<Ul> <Li> In 1905 , Einstein proposed the existence of the photon , an elementary particle associated with electromagnetic radiation ( light ) , which was the foundation of quantum theory . In 1909 , Einstein showed that the photon carries momentum as well as energy and that electromagnetic radiation must have both particle - like and wave - like properties if Planck 's law holds ; this was a forerunner of the principle of wave -- particle duality . He would go on to receive the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work . </Li> <Li> In 1905 , Einstein developed a theory of Brownian motion in terms of fluctuations in the number of molecular collisions with an object , providing further evidence that matter was composed of atoms . A few weeks earlier , he had derived the Einstein relation for diffusion , which was the first example of the general fluctuation - dissipation theorem and allowed a good estimate of the Avogadro constant . </Li> <Li> In 1905 , Einstein developed the theory of special relativity , which reconciled the relativity of motion with the observed constancy of the speed of light ( a paradox of 19th - century physics ) . Special relativity is now a core principle of physics . Its counterintuitive predictions that moving clocks run more slowly , that moving objects are shortened in their direction of motion , and that the order of events is not absolute have been confirmed experimentally . </Li> <Li> In 1905 , Einstein developed his concept of Mass -- energy equivalence . Its relation E = mc suggested that matter was a form of energy , which was later verified by the mass defect in atomic nuclei . The energy released in nuclear reactions -- which is essential for nuclear power and nuclear weapons -- can be estimated from such mass defects . </Li> <Li> In 1907 and again in 1911 , Einstein developed the first quantum theory of specific heats by generalizing Planck 's law . His theory resolved a paradox of 19th - century physics that specific heats were often smaller than could be explained by any classical theory . His work was also the first to show that Planck 's quantum mechanical law E = hν was a fundamental law of physics , and not merely special to blackbody radiation . </Li> <Li> Between 1907 and 1915 , Einstein developed the theory of general relativity , a classical field theory of gravitation that provides the cornerstone for modern astrophysics and cosmology . General relativity is based on the surprising idea that time and space dynamically interact with matter and energy , and has been checked experimentally in many ways , confirming its predictions of matter affecting the flow of time , frame dragging , black holes , and gravitational waves . </Li> </Ul>
<Ul> <Li> In 1905 , Einstein proposed the existence of the photon , an elementary particle associated with electromagnetic radiation ( light ) , which was the foundation of quantum theory . In 1909 , Einstein showed that the photon carries momentum as well as energy and that electromagnetic radiation must have both particle - like and wave - like properties if Planck 's law holds ; this was a forerunner of the principle of wave -- particle duality . He would go on to receive the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work . </Li> <Li> In 1905 , Einstein developed a theory of Brownian motion in terms of fluctuations in the number of molecular collisions with an object , providing further evidence that matter was composed of atoms . A few weeks earlier , he had derived the Einstein relation for diffusion , which was the first example of the general fluctuation - dissipation theorem and allowed a good estimate of the Avogadro constant . </Li> <Li> In 1905 , Einstein developed the theory of special relativity , which reconciled the relativity of motion with the observed constancy of the speed of light ( a paradox of 19th - century physics ) . Special relativity is now a core principle of physics . Its counterintuitive predictions that moving clocks run more slowly , that moving objects are shortened in their direction of motion , and that the order of events is not absolute have been confirmed experimentally . </Li> <Li> In 1905 , Einstein developed his concept of Mass -- energy equivalence . Its relation E = mc suggested that matter was a form of energy , which was later verified by the mass defect in atomic nuclei . The energy released in nuclear reactions -- which is essential for nuclear power and nuclear weapons -- can be estimated from such mass defects . </Li> <Li> In 1907 and again in 1911 , Einstein developed the first quantum theory of specific heats by generalizing Planck 's law . His theory resolved a paradox of 19th - century physics that specific heats were often smaller than could be explained by any classical theory . His work was also the first to show that Planck 's quantum mechanical law E = hν was a fundamental law of physics , and not merely special to blackbody radiation . </Li> <Li> Between 1907 and 1915 , Einstein developed the theory of general relativity , a classical field theory of gravitation that provides the cornerstone for modern astrophysics and cosmology . General relativity is based on the surprising idea that time and space dynamically interact with matter and energy , and has been checked experimentally in many ways , confirming its predictions of matter affecting the flow of time , frame dragging , black holes , and gravitational waves . </Li> </Ul>
when did albert einstein publish his first paper
when did albert einstein publish his first paper
1905
1905