[PAR] [TLE] Mutual aid (organization theory) [SEP] Mutual aid is arguably as ancient as human culture; an intrinsic part of the small, communal societies universal to humanity's ancient past.  From the dawn of humanity, until far beyond the invention of agriculture, humans were foragers, exchanging labor and resources for the benefit of groups and individuals alike. [PAR] [TLE] Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution [SEP] Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 essay collection by Russian anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin.  The essays, initially published in the English periodical "The Nineteenth Century" between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present.  It is an argument against the competition-centred theories of so-called social Darwinism, as well as the romantic depictions of cooperation presented by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued it was motivated by universal love rather than self-interest.  "Mutual Aid" is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism, presenting a scientific basis for communism alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists.  Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.
[PAR] [TLE] Mutual aid ( organization theory ) [ SEP ] Mutual aid is arguably as ancient as human culture ; an intrinsic part of the small , communal societies universal to humanity 's ancient past . From the dawn of humanity , until far beyond the invention of agriculture , humans were foragers , exchanging labor and resources for the benefit of groups and individuals alike . [PAR] [TLE] Mutual Aid : A Factor of Evolution [ SEP ] Mutual Aid : A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 essay collection by Russian anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin . The essays , initially published in the English periodical " The Nineteenth Century " between 1890 and 1896 , explore the role of mutually - beneficial cooperation and reciprocity ( or " mutual aid " ) in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present . It is an argument against the competition - centred theories of so - called social Darwinism , as well as the romantic depictions of cooperation presented by writers such as Jean - Jacques Rousseau , who argued it was motivated by universal love rather than self - interest . " Mutual Aid " is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism , presenting a scientific basis for communism alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists . Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation .
Mutual aid is an intrinsic part of small, communal societies and contrasts with what body of thought?
Mutual aid is an intrinsic part of small , communal societies and contrasts with what body of thought ?
social Darwinism
social Darwinism