Colony (biology)

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Colony (biology)</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><P>In <A href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</A>, a <B>colony</B> is composed of two or more <A href="/wiki/Conspecific" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecific">conspecific</A> individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another. This association is usually for mutual benefit such as stronger defense or the ability to attack bigger prey.<SUP id="cite_ref-Jackson1977_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Jackson1977-1">[1]</A></SUP> It is a cluster of identical cells (clones) on the surface of (or within) a solid medium, usually derived from a single parent cell, as in bacterial colony.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> In contrast, a <A href="/wiki/Solitary_animal" title="Solitary animal">solitary organism</A> is one in which all individuals live independently and have all of the functions needed to survive and reproduce.</P>
<P>Colonies, in the context of development, may be composed of two or more unitary (or solitary) organisms or be <A href="/wiki/Modular" class="mw-redirect" title="Modular">modular</A> organisms. <B>Unitary organisms</B> have determinate development (set life stages) from <A href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</A> to adult form and individuals or groups of individuals (colonies) are visually distinct. <B>Modular organisms</B> have indeterminate growth forms (life stages not set) through repeated iteration of genetically identical modules (or individuals), and it can be difficult to distinguish between the colony as a whole and the modules within.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> In the latter case, modules may have specific functions within the colony.</P>
<P>Some organisms are primarily independent and form <A href="/wiki/Facultative" title="Facultative">facultative</A> colonies in reply to environmental conditions while others must live in a colony to survive (<A href="/wiki/Obligate" title="Obligate">obligate</A>). For example, some <A href="/wiki/Carpenter_bee" title="Carpenter bee">carpenter bees</A> will form colonies when a dominant hierarchy is formed between two or more nest foundresses<SUP id="cite_ref-DunnRichards2003_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DunnRichards2003-4">[4]</A></SUP> (facultative colony), while <A href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</A> are animals that are physically connected by living tissue (the <A href="/wiki/Coenosarc" title="Coenosarc">coenosarc</A>) that contains a shared <A href="/wiki/Gastrovascular_cavity" title="Gastrovascular cavity">gastrovascular cavity</A>.</P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Colony_types"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Colony types</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#Social_colonies"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Social colonies</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Modular_organisms"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Modular organisms</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Microbial_colonies"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Microbial colonies</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Life_history"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Life history</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Colony_types">Colony types</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Colony_(biology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Colony types">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Social_colonies">Social colonies</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Colony_(biology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social colonies">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Colony_Northern_Gannet_Morus_bassanus.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Colony_Northern_Gannet_Morus_bassanus.jpg/220px-Colony_Northern_Gannet_Morus_bassanus.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Colony_Northern_Gannet_Morus_bassanus.jpg/330px-Colony_Northern_Gannet_Morus_bassanus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Colony_Northern_Gannet_Morus_bassanus.jpg/440px-Colony_Northern_Gannet_Morus_bassanus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="830" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Colony_Northern_Gannet_Morus_bassanus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A breeding colony of <A href="/wiki/Northern_gannet" title="Northern gannet">Northern gannets</A> on the <A href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</A> archipelago in the <A href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</A>.</DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Unicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicellular">Unicellular</A> and <A href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</A> unitary organisms may aggregate to form colonies. For example,</P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protists</A> such as <A href="/wiki/Slime_mold" title="Slime mold">slime molds</A> are many unicellular organisms that aggregate to form colonies when food resources are hard to come by, as together they are more reactive to chemical cues released by preferred prey.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusocial</A> insects like <A href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</A> and <A href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</A> are multicellular animals that live in colonies with a highly organized social structure. Colonies of some social insects may be deemed <A href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism">superorganisms</A>.</LI>
<LI>Animals such as <A href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</A> and <A href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</A> form breeding or <A href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">nesting colonies</A>, potentially for more successful mating and to better protect offspring.
<UL>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Bracken_Cave" title="Bracken Cave">Bracken Cave</A> is the summer home to a colony of around 20 million <A href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bats</A> making it the largest known concentration of mammals.<SUP id="cite_ref-natgeo_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-natgeo-5">[5]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Modular_organisms">Modular organisms</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Colony_(biology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modular organisms">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Modular organisms are those in which a genet (or genetic individual formed from a <A href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexually-produced</A> <A href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</A>) asexually reproduces to form genetically identical clones called <A href="/wiki/Ramet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramet">ramets</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Winston2010_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Winston2010-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A <B><A href="/wiki/Clonal_colony" title="Clonal colony">clonal colony</A></B> is when the ramets of a genet live in close proximity or are physically connected. Ramets may have all of the functions needed to survive on their own or be interdependent on other ramets. For example, some <A href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</A> go through the process of pedal laceration in which a genetically identical individual is asexually produced from tissue broken off from the anemone's pedal disc. In plants, clonal colonies are created through the propagation of genetically identical trees by <A href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">stolons</A> or <A href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</A>.</P>
<P><B>Colonial organisms</B> are <A href="/wiki/Clonal_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Clonal colonies">clonal colonies</A> composed of many physically connected, interdependent individuals. Colonial organisms can be unicellular, as in the alga <I><A href="/wiki/Volvox" title="Volvox">Volvox</A></I> (a <A href="/wiki/Coenobium_(morphology)" title="Coenobium (morphology)">coenobium</A>), or <A href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular</A>, as in the <A href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</A> <A href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</A>. The former type may have been the first step toward multicellular <A href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP> Individuals within a multicellular colonial organism may be called <A href="/wiki/Ramet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramet">ramets</A>, <A href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">modules</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Zooid" title="Zooid">zooids</A>. Structural and functional variation (<A href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphism</A>), when present, designates ramet responsibilities such as feeding, reproduction, and defense. To that end, being physically connected allows the colonial organism to distribute nutrients and energy obtained by feeding zooids throughout the colony. An example of colonial organisms that is well known are hydrozoans, like Portuguese man o' wars.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Microbial_colonies">Microbial colonies</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Colony_(biology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Microbial colonies">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>A <B>microbial colony</B> is defined as a visible cluster of <A href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</A> growing on the surface of or within a solid medium, presumably cultured from a single cell.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> Because the colony is <A href="/wiki/Clone_(cell_biology)" title="Clone (cell biology)">clonal</A>, with all organisms in it descending from a single ancestor (assuming no <A href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</A>), they are genetically identical, except for any <A href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</A> (which occur at low frequencies). Obtaining such genetically identical organisms (or pure <A href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</A>) can be useful; this is done by spreading organisms on a culture plate and starting a new stock from a single resulting colony.</P>
<P>A <B><A href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</A></B> is a colony of <A href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</A> often comprising several species, with properties and capabilities greater than the aggregate of capabilities of the individual organisms.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Life_history">Life history</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Colony_(biology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Life history">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Individuals in social colonies and modular organisms receive benefit to such a lifestyle. For example, it may be easier to seek out food, defend a nesting site, or increase competitive ability against other species. Modular organisms' ability to reproduce asexually in addition to sexually allows them unique benefits that social colonies do not have.<SUP id="cite_ref-Winston2010_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Winston2010-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The energy required for sexual reproduction varies based on the frequency and length of reproductive activity, number and size of offspring, and parental care.<SUP id="cite_ref-KunzOrrell_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-KunzOrrell-10">[10]</A></SUP> While solitary individuals bear all of those energy costs, individuals in some social colonies share a portion of those costs.</P>
<P>Modular organisms save energy by using asexual reproduction during their life. Energy reserved in this way allows them to put more energy towards colony growth, regenerating lost modules (due to predation or other cause of death), or response to environmental conditions.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Colony_(biology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <I><B><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/colony" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:colony">colony</A></B></I> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ant_colony" title="Ant colony">Ant colony</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beehive (beekeeping)">Beehive (beekeeping)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">Bird colony</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clonal_colony" title="Clonal colony">Clonal colony</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colonisation_(biology)" title="Colonisation (biology)">Colonisation (biology)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism">Superorganism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Swarm">Swarm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Litter_(animal)" title="Litter (animal)">Birth colony</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Austroplatypus_incompertus" title="Austroplatypus incompertus">Austroplatypus incompertus</A></I></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Colony_(biology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-Jackson1977-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Jackson1977_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Jackson, J.B.C. (1977). "Competition on Marine Hard Substrata: The Adaptive Significance of Solitary and Colonial Strategies". <I>The American Naturalist</I>. <B>111</B> (980): 743–767. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1086%2F283203">10.1086/283203</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Competition+on+Marine+Hard+Substrata%3A+The+Adaptive+Significance+of+Solitary+and+Colonial+Strategies&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=980&rft.pages=743-767&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F283203&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=J.B.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColony+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Colony">"Colony – Biology-Online Dictionary"</A>. <I>www.biology-online.org</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-05-06</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biology-online.org&rft.atitle=Colony+%E2%80%93+Biology-Online+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biology-online.org%2Fdictionary%2FColony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColony+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Begon, Michael; et al. (2014). <I>Essentials of Ecology</I> (4th ed.). Wiley. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-90913-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-90913-7">0-470-90913-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Ecology&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=0-470-90913-7&rft.aulast=Begon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Howarth%2C+Robert+W.&rft.au=Townsend%2C+Colin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColony+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-DunnRichards2003-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-DunnRichards2003_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Dunn, T.; Richards, M.H. (2003). "When to bee social: interactions among environmental constraints, incentives, guarding, and relatedness in a facultatively social carpenter bee". <I>Behavioral Ecology</I>. <B>14</B> (3): 417–424. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F14.3.417">10.1093/beheco/14.3.417</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology&rft.atitle=When+to+bee+social%3A+interactions+among+environmental+constraints%2C+incentives%2C+guarding%2C+and+relatedness+in+a+facultatively+social+carpenter+bee&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=417-424&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F14.3.417&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Richards%2C+M.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColony+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-natgeo-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-natgeo_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Grove, Noel (December 1988). "Quietly Conserving Nature". <I><A href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</A></I>. <B>174</B> (6): 822.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Quietly+Conserving+Nature&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=822&rft.date=1988-12&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColony+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Winston2010-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Winston2010_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Winston2010_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Winston, J. (2010). "Life in the Colonies: Learning the Alien Ways of Colonial Organisms". <I>Integrative and Comparative Biology</I>. <B>50</B> (6): 919–933. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficq146">10.1093/icb/icq146</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714171">21714171</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Life+in+the+Colonies%3A+Learning+the+Alien+Ways+of+Colonial+Organisms&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=919-933&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficq146&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21714171&rft.aulast=Winston&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColony+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Alberts, Bruce; et al. (1994). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28332/"><I>Molecular Biology of the Cell</I></A> (3rd ed.). New York: Garland Science. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1620-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1620-8">0-8153-1620-8</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2014-06-11</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8153-1620-8&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Bray%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Julian&rft.au=Raff%2C+Martin&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Keith&rft.au=Watson%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK28332%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColony+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hydrozoa/">"Hydrozoa"</A>. <I>Animal Diversity Web</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-05-06</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Diversity+Web&rft.atitle=Hydrozoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.org%2Faccounts%2FHydrozoa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColony+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<LI id="cite_note-KunzOrrell-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-KunzOrrell_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Kunz, T.H.; Orrell, K.S. (2004). "Energy Costs of Reproduction". <I>Encyclopedia of Energy</I>. <B>5</B>: 423–442.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Energy&rft.atitle=Energy+Costs+of+Reproduction&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=423-442&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kunz&rft.aufirst=T.H.&rft.au=Orrell%2C+K.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColony+%28biology%29" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EC%83%9D" title="군생 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Գաղութ (կենսաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonija_(biologija)" title="Kolonija (biologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is" style="display: none;"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C3%ADu%C3%BEyrping" title="Bakteríuþyrping – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(zoologia)" title="Colonia (zoologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagirker%C3%AE" title="Dagirkerî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Колониялуу организмдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonija_(biologija)" title="Kolonija (biologija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonie_(biologie)" title="Kolonie (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloni_(biologi)" title="Koloni (biologi) – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonia_(biologia)" title="Kolonia (biologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3nia_(biologia)" title="Colónia (biologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Колония (биология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology) – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonija_(biologija)" title="Kolonija (biologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdyskunta_(biologia)" title="Yhdyskunta (biologia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloni_(biologi)" title="Koloni (biologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Колонія (біологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Tập đoàn (sinh học) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and 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