what is a bell curve 
a bell curve is a common type of distribution for a variable also known as the normal distribution the term bell curve originates from the fact that the graph used to depict a normal distribution consists of a symmetrical bell shaped curve the highest point on the curve or the top of the bell represents the most probable event in a series of data its mean mode and median in this case while all other possible occurrences are symmetrically distributed around the mean creating a downward sloping curve on each side of the peak the width of the bell curve is described by its standard deviation investopedia nez riazunderstanding a bell curvethe term bell curve is used to describe a graphical depiction of a normal probability distribution whose underlying standard deviations from the mean create the curved bell shape a standard deviation is a measurement used to quantify the variability of data dispersion in a set of given values around the mean the mean in turn refers to the average of all data points in the data set or sequence and will be found at the highest point on the bell curve financial analysts and investors often use a normal probability distribution when analyzing the returns of a security or of overall market sensitivity in finance standard deviations that depict the returns of a security are known as volatility for example stocks that display a bell curve usually are blue chip stocks and ones that have lower volatility and more predictable behavioral patterns investors use the normal probability distribution of a stock s past returns to make assumptions regarding expected future returns in addition to teachers who use a bell curve when comparing test scores the bell curve is often also used in the world of statistics where it can be widely applied bell curves are also sometimes employed in performance management placing employees who perform their job in an average fashion in the normal distribution of the graph the high performers and the lowest performers are represented on either side with the dropping slope it can be useful to larger companies when doing performance reviews or when making managerial decisions investopedia julie bangexample of a bell curvea bell curve s width is defined by its standard deviation which is calculated as the level of variation of data in a sample around the mean using the empirical rule for example if 100 test scores are collected and used in a normal probability distribution 68 of those test scores should fall within one standard deviation above or below the mean moving two standard deviations away from the mean should include 95 of the 100 test scores collected moving three standard deviations away from the mean should represent 99 7 of the scores see the figure above test scores that are extreme outliers such as a score of 100 or 0 would be considered long tail data points that consequently lie squarely outside of the three standard deviation range bell curve vs non normal distributionsthe normal probability distribution assumption doesn t always hold true in the financial world however it is feasible for stocks and other securities to sometimes display non normal distributions that fail to resemble a bell curve non normal distributions have fatter tails than a bell curve normal probability distribution a fatter tail skews negative signals to investors that there is a greater probability of negative returns limitations of a bell curvegrading or assessing performance using a bell curve forces groups of people to be categorized as poor average or good for smaller groups having to categorize a set number of individuals in each category to fit a bell curve will do a disservice to the individuals as sometimes they may all be just average or even good workers or students but given the need to fit their rating or grades to a bell curve some individuals are forced into the poor group in reality data are not perfectly normal sometimes there is skewness or a lack of symmetry between what falls above and below the mean other times there are fat tails excess kurtosis making tail events more probable than the normal distribution would predict 