def __missing__(self, key):
        if self.default_factory is None:
            raise KeyError(key)
        else:
            ret = self[key] = self.default_factory(name=key)
            return ret
def voltage(title, pos, voltage, ax=0):
    """plot voltage vs. position"""
    if ax == 0:
        ax = plt.gca()
    ax.set_title('{} / V'.format(title))
    ax.grid(True)
    ax.plot(pos, voltage)