Right to know one’s origins and actions to establish a legal parent-child relationship
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE AND COMPARATIVE LAW A. Domestic law and practice 16. Under Article 250 of the Civil Code, one of the parents may decide not to recognise his or her child. In order to exercise that right, the mother must, at the time of the birth, request the hospital to keep her identity secret. In such a case a medical file containing medical information about the mother and child is drawn up. Only the child’s general practitioner may have access to the file, with the permission of the child’s guardian. 17. Simple adoption (affiliazione ) was created in 1942 in order to provide assistance to abandoned or parentless children aged under eighteen. Unlike full adoption, this did not create an effective family relationship and the person being adopted did not have to be childless; however, he or she did have to be aged under eighteen. A simple adoption order could be requested by: the person with whom the child had been placed, the Health and Social Security Department, or the person who had been raising the child on their own initiative. 18. The Articles of the Civil Code providing for simple adoption were repealed as a result of the entry into force of Law no. 184 of 4 May 1983 (subsequently revised by Law no. 149 of 2001 and by Legislative Decree no. 196 of 30 June 2003). 19. Section 27 of Law no. 184/1983 guarantees the right to keep a child’s origins secret in the absence of express authorisation by the judicial authority. 20. Under section 28(7) of Law no. 184/1983, a mother who decides not to keep her child can give birth in a hospital and at the same time remain anonymous on the declaration of birth. That anonymity lasts one hundred years, after which access to the birth certificate becomes possible. 21. An adoption order, once issued by the court, is sent to the register office so that a note can be made in the margin of the birth certificate. Any copies of the adopted child’s civil-status certificates must be issued with only the new family name shown and must bear no mention of the biological father or mother or any annotation regarding the adoption. However, where the registrar is expressly so authorised by the court, he or she may disclose this information. 22. Adopted children may have access to information about their origins and the identity of their birth parents on reaching the age of twenty-five. Where there are compelling and proven reasons relating to their physical and mental health, they may obtain that information on their majority. An application is lodged with the family court of their place of residence, which gives its decision after assessing the particular situation and hearing any persons whom it deems it necessary to hear. 23. Access to the information is refused where the birth mother has not recognised the child at birth and where one of the birth parents has declared their wish not to be named on the birth certificate or has given their consent to the adoption subject to remaining anonymous. 24. In a judgment of 16 November 2005, the Constitutional Court held that withholding information about a child’s origins without first verifying whether the mother still did not wish to be identified was compatible with Articles 2, 3 and 32 of the Constitution. 25. The Constitutional Court observed, in particular, that section 28(7) of Law no. 184/1983 aimed to protect mothers who – in difficult circumstances – decided not to keep their child, by allowing them the possibility of giving birth in a hospital and at the same time remaining anonymous on the declaration of birth. In the court’s view, the mother could thus give birth in good conditions and was prevented from taking an irreversible decision. That possibility would be jeopardised if, under that provision, the mother were also to know that she might one day be called upon by the judicial authority to confirm or waive her decision. 26. Article 111 § 7 of the Italian Constitution provides: “Appeals to the Court of Cassation in cases of violations of the law are always admissible against judgments or measures affecting personal freedom pronounced by the ordinary or special courts”. 27. A government bill on access to personal origins has been before the Italian Parliament since 2008. The bill has two main objectives: i) to permit and make provision for a procedure whereby confidentiality can be waived without calling into question the legal consequences of the decision initially taken by the mother; ii) to make a waiver of confidentiality subject to the express agreement of the mother and child. Under the provisions of the bill, anyone aged twenty-five or over who has been adopted and not recognised at birth may apply to the family court for access to information about their origins, subject to the mother’s agreement. Where the child seeks to discover his or her origins, the family court will take steps to find the mother and obtain her consent to waive confidentiality while respecting her private life. Where the mother has died and where the father has died or cannot be identified, the court will obtain information about their identity and any medical data that may disclose the existence of any transmissible hereditary diseases. B. Right to knowledge of origins in the other member States of the Council of Europe 28. Whilst the system of anonymous or secret births would appear to exist in a minority of countries in Europe, it is not exceptional. In addition to France, where for many years the positive law has provided for a system of anonymous births, other national legislations, which are relatively recent as they have been drafted during the past decade, also provide for births in such conditions (Austria, Luxembourg, Russia, Slovakia). In France the system of anonymous births tends to resemble that of secret births, like the practice in the Czech Republic where the secrecy of the birth mother’s identity is temporary, rather than definitive, as access to the relevant information is delayed. 29. The situation of children born anonymously or secretly is comparable to that of children who find it difficult, or even impossible, to gain access to their biological origins. The omission of the name of one or other or of both parents may sometimes be provided for by law, but this is very rare (Italy, Luxembourg, France). Usually factual circumstances will prevent the registrar from fully completing the child’s birth certificate; court proceedings are brought to determine paternity/maternity and may be available to persons other than the child alone. Notwithstanding the fact that such actions may not necessarily be effective in the particular circumstances, their very existence, allowing research to be done into personal ties maintained by a child with his birth family, provides a safeguard for the interested persons. 30. It should further be pointed out that the practice of abandoning children continues in modern forms: there is an undeniable increase in the number of “ windows ” or “baby hatches” reminiscent of foundling wheels in the Middle Ages. It is practically and materially impossible for the child to gain access to information about his or her birth family; the register of births will give a “ fictitious ” name to the child that bears no connection to that of its birth parents. The circumstances of the birth may be only partially secret (Spain, Hungary), but this will then necessarily mean that some data is available. Legal proceedings are generally available for children searching for their birth mother (Bulgaria, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) or mothers who may be searching for their child (Ukraine). 31. In the case of full adoption, the child will often lose all contact with its birth family; the new parent-child relationship will totally erase any ties that may have existed during the child’s previous life with other adults (Austria, France, Monaco, Bulgaria, Russia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia). Access to the birth certificate is sometimes possible from a minimum age (Germany, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Portugal). The child may be authorised to gain access to a wider range of information (Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Switzerland, Spain), which often presupposes bringing legal proceedings whereby the competing interests may be examined. 32. The United Kingdom and Ireland have set up a mechanism making it easier for adopted persons to gain access to records about their adoption that goes a long way towards reconciling the right to information of the adopted child and respect for the private and family life of the mother or, more broadly, the birth family. THE LAW ... II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION 33. The applicant complained of her inability to obtain non-identifying information about her birth family. She maintained that she had suffered severe damage as a result of not knowing her personal history. She stated that she had been denied access to non-identifying information about her birth mother and family that would have enabled her to trace some of her roots while ensuring the protection of third ‑ party interests. She also complained that, in weighing the two competing interests, the legislature had given preference to the mother’s interests alone without there being any possibility for the applicant to request, as in French law, a waiver of confidentiality of the mother’s identity subject to the latter’s agreement. She also submitted that she had been the subject of a simple adoption order, which had not created an effective family relationship. She relied on Article 8 of the Convention, which provides: “1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” 34. The Government contested the applicant’s allegations. B. The merits 1. The parties’ submissions a) The applicant 35. The applicant submitted that, according to the Court’s case-law, Article 8 of the Convention applied to both the child and the mother, and the right to know one’s origins could not have the effect of simply denying a woman’s interest in remaining anonymous in order to protect her health by giving birth in appropriate medical conditions: the conflict was between two private interests – which moreover affected two adults each endowed with her own free will – which were not easily reconciled, on account of the complex and delicate nature of the question raised by the secrecy of information about a child’s origins regarding each and everyone’s right to their personal history, the choice of the birth parents, the existing family tie and the adoptive parents. She argued that the Court should seek to balance the competing interests and examine whether in the present case the Italian system had struck a reasonable balance between the competing rights and interests. 36. The applicant submitted that no other legislative system protected the mother’s anonymity to such an extent – giving birth anonymously and then abandoning the child anonymously – as that formalised and institutionalised in Italy. 37. Thus, the applicant pointed out that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989 provided that a child had from birth “as far as possible, the right to know his or her parents” (Article 7). Likewise, the Hague Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Cooperation in respect of Intercountry Adoption, which had been ratified by Italy, provided that the competent authorities of a Contracting State must ensure that information held by them concerning a child’s origins, in particular information concerning the identity of his or her parents, as well as the child’s medical history, would be preserved. The competent authorities were required to ensure that the child or his or her representative had access to such information, under appropriate guidance, in so far as was permitted by the law of that State (Article 30). 38. In Recommendation 1443 (2000) of 26 January 2000 – “International adoption: respecting children’s rights” – the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe invited the States to “ensure the right of adopted children to learn of their origins at the latest on their majority and to eliminate from national legislation any clauses to the contrary”. 39. In the applicant’s submission, Italy had exceeded the limits of its margin of appreciation because the system in place did not take account of the child’s interests. In that connection she pointed out that the Italian system was very different from the French system that the Court had examined in the case of Odièvre v. France ([GC], no. 42326/98, ECHR 2003 ‑ III) as it precluded children from obtaining information about the identity of the mother and even non-identifying information about the mother and the birth family. The system did not provide for access to the file, even with the mother’s agreement. Accordingly, the child’s interest in knowing his or her origins was entirely sacrificed, without any balance being struck between the competing interests and without any possibility of weighing up the interests at stake. Italian law accepted the mother’s decision as a blanket ban on any request for information made by the applicant, regardless of the reason for or the legitimacy of that decision. A refusal by the mother was irreversibly and in all circumstances binding on the child, who had no legal means by which to contest her birth mother’s unilateral decision. The mother could thus, at her own discretion, bring a suffering child into the world who was condemned, for life, not to know its origins. A blind preference was given to the mother’s interests alone. Furthermore, the mother could also, in the same way, paralyse the rights of third parties, particularly those of the biological father or brothers and sisters, who could also be deprived of the rights guaranteed by Article 8 of the Convention. 40. The applicant complained that Italy had failed to guarantee respect for her private life on account of its legal system, which imposed a blanket ban on revealing any information about the birth mother where the latter had requested the non-disclosure of her identity and which, above all, prohibited the communication of non-identifying information about the mother, whether this be by the Child Welfare Service or any other body that could provide access to that information. 41. The applicant also submitted that although she had requested access to information about her origins once she had become an adult, a person’s vital interest in obtaining the information necessary to uncover the truth about an important aspect of his or her personal identity, which was an integral part of the right to private life safeguarded by Article 8 of the Convention, was a subjective and highly personal right and therefore not subject to statutory limitation. b) The Government 42. The Government maintained that a woman’s right to request that the birth and her identity be kept secret was laid down by Article 250 of the Civil Code and section 28(7) of Law no. 184/1983, which guaranteed the right to keep a child’s origins secret in the absence of express authorisation by the judicial authority. In the Government’s submission, this was an interference in accordance with the law which also served to protect a public interest. 43. The Government did not deny that the notion of private life, which was also referred to in Article 8 of the Convention, could sometimes encompass information enabling a person’s physical or social identity to be established. However, they pointed out that the State had not refused to furnish the applicant with information but had taken into account her mother’s refusal from the beginning to allow her identity to be disclosed. 44. With regard to the proportionality of the interference, the Government submitted that a request by the child for access to information about its identity could conflict with the freedom which all women enjoyed to decline their role as mother or to assume responsibility for the child. Under Italian law, maternity was considered an aspect of private life and received statutory protection on that account. That protection had been confirmed by the Constitutional Court, which had declared unfounded a request for a review of the constitutionality of section 28(7) of Law no. 184 of 1983. The Constitutional Court stated that Law no. 149 of 28 March 2001, which had amended Law no. 184/1983, had introduced into the new section 28(1) an obligation on the adoptive parents to inform the adopted child that he or she had been adopted. Whilst the adoptive parents had not enabled the applicant to find out her origins, it was noteworthy that the applicant had not decided to request information about her origins until 2006. 45. According to the Government, the Court should take account of the fact that the applicant, who was now nearly seventy years old, had been adopted when she was six and that non-consensual disclosure of her origins could be very difficult at this stage, having regard to the possible non-negligible risks for her health and her present family. 46. The Government submitted that the State enjoyed a margin of appreciation in the event of a conflict between two private interests. That margin of appreciation was enlarged in the instant case by the fact that no European consensus on the issue of a child’s access to information about its origins existed. 2. The Court’s assessment 47. The Court reiterates that although the object of Article 8 is essentially that of protecting the individual against arbitrary interference by the public authorities, it does not merely compel the State to abstain from such interference: in addition to this primarily negative undertaking, there may be positive obligations inherent in an effective respect for private life. These obligations may involve the adoption of measures designed to secure respect for private life even in the sphere of the relations of individuals between themselves (see X and Y v. the Netherlands, 26 March 1985, § 23, Series A no. 91). The boundaries between the State’s positive and negative obligations under Article 8 do not lend themselves to precise definition. The applicable principles are nonetheless similar. In particular, in both instances regard must be had to the fair balance which has to be struck between the competing interests, and in both contexts the State enjoys a certain margin of appreciation (see Mikulić, cited above, § 58). 48. As in the case of Odièvre (cited above), the applicant complained that the respondent State had failed to ensure respect for her private life by its legal system, which totally precluded an action to establish maternity being brought if the birth mother had requested confidentiality and, above all, prohibited the Child Welfare Service or any other body that could give access to such information from communicating non-identifying data about the mother. 49. The Court points out that it has already stated (see Odièvre, cited above, § 43) that the issue of access to information about one’s origins and the identity of one’s birth parents is not of the same nature as that of access to a case record concerning a child in care or to evidence of alleged paternity. The applicant in the present case is an adopted child who is trying to trace another person, her birth mother, by whom she was abandoned at birth and who has expressly requested that information about the birth remain confidential. 50. The Court notes that the expression “everyone” in Article 8 of the Convention applies to both the child and the mother. On the one hand, the child has a right to know its origins, that right being derived from the notion of private life (see paragraph 47 above). The child’s vital interest in its personal development is also widely recognised in the general scheme of the Convention (see, among many other authorities, Johansen v. Norway, 7 August 1996, § 78, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996 ‑ III; Mikulić, cited above, § 64; or Kutzner v. Germany, no. 46544/99, § 66, ECHR 2002-I). On the other hand, a woman’s interest in remaining anonymous in order to protect her health by giving birth in appropriate medical conditions cannot be denied. 51. There is also a general interest at stake, as the Italian legislature has consistently sought to protect the mother’s and child’s health during pregnancy and birth and to avoid illegal abortions and children being abandoned other than under the proper procedure. 52. The Court reiterates that the choice of the means calculated to secure compliance with Article 8 in the sphere of the relations of individuals between themselves is in principle a matter that falls within the Contracting States’ margin of appreciation. In this connection, there are different ways of ensuring respect for private life, and the nature of the State’s obligation will depend on the particular aspect of private life that is at issue (see Odièvre, cited above, § 46). The extent of the State’s margin of appreciation depends not only on the right or rights concerned but also, as regards each right, on the very nature of the interest concerned. The Court considers that the right to an identity, which includes the right to know one’s parentage, is an integral part of the notion of private life. In such cases, particularly rigorous scrutiny is called for when weighing up the competing interests. 53. The Court must examine whether a fair balance has been struck in the present case between the competing interests: on the one hand, the applicant’s right to have access to information about her origins and, on the other, the mother’s right to remain anonymous. 54. The Court has held that the States must be allowed to determine the means which they consider to be best suited to achieve the aim of reconciling the protection of the mother and the legitimate request on the part of the applicant to have access to information about her origins while protecting the general interest. 55. In the present case the Court observes that, unlike the situation in the case of Odièvre (cited above, § 48), the applicant did not have access to any information about her mother and birth family that would allow her to trace some of her roots, while ensuring the protection of third-party interests. The applicant’s request for information about her origins was totally and definitively refused, without any balancing of the competing interests or prospect of a remedy. 56. Whilst it is true that the applicant, who is now sixty-nine years old, has been able to develop her personality even in the absence of certainty as to the identity of her birth mother, it must be acknowledged that an individual’s interest in discovering his or her parentage does not disappear with age, quite the reverse. Moreover, the applicant has shown a genuine interest in ascertaining her mother’s identity, since she has tried to obtain conclusive information on the subject. Such conduct implies mental and psychological suffering, even if this has not been medically attested (see Jäggi v. Switzerland, no. 58757/00, § 40, ECHR 2006 ‑ X). 57. The Court notes that, unlike the French system examined in Odièvre, Italian law does not attempt to strike any balance between the competing rights and interests at stake. In the absence of any machinery enabling the applicant’s right to find out her origins to be balanced against the mother’s interests in remaining anonymous, blind preference is inevitably given to the latter. Moreover, in Odièvre the Court observed that the new Law of 22 January 2002 improved the prospect of obtaining agreement to waive confidentiality and would facilitate searches for information about a person’s biological origins as a National Council for Access to Information about Personal Origins had been set up. The law was of immediate application and now allowed the persons concerned to request disclosure of their mother’s identity, subject to the latter’s consent being obtained (see Odièvre, cited above, § 49), and to have access to non-identifying information. In Italy the bill amending Law no. 184/1983 has been before Parliament since 2008 (see paragraph 27 above). 58. In the present case the Court notes that where the birth mother has decided to remain anonymous, Italian law does not allow a child who was not formally recognised at birth and was subsequently adopted to request either access to non-identifying information concerning his or her origins or the disclosure of the mother’s identity. Accordingly, the Court considers that the Italian authorities failed to strike a balance and achieve proportionality between the interests at stake and thus overstepped the margin of appreciation which it must be afforded. 59. There has therefore been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention. ...
The Court held that there had been a violation of Article 8 (right to respect for private life) of the Convention, considering in particular that a fair balance had not been struck between the interests at stake since the Italian legislation, in cases where the mother had opted not to disclose her identity, did not allow a child who had not been formally recognised at birth and was subsequently adopted to request either non-identifying information about his or her origins or the disclosure of the birth mother’s identity with the latter’s consent.