<P> Early speculations about the nature of the chemical bond , from as early as the 12th century , supposed that certain types of chemical species were joined by a type of chemical affinity . In 1704 , Sir Isaac Newton famously outlined his atomic bonding theory , in `` Query 31 '' of his Opticks , whereby atoms attach to each other by some `` force '' . Specifically , after acknowledging the various popular theories in vogue at the time , of how atoms were reasoned to attach to each other , i.e. `` hooked atoms '' , `` glued together by rest '' , or `` stuck together by conspiring motions '' , Newton states that he would rather infer from their cohesion , that `` particles attract one another by some force , which in immediate contact is exceedingly strong , at small distances performs the chemical operations , and reaches not far from the particles with any sensible effect . '' </P>
<P> Early speculations about the nature of the chemical bond , from as early as the 12th century , supposed that certain types of chemical species were joined by a type of chemical affinity . In 1704 , Sir Isaac Newton famously outlined his atomic bonding theory , in `` Query 31 '' of his Opticks , whereby atoms attach to each other by some `` force '' . Specifically , after acknowledging the various popular theories in vogue at the time , of how atoms were reasoned to attach to each other , i.e. `` hooked atoms '' , `` glued together by rest '' , or `` stuck together by conspiring motions '' , Newton states that he would rather infer from their cohesion , that `` particles attract one another by some force , which in immediate contact is exceedingly strong , at small distances performs the chemical operations , and reaches not far from the particles with any sensible effect . '' </P>
who determined there is an electrical force holding substances together
who determined there is an electrical force holding substances together
Sir Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton