log reliability After a node is drained, the log exporter daemon requires some time to synchronize logs to the centralized logging system. A logging Operator can use a preTerminate lifecycle hook to add a delay between when the node drains and when the machine is removed from the infrastructure provider. This delay would provide time for the Operator to ensure that the main workloads are removed and no longer adding to the log backlog. When no new data is being added to the log backlog, the log exporter can catch up on the synchronization process, thus ensuring that all application logs are captured. 6.2.5. Quorum protection with machine lifecycle hooks For OpenShift Container Platform clusters that use the Machine API Operator, the etcd Operator uses lifecycle hooks for the machine deletion phase to implement a quorum protection mechanism. By using a preDrain lifecycle hook, the etcd Operator can control when the pods on a control plane machine are drained and removed. To protect etcd quorum, the etcd Operator prevents the removal of an etcd member until it migrates that member onto a new node within the cluster. This mechanism allows the etcd Operator precise control over the members of the etcd quorum and allows the Machine API Operator to safely create and remove control plane machines without specific operational knowledge of the etcd cluster. 6.2.5.1. Control plane deletion with quorum protection processing order When a control plane machine is replaced on a cluster that uses a control plane machine set, the cluster temporarily has four control plane machines. When the fourth control plane node joins the cluster, the etcd Operator starts a new etcd member on the replacement node. When the etcd Operator observes that the old control plane machine is marked for deletion, it stops the etcd member on the old node and promotes the replacement etcd member to join the quorum of the cluster. The control plane machine Deleting phase proceeds in the following order: A control plane machine is slated for deletion. The control plane machine enters the Deleting phase. To satisfy the preDrain lifecycle hook, the etcd Operator takes the following actions: The etcd Operator waits until a fourth control plane machine is added to the cluster as an etcd member. This new etcd member has a state of Running but not ready until it receives the full database update from the etcd leader. When the new etcd member receives the full database update, the etcd Operator promotes the new etcd member to a voting member and removes the old etcd member from the cluster. After this transition is complete, it is safe for the old etcd pod and its data to be removed, so the preDrain lifecycle hook is removed. The control plane machine status condition Drainable is set to True . The machine controller attempts to drain the node that is backed by the control plane machine. If draining fails, Drained is set to False and the machine controller attempts to drain the node again. If draining succeeds, Drained is set to True . The control plane machine status condition Drained is set to True . If no other Operators have added a preTerminate lifecycle hook, the control plane machine status condition Terminable is set to True . The machine controller removes the instance from the infrastructure provider. The machine controller deletes the Node object. YAML snippet demonstrating the etcd quorum protection preDrain lifecycle hook apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: Machine metadata: ... spec: lifecycleHooks: preDrain: - name: EtcdQuorumOperator 1 owner: clusteroperator/etcd 2 ... 1 The name of the preDrain lifecycle hook. 2 The hook-implementing controller that manages the preDrain lifecycle hook. 6.3. Additional resources Machine phases and lifecycle Replacing an unhealthy etcd member Managing control plane machines with control plane machine sets	[ "oc get machine -n openshift-machine-api", "oc delete machine <machine> -n openshift-machine-api", "apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: Machine metadata: spec: lifecycleHooks: preDrain: - name: <hook_name> 1 owner: <hook_owner> 2", "apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: Machine metadata: spec: lifecycleHooks: preTerminate: - name: <hook_name> 1 owner: <hook_owner> 2", "apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: Machine metadata: spec: lifecycleHooks: preDrain: 1 - name: MigrateImportantApp owner: my-app-migration-controller preTerminate: 2 - name: BackupFileSystem owner: my-backup-controller - name: CloudProviderSpecialCase owner: my-custom-storage-detach-controller 3 - name: WaitForStorageDetach owner: my-custom-storage-detach-controller", "apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1 kind: Machine metadata: spec: lifecycleHooks: preDrain: - name: EtcdQuorumOperator 1 owner: clusteroperator/etcd 2" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.12/html/machine_management/deleting-machine
2.2. Failover	2.2. Failover Post connection failover will be used if you are using an administration connection (such as what is used by AdminShell) or if the autoFailover connection property is set to true. Post connection failover works by sending a ping, at most every second, to test the connection prior to use. If the ping fails, a new instance will be selected prior to the operation being attempted. This is not considered to be true transparent application failover because the client does not restart transactions or queries, nor will it recreate session scoped temporary tables. Warning Extreme caution should be exercised if using this with non-admin connections.	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_jboss_data_virtualization/6.4/html/development_guide_volume_1_client_development/failover2
Chapter 4. Ceph Object Gateway and the Swift API	Chapter 4. Ceph Object Gateway and the Swift API As a developer, you can use a RESTful application programming interface (API) that is compatible with the Swift API data access model. You can manage the buckets and objects stored in Red Hat Ceph Storage cluster through the Ceph Object Gateway. The following table describes the support status for current Swift functional features: Table 4.1. Features Feature Status Remarks Authentication Supported Get Account Metadata Supported No custom metadata Swift ACLs Supported Supports a subset of Swift ACLs List Containers Supported List Container's Objects Supported Create Container Supported Delete Container Supported Get Container Metadata Supported Add/Update Container Metadata Supported Delete Container Metadata Supported Get Object Supported Create/Update an Object Supported Create Large Object Supported Delete Object Supported Copy Object Supported Get Object Metadata Supported Add/Update Object Metadata Supported Temp URL Operations Supported CORS Not Supported Expiring Objects Supported Object Versioning Not Supported Static Website Not Supported Prerequisites A running Red Hat Ceph Storage cluster. A RESTful client. 4.1. Swift API limitations Important The following limitations should be used with caution. There are implications related to your hardware selections, so you should always discuss these requirements with your Red Hat account team. Maximum object size when using Swift API: 5GB Maximum metadata size when using Swift API: There is no defined limit on the total size of user metadata that can be applied to an object, but a single HTTP request is limited to 16,000 bytes. 4.2. Create a Swift user To test the Swift interface, create a Swift subuser. Creating a Swift user is a two-step process. The first step is to create the user. The second step is to create the secret key. Note In a multi-site deployment, always create a user on a host in the master zone of the master zone group. Prerequisites Installation of the Ceph Object Gateway. Root-level access to the Ceph Object Gateway node. Procedure Create the Swift user: Syntax Replace NAME with the Swift user name, for example: Example Create the secret key: Syntax Replace NAME with the Swift user name, for example: Example 4.3. Swift authenticating a user To authenticate a user, make a request containing an X-Auth-User and a X-Auth-Key in the header. Syntax Example Response Note You can retrieve data about Ceph's Swift-compatible service by executing GET requests using the X-Storage-Url value during authentication. Additional Resources See the Red Hat Ceph Storage Developer Guide for Swift request headers. See the Red Hat Ceph Storage Developer Guide for Swift response headers. 4.4. Swift container operations As a developer, you can perform container operations with the Swift application programming interface (API) through the Ceph Object Gateway. You can list, create, update, and delete containers. You can also add or update the container's metadata. Prerequisites A running Red Hat Ceph Storage cluster. A RESTful client. 4.4.1. Swift container operations A container is a mechanism for storing data objects. An account can have many containers, but container names must be unique. This API enables a client to create a container, set access controls and metadata, retrieve a container's contents, and delete a container. Since this API makes requests related to information in a particular user's account, all requests in this API must be authenticated unless a container's access control is deliberately made publicly accessible, that is, allows anonymous requests. Note The Amazon S3 API uses the term 'bucket' to describe a data container. When you hear someone refer to a 'bucket' within the Swift API, the term 'bucket' might be construed as the equivalent of the term 'container.' One facet of object storage is that it does not support hierarchical paths or directories. Instead, it supports one level consisting of one or more containers, where each container might have objects. The RADOS Gateway's Swift-compatible API supports the notion of 'pseudo-hierarchical containers', which is a means of using object naming to emulate a container, or directory hierarchy without actually implementing one in the storage system. You can name objects with pseudo-hierarchical names, for example, photos/buildings/empire-state.jpg, but container names cannot contain a forward slash ( / ) character. Important When uploading large objects to versioned Swift containers, use the --leave-segments option with the python-swiftclient utility. Not using --leave-segments overwrites the manifest file. Consequently, an existing object is overwritten, which leads to data loss. 4.4.2. Swift update a container's Access Control List (ACL) When a user creates a container, the user has read and write access to the container by default. To allow other users to read a container's contents or write to a container, you must specifically enable the user. You can also specify * in the X-Container-Read or X-Container-Write settings, which effectively enables all users to either read from or write to the container. Setting * makes the container public. That is it enables anonymous users to either read from or write to the container. Syntax Request Headers X-Container-Read Description The user IDs with read permissions for the container. Type Comma-separated string values of user IDs. Required No X-Container-Write Description The user IDs with write permissions for the container. Type Comma-separated string values of user IDs. Required No 4.4.3. Swift list containers A GET request that specifies the API version and the account will return a list of containers for a particular user account. Since the request returns a particular user's containers, the request requires an authentication token. The request cannot be made anonymously. Syntax Request Parameters limit Description Limits the number of results to the specified value. Type Integer Valid Values N/A Required Yes format Description Limits the number of results to the specified value. Type Integer Valid Values json or xml Required No marker Description Returns a list of results greater than the marker value. Type String Valid Values N/A Required No The response contains a list of containers, or returns with an HTTP 204 response code. Response Entities account Description A list for account information. Type Container container Description The list of containers. Type Container name Description The name of a container. Type String bytes Description The size of the container. Type Integer 4.4.4. Swift list a container's objects To list the objects within a container, make a GET request with the API version, account, and the name of the container. You can specify query parameters to filter the full list, or leave out the parameters to return a list of the first 10,000 object names stored in the container. Syntax Request Parameters format Description Limits the number of results to the specified value. Type Integer Valid Values json or xml Required No prefix Description Limits the result set to objects beginning with the specified prefix. Type String Valid Values N/A Required No marker Description Returns a list of results greater than the marker value. Type String Valid Values N/A Required No limit Description Limits the number of results to the specified value. Type Integer Valid Values 0 - 10,000 Required No delimiter Description The delimiter between the prefix and the rest of the object name. Type String Valid Values N/A Required No path Description The pseudo-hierarchical path of the objects. Type String Valid Values N/A Required No Response Entities container Description The container. Type Container object Description An object within the container. Type Container name Description The name of an object within the container. Type String hash Description A hash code of the object's contents. Type String last_modified Description The last time the object's contents were modified. Type Date content_type Description The type of content within the object. Type String 4.4.5. Swift create a container To create a new container, make a PUT request with the API version, account, and the name of the new container. The container name must be unique, must not contain a forward-slash (/) character, and should be less than 256 bytes. You can include access control headers and metadata headers in the request. You can also include a storage policy identifying a key for a set of placement pools. For example, execute radosgw-admin zone get to see a list of available keys under placement_pools . A storage policy enables you to specify a special set of pools for the container, for example, SSD-based storage. The operation is idempotent. If you make a request to create a container that already exists, it will return with a HTTP 202 return code, but will not create another container. Syntax Headers X-Container-Read Description The user IDs with read permissions for the container. Type Comma-separated string values of user IDs. Required No X-Container-Write Description The user IDs with write permissions for the container. Type Comma-separated string values of user IDs. Required No X-Container-Meta- KEY Description A user-defined metadata key that takes an arbitrary string value. Type String Required No X-Storage-Policy Description The key that identifies the storage policy under placement_pools for the Ceph Object Gateway. Execute radosgw-admin zone get for available keys. Type String Required No If a container with the same name already exists, and the user is the container owner then the operation will succeed. Otherwise, the operation will fail. HTTP Response 409 Status Code BucketAlreadyExists Description The container already exists under a different user's ownership. 4.4.6. Swift delete a container To delete a container, make a DELETE request with the API version, account, and the name of the container. The container must be empty. If you'd like to check if the container is empty, execute a HEAD request against the container. Once you've successfully removed the container, you'll be able to reuse the container name. Syntax HTTP Response 204 Status Code NoContent Description The container was removed. 4.4.7. Swift add or update the container metadata To add metadata to a container, make a POST request with the API version, account, and container name. You must have write permissions on the container to add or update metadata. Syntax Request Headers X-Container-Meta- KEY Description A user-defined metadata key that takes an arbitrary string value. Type String Required No 4.5. Swift object operations As a developer, you can perform object operations with the Swift application programming interface (API) through the Ceph Object Gateway. You can list, create, update, and delete objects. You can also add or update the object's metadata. Prerequisites A running Red Hat Ceph Storage cluster. A RESTful client. 4.5.1. Swift object operations An object is a container for storing data and metadata. A container might have many objects, but the object names must be unique. This API enables a client to create an object, set access controls and metadata, retrieve an object's data and metadata, and delete an object. Since this API makes requests related to information in a particular user's account, all requests in this API must be authenticated. Unless the container or object's access control is deliberately made publicly accessible, that is, allows anonymous requests. 4.5.2. Swift get an object To retrieve an object, make a GET request with the API version, account, container, and object name. You must have read permissions on the container to retrieve an object within it. Syntax Request Headers range Description To retrieve a subset of an object's contents, you can specify a byte range. Type Date Required No If-Modified-Since Description Only copies if modified since the date and time of the source object's last_modified attribute. Type Date Required No If-Unmodified-Since Description Only copies if not modified since the date and time of the source object's last_modified attribute. Type Date Required No Copy-If-Match Description Copies only if the ETag in the request matches the source object's ETag. Type ETag Required No Copy-If-None-Match Description Copies only if the ETag in the request does not match the source object's ETag. Type ETag Required No Response Headers Content-Range Description The range of the subset of object contents. Returned only if the range header field was specified in the request. 4.5.3. Swift create or update an object To create a new object, make a PUT request with the API version, account, container name, and the name of the new object. You must have write permission on the container to create or update an object. The object name must be unique within the container. The PUT request is not idempotent, so if you do not use a unique name, the request will update the object. However, you can use pseudo-hierarchical syntax in the object name to distinguish it from another object of the same name if it is under a different pseudo-hierarchical directory. You can include access control headers and metadata headers in the request. Syntax Request Headers ETag Description An MD5 hash of the object's contents. Recommended. Type String Valid Values N/A Required No Content-Type Description An MD5 hash of the object's contents. Type String Valid Values N/A Required No Transfer-Encoding Description Indicates whether the object is part of a larger aggregate object. Type String Valid Values chunked Required No 4.5.4. Swift delete an object To delete an object, make a DELETE request with the API version, account, container, and object name. You must have write permissions on the container to delete an object within it. Once you've successfully deleted the object, you will be able to reuse the object name. Syntax 4.5.5. Swift copy an object Copying an object allows you to make a server-side copy of an object, so that you do not have to download it and upload it under another container. To copy the contents of one object to another object, you can make either a PUT request or a COPY request with the API version, account, and the container name. For a PUT request, use the destination container and object name in the request, and the source container and object in the request header. For a Copy request, use the source container and object in the request, and the destination container and object in the request header. You must have write permission on the container to copy an object. The destination object name must be unique within the container. The request is not idempotent, so if you do not use a unique name, the request will update the destination object. You can use pseudo-hierarchical syntax in the object name to distinguish the destination object from the source object of the same name if it is under a different pseudo-hierarchical directory. You can include access control headers and metadata headers in the request. Syntax or alternatively: Syntax Request Headers X-Copy-From Description Used with a PUT request to define the source container/object path. Type String Required Yes, if using PUT . Destination Description Used with a COPY request to define the destination container/object path. Type String Required Yes, if using COPY . If-Modified-Since Description Only copies if modified since the date and time of the source object's last_modified attribute. Type Date Required No If-Unmodified-Since Description Only copies if not modified since the date and time of the source object's last_modified attribute. Type Date Required No Copy-If-Match Description Copies only if the ETag in the request matches the source object's ETag. Type ETag Required No Copy-If-None-Match Description Copies only if the ETag in the request does not match the source object's ETag. Type ETag Required No 4.5.6. Swift get object metadata To retrieve an object's metadata, make a HEAD request with the API version, account, container, and object name. You must have read permissions on the container to retrieve metadata from an object within the container. This request returns the same header information as the request for the object itself, but it does not return the object's data. Syntax 4.5.7. Swift add or update object metadata To add metadata to an object, make a POST request with the API version, account, container, and object name. You must have write permissions on the parent container to add or update metadata. Syntax Request Headers X-Object-Meta- KEY Description A user-defined meta data key that takes an arbitrary string value. Type String Required No 4.6. Swift temporary URL operations To allow temporary access, temp url functionality is supported by swift endpoint of radosgw . For example GET requests, to objects without the need to share credentials. For this functionality, initially the value of X-Account-Meta-Temp-URL-Key and optionally X-Account-Meta-Temp-URL-Key-2 should be set. The Temp URL functionality relies on a HMAC-SHA1 signature against these secret keys. 4.7. Swift get temporary URL objects Temporary URL uses a cryptographic HMAC-SHA1 signature, which includes the following elements: The value of the Request method, "GET" for instance The expiry time, in the format of seconds since the epoch, that is, Unix time The request path starting from "v1" onwards The above items are normalized with newlines appended between them, and a HMAC is generated using the SHA-1 hashing algorithm against one of the Temp URL Keys posted earlier. A sample python script to demonstrate the above is given below: Example Example Output 4.8. Swift POST temporary URL keys A POST request to the swift account with the required Key will set the secret temp URL key for the account against which temporary URL access can be provided to accounts. Up to two keys are supported, and signatures are checked against both the keys, if present, so that keys can be rotated without invalidating the temporary URLs. Syntax Request Headers X-Account-Meta-Temp-URL-Key Description A user-defined key that takes an arbitrary string value. Type String Required Yes X-Account-Meta-Temp-URL-Key-2 Description A user-defined key that takes an arbitrary string value. Type String Required No 4.9. Swift multi-tenancy container operations When a client application accesses containers, it always operates with credentials of a particular user. In Red Hat Ceph Storage cluster, every user belongs to a tenant. Consequently, every container operation has an implicit tenant in its context if no tenant is specified explicitly. Thus multi-tenancy is completely backward compatible with releases, as long as the referred containers and referring user belong to the same tenant. Extensions employed to specify an explicit tenant differ according to the protocol and authentication system used. A colon character separates tenant and container, thus a sample URL would be: Example By contrast, in a create_container() method, simply separate the tenant and container in the container method itself: Example	[ "radosgw-admin subuser create --uid= NAME --subuser= NAME :swift --access=full", "radosgw-admin subuser create --uid=testuser --subuser=testuser:swift --access=full { \"user_id\": \"testuser\", \"display_name\": \"First User\", \"email\": \"\", \"suspended\": 0, \"max_buckets\": 1000, \"auid\": 0, \"subusers\": [ { \"id\": \"testuser:swift\", \"permissions\": \"full-control\" } ], \"keys\": [ { \"user\": \"testuser\", \"access_key\": \"O8JDE41XMI74O185EHKD\", \"secret_key\": \"i4Au2yxG5wtr1JK01mI8kjJPM93HNAoVWOSTdJd6\" } ], \"swift_keys\": [ { \"user\": \"testuser:swift\", \"secret_key\": \"13TLtdEW7bCqgttQgPzxFxziu0AgabtOc6vM8DLA\" } ], \"caps\": [], \"op_mask\": \"read, write, delete\", \"default_placement\": \"\", \"placement_tags\": [], \"bucket_quota\": { \"enabled\": false, \"check_on_raw\": false, \"max_size\": -1, \"max_size_kb\": 0, \"max_objects\": -1 }, \"user_quota\": { \"enabled\": false, \"check_on_raw\": false, \"max_size\": -1, \"max_size_kb\": 0, \"max_objects\": -1 }, \"temp_url_keys\": [], \"type\": \"rgw\" }", "radosgw-admin key create --subuser= NAME :swift --key-type=swift --gen-secret", "radosgw-admin key create --subuser=testuser:swift --key-type=swift --gen-secret { \"user_id\": \"testuser\", \"display_name\": \"First User\", \"email\": \"\", \"suspended\": 0, \"max_buckets\": 1000, \"auid\": 0, \"subusers\": [ { \"id\": \"testuser:swift\", \"permissions\": \"full-control\" } ], \"keys\": [ { \"user\": \"testuser\", \"access_key\": \"O8JDE41XMI74O185EHKD\", \"secret_key\": \"i4Au2yxG5wtr1JK01mI8kjJPM93HNAoVWOSTdJd6\" } ], \"swift_keys\": [ { \"user\": \"testuser:swift\", \"secret_key\": \"a4ioT4jEP653CDcdU8p4OuhruwABBRZmyNUbnSSt\" } ], \"caps\": [], \"op_mask\": \"read, write, delete\", \"default_placement\": \"\", \"placement_tags\": [], \"bucket_quota\": { \"enabled\": false, \"check_on_raw\": false, \"max_size\": -1, \"max_size_kb\": 0, \"max_objects\": -1 }, \"user_quota\": { \"enabled\": false, \"check_on_raw\": false, \"max_size\": -1, \"max_size_kb\": 0, \"max_objects\": -1 }, \"temp_url_keys\": [], \"type\": \"rgw\" }", "GET /auth HTTP/1.1 Host: swift.example.com X-Auth-User: johndoe X-Auth-Key: R7UUOLFDI2ZI9PRCQ53K", "HTTP/1.1 204 No Content Date: Mon, 16 Jul 2012 11:05:33 GMT Server: swift X-Storage-Url: https://swift.example.com X-Storage-Token: UOlCCC8TahFKlWuv9DB09TWHF0nDjpPElha0kAa Content-Length: 0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8", "POST / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT / TENANT : CONTAINER HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN X-Container-Read: * X-Container-Write: UID1 , UID2 , UID3", "GET / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN", "GET / API_VERSION / TENANT : CONTAINER HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN", "PUT / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT / TENANT : CONTAINER HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN X-Container-Read: COMMA_SEPARATED_UIDS X-Container-Write: COMMA_SEPARATED_UIDS X-Container-Meta- KEY : VALUE X-Storage-Policy: PLACEMENT_POOLS_KEY", "DELETE / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT / TENANT : CONTAINER HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN", "POST / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT / TENANT : CONTAINER HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN X-Container-Meta-Color: red X-Container-Meta-Taste: salty", "GET / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT / TENANT : CONTAINER / OBJECT HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN", "PUT / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT / TENANT : CONTAINER HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN", "DELETE / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT / TENANT : CONTAINER / OBJECT HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN", "PUT / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT / TENANT : CONTAINER HTTP/1.1 X-Copy-From: TENANT : SOURCE_CONTAINER / SOURCE_OBJECT Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN", "COPY / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT / TENANT : SOURCE_CONTAINER / SOURCE_OBJECT HTTP/1.1 Destination: TENANT : DEST_CONTAINER / DEST_OBJECT", "HEAD / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT / TENANT : CONTAINER / OBJECT HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN", "POST / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT / TENANT : CONTAINER / OBJECT HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN", "import hmac from hashlib import sha1 from time import time method = 'GET' host = 'https://objectstore.example.com' duration_in_seconds = 300 # Duration for which the url is valid expires = int(time() + duration_in_seconds) path = '/v1/your-bucket/your-object' key = 'secret' hmac_body = '%s\\n%s\\n%s' % (method, expires, path) hmac_body = hmac.new(key, hmac_body, sha1).hexdigest() sig = hmac.new(key, hmac_body, sha1).hexdigest() rest_uri = \"{host}{path}?temp_url_sig={sig}&temp_url_expires={expires}\".format( host=host, path=path, sig=sig, expires=expires) print rest_uri", "https://objectstore.example.com/v1/your-bucket/your-object?temp_url_sig=ff4657876227fc6025f04fcf1e82818266d022c6&temp_url_expires=1423200992", "POST / API_VERSION / ACCOUNT HTTP/1.1 Host: FULLY_QUALIFIED_DOMAIN_NAME X-Auth-Token: AUTH_TOKEN", "https://rgw.domain.com/tenant:container", "create_container(\"tenant:container\")" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_ceph_storage/6/html/developer_guide/ceph-object-gateway-and-the-swift-api
Chapter 10. Configuring seccomp profiles	Chapter 10. Configuring seccomp profiles An OpenShift Container Platform container or a pod runs a single application that performs one or more well-defined tasks. The application usually requires only a small subset of the underlying operating system kernel APIs. Seccomp, secure computing mode, is a Linux kernel feature that can be used to limit the process running in a container to only call a subset of the available system calls. These system calls can be configured by creating a profile that is applied to a container or pod. Seccomp profiles are stored as JSON files on the disk. Important OpenShift workloads run unconfined by default, without any seccomp profile applied. Important Seccomp profiles cannot be applied to privileged containers. 10.1. Enabling the default seccomp profile for all pods OpenShift Container Platform ships with a default seccomp profile that is referenced as runtime/default . You can enable the default seccomp profile for a pod or container workload by creating a custom Security Context Constraint (SCC). Note There is a requirement to create a custom SCC. Do not edit the default SCCs. Editing the default SCCs can lead to issues when some of the platform pods deploy or OpenShift Container Platform is upgraded. For more information, see the section entitled "Default security context constraints". Follow these steps to enable the default seccomp profile for all pods: Export the available restricted SCC to a yaml file: USD oc get scc restricted -o yaml > restricted-seccomp.yaml Edit the created restricted SCC yaml file: USD vi restricted-seccomp.yaml Update as shown in this example: kind: SecurityContextConstraints metadata: name: restricted 1 <..snip..> seccompProfiles: 2 - runtime/default 3 1 Change to restricted-seccomp 2 Add seccompProfiles: 3 Add - runtime/default Create the custom SCC: USD oc create -f restricted-seccomp.yaml Expected output securitycontextconstraints.security.openshift.io/restricted-seccomp created Add the custom SCC to the ServiceAccount: USD oc adm policy add-scc-to-user restricted-seccomp -z default Note The default service account is the ServiceAccount that is applied unless the user configures a different one. OpenShift Container Platform configures the seccomp profile of the pod based on the information in the SCC. Expected output clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/system:openshift:scc:restricted-seccomp added: "default" In OpenShift Container Platform 4.7 the ability to add the pod annotations seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/pod: runtime/default and container.seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/<container_name>: runtime/default is deprecated. 10.2. Configuring a custom seccomp profile You can configure a custom seccomp profile, which allows you to update the filters based on the application requirements. This allows cluster administrators to have greater control over the security of workloads running in OpenShift Container Platform. 10.2.1. Setting up the custom seccomp profile Prerequisite You have cluster administrator permissions. You have created a custom security context constraints (SCC). For more information, see "Additional resources". You have created a custom seccomp profile. Procedure Upload your custom seccomp profile to /var/lib/kubelet/seccomp/<custom-name>.json by using the Machine Config. See "Additional resources" for detailed steps. Update the custom SCC by providing reference to the created custom seccomp profile: seccompProfiles: - localhost/<custom-name>.json 1 1 Provide the name of your custom seccomp profile. 10.2.2. Applying the custom seccomp profile to the workload Prerequisite The cluster administrator has set up the custom seccomp profile. For more details, see "Setting up the custom seccomp profile". Procedure Apply the seccomp profile to the workload by setting the securityContext.seccompProfile.type field as following: Example spec: securityContext: seccompProfile: type: Localhost localhostProfile: <custom-name>.json 1 1 Provide the name of your custom seccomp profile. Alternatively, you can use the pod annotations seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/pod: localhost/<custom-name>.json . However, this method is deprecated in OpenShift Container Platform 4.7. During deployment, the admission controller validates the following: The annotations against the current SCCs allowed by the user role. The SCC, which includes the seccomp profile, is allowed for the pod. If the SCC is allowed for the pod, the kubelet runs the pod with the specified seccomp profile. Important Ensure that the seccomp profile is deployed to all worker nodes. Note The custom SCC must have the appropriate priority to be automatically assigned to the pod or meet other conditions required by the pod, such as allowing CAP_NET_ADMIN. 10.3. Additional resources Managing security context constraints Post-installation machine configuration tasks	[ "oc get scc restricted -o yaml > restricted-seccomp.yaml", "vi restricted-seccomp.yaml", "kind: SecurityContextConstraints metadata: name: restricted 1 <..snip..> seccompProfiles: 2 - runtime/default 3", "oc create -f restricted-seccomp.yaml", "securitycontextconstraints.security.openshift.io/restricted-seccomp created", "oc adm policy add-scc-to-user restricted-seccomp -z default", "clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/system:openshift:scc:restricted-seccomp added: \"default\"", "seccompProfiles: - localhost/<custom-name>.json 1", "spec: securityContext: seccompProfile: type: Localhost localhostProfile: <custom-name>.json 1" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.7/html/security_and_compliance/seccomp-profiles
Making open source more inclusive	Making open source more inclusive Red Hat is committed to replacing problematic language in our code, documentation, and web properties. We are beginning with these four terms: master, slave, blacklist, and whitelist. Because of the enormity of this endeavor, these changes will be implemented gradually over several upcoming releases. For more details, see our CTO Chris Wright's message .	null	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_openshift_data_foundation/4.16/html/troubleshooting_openshift_data_foundation/making-open-source-more-inclusive
Chapter 29. Using Ansible to manage DNS locations in IdM	Chapter 29. Using Ansible to manage DNS locations in IdM As Identity Management (IdM) administrator, you can manage IdM DNS locations using the location module available in the ansible-freeipa package. DNS-based service discovery Deployment considerations for DNS locations DNS time to live (TTL) Using Ansible to ensure an IdM location is present Using Ansible to ensure an IdM location is absent 29.1. DNS-based service discovery DNS-based service discovery is a process in which a client uses the DNS protocol to locate servers in a network that offer a specific service, such as LDAP or Kerberos . One typical type of operation is to allow clients to locate authentication servers within the closest network infrastructure, because they provide a higher throughput and lower network latency, lowering overall costs. The major advantages of service discovery are: No need for clients to be explicitly configured with names of nearby servers. DNS servers are used as central providers of policy. Clients using the same DNS server have access to the same policy about service providers and their preferred order. In an Identity Management (IdM) domain, DNS service records (SRV records) exist for LDAP , Kerberos , and other services. For example, the following command queries the DNS server for hosts providing a TCP-based Kerberos service in an IdM DNS domain: Example 29.1. DNS location independent results The output contains the following information: 0 (priority): Priority of the target host. A lower value is preferred. 100 (weight). Specifies a relative weight for entries with the same priority. For further information, see RFC 2782, section 3 . 88 (port number): Port number of the service. Canonical name of the host providing the service. In the example, the two host names returned have the same priority and weight. In this case, the client uses a random entry from the result list. When the client is, instead, configured to query a DNS server that is configured in a DNS location, the output differs. For IdM servers that are assigned to a location, tailored values are returned. In the example below, the client is configured to query a DNS server in the location germany : Example 29.2. DNS location-based results The IdM DNS server automatically returns a DNS alias (CNAME) pointing to a DNS location specific SRV record which prefers local servers. This CNAME record is shown in the first line of the output. In the example, the host idmserver-01.idm.example.com has the lowest priority value and is therefore preferred. The idmserver-02.idm.example.com has a higher priority and thus is used only as backup for cases when the preferred host is unavailable. 29.2. Deployment considerations for DNS locations Identity Management (IdM) can generate location-specific service (SRV) records when using the integrated DNS. Because each IdM DNS server generates location-specific SRV records, you have to install at least one IdM DNS server in each DNS location. The client's affinity to a DNS location is only defined by the DNS records received by the client. For this reason, you can combine IdM DNS servers with non-IdM DNS consumer servers and recursors if the clients doing DNS service discovery resolve location-specific records from IdM DNS servers. In the majority of deployments with mixed IdM and non-IdM DNS services, DNS recursors select the closest IdM DNS server automatically by using round-trip time metrics. Typically, this ensures that clients using non-IdM DNS servers are getting records for the nearest DNS location and thus use the optimal set of IdM servers. 29.3. DNS time to live (TTL) Clients can cache DNS resource records for an amount of time that is set in the zone's configuration. Because of this caching, a client might not be able to receive the changes until the time to live (TTL) value expires. The default TTL value in Identity Management (IdM) is 1 day . If your client computers roam between sites, you should adapt the TTL value for your IdM DNS zone. Set the value to a lower value than the time clients need to roam between sites. This ensures that cached DNS entries on the client expire before they reconnect to another site and thus query the DNS server to refresh location-specific SRV records. Additional resources Configuration attributes of primary IdM DNS zones 29.4. Using Ansible to ensure an IdM location is present As a system administrator of Identity Management (IdM), you can configure IdM DNS locations to allow clients to locate authentication servers within the closest network infrastructure. The following procedure describes how to use an Ansible playbook to ensure a DNS location is present in IdM. The example describes how to ensure that the germany DNS location is present in IdM. As a result, you can assign particular IdM servers to this location so that local IdM clients can use them to reduce server response time. Prerequisites On the control node: You are using Ansible version 2.13 or later. You have installed the ansible-freeipa package. The example assumes that in the ~/ MyPlaybooks / directory, you have created an Ansible inventory file with the fully-qualified domain name (FQDN) of the IdM server. The example assumes that the secret.yml Ansible vault stores your ipaadmin_password . The target node, that is the node on which the ansible-freeipa module is executed, is part of the IdM domain as an IdM client, server or replica. You understand the deployment considerations for DNS locations . Procedure Navigate to the ~/ MyPlaybooks / directory: Make a copy of the location-present.yml file located in the /usr/share/doc/ansible-freeipa/playbooks/location/ directory: Open the location-present-copy.yml Ansible playbook file for editing. Adapt the file by setting the following variables in the ipalocation task section: Adapt the name of the task to correspond to your use case. Set the ipaadmin_password variable to the password of the IdM administrator. Set the name variable to the name of the location. This is the modified Ansible playbook file for the current example: Save the file. Run the Ansible playbook. Specify the playbook file, the file storing the password protecting the secret.yml file, and the inventory file: Additional resources Assigning an IdM server to a DNS location using the IdM Web UI Assigning an IdM server to a DNS location using the IdM CLI 29.5. Using Ansible to ensure an IdM location is absent As a system administrator of Identity Management (IdM), you can configure IdM DNS locations to allow clients to locate authentication servers within the closest network infrastructure. The following procedure describes how to use an Ansible playbook to ensure that a DNS location is absent in IdM. The example describes how to ensure that the germany DNS location is absent in IdM. As a result, you cannot assign particular IdM servers to this location and local IdM clients cannot use them. Prerequisites You know the IdM administrator password. No IdM server is assigned to the germany DNS location. You have configured your Ansible control node to meet the following requirements: You are using Ansible version 2.13 or later. You have installed the ansible-freeipa package. The example assumes that in the ~/ MyPlaybooks / directory, you have created an Ansible inventory file with the fully-qualified domain name (FQDN) of the IdM server. The example assumes that the secret.yml Ansible vault stores your ipaadmin_password . The target node, that is the node on which the ansible-freeipa module is executed, is part of the IdM domain as an IdM client, server or replica. The example assumes that you have created and configured the ~/ MyPlaybooks / directory as a central location to store copies of sample playbooks. Procedure Navigate to the ~/ MyPlaybooks / directory: Make a copy of the location-absent.yml file located in the /usr/share/doc/ansible-freeipa/playbooks/location/ directory: Open the location-absent-copy.yml Ansible playbook file for editing. Adapt the file by setting the following variables in the ipalocation task section: Adapt the name of the task to correspond to your use case. Set the ipaadmin_password variable to the password of the IdM administrator. Set the name variable to the name of the DNS location. Make sure that the state variable is set to absent . This is the modified Ansible playbook file for the current example: Save the file. Run the Ansible playbook. Specify the playbook file, the file storing the password protecting the secret.yml file, and the inventory file: 29.6. Additional resources See the README-location.md file in the /usr/share/doc/ansible-freeipa/ directory. See sample Ansible playbooks in the /usr/share/doc/ansible-freeipa/playbooks/location directory.	[ "dig -t SRV +short _kerberos._tcp.idm.example.com 0 100 88 idmserver-01.idm.example.com. 0 100 88 idmserver-02.idm.example.com.", "dig -t SRV +short _kerberos._tcp.idm.example.com _kerberos._tcp.germany._locations.idm.example.com. 0 100 88 idmserver-01.idm.example.com. 50 100 88 idmserver-02.idm.example.com.", "cd ~/ MyPlaybooks /", "cp /usr/share/doc/ansible-freeipa/playbooks/location/location-present.yml location-present-copy.yml", "--- - name: location present example hosts: ipaserver vars_files: - /home/user_name/MyPlaybooks/secret.yml tasks: - name: Ensure that the \"germany\" location is present ipalocation: ipaadmin_password: \"{{ ipaadmin_password }}\" name: germany", "ansible-playbook --vault-password-file=password_file -v -i inventory location-present-copy.yml", "cd ~/ MyPlaybooks /", "cp /usr/share/doc/ansible-freeipa/playbooks/location/location-absent.yml location-absent-copy.yml", "--- - name: location absent example hosts: ipaserver vars_files: - /home/user_name/MyPlaybooks/secret.yml tasks: - name: Ensure that the \"germany\" location is absent ipalocation: ipaadmin_password: \"{{ ipaadmin_password }}\" name: germany state: absent", "ansible-playbook --vault-password-file=password_file -v -i inventory location-absent-copy.yml" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/using_ansible_to_install_and_manage_identity_management/using-ansible-to-manage-dns-locations-in-idm_using-ansible-to-install-and-manage-idm
Chapter 6. Patching a Fuse on JBoss EAP installation	Chapter 6. Patching a Fuse on JBoss EAP installation This chapter explains how to apply a Fuse hotfix patch to an existing Fuse on JBoss EAP installation. It includes the following topics: Section 6.1, "Hotfix patches for Fuse on JBoss EAP" Section 6.2, "Installing a Fuse hotfix patch on JBoss EAP" Upgrading JBoss EAP You can also upgrade the underlying version of JBoss EAP to another version that is supported by Fuse without needing to reinstall and redeploy Fuse on JBoss EAP. For more details, see the JBoss EAP Patching and Upgrading Guide . Important You can only upgrade JBoss EAP to a version that is documented as supported on the Fuse Supported Configurations page . 6.1. Hotfix patches for Fuse on JBoss EAP Fuse hotfix patches contain updated versions of specific files in a Fuse on JBoss EAP installation. They typically include only fixes for one or more critical bugs. Hotfix patches are applied on top of your existing Red Hat Fuse distribution and update a subset of the existing Fuse files only. Applying patches for Fuse on JBoss EAP is a two-stage process where patch files are first added to a patch repository and then installed in the JBoss EAP server. The following diagram shows an overview of the Fuse patching process on JBoss EAP: Patch repository The patch repository is a holding area for Fuse on JBoss EAP patches that runs in the same JVM as the JBoss EAP server. When a patch is present in the repository, this does not imply that it has been installed in the JBoss EAP server. You must first add the patch to the repository, and then you can install the patch from the repository into the JBoss EAP server. fusepatch utility The fusepatch utility is a command-line tool for patching Fuse on JBoss EAP. After installing the Fuse on EAP package, the fusepatch.sh script (Linux and UNIX) and the fusepatch.bat (Windows) script are available in the bin directory of the JBoss EAP server. 6.2. Installing a Fuse hotfix patch on JBoss EAP A Fuse hotfix patch must be installed on top of an existing Fuse installation. This section explains how to install a hotfix patch, fuse-eap-distro-VERSION.fuse-MODULE_ID.HOTFIX_ID.zip , on top of an existing Fuse installation that already includes fuse-eap-distro-VERSION.fuse-MODULE_ID-redhat-BASE_ID . Prerequisites Section 6.1, "Hotfix patches for Fuse on JBoss EAP" . Download the hotfix patch .zip file available on demand from Red Hat Support. Read the instructions in the readme.txt file accompanying the hotfix patch file, in case there are any extra steps that you must perform to install it. Make a full backup of your Fuse on JBoss EAP installation before applying the patch. Procedure Copy the hotfix patch file to your EAP_HOME directory. Make sure that the correct base version has already been added to your patch repository and installed on the JBoss EAP server. For example, given a base module fuse-eap-distro-7.13.0.fuse-7_13_0-00012-redhat-00001 , to check the MODULE_ID and BASE_ID that are installed in the repository, enter the following command: bin/fusepatch.sh --query-repository The following response should be returned: fuse-eap-distro-7.13.0.fuse-7_13_0-00012-redhat-00001 And to check that the same IDs are installed on the JBoss EAP server, enter the following command: bin/fusepatch.sh --query-server The following response should be returned: fuse-eap-distro-7.13.0.fuse-7_13_0-00012-redhat-00001 Given the one-off hotfix patch file, fuse-eap-distro-7.7.0.fuse-770013.hf1.zip , add this to your repository and associate it with the base installation by entering the following command: bin/fusepatch.sh --add file:fuse-eap-distro-7.7.0.fuse-770013.hf1.zip --one-off fuse-eap-distro-7.13.0.fuse-7_13_0-00012-redhat-00001 Given the base module, fuse-eap-distro-7.13.0.fuse-7_13_0-00012-redhat-00001 , update the JBoss EAP server to the latest version: bin/fusepatch.sh --update fuse-eap-distro-7.7.0.fuse-770013.hf1 Perform any post-installation steps documented in the patch instructions. Additional resources For more details on the fusepatch command, enter: bin/fusepatch.sh --help	[ "bin/fusepatch.sh --query-repository", "fuse-eap-distro-7.13.0.fuse-7_13_0-00012-redhat-00001", "bin/fusepatch.sh --query-server", "fuse-eap-distro-7.13.0.fuse-7_13_0-00012-redhat-00001", "bin/fusepatch.sh --add file:fuse-eap-distro-7.7.0.fuse-770013.hf1.zip --one-off fuse-eap-distro-7.13.0.fuse-7_13_0-00012-redhat-00001", "bin/fusepatch.sh --update fuse-eap-distro-7.7.0.fuse-770013.hf1", "bin/fusepatch.sh --help" ]	https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_fuse/7.13/html/installing_on_jboss_eap/apply-hotfix-patch-eap