[PAR] [TLE] 't Hooft operator [SEP] In theoretical physics, a 't Hooft operator, introduced by Gerard 't Hooft in the 1978 paper "On the phase transition towards permanent quark confinement", is a dual version of the Wilson loop in which the electromagnetic potential "A" is replaced by its electromagnetic dual "A", where the exterior derivative of "A" is equal to the Hodge dual of the exterior derivative of "A".  In d spacetime dimensions, "A" is a (d-3)-form and so the 't Hooft operator is the integral of "A" over a (d-3)-dimensional surface. [PAR] [TLE] Gerard 't Hooft [SEP] Gerardus (Gerard) 't Hooft (] ; born July 5, 1946) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and professor at Utrecht University, the Netherlands.  He shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his thesis advisor Martinus J. G. Veltman "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions".
[PAR] [TLE] ' t Hooft operator [ SEP ] In theoretical physics , a ' t Hooft operator , introduced by Gerard ' t Hooft in the 1978 paper " On the phase transition towards permanent quark confinement " , is a dual version of the Wilson loop in which the electromagnetic potential " A " is replaced by its electromagnetic dual " A " , where the exterior derivative of " A " is equal to the Hodge dual of the exterior derivative of " A " . In d spacetime dimensions , " A " is a ( d-3)-form and so the ' t Hooft operator is the integral of " A " over a ( d-3)-dimensional surface . [PAR] [TLE] Gerard ' t Hooft [ SEP ] Gerardus ( Gerard ) ' t Hooft ( ] ; born July 5 , 1946 ) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and professor at Utrecht University , the Netherlands . He shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his thesis advisor Martinus J. G. Veltman " for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions " .
In what year was the physicist who introduced the 't Hooft operator born?
In what year was the physicist who introduced the ' t Hooft operator born ?
1946
1946