[PAR] [TLE] Otto von Bismarck [SEP] Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck (] ), was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890.  In the 1860s, he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states, deliberately excluding Austria, into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership.  With that accomplished by 1871, he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to maintain Germany's position in a Europe which, despite many disputes and war scares, remained at peace.  For historian Eric Hobsbawm, it was Bismarck who "remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, [and] devoted himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers".  However, his annexation of Alsace-Lorraine gave new fuel to French nationalism and promoted Germanophobia in France.  This helped set the stage for the First World War. [PAR] [TLE] Lückentheorie [SEP] "Lückentheorie" (] , "gap theory") refers to the theory that when the Crown and the Parliament were unable to come to agreement, the Crown could act as it sees fit.  It was in reference to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was established following the revolutions of 1848.  Its political use occurred in 1862 when Otto von Bismarck used it to justify proceeding with taxes for military reforms over the opposition of the Parliament to avoid a constitutional crisis.
[PAR] [TLE] Otto von Bismarck [ SEP ] Otto Eduard Leopold , Prince of Bismarck , Duke of Lauenburg ( 1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898 ) , known as Otto von Bismarck ( ] ) , was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890 . In the 1860s , he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states , deliberately excluding Austria , into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership . With that accomplished by 1871 , he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to maintain Germany 's position in a Europe which , despite many disputes and war scares , remained at peace . For historian Eric Hobsbawm , it was Bismarck who " remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871 , [ and ] devoted himself exclusively , and successfully , to maintaining peace between the powers " . However , his annexation of Alsace - Lorraine gave new fuel to French nationalism and promoted Germanophobia in France . This helped set the stage for the First World War . [PAR] [TLE] Lückentheorie [ SEP ] " Lückentheorie " ( ] , " gap theory " ) refers to the theory that when the Crown and the Parliament were unable to come to agreement , the Crown could act as it sees fit . It was in reference to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia , which was established following the revolutions of 1848 . Its political use occurred in 1862 when Otto von Bismarck used it to justify proceeding with taxes for military reforms over the opposition of the Parliament to avoid a constitutional crisis .
Otto von Bismarck used Lückentheorie while under Prussian leadership in which empire?
Otto von Bismarck used Lückentheorie while under Prussian leadership in which empire ?
German Empire
German Empire