<P> According to the Articles of Confederation , `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated '' ( emphasis added ) . Thus , the Continental Congress had no powers incidental to those which were `` expressly delegated '' by the Articles of Confederation . By contrast , the Necessary and Proper Clause expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress , while no other clauses in the Constitution do so by themselves . </P>
<P> According to the Articles of Confederation , `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated '' ( emphasis added ) . Thus , the Continental Congress had no powers incidental to those which were `` expressly delegated '' by the Articles of Confederation . By contrast , the Necessary and Proper Clause expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress , while no other clauses in the Constitution do so by themselves . </P>
what gives congress the right to make all laws necessary and proper
what gives congress the right to make all laws necessary and proper
Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right
Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right