<P> The final article , Article Twelve , stipulated that the terms of the treaty were to be ratified by the President of the United States and the `` August Sovereign of Japan '' within 18 months . At the time , shōgun Tokugawa Iesada was the de facto ruler of Japan ; for the Emperor to interact in any way with foreigners was out of the question . Perry concluded the treaty with representatives of the shogun , led by plenipotentiary Hayashi Akira ( 林 韑 ) and the text was endorsed subsequently , albeit reluctantly , by Emperor Kōmei . The treaty was ratified on 21 February 1855 . </P>
<P> The final article , Article Twelve , stipulated that the terms of the treaty were to be ratified by the President of the United States and the `` August Sovereign of Japan '' within 18 months . At the time , shōgun Tokugawa Iesada was the de facto ruler of Japan ; for the Emperor to interact in any way with foreigners was out of the question . Perry concluded the treaty with representatives of the shogun , led by plenipotentiary Hayashi Akira ( 林 韑 ) and the text was endorsed subsequently , albeit reluctantly , by Emperor Kōmei . The treaty was ratified on 21 February 1855 . </P>
who opened japan to trade with the treaty of kanagawa
who opened japan to trade with the treaty of kanagawa
Emperor Kōmei
Emperor Kōmei