Satellite dish
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE A. The Land Code 15. The renting of a flat is regulated primarily in Chapter 12 of the Land Code. 16. Section 2 provides that a tenancy agreement shall be in writing if the landlord or the tenant so request. In the event that a provision in the agreement is difficult to interpret, it is in practice ultimately interpreted to the disadvantage of the person who formulated the agreement. As it is almost always the landlord who draws up the tenancy agreement, the landlord has to take the responsibility for an agreement that is difficult to interpret. In most cases, landlords use standard agreements, the content of which is the result of negotiations between rental market organisations. 17. Section 3 contains provisions for the term and cancellation of tenancies. A tenancy agreement which is applicable for an indefinite period, as in the present case, must be cancelled for it to cease to apply. According to section 4, an indefinite tenancy agreement can be cancelled and thus cease to apply on the first day of the month following three months'notice. Section 8 provides that, in a case such as the present, a notice of cancellation shall be in writing and comply with certain rules governing service. 18. Section 23 provides, inter alia, that a tenant may not use the flat for a purpose other than that intended. Under section 24, the tenant is under an obligation to take good care of the flat. In general, he or she shall take care of it in a way that can be reasonably expected of an orderly person. Further, the tenant is liable to make good all damage caused by his or her carelessness or negligence. 19. Section 25 contains provisions on disturbances and demands on the tenant for keeping the flat sound, orderly and in good condition. Subsection 1 provides: “When using the flat, the tenant shall ensure that persons living in the vicinity are not subjected to disturbances which may be harmful to their health or otherwise impair their dwelling environment to an extent not reasonably tolerable .... In his use of the flat, the tenant shall also in other respects do all that is necessary to keep the property sound, orderly and in good condition. ...” Disturbances and failure to meet those requirements may result in the tenancy agreement being forfeited under section 42. Special provisions and regulations can be included in the tenancy agreement. A tenant's refusal to abide by such provisions and regulations may also constitute a failure to fulfil the requirements for keeping the flat sound, orderly and in good condition. 20. It follows from section 46 that if the landlord has given notice of cancellation of the tenancy agreement, the tenant may still be entitled to have the agreement extended. However, subsection 1 of section 46 lists a number of situations in which the tenant loses the right to renewal. The first situation, laid down in subsection 1(1), is the forfeiture of the tenancy. Section 42 stipulates the conditions in which a tenancy agreement is deemed to be forfeited, including residential disturbances and failure to keep the flat sound, orderly and in good condition. The second situation, regulated in subsection 1(2), was relied on by the landlord and applied by the Court of Appeal in the present case. It concerns the tenant's neglect of their obligations. If the obligations are neglected to such an extent that it is not reasonable for the tenancy agreement to be extended, the tenant may lose the right to such renewal. The preparatory works to the latter provision state that the requirements of orderliness must be high in order to make it possible for the landlord to maintain the property in good order and condition (SOU 1961:47, pp. 84-85). The interests of the landlord shall be weighed against the reasonableness of the tenancy being terminated. Distressing personal circumstances may be taken into account. The possibility of another flat in the same area should also be considered (Government Bill 1968:91, Appendix A, p. 91). Examples of negligence are, for example, failure to pay rent, subletting without permission, refusing to grant the landlord access to the flat, depositing rent without valid reasons, residential disturbances, a failure to keep the flat sound, orderly and in good condition, and a breach of clauses in the tenancy agreement. B. Proceedings in tenancy disputes 21. A large number of tenancy disputes are examined by the eight regional rent review boards, whose task it is, under section 4 of the Lease Review Boards and Rent Review Boards Act ( Lagen om arrendenämnder och hyresnämnder, 1973:1988), to examine disputes concerning, for example, the terms of a tenancy and disputes relating to the renewal of a tenancy agreement. A decision by a Rent Review Board in a renewal dispute, as in the present case, can be appealed to the Svea Court of Appeal, in accordance with the Land Code, Chapter 12, section 70 in conjunction with section 49. No appeal lies against the court's decision, as provided for in section 10 of the Svea Court of Appeal Rent Cases Judicial Procedure Act ( Lagen om rättegången i vissa hyresmål i Svea hovrätt, 1994:831). C. Constitutional provisions on freedom of expression and freedom of information 22. Chapter 1, section 3, subsection 3 of the Constitutional Law on Freedom of Expression ( Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen ) states the following: “ Subject to any contrary provision of this Constitutional Law neither public authorities nor other public bodies shall prohibit or prevent the possession or employment of such technical aids as are necessary to receive radio programmes or to view or hear the content of technical recordings on grounds of the content of a radio programme or technical recording,.The same shall apply to any ban on the construction of landline networks for the transmission of radio programmes .” 23. Chapter 2, section 1, subsection 1 of the Instrument of Government ( Regeringsformen ) provides, inter alia, as follows: “ Every citizen shall be guaranteed the following rights and freedoms in his relations with the public institutions: 1. freedom of expression: that is, the freedom to communicate information and express thoughts, opinions and sentiments, whether orally, pictorially, in writing, or in any other way; 2. freedom of information: that is, the freedom to procure and receive information and otherwise acquaint oneself with the utterances of others; ...” Section 12 provides that the enumerated rights and freedoms may be restricted only to satisfy a purpose acceptable in a democratic society. The restriction may never go beyond what is necessary having regard to the purpose which occasioned it, nor may it be carried so far as to constitute a threat to the free formation of opinion as one of the fundaments of democracy. Furthermore, no restriction may be imposed solely on grounds of a political, religious, cultural or other such opinion. Under section 13, freedom of expression and information can only be restricted on grounds of national security, national provision of supplies, public order and safety, the good name of an individual, the sanctity of private life, and the prevention and prosecution of crime. Freedom of expression may also be restricted in commercial activities. 24. The Constitutional Law on Freedom of Expression and the Instrument of Government apply to the relationship between individuals and public bodies. They do not apply to relationships between individuals. THE LAW I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 10 OF THE CONVENTION 25. The applicants complained that their freedom to receive information had been breached because the restrictions imposed on them either had not been prescribed by law or had been more far-reaching than necessary in a democratic society. Moreover, they claimed that the consequences – the eviction from their flat and the move to another town – had been disproportionate to the aims pursued. They relied on Article 10 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.” A. The parties'submissions 26. The Government submitted that the complaint was incompatible ratione materiae or manifestly ill-founded. They argued that the dispute in the case had been limited to the question of the actual positioning of the satellite dish, having regard, primarily, to contractual obligations. The alleged interference had not arisen as an effect of a ruling by a public authority on the right to receive information or even the right to use or own a satellite dish. Instead, it had come about only as an effect of the Court of Appeal's interpretation and application of an obligation in a contract between two private parties within the framework of private litigation. In any event, the Swedish authorities would only be responsible to the extent that the State had a positive obligation to protect the rights of the applicants in a case of this nature. In this connection the Government were of the opinion that the Court of Appeal had struck a fair balance between the competing interests of the landlord and the applicants and that there did not exist a positive obligation to protect the applicants'right to receive information from the interference of others. There had therefore not been an interference by a public authority within the meaning of Article 10 of the Convention. 27. The Government argued that were the Court to find that Article 10 was applicable and had been infringed, the interference in question was prescribed by law, specifically Chapter 12 of the Land Code, and that it served the legitimate aim of protecting the rights of others, including those of the landlord, other tenants and third parties. As to the question whether the measure had been “necessary” within the meaning of Article 10, they claimed that a fair balance had been struck between the landlord's right to property and its interest in maintaining order and good conditions on the property, on the one hand, and the applicants'right to receive information by means of a private satellite dish, on the other. Moreover, the proceedings had been fair at every level, the two instances involved having given extensive and detailed reasons after holding hearings and inspecting the satellite installation in question. Thus, having regard also to the margin of appreciation, the alleged interference had been proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued and “ necessary ” in terms of Article 10 § 2. 28. The applicants submitted that the grounds for contesting the landlord's action had not been only their denial that the positioning of the satellite was in breach of the lease, but also that that action infringed their right to freedom of information under the Swedish Constitution and Article 10 of the Convention. They further claimed that the Court of Appeal had not balanced the various interests in any real or meaningful sense. It had not attached proper significance to the applicants'right to freedom of information and had failed to take into account that there had been no safety risks in the individual case, instead allowing the landlord to make general risk assessments. The applicants therefore claimed that there had been an interference with their rights under Article 10. This had occurred as a consequence of the Court of Appeal's application of the law and, accordingly, the State's exercise of judicial power in a civil - law dispute. Consequently, the State could not evade its responsibility in the matter. 29. The applicants further asserted that the Court of Appeal's decision lacked a basis in law, as their satellite installation, which had not been affixed to the structure of the building, had not violated Rule 13 of the tenancy agreement and so had not breached the Land Code. Furthermore, the interference in the case had not been “necessary”, as a fair balance between the competing interests had not been struck. In this connection they reiterated that their rights under Article 10 had been disregarded and that no individual safety assessment had been made. Moreover, broadcasts from certain TV channels – of particular importance to them on account of their cultural background – were available exclusively via a satellite dish. This had not been disputed in the domestic proceedings. Finally, there had been no margin of appreciation, as no vital State interests had been at issue. Instead, the reasons given by the Court of Appeal related to the landlord's interests. In sum, the interference had not been proportionate or “necessary” within the meaning of Article 10 § 2. B. The Court's assessment 1. Admissibility 30. The Government argued that the case concerned a dispute between two private parties over a contractual obligation and that there had not been intervention by a public authority such as to bring any positive obligation of the State into play. 31. The Court reiterates that, under Article 1 of the Convention, each Contracting State “shall secure to everyone within [its] jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in ... [the] Convention”. As the Court stated in Marckx v. Belgium (13 June 1979, § 31, Series A no. 31; see also Young, James and Webster v. the United Kingdom, 13 August 1981, § 49, Series A no. 44), in addition to the primarily negative undertaking of a State to abstain from interference in Convention guarantees, “there may be positive obligations inherent” in such guarantees. The responsibility of a State may then be engaged as a result of not observing its obligation to enact domestic legislation. 32. The Court reiterates, further, that Article 10 applies to judicial decisions preventing a person from receiving transmissions from telecommunications satellites ( see Autronic AG v. Switzerland, 22 May 1990, §§ 47-48, Series A no. 178). Moreover, the genuine and effective exercise of freedom of expression under Article 10 may require positive measures of protection, even in the sphere of relations between individuals (see Özgür Gündem v. Turkey, no. 23144/93, §§ 42-46, ECHR 2000-III; Fuentes Bobo v. Spain, no. 39293/98, § 38, 29 February 2000; and Appleby and Others v. the United Kingdom, no. 44306/98, § 39, ECHR 2003 ‑ VI). 33. Admittedly, the Court is not in theory required to settle disputes of a purely private nature. That being said, in exercising the European supervision incumbent on it, it cannot remain passive where a national court's interpretation of a legal act, be it a testamentary disposition, a private contract, a public document, a statutory provision or an administrative practice appears unreasonable, arbitrary, discriminatory or, more broadly, inconsistent with the principles underlying the Convention (see Pla and Puncernau v. Andorra, 13 July 2004, § 59, ECHR 2004-VIII). 34. In the present case the Court notes that the Court of Appeal, in its decision of 20 December 2005, applied and interpreted not only the tenancy agreement concluded between the applicants and the landlord but also Chapter 12 of the Land Code. Further, it ruled on the applicants'right to freedom of information laid down in the Swedish Constitution and the Convention. Domestic law, as interpreted in the last resort by the Court of Appeal, therefore made lawful the treatment of which the applicants complained (see Marckx and Young, James and Webster, cited above, and VgT Verein gegen Tierfabriken v. Switzerland, 28 June 2001, § 47, ECHR 2001-VI ). In effect, the applicants'eviction was the result of the court's ruling. The Court finds that the responsibility of the respondent State within the meaning of Article 1 of the Convention for any resultant breach of Article 10 may be engaged on this basis. 35. Consequently, this complaint is not incompatible ratione materiae. Nor is it manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. The Court further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. 2. Merits (a) Whether there was an interference with the applicants'rights under Article 10 of the Convention 36. The responsibility of the respondent State having been established, the Court of Appeal's ruling that the applicants'tenancy agreement should be terminated because of their refusal to dismantle the satellite dish in question amounted to an “interference by a public authority” in the exercise of the rights guaranteed by Article 10. (b) Whether the interference was “prescribed by law” 37. Whereas the Government claimed that the interference was prescribed by law, the applicants submitted that the Court of Appeal's decision lacked a basis in law, as their satellite installation had not been affixed to the wall and had therefore not been in breach of the tenancy agreement and the Land Code. 38. The Court observes that the Rent Review Board and the Court of Appeal came to different conclusions as to whether the satellite installation at issue constituted an “outdoor aerial ” in breach of Rule 13 of the tenancy agreement and the obligations under Chapter 12, section 25 of the Land Code. It is of the opinion that both interpretations were viable and that the interference can therefore be considered as having been “prescribed by law” within the meaning of Article 10 § 2. (c) Whether the interference pursued a legitimate aim 39. In finding against the applicants, the Court of Appeal had regard, inter alia, to the landlord's interest in upholding order and good practice. The decision could thus be said to have been aimed at the “protection of the ... rights of others” within the meaning of Article 10 § 2. (d) Whether the interference was “necessary in a democratic society” 40. The Court reiterates that, as a consequence of the Court of Appeal's decision, the applicants were effectively restricted from receiving information disseminated in certain television programmes broadcast via satellite. 41. The right to freedom to receive information basically prohibits a Government from restricting a person from receiving information that others wish or may be willing to impart to him or her (see, among other authorities, Leander v. Sweden, 26 March 1987, § 74, Series A no. 116). In a case like the present one, where the desired information was available without the broadcasters'restrictions through the use of the technical equipment at issue, the general principles of freedom of expression become applicable, as appropriate. 42. The test of “necessity in a democratic society” requires the Court to determine whether the interference complained of corresponded to a “pressing social need”. The Contracting States have a certain margin of appreciation in assessing whether such a need exists, but it goes hand in hand with European supervision, whose extent will vary according to the case. Where, as in the instant case, there has been an interference with the exercise of the rights and freedoms guaranteed in Article 10 § 1, the supervision must be strict, because of the importance of the rights in question. The necessity for restricting them must be convincingly established (see, among other authorities, Autronic AG, cited above, § 61). 43. The Court's task in exercising its supervisory function is not to take the place of the competent domestic courts but rather to review under Article 10 the decisions they have taken pursuant to their power of appreciation (see, inter alia, Fressoz and Roire v. France [GC], no. 29183/95, § 45, ECHR 1999-I). In particular, the Court must determine whether the reasons adduced by the national authorities to justify the interference were “relevant and sufficient” and whether the measure taken was “proportionate to the legitimate aims pursued”. In doing so, the Court has to satisfy itself that the national authorities, basing themselves on an acceptable assessment of the relevant facts, applied standards which were in conformity with the principles embodied in Article 10 ( see, among other authorities, Chauvy and Others v. France, no. 64915/01, § 70, ECHR 2004 ‑ VI ). 44. In the instant case the Court observes that the applicants wished to receive television programmes in Arabic and Farsi from their native country or region. That information included, for instance, political and social news that could be of particular interest to the applicants as immigrants from Iraq. Moreover, while such news might be the most important information protected by Article 10, the freedom to receive information does not extend only to reports of events of public concern, but covers in principle also cultural expressions as well as pure entertainment. The importance of the latter types of information should not be underestimated, especially for an immigrant family with three children, who may wish to maintain contact with the culture and language of their country of origin. The right at issue was therefore of particular importance to the applicants. 45. It should be stressed that it has not been claimed that the applicants had any other means of receiving these or similar programmes at the time of the impugned decision than through the use of the satellite installation in question, nor that their satellite dish could be installed in a different location. They might have been able to obtain some news through foreign newspapers and radio programmes, but these sources of information only cover parts of what is available via television broadcasts and cannot in any way be equated with the latter. Moreover, it has not been shown that the landlord later installed broadband and internet access or other alternative means which gave the tenants in the building the possibility to receive these television programmes. 46. It is true that a satellite dish mounted on or extending outside the façade of a building may pose safety concerns, in particular since a landlord may be held responsible for damage caused by a falling dish. The Court of Appeal noted that this was the main reason for the landlord's refusal to allow the applicants'installation. However, in the instant case this aspect cannot carry much weight, as the evidence in the domestic case showed that the installation did not pose any real safety threat. It was examined by an engineer and both the Rent Review Board and the Court of Appeal inspected it before concluding that it was safe. While it might be convenient for a landlord to make general risk assessments without having to check individual installations, such considerations cannot carry much weight when set against the applicants'interests. 47. In the domestic proceedings the landlord also referred to physical and aesthetic damage, as well as obstruction of access to the flat, as reasons for banning the satellite installation. These concerns were not directly addressed by the Court of Appeal, but it did state that the landlord had a weighty and reasonable interest in upholding order and good practice. In any event, there is no indication that these additional concerns were of any practical significance in the applicants'case. In this connection it should be mentioned that the applicants'flat was located in one of the suburbs of Stockholm, in a tenement house with no particular aesthetic aspirations. 48. The Court further notes the Court of Appeal's finding that, while the applicants'interest in receiving the television broadcasts had to be taken into consideration, their right to freedom of information did not have such a bearing on the case that it could be considered to have any real importance. From this statement, the Court cannot but conclude that the appellate court, in weighing the interests involved, failed to apply standards in conformity with Article 10. 49. Particular importance must also be attached to the outcome of the instant case, namely, the applicants'eviction from the flat in which they had lived for more than six years. The applicants stated that, as a result, they had to move to another city, thus incurring negative consequences of a practical, economic and social nature. The Court considers that evicting the applicants and their three children from their home was a measure which cannot be considered proportionate to the aim pursued. 50. Having regard to the above, the Court concludes that, even if a certain margin of appreciation is afforded to the national authorities, the interference with the applicants'right to freedom of information was not “necessary in a democratic society” and that the respondent State failed in their positive obligation to protect that right. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention. II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION 51. For reasons similar to those relied on under Article 10 of the Convention, the applicants complained that the eviction from their flat gave rise to a violation of their right to respect for their home under Article 8. 52. The Government contested that argument. 53. The Court notes that this complaint is linked to the one examined above and must therefore likewise be declared admissible. 54. However, having regard to the finding relating to Article 10 (see paragraph 50 above), the Court considers that it is not necessary to examine whether, in this case, there has also been a violation of Article 8. III. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION 55. Article 41 of the Convention provides: “If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.” A. Damage 56. The applicants claimed 66, 000 Swedish kronor ( SEK – approximately 6, 5 00 euros ( EUR ) ) in respect of pecuniary damage. Their claim concerned the increased costs of the first applicant's journeys to and from work for a two-year period following their move to Västerås. In respect of non-pecuniary damage, they claimed SEK 50,000 (about EUR 5,0 00) each or other amounts which the Court considered reasonable. 57. The Government contested the claim in respect of pecuniary damage, stating that the applicants could have avoided the additional travelling costs by accepting the landlord's offer to remain in the flat. As regards non-pecuniary damage, the Government left the matter to the Court's discretion. 58. The Court considers that the first applicant must have sustained pecuniary damage on account of the longer journeys to and from work and finds this claim reasonable. It therefore awards it in full. Further, the Court finds it appropriate to make an award for non-pecuniary damage. Ruling on an equitable basis, it awards the applicants EUR 5,000 jointly under that head. B. Costs and expenses 59. The applicants also claimed SEK 229,774 (approximately EUR 2 2, 5 00) for the costs and expenses incurred after the conclusion of the domestic proceedings. This amount included SEK 216,575 (EUR 21 ,0 00) in lawyers'fees for 158 hours of work; the remainder (SEK 12,131) consisting mainly of translation expenses. 60. The Government found the applicants'claims excessive. They maintained that reasonable compensation for costs should not exceed SEK 66,000 (EUR 6,5 00) exclusive of VAT. In addition, SEK 1, 000 (EUR 100 ) was acceptable for expenses. 61. According to the Court's case-law, an applicant is entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum. In the present case, regard being had to the information in its possession and the above criteria, the Court considers it reasonable to award the sum of EUR 10 ,000, inclusive of VAT, covering costs under all heads for the proceedings before the Court. C. Default interest 62. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.
The Court held that there had been a violation of Article 10 (freedom of expression – freedom to receive information) of the Convention. It observed in particular that the satellite dish had enabled the applicants and their children to receive television programmes in Arabic and Farsi from their native country and region. That information – which included political and social news and, almost equally importantly, cultural expression and entertainment – was of particular interest to them as an immigrant family who wished to maintain contact with the culture and language of their country of origin. It had not been claimed that the applicants had any other means of receiving such programmes at the time or that they could have placed the satellite dish elsewhere. Nor could news obtained from foreign newspapers and radio programmes in any way be equated with information available via television broadcasts. The landlord’s concerns about safety had been examined by the domestic courts, who had found that the installation did not pose any real safety threat. Moreover, the fact that the applicants had effectively been evicted from their home with their three children had been disproportionate to the aim pursued.