Chapter 5. Understanding SystemTap Errors
Chapter 5. Understanding SystemTap Errors This chapter explains errors that are commonly encountered while using SystemTap. Many diagnostic errors include strings that suggest reading a man page, such as: In such instances, see the respective man pages for warning:: example1 and error:: example2 which provides explanatory information specific to that diagnostic. 5.1. Parse and Semantic Errors These types of errors occur while SystemTap attempts to parse and translate the script into C, prior to being converted into a kernel module. For example type errors result from operations that assign invalid values to variables or arrays. parse error: expected abc , saw xyz The script contains a grammatical/typographical error. SystemTap detected type of construct that is incorrect, given the context of the probe. The following invalid SystemTap script is missing its probe handlers: It results in the following error message showing that the parser was expecting something other than the probe keyword in column 1 of line 2: parse error: embedded code in unprivileged script The script contains unsafe embedded C code (blocks of code surrounded by %{ %} . SystemTap allows you to embed C code in a script, which is useful if there are no tapsets to suit your purposes. However, embedded C constructs are not safe; as such, SystemTap warns you with this error if such constructs appear in the script. If you are sure of the safety of any similar constructs in the script and are member of stapdev group (or have root privileges), run the script in guru mode by using the -g option: stap -g script semantic error: type mismatch for identifier ' ident ' ... string vs. long The ident function in the script used the wrong type ( %s or %d ). This error presents itself in Example 5.1, "error-variable.stp" . Because the execname() function returns a string, the format specifier should be %s , not %d . Example 5.1. error-variable.stp semantic error: unresolved type for identifier ' ident ' The identifier (a variable, for example) was used, but no type (integer or string) could be determined. This occurs, for instance, if you use a variable in a printf statement while the script never assigns a value to the variable. semantic error: Expecting symbol or array index expression SystemTap could not assign a value to a variable or to a location in an array. The destination for the assignment is not a valid destination. The following example code would generate this error: while searching for arity N function, semantic error: unresolved function call A function call or array index expression in the script used an invalid number of arguments/parameters. In SystemTap arity can either see the number of indices for an array, or the number of parameters to a function. semantic error: array locals not supported, missing global declaration? The script used an array operation without declaring the array as a global variable (global variables can be declared after their use in SystemTap scripts). Similar messages appear if an array is used, but with inconsistent arities. semantic error: variable ' vaar ' modified during 'foreach' iteration The var array is being modifed (being assigned to or deleted from) within an active foreach loop. This error also displays if an operation within the script performs a function call within the foreach loop. semantic error: probe point mismatch at position N , while resolving probe point pnt SystemTap did not understand what the event or SystemTap function pnt refers to. This usually means that SystemTap could not find a match for pnt in the tapset library. The N refers to the line and column of the error. semantic error: no match for probe point, while resolving probe point pnt The pnt events and handler function could not be resolved for a variety of reasons. This error occurs when the script contains the kernel.function(" name ") event, and name does not exist. In some cases, the error could also mean the script contains an invalid kernel file name or source-line number. semantic error: unresolved target-symbol expression A handler in the script references a target variable, but the value of the variable could not be resolved. This error could also mean that a handler is referencing a target variable that is not valid in the context when it was referenced. This may be a result of compiler optimization of the generated code. semantic error: libdwfl failure There was a problem processing the debugging information. In most cases, this error results from the installation of a kernel-debuginfo package. The installed kernel-debuginfo package itself may have some consistency or correctness problems. semantic error: cannot find package debuginfo SystemTap could not find a suitable kernel-debuginfo at all.
[man warning:: example1 ] [man error:: example2 ] probe vfs.read probe vfs.write parse error: expected one of '. , ( ? ! { = +=' saw: keyword at perror.stp:2:1 1 parse error(s). probe syscall.open { printf ("%d(%d) open\n", execname(), pid()) } probe begin { printf("x") = 1 }