Raufoss Mk 211
{{T|inglese|armi|maggio 2018}}
{{cartuccia
|Nome                      = Raufoss Mk 211
|Immagine                  = Raufoss_NM140_MP_(en).svg
|Didascalia                = 12,7 × 99 mm NATO
|Tipo                      = per [[mitragliatrice]] o [[fucile di precisione]]
|Origine                   = {{NOR}}
|In_servizio_dal           = 
|Impiegata_da              = [[NATO]] e altri
|Conflitti                 = [[Guerra del Golfo]], [[Guerra in Iraq]], [[Guerra al terrorismo]]
|Progettista               = [[Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker]]
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La munizione '''Raufoss Mk 211''' è un calibro [[12,7 × 99 mm NATO|.50]] (12.7×99 mm NATO) multiuso [[Fucile anti-materiale|anti-materiale]] [[High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition]] (alto esplosivo incendiario-perforante), [[proiettile]] prodotto dalla norvegese [[Nammo]] (Nordic Ammunition Group), con il nome di ''NM140 MP''.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.nammo.com/templates/Product.aspx?id=204|titolo=Nammo AS - 12,7mm (.50 Cal)|editore=Nammo AS|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415230804/http://www.nammo.com/templates/Product.aspx?id=204|accesso=27 agosto 2010}}</ref> È comunemente designata come ''multipurpose'' o ''Raufoss'', derivante dalla casa madre [[Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker]] di Raufoss, Norvegia. Il nome "Mk 211" deriva da "Mk 211 Mod 0" usato dalla [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. Armed Force]].<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2009infantrysmallarms/thursdaysessionxi8503.pdf|titolo=20mm AMR – New Use for Unused Ammo|editore=Defense Technical Information Center|p=12|accesso=27 agosto 2010|dataarchivio=4 giugno 2011|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604024304/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2009infantrysmallarms/thursdaysessionxi8503.pdf|urlmorto=sì}}</ref><ref name="ammodatasheet">{{Cita web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dticasd/sbir/sbir032/a044a.pdf|titolo=Army Ammunition Data Sheets for Small Caliber Ammunition|editore=Defense Technical Information Center|p=150|data=aprile 1994|accesso=27 agosto 2010|dataarchivio=2 dicembre 2007|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202134237/http://www.dtic.mil/dticasd/sbir/sbir032/a044a.pdf|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>

Il nome ''multipurpose'' deriva dalla capacità come [[proiettile perforante]] (penetratore in carburo di [[tungsteno]]), [[esplosivo]], e [[Proiettile incendiario|incendiario]], capace di penetrare blindati e corazzature. Può essere usato per colpire [[Elicottero|elicotteri]], [[Aeromobile|velivoli]] e [[Corazzatura|blindati]] e in grado di incendiare il carburante dei [[JP-5|jet]]. La Mk 211 ha lo stesso potere distruttivo di un 20mm su taluni obiettivi.<ref name="globalsec">{{Cita web|autore=John Pike|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/mk211.htm|titolo=Mark 211 .50-caliber Multipurpose Ammunition|editore=Globalsecurity.org|data=13 maggio 2010|accesso=22 agosto 2010}}</ref>

La Mk 211 è usata come .50 dai [[Tiratore scelto|tiratori scelti]] con fucili come il [[Barrett M82]] e altri .50 BMG.<ref name="globalsec" /> Viene usata anche nelle [[Mitragliatrice pesante|mitragliatrici pesanti]] come la [[Browning M2|M2 Browning]]. Diverse fabbriche USA producono il proiettile su licenza della NAMMO AS.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.atk.com/ammo_PDFs/smallcaliber.pdf|titolo=Small Caliber Ammunition|editore=ATK|pp=31–32|accesso=27 agosto 2010}}</ref> Esiste anche la variante tracciante, MK300, usata con Browning.

== Disegno ==
Il concetto di <nowiki>''multipurpose''</nowiki> sviluppato da Raufoss è unico in quanto al posto di una [[Spoletta (armamento)|spoletta]], vi è una detonazione [[pirotecnica]] per l'innesco.<ref name="globalsec" />
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== Identificazione ==
[[File:Raufoss.jpg|destra|miniatura|Mk 211 Mod 0, con ogiva verde su bianco. Il proiettile è fatto dalla WCC negli USA.]]
[[File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Overwatch_security.jpg|miniatura|Arma antimateriale con caricatore M-107 ]]
This round is usually identified by a green over white paint tip mark.<ref name="ammodatasheet" /> Its [[Munizione tracciante|tracer]] variant, which is typically only used with belt-fed machine guns in naval applications, includes a row of red paint between the green and white rows.

The headstamp on the casing will not help to identify the round as Raufoss. Common headstamps are used, and only designate the location, and year of final assembly of the completed round. Headstamps in general will read as (but are not limited to): HXP 89, WCC 94, LC 01, TW 4 or FN 91. The two or three letter prefix (HXP, WCC, LC, TW, or FN) designates the place of assembly; the two-digit suffix numbers specify the production year (Twin Cities (TW) uses only a single digit; i.e. 4 would be 1974, 1984, 1994, 2004 and so on).

== Legalità ==
There has been much debate over whether the Mk 211 projectile is legal to use against personnel, or if it is strictly anti-[[matériel]] ammunition. The [[Comitato internazionale della Croce Rossa|International Committee of the Red Cross]] has sought to have the ammunition banned, due to concern over the incendiary and explosive components and their effect on personnel. Under the Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 the "military or naval" use of explosive or incendiary projectiles with a mass of under 400&nbsp;grams is forbidden.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebART/130-60001?OpenDocument|titolo=St Petersburg Declaration 1868|opera=International Humanitarian Law|editore=[[International Committee of the Red Cross]]|accesso=27 agosto 2010}}</ref> Very few nations were parties to the St. Petersburg Declaration, however, and that declaration does not govern the conduct of non-signatory parties.  Further, the Hague treaties of 1899 and 1907 – which superseded the St. Petersburg Declaration, and were signed by a far wider circle of nations – do permit the use of such ammunition for auto-cannons and heavy machine guns.  Machine guns firing .50 cal/12.7mm ammunition are heavy machine guns.  At best, the ICRC's position can be applied to only a small group of nations that were parties to the St. Petersburg Declaration; at worst, the ICRC's position is made moot by more than 100 years of subsequent international treaties.

Trials conducted by Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment) have concluded that the ammunition most likely does not have an unlawful effect if unintentionally used against personnel, as the round will have penetrated the body and exited on the other side before the explosive and incendiary components of the round are initiated.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.mil.no/multimedia/archive/00036/Virkningen_av_12_7mm_36061a.pdf|titolo=The Effect of 12.7mm Multi-Purpose (MP) Ammunition in Human Tissue|editore=[[Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt]]|data=16 ottobre 2003|accesso=22 agosto 2010}}{{Collegamento interrotto|data=July 2011}}</ref> Upon hitting a person the round will detonate about 50% of the time; if the target is wearing [[Giubbotto antiproiettile|body armor]] a higher detonation frequency is to be expected (as shown by the ICRC tests carried out in 1999).<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.teol.uu.se/noha/masters/moosberg.pdf|titolo=Does the Swedish use of the 12.7mm Multipurpose Projectile undermine the St. Petersburg Declaration?|nome=Louise|cognome=Moosberg|editore=Uppsala University|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519021942/http://www.teol.uu.se/noha/masters/moosberg.pdf|data=18 agosto 2003|accesso=22 agosto 2010}}</ref> If detonated, the round will have a significant fragmentation and incendiary effect in a 30-degree cone behind the struck target, and this might affect others standing in the vicinity. The distance the round will travel from ignition to detonation is 30–40&nbsp;cm, so if the target is hit at very specific angles the round may still be inside the target at the time of detonation.

The official stance of the [[Politica della Norvegia|Norwegian Government]] is that the 12.7&nbsp;mm MP round should not be used against personnel, but an exception has been made for snipers using the round — due to the practical limitations of snipers having to change the type of ammunition used when switching between hardened and soft targets.<sup tabindex="0" class="noprint" id="cxmwRw">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti|senza&nbsp;fonte]]''&#x5D;</sup>
It is being exported strictly in an anti-matériel capacity.

Most nations{{Who|date=July 2014}} using the round train their soldiers not to deploy the projectile against personnel, but in the heat of battle such regulations are easily overlooked. Also, many parties currently fielding the ammunition have no such regulations, including the  U.S., whose policy is that the ammunition is suitable for use against all targets.
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== Note ==
<references />

== Voci correlate ==

* [[Fucile anti-materiale]]
* [[High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition]] (HEIAP)
* [[12,7 × 99 mm NATO|.50 BMG]]

== Collegamenti esterni ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629063447/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2001smallarms/parks2.pdf International Efforts to Restrict or Prohibit Military Small Arms: Annual Report 2001] - Office of the Judge Advocate General of the Army
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160602134033/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/mk211.htm Mark 211 .50-caliber Multipurpose Ammunition - Global Security]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060316071347/http://www.nammo.com/templates/Product.aspx?id=204 Official Mk211 site at NAMMO.com]

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