Objective guarantees as to the career of judges
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE 13. Under section 9 of the Parliament Act ( valtiopäiväjärjestys, riksdagsordning 278/1983 ), which was in force in 1997, only certain military positions and certain high positions in the judiciary, as well as the duties of officials supervising the lawfulness of government activities, were incompatible with the duties of a member of parliament, but there were no such restrictions as regards membership of a court of appeal. That provision read as follows: “The Chancellor of Justice, the Assistant Chancellor of Justice, a Justice of the Supreme Court or of the Supreme Administrative Court, the Parliamentary Ombudsman and the Assistant Parliamentary Ombudsman may not hold the office of a representative. If a representative is appointed to one of the aforesaid offices or elected Parliamentary Ombudsman or Assistant Parliamentary Ombudsman, his parliamentary mandate shall expire.” This provision corresponds to the existing section 27 of the Constitution ( perustuslaki, grundlagen 731/1999 ). 14. According to section 23 of the State Civil Servants Act ( valtion virkamieslaki, statstjänstemannalagen 750/1994 ), a public official must be absent from office for the period of time he or she performs the duties of a member of parliament. 15. Under section 29 (1) (504/1984) of the Act on Court Proceedings in Cases concerning Rental Matters ( laki oikeudenkäynnistä huoneenvuokra-asioissa, lag om rättegång i hyresmål 650/1973 ), as in force at the relevant time, the court of appeal was required to consider appeals concerning rent contracts as a bench of three judges and two expert members, one of whom represented the views of landlords and the other the views of tenants. The expert members of the court of appeal were appointed by the President of the Republic for a period of four years. Members must be between 25 and 70 years old, and have full legal capacity ( section 29 (2) ). Expert members were required to take an oath ( section 31). 16. The Act on Court Proceedings in Cases concerning Rental Matters was repealed by Act no. 597/2002, which came into force on 1 January 2003. Expert members no longer take part in the proceedings before the district courts or courts of appeal. Instead, the Code of Judicial Procedure ( oikeudenkäymiskaari, rättegångsbalken ) applies to the proceedings. 17. The provisions concerning the disqualification of judges are contained in Chapter 13, section 1, of the Code of Judicial Procedure. At the relevant time the said provision was worded as follows: “If the plaintiff or the defendant wishes to challenge a judge, he shall do so in a proper manner, and that judge shall decide whether or not to stand down. The following shall be the legal grounds for disqualification: where the judge is related by blood or marriage to one of the parties to a degree which would constitute a bar to marriage under Chapter 2 of the (1734) Marriage Code, including cousinship by blood although not by marriage; where the judge is the opposing party or a publicly known “enemy” of a party; where the judge or a listed relative has an interest in the case, where they stand to obtain particular benefit or suffer particular loss in it; where the judge has served as a judge in the case in another court; where the judge has served as an advocate or witness in the case; where the judge has previously, on the orders of a court, decided a part of the case; or where the judge has a similar case pending before another court. If the judge knows that such grounds exist in his regard, even though the parties are not aware of the same, the judge shall stand down of his own accord.” 18. The provisions of Chapter 13 of the Code of Judicial Procedure concerning the impartiality of judges were amended by an Act (441/2001) which came into force on 1 September 2001. The government bill ( HE 78/2000 ) contains an extensive account of the existing legislative provisions, the case - law of the European Court of Human Rights and precedents of the Supreme Court concerning the disqualification of judges. The amendment has not changed the Government's assessment of the present case. 19. The Act on Commercial Leases ( laki liikehuoneiston vuokrauksesta, lag om hyra av affärslokal 482 /1995 ) was presented as a government bill on 21 November 1994. It was adopted on 17 February 1995 and came into force on 1 May 1995. THE LAW I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION 20. The applicant company complained about a lack of independence and impartiality as one of the expert members sitting on the Court of Appeal when it was determining its case was also a member of the Finnish parliament. The applicant company relied on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the relevant part of which reads as follows: “In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ..., everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by an independent and impartial tribunal...” A. The parties'submissions 1. The applicant company 21. The applicant company submitted that while M.P. was a fully qualified member of the Court of Appeal, he was also a member of parliament. According to the theory of the separation of powers, a member of parliament should not act as a judge in an individual case since judicial and legislative powers should not be exercised by one and the same person. Thus a court of appeal in which a judge was a member of parliament could not be considered to be independent of the legislature. The applicant company argued that inclusion of members of parliament in the composition of judicial bodies disclosed serious structural problems. 22. The applicant company also pointed out that M.P. was a social democrat, as were the President and Prime Minister at the time. It submitted that social democrats considered their relations with insurance companies to be important and that Finnish judges generally favoured big companies as they wished to obtain arbitration assignments for lucrative fees. 2. The Government 23. The Government submitted that M.P. was one of the two expert members of the Court of Appeal, in a composition where the three other members of the court were professional judges and in the majority. The provisions in Chapter 13 of the Code of Judicial Procedure concerning the impartiality of judges were also applicable to expert members, who had to take an oath. 24. The Government noted, moreover, that the applicant company had not suggested that the parliament would have interfered in M.P.'s exercise of his duties as an expert member of the Court of Appeal. They considered that the position of a member of parliament was a position of trust which did not entail any statutory or other obstacle to prevent him or her from acting as an expert member of a court of appeal in cases concerning rental matters. M.P. had sat as a lay member in rental matters since 1974 and gained extensive expertise. The fact that he was a social democrat was of no relevance to the proceedings. 25. The Government emphasised the fact that the prerequisite for expert members is the same as for judges, that is, the expert member may not have a personal relationship with any party to the proceedings or with the case that would jeopardise his or her impartiality. The applicant company alleged that the group of insurance companies to which its adversary belonged offered funding and inexpensive lease contracts to members of parliament and that M.P. was partial because of this. The Government observed in this respect that, according to the Court's constant case-law, a mere suspicion of partiality did not render M.P. partial. The applicant company had neither shown that M.P. rented an apartment from the opposite party, nor that he received any funding from them. B. The Court's assessment 1. General principles 26. In order to establish whether a tribunal can be considered “independent” for the purposes of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, regard must be had, inter alia, to the manner of appointment of its members and their terms of office, the existence of safeguards against outside pressures and the question whether it presents an appearance of independence. 27. The “impartiality” requirement has two aspects. Firstly, the tribunal must be subjectively free of personal prejudice or bias. Secondly, it must also be impartial from an objective viewpoint, that is, it must offer sufficient guarantees to exclude any legitimate doubt in this respect. Under the objective test, it must be determined whether, quite apart from the judges'personal conduct, there are ascertainable facts which may raise doubts as to their impartiality. In this respect even appearances may be of a certain importance. What is at stake is the confidence that the courts in a democratic society must inspire in the public and above all in the parties to proceedings (see Morris v. the United Kingdom, no. 38784/97, § 58, ECHR 2002-I). 28. The concepts of independence and objective impartiality are closely linked, and the Court will accordingly consider both issues together as they relate to the present case (see Findlay v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 25 February 1997, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997-I, p. 281, § 73, and Kleyn and Others v. the Netherlands [GC], nos. 39343/98, 39651/98, 43147/98 and 46664/99, § 192, ECHR 2003-VI ). 29. This case also raises issues concerning the role of a member of the legislature in a judicial context. Although the notion of the separation of powers between the political organs of government and the judiciary has assumed growing importance in the Court's case-law (see Stafford v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 46295/99, § 78, ECHR 2002-IV), neither Article 6 nor any other provision of the Convention requires States to comply with any theoretical constitutional concepts regarding the permissible limits of the powers'interaction. The question is always whether, in a given case, the requirements of the Convention are met. As in the other cases examined by the Court, the present case does not, therefore, require the application of any particular doctrine of constitutional law. The Court is faced solely with the question whether, in the circumstances of the case, the Court of Appeal had the requisite “appearance” of independence, or the requisite “objective” impartiality (see McGonnell v. the United Kingdom, no. 28488/95, § 51, ECHR 2000-II, and Kleyn and Others, cited above, § 19 3 ). 30. Lastly, it should be borne in mind that in deciding whether in a given case there is a legitimate reason to fear that these requirements have not been met, the standpoint of a party is important but not decisive. What is decisive is whether this fear can be held to be objectively justified (see, mutatis mutandis, Hauschildt v. Denmark, judgment of 24 May 1989, Series A no. 154, p. 21, § 48). 2. Application in the present case 31. The Court notes, first of all, that there is no indication that M.P. was actually, or subjectively, biased against the applicant company when sitting in the Court of Appeal in its case. The only issue is whether due to his position as a member of the legislature his participation cast legitimate doubt on the objective or structural impartiality of the court which decided the applicant company's appeal. 32. There is no objection per se to expert lay members participating in the decision-making in a court. The domestic legislation of the Council of Europe's member States affords many examples of tribunals in which professional judges sit alongside specialists in a particular sphere whose knowledge is desirable and even essential in settling the disputes (see, for example, Ettl and Others v. Austria, judgment of 23 April 1987, Series A no. 117, pp. 18-19, §§ 38-40, and Debled v. Belgium, judgment of 22 September 1994, Series A no. 292-B, p. 43, § 36). The Court observes that M.P. had sat on the Court of Appeal as an expert in rental matters since 1974 and had, in the Government's view, acquired considerable experience, permitting him to make a valuable contribution to the adjudication of these types of cases. The Court notes in that regard that two expert members sit alongside a majority of three judges in the composition of the court of appeal in such cases. 33. While the applicant company pointed to M.P.'s political affiliation, the Court does not find that there is any indication in the present case that M.P.'s membership of a particular political party had any connection or link with any of the parties in the proceedings or the substance of the case before the Court of Appeal ( see, mutatis mutandis, Holm v. Sweden, judgment of 25 November 1993, Series A no. 279-A, pp. 15-16, §§ 32-33). Nor is there any indication that M.P. played any role in respect of the legislation which was in issue in the case. The Act on Commercial Leases had been submitted by the government for adoption by the parliament on 21 November 1994 and it had been adopted on 17 February 1995, before M.P. had been elected for his second term of office on 19 March 1995. Even assuming therefore that participation by a member of parliament in, for example, the adoption of a general legislative measure could cast doubt on later judicial functions, it cannot be asserted in this case that M.P. was involved in any other capacity with the subject matter of the applicant company's case through his position as a member of parliament. 34. Accordingly, the Court concludes that, unlike the situation it examined in Procola v. Luxembourg (judgment of 28 September 1985, Series A no. 326 ) and McGonnell, cited above, M.P. had not exercised any prior legislative, executive or advisory function in respect of the subject matter or legal issues before the Court of Appeal for decision in the applicant company's appeal. The judicial proceedings therefore cannot be regarded as involving “the same case” or “the same decision” in the sense that was found to infringe Article 6 § 1 in the two judgments cited above. The Court is not persuaded that the mere fact that M.P. was a member of the legislature at the time he sat on the applicant company's appeal is sufficient to raise doubts as to the independence and impartiality of the Court of Appeal. While the applicant company relies on the theory of separation of powers, this principle is not decisive in the abstract. 35. In these circumstances, the Court is of the opinion that the applicant company's fear as to lack of independence and impartiality of the Court of Appeal, due to the participation of an expert member who was also a member of parliament, cannot be regarded as being objectively justified. Consequently, there has been no violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention.
The Court held that there had been no violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, finding that the applicant’s fear as to a lack of independence and impartiality of the Court of Appeal, due to the participation of an expert member who was also a Member of Parliament, could not be regarded as being objectively justified. The Court noted in particular that there was no indication that the judge who was a Member of the Parliament was actually, or subjectively, biased against the applicant when sitting in the Court of Appeal in his case. Nor was the Court persuaded that the mere fact that he was a member of the legislature at the time when he sat on the applicant’s appeal was sufficient to raise doubts as to the independence and impartiality of the Court of Appeal. While the applicant relied on the theory of separation of powers, the principle was not decisive in the abstract.