what is a negative interest rate policy nirp 
a negative interest rate policy nirp is an unconventional monetary policy tool employed by a central bank whereby nominal target interest rates are set with a negative value below the theoretical lower bound of zero percent a nirp is a relatively new development since the 1990s in monetary policy used to mitigate a financial crisis and has only been officially enacted under extraordinary economic circumstances explaining negative interest rate policiesa negative interest rate means that the central bank and perhaps private banks will charge negative interest instead of receiving money on deposits depositors must pay regularly to keep their money with the bank this is intended to incentivize banks to lend money more freely and businesses and individuals to invest lend and spend money rather than pay a fee to keep it safe this happens during a negative interest rate environment during deflationary periods people and businesses hoard money instead of spending and investing the result is a collapse in aggregate demand which leads to prices falling even further a slowdown or halt in real production and output and an increase in unemployment a loose or expansionary monetary policy is usually employed to deal with such economic stagnation however if deflationary forces are strong enough simply cutting the central bank s interest rate to zero may not be sufficient to stimulate borrowing and lending the theory behind negative interest rate policy nirp negative interest rates can be considered a last ditch effort to boost economic growth basically it s put into place when all else every other type of traditional policy has proved ineffective and may have failed theoretically targeting interest rates below zero will reduce the costs to borrow for companies and households driving demand for loans and incentivizing investment and consumer spending retail banks may choose to internalize the costs associated with negative interest rates by paying them which will negatively impact profits rather than passing the costs to small depositors for fear that otherwise they will have to move their deposits into cash real world examples of nirpan example of a negative interest rate policy would be to set the key rate at 0 2 percent such that bank depositors would have to pay two tenths of a percent on their deposits instead of receiving any sort of positive interest though fears that bank customers and banks would move all their money holdings into cash or m1 did not materialize there is some evidence to suggest that negative interest rates in europe did cut down interbank loans there are some risks and potential unintended consequences associated with a negative interest rate policy if banks penalize households for saving that might not necessarily encourage retail consumers to spend more cash instead they may hoard cash at home instituting a negative interest rate environment can even inspire a cash run triggering households to pull their cash out of the bank in order to avoid paying negative interest rates for saving banks that wish to avoid cash runs can refrain from applying the negative interest rate to the comparatively small deposits of household savers instead they apply negative interest rates to the large balances held by pension funds investment firms and other corporate clients this encourages corporate savers to invest in bonds and other vehicles that offer better returns while protecting the bank and the economy from the negative effects of a cash run 