what is a trough 
a trough in economic terms can refer to a stage in the business cycle where activity is bottoming or where prices are bottoming before a rise understanding troughsthe business cycle moves in five phases expansion peak contraction trough and recovery the trough is the bottoming process of moving from contraction or declining business activity to recovery which is increasing business activity economists use several metrics to track the economic cycle throughout its various phases the most recognizable of these is gross domestic product gdp which is the total value of all goods and services that a country produces a trough is the stage of the economy s business cycle that marks the end of a period of declining business activity and the transition to expansion the business cycle is the upward and downward movement of gross domestic product and consists of recessions and expansions that end in peaks and troughs employment levels also offer an indicator of where the economy stands in the business cycle unemployment levels of less than 5 are consistent with full employment and are indicative of economic expansion when the unemployment rate rises from month to month the economy has most likely entered a contractionary phase when the unemployment rate bottoms out a trough has likely occurred income and wages are also indicators of where the economy stands in the business cycle these increase during expansion recede during contraction and bottom out during a trough the major u s stock market indices such as the dow jones industrial average djia and standard poor s 500 index s p 500 also track closely with the business cycle declines in the stock market coincide or foreshadow contraction in the economy when stocks rally after a significant decline it could signal the economic trough is in or coming soon leading to a rise in economic activity troughs are usually only apparent in hindsight special considerationstroughs are recognizable in hindsight but harder to spot in real time as the economic indicators contract the economy is in a contraction phase this phase can last for a short or long period of time it is only once the economic activity begins to increase again as shown on economic indicators that expansion is likely underway and the trough or bottom has been put in while troughs vary in severity with some troughs only being minor setbacks in economic growth and others being sustained periods of hardship they are typically marked with declining business sales and earnings layoffs low credit availability higher unemployment and business closures all compared to the other business cycle phases troughs are important as they mark a positive turning point for the economy technical traders also sometimes refer to swing lows as troughs and swing highs as peaks asset prices move up and down forming peaks and troughs examples of troughs in the u s an economic trough occurred in june 2009 this date marked the official end of the great recession which began following the economic peak reached in dec 2007 at the end of 2007 the u s gdp reached an all time high of 14 99 trillion it then fell steadily for the next year and a half a period of severe economic contraction in june 2009 it bottomed out at 14 36 trillion a period of expansion ensued with the gdp eventually surpassing its 2007 high reaching 15 02 trillion by sept 2011 during the u s recession of the early 1990s the trough occurred in march 1991 at that date the gdp stood at 8 87 down from 8 98 trillion in july 1990 the month the recession began the recovery to this recession marked by the ensuing expansionary phase was robust with the gdp surpassing 9 trillion for the first time ever before the end of 1991 frequently asked questionsa trough in the business cycle occurs when a recession ends and economic recovery or expansion begins a recession s depth is determined by the magnitude of the peak to trough decline in the broad measures of output employment income and sales its diffusion is measured by the extent of its spread across economic activities industries and geographical regions its duration is determined by the time interval between the peak and the trough the economic cycle is another term for the business cycle the four stages are expansion peak contraction and trough a recession is a trough defined as negative gdp growth occurring over two consecutive quarters and lasting for several months or longer a depression is commonly defined as an extreme recession that lasts three or more years or which leads to a decline in real gross domestic product gdp of at least 10 in a given year depressions are relatively less frequent than milder recessions and tend to be accompanied by high unemployment and low inflation a peak is the opposite of a trough a high point at which expansion shifts to contraction 