how shares are issued and regulated
generally a company s board of directors is given a specific number of shares that can be issued these are called authorized shares issued shares are the number of shares sold to shareholders and counted for ownership purposes so a corporation might have 10 million authorized shares but only issue 8 million because shareholders ownership is affected by the number of authorized shares shareholders may vote to limit that number as they see appropriate when shareholders want to increase the number of authorized shares they meet to discuss the issue and establish an agreement when they agree to increase or decrease the number of authorized shares a formal request is made to the state through filing articles of amendment the shares of publicly traded companies are listed on public exchanges generally through a process called an initial public offering ipo this is an expensive highly regulated and lengthy process in which a company goes through fund raising phases and scrutiny by regulators private company shares are generally issued through company stock options or as other incentives to certain employees these shares are still regulated but usually do not meet the securities and exchange commission s criteria to be listed on an exchange the issue and distribution of shares in public and private markets are regulated by the securities and exchange commission sec share trading on the secondary market is overseen by the sec and the financial industry regulatory authority finra 12types of sharesas mentioned any company can issue shares but publicly traded companies are more likely to divide their stock into two different types of shares many companies issue common stock which is divided into shares these are generally called common shares these provide the purchasers called shareholders with a residual claim on the company and its profits providing potential investment growth through both capital gains and dividends common shares also come with voting rights giving shareholders more control over the business these rights allow the shareholders of a company to vote on specific corporate actions elect members to the board of directors and approve issuing new securities or payment of dividends in addition common stock can include preemptive rights ensuring that shareholders may buy new shares and retain their percentage of ownership when the corporation issues new stock preferred stocks can also be divided into shares commonly called preferred shares compared to common shares preferred shares typically do not offer much market appreciation in value or voting rights in the corporation however this type of stock typically has set payment criteria like a dividend paid out regularly making the stock less risky than common stock because preferred stock takes priority over common stock if the business files for bankruptcy and is forced to repay its lenders preferred shareholders receive payment before common shareholders but after bondholders this priority treatment reduces the risk even further compared to common shares benefits of offering sharesif a company wanted it could issue it s equity as one simple ownership stake and not divide its equity offering there are obvious reasons why a company wouldn t want to do this here are some of the benefits of dividing its stock into individual pieces a company could technically issue only one share of stock there would be significant drawbacks to doing so fractional sharesfractional shares are portions of a single full share of a company s stock traditionally investors could only purchase whole shares but fractional shares allow investors to buy a slice of a stock based on a dollar amount rather than the number of shares for example if a stock trades at 1 000 per share an investor with only 100 to invest could purchase 0 1 shares of that stock the goal of fractional shares is to make it more accessible for a broader range of investors to buy and sell stock particularly those with limited capital however it s important to note that not all brokers offer fractional shares and there can be limitations on which stocks are available for fractional investing additionally while fractional shareholders typically have proportional rights to dividends they may not always have voting rights depending on the broker and the specific arrangement shares of stock and market capitalizationmarket capitalization is a measure of a company s total value in the stock market it s directly related to the number of shares of stock a company issues market capitalization is calculated by multiplying the total number of outstanding shares by the current price per share when a company issues more shares it increases the total number of outstanding shares if the share price remains constant this would lead to an increase in market capitalization if a company buys back its own shares reducing the number of outstanding shares and the share price remains the same the market cap would decrease let s look at an example a company s stock is trading at 50 the company has 100 000 outstanding shares of stock therefore the company s market capitalization is 5 million if the price of the stock goes up to 60 the company s market capitalization is now 6 million if the price stays at 60 and the company issues an additional 10 000 shares the company s 110 000 total outstanding shares have a market capitalization of 6 600 000 the reason this is important is because the value of a company isn t inherently in the price per share it is in the total number of shares multiplied by the stock price let s look at another example imagine company a and company b each with a stock price of 100 however company a has twice as many shares outstanding compared to company b this means it has twice the market capitalization i e it is twice as big even though the stock price is the same shares authorized vs issued vs outstandinglast let s touch on the different stages of shares at the beginning of the article we talked about the authorized number of shares the authorized number of shares is the maximum number of shares that a company is legally permitted to issue a company can have a different amount of shares issued shares issued refers to the total number of shares that a company has actually sold or distributed to shareholders this is always equal to or less than the number of authorized shares when a company first goes public through an initial public offering it issues a certain number of shares over time it may issue additional shares through secondary offerings or employee stock optionslast the company can have an even different number of shares outstanding shares outstanding represent the number of shares that are currently held by all shareholders this includes company insiders institutional investors and the general public this number is equal to the number of issued shares minus any shares held as treasury stock let s look at an example consider a technology startup at its founding the company set its authorized shares at 100 million in its charter as it grew and went public it issued 50 million shares through its ipo and subsequent offerings the company then repurchased 5 million shares that are now held as treasury stock the company has 100 million authorized shares 50 million issued shares and 45 million outstanding shares can you buy one share of stock yes you can buy one share of stock one share is typically the minimum number of shares you can buy at some brokerage firms that do not offer fractional shares 