[PAR] [TLE] Tonton Macoute [SEP] The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: "Tonton Makout" ) or simply as the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator François "Papa Doc" Duvalier.  In 1970 the militia was renamed the "Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale " (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, perhaps named after the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organisation).  Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, "Tonton Macoute" ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack (French: "macoute" ) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. [PAR] [TLE] François Duvalier [SEP] François Duvalier (] ; 14 April 190721 April 1971), also known as PapaDoc, was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971.  He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform and successfully thwarted a coupd’état in 1958.  His rule, based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute , and the use of a pervasive cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians and the exile of many more.
[PAR] [TLE] Tonton Macoute [ SEP ] The Tonton Macoute ( Haitian Creole : " Tonton Makout " ) or simply as the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator François " Papa Doc " Duvalier . In 1970 the militia was renamed the " Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale " ( Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN , perhaps named after the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organisation ) . Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman , " Tonton Macoute " ( " Uncle Gunnysack " ) , who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack ( French : " macoute " ) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast . [PAR] [TLE] François Duvalier [ SEP ] François Duvalier ( ] ; 14 April 190721 April 1971 ) , also known as PapaDoc , was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971 . He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform and successfully thwarted a coupd’état in 1958 . His rule , based on a purged military , a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute , and the use of a pervasive cult of personality , resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians and the exile of many more .
The dictator who created Tonton Macoute was elected president in what year?
The dictator who created Tonton Macoute was elected president in what year ?
1957
1957