def setUpTestData(cls):
        batch_num = 0
        section_num = 0
        voter_num = 0
        party_num = 0
        position_num = 0
        candidate_num = 0
        num_elections = 2
        voters = list()
        positions = dict()
        for i in range(num_elections):
            election = Election.objects.create(name='Election {}'.format(i))
            positions[str(election.name)] = list()

            num_batches = 2
            for j in range(num_batches):
                batch = Batch.objects.create(year=batch_num, election=election)
                batch_num += 1

                num_sections = 2 if j == 0 else 1
                for k in range(num_sections):
                    section = Section.objects.create(
                        section_name=str(section_num)
                    )
                    section_num += 1

                    num_students = 2
                    for l in range(num_students):
                        voter = User.objects.create(
                            username='user{}'.format(voter_num),
                            first_name=str(voter_num),
                            last_name=str(voter_num),
                            type=UserType.VOTER
                        )
                        voter.set_password('voter')
                        voter.save()
                        voter_num += 1

                        VoterProfile.objects.create(
                            user=voter,
                            batch=batch,
                            section=section
                        )

                        voters.append(voter)

            num_positions = 3
            for i in range(num_positions):
                position = CandidatePosition.objects.create(
                    position_name='Position {}'.format(position_num),
                    election=election
                )

                positions[str(election.name)].append(position)

                position_num += 1

            num_parties = 3
            for j in range(num_parties):
                party = CandidateParty.objects.create(
                    party_name='Party {}'.format(party_num),
                    election=election
                )
                party_num += 1

                if j != 2:  # Let every third party have no candidates.
                    num_positions = 3
                    for k in range(num_positions):
                        position = positions[str(election.name)][k]

                        candidate = Candidate.objects.create(
                            user=voters[candidate_num],
                            party=party,
                            position=position,
                            election=election
                        )

                        Vote.objects.create(
                            user=voters[candidate_num],
                            candidate=candidate,
                            election=election
                        )

                        candidate_num += 1

        # Let's give one candidate an additional vote to really make sure that
        # we all got the correct number of votes.
        Vote.objects.create(
            user=voters[0],
            # NOTE: The voter in voter[1] is a Position 1 candidate of
            #       Party 1, where the voter in voter[0] is a member.
            candidate=Candidate.objects.get(user=voters[1]),
            election=Election.objects.get(name='Election 0')
        )

        _admin = User.objects.create(username='admin', type=UserType.ADMIN)
        _admin.set_password('root')
        _admin.save()
def apply_ktst(K, y, iterations=10000, subjects=False, verbose=True):
    """
    Compute MMD^2_u, its null distribution and the p-value of the
    kernel two-sample test.

    Parameters:
    ----------
    K: array-like
        Kernel matrix
    y: array_like
        class labels
    verbose: bool
        Verbosity

    Returns:
    -------
    mmd2u: float
        MMD^2_u value.
    acc_null: array
        Null distribution of the MMD^2_u
    p_value: float
         p-value
    """
    assert len(np.unique(y)) == 2, 'KTST only works on binary problems'

    # Assuming that the first m rows of the kernel matrix are from one
    # class and the other n rows from the second class.
    m = len(y[y == 0])
    n = len(y[y == 1])
    mmd2u = MMD2u(K, m, n)
    if verbose:
        print("MMD^2_u = %s" % mmd2u)
        print("Computing the null distribution.")
    if subjects:
        perms = [permutation_subjects_ktst(y) for i in range(iterations)]
        mmd2u_null = compute_null_distribution_given_permutations(K, m, n,
                                                                  perms,
                                                                  iterations)
    else:
        mmd2u_null = compute_null_distribution(K, m, n, iterations,
                                               verbose=verbose)

    p_value = max(1.0/iterations, (mmd2u_null > mmd2u).sum()
                  / float(iterations))
    if verbose:
        print("p-value ~= %s \t (resolution : %s)" % (p_value, 1.0/iterations))

    return mmd2u, mmd2u_null, p_value