<Table> <Tr> <Th> Hormone </Th> <Th> Tissue of Origin </Th> <Th> Metabolic Effect </Th> <Th> Effect on Blood Glucose </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Insulin </Td> <Td> Pancreatic β Cells </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances entry of glucose into cells ; 2 ) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen , or conversion to fatty acids ; 3 ) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins ; 4 ) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids , of adipose tissue into free fatty acids . </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amylin </Td> <Td> Pancreatic β Cells </Td> <Td> 1 ) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating ; 2 ) Slows gastric emptying ; 3 ) Reduces food intake . </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GLP - 1 </Td> <Td> Intestinal L cells </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances glucose - dependent insulin secretion ; 2 ) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating ; 3 ) Slows gastric emptying ; 4 ) Reduces food intake . ( Only works while food is in the gut ) </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glucagon </Td> <Td> Pancreatic α Cells </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen ( glycogenolysis ) ; 2 ) Enhances synthesis of glucose ( gluconeogenesis ) from amino acids or fats . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asprosin </Td> <Td> White adipose tissue </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somatostatin </Td> <Td> Pancreatic δ Cells </Td> <Td> 1 ) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells ( acts locally ) ; 2 ) Suppresses release of Insulin , Pituitary tropic hormones , gastrin and secretin . </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Epinephrine </Td> <Td> Adrenal medulla </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen ; 2 ) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cortisol </Td> <Td> Adrenal cortex </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances gluconeogenesis ; 2 ) Antagonizes Insulin . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ACTH </Td> <Td> Anterior pituitary </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances release of cortisol ; 2 ) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Growth Hormone </Td> <Td> Anterior pituitary </Td> <Td> Antagonizes Insulin </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thyroxine </Td> <Td> Thyroid </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen ; 2 ) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> </Table>
<Table> <Tr> <Th> Hormone </Th> <Th> Tissue of Origin </Th> <Th> Metabolic Effect </Th> <Th> Effect on Blood Glucose </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Insulin </Td> <Td> Pancreatic β Cells </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances entry of glucose into cells ; 2 ) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen , or conversion to fatty acids ; 3 ) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins ; 4 ) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids , of adipose tissue into free fatty acids . </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amylin </Td> <Td> Pancreatic β Cells </Td> <Td> 1 ) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating ; 2 ) Slows gastric emptying ; 3 ) Reduces food intake . </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GLP - 1 </Td> <Td> Intestinal L cells </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances glucose - dependent insulin secretion ; 2 ) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating ; 3 ) Slows gastric emptying ; 4 ) Reduces food intake . ( Only works while food is in the gut ) </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glucagon </Td> <Td> Pancreatic α Cells </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen ( glycogenolysis ) ; 2 ) Enhances synthesis of glucose ( gluconeogenesis ) from amino acids or fats . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asprosin </Td> <Td> White adipose tissue </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somatostatin </Td> <Td> Pancreatic δ Cells </Td> <Td> 1 ) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells ( acts locally ) ; 2 ) Suppresses release of Insulin , Pituitary tropic hormones , gastrin and secretin . </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Epinephrine </Td> <Td> Adrenal medulla </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen ; 2 ) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cortisol </Td> <Td> Adrenal cortex </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances gluconeogenesis ; 2 ) Antagonizes Insulin . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ACTH </Td> <Td> Anterior pituitary </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances release of cortisol ; 2 ) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Growth Hormone </Td> <Td> Anterior pituitary </Td> <Td> Antagonizes Insulin </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thyroxine </Td> <Td> Thyroid </Td> <Td> 1 ) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen ; 2 ) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> </Table>
regulation of blood sugar level takes place in the
regulation of blood sugar level takes place in the
Pancreatic β Cells Intestinal L cells Pancreatic α Cells White adipose tissue Pancreatic δ Cells Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Anterior pituitary Thyroid
Pancreatic β Cells Intestinal L cells Pancreatic α Cells White adipose tissue Pancreatic δ Cells Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Anterior pituitary Thyroid