<P> Titanium was first introduced into surgeries in the 1950s after having been used in dentistry for a decade prior . It is now the metal of choice for prosthetics , internal fixation , inner body devices , and instrumentation . Titanium is used from head to toe in biomedical implants . One can find titanium in neurosurgery , bone conduction hearing aids , false eye implants , spinal fusion cages , pacemakers , toe implants , and shoulder / elbow / hip / knee replacements along with many more . The main reason why titanium is often used in the body is due to titanium 's biocompatibility and , with surface modifications , bioactive surface . The surface characteristics that affect biocompatibility are surface texture , steric hindrance , binding sites , and hydrophobicity ( wetting ) . These characteristics are optimized to create an ideal cellular response . Some medical implants , as well as parts of surgical instruments are coated with titanium nitride ( TiN ) . </P>
<P> Titanium was first introduced into surgeries in the 1950s after having been used in dentistry for a decade prior . It is now the metal of choice for prosthetics , internal fixation , inner body devices , and instrumentation . Titanium is used from head to toe in biomedical implants . One can find titanium in neurosurgery , bone conduction hearing aids , false eye implants , spinal fusion cages , pacemakers , toe implants , and shoulder / elbow / hip / knee replacements along with many more . The main reason why titanium is often used in the body is due to titanium 's biocompatibility and , with surface modifications , bioactive surface . The surface characteristics that affect biocompatibility are surface texture , steric hindrance , binding sites , and hydrophobicity ( wetting ) . These characteristics are optimized to create an ideal cellular response . Some medical implants , as well as parts of surgical instruments are coated with titanium nitride ( TiN ) . </P>
when did they start using titanium in surgery
when did they start using titanium in surgery
the 1950s
the 1950s