Criminalisation of homosexual relations between adults and adolescents
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND BACKGROUND A. The Criminal Code 17. Any sexual acts with persons under 14 years of age are punishable under Articles 206 and 207 of the Criminal Code. 18. Article 209 of the Criminal Code, in the version in force at the material time, read as follows: “A male person who after attaining the age of 19 fornicates with a person of the same sex who has attained the age of 14 but not the age of 18 shall be sentenced to imprisonment for between six months and five years.” 19. This provision was aimed at consensual homosexual acts, as any sexual act of adults with persons up to 19 years of age are punishable under Article 212 of the Criminal Code if the adult abuses a position of authority (parent, employer, teacher, doctor, etc.). Any sexual acts involving the use of force or threats are punishable as rape, pursuant to Article 201, or sexual coercion pursuant to Article 202 of the Criminal Code. Consensual heterosexual or lesbian acts between adults and persons over 14 years of age are not punishable. 20. Offences under Article 209 were regularly prosecuted, an average of sixty criminal proceedings being opened per year, out of which a third resulted in a conviction. As regards the penalties applied, a term of imprisonment usually exceeding three months was imposed in 65 to 75% of the cases, of which 15 to 25% were not suspended on probation. According to information given by the Federal Minister of Justice in reply to a parliamentary question, in the year 2001 three persons were serving a term of imprisonment based only or mainly on a conviction under Article 209 of the Criminal Code and four others were held in detention on remand in proceedings relating exclusively to charges under Article 209. 21. On 10 July 2002, following the Constitutional Court 's judgment of 21 June 2002 (see below), Parliament decided to repeal Article 209. It also introduced Article 207b, which penalises sexual acts with a person under 16 years of age if that person is for certain reasons not mature enough to understand the meaning of the act and the offender takes advantage of this immaturity or if the person under 16 is in a predicament and the offender takes advantage of that situation. Article 207b also penalises inducing persons under 18 years of age to engage in sexual activities in return for payment. Article 207b applies irrespective of whether the sexual acts at issue are heterosexual, homosexual or lesbian. The above amendment, published in the Official Gazette ( Bundesgesetzblatt ) no. 134/2002, came into force on 14 August 2002. 22. According to the transitional provisions, the amendment does not apply to criminal proceedings in which the judgment at first instance has already been given. It does exceptionally apply, subject to the principle of the application of the more favourable law, where a judgment is set aside, inter alia, following the reopening of the proceedings or in the context of a renewal of the proceedings following the finding of a violation of the Convention by the European Court of Human Rights. Apart from these situations, convictions under Article 209 remain unaffected by the amendment. B. Proceedings before the Constitutional Court 23. In a judgment of 3 October 1989, the Constitutional Court found that Article 209 of the Criminal Code was compatible with the principle of equality under constitutional law and in particular with the prohibition on gender discrimination contained therein. That judgment was given upon the complaint of a person who subsequently brought his case before the Commission (see Zukrigl v. Austria, no. 17279/90, Commission decision of 13 May 1992, unreported). 24. The relevant passage of the Constitutional Court 's judgment reads as follows: “The development of the criminal law in the last few decades has shown that the legislature is striving to apply the system of criminal justice in a significantly more restrictive way than before in pursuance of the efforts it is undertaking in connection with its policy on the treatment of offenders, which have become known under the general heading of 'decriminalisation'. This means that it leaves offences on the statute book or creates new offences only if such punishment of behaviour harmful to society is still found absolutely necessary and indispensable after the strictest criteria have been applied. The criminal provision which has been challenged relates to the group of acts declared unlawful in order to protect – in so far as strictly necessary – a young, maturing person from developing sexually in the wrong way. ('Homosexual acts are only offences of relevance to the criminal law inasmuch as a dangerous strain must not be placed by homosexual experiences upon the sexual development of young males ...' Pallin, in Foregger/Nowakowski (publishers), Wiener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, 1980, paragraph 1 on Article 209 ...) Seen in this light, it is the conviction of the Constitutional Court that from the point of view of the principle of equality contained in Article 7 § 1 of the Federal Constitution and Article 2 of the Basic Law those legislating in the criminal sphere cannot reasonably be challenged for taking the view, by reference to authoritative expert opinions coupled with experience gained, that homosexual influence endangers maturing males to a significantly greater extent than girls of the same age, and concluding that it is necessary to punish under the criminal law homosexual acts committed with young males, as provided for under Article 209 of the Criminal Code. This conclusion was also based on their views of morality, which they wanted to impose while duly observing the current policy on criminal justice which aims at moderation and at restricting the punishment of offences (while carefully weighing up all the manifold advantages and disadvantages). Taking everything into account, we are dealing here with a distinction which is based on factual differences and therefore constitutionally admissible from the point of view of Article 7 § 1 of the Federal Constitution read in conjunction with Article 2 of the Basic Law.” 25. On 29 November 2001 the Constitutional Court dismissed the Innsbruck Regional Court 's request to review the constitutionality of Article 209 of the Criminal Code. 26. The Regional Court had argued, inter alia, that Article 209 violated Articles 8 and 14 of the Convention as the theory that male adolescents ran a risk of being recruited into homosexuality on which the Constitutional Court had relied in its previous judgment had since been refuted. The Constitutional Court found that the issue was res judicata. It noted that the fact that it had already given a ruling on the same provision did not prevent it from reviewing it anew, if there was a change in the relevant circumstances or different legal argument. However, the Regional Court had failed to give detailed reasons for its contention that relevant scientific knowledge had changed to such an extent that the legislator was no longer entitled to set a different age-limit for consensual homosexual relations than for consensual heterosexual or lesbian relations. 27. On 21 June 2002, upon a further request for review made by the Innsbruck Regional Court, the Constitutional Court found that Article 209 of the Criminal Code was unconstitutional. 28. The Regional Court had argued, firstly, as it had done previously, that Article 209 of the Criminal Code violated Articles 8 and 14 of the Convention and, secondly, that it was incompatible with the principle of equality under constitutional law and with Article 8 of the Convention, as a relationship between male adolescents aged between 14 and 19 was first legal, but became punishable as soon as one reached the age of 19 and became legal again when the second one reached the age of 18. The Constitutional Court held that the second argument differed from the arguments which it had examined in its judgment of 3 October 1989 and that it was therefore not prevented from considering it. It noted that Article 209 concerned only consensual homosexual relations between men aged over 19 and adolescents between 14 and 18. In the 14 to 19 age bracket homosexual acts between persons of the same age (for instance two 16-year-olds) or of persons with a one- to five-year age difference were not punishable. However, as soon as one partner reached the age of 19, such acts constituted an offence under Article 209 of the Criminal Code. They became legal again when the younger partner reached the age of 18. Given that Article 209 did not only apply to occasional relations but also covered ongoing relationships, it led to rather absurd results, namely a change of periods during which the homosexual relationship of two partners was first legal, then punishable and then legal again and could therefore not be considered to be objectively justified. C. Parliamentary debate 29. In the spring of 1995 the Social Democratic Party, the Green Party and the Liberal Party brought motions in Parliament to repeal Article 209 of the Criminal Code. They argued in particular that in the 1970s the legislator had justified this provision on the theory that male adolescents were at a risk of being recruited into homosexuality while female adolescents were not. However, modern science had shown that sexual orientation was already established at the beginning of puberty. Moreover, different ages of consent were not in line with European standards. In this connection they referred in particular to Recommendation 924 (1981) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe which had advocated equal ages of consent for heterosexual and homosexual relations. Protection of juveniles against sexual violence and abuse was sufficiently afforded by other provisions of the Criminal Code, irrespective of their sexual orientation. 30. Subsequently, on 10 October 1995, a sub-committee of the Legal Affairs Committee of Parliament heard evidence from eleven experts in various fields such as medicine, sexual science, Aids prevention, developmental psychology, psychotherapy, psychiatry, theology, law and human rights law. Nine were clearly in favour of repealing Article 209, an important argument for the experts in the fields of medicine, psychology and psychiatry being that sexual orientation was, in the majority of cases, established before the age of puberty, which disproved the theory that male adolescents were recruited into homosexuality by homosexual experiences. Another recurring argument was that penalising homosexual relations made Aids prevention more difficult. Two experts were in favour of keeping Article 209: one simply stated that he considered it necessary for the protection of male adolescents; the other considered that despite the fact that there was no such thing as being recruited into homosexuality, not all male adolescents were already sure of their sexual orientation and it was therefore better to give them more time to establish their identity. 31. On 27 November 1996 Parliament held a debate on the motion to repeal Article 209 of the Criminal Code. Those speakers who were in favour of repealing Article 209 relied on the arguments of the majority of the experts heard in the sub-committee. Of those speakers who were in favour of keeping Article 209, some simply expressed their approval while others emphasised that they still considered the provision necessary for those male adolescents who were not sure of their sexual orientation. There was an equal vote at the close of the debate (ninety-one to ninety-one). Consequently, Article 209 remained on the statute book. 32. On 17 July 1998 the Green Party again brought a motion before Parliament to repeal Article 209 of the Criminal Code. The ensuing debate followed much the same lines as before. The motion was rejected by eighty-one votes to twelve. 33. On 10 July 2002 Parliament decided to repeal Article 209 of the Criminal Code (see paragraph 21 above). THE LAW I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION TAKEN ALONE AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH ARTICLE 14 34. The applicants complained of the maintenance in force of Article 209 of the Criminal Code, which criminalises homosexual acts of adult men with consenting adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18, and of their convictions under that provision. Relying on Article 8 of the Convention taken alone and in conjunction with Article 14, they alleged that their right to respect for their private life had been violated and that the contested provision was discriminatory, as heterosexual or lesbian relations between adults and adolescents in the same age bracket were not punishable. Article 8 provides: “1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” Article 14 provides: “The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in [the] Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.” 35. Given the nature of the complaints, the Court deems it appropriate to examine the case directly under Article 14 taken in conjunction with Article 8. 36. It is not in dispute that the present case falls within the ambit of Article 8, concerning as it does a most intimate aspect of the applicants' private life (see, for instance, Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 22 October 1981, Series A no. 45, p. 21, § 52, and Smith and Grady v. the United Kingdom, nos. 33985/96 and 33986/96, § 90, ECHR 1999-VI). Article 14 is therefore applicable. 37. The applicants submitted that, following the Court's admissibility decision in the present case, the Austrian Constitutional Court declared Article 209 of the Criminal Code to be unconstitutional and that subsequently Parliament decided to repeal this provision. However, the Constitutional Court 's judgment, which is based on other grounds than those relied on in the present application, has not acknowledged, let alone afforded redress for, the alleged breach of the Convention. Moreover, their convictions still stood. The applicants therefore argued that they were still victims, within the meaning of Article 34 of the Convention, of the violation alleged. Nor can it be said that merely repealing the contested legislation has resolved the matter within the meaning of Article 37 § 1 (b) of the Convention. 38. The applicants asserted that in Austria, like in the majority of European countries, heterosexual and lesbian relations between adults and consenting adolescents over 14 years of age were not punishable. They submitted that, in the context of consensual relations with adults, there was nothing to indicate that adolescents needed more protection against homosexual relations than against heterosexual or lesbian relations. Not only was Article 209 of the Criminal Code unnecessary for protecting male adolescents in general, it also hampered homosexual adolescents in their development by attaching a social stigma to their relations with adult men and to their sexual orientation in general. In this connection, the applicants, referring to the Court's case-law, contended that any interference with a person's sexual life and any difference in treatment based on sex or sexual orientation required particulary weighty reasons ( see Smith and Grady, cited above, § 94, and A.D.T. v. the United Kingdom, no. 35765/97, § 36, ECHR 2000-IX). 39. This was all the more true in a field where a European consensus existed to reduce the age of consent for homosexual relations. Despite the fact that a European consensus had been growing ever since the introduction of their applications, the Government had failed to come forward with any valid justification for upholding, until very recently, a different age of consent for male homosexual relations than for heterosexual or lesbian relations. In particular, the applicants pointed out that in April 1997, in September and December 1998, and again in July 2001, the European Parliament had requested Austria to repeal Article 209. Similarly, in November 1998, the Human Rights Committee, set up under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, had found that Article 209 was discriminatory. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe had issued two recommendations in 2000 advocating equal ages of consent for heterosexual, lesbian and homosexual relations and a number of member States of the Council of Europe had recently introduced equal ages of consent. 40. Further, the applicants pointed out that the Commission, in Sutherland v. the United Kingdom (no. 25186/94, Commission's report of 1 July 1997, unpublished) had departed from its earlier case-law relied on by the Government. In their view, the difference between the present applications and Sutherland was not decisive, as the fact that under the United Kingdom law in force at the material time the adolescent partner was also punishable was only referred to by the Commission as a subsidiary argument. As to the Government's further argument that Article 209 had been considered necessary for the protection of male adolescents, they submitted that the great majority of scientific experts whose evidence had been heard in Parliament in 1995 had disagreed with this view. 41. The Government drew attention to the recent amendment of the Criminal Code. They asserted that, in the applicants' cases, there were no changes as a result of the new legal position. The Government therefore stated that their position remained unchanged and maintained their previous submissions. 42. The Government referred to the Constitutional Court's judgment of 3 October 1989 and to the case-law of the Commission (see Zukrigl, decision cited above, and H.F. v. Austria, no. 22646/93, Commission decision of 26 June 1995, unreported), pointing out that the Commission had found no indication of a violation of Article 8 of the Convention either taken alone or in conjunction with Article 14 in respect of Article 209 of the Austrian Criminal Code. As to Sutherland (cited above), the Government pointed out that there was an important difference, namely that under Article 209 the adolescent participating in the offence was not punishable. Moreover, they referred to the fact that, in 1995, Parliament had heard numerous experts and had discussed Article 209 extensively with a view to abolishing it, but had decided to uphold it, as the provision was still considered necessary, within the meaning of Article 8 § 2 of the Convention, for the protection of male adolescents. 43. The Court notes at the outset that, following the Constitutional Court 's judgment of 21 June 2002, Article 209 of the Criminal Code was repealed on 10 July 2002. The amendment in question came into force on 14 August 2002. However, this development does not affect the applicants' status as victim within the meaning of Article 34 of the Convention. In this connection, the Court reiterates that a decision or measure favourable to the applicant is not in principle sufficient to deprive him of his status as a victim unless the national authorities have acknowledged, either expressly or in substance, and then afforded redress for, the breach of the Convention (see, for instance, Dalban v. Romania [GC], no. 28114/95, § 44, ECHR 1999-VI). In the present case it is sufficient to note that the applicants were convicted under the contested provision and that their respective convictions remain unaffected by the change in the law. Thus, as the applicants rightly pointed out, it cannot be said that the matter has been resolved within the meaning of Article 37 § 1 (b) of the Convention. 44. According to the Court's established case-law, a difference in treatment is discriminatory for the purposes of Article 14 if it “has no objective and reasonable justification”, that is if it does not pursue a “legitimate aim” or if there is not a “reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought to be realised”. However, the Contracting States enjoy a certain margin of appreciation in assessing whether and to what extent differences in otherwise similar situations justify a different treatment (see Karlheinz Schmidt v. Germany, judgment of 18 July 1994, Series A no. 291 ‑ B, pp. 32 ‑ 33, § 24; Salgueiro da Silva Mouta v. Portugal, no. 33290/96, § 29, ECHR 1999-IX; and Fretté v. France, no. 36515/97, §§ 34 and 40, ECHR 2002-I). 45. The applicants complained of a difference in treatment based on their sexual orientation. In this connection, the Court reiterates that sexual orientation is a concept covered by Article 14 (see Salgueiro da Silva Mouta, cited above, § 28). Just like differences based on sex (see Karlheinz Schmidt, cited above, ibid., and Petrovic v. Austria, judgment of 27 March 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998-II, p. 587, § 37), differences based on sexual orientation require particularly serious reasons by way of justification (see Smith and Grady, cited above, § 90). 46. The Government asserted that the contested provision served to protect the sexual development of male adolescents. The Court accepts that the aim of protecting the rights of others is a legitimate one. It remains to be ascertained whether there existed a justification for the difference of treatment. 47. The Court observes that in previous cases relied on by the Government which related to Article 209 of the Austrian Criminal Code, the Commission found no violation of Article 8 of the Convention either taken alone or in conjunction with Article 14. However, the Court has frequently held that the Convention is a living instrument, which has to be interpreted in the light of present-day conditions (see, for instance, Fretté, cited above, ibid.) In Sutherland, the Commission, having regard to recent research according to which sexual orientation is usually established before puberty in both boys and girls and to the fact that the majority of member States of the Council of Europe have recognised equal ages of consent, explicitly stated that it was “opportune to reconsider its earlier case-law in the light of these modern developments” (Commission's report cited above, §§ 59-60). It reached the conclusion that in the absence of any objective and reasonable justification the maintenance of a higher age of consent for homosexual acts than for heterosexual ones violated Article 14 taken in conjunction with Article 8 (ibid., § 66). 48. Furthermore, the Court considers that the difference between Sutherland and the present case, namely that here the adolescent partner participating in the proscribed homosexual acts was not punishable, is not decisive. This element was only a secondary consideration in the Commission's report (ibid., § 64). 49. What is decisive is whether there was an objective and reasonable justification why young men in the 14 to 18 age bracket needed protection against sexual relationships with adult men, while young women in the same age bracket did not need such protection against relations with either adult men or women. In this connection the Court reiterates that the scope of the margin of appreciation left to the Contracting State will vary according to the circumstances, the subject matter and the background; in this respect, one of the relevant factors may be the existence or non-existence of common ground between the laws of the Contracting States (see, for instance, Petrovic, cited above, § 38, and Fretté, cited above, § 40). 50. In the present case the applicants pointed out, and this has not been contested by the Government, that there is an ever growing European consensus to apply equal ages of consent for heterosexual, lesbian and homosexual relations. Similarly, the Commission observed in Sutherland (cited above) that “equality of treatment in respect of the age of consent is now recognised by the great majority of member States of the Council of Europe” (loc. cit., § 59). 51. The Government relied on the Constitutional Court's judgment of 3 October 1989, which had considered Article 209 of the Criminal Code necessary to avoid “a dangerous strain ... be[ ing ] placed by homosexual experiences upon the sexual development of young males”. However, this approach has been outdated by the 1995 parliamentary debate on a possible repeal of that provision. As was rightly pointed out by the applicants, the vast majority of experts who gave evidence in Parliament clearly expressed themselves in favour of an equal age of consent, finding in particular that sexual orientation was in most cases established before the age of puberty and that the theory that male adolescents were “recruited” into homosexuality had thus been disproved. Notwithstanding its knowledge of these changes in the scientific approach to the issue, Parliament decided in November 1996, that is, shortly before the applicants' convictions, in January and February 1997 respectively, to keep Article 209 on the statute book. 52. To the extent that Article 209 of the Criminal Code embodied a predisposed bias on the part of a heterosexual majority against a homosexual minority, these negative attitudes cannot of themselves be considered by the Court to amount to sufficient justification for the differential treatment any more than similar negative attitudes towards those of a different race, origin or colour (see Smith and Grady, cited above, § 97). 53. In conclusion, the Court finds that the Government have not offered convincing and weighty reasons justifying the maintenance in force of Article 209 of the Criminal Code and, consequently, the applicants' convictions under this provision. 54. Accordingly, there has been a violation of Article 14 of the Convention taken in conjunction with Article 8. 55. Having regard to the foregoing considerations, the Court does not consider it necessary to rule on the question whether there has been a violation of Article 8 taken alone. II. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION 56. Article 41 of the Convention provides: “If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.” A. Damage 57. The applicants each requested 1,000,000 Austrian schillings, equivalent to 72,672.83 euros (EUR), as compensation for non-pecuniary damage. They asserted that they had suffered feelings of distress and humiliation due to the maintenance in force of Article 209 of the Criminal Code and, in particular, the criminal proceedings against them resulting in their convictions, which stigmatised them as sexual offenders. Furthermore, the first applicant submitted that he suffered from epilepsy, which had increased his anxiety and suffering during the trial, and that he had lost his work as a result of his conviction. 58. The Government contended that the finding of a violation would in itself afford the applicants sufficient just satisfaction for any non-pecuniary damage sustained. 59. The Court observes that, in a number of cases concerning the maintenance in force of legislation penalising homosexual acts between consenting adults, it considered that the finding of a violation constituted in itself sufficient just satisfaction for any non-pecuniary damage sustained (see Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom (Article 50), judgment of 24 February 1983, Series A no. 59, pp. 7-8, § 14; Norris v. Ireland, judgment of 26 October 1988, Series A no. 142, pp. 21-22, § 50; and Modinos v. Cyprus, judgment of 22 April 1993, Series A no. 259, p. 12, § 30). However, in a case which concerned a conviction for homosexual acts with a number of consenting adults ( A.D.T. v. the United Kindgom, cited above, §§ 43-45), the Court awarded 10,000 pounds sterling (GBP) in respect of non-pecuniary damage. Similarily, in cases which concerned investigations in respect of the applicants resulting in their discharge from the army on account of their homosexuality, the Court awarded GBP 19,000 to each applicant for non-pecuniary damage (see Smith and Grady v. the United Kingdom (just satisfaction), nos. 33985/96 and 33986/96, § 13, ECHR 2000-IX). 60. In the present case, the Court notes that Article 209 of the Criminal Code has recently been repealed and that the applicants have therefore in part achieved the objective of their application. However, they were convicted under Article 209. The Court considers that the criminal proceedings and, in particular, the trial during which details of the applicant's most intimate private life were laid open in public, have to be considered as profoundly destabilising events in the applicants' lives which had and, it cannot be excluded, continue to have a significant emotional and psychological impact on each of them (see Smith and Grady (just satisfaction), ibid.). Making an assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards the applicants EUR 15,000 each. B. Costs and expenses 61. The applicants requested a total amount of EUR 65,590.93. This sum is composed of EUR 5,633.53 for costs and expenses incurred by the first applicant in the domestic proceedings, EUR 1,655.12 for costs and expenses incurred by the second applicant in the domestic proceedings and EUR 58,302.28 for costs and expenses incurred by both applicants in the Convention proceedings. 62. Further, the applicants, in their submissions of 3 August 2002, asserted that following the Court's judgment further costs will have to be incurred in order to remove the consequences flowing from the violation of the Convention. They argued in particular that – in case of a finding of a violation by the Court – they will be entitled, pursuant to Article 363a of the Code of Criminal Procedure, to have the criminal proceedings reopened in order to have their convictions set aside and to have them removed from their criminal records. The applicants therefore requested the Court to rule that the respondent State was obliged to pay any future costs necessary for removing the consequences of the violation at issue and to reserve the fixing of the exact amount to a separate decision. 63. The Government asserted that the amount claimed by the applicants was excessive. They submitted, in particular, that the applicants had failed to submit a detailed statement of costs as regards the domestic proceedings. Moreover, the second applicant had also been convicted of misappropriation. Accordingly, the domestic proceedings had not only been instituted for the offence under Article 209 of the Criminal Code. Further, the Government asserted that the applicants' counsel had not correctly applied the lawyers' fees as regards the Convention proceedings, and argued that it had not been necessary to submit two separate applications. The Government considered that a total amount of EUR 5,813.83 for costs and expenses would be appropriate as regards the first applicant and a total amount of EUR 4,142.35 as regards the second applicant. 64. The Court reiterates that only legal costs and expenses found to have been actually and necessarily incurred in order to prevent or obtain redress for the matter found to constitute a violation of the Convention and which are reasonable as to quantum are recoverable under Article 41 of the Convention (see Smith and Grady (just satisfaction), cited above, § 28, with further references). 65. As to the costs of the domestic proceedings, the Court notes that the applicants each submitted a bill of fees by the lawyer who represented them in the criminal proceedings, which indicates a lump sum for their defence. The diffence in the amounts claimed by the applicants is explained by the fact that, in the first applicant's case, two sets of criminal proceedings were instituted, as his first conviction had been partly set aside by the Supreme Court. The Court observes that in the first applicant's case the proceedings related only to Article 209 of the Criminal Code. The Court therefore finds that the entire costs were actually and necessarily incurred. Moreover, it finds that the amount claimed is reasonable and awards it in full, that is EUR 5,633.53. In the second applicant's case the Court, making allowance for the fact that the criminal proceedings against him related mainly to Article 209 but also to a minor count of misappropriation, awards EUR 1,500. 66. As to the costs of the Convention proceedings, the Court considers them to be excessive. Making an assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards each applicant EUR 5,000. 67. The total amount awarded in respect of costs and expenses is, therefore, EUR 10,633.53 as regards the first applicant and EUR 6,500 as regards the second applicant. 68. As to the applicants' request for future costs linked to removing the consequences of the violation of the Convention found, the Court considers that such a claim is speculative. The Court notes in particular that both applicants were sentenced to a prison term suspended on probation in 1997 and that the three-year probationary period has already expired. What remains is the entry of their convictions in their criminal records. In this situation it is open to doubt whether there will be any need for the applicants to have the criminal proceedings against them reopened, as the respondent State may well choose other means to have their convictions expunged. The respondent State may for instance decide to grant the applicants a pardon and have their convictions removed from their criminal records. Having regard to these circumstances, the Court dismisses the applicants' claim for future costs. C. Default interest 69. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank to which should be added three percentage points.
The Court held that there had been a violation of Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination) in conjunction with Article 8 (right to respect for private life). It found no sufficient justification for the difference in treatment complained of.