how gamma hedging works
a gamma neutral options position is one that has been immunized to large moves in an underlying security achieving a gamma neutral position is a method of managing risk in options trading by establishing an asset portfolio whose delta s rate of change is close to zero even as the underlying rises or falls this is known as gamma hedging a gamma neutral portfolio is thus hedged against second order time price sensitivity gamma hedging consists of adding additional option contracts to a portfolio usually in contrast to the current position for example if a large number of calls were being held in a position then a trader might add a small put option position to offset an unexpected drop in price during the next 24 to 48 hours or sell a carefully chosen number of call options at a different strike price gamma hedging is a sophisticated activity that requires careful calculation in order to be done correctly gamma vs deltagamma is the greek alphabet inspired name of a standard variable from the black scholes model the first formula recognized as a standard for pricing options within this formula are two particular variables that help traders understand the way option prices change in relation to the price moves of the underlying security delta and gamma delta tells a trader how much an option s price is expected to change because of a small change in the underlying stock or asset specifically a one dollar change in price gamma refers to the rate of change of an option s delta with respect to the change in the price of an underlying stock or other asset s price essentially gamma is the rate of change of the price of an option however some traders also think of gamma as the expected change resulting from the second consecutive one dollar change in the price of the underlying so that by adding gamma and delta to the original delta you d get the expected move from a two dollar move in the underlying security delta gamma hedgingdelta gamma hedging is an options strategy that combines both delta and gamma hedges to mitigate the risk of changes in the underlying asset and also in the delta itself as the underlying asset moves with delta hedging alone a position has protection from small changes in the underlying asset however large changes will change the hedge change the delta leaving the position vulnerable by adding a gamma hedge the delta hedge remains intact using a gamma hedge in conjunction with a delta hedge requires an investor to create new hedges when the underlying asset s delta changes the number of underlying shares that are bought or sold under a delta gamma hedge depends on whether the underlying asset price is increasing or decreasing and by how much a trader who is trying to be delta hedged or delta neutral is usually making a trade that has very little change based on the short term price fluctuation of a smaller magnitude such a trade is often a bet that volatility or in other words demand for the options of that security will trend towards a significant rise or fall in the future but even delta hedging will not protect an options trader very well on the day before expiration on this day because so little time remains before expiration the impact of even a normal price fluctuation in the underlying security can cause very significant price changes in the option delta hedging is therefore not enough under these circumstances gamma hedging is added to a delta hedged strategy as a way of protecting the trader from larger than expected changes to a security or even an entire portfolio but most often to protect from the effects of rapid price change in the option when time value has almost completely eroded while many times a trader will seek a delta gamma hedge that is delta neutral alternatively a trader may want to maintain a specific delta position which could be delta positive or negative but at the same time gamma neutral gamma hedging vs delta hedgingas we have seen above delta and gamma hedging are often used together a simple delta hedge can be created by purchasing call options and shorting a certain number of shares of the underlying stock at the same time if the stock s price remains the same but volatility rises the trader may profit unless time value erosion destroys those profits a trader could add a short call with a different strike price to the strategy to offset time value decay and protect against a large move in the delta adding that second call to the position is a gamma hedge as the underlying stock rises and falls in value an investor may buy or sell shares in the stock if they wish to keep the position neutral this can increase the trade s volatility and costs delta and gamma hedging don t have to be completely neutral and traders may adjust how much positive or negative gamma they are exposed to over time investopedia does not provide tax investment or financial services and advice the information is presented without consideration of the investment objectives risk 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