def read(fname):
    return open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), fname)).read()
def test_supertype(self):
        self.assert_(isinstance(None, NullType))
        self.assert_(isinstance(Optional('a'), NullType))
        self.assert_(isinstance(NotPassed, NotPassedType))
        self.assert_(isinstance(NotPassed, NullType))