<Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Thirty Years ' War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of European wars of religion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Les Grandes Misères de la guerre ( The Great Miseries of War ) by Jacques Callot , 1632 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 23 May 1618 -- 15 May 1648 ( 29 years , 11 months , 3 weeks , and 1 day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Europe , mainly present - day Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Peace of Westphalia </P> <Ul> <Li> Protestant princes allowed to continue religious practices </Li> <Li> Decline of the Catholic Church mainly , although not exclusively , in northern Europe </Li> <Li> Habsburg supremacy curtailed </Li> <Li> Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic by Spanish Empire </Li> <Li> Recognition of the Spanish sovereignty of Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg by Dutch Republic </Li> <Li> Rise of France and the Bourbon dynasty </Li> <Li> Rise of the Swedish Empire </Li> <Li> Decline of feudalism in continental Europe </Li> <Li> Further decentralization of the Holy Roman Empire </Li> <Li> Franco - Spanish War until 1659 </Li> <Li> Devastation and major population loss in Imperial states </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Anti-Habsburg states and allies : Sweden ( from 1630 ) Dutch Republic France ( from 1635 ) Denmark ( 1625 -- 1629 ) Bohemia ( 1618 -- 1620 ) The Palatinate ( surrendered in 1623 ) Saxony ( until 1635 ) Brandenburg - Prussia ( until 1635 ) Brunswick - Lüneburg England ( 1625 -- 30 ) Scotland ( 1625 -- 38 ) Transylvania ( from 1619 ) </P> Supported by : <Ul> <Li> Ottoman Empire </Li> <Li> Russian Tsardom </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Habsburg states and allies : Holy Roman Empire </P> <Ul> <Li> Catholic League </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> </Ul> <P> Spanish Empire Hungary Denmark ( 1643 -- 45 ) </P> Supported by : <Ul> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Zaporizhian Cossacks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gustavus Adolphus † </Li> <Li> Axel Oxenstierna </Li> <Li> Johan Banér </Li> <Li> Lennart Torstenson </Li> <Li> Gustav Horn </Li> <Li> Carl Gustaf Wrangel </Li> <Li> Charles X Gustav </Li> <Li> James Spens </Li> <Li> Alexander Leslie </Li> <Li> James 3rd Marquis Hamilton </Li> <Li> Louis XIII of France </Li> <Li> Cardinal Richelieu </Li> <Li> Cardinal Mazarin </Li> <Li> Louis XIV of France </Li> <Li> Marquis de Feuquieres † </Li> <Li> Henri , Prince of Condé </Li> <Li> Duke of Gramont </Li> <Li> Gaspard III de Coligny </Li> <Li> Louis II de Bourbon </Li> <Li> Urbain de Maillé - Brézé </Li> <Li> Vicomte de Turenne </Li> <Li> John Hepburn † </Li> <Li> Frederick V , Elector Palatine </Li> <Li> Jindřich Matyáš Thurn </Li> <Li> Christian I of Anhalt - Bernburg </Li> <Li> Christian IV of Denmark </Li> <Li> Robert Maxwell , 1st Earl of Nithsdale </Li> <Li> Bernhard of Saxe - Weimar </Li> <Li> Johann Georg I of Saxony </Li> <Li> Maurice of Nassau </Li> <Li> Piet Pieterszoon Hein </Li> <Li> William of Nassau </Li> <Li> Frederik Hendrik of Orange </Li> <Li> Maarten Tromp </Li> <Li> Ernst Casimir </Li> <Li> Hendrik Casimir I </Li> <Li> Charles I Stuart </Li> <Li> Duke of Buckingham † </Li> <Li> Sir Horace Vere </Li> <Li> Gabriel Bethlen </Li> <Li> Ernst von Mansfeld </Li> <Li> Christian of Brunswick </Li> <Li> Mikhail Borisovich Shein </Li> <Li> Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ferdinand II </Li> <Li> Ferdinand III </Li> <Li> Albrecht von Wallenstein </Li> <Li> Count of Tilly † </Li> <Li> Ottavio Piccolomini </Li> <Li> Franz von Mercy † </Li> <Li> Johann von Werth </Li> <Li> Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim † </Li> <Li> Raimondo Montecuccoli </Li> <Li> Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel † </Li> <Li> Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria </Li> <Li> Philip III of Spain </Li> <Li> Philip IV of Spain </Li> <Li> Count - Duke of Olivares </Li> <Li> Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba </Li> <Li> Charles de Longueval , Count of Bucquoy † </Li> <Li> Ambrosio Spinola † </Li> <Li> Carlos Coloma </Li> <Li> Duke of Feria </Li> <Li> Francisco de Melo </Li> <Li> Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand </Li> <Li> Matthias Gallas </Li> <Li> Maximilian I of Bavaria </Li> <Li> Charles IV , Duke of Lorraine </Li> <Li> Sigismund III of Poland </Li> </Ul> <P> Ivan Sirko </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 149,000 Swedes ( 1632 ) </Li> <Li> 135,000 Danes ( 1625 ) </Li> <Li> 77,000 Dutch ( 1629 ) </Li> <Li> 6,000 Transylvanians </Li> <Li> 60,000 Ottoman cavalry ( as support to Frederick
<Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Thirty Years ' War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of European wars of religion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Les Grandes Misères de la guerre ( The Great Miseries of War ) by Jacques Callot , 1632 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 23 May 1618 -- 15 May 1648 ( 29 years , 11 months , 3 weeks , and 1 day ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Europe , mainly present - day Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Peace of Westphalia </P> <Ul> <Li> Protestant princes allowed to continue religious practices </Li> <Li> Decline of the Catholic Church mainly , although not exclusively , in northern Europe </Li> <Li> Habsburg supremacy curtailed </Li> <Li> Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic by Spanish Empire </Li> <Li> Recognition of the Spanish sovereignty of Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg by Dutch Republic </Li> <Li> Rise of France and the Bourbon dynasty </Li> <Li> Rise of the Swedish Empire </Li> <Li> Decline of feudalism in continental Europe </Li> <Li> Further decentralization of the Holy Roman Empire </Li> <Li> Franco - Spanish War until 1659 </Li> <Li> Devastation and major population loss in Imperial states </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Anti-Habsburg states and allies : Sweden ( from 1630 ) Dutch Republic France ( from 1635 ) Denmark ( 1625 -- 1629 ) Bohemia ( 1618 -- 1620 ) The Palatinate ( surrendered in 1623 ) Saxony ( until 1635 ) Brandenburg - Prussia ( until 1635 ) Brunswick - Lüneburg England ( 1625 -- 30 ) Scotland ( 1625 -- 38 ) Transylvania ( from 1619 ) </P> Supported by : <Ul> <Li> Ottoman Empire </Li> <Li> Russian Tsardom </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Habsburg states and allies : Holy Roman Empire </P> <Ul> <Li> Catholic League </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> </Ul> <P> Spanish Empire Hungary Denmark ( 1643 -- 45 ) </P> Supported by : <Ul> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Zaporizhian Cossacks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gustavus Adolphus † </Li> <Li> Axel Oxenstierna </Li> <Li> Johan Banér </Li> <Li> Lennart Torstenson </Li> <Li> Gustav Horn </Li> <Li> Carl Gustaf Wrangel </Li> <Li> Charles X Gustav </Li> <Li> James Spens </Li> <Li> Alexander Leslie </Li> <Li> James 3rd Marquis Hamilton </Li> <Li> Louis XIII of France </Li> <Li> Cardinal Richelieu </Li> <Li> Cardinal Mazarin </Li> <Li> Louis XIV of France </Li> <Li> Marquis de Feuquieres † </Li> <Li> Henri , Prince of Condé </Li> <Li> Duke of Gramont </Li> <Li> Gaspard III de Coligny </Li> <Li> Louis II de Bourbon </Li> <Li> Urbain de Maillé - Brézé </Li> <Li> Vicomte de Turenne </Li> <Li> John Hepburn † </Li> <Li> Frederick V , Elector Palatine </Li> <Li> Jindřich Matyáš Thurn </Li> <Li> Christian I of Anhalt - Bernburg </Li> <Li> Christian IV of Denmark </Li> <Li> Robert Maxwell , 1st Earl of Nithsdale </Li> <Li> Bernhard of Saxe - Weimar </Li> <Li> Johann Georg I of Saxony </Li> <Li> Maurice of Nassau </Li> <Li> Piet Pieterszoon Hein </Li> <Li> William of Nassau </Li> <Li> Frederik Hendrik of Orange </Li> <Li> Maarten Tromp </Li> <Li> Ernst Casimir </Li> <Li> Hendrik Casimir I </Li> <Li> Charles I Stuart </Li> <Li> Duke of Buckingham † </Li> <Li> Sir Horace Vere </Li> <Li> Gabriel Bethlen </Li> <Li> Ernst von Mansfeld </Li> <Li> Christian of Brunswick </Li> <Li> Mikhail Borisovich Shein </Li> <Li> Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ferdinand II </Li> <Li> Ferdinand III </Li> <Li> Albrecht von Wallenstein </Li> <Li> Count of Tilly † </Li> <Li> Ottavio Piccolomini </Li> <Li> Franz von Mercy † </Li> <Li> Johann von Werth </Li> <Li> Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim † </Li> <Li> Raimondo Montecuccoli </Li> <Li> Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel † </Li> <Li> Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria </Li> <Li> Philip III of Spain </Li> <Li> Philip IV of Spain </Li> <Li> Count - Duke of Olivares </Li> <Li> Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba </Li> <Li> Charles de Longueval , Count of Bucquoy † </Li> <Li> Ambrosio Spinola † </Li> <Li> Carlos Coloma </Li> <Li> Duke of Feria </Li> <Li> Francisco de Melo </Li> <Li> Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand </Li> <Li> Matthias Gallas </Li> <Li> Maximilian I of Bavaria </Li> <Li> Charles IV , Duke of Lorraine </Li> <Li> Sigismund III of Poland </Li> </Ul> <P> Ivan Sirko </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 149,000 Swedes ( 1632 ) </Li> <Li> 135,000 Danes ( 1625 ) </Li> <Li> 77,000 Dutch ( 1629 ) </Li> <Li> 6,000 Transylvanians </Li> <Li> 60,000 Ottoman cavalry ( as support to Frederick
where did the 30 years war take place
where did the 30 years war take place
Europe , mainly present - day Germany
Europe , mainly present - day Germany