def read(fname):
    return open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), fname)).read()
def test_exceptions(self):
        self.assert_(issubclass(DeoptionError, TypeError))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
            lambda: Optional()
        )
        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
            lambda: Optional(NotPassed, NotPassed)
        )