what is the smoot hawley tariff act 
the smoot hawley tariff act of 1930 raised u s import duties with the goal of protecting american farmers and other industries from foreign competition the smoot hawley tariff act is now widely blamed for worsening the severity of the great depression in the u s and around the world formally called the united states tariff act of 1930 the law is commonly referred to as the smoot hawley tariff or the hawley smoot tariff it was sponsored by sen reed owen smoot r utah and rep willis chatman hawley r ore understanding the smoot hawley tariff actthe smoot hawley tariff act enacted in june 1930 added about 20 to the united states already high import duties on foreign agricultural products and manufactured goods the fordney mccumber act of 1922 previously raised the average import tax on foreign goods to about 40 the initial focus of the smoot hawley legislation was to increase protection for u s farmers who were struggling to compete with agricultural imports from overseas particularly from europe soon lobbyists for other sectors of american industry began demanding similar protection for their own products effect of the great crash of 1929the first effort to pass the bill failed stymied by moderate senate republicans early in 1929 however with the stock market crash that year the appeal of protectionist and isolationist sentiments increased the bill passed by a narrow margin of 44 to 42 in the senate but it sailed through the house of representatives with a vote of 222 to 153 president herbert hoover signed the act into law on june 17 1930 despite widespread opposition that included a petition signed by more than 1 000 economists urging him to veto it the official u s senate website calls smoot hawley among the most catastrophic acts in congressional history hoover optimistically noted that he had the authority under the act to increase or decrease specific tariffs by as much as 50 allowing him to expedite prompt and effective action if grievances develop a global reactiongrievances developed almost immediately the tariff increases in smoot hawley strained the economies of countries already suffering from the great depression and the costs of rebuilding after world war i one notable loser in the trade wars was germany which was already struggling to repay war reparations to the u s and other nations that emerged victorious from the war as the nobel prize winning m i t economist paul a samuelson noted in his widely used textbook economics cynics were delighted at the spectacle of a country trying to collect debts from abroad and at the same time shutting out the import goods that could alone have provided the payment for those debts the amount of international trade declined worldwide between 1929 and 1934 partly due to the smoot hawley tariff act of 1930 soon 25 countries retaliated by increasing their own tariffs as a result international trade declined drastically resulting in a worldwide decline of 66 between 1929 and 1934 both u s exports and imports dropped substantially a change in directionin the 1932 elections president hoover was defeated by franklin d roosevelt and both smoot and hawley lost their seats in congress on taking office president roosevelt began working to reduce the tariffs congress passed the reciprocal trade agreements act in 1934 that law transferred the authority for tariff policy to the white house authorizing the president to negotiate with foreign heads of state for lower tariffs at both ends over the following decades the united states steadily encouraged international trade by taking a lead role in the general agreement on tariffs and trade gatt the north american free trade agreement nafta and the world trade organization wto to this day economists differ on the extent to which the smoot hawley act worsened the great depression some say its effect was minimal because international trade was then a relatively minor part of the u s economy but no one seems to think it was a good idea the official u s senate website refers to smoot hawley as among the most catastrophic acts in congressional history 