Right to life (Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights)
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE 30. The relevant part, in the present case, of section 16 of Law no. 2559 on the powers and duties of the police, enacted on 4 July 1934 and published in the Official Gazette on 14 July 1934, as in force at the relevant time, read as follows : “... Police officers are entitled to use their weapons only in the following situations : ( a) in self-defence; ... ( h) or where a person or group shows resistance to the police and prevents it from discharging its duties, or where there is an attack against the police. ... ” 31. Section 16 of Law no. 2559 was amended by Law no. 5681, published in the Official Gazette on 14 June 2007. That provision now reads as follows : “The police ... ( c) may use firearms for the purposes of arresting a person against whom an arrest or custody warrant has been issued ... or a suspect in the act of committing an offence, within limits that are commensurate with the fulfilment of that purpose. Before making use of firearms, the police ... must first call out ‘ stop! ’ ... If the person continues to flee, the police may fire a warning shot. If, despite those warnings, the person still continues to flee, and if no other means of stopping the person can be envisaged, the police may use firearms for the purposes of stopping the person, within limits that are commensurate with the fulfilment of that purpose ( kişinin yakalanmasını sağlamak amacıyla ve sağlayacak ölçüde silahla ateş edilebilir ) ...” 32. Under section 24 of Law no. 2911 on gatherings and demonstrations : “Where a gathering or a demonstration that has begun in compliance with the law ... turns into a gathering or demonstration that is in breach of the law : ... ( b) The highest local civilian authority ... will send [ one or more ] local commanding officer of the security forces to the scene of the incident. That commanding officer will order the crowd to disperse in accordance with the law and will warn it that, in the event of refusal to comply, force will be used. If the crowd does not disperse, it will be dispersed by the use of force ... In the situations described ..., in the event of an attack on the security forces or on the property or individuals they are protecting; or where there is effective resistance, force will be used without any need [ to issue ] an order. ... Where a gathering or a demonstration has begun in breach of the law ..., the security forces ... must take the necessary precautions. The commanding officer of the forces will order the crowd to disperse in accordance with the law and will warn it that, in the event of refusal to comply, force will be used. If the crowd does not disperse, it will be dispersed by the use of force .” 33. Section 6 annexed to Law no. 2559 on the duties and powers of the police, as in force at the relevant time, read as follows : “The term ‘ use of force ’ shall mean the use of physical force, material force and weapons in order to immobilise offenders, in a gradual manner and in proportion to the particularities and degree of resistance and aggressiveness [of the offender ]. Where the action is taken against a group, the degree of force used and the requisite quantity of weaponry ( zor kullanmanın derecesi ile kullanılacak araç ve gereçler ) will be determined by the supervisor of the intervening unit. ” 34. Article 25 of the directive of 30 December 1982 on the Rapid Response Forces ( Polis Çevik Kuvvet Yönetmeliği ) lays down the principles governing the supervision, control and intervention of those forces during demonstrations ( for the text, see Abdullah Yaşa and Others v. Turkey, no. 44827/08, § 27, 16 July 2013). 35. On 15 February 2008 the director of the general police force ( Emniyet Genel Müdürü ) sent all the security services a circular stating the conditions for the use of tear-gas ( E.G.M. Genelge No. : 19 ). It referred to a directive concerning the use of weapons emitting tear-gas ( Göz Yaşartıcı Gaz Silahları ve Mühimmatları Kullanım Talimatı ) issued in February 2008. This directive describes the features of tear-gas-based weapons and the physiological effects of the gas used ( for the text of the circular, see ibid., § 28 ). THE LAW I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 2 OF THE CONVENTION 36. The applicant alleged that the death of his son had been caused by an excessive use of force. In his view, domestic law did not regulate, in a manner that was compatible with the Convention, the use of firearms by State agents. The latter had allegedly been authorised to use lethal force against his son without it being absolutely necessary. He further complained that the authorities had not carried out an effective investigation into the death. He relied in this connection on Article 2 of the Convention, which reads as follows : “ 1. Everyone ’ s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law. 2. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary: (a) in defence of any person from unlawful violence; (b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained; (c) in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.” 37. The Government disputed his arguments. A. Admissibility 38. The Government objected that the applicant had not complied with the six-month time-limit under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention. In particular, they argued that he should have lodged his application, in accordance with the Court ’ s case-law, within a period of six months which ran, according to them, either from the date of the act complained of or from the date on which he had allegedly become aware of the ineffectiveness of domestic remedies. The Government stated that, if the applicant considered that the decision of the public prosecutor ’ s office, adopted on 3 April 2008, constituted the final domestic decision, he should have lodged his application by 3 October 2008. Consequently, they argued that the application of 17 October 2008 was out of time and had to be rejected. 39. The applicant contested those arguments. 40. The Court would observe that the decision of the public prosecutor ’ s office adopted on 3 April 2008, being the final domestic decision, was notified to the applicant on 17 April 2008. The period laid down by Article 35 § 1 of the Convention thus ran from the next day, 18 April 2008, and expired on 17 October 2008, at midnight ( see Sabri Güneş v. Turkey [GC], no. 27396/06, § 60, 29 June 2012). The application was lodged on that latter date, before midnight, and therefore before the end of the above-mentioned period. Consequently, the Court dismisses the Government ’ s objection that the applicant failed to comply with the six-month rule. It finds that the applicant ’ s complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 ( a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. B. Merits 1. The parties ’ submissions 41. The applicant contended that his son, who had not taken part in the demonstrations in question and had found himself by chance between the demonstrators and the security forces, had been killed deliberately by the latter, which had used a degree of force that was unnecessary and manifestly arbitrary and disproportionate. In addition, domestic law did not regulate, in a manner that was compatible with the Convention, the use of firearms by State agents. The latter had allegedly been authorised to use lethal force against his son in a manifestly inappropriate manner without it being absolutely necessary, in his view. He added that numerous violations of human rights had been committed during the incidents in question and, lastly, that the Government were not able to provide the slightest explanation capable of justifying the degree of force used. In addition, the applicant contended that the investigation had not been conducted in accordance with the procedural requirements under Article 2 of the Convention. 42. The Government accepted the argument that the applicant ’ s son had not taken part in the demonstrations in question and had found himself by chance between the demonstrators and the security forces. They further admitted that Tarık Ataykaya had been struck by a cartridge fired from a weapon used by the security forces during their intervention against the demonstrators. They argued, however, that the use of force in the present case had been compliant with the law, namely section 16 of Law no. 2559 and section 6 appended to that law, and that the fatal incident had been unforeseeable. 43. They added in this connection that the use of force by the security forces had been proportionate because they had been instructed to fire the tear-gas grenades into the air and had followed training for that purpose. 44. The Government further argued that the investigation into the death of Tarık Ataykaya had been comprehensive. They explained that the authorities had immediately opened an investigation to determine the responsibility of the security forces for the death in question and had undertaken all the necessary research to identify the members of the security forces who had used grenade launchers of the relevant type on the day of the incident, but that the investigations had been unsuccessful because the personnel in question had been masked. They further stated that the public prosecutor ’ s office had issued a permanent search notice in order to find the person who had fired the shot in question. Moreover, referring to the decision of 30 January 2008 by the police disciplinary board, they argued that there was no evidence to suggest that the personnel in respect of which the investigation had been carried out were responsible for the death of the applicant ’ s son. Lastly, they submitted that there was no evidence that the security forces had acted with the intention of killing the applicant ’ s son. 2. The Court ’ s assessment 45. The Court reiterates that the text of Article 2, read as a whole, demonstrates that paragraph 2 does not primarily define instances where it is permitted intentionally to kill an individual, but describes the situations where it is permitted to have recourse to the “use of force”, which may result, as an unintended outcome, in the deprivation of life. The use of force, however, must be no more than is “absolutely necessary” for the achievement of one of the purposes set out in sub-paragraphs (a), (b) or (c) ( see McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom, 27 September 1995, § 148, Series A no. 324, and Solomou and Others v. Turkey, no. 36832/97, § 64, 24 June 2008 ). The Court further reiterates that the use of the term “absolutely necessary” indicates that a stricter and more compelling test of necessity must be employed than that normally applicable when determining whether State action is “necessary in a democratic society” under paragraphs 2 of Articles 8 to 11 of the Convention. In particular, the force used must be strictly proportionate to the achievement of the aims set out in sub-paragraphs 2 (a), (b) and (c) of Article 2. Furthermore, in keeping with the importance of this provision in a democratic society, the Court must, in making its assessment, subject deprivations of life to the most careful scrutiny, particularly where deliberate lethal force is used, taking into consideration not only the actions of the agents of the State who actually administer the force but also all the surrounding circumstances, including such matters as the planning and control of the actions under examination ( see Giuliani and Gaggio v. Italy [GC], no. 23458/02, § 176, ECHR 2011). 46. The Court finds it appropriate to begin its analysis with facts which have not given rise to any dispute between the parties. First of all, it is not disputed that the applicant ’ s son, Tarık Ataykaya, was killed on 29 March 2006 by a tear-gas grenade fired by the security forces. Nor is it disputed that he was part of a group of violent demonstrators and found himself by chance between the demonstrators and the police. The Court would further observe that Tarık Ataykaya was killed by a member of the security forces who was masked at the time of the incident. It has thus been established “beyond any reasonable doubt” that a member of the security forces fired a tear-gas grenade towards Tarık Ataykaya, injuring him in the head and causing his death. It follows that the burden of proof is on the authorities, which have a duty to show that the use of lethal force in question was made absolutely necessary by the situation and that it was not excessive or unjustified within the meaning of Article 2 § 2 of the Convention ( see Bektaş and Özalp v. Turkey, no. 10036/03, § 57, 20 April 2010). Against this background, the Court must examine in the present case not only whether the use of potentially lethal force against the applicant ’ s son was legitimate but also whether the operation was regulated and organised in such a way as to minimise to the greatest extent possible any risk to his life ( see Makaratzis v. Greece [GC], no. 50385/99, § 60, ECHR 2004 ‑ XI). It must also verify that the authorities did not act negligently in their choice of measures ( see Nachova and Others v. Bulgaria [GC], nos. 43577/98 and 43579/98, § 95, ECHR 2005 ‑ VII). 47. The Court reiterates that it is aware of the subsidiary nature of its role and that it must be cautious in taking on the role of a first instance tribunal of fact, where this is not rendered unavoidable by the circumstances of a particular case ( see McKerr v. the United Kingdom (dec.), no. 28883/95, 4 April 2000). Where domestic proceedings have taken place, it is not the Court ’ s task to substitute its own assessment of the facts for that of the domestic courts and it is for the latter to establish the facts on the basis of the evidence before them ( see, among many other authorities, Edwards v. the United Kingdom, 16 December 1992, § 34, Series A no. 247-B, and Klaas v. Germany, 22 September 1993, § 29, Series A no. 269). Though the Court is not bound by the findings of domestic courts and remains free to make its own appreciation in the light of all the material before it, in normal circumstances it requires cogent elements to lead it to eschew the findings of fact reached by the domestic courts ( see Aydan v. Turkey, no. 16281/10, § 69, 12 March 2013). 48. That being said, and in view of the fact that the burden of proof is on the Government, the Court will first ascertain whether the investigation carried out at the domestic level was effective, in the sense that it was capable of leading to the determination of whether the force used was or was not justified in the circumstances ( see Gülbahar Özer and Others v. Turkey, no. 44125/06, § 59, 2 July 2013). Furthermore, it will examine whether there was a legal and administrative framework defining the limited circumstances in which law-enforcement officials were entitled to use force and firearms ( see Makaratzis, cited above, § 59). 49. The Court notes that an investigation was indeed opened following a complaint by the applicant in March 2006, but that the investigation raised issues at a number of levels. 50. First, it must be said that the investigative authorities failed to identify – and therefore to question – the member of the security forces who fired at Tarık Ataykaya, on the ground that his face had been concealed by a balaclava. Nor were they able to establish with certainty the number of security force members who had been authorised to use the type of weapon in question at the time of the incident. Initially, in a letter of June 2006, the Diyarbakır police headquarters informed the public prosecutor ’ s office that three police officers had used the weapons in question ( see paragraph 14 above ). Subsequently, in a letter of 10 April 2007, the public prosecutor ’ s office was informed that twelve other members of the special forces and eleven other members of the rapid intervention force, making a total of twenty-three police officers from the Anti-Terrorist Branch, had also been authorised to use such weapons at the time of the incident ( see paragraph 18 above ). However, there is no evidence in the case file that the identities of all these officers were notified to the appropriate public prosecutor ’ s office, which confined itself, moreover, to interviewing only a few of the police officers ( see paragraphs 20 and 26 above ). Similarly, according to the information in the file, as regards the public prosecutor ’ s request concerning the places where the officers were stationed, the reply of the police authorities was imprecise, providing vague information and simply indicating that the officers had been posted to different areas at the time of the incident (see paragraph 17 above ). In the Court ’ s view, that lack of cooperation by the police authorities with the public prosecutor ’ s office responsible for the investigation is all the more inexplicable as the latter ’ s sole purpose was to obtain official information from a State department. 51. Moreover, it can be seen from the file that the administrative investigation conducted by the police disciplinary board concerned only fourteen police officers and that it was no more successful in identifying the officer who fired the lethal shot ( see paragraph 27-28 above ). In this connection it is noteworthy that, once again, the main obstacle to identifying that officer was the fact that the policemen were wearing balaclavas at the time of the incident. 52. The Court takes the view that it is not necessary to assess in general terms whether it is compatible with the Convention for balaclavas to be worn by security forces whose task it is to confront demonstrators. It is obvious, however, that this practice has had, in the present case, the direct consequence of giving those responsible immunity from prosecution. On account of that practice, the eyewitnesses were not able to identify the officer who fired at Tarık Ataykaya ( see paragraphs 22 - 24 above ) and it was not possible to interview, as suspects or witnesses, all the officers who had used grenade launchers that day. 53. The Court finds that this circumstance, namely the inability of eyewitnesses to identify the officer who fired the shot because he was wearing a balaclava, is in itself a matter of concern. In this connection it would refer to its previous finding, under Article 3 of the Convention, to the effect that any inability to determine the identity of members of the security forces, when they are alleged to have committed acts that are incompatible with the Convention, breaches that provision ( see, mutatis mutandis, Krastanov v. Bulgaria, no. 50222/99, §§ 59 and 60, 30 September 2004, and Rashid v. Bulgaria, no. 47905/99, §§ 63 - 65, 18 January 2007). Similarly, the Court has already stated that where the competent national authorities deploy masked police officers to maintain law and order or to make an arrest, those officers should be required to visibly display some distinctive insignia – for example a warrant number – thus, while ensuring their anonymity, enabling their identification and questioning in the event of challenges to the manner in which the operation was conducted ( see Hristovi v. Bulgaria, no. 42697/05, § 92, 11 October 2011, and Özalp Ulusoy v. Turkey, no. 9049/06, § 54, 4 June 2013 ). Those considerations are all the more valid in the present case as it concerns a death following a shot fired by a member of the security forces who was wearing a balaclava. 54. The Court thus finds that the domestic authorities deliberately created a situation of impunity which made it impossible to identify members of the security forces who were suspected of inappropriately firing tear-gas grenades and to establish the responsibilities of the senior officers, thus preventing any effective investigation ( see, mutatis mutandis, Dedovski and Others v. Russia, no. 7178/03, § 91, ECHR 2008 ). In addition, it is troubling that no information on the incident which caused Tarık Ataykaya ’ s death was mentioned in the records of the security forces ( see paragraph 29 above ). 55. The Court further observes that in the first year following the incident practically no progress was made in the investigation. The public prosecutor admittedly attempted on a number of occasions to identify the members of the security forces who had had recourse to tear-gas grenades (paragraph 13 above ). Those attempts were not, however, followed up, or they were only partly successful and after an unacceptable delay. Moreover, the public prosecutor ’ s officer proceeded only belatedly to hear evidence from the complainant, from a few police officers whose identities had been disclosed and from eyewitnesses. For example, B.A., one of the police officers who had used tear-gas grenades, was not interviewed until 14 February 2007 – more than ten months after the incident ( see paragraph 20 above ). Two other police officers were not interviewed until about two years after the event ( see paragraph 26 above ). In this connection, the Court would reiterate its findings in Bektaş and Özalp ( cited above, § 65 – police officers questioned seven days after the incident), and in Ramsahai and Others ([GC], no. 52391/99, § 330, ECHR 2007-II – police officers questioned three days after the incident), to the effect that such delays not only create an appearance of collusion between the investigative authorities and the police, they could also lead the victim ’ s family – and the public in general – to believe that the members of the security forces are not accountable for their acts to the judicial authorities. In the present case, although there is no evidence that they colluded with each other or with their colleagues in the Mardin police force, the mere fact that appropriate steps were not taken to reduce the risk of such collusion amounts to a significant shortcoming in the adequacy of the investigation ( see Ramsahai and Others, cited above, § 330). 56. Furthermore, the Court observes that, notwithstanding the applicant ’ s request (see paragraph 11 above ), no expert opinion was ordered to establish how the grenade had been fired, especially as, in view of its impact and the injuries caused, it seems that the shot, as stated by an eyewitness ( see paragraph 9 above ), had been direct, following a flat trajectory, rather than a high-angle shot. The Court has already had occasion to observe that “firing a tear-gas grenade along a direct, flat trajectory by means of a launcher cannot be regarded as an appropriate police action as it could potentially cause serious, or indeed fatal injuries, whereas a high-angle shot would generally constitute the appropriate approach, since it prevents people from being injured or killed in the event of an impact ” ( see Abdullah Yaşa and Others, cited above, § 48). 57. As regards, lastly, the regulatory framework for the use of non-lethal weapons, such as tear-gas grenades, the Court would point out that, in the case of Abdullah Yaşa and Others ( cited above ), which concerned an injury caused by the firing of a tear-gas grenade during the same incidents as those which gave rise to the present case, it examined the regulations on the use of tear-gas grenades. It found that at the relevant time Turkish law contained no specific provisions regulating the use of such equipment during demonstrations or any instructions in that connection. Given that during the events in Diyarbakır between 28 and 31 March 2006 two individuals, one of whom was Tarık Ataykaya, were killed by tear-gas grenades, it may be concluded that the police officers were able to act with considerable autonomy and take ill-considered initiatives, as would probably not have been the case if they had been given appropriate training and instructions. In the Court ’ s view, such a situation is not sufficient to provide the level of protection “by law” of the right to life that is required in present-day democratic societies in Europe ( see, mutatis mutandis, Makaratzis, cited above, § 62, and Abdullah Yaşa and Others, cited above, § 49 ). 58. In the light of the foregoing, the Court finds that no serious investigation capable of establishing the circumstances surrounding the death of Tarık Ataykaya has been conducted at the national level and that the Government have not shown satisfactorily that the use of lethal force against the applicant ’ s son was absolutely necessary and proportionate. The same is true for the preparation and supervision of the operation; the Government have not adduced any evidence to suggest that the security forces deployed the requisite vigilance to ensure that any risk to life was reduced to a minimum. In addition, the Court takes the view that, as far as their positive obligation under the first sentence of Article 2 § 1 to put in place an appropriate legislative and administrative framework was concerned, the Turkish authorities had not done all that could be reasonably expected of them, first, to afford to citizens the requisite level of protection, particularly where – as in the present case – potentially lethal force was to be used, and, secondly, to avoid any real and immediate risk to life which might arise in the context of police operations dealing with violent demonstrations ( see, mutatis mutandis, Makaratzis, cited above, § 71). 59. Having regard to the foregoing, it has clearly not been established that the lethal force used against the applicant ’ s son did not go beyond what was “absolutely necessary”. In addition, the Court takes the view that the investigation into the incident of 29 March 2006 lacked the effectiveness required by Article 2 of the Convention. Accordingly, there has been a violation of this provision under its substantive and procedural heads. II. THE OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS 60. The applicant submitted that the death of his son and the failure to prosecute the police officers concerned had constituted, for himself, inhuman and degrading treatment in breach of Article 3 of the Convention. Relying on Article 13 of the Convention, he argued that he had no effective remedy in domestic law by which to bring proceedings against the perpetrator of the lethal shot. In that connection, he complained that the judicial authorities had not carried out a sufficiently comprehensive investigation in order to identify the person responsible for the death. He further argued that the police disciplinary board, which had conducted the disciplinary investigation, could not be regarded as independent and impartial. Further relying on Article 14 of the Convention, he argued that his son had been murdered on account of his Kurdish origin. Based on the same facts, the applicant lastly relied on Article 17 of the Convention. 61. The Government disputed those arguments. 62. As regards the complaint under Article 3 of the Convention, having regard to the criteria laid down in its case-law ( see Aydan, cited above, § 131), the Court is of the view that the present case does not contain a sufficient number of special factors which could have caused the applicant suffering of such dimension and nature that it exceeded the emotional distress inevitably sustained by relatives of a victim of a serious human rights violation (compare Janowiec and Others v. Russia [GC], nos. 55508/07 and 29520/09, §§ 179-181, ECHR 2013; see also Perişan and Others v. Turkey, no. 12336/03, § 99, 20 May 2010; and Makbule Akbaba and Others v. Turkey, no. 48887/06, § 46, 10 July 2012). Accordingly, there is nothing to justify finding a violation of Article 3 of the Convention in respect of the applicant. It follows that this complaint is manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 ( a) and 4 of the Convention. 63. As to the complaint under Articles 14 and 17, the Court notes that it is not substantiated. It is therefore manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 ( a) and 4 of the Convention. 64. As to the complaint under Article 13, given that this complaint is in reality identical to that submitted by the applicant under the procedural head of Article 2, and in view of the conclusion it has reached in respect of the latter Article ( see paragraph 59 above ), the Court declares the complaint under Article 13 admissible but finds that it does not need to examine it separately on the merits. III. APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 41 AND 46 OF THE CONVENTION 65. Article 41 of the Convention provides: “If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.” 66. The relevant part of Article 46 of the Convention reads as follows: “1. The High Contracting Parties undertake to abide by the final judgment of the Court in any case to which they are parties. 2. The final judgment of the Court shall be transmitted to the Committee of Ministers, which shall supervise its execution. ...” A. Indication of general and individual measures 67. The applicant expressed the wish that the Court ’ s findings in the present case should lead, at national level, to the taking of measures necessary for the prevention of such violations of the Convention in the future. 1. General principles 68. The Court reiterates that, having regard to Article 46 of the Convention, a judgment in which it finds a breach imposes on the respondent State a legal obligation under that provision to put an end to the breach and make reparation for its consequences in such a way as to restore as far as possible the situation existing before the breach. If, on the other hand, national law does not allow – or allows only partial – reparation to be made for the consequences of the breach, Article 41 empowers the Court to afford the injured party such satisfaction as appears to it to be appropriate. It follows, inter alia, that a judgment in which the Court finds a violation of the Convention or its Protocols imposes on the respondent State a legal obligation not only to pay those concerned the sums awarded by way of just satisfaction, but also to choose, subject to supervision by the Committee of Ministers, the general and/or, if appropriate, individual measures to be adopted in its domestic legal order ( see Del Rio Prada v. Spain [GC], no. 42750/09, § 137, ECHR 2013; Maestri v. Italy [GC], no. 39748/98, § 47, ECHR 2004 ‑ I; Assanidzé v. Georgia [GC], no. 71503/01, § 198, ECHR 2004 ‑ II; and Ilaşcu and Others v. Moldova and Russia [GC], no. 48787/99, § 487, ECHR 2004-VII). 69. The Court further reiterates that its judgments are essentially declaratory in nature and that in general, subject to monitoring by the Committee of Ministers, the respondent State remains free to choose the means by which it will discharge its legal obligation under Article 46 of the Convention, provided that such means are compatible with the conclusions set out in the Court ’ s judgment ( see, among other authorities, Scozzari and Giunta v. Italy [GC], nos. 39221/98 and 41963/98, § 249, ECHR 2000-VIII; Brumărescu v. Romania ( just satisfaction ) [GC], no. 28342/95, § 20, ECHR 2001-I; and Öcalan v. Turkey [GC], no. 46221/99, § 210, ECHR 2005-IV). This discretion as to the manner of execution of a judgment reflects the freedom of choice attaching to the primary obligation of the Contracting States under the Convention to secure the rights and freedoms guaranteed ( Papamichalopoulos and Others v. Greece ( Article 50), 31 October 1995, § 34, Series A no. 330 - B). 70. However, in exceptional cases, with a view to assisting the respondent State in fulfilling its obligations under Article 46, the Court seeks to indicate the type of measure that might be taken in order to put an end to the systemic situation identified. It may put forward a number of options and leave the choice and manner of implementation to the discretion of the State concerned ( see, for example, Broniowski v. Poland [GC], no. 31443/96, § 194, ECHR 2004 ‑ V). In certain cases the very nature of the violation found may be such as to leave no real choice as to the measures required to remedy it and the Court may decide to indicate only one such measure ( see, for example, Del Rio Prada, cited above, § 138; Assanidzé, cited above, §§ 202 and 203; Alexanian v. Russia, no. 46468/06, § 240, 22 December 2008; Fatullayev v. Azerbaijan, no. 40984/07, §§ 176 and 177, 22 April 2010; and Oleksandr Volkov v. Ukraine, no. 21722/11, § 208, 9 January 2013 ). 2. Application of those principles to the present case 71. As regards the general measures that the State should adopt in order to implement the present judgment, the Court refers back to its findings in the Abdullah Yaşa and Others judgment ( cited above, § 61): “... Moreover, [the Court] noted that at the time of the events, Turkish law lacked any specific provisions governing the use of tear-gas grenades during demonstrations and did not lay down any instructions for their utilisation by the police forces ... The Court notes that on 15 February 2008 ... a circular setting out the conditions for the use of tear gas was issued to all national security services by the Director General of Security. Nevertheless, the Court considers it necessary to reinforce the guarantees on proper use of tear-gas grenades in order to minimise the risks of death and injury stemming from their use, by adopting more detailed legislative and/or statutory instruments, in accordance with the principles set out in paragraph 48 above.” 72. These findings have been supplemented by those in the İzci v. Turkey judgment ( no. 42606/05, § 99, 23 July 2013), where the Court stated that it was crucial that a clearer set of rules be adopted in such matters and that a system be put in place guaranteeing appropriate training of personnel and control and supervision of such personnel during demonstrations, together with an effective ex post facto review of the necessity, proportionality and reasonableness of any use of force, especially against people who showed no violent resistance towards the security forces. 73. The considerations reiterated above, calling upon the Government to take general measures, are also valid in the present case. The Court notes that the violation of the right to life of the applicant ’ s son, as guaranteed by Article 2 of the Convention, originates once again in a problem stemming from the absence of guarantees as to the proper use of tear-gas grenades. Consequently, the Court emphasises the need to strengthen those guarantees, without delay, in order to minimise the risks of death and injury related to the use of tear-gas grenades ( see, to that effect, Abdullah Yaşa, cited above, § 61). It would point out, in that connection, that there is a risk that the inappropriate use of such potentially lethal weapons during demonstrations, for as long as the Turkish system fails to comply with the Convention requirements, may lead to other violations of a similar nature to those observed in the present case. 74. As regards individual measures, the Court has found that the applicant ’ s son died following the firing of a tear-gas grenade and that, on that account, there has been a violation of Article 2 of the Convention. It also found that no effective investigation into the incident had been conducted ( see paragraph 59 above ). 75. In view of the fact that the investigation is still open at national level ( see paragraph 29 above ) and in the light of the documents in the file, the Court finds that in executing the present judgment new investigative measures should be taken under the supervision of the Committee of Ministers. In particular, the measures that the national authorities will have to take in order to prevent impunity must include an effective criminal investigation aimed at the identification and, if appropriate, the punishment of those responsible for the death of the applicant ’ s son. In that connection the Court refers again to the İzci judgment ( cited above, §§ 98 - 99), where it found that an effective investigation also had to seek to establish the responsibility of the senior police officers. B. Article 41 1. Damage 76. The applicant claimed 25, 000 euros (EUR) in respect of pecuniary damage and EUR 80, 000 for non-pecuniary damage. 77. The Government disputed those claims. 78. The Court does not find any causal link between the violation found and the pecuniary damage alleged, and rejects that claim. It is of the view, however, that the applicant should be awarded EUR 65 ,000 for non-pecuniary damage. 2. Costs and expenses 79. The applicant also claimed EUR 6, 603 for the costs and expenses he had incurred in the proceedings before the Court. A statement provided by his lawyer gave the following breakdown : – lawyer ’ s fees : EUR 6, 125, – administrative expenses (telephone calls, postal costs, photocopying ) and translation fees : EUR 478. 80. The Government submitted that those claims were excessive and not substantiated by any document. 81. The Court would point out that in order for costs to be included in an award under Article 41 of the Convention, it must be established that they were actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum ( see Nikolova v Bulgaria [GC], no. 31195/96, § 79, ECHR 1999-II). In the present case, having regard to the documents at its disposal and the above-mentioned criteria, the Court finds it reasonable to award the applicant the sum of EUR 5, 000 for all costs and expenses. C. Default interest 82. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.
The Court held that there had been a violation of Article 2 of the Convention in its substantive aspect (right to life) and procedural aspect (the investigation). It found, in particular, that there was nothing to indicate that the use of lethal force against the applicant’s son had been absolutely necessary and proportionate, or that the police had taken the appropriate care to ensure that any risk to life was minimised. It also considered that no meaningful investigation had been carried out at domestic level to enable identification of the person who had fired the fatal shot. Further, as to Article 46 (binding force and execution of judgments) of the Convention, the Court reiterated its findings in the Abdullah Yaşa and Others and Izci judgments (see below, under “Prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment”), and emphasised the need to reinforce, without further delay, the safeguards surrounding the proper use of tear-gas grenades, so as to minimise the risks of death and injury stemming from their use. It emphasised that, so long as the Turkish system did not comply with the requirements of the European Convention, the inappropriate use of potentially fatal weapons during demonstrations was likely to give rise to violations similar to that in the present case. The Court also held that, in order to ensure effective implementation of its judgment, fresh investigative measures were to be taken under the supervision of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers to identify and – if appropriate – punish those responsible for the death of the applicant’s son.