<Table> <Tr> <Td> Genus and species </Td> <Td> Entamoeba histolytica </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Etiologic agent of : </Td> <Td> Amoebiasis ; amoebic dysentery ; extraintestinal amoebiasis , usually amoebic liver abscess ; `` anchovy sauce '' ) ; amoeba cutis ; amoebic lung abscess ( `` liver - colored sputum '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infective stage </Td> <Td> Tetranucleated cyst ( having 2 - 4 nuclei ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Definitive host </Td> <Td> Human </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portal of entry </Td> <Td> Mouth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mode of transmission </Td> <Td> Ingestion of mature cyst through contaminated food or water </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Habitat </Td> <Td> Colon and cecum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pathogenic stage </Td> <Td> Trophozoite </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Locomotive apparatus </Td> <Td> Pseudopodia ( `` false foot '' `` ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Motility </Td> <Td> Active , progressive and directional </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nucleus </Td> <Td> ' Ring and dot ' appearance : peripheral chromatin and central karyosome </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mode of reproduction </Td> <Td> Binary fission </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pathogenesis </Td> <Td> Lytic necrosis ( it looks like `` flask - shaped '' holes in Gastrointestinal tract sections ( GIT ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Type of encystment </Td> <Td> Protective and Reproductive </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lab diagnosis </Td> <Td> Most common is direct fecal smear ( DFS ) and staining ( but does not allow identification to species level ) ; enzyme immunoassay ( EIA ) ; indirect hemagglutination ( IHA ) ; Antigen detection -- monoclonal antibody ; PCR for species identification . Sometimes only the use of a fixative ( formalin ) is effective in detecting cysts . Culture : From faecal samples - Robinson 's medium , Jones ' medium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Treatment </Td> <Td> Metronidazole for the invasive trophozoites PLUS a lumenal amoebicide for those still in the intestine . Paromomycin ( Humatin ) is the luminal drug of choice , since Diloxanide furoate ( Furamide ) is not commercially available in the United States or Canada ( being available only from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ) . A direct comparison of efficacy showed that Paromomycin had a higher cure rate . Paromomycin ( Humatin ) should be used with caution in patients with colitis , as it is both nephrotoxic and ototoxic . Absorption through the damaged wall of the intestinal tract can result in permanent hearing loss and kidney damage . Recommended dosage : metronidazole 750 mg three times a day orally , for 5 to 10 days followed by paromomycin 30 mg / kg / day orally in 3 equal doses for 5 to 10 days or Diloxanide furoate 500 mg 3 times a day orally for 10 days , to eradicate lumenal amoebae and prevent relapse . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Trophozoite stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pathognomonic / diagnostic feature </Td> <Td> Ingested RBC ; distinctive nucleus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cyst Stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chromatoidal body </Td> <Td> ' Cigar ' shaped bodies ( made up of crystalline ribosomes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number of nuclei </Td> <Td> 1 in early stages , 4 when mature </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pathognomonic / diagnostic feature </Td> <Td> ' Ring and dot ' nucleus and chromatoid bodies </Td> </Tr> </Table>
<Table> <Tr> <Td> Genus and species </Td> <Td> Entamoeba histolytica </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Etiologic agent of : </Td> <Td> Amoebiasis ; amoebic dysentery ; extraintestinal amoebiasis , usually amoebic liver abscess ; `` anchovy sauce '' ) ; amoeba cutis ; amoebic lung abscess ( `` liver - colored sputum '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infective stage </Td> <Td> Tetranucleated cyst ( having 2 - 4 nuclei ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Definitive host </Td> <Td> Human </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portal of entry </Td> <Td> Mouth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mode of transmission </Td> <Td> Ingestion of mature cyst through contaminated food or water </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Habitat </Td> <Td> Colon and cecum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pathogenic stage </Td> <Td> Trophozoite </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Locomotive apparatus </Td> <Td> Pseudopodia ( `` false foot '' `` ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Motility </Td> <Td> Active , progressive and directional </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nucleus </Td> <Td> ' Ring and dot ' appearance : peripheral chromatin and central karyosome </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mode of reproduction </Td> <Td> Binary fission </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pathogenesis </Td> <Td> Lytic necrosis ( it looks like `` flask - shaped '' holes in Gastrointestinal tract sections ( GIT ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Type of encystment </Td> <Td> Protective and Reproductive </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lab diagnosis </Td> <Td> Most common is direct fecal smear ( DFS ) and staining ( but does not allow identification to species level ) ; enzyme immunoassay ( EIA ) ; indirect hemagglutination ( IHA ) ; Antigen detection -- monoclonal antibody ; PCR for species identification . Sometimes only the use of a fixative ( formalin ) is effective in detecting cysts . Culture : From faecal samples - Robinson 's medium , Jones ' medium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Treatment </Td> <Td> Metronidazole for the invasive trophozoites PLUS a lumenal amoebicide for those still in the intestine . Paromomycin ( Humatin ) is the luminal drug of choice , since Diloxanide furoate ( Furamide ) is not commercially available in the United States or Canada ( being available only from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ) . A direct comparison of efficacy showed that Paromomycin had a higher cure rate . Paromomycin ( Humatin ) should be used with caution in patients with colitis , as it is both nephrotoxic and ototoxic . Absorption through the damaged wall of the intestinal tract can result in permanent hearing loss and kidney damage . Recommended dosage : metronidazole 750 mg three times a day orally , for 5 to 10 days followed by paromomycin 30 mg / kg / day orally in 3 equal doses for 5 to 10 days or Diloxanide furoate 500 mg 3 times a day orally for 10 days , to eradicate lumenal amoebae and prevent relapse . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Trophozoite stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pathognomonic / diagnostic feature </Td> <Td> Ingested RBC ; distinctive nucleus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cyst Stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chromatoidal body </Td> <Td> ' Cigar ' shaped bodies ( made up of crystalline ribosomes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number of nuclei </Td> <Td> 1 in early stages , 4 when mature </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pathognomonic / diagnostic feature </Td> <Td> ' Ring and dot ' nucleus and chromatoid bodies </Td> </Tr> </Table>
what is the infective stage of entamoeba histolytica
what is the infective stage of entamoeba histolytica
Tetranucleated cyst ( having 2 - 4 nuclei )
Tetranucleated cyst ( having 2 - 4 nuclei )