<P> Martel was also the founder of all the feudal systems and merit system that marked the Carolingian Empire , and Europe in general during the Middle Ages , though his son and grandson would gain credit for his innovations . Further , Martel cemented his place in history with his defense of Christian Europe against a Muslim army at the Battle of Tours in 732 . The Iberian Saracens had incorporated Berber light horse cavalry with the heavy Arab cavalry to create a formidable army that had almost never been defeated . Christian European forces , meanwhile , lacked the powerful tool of the stirrup . In this victory , Charles earned the surname Martel ( `` the Hammer '' ) . Edward Gibbon , the historian of Rome and its aftermath , called Charles Martel `` the paramount prince of his age '' . </P>
<P> Martel was also the founder of all the feudal systems and merit system that marked the Carolingian Empire , and Europe in general during the Middle Ages , though his son and grandson would gain credit for his innovations . Further , Martel cemented his place in history with his defense of Christian Europe against a Muslim army at the Battle of Tours in 732 . The Iberian Saracens had incorporated Berber light horse cavalry with the heavy Arab cavalry to create a formidable army that had almost never been defeated . Christian European forces , meanwhile , lacked the powerful tool of the stirrup . In this victory , Charles earned the surname Martel ( `` the Hammer '' ) . Edward Gibbon , the historian of Rome and its aftermath , called Charles Martel `` the paramount prince of his age '' . </P>
the carolingian era was marked by what type of social system
the carolingian era was marked by what type of social system
feudal systems
feudal systems