Chapter 7. Kernel crash dump guide
Chapter 7. Kernel crash dump guide 7.1. Introduction to kdump 7.1.1. About kdump and kexec kdump is a service which provides a crash dumping mechanism. The service enables you to save the contents of the system memory for analysis. kdump uses the kexec system call to boot into the second kernel (a capture kernel ) without rebooting; and then captures the contents of the crashed kernel's memory (a crash dump or a vmcore ) and saves it into a file. The second kernel resides in a reserved part of the system memory. Important A kernel crash dump can be the only information available in the event of a failure, the importance of having this data in a business critical environment cannot be underestimated. Red Hat advises that System Administrators regularly update and test kexec-tools in your normal kernel update cycle. This is especially important when new kernel features are implemented. Note HP Watchdog timer ( hpwdt ) driver is pre-loaded in HP systems running as a RHEV hypervisor, so these systems can consume the NMI watchdog. Updated kexec-tools packages starting with kexec-tools-2.0.15-33.el7.x86_64 have preloaded the hpwdt driver. If drivers bnx2x and bmx2fc are not blacklisted in the kdump kernel then the second kernel leads to panic and the dumps will not be captured. 7.1.2. Memory requirements In order for kdump to be able to capture a kernel crash dump and save it for further analysis, a part of the system memory has to be permanently reserved for the capture kernel. When reserved, this part of the system memory is not available to main kernel. The memory requirements vary based on certain system parameters. One of the major factors is the system's hardware architecture. To find out the exact name of the machine architecture (such as x86_64 ) and print it to standard output, type the following command at a shell prompt: Another factor which influences the amount of memory to be reserved is the total amount of installed system memory. For example, on the x86_64 architecture, the amount of reserved memory is 160 MB + 2 bits for every 4 KB of RAM. On a system with 1 TB of total physical memory installed, this means 224 MB (160 MB + 64 MB). For a complete list of memory requirements for kdump based on the system architecture and the amount of physical memory, see Section 7.8.1, "Memory requirements for kdump" . On many systems, kdump can estimate the amount of required memory and reserve it automatically. This behavior is enabled by default, but only works on systems that have more than a certain amount of total available memory, which varies based on the system architecture. See Section 7.8.2, "Minimum threshold for automatic memory reservation" for a list of minimum requirements for automatic memory reservation based on the system architecture. If the system has less than the minimum amount of memory required for the automatic allocation to work or if your use case requires a different value, you can configure the amount of reserved memory manually. For information on how to do so on the command line, see Section 7.2.2.1, "Configuring the memory usage" . For information on how to configure the amount of reserved memory in the graphical user interface, see Section 7.2.3.1, "Configuring the memory usage" . Important It is highly recommended to test the configuration after setting up the kdump service, even when using the automatic memory reservation. For instructions on how to test your configuration, see Section 7.4, "Testing the kdump configuration" . 7.2. Installing and configuring kdump 7.2.1. Installing kdump In many cases, the kdump service is installed and activated by default on new Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 installations. The Anaconda installer provides a screen for kdump configuration when performing an interactive installation using the graphical or text interface. The installer screen is titled Kdump and is available from the main Installation Summary screen, and only allows limited configuration - you can only select whether kdump is enabled and how much memory is reserved. Information about memory requirements for kdump is available in Section 7.8.1, "Memory requirements for kdump" . The Kdump configuration screen in the installer is documented in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Installation Guide . Note In releases of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, kdump configuration was available in the Firstboot utility which was automatically executed after the installation finished and the system rebooted for the first time. Starting with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.1, kdump configuration has been moved into the installer. Some installation options, such as custom Kickstart installations, do not have to install or enable kdump by default. If this is the case on your system, and you want to install kdump additionally, execute the following command as root at a shell prompt: The command above secures installation of kdump and all other necessary packages, assuming your system has an active subscription or a custom repository containing the kexec-tools package for your system's architecture. Note If you do not know whether kdump is installed on your system, you can check using rpm : Additionally, a graphical configuration tool is available, but not installed by default if you use the command described above. To install this utility, which is described in Section 7.2.3, "Configuring kdump in the graphical user interface" , use the following command as root : For more information on how to install new packages in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 using the Yum package manager, see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 System Administrator's Guide . Important Starting with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.4 the Intel IOMMU driver is supported with kdump . When running kernels from version 7.3 or earlier, it is advised that Intel IOMMU support is disabled. 7.2.2. Configuring kdump on the command line 7.2.2.1. Configuring the memory usage Memory reserved for the kdump kernel is always reserved during system boot, which means that the amount of memory is specified in the system's boot loader configuration. To specify the memory reserved for kdump kernel, set the crashkernel= option to the required value. For example, to reserve 128 MB of memory, use the following: For information about how to change the crashkernel= option on AMD64 and Intel 64 systems and IBM Power Systems servers using the GRUB2 boot loader, and on IBM Z using zipl , see Section 3.1.1, "Setting kernel command-line parameters" . The crashkernel= option can be defined in multiple ways. The auto value enables automatic configuration of reserved memory based on the total amount of memory in the system, following the guidelines described in Section 7.8.1, "Memory requirements for kdump" . Larger memory systems, up to the established limits of the operating system are calculated according to architecture with the crashkernel=auto option. Replace the auto value with a specific amount of memory to change this behavior. The crashkernel= option can be particularly useful with smaller memory systems. For example, to reserve 128 MB of memory, use the following: You can also set the amount of reserved memory to be variable, depending on the total amount of installed memory. The syntax for variable memory reservation is crashkernel= <range1> : <size1> , <range2> : <size2> . For example: The above example reserves 64 MB of memory if the total amount of system memory is 512 MB or higher and lower than 2 GB. If the total amount of memory is more than 2 GB, 128 MB is reserved for kdump instead. Some systems require to reserve memory with a certain fixed offset. If the offset is set, the reserved memory begins there. To offset the reserved memory, use the following syntax: The example above means that kdump reserves 128 MB of memory starting at 16 MB (physical address 0x01000000). If the offset parameter is set to 0 or omitted entirely, kdump offsets the reserved memory automatically. This syntax can also be used when setting a variable memory reservation as described above; in this case, the offset is always specified last (for example, crashkernel=512M-2G:64M,2G-:128M@16M ). 7.2.2.2. Configuring the kdump target When a kernel crash is captured, the core dump can be either stored as a file in a local file system, written directly to a device, or sent over a network using the NFS (Network File System) or SSH (Secure Shell) protocol. Only one of these options can be set at the moment. The default option is to store the vmcore file in the /var/crash directory of the local file system. To store the vmcore file in /var/crash/ directory of the local file system, edit the /etc/kdump.conf file and specify the path: The option path /var/crash represents the file system path in which the kdump saves the vmcore file. Note When you specify a dump target in the /etc/kdump.conf file, then the path is relative to the specified dump target. When you do not specify a dump target in the /etc/kdump.conf file, then the path represents the absolute path from the root directory. Depending on what is mounted in the current system, the dump target and the adjusted dump path are taken automatically. Example 7.1. The kdump target configuration Here, the dump target is specified ( ext4 /dev/mapper/vg00-varcrashvol ), and thus mounted at /var/crash , the path option is also set to /var/crash , so the kdump saves the vmcore file in the /var/crash/var/crash directory. To change the dump location, as root , open the /etc/kdump.conf configuration file in a text editor and edit the options as described below. To change the local directory in which the core dump is to be saved, remove the hash sign ("#") from the beginning of the #path /var/crash line, and replace the value with a desired directory path. Important In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, the directory defined as the kdump target using the path directive must exist when the kdump systemd service is started - otherwise the service fails. This behavior is different from earlier releases of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, where the directory was being created automatically if it did not exist when starting the service. Optionally, if you wish to write the file to a different partition, follow the same procedure with the one of the lines beginning with #ext4 . Here, you can use either a device name (the #ext4 /dev/vg/lv_kdump line), a file system label (the #ext4 LABEL=/boot line) or a UUID (the #ext4 UUID=03138356-5e61-4ab3-b58e-27507ac41937 line). Change the file system type as well as the device name, label or UUID to the desired values. NOTE The correct syntax for specifying UUID values is both UUID="correct-uuid"` and UUID=correct-uuid . For example: Important Specifying storage devices using a LABEL= or UUID= is recommended. Disk device names such as /dev/sda3 are not guaranteed to be consistent across reboot. See the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Storage Administration Guide for information about persistent disk device naming. Important When dumping to DASD on s390x hardware, it is essential that the dump devices are correctly specified in /etc/dasd.conf before proceeding. To write the dump directly to a device, remove the hash sign ("#") from the beginning of the #raw /dev/vg/lv_kdump line, and replace the value with a desired device name. For example: To store the dump to a remote machine using the NFS protocol, remove the hash sign ("#") from the beginning of the #nfs my.server.com:/export/tmp line, and replace the value with a valid hostname and directory path. For example: To store the dump to a remote machine using the SSH protocol, remove the hash sign ("#") from the beginning of the #ssh user@my.server.com line, and replace the value with a valid username and hostname. To include your SSH key in the configuration as well, remove the hash sign from the beginning of the #sshkey /root/.ssh/kdump_id_rsa line and change the value to the location of a key valid on the server you are trying to dump to. For example: For information on how to configure an SSH server and set up a key-based authentication, see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 System Administrator's Guide . For a complete list of currently supported and unsupported targets sorted by type, see Table 7.3, "Supported kdump Targets" . 7.2.2.3. Configuring the core collector To reduce the size of the vmcore dump file, kdump allows you to specify an external application (a core collector ) to compress the data, and optionally leave out all irrelevant information. Currently, the only fully supported core collector is makedumpfile . To enable the core collector, as root , open the /etc/kdump.conf configuration file in a text editor, remove the hash sign ("#") from the beginning of the #core_collector makedumpfile -l --message-level 1 -d 31 line, and edit the command line options as described below. To enable the dump file compression, add the -l parameter. For example: To remove certain pages from the dump, add the -d value parameter, where value is a sum of values of pages you want to omit as described in Table 7.4, "Supported Filtering Levels" . For example, to remove both zero and free pages, use the following: See the makedumpfile(8) man page for a complete list of available options. 7.2.2.4. Configuring the default action By default, kdump uses the kexec system call to boot into the second kernel (a capture kernel ) without rebooting; and then captures the contents of the crashed kernel's memory (a crash dump or a vmcore ) and saves it into a file. After the successful save, kdump reboots the machine. However, when kdump fails to create a core dump at the target location specified in Section 7.2.2.2, "Configuring the kdump target" , kdump reboots the system without saving the vmcore. To change this behavior, as root , open the /etc/kdump.conf configuration file in a text editor, remove the hash sign ("#") from the beginning of the #default shell line, and replace the value with a desired action as described in Table 7.5, "Supported Default Actions" . For example: 7.2.2.5. Enabling the service To start the kdump daemon at boot time, type the following at a shell prompt as root : This enables the service for multi-user.target . Similarly, typing systemctl disable kdump disables kdump . To start the service in the current session, use the following command as root : Important In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, the directory defined as the kdump target must exist when the kdump systemd service is started - otherwise the service fails. This behavior is different from earlier releases of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, where the directory was being created automatically if it did not exist when starting the service. For more information on systemd and configuring services in general, see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 System Administrator's Guide . 7.2.3. Configuring kdump in the graphical user interface To start the Kernel Dump Configuration utility, select Activities Other Kernel crash dumps from the panel, or type system-config-kdump at a shell prompt. As a result a window appears as shown in Figure 7.1, "Basic Settings" . The utility allows you to configure kdump as well as to enable or disable starting the service at boot time. When you are done, click Apply to save the changes. Unless you are already authenticated, enter the superuser password. The utility presents you with a reminder that you must reboot the system in order to apply any changes you have made to the configuration. Important On IBM Z or PowerPC systems with SELinux running in Enforcing mode, the kdumpgui_run_bootloader Boolean must be enabled before launching the Kernel Dump Configuration utility. This Boolean allows system-config-kdump to run the boot loader in the bootloader_t SELinux domain. To permanently enable the Boolean, run the following command as root; Important When dumping to DASD on s390x hardware, it is essential that the dump devices are correctly specified in /etc/dasd.conf before proceeding. 7.2.3.1. Configuring the memory usage The Basic Settings tab enables you to configure the amount of memory that is reserved for the kdump kernel. To do so, select the Manual settings radio button, and click the up and down arrow buttons to the New kdump Memory field to increase or decrease the amount of memory to be reserved. Notice that the Usable Memory field changes accordingly showing you the remaining memory that is available to the system. See Section 7.1.2, "Memory requirements" for more information on kdump's memory requirements. Figure 7.1. Basic Settings 7.2.3.2. Configuring the kdump target The Target Settings tab allows you to specify the target location for the vmcore dump. The dump can be either stored as a file in a local file system, written directly to a device, or sent over a network using the NFS (Network File System) or SSH (Secure Shell) protocol. Figure 7.2. Target Settings To save the dump to the local file system, select the Local filesystem radio button. Optionally, you can customize the settings by choosing a different partition from the Partition drop-down list and a target directory using the Path field. Important In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, the directory defined as the kdump target must exist when the kdump systemd service is started - otherwise the service fails. This behavior is different from earlier releases of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, where the directory was being created automatically if it did not exist when starting the service. To write the dump directly to a device, select the Raw device radio button, and choose the desired target device from the drop-down list to it. To send the dump to a remote machine over a network connection, select the Network radio button. To use the NFS protocol, select the NFS radio button, and fill the Server name and Path to directory fields. To use the SSH protocol, select the SSH radio button, and fill the Server name , Path to directory , and User name fields with the remote server address, target directory, and a valid user name respectively. For information on how to configure an SSH server and set up a key-based authentication, see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 System Administrator's Guide . For a complete list of currently supported targets, see Table 7.3, "Supported kdump Targets" . 7.2.3.3. Configuring the core collector The Filtering Settings tab enables you to select the filtering level for the vmcore dump. Figure 7.3. Filtering Settings To exclude the zero page , cache page , cache private , user data , or free page from the dump, select the checkbox to the appropriate label. 7.2.3.4. Configuring the default action To choose which action should be performed when kdump fails to create a core dump, select an appropriate option from the Action if dumping fails drop-down list. Available options are: Dump to rootfs and reboot attempts to save the core locally and then reboots the system Reboot the default action which reboots the system Start a Shell to present a user with an inter active shell prompt Halt to halt the system Poweroff to power the system off Figure 7.4. Filtering Settings To customize the options that are passed to the makedumpfile core collector, edit the Core collector text field; see Section 7.2.2.3, "Configuring the core collector" for more information. 7.2.3.5. Enabling the service To start the kdump service at boot time, click the Enable button on the toolbar and then click the Apply button. This enables and activates the service for multi-user.target . Click the Disable button and confirm by clicking the Apply button to disable the service immediately. Important In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, the directory defined as the kdump target must exist when the kdump systemd service is started - otherwise the service fails. This behavior is different from earlier releases of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, where the directory was being created automatically if it did not exist when starting the service. For more information on systemd targets and configuring services in general, see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 System Administrator's Guide . 7.3. Blacklisting kernel drivers for kdump Blacklisting the kernel drivers is a mechanism to prevent them from being loaded and used. Adding the drivers in /etc/sysconfig/kdump file, prevents the kdump initramfs from loading the blacklisted modules. Blacklisting kernel drivers prevents the oom killer or other crash kernel failures. To blacklist the kernel drivers, you can update the KDUMP_COMMANDLINE_APPEND= variable in the /etc/sysconfig/kdump file and specify one of the following blacklisting option: rd.driver.blacklist=<modules> modprobe.blacklist=<modules> Procedure Select the kernel module that you intend to blacklist: The lsmod command displays the list of modules that are loaded to the currently running kernel. Update the KDUMP_COMMANDLINE_APPEND= line in the /etc/sysconfig/kdump file as: You can also update the KDUMP_COMMANDLINE_APPEND= line in the /etc/sysconfig/kdump file as: Restart the kdump service: 7.4. Testing the kdump configuration Warning The commands below cause the kernel to crash. Use caution when following these steps, and by no means use them on a production system. To test the configuration, reboot the system with kdump enabled, and make sure that the service is running: Then type the following commands at a shell prompt: This forces the Linux kernel to crash, and the address - YYYY-MM-DD - HH:MM:SS /vmcore file is copied to the location you have selected in the configuration (that is, to /var/crash/ by default). Note In addition to confirming the validity of the configuration, this action can also be used to record how long it takes to a crash dump to complete if it is performed under a representative test load. 7.4.1. Additional resources 7.4.1.1. Installed documentation kdump.conf (5) - a manual page for the /etc/kdump.conf configuration file containing the full documentation of available options. zipl.conf (5) - a manual page for the /etc/zipl.conf configuration file. zipl (8) - a manual page for the zipl boot loader utility for IBM Z. makedumpfile (8) - a manual page for the makedumpfile core collector. kexec (8) - a manual page for kexec . crash (8) - a manual page for the crash utility. /usr/share/doc/kexec-tools- version /kexec-kdump-howto.txt - an overview of the kdump and kexec installation and usage. 7.4.1.2. Online documentation https://access.redhat.com/site/solutions/6038 The Red Hat Knowledgebase article about the kexec and kdump configuration. https://access.redhat.com/site/solutions/223773 The Red Hat Knowledgebase article about supported kdump targets. https://github.com/crash-utility/crash The crash utility Git repository. https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/ The GRUB2 boot loader homepage and documentation. 7.5. Firmware assisted dump mechanisms 7.5.1. The case for firmware assisted dump The kexec and kdump mechanisms are a reliable and proven method of capturing a core dump on AMD64 and Intel 64 systems. However, some hardware with a longer history, particularly mini and mainframe systems, allows us to leverage the onboard firmware to isolate regions of memory and prevent any accidental overwriting of data that is important to the crash analysis. This chapter covers some of the available firmware assisted dump methods and how they integrate with Red Hat Enterprise Linux. 7.5.2. Using fadump on IBM PowerPC hardware Firmware-assisted dump ( fadump ) is a reliable alternative to kexec-kdump available on IBM PowerPC LPARS. It captures vmcore from a fully-reset system with PCI and I/O devices reinitialized. While this mechanism uses the firmware to preserve the memory in case of a crash, it reuses the kdump userspace scripts to save the vmcore" To achieve this, fadump registers the regions of memory that must be preserved in the event of a crash with the system firmware. These regions consist of all the system memory contents, except the boot memory, system registers and hardware Page Table Entries (PTEs). For further details about the fadump mechanism, including PowerPC-specific methods of resetting hardware, review /usr/share/doc/kexec-tools- X.y.z /fadump-howto.txt where "X.y.z" correspond to the version number of kexec-tools installed on your system. Note The area of memory not preserved and known as boot memory is the amount of RAM required to successfully boot the kernel after a crash event. By default, the boot memory size is 256MB or 5% of total system RAM, whichever is larger. Unlike a kexec -initiated event, the fadump process uses the production kernel to recover a crash dump. When booting after a crash, PowerPC hardware makes the device node /proc/device-tree/rtas/ibm,kernel-dump available to procfs , which the fadump-aware kdump scripts check for to save the vmcore. After this has completed, the system is rebooted cleanly. Enabling fadump Install and configure kdump as described in Section 7.2, "Installing and configuring kdump" . Add fadump=on to the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX line in /etc/default/grub : (optional) If you want to specify reserved boot memory instead of accepting the defaults, configure crashkernel= xx M to GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX in /etc/default/grub , where xx is the amount of the memory required in megabytes: Important As with all boot configuration options, it is strongly recommended that you test the configuration before it is needed. If you observe Out of Memory (OOM) errors when booting from the crash kernel, increase the value specified in crashkernel= until the crash kernel can boot cleanly. Some trial and error may be required in this case. 7.5.3. Firmware assisted dump methods on IBM Z There are two firmware assisted dump mechanisms on IBM Z. They are Stand-alone Dump and VMDUMP . The kdump infrastructure is supported and utilized on these systems and configuration from Red Hat Enterprise Linux is described in Section 7.2, "Installing and configuring kdump" . However, there are potentially some advantages to using either of the firmware assisted methods IBM Z hardware provides. The Stand-alone Dump (SADMP) mechanism is initiated and controlled from the system console, and must be stored on an IPL bootable device. Similar to SADMP is VMDUMP. This tool is also initiated from the system console, but has a mechanism to retrieve the resulting dump from hardware and copy it to a system for analysis. One advantage of these methods (and similarly to other hardware based dump mechanisms), is the ability to capture the state of a machine in the Early Boot phase (before the kdump service is started) Although VMDUMP contains a mechanism to receive the dump file into a Red Hat Enterprise Linux system, the configuration and control of both SADMP and VMDUMP are managed from the IBM Z Hardware console. IBM discuss SADMP in detail, in stand-alone dump program article and VMDUMP at VMDUMP article. IBM also have a documentation set for using the dump tools on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 in Using the Dump Tools on Red Hat Enterprise Linux article. 7.5.4. Using sadump on Fujitsu PRIMEQUEST systems The Fujitsu sadump mechanism is designed to provide a fallback dump capture in the event kdump is unable to complete successfully. The sadump process is invoked manually from the system ManageMent Board (MMB) interface. With this system, configure kdump as normal for an X86_64 server and then perform the following additional steps to enable sadump . Add or edit the following lines in /etc/sysctl.conf to ensure that kdump starts as expected for sadump . In addition to the above, you must also add some options to /etc/kdump.conf to ensure that kdump behaves correctly for sadump. In particular, ensure that after kdump , the system does not reboot. If the system reboots after kdump has failed to save core, then you have no opportunity to invoke sadump . Set the default action in /etc/kdump.conf to be either halt or shell to achieve this. Important For details on configuring your hardware for sadump , see the FUJITSU Server PRIMEQUEST 2000 Series Installation Manual. 7.6. Analyzing a core dump To determine the cause of the system crash, you can use the crash utility, which provides an interactive prompt very similar to the GNU Debugger (GDB). This utility allows you to interactively analyze a running Linux system as well as a core dump created by netdump , diskdump , xendump , or kdump . 7.6.1. Installing the crash utility To install the crash analyzing tool, execute the following command from a shell prompt as root : In addition to crash , it is also necessary to install the kernel-debuginfo package that corresponds to your running kernel, which provides the data necessary for dump analysis. To install kernel-debuginfo we use the debuginfo-install command as root : For more information on how to install new packages in Red Hat Enterprise Linux using the Yum package manager, see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 System Administrator's Guide . 7.6.2. Running the crash utility To start the utility, type the command in the following form at a shell prompt: Use the same <kernel> version that was captured by kdump . To find out which kernel you are currently running, use the uname -r command. Example 7.2. Running the crash utility 7.6.3. Displaying the message buffer To display the kernel message buffer, type the log command at the interactive prompt. Example 7.3. Displaying the kernel message buffer Type help log for more information on the command usage. Note The kernel message buffer includes the most essential information about the system crash and, as such, it is always dumped first in to the vmcore-dmesg.txt file. This is useful when an attempt to get the full vmcore file failed, for example because of lack of space on the target location. By default, vmcore-dmesg.txt is located in the /var/crash/ directory. 7.6.4. Displaying a backtrace To display the kernel stack trace, type the bt command at the interactive prompt. You can use bt <pid> to display the backtrace of a single process. Example 7.4. Displaying the kernel stack trace Type help bt for more information on the command usage. 7.6.5. Displaying a process status To display status of processes in the system, type the ps command at the interactive prompt. You can use ps <pid> to display the status of a single process. Example 7.5. Displaying the status of processes in the system Type help ps for more information on the command usage. 7.6.6. Displaying virtual memory information To display basic virtual memory information, type the vm command at the interactive prompt. You can use vm <pid> to display information on a single process. Example 7.6. Displaying virtual memory information of the current context Type help vm for more information on the command usage. 7.6.7. Displaying open files To display information about open files, type the files command at the interactive prompt. You can use files <pid> to display files opened by only one selected process. Example 7.7. Displaying information about open files of the current context Type help files for more information on the command usage. 7.6.8. Exiting the utility To exit the interactive prompt and terminate crash , type exit or q . Example 7.8. Exiting the crash utility 7.7. Frequently asked questions What considerations need to be made for using Kdump in a clustered environment? How do I configure kdump for use with the RHEL 6, 7 High Availability Add-On? shows the options available to system administrators using the High Availability Add-On. Kdump fails during early boot, How do I capture the boot log? If there is a problem booting the second kernel, it is necessary to review the early boot logs, these can be obtained by enabling a serial console to the affected machine. How do I setup serial console in RHEL7? shows the configuration needed to enable access to the early boot messages. How do I increase the messaging from makedumpfile for debugging? In the event that makedumpfile fails, then it is necessary to increase the log level to understand what is going wrong. This is different from setting the dump level and is achieved by editing /etc/kdump.conf and increasing the message_level option to makedumpfile on the core_collector line entry. By default makedumpfile is set to level 1, which restricts the output prints to progress indicator. Enable all the debugging information by setting this message level to 31. Message level 31 will print details about progress indicator, common message, error message, debug message and report message. Note For more information about the message level options, see the makedumpfile (8) manual page. Ensure that your core_collector config line looks similar to this when set: How do I debug Dracut? Sometimes dracut can fail to build an initramfs. If this happens, increase the log level in dracut to isolate the issue. Edit /etc/kdump.conf and change the dracut_args line to include the option -L 5 in addition to any other dracut arguments you require. If you have no other options configured in dracut_args , the result looks similar to this: What methods of dumping are available for virtual machines? In most cases, the kdump mechanism is sufficient for obtaining a memory dump from a machine after a crash or panic. This can be set up in the same manner as installations to bare metal. However, in some cases, it is necessary to work directly with the hypervisor to obtain a crash dump. There are two mechanisms available with libvirt to achieve this; pvpanic and virsh dump . Both of these methods are described in the Virtualization Deployment and Administration Guide . The pvpanic mechanism can be found at Virtualization Deployment and Administration Guide - Setting a Panic Device . The virsh dump command is discussed in Virtualization Deployment and Administration Guide - Creating a Dump File of a Domain's Core . How do I upload a large dump file to Red Hat Support Services? In some cases, it might be necessary to send a kernel crash dump file to Red Hat Global Support Services for analysis. However, the dump file can be very large, even after being filtered. Since files larger than 250 MB cannot be uploaded directly through the Red Hat Customer Portal when opening a new support case, an FTP server is provided by Red Hat for uploading large files. The FTP server's address is dropbox.redhat.com and the files are to be uploaded in the /incoming/ directory. Your FTP client needs to be set into passive mode; if your firewall does not allow this mode, use the origin-dropbox.redhat.com server using active mode. Make sure that the uploaded files are compressed using a program such as gzip and properly and descriptively named. Using your support case number in the file name is recommended. After successfully uploading all necessary files, provide the engineer in charge of your support case with the exact file name and its SHA1 or MD5 checksum. For more specific instructions and additional information, see How to provide files to Red Hat Support . How much time is needed for a crash dump to complete? It is often necessary, for the purposes of disaster recovery planning, to know how long a dump takes to complete. However, the length of time it takes is highly dependent on the amount of memory being copied to disk and the speed of the interfaces between RAM and storage. For any test of timings, the system must be operating under a representative load, otherwise the page exclusion choices can present a false view of kdump behavior with a fully loaded production system. This discrepancy is present especially when working with very large quantities of RAM. Also consider storage interfaces in your planning when assessing time to dump. Because of network constraints, a connection dumping over ssh for example, can take longer to complete than a locally attached SATA disk. How is Kdump configured during installation? You can configure kdump during installation with a limited set of options in kickstart or the interactive GUI. The kdump configuration using the anaconda installation GUI is documented in the KDUMP section of the Installation Guide. The kickstart syntax is: With this add-on to Kickstart, you can disable or enable kdump functionality, optionally defining the reserved memory size, either by explicitly invoking the default option of auto (which is also the case if the entire switch is omitted) or specifying a numeric value in megabytes. To learn how Kickstart can be used to automate system deployments, read Kickstart Installations in the Installation Guide. For further details about Kickstart add-on syntax, review the Kickstart Syntax Reference in the Installation Guide. 7.8. Supported kdump configurations and targets 7.8.1. Memory requirements for kdump In order for kdump to be able to capture a kernel crash dump and save it for further analysis, a part of the system memory has to be permanently reserved for the capture kernel. For information on how to change memory settings on the command line, see Section 7.2.2.1, "Configuring the memory usage" . For instructions on how to set up the amount of reserved memory in the graphical user interface, see Section 7.2.3.1, "Configuring the memory usage" . Table 7.1 lists memory reserved automatically by kdump on kernel and kernel-alt packages. kdump auto reserves memory based on the CPU architecture, and total available physical memory. Table 7.1. Total crash memory reserved automatically by kdump CPU architecture Available memory Crash memory automatically reserved AMD64 and Intel 64 (x86_64) 2 GB and more 161 MB + 64 MB per 1 TB 64-bit ARM architecture (arm64) 2 GB and more 512 MB IBM POWER ppc64/ppc64le 2 GB to 4 GB 384 MB 4 GB to 16 GB 512 MB 16 GB to 64 GB 1 GB 64 GB to 128 GB 2 GB 128 GB and more 4 GB IBM Z (s390x) 4 GB and more 161 MB + 64 MB per 1 TB [1] 160 MB on RHEL-ALT-7.6 For more information about various Red Hat Enterprise Linux technology capabilities and limits, see https://access.redhat.com/articles/rhel-limits . 7.8.2. Minimum threshold for automatic memory reservation On some systems, it is possible to allocate memory for kdump automatically, either by using the crashkernel=auto parameter in the bootloader's configuration file, or by enabling this option in the graphical configuration utility. For this automatic reservation to work, however, a certain amount of total memory needs to be available in the system. This amount differs based on the system's architecture. The table below lists the thresholds for automatic memory allocation for kernel and kernel-alt packages. If the system has less memory than specified in the table, memory needs to be reserved manually. For information on how to change these settings on the command line, see Section 7.2.2.1, "Configuring the memory usage" . For instructions on how to change the amount of reserved memory in the graphical user interface, see Section 7.2.3.1, "Configuring the memory usage" . Table 7.2. Minimum amount of memory required for automatic memory reservation Architecture Required Memory AMD64 and Intel 64 ( x86_64 ) 2 GB IBM POWER ( ppc64 ) 2 GB IBM Z ( s390x ) 4 GB 64-bit ARM architecture ( arm64 ) 2 GB 7.8.3. Supported kdump targets When a kernel crash is captured, the core dump can be either written directly to a device, stored as a file on a local file system, or sent over a network. The table below contains a complete list of dump targets that are currently supported or explicitly unsupported by kdump. For information on how to configure the target type on the command line, see Section 7.2.2.2, "Configuring the kdump target" . For information on how to do so in the graphical user interface, see Section 7.2.3.2, "Configuring the kdump target" . Table 7.3. Supported kdump Targets Type Supported Targets Unsupported Targets Raw device All locally attached raw disks and partitions. Local file system ext2 , ext3 , ext4 , and xfs file systems on directly attached disk drives, hardware RAID logical drives, LVM devices, and mdraid arrays. Any local file system not explicitly listed as supported in this table, including the auto type (automatic file system detection). Remote directory Remote directories accessed using the NFS or SSH protocol over IPv4 . Remote directories on the rootfs file system accessed using the NFS protocol. Remote directories accessed using the FCoE ( Fibre Channel over Ethernet ) protocol. qla2xxx , lpfc and bfa hardware FCoE targets. bnx2fc and ixgbe software FCoE targets. Remote directories accessed using the iSCSI protocol over both hardware and software initiators. Remote directories accessed using the iSCSI protocol on be2iscsi hardware. Multipath-based storages. Remote directories accessed over IPv6 . Remote directories accessed using the SMB or CIFS protocol. Remote directories accessed using wireless network interfaces. Note When dumping to a software FCoE target, you can encounter Out of Memory (OOM) issue. In such cases, increase the default crashkernel=auto parameter value. For more information on how to set up this kernel boot parameter, see Section 7.2.2.1, "Configuring the memory usage" . 7.8.4. Supported kdump filtering levels To reduce the size of the dump file, kdump uses the makedumpfile core collector to compress the data and optionally leave out irrelevant information. The table below contains a complete list of filtering levels that are currently supported by the makedumpfile utility. For instructions on how to configure the core collector on the command line, see Section 7.2.2.3, "Configuring the core collector" . For information on how to do so in the graphical user interface, see Section 7.2.3.3, "Configuring the core collector" . Table 7.4. Supported Filtering Levels Option Description 1 Zero pages 2 Cache pages 4 Cache private 8 User pages 16 Free pages Note The makedumpfile command supports removal of transparent huge pages and hugetlbfs pages on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.3 and later. Consider both these types of hugepages User Pages and remove them using the -8 level. 7.8.5. Supported default actions By default, when kdump fails to create a core dump, the operating system reboots. You can, however, configure kdump to perform a different operation in case it fails to save the core dump to the primary target. The table below lists all default actions that are currently supported by kdump. For detailed information on how to set up the default action on the command line, see Section 7.2.2.4, "Configuring the default action" . For information on how to do so in the graphical user interface, see Section 7.2.3.4, "Configuring the default action" . Table 7.5. Supported Default Actions Option Description dump_to_rootfs Attempt to save the core dump to the root file system. This option is especially useful in combination with a network target: if the network target is unreachable, this option configures kdump to save the core dump locally. The system is rebooted afterwards. reboot Reboot the system, losing the core dump in the process. halt Halt the system, losing the core dump in the process. poweroff Power off the system, losing the core dump in the process. shell Run a shell session from within the initramfs, allowing the user to record the core dump manually. 7.8.6. Estimating kdump size When planning and building your kdump environment it is necessary to know how much space is required for the dump file before one is produced. The makedumpfile command can help with this. Estimate the space required for the dump file using the --mem-usage functionality as: # makedumpfile -f --mem-usage /proc/kcore Note The --mem-usage functionality using -f option, works with the Kernel version v4.11 and later. For Kernel versions earlier than v4.11, before using --mem-usage with option -f , ensure that the Kernel is patched with upstream commit 464920104bf7. The --mem-usage option provides a useful report about excludable pages, that can be used to determine which dump level you want to assign. Run this command when the system is under representative load, otherwise makedumpfile returns a smaller value than is expected in your production environment. Important The makedumpfile command reports in pages . This means that you must calculate the size of memory in use against the kernel page size, which in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux kernel, is 4 kilobytes for AMD64 and Intel 64 architectures, and 64 kilobytes for IBM POWER architecture. 7.8.7. Support for architectures on kernel and kernel-alt packages The following table provides an overview of architectures and available memory support on kernel and kernel-alt packages. Table 7.6. Architectures supported on kernel and kernel-alt packages CPU architecture Available memory RHEL 7.5 and earlier RHEL 7.6 and later RHEL-ALT-7.4 RHEL-ALT-7.5 and later AMD64 and Intel 64 (x86_64) 2GB and more 161MB + 64MB per 1TB 161MB + 64MB/1TB 2GB to 160MB 2GB to 160MB 64-bit ARM architecture (arm64) 2GB and more N/A N/A 2GB to 512MB 2GB to 512MB IBM POWER ppc64/ppc64le (Upto POWER8) 2GB to 4GB 384MB 384MB N/A N/A 4GB to 16GB 512MB 512MB N/A N/A 16GB to 64GB 1GB 1GB N/A N/A 64GB to 128GB 2GB 2GB N/A N/A 128GB and more 4GB 4GB N/A N/A IBM POWER ppc64/ppc64le (Upto POWER9) 2GB to 4GB 384MB 384MB 384MB 384MB 4GB to 16GB 512MB 512MB 512MB 512MB 16GB to 64GB 1GB 1GB 1GB 1GB 64GB to 128GB 2GB 2GB 2GB 2GB 128GB and more 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB IBM POWER ppc64le (POWER9) 2GB to 4GB N/A N/A 384MB 384MB 4GB to 16GB N/A N/A 512MB 512MB 16GB to 64GB N/A N/A 1GB 1GB 64GB to 128GB N/A N/A 2GB 2GB 128GB and more N/A N/A 4GB 4GB IBM Z (s390x) 4GB and more 161MB + 64MB per 1TB 161MB + 64MB per 1TB 161MB + 64MB per 1TB 160MB 7.9. Using kexec to reboot the kernel 7.9.1. Rebooting kernel with kexec The kexec system call enables loading and booting into another kernel from the currently running kernel, thus performing a function of a boot loader from within the kernel. The kexec utility loads the kernel and the initramfs image for the kexec system call to boot into another kernel. The following section describes how to manually invoke the kexec system call when using the`kexec` utility to reboot into another kernel. Execute the kexec utility: The command manually loads the kernel and the initramfs image for the kexec system call. Reboot the system: The command detects the kernel, shuts down all services and then calls the kexec system call to reboot into the kernel you provided in the step. Warning When you use the kexec -e command to reboot the kernel, the system does not go through the standard shutdown sequence before starting the kernel, which may cause data loss or an unresponsive system. 7.10. Portal labs relevant to kdump The Portal Labs are small web applications that can help system administrators perform several system tasks. There are currently two labs focused on Kdump. The Kdump Helper and the Kernel Oops Analyzer. 7.10.1. Kdump helper The Kdump Helper is a series of questions and actions that assist in preparing the configuration files for kdump . The Lab's workflow includes steps for both clustered and standalone environments. 7.10.2. Kernel oops analyzer The Kernel Oops Analyzer is a tool to process Oops messages and search for known solutions without having to unwind the crash dump stack. The Kernel Oops Analyzer uses information from makedumpfile to compare the oops message from a crashed machine with known issues in the knowledge base. This can enable System Administrators to rule out known issues quickly after an unexpected outage, and before opening a support ticket for a further analysis.
uname -m yum install kexec-tools rpm -q kexec-tools yum install system-config-kdump crashkernel=128M crashkernel=128M crashkernel=512M-2G:64M,2G-:128M crashkernel=128M@16M path /var/crash grep -v ^# etc/kdump.conf | grep -v ^USD ext4 /dev/mapper/vg00-varcrashvol path /var/crash core_collector makedumpfile -c --message-level 1 -d 31 path /usr/local/cores ext4 UUID=03138356-5e61-4ab3-b58e-27507ac41937 raw /dev/sdb1 nfs penguin.example.com:/export/cores ssh john@penguin.example.com sshkey /root/.ssh/mykey core_collector makedumpfile -l core_collector makedumpfile -d 17 -c default reboot systemctl enable kdump.service systemctl start kdump.service setsebool -P kdumpgui_run_bootloader 1 lsmod Module Size Used by fuse 126976 3 xt_CHECKSUM 16384 1 ipt_MASQUERADE 16384 1 uinput 20480 1 xt_conntrack 16384 1 KDUMP_COMMANDLINE_APPEND="rd.driver.blacklist=hv_vmbus,hv_storvsc,hv_utils,hv_netvsc,hid-hyperv" KDUMP_COMMANDLINE_APPEND="modprobe.blacklist=emcp modprobe.blacklist=bnx2fc modprobe.blacklist=libfcoe modprobe.blacklist=fcoe" systemctl restart kdump ~]# systemctl is-active kdump active echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq echo c > /proc/sysrq-trigger GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="rd.lvm.lv=rhel/swap crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=rhel/root rhgb quiet fadump=on " GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="rd.lvm.lv=rhel/swap crashkernel=xxM rd.lvm.lv=rhel/root rhgb quiet fadump=on" kernel.panic=0 kernel.unknown_nmi_panic=1 default shell install crash debuginfo-install kernel crash /usr/lib/debug/lib/modules/ <kernel> /vmlinux \ /var/crash/ <timestamp> /vmcore ~]# crash /usr/lib/debug/lib/modules/2.6.32-69.el6.i686/vmlinux /var/crash/127.0.0.1-2010-08-25-08:45:02/vmcore crash 5.0.0-23.el6 Copyright (C) 2002-2010 Red Hat, Inc. Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2006 IBM Corporation Copyright (C) 1999-2006 Hewlett-Packard Co Copyright (C) 2005, 2006 Fujitsu Limited Copyright (C) 2006, 2007 VA Linux Systems Japan K.K. Copyright (C) 2005 NEC Corporation Copyright (C) 1999, 2002, 2007 Silicon Graphics, Inc. Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Mission Critical Linux, Inc. This program is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. Enter "help copying" to see the conditions. This program has absolutely no warranty. Enter "help warranty" for details. GNU gdb (GDB) 7.0 Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i686-pc-linux-gnu" KERNEL: /usr/lib/debug/lib/modules/2.6.32-69.el6.i686/vmlinux DUMPFILE: /var/crash/127.0.0.1-2010-08-25-08:45:02/vmcore [PARTIAL DUMP] CPUS: 4 DATE: Wed Aug 25 08:44:47 2010 UPTIME: 00:09:02 LOAD AVERAGE: 0.00, 0.01, 0.00 TASKS: 140 NODENAME: hp-dl320g5-02.lab.bos.redhat.com RELEASE: 2.6.32-69.el6.i686 VERSION: #1 SMP Tue Aug 24 10:31:45 EDT 2010 MACHINE: i686 (2394 Mhz) MEMORY: 8 GB PANIC: "Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP " (check log for details) PID: 5591 COMMAND: "bash" TASK: f196d560 [THREAD_INFO: ef4da000] CPU: 2 STATE: TASK_RUNNING (PANIC) crash> crash> log ... several lines omitted EIP: 0060:[<c068124f>] EFLAGS: 00010096 CPU: 2 EIP is at sysrq_handle_crash+0xf/0x20 EAX: 00000063 EBX: 00000063 ECX: c09e1c8c EDX: 00000000 ESI: c0a09ca0 EDI: 00000286 EBP: 00000000 ESP: ef4dbf24 DS: 007b ES: 007b FS: 00d8 GS: 00e0 SS: 0068 Process bash (pid: 5591, ti=ef4da000 task=f196d560 task.ti=ef4da000) Stack: c068146b c0960891 c0968653 00000003 00000000 00000002 efade5c0 c06814d0 <0> fffffffb c068150f b7776000 f2600c40 c0569ec4 ef4dbf9c 00000002 b7776000 <0> efade5c0 00000002 b7776000 c0569e60 c051de50 ef4dbf9c f196d560 ef4dbfb4 Call Trace: [<c068146b>] ? __handle_sysrq+0xfb/0x160 [<c06814d0>] ? write_sysrq_trigger+0x0/0x50 [<c068150f>] ? write_sysrq_trigger+0x3f/0x50 [<c0569ec4>] ? proc_reg_write+0x64/0xa0 [<c0569e60>] ? proc_reg_write+0x0/0xa0 [<c051de50>] ? vfs_write+0xa0/0x190 [<c051e8d1>] ? sys_write+0x41/0x70 [<c0409adc>] ? syscall_call+0x7/0xb Code: a0 c0 01 0f b6 41 03 19 d2 f7 d2 83 e2 03 83 e0 cf c1 e2 04 09 d0 88 41 03 f3 c3 90 c7 05 c8 1b 9e c0 01 00 00 00 0f ae f8 89 f6 <c6> 05 00 00 00 00 01 c3 89 f6 8d bc 27 00 00 00 00 8d 50 d0 83 EIP: [<c068124f>] sysrq_handle_crash+0xf/0x20 SS:ESP 0068:ef4dbf24 CR2: 0000000000000000 crash> bt PID: 5591 TASK: f196d560 CPU: 2 COMMAND: "bash" #0 [ef4dbdcc] crash_kexec at c0494922 #1 [ef4dbe20] oops_end at c080e402 #2 [ef4dbe34] no_context at c043089d #3 [ef4dbe58] bad_area at c0430b26 #4 [ef4dbe6c] do_page_fault at c080fb9b #5 [ef4dbee4] error_code (via page_fault) at c080d809 EAX: 00000063 EBX: 00000063 ECX: c09e1c8c EDX: 00000000 EBP: 00000000 DS: 007b ESI: c0a09ca0 ES: 007b EDI: 00000286 GS: 00e0 CS: 0060 EIP: c068124f ERR: ffffffff EFLAGS: 00010096 #6 [ef4dbf18] sysrq_handle_crash at c068124f #7 [ef4dbf24] __handle_sysrq at c0681469 #8 [ef4dbf48] write_sysrq_trigger at c068150a #9 [ef4dbf54] proc_reg_write at c0569ec2 #10 [ef4dbf74] vfs_write at c051de4e #11 [ef4dbf94] sys_write at c051e8cc #12 [ef4dbfb0] system_call at c0409ad5 EAX: ffffffda EBX: 00000001 ECX: b7776000 EDX: 00000002 DS: 007b ESI: 00000002 ES: 007b EDI: b7776000 SS: 007b ESP: bfcb2088 EBP: bfcb20b4 GS: 0033 CS: 0073 EIP: 00edc416 ERR: 00000004 EFLAGS: 00000246 crash> ps PID PPID CPU TASK ST %MEM VSZ RSS COMM > 0 0 0 c09dc560 RU 0.0 0 0 [swapper] > 0 0 1 f7072030 RU 0.0 0 0 [swapper] 0 0 2 f70a3a90 RU 0.0 0 0 [swapper] > 0 0 3 f70ac560 RU 0.0 0 0 [swapper] 1 0 1 f705ba90 IN 0.0 2828 1424 init ... several lines omitted 5566 1 1 f2592560 IN 0.0 12876 784 auditd 5567 1 2 ef427560 IN 0.0 12876 784 auditd 5587 5132 0 f196d030 IN 0.0 11064 3184 sshd > 5591 5587 2 f196d560 RU 0.0 5084 1648 bash crash> vm PID: 5591 TASK: f196d560 CPU: 2 COMMAND: "bash" MM PGD RSS TOTAL_VM f19b5900 ef9c6000 1648k 5084k VMA START END FLAGS FILE f1bb0310 242000 260000 8000875 /lib/ld-2.12.so f26af0b8 260000 261000 8100871 /lib/ld-2.12.so efbc275c 261000 262000 8100873 /lib/ld-2.12.so efbc2a18 268000 3ed000 8000075 /lib/libc-2.12.so efbc23d8 3ed000 3ee000 8000070 /lib/libc-2.12.so efbc2888 3ee000 3f0000 8100071 /lib/libc-2.12.so efbc2cd4 3f0000 3f1000 8100073 /lib/libc-2.12.so efbc243c 3f1000 3f4000 100073 efbc28ec 3f6000 3f9000 8000075 /lib/libdl-2.12.so efbc2568 3f9000 3fa000 8100071 /lib/libdl-2.12.so efbc2f2c 3fa000 3fb000 8100073 /lib/libdl-2.12.so f26af888 7e6000 7fc000 8000075 /lib/libtinfo.so.5.7 f26aff2c 7fc000 7ff000 8100073 /lib/libtinfo.so.5.7 efbc211c d83000 d8f000 8000075 /lib/libnss_files-2.12.so efbc2504 d8f000 d90000 8100071 /lib/libnss_files-2.12.so efbc2950 d90000 d91000 8100073 /lib/libnss_files-2.12.so f26afe00 edc000 edd000 4040075 f1bb0a18 8047000 8118000 8001875 /bin/bash f1bb01e4 8118000 811d000 8101873 /bin/bash f1bb0c70 811d000 8122000 100073 f26afae0 9fd9000 9ffa000 100073 ... several lines omitted crash> files PID: 5591 TASK: f196d560 CPU: 2 COMMAND: "bash" ROOT: / CWD: /root FD FILE DENTRY INODE TYPE PATH 0 f734f640 eedc2c6c eecd6048 CHR /pts/0 1 efade5c0 eee14090 f00431d4 REG /proc/sysrq-trigger 2 f734f640 eedc2c6c eecd6048 CHR /pts/0 10 f734f640 eedc2c6c eecd6048 CHR /pts/0 255 f734f640 eedc2c6c eecd6048 CHR /pts/0 crash> exit ~]# core_collector makedumpfile -l --message-level 1 -d 31 dracut_args -L 5 %addon com_redhat_kdump [--disable,enable] [--reserve-mb=[auto,value]] %end makedumpfile -f --mem-usage /proc/kcore TYPE PAGES EXCLUDABLE DESCRIPTION ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ZERO 501635 yes Pages filled with zero CACHE 51657 yes Cache pages CACHE_PRIVATE 5442 yes Cache pages + private USER 16301 yes User process pages FREE 77738211 yes Free pages KERN_DATA 1333192 no Dumpable kernel data kexec -l /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-1040.el7.x86_64 --initrd=/boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1040.el7.x86_64.img --reuse-cmdline reboot