[PAR] [TLE] Elmer T. Cunningham [SEP] Elmer Tiling Cunningham (September 1, 1889 – June 14, 1965) was an American entrepreneur and businessman, specializing in vacuum tubes and radio manufacturing.  He is best known for being the most successful business person to produce counterfeit (AKA bootleg) or unlicensed vacuum tubes (1915-1920).  Cunningham was in direct violation by infringing on the Fleming and De Forest vacuum tube patents.  Unlike other businesses making unlicensed or bootlegged vacuum tubes, Cunningham was very aggressive in his advertising.  Manufacturers of counterfeit vacuum tubes generally ended their activities after a lawsuit has been filed but Cunningham came out ahead after various lawsuits brought against him and his company, the Audio Tron Sales Company.  His successes encouraged many others to do the same thing. [PAR] [TLE] John Ambrose Fleming [SEP] Sir John Ambrose Fleming FRS (29 November 1849 – 18 April 1945) was a British electrical engineer and physicist.  He is known for inventing the first thermionic valve or vacuum tube.  He is also famous for the left hand rule (for electric motors).  He was born the eldest of seven children of James Fleming DD (died 1879), a Congregational minister, and his wife, Mary Ann, at Lancaster, Lancashire and baptised on 11 February 1850.
[PAR] [TLE] Elmer T. Cunningham [ SEP ] Elmer Tiling Cunningham ( September 1 , 1889 – June 14 , 1965 ) was an American entrepreneur and businessman , specializing in vacuum tubes and radio manufacturing . He is best known for being the most successful business person to produce counterfeit ( AKA bootleg ) or unlicensed vacuum tubes ( 1915 - 1920 ) . Cunningham was in direct violation by infringing on the Fleming and De Forest vacuum tube patents . Unlike other businesses making unlicensed or bootlegged vacuum tubes , Cunningham was very aggressive in his advertising . Manufacturers of counterfeit vacuum tubes generally ended their activities after a lawsuit has been filed but Cunningham came out ahead after various lawsuits brought against him and his company , the Audio Tron Sales Company . His successes encouraged many others to do the same thing . [PAR] [TLE] John Ambrose Fleming [ SEP ] Sir John Ambrose Fleming FRS ( 29 November 1849 – 18 April 1945 ) was a British electrical engineer and physicist . He is known for inventing the first thermionic valve or vacuum tube . He is also famous for the left hand rule ( for electric motors ) . He was born the eldest of seven children of James Fleming DD ( died 1879 ) , a Congregational minister , and his wife , Mary Ann , at Lancaster , Lancashire and baptised on 11 February 1850 .
Elmer Tiling Cunningham an American entrepreneur was in direct violation by infringing on patents of a British electrical engineer known for inventing the first what?
Elmer Tiling Cunningham an American entrepreneur was in direct violation by infringing on patents of a British electrical engineer known for inventing the first what ?
thermionic valve
thermionic valve