<Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Freedom Riders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the Civil Rights Movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> May 4 -- December 10 , 1961 ( 7 months and 6 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Southern United States , First Baptist Church , Parchman Farm and Jackson , Mississippi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caused by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) </Li> <Li> Racial segregation in interstate and intrastate transportation and public accommodations </Li> <Li> Failed compliance with ruling Morgan v. Virginia ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Journey of Reconciliation in 1947 </Li> <Li> Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Ongoing boycott and sit - in demonstrations in the south </Li> <Li> Boynton v. Virginia ( 1960 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resulted in </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 436 individuals participated in at least 60 separate Freedom Rides </Li> <Li> First time `` jail , no bail '' tactic employed on large scale since the Nashville sit - ins </Li> <Li> Desegregation order from Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) </Li> <Li> Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) recognized as a serious civil rights organization </Li> <Li> Creation of Route 40 campaign , Eastern Shore project , and Freedom Highways campaign </Li> <Li> Voter Education Project established </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Parties to the civil conflict </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) </Li> <Li> Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) </Li> <Li> Nashville Student Movement </Li> <Li> National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Governor of Mississippi </Li> <Li> Governor of Alabama </Li> <Li> Birmingham Police Commissioner </Li> <Li> Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Lead figures </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> CORE members </P> <Ul> <Li> James Farmer </Li> <Li> Gordon Carey </Li> </Ul> <P> SNCC and Nashville Student Movement members </P> <Ul> <Li> Diane Nash </Li> <Li> John Lewis </Li> <Li> Bernard Lafayette </Li> <Li> James Bevel </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Governors </P> <Ul> <Li> Ross Barnett </Li> <Li> John M. Patterson </Li> </Ul> <P> City of Birmingham </P> <Ul> <Li> Eugene `` Bull '' Connor </Li> <Li> Tom Cook </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table>
<Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Freedom Riders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the Civil Rights Movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> May 4 -- December 10 , 1961 ( 7 months and 6 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Southern United States , First Baptist Church , Parchman Farm and Jackson , Mississippi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caused by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) </Li> <Li> Racial segregation in interstate and intrastate transportation and public accommodations </Li> <Li> Failed compliance with ruling Morgan v. Virginia ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Journey of Reconciliation in 1947 </Li> <Li> Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Ongoing boycott and sit - in demonstrations in the south </Li> <Li> Boynton v. Virginia ( 1960 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resulted in </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 436 individuals participated in at least 60 separate Freedom Rides </Li> <Li> First time `` jail , no bail '' tactic employed on large scale since the Nashville sit - ins </Li> <Li> Desegregation order from Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) </Li> <Li> Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) recognized as a serious civil rights organization </Li> <Li> Creation of Route 40 campaign , Eastern Shore project , and Freedom Highways campaign </Li> <Li> Voter Education Project established </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Parties to the civil conflict </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) </Li> <Li> Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) </Li> <Li> Nashville Student Movement </Li> <Li> National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Governor of Mississippi </Li> <Li> Governor of Alabama </Li> <Li> Birmingham Police Commissioner </Li> <Li> Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Lead figures </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> CORE members </P> <Ul> <Li> James Farmer </Li> <Li> Gordon Carey </Li> </Ul> <P> SNCC and Nashville Student Movement members </P> <Ul> <Li> Diane Nash </Li> <Li> John Lewis </Li> <Li> Bernard Lafayette </Li> <Li> James Bevel </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Governors </P> <Ul> <Li> Ross Barnett </Li> <Li> John M. Patterson </Li> </Ul> <P> City of Birmingham </P> <Ul> <Li> Eugene `` Bull '' Connor </Li> <Li> Tom Cook </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table>
when did the freedom riders start and end
when did the freedom riders start and end
May 4 -- December 10 , 1961
May 4 -- December 10 , 1961