<P> Beginning from the late eighteenth century , the Ottoman Empire faced challenges defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation . In response to foreign threats , the empire initiated a period of tremendous internal reform which came to be known as the Tanzimat , which succeeded in significantly strengthening the Ottoman central state , despite the empire 's precarious international position . Over the course of the nineteenth century , the Ottoman state became increasingly powerful and rationalized , exercising a greater degree of influence over its population than in any previous era . The process of reform and modernization in the empire began with the declaration of the Nizam - ı Cedid ( New Order ) during the reign of Sultan Selim III ( r . 1789 - 1807 ) and was punctuated by several reform decrees , such as the Hatt - ı Şerif of Gülhane in 1839 and the Hatt - ı Hümayun in 1856 . At the end of this period , marked with 1908 , to a degree the Ottoman military became modernized and professionalized according to the model of Western European Armies . The period was followed by defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire ( 1908 -- 1922 ) . </P>
<P> Beginning from the late eighteenth century , the Ottoman Empire faced challenges defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation . In response to foreign threats , the empire initiated a period of tremendous internal reform which came to be known as the Tanzimat , which succeeded in significantly strengthening the Ottoman central state , despite the empire 's precarious international position . Over the course of the nineteenth century , the Ottoman state became increasingly powerful and rationalized , exercising a greater degree of influence over its population than in any previous era . The process of reform and modernization in the empire began with the declaration of the Nizam - ı Cedid ( New Order ) during the reign of Sultan Selim III ( r . 1789 - 1807 ) and was punctuated by several reform decrees , such as the Hatt - ı Şerif of Gülhane in 1839 and the Hatt - ı Hümayun in 1856 . At the end of this period , marked with 1908 , to a degree the Ottoman military became modernized and professionalized according to the model of Western European Armies . The period was followed by defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire ( 1908 -- 1922 ) . </P>
how did the ottoman empire respond to western influence
how did the ottoman empire respond to western influence
initiated a period of tremendous internal reform
initiated a period of tremendous internal reform