<P> Evert Gorter and François Grendel ( Dutch physiologists ) approached the discovery of our present model of the plasma membrane structure as a lipid bi-layer . They simply hypothesized that if the plasma membrane is a bi-layer , then the surface area of the mono - layer of lipids measured would be double the surface area of the plasma membrane . To examine their hypothesis , they performed an experiment in which they extracted lipids from a known number of red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) of different mammalian sources , such as humans , goats , sheep , etc. and then spreading the lipids as a mono - layer in a Langmuir - Blodgett trough . They measured the total surface area of the plasma membrane of red blood cells , and using Langmuir 's method , they measured the area of the mono - layer of lipids . In comparing the two , they calculated an estimated ratio of 2 : 1 . This supported their hypothesis , which led to the conclusion that cell membranes are composed of two apposing molecular layers . The two scientists proposed a structure for this bi-layer , with the polar hydrophilic heads facing outwards towards the aqueous environment and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards away from the aqueous surroundings on both sides of the membrane . Although they arrived at the right conclusions , some of the experimental data were incorrect such as the miscalculation of the area and pressure of the lipid mono - layer and the incompleteness of lipid extraction . They also failed to describe membrane function , and had false assumptions such as that of plasma membranes consisting of mostly lipids . However , on the whole , this envisioning of the lipid bi-layer structure became the basic underlying assumption for each successive refinement in modern understanding of membrane function . </P>
<P> Evert Gorter and François Grendel ( Dutch physiologists ) approached the discovery of our present model of the plasma membrane structure as a lipid bi-layer . They simply hypothesized that if the plasma membrane is a bi-layer , then the surface area of the mono - layer of lipids measured would be double the surface area of the plasma membrane . To examine their hypothesis , they performed an experiment in which they extracted lipids from a known number of red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) of different mammalian sources , such as humans , goats , sheep , etc. and then spreading the lipids as a mono - layer in a Langmuir - Blodgett trough . They measured the total surface area of the plasma membrane of red blood cells , and using Langmuir 's method , they measured the area of the mono - layer of lipids . In comparing the two , they calculated an estimated ratio of 2 : 1 . This supported their hypothesis , which led to the conclusion that cell membranes are composed of two apposing molecular layers . The two scientists proposed a structure for this bi-layer , with the polar hydrophilic heads facing outwards towards the aqueous environment and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards away from the aqueous surroundings on both sides of the membrane . Although they arrived at the right conclusions , some of the experimental data were incorrect such as the miscalculation of the area and pressure of the lipid mono - layer and the incompleteness of lipid extraction . They also failed to describe membrane function , and had false assumptions such as that of plasma membranes consisting of mostly lipids . However , on the whole , this envisioning of the lipid bi-layer structure became the basic underlying assumption for each successive refinement in modern understanding of membrane function . </P>
who is the scientist that propounded the bi-lipid molecular layer of cell membrane
who is the scientist that propounded the bi-lipid molecular layer of cell membrane
Evert Gorter François Grendel
Evert Gorter François Grendel