Freedom of the City

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Freedom of the City</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"></DIV>
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Northern Irish play, see <A href="/wiki/The_Freedom_of_the_City" title="The Freedom of the City">The Freedom of the City</A>. For the role-playing game campaign setting, see <A href="/wiki/Freedom_City" title="Freedom City">Freedom City</A>.</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Key to the City" redirects here. For other meanings of the term, see <A href="/wiki/Key_to_the_City_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Key to the City (disambiguation)">Key to the City (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Hadfield_Freedom_of_the_City_of_Sheffield.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hadfield_Freedom_of_the_City_of_Sheffield.jpg/220px-Hadfield_Freedom_of_the_City_of_Sheffield.jpg" width="220" height="396" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hadfield_Freedom_of_the_City_of_Sheffield.jpg/330px-Hadfield_Freedom_of_the_City_of_Sheffield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hadfield_Freedom_of_the_City_of_Sheffield.jpg/440px-Hadfield_Freedom_of_the_City_of_Sheffield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="2418" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Hadfield_Freedom_of_the_City_of_Sheffield.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Award to <A href="/wiki/Robert_Hadfield" title="Robert Hadfield">Robert Hadfield</A> by the <A href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Sheffield">City of Sheffield</A></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Gold_%27Freedom_of_the_City_Box%27_for_Daniel_T._Patterson,_made_by_Jonathan_Wilmarth,_John_L._Moffat,_and_Joseph_Curtis,_New_York_City,_1832,_gold_-_Winterthur_Museum_-_DSC01333.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gold_%27Freedom_of_the_City_Box%27_for_Daniel_T._Patterson%2C_made_by_Jonathan_Wilmarth%2C_John_L._Moffat%2C_and_Joseph_Curtis%2C_New_York_City%2C_1832%2C_gold_-_Winterthur_Museum_-_DSC01333.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" width="220" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gold_%27Freedom_of_the_City_Box%27_for_Daniel_T._Patterson%2C_made_by_Jonathan_Wilmarth%2C_John_L._Moffat%2C_and_Joseph_Curtis%2C_New_York_City%2C_1832%2C_gold_-_Winterthur_Museum_-_DSC01333.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gold_%27Freedom_of_the_City_Box%27_for_Daniel_T._Patterson%2C_made_by_Jonathan_Wilmarth%2C_John_L._Moffat%2C_and_Joseph_Curtis%2C_New_York_City%2C_1832%2C_gold_-_Winterthur_Museum_-_DSC01333.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3806" data-file-height="2631" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Gold_%27Freedom_of_the_City_Box%27_for_Daniel_T._Patterson,_made_by_Jonathan_Wilmarth,_John_L._Moffat,_and_Joseph_Curtis,_New_York_City,_1832,_gold_-_Winterthur_Museum_-_DSC01333.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Gold New York City 'Freedom of the City Box' presented to Commodore <A href="/wiki/Daniel_Patterson_(naval_officer)" title="Daniel Patterson (naval officer)">Daniel Patterson</A>, made by Jonathan Wilmarth, John L. Moffat, and Joseph Curtis, 1832</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:312px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Antoon_van_den_Heuvel_-_Ferdinand_Receives_the_Keys_of_the_City_from_the_Virgin_of_Ghent.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antoon_van_den_Heuvel_-_Ferdinand_Receives_the_Keys_of_the_City_from_the_Virgin_of_Ghent.jpg/310px-Antoon_van_den_Heuvel_-_Ferdinand_Receives_the_Keys_of_the_City_from_the_Virgin_of_Ghent.jpg" width="310" height="404" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antoon_van_den_Heuvel_-_Ferdinand_Receives_the_Keys_of_the_City_from_the_Virgin_of_Ghent.jpg/465px-Antoon_van_den_Heuvel_-_Ferdinand_Receives_the_Keys_of_the_City_from_the_Virgin_of_Ghent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antoon_van_den_Heuvel_-_Ferdinand_Receives_the_Keys_of_the_City_from_the_Virgin_of_Ghent.jpg/620px-Antoon_van_den_Heuvel_-_Ferdinand_Receives_the_Keys_of_the_City_from_the_Virgin_of_Ghent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4538" data-file-height="5920" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Antoon_van_den_Heuvel_-_Ferdinand_Receives_the_Keys_of_the_City_from_the_Virgin_of_Ghent.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>"Ferdinand Receives the <B>Keys of the City</B> from the Virgin of Ghent", print after a painting made by <A href="/wiki/Antoon_van_den_Heuvel" title="Antoon van den Heuvel">Antoon van den Heuvel</A> for the <A href="/wiki/Joyous_Entry" title="Joyous Entry">Joyous Entry</A> by the <A href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand">Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand</A> into <A href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</A> in 1635</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P class="mw-empty-elt">

</P><P>The <B>Freedom of the City</B> is an honour bestowed by a municipality upon a valued member of the community, or upon a visiting celebrity or dignitary. Arising from the medieval practice of granting respected citizens freedom from <A href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</A>, the tradition still lives on in countries such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand – although today the title of "freeman" confers no special privileges. The Freedom of the City can also be granted by municipal authorities to military units which have earned the city's trust; in this context, it is sometimes called the <B>Freedom of Entry</B>. This allows them the freedom to parade through the city, and is an affirmation of the bond between the regiment and the citizenry.
</P><P>The honour was sometimes accompanied by a "freedom box", a small gold box inscribed to record the occasion; these are not usual today. In some countries, such as the United States, esteemed residents and visitors may instead be presented with the <B>Key to the City</B>, a similarly symbolic honour. Other US cities award Honorary Citizenship, with just a certificate.
</P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc"><INPUT type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><H2>Contents</H2><SPAN class="toctogglespan"><LABEL class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></LABEL></SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Military_privilege"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Military privilege</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Entitlement_to_civil_privileges"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Entitlement to civil privileges</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#United_Kingdom"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">United Kingdom</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><A href="#Freedom_of_the_City_of_London"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Freedom of the City of London</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><A href="#Freedom_of_the_City_of_York"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Freedom of the City of York</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Ireland"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ireland</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Key_to_the_city"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Key to the city</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>

<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Military_privilege">Military privilege</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Military privilege">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tleft"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:No_28_Squadron_RAAF_Freedom_of_the_City_Parade_passing_Civic_Square_August_2013.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/No_28_Squadron_RAAF_Freedom_of_the_City_Parade_passing_Civic_Square_August_2013.jpg/220px-No_28_Squadron_RAAF_Freedom_of_the_City_Parade_passing_Civic_Square_August_2013.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/No_28_Squadron_RAAF_Freedom_of_the_City_Parade_passing_Civic_Square_August_2013.jpg/330px-No_28_Squadron_RAAF_Freedom_of_the_City_Parade_passing_Civic_Square_August_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/No_28_Squadron_RAAF_Freedom_of_the_City_Parade_passing_Civic_Square_August_2013.jpg/440px-No_28_Squadron_RAAF_Freedom_of_the_City_Parade_passing_Civic_Square_August_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="2868" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:No_28_Squadron_RAAF_Freedom_of_the_City_Parade_passing_Civic_Square_August_2013.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Members of <A href="/wiki/No._28_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 28 Squadron RAAF">No. 28 Squadron RAAF</A> marching through the centre of <A href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</A> during the unit's Freedom of the City parade in August 2013</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>Freedom of the City is an ancient honour granted to martial organisations, allowing them the privilege to march into the city "with drums beating, <A href="/wiki/Colours,_standards_and_guidons" class="mw-redirect" title="Colours, standards and guidons">colours</A> flying, and <A href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</A> fixed".<SUP id="cite_ref-RCN_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-RCN-1">[1]</A></SUP>
</P><P>This honour dates back to <A href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</A> which regarded the "<A href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</A>", the boundary of the city, as sacred. <A href="/wiki/Promagistrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Promagistrates">Promagistrates</A> and generals were forbidden from entering it, and resigned their <I><A href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</A></I> immediately upon crossing it. An exception was made for victory celebrations (called <A href="/wiki/Roman_triumphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman triumphs">triumphs</A>), during which the victorious general would be permitted to enter for one day only. Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress. Weapons were also banned inside the pomerium for religious and traditional reasons. (The <A href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassination of Julius Caesar</A> occurred outside this boundary.)
</P><P>Similar laws were passed by other European cities throughout the Medieval era, to protect public security and civic rights, even against their own king's troops. As a result, soldiers would be forced to camp outside the walls of the city during the winter months. The Freedom of the City was an honour granted only to troops which had earned the trust of the local populace, either through some valiant action or simply by being a familiar presence.<SUP id="cite_ref-RCN_1-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-RCN-1">[1]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Today, martial freedom of the city is an entirely ceremonial honour, usually bestowed upon a unit with historic ties to the area, as a token of appreciation for their long and dedicated service. The awarding of the Freedom is often accompanied by a celebratory parade through the city.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Entitlement_to_civil_privileges">Entitlement to civil privileges</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Entitlement to civil privileges">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>A slightly more common freedom of the city is connected to the medieval concept of "free status", when city and town charters drew a distinction between <A href="/wiki/Serfdom#Freemen" title="Serfdom">freemen</A> and <A href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">vassals</A> of a <A href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</A> lord. As such, freemen actually pre-date 'boroughs'. Early freedom of the boroughs ceremonies had great importance in affirming that the recipient enjoyed privileges such as the right to trade and own property, and protection within the town.
</P><P>In modern society, the award of honorary freedom of the city or <A href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</A> tends to be entirely ceremonial, given by the local government in many towns and cities on those who have served in some exceptional capacity, or upon any whom the city wishes to bestow an honour.
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tleft"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:A_recipient_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/A_recipient_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London.jpg/220px-A_recipient_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/A_recipient_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London.jpg/330px-A_recipient_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/A_recipient_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London.jpg/440px-A_recipient_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1466" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:A_recipient_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>A recipient of Freedom of the City of London, <A href="/wiki/Nigel_Cumberland" title="Nigel Cumberland">Nigel Cumberland</A>, after his ceremony</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>Before <A href="/wiki/Great_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Act">parliamentary reform</A> in 1832, freedom of the city or town conferred the right to vote in the 'parliamentary boroughs' for the MPs. Until the <A href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</A> the freemen were the exclusive electorate for some of the boroughs. These two acts together curtailed the power of the freemen and extended the franchise to all 'householders' (defined as local <A href="/wiki/Rate_(tax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rate (tax)">rate</A> payers; in fact therefore property owners). The private property belonging to the freemen collectively was retained. The freemen of York, Oxford and Newcastle upon Tyne still own considerable areas within their towns, although the income is effectively given to support charitable objects. The <A href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</A> specifically preserved freemen's rights.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Local_Democracy,_Economic_Development_and_Construction_Act_2009" title="Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009">Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009</A> removed any restrictions entitling only men to be freemen.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Today, the grant of honorary freedom in the United Kingdom is governed by the <A href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</A> (as amended by the <A href="/wiki/Local_Democracy,_Economic_Development_and_Construction_Act_2009" title="Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009">Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009</A>). The 1972 Act enabled the councils of cities, <A href="/wiki/Royal_borough#Royal_Borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal borough">royal boroughs</A>, <A href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">boroughs</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" title="Parish councils in England">parishes</A> (or, in Wales, <A href="/wiki/Community_council#Wales" title="Community council">communities</A>) with the status of a <A href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_with_royal_patronage_in_the_United_Kingdom#Royal" title="List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom">royal town</A> to confer the status of honorary freeman on "persons of distinction and persons who have, in the opinion of the council, rendered eminent services" to the local area.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> The 2009 Act extends the ability to grant the status of honorary freeman to any county, city, <A href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">district</A>, borough, town, parish or community council (so removing the requirement for the town to have 'royal' status, and also enabling county councils to confer the honour).<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> A special meeting of the council can grant the honour by passing a resolution with a two-thirds majority at a specially convened meeting.
</P><P>The exact qualifications for borough freedom differ between each city or town, but generally fall into two categories, 'patrimony' (inheritance) and 'servitude' (apprenticeship). For example, in <A href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</A>, only the children or grandchildren of freemen may apply for admission. In <A href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</A>, this extends to great- and great-great-grandchildren, and apprenticeship to a freeman of the city will also allow admission.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP> In <A href="/wiki/Great_Grimsby" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Grimsby">Great Grimsby</A>, the widow of a freeman passes his rights to her second husband, who retains the privilege after either divorce from or death of the widow. The borough freedom is strongest in York, Chester, <A href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</A> and <A href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</A>; in Coventry, freedom is qualified by having served an apprenticeship. <A href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</A> and <A href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</A> have extended their admission criteria to those who have served an apprenticeship without being 'bound' (trained) by a freeman directly. Freemen of <A href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</A> are bestowed the right to graze cattle on the town moor.<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Freedom_of_the_City_of_London">Freedom of the City of London</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City of London">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<DIV class="thumb tleft"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Lord_Nelson%27s_certificate_given_him_after_becoming_a_Freeman_of_the_City_of_London.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lord_Nelson%27s_certificate_given_him_after_becoming_a_Freeman_of_the_City_of_London.jpg/220px-Lord_Nelson%27s_certificate_given_him_after_becoming_a_Freeman_of_the_City_of_London.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lord_Nelson%27s_certificate_given_him_after_becoming_a_Freeman_of_the_City_of_London.jpg/330px-Lord_Nelson%27s_certificate_given_him_after_becoming_a_Freeman_of_the_City_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lord_Nelson%27s_certificate_given_him_after_becoming_a_Freeman_of_the_City_of_London.jpg/440px-Lord_Nelson%27s_certificate_given_him_after_becoming_a_Freeman_of_the_City_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1466" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Lord_Nelson%27s_certificate_given_him_after_becoming_a_Freeman_of_the_City_of_London.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Lord Nelson's certificate given him after becoming a Freeman of the City of London showing that he has Freedom</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tleft"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Certificate_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_for_Ari_Norman.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Certificate_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_for_Ari_Norman.jpg/220px-Certificate_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_for_Ari_Norman.jpg" width="220" height="126" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Certificate_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_for_Ari_Norman.jpg/330px-Certificate_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_for_Ari_Norman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Certificate_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_for_Ari_Norman.jpg/440px-Certificate_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_for_Ari_Norman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="364" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Certificate_of_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_for_Ari_Norman.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Ari_Norman" title="Ari Norman">Ari Norman</A>'s Certificate of Freedom of the City of London</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Tim_Berners-Lee_Freedom_of_the_City_-_06.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tim_Berners-Lee_Freedom_of_the_City_-_06.jpg/220px-Tim_Berners-Lee_Freedom_of_the_City_-_06.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tim_Berners-Lee_Freedom_of_the_City_-_06.jpg/330px-Tim_Berners-Lee_Freedom_of_the_City_-_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tim_Berners-Lee_Freedom_of_the_City_-_06.jpg/440px-Tim_Berners-Lee_Freedom_of_the_City_-_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Tim_Berners-Lee_Freedom_of_the_City_-_06.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Sir <A href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</A> receiving the freedom of the <A href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</A> in 2014</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>In England, the most established borough freedom is that conferred by the Freedom of the <A href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</A>, first recorded in 1237. This is closely tied to the role and status of the <A href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">livery companies</A>. From 1835, the freedom "without the intervention of a Livery Company" has been bestowed by a general resolution of Common Council, by "redemption" (purchase), at one time for an onerous sum. Now the Freedom can be obtained by servitude, by patrimony, by nomination, or by presentation via a Livery Company. Freedom by nomination by two sponsors is available for a fee (known as a "fine"), of £100 as of  2018<SUP class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&action=edit">[update]</A></SUP>, and free to those on the electoral roll of the City.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP>
</P><P>New freemen are enrolled in a ceremony in Guildhall, when they receive a guide to conducting their lives in an honourable fashion and an impressive sealed certificate. Freemen's children get admission preference at the <A href="/wiki/City_of_London_Freemen%27s_School" title="City of London Freemen's School">City of London Freemen's School</A>. There are a number of rights traditionally but apocryphally associated with freemen—the right to drive sheep and cattle over <A href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</A>; to a silken rope, if hanged; to carry a naked sword in public; or that if the City of London Police finds a freeman <A href="/wiki/Drunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunk">drunk</A> and incapable, they will bundle him or her into a taxi and send them home rather than throw them into a cell. While sheep have occasionally been driven over London Bridge by Freemen on special occasions, these "privileges" are now effectively symbolic.
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<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Mark_Stephens_freeman.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mark_Stephens_freeman.jpg/220px-Mark_Stephens_freeman.jpg" width="220" height="316" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mark_Stephens_freeman.jpg/330px-Mark_Stephens_freeman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Mark_Stephens_freeman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="532" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Mark_Stephens_freeman.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Mark_Stephens_(solicitor)" title="Mark Stephens (solicitor)">Mark Stephens</A> with a sheep on <A href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</A> in 2009</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>The right to herd sheep and cattle across London's four bridges technically no longer applies, as there are no livestock markets in the city.<SUP id="cite_ref-JefSmith_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-JefSmith-9">[9]</A></SUP> Nevertheless, this right has been exercised, or the city has granted permission, on several occasions in modern times:
</P>
<UL><LI>On 19 August 1999, Jef Smith, a freeman of London walked two sheep over <A href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</A> to bring attention to the rights of older citizens.<SUP id="cite_ref-JefSmith_9-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-JefSmith-9">[9]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>On 17 June 2006, a flock of about thirty sheep was driven across the <A href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Bridge (London)">Millennium Bridge</A> to mark the start of London Architecture Week.<SUP id="cite_ref-BBC_sheep_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC_sheep-10">[10]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>On 31 August 2008, Amanda Cottrell, former <A href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Kent" title="High Sheriff of Kent">High Sheriff of Kent</A>, marched six rams across London Bridge to promote fundraising for the restoration of <A href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</A> and "a scheme backing local food production".<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>On 17 September 2008, the Lord Mayor of London, <A href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(Lord_Mayor)" title="David Lewis (Lord Mayor)">David Lewis</A>, and some 500 freemen drove a flock of Romney ewes in relay across London Bridge to raise funds for the Lord Mayor's charities (<A href="/wiki/ORBIS_International" class="mw-redirect" title="ORBIS International">Orbis</A> and <A href="/wiki/Wellbeing_of_Women" title="Wellbeing of Women">Wellbeing of Women</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>On 7 April 2013, actor and presenter <A href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</A> drove Grace, a year-old lamb, over London Bridge for a documentary about becoming a freeman, <I>Stephen Fry's Key To The City</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP></LI></UL>
<P>By 2015, the driving of sheep across the bridge had become an annual event, organised by the <A href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Woolmen" title="Worshipful Company of Woolmen">Worshipful Company of Woolmen</A> livery company, typically to raise funds for the Lord Mayor's Appeal and the Worshipful Company of Woolmen.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP>
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<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Freedom_of_the_City_of_York">Freedom of the City of York</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City of York">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>York has a long history of freemen dating back to the Anglo-Saxon period, with records dating back to 1272.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP>  Freemen may claim their rights through patronage (as far back as their great-great-grandparent, there are records of women being admitted in York in medieval times, a right forgotten for a time until the late 1970s when the gild carried out research and rediscovered it) or apprenticeship. Once 'sworn in', freemen can join the Gild (archaic spelling used) of Freemen who continue to take an interest in the affairs of the city.  New admissions are made every year (usually October) following an admission ceremony with the Lord Mayor at the Guildhall.
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<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ireland">Ireland</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about Ireland. For Freedom awarded specifically in Dublin, see <A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City_of_Dublin" title="Freedom of the City of Dublin">Freedom of the City of Dublin</A>.</DIV>
<P>In Ireland, borough freedom of the city is generally given to noted foreign and national dignitaries and the list rarely exceeds a few dozen. As in the United Kingdom, the title generally comes with various ancient privileges – for instance, freemen of <A href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</A> are allowed the right to vote in certain elections, bring goods for sale in the city without customs and the right to pasture sheep on common ground such as <A href="/wiki/College_Green" title="College Green">College Green</A> and <A href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Green">St. Stephen's Green</A>.
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Key_to_the_city">Key to the city</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Key to the city">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Spain_2_March_2009-8.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Spain_2_March_2009-8.jpg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Spain_2_March_2009-8.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Spain_2_March_2009-8.jpg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Spain_2_March_2009-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Spain_2_March_2009-8.jpg/440px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Spain_2_March_2009-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Spain_2_March_2009-8.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Russian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian President">Russian President</A> <A href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</A> received the Golden Key to the City of <A href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</A> during his state visit to Spain in March 2009.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/List_of_Keys_to_the_City_in_the_United_States" title="List of Keys to the City in the United States">List of Keys to the City in the United States</A> and <A href="/wiki/List_of_Keys_to_the_City_in_Canada" title="List of Keys to the City in Canada">List of Keys to the City in Canada</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Key_to_the_City_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Key to the City (disambiguation)">Key to the City (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<P>In some countries, such as the United States, an ornamental key – the "key to the city" – is presented to esteemed visitors, residents, or others whom the city wishes to honour. This practice is a variation on the freedom of the city tradition, and has a similar symbolic meaning; evoking medieval walled cities, the gates of which would be guarded during the day and locked at night, the key symbolises the freedom of the recipient to enter and leave the city at will, as a trusted friend of city residents.<SUP id="cite_ref-NYC_Key_18-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NYC_Key-18">[18]</A></SUP>
</P><P>In some cities in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany, the key to the city is given to the so-called "<A href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_carnival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince carnival (page does not exist)">prince carnival</A><SPAN class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> (<A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins_Carnaval" class="extiw" title="nl:Prins Carnaval">nl</A>)</SPAN>" who leads the carnivals which take place the week prior to <A href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</A>. The tradition is that the mayor steps down for this period and power is transferred to the prince carnival, who then returns the key at the end of <A href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</A>/<A href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</A>. Today, the handing over of the key is mostly symbolic and marks the start and end of the carnival.
</P><P>In <A href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</A>, Alberta, Canada, instead of a key, esteemed visitors receive a white <A href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">cowboy hat</A> and usually recite one of two oaths (one formal, the other more silly) to become honorary Calgarians.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Freedom_of_the_City_recipients_(military)" title="List of Freedom of the City recipients (military)">List of Freedom of the City recipients (military)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship" title="Honorary citizenship">Honorary citizenship</A></LI></UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<LI id="cite_note-RCN-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-RCN_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-RCN_1-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912185755/http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/centennial/0/0-c_eng.asp?category=86">"1985 – 75th Anniversary Naval Service of Canada"</A>. Royal Canadian Navy. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/centennial/0/0-c_eng.asp?category=86">the original</A> on 12 September 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 November</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1985+%E2%80%93+75th+Anniversary+Naval+Service+of+Canada&rft.pub=Royal+Canadian+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.forces.gc.ca%2Fcentennial%2F0%2F0-c_eng.asp%3Fcategory%3D86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><STYLE data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r861714446">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</STYLE></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Section 248 of <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/70/section/248">Text of the Local Government Act 1972</A> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <A href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</A> </SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sections 27 and 28 of the <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk//ukpga/2009/20/part/1/chapter/5">Text of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009</A> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <A href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</A> </SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/70/section/249">Text of the Section 249 of the Local Government Act 1972</A> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <A href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</A> </SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/20/section/29">Text of the Section 249 of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009</A> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <A href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</A> </SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemenofyork.com">"The Gild of Freemen of the City of York"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">24 June</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gild+of+Freemen+of+the+City+of+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemenofyork.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008171423/http://www.freemenofnewcastle.com/themoorhistory.html">"The Moor"</A>. The Freemen of Newcastle upon Tyne. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemenofnewcastle.com/themoorhistory.html">the original</A> on 8 October 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 November</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Moor&rft.pub=The+Freemen+of+Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemenofnewcastle.com%2Fthemoorhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/history/Pages/how-to-apply.aspx">"How to apply for the Freedom"</A>. <I>City of London</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 September</SPAN> 2018</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+London&rft.atitle=How+to+apply+for+the+Freedom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityoflondon.gov.uk%2Fabout-the-city%2Fhistory%2FPages%2Fhow-to-apply.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-JefSmith-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-JefSmith_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-JefSmith_9-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/425364.stm">"Protest Freeman herds sheep over Tower Bridge"</A>. BBC News. 19 August 1999<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">15 November</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protest+Freeman+herds+sheep+over+Tower+Bridge&rft.date=1999-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F425364.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BBC_sheep-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BBC_sheep_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/5085214.stm">"Sheep flock driven through city"</A>. BBC News. 17 June 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 January</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sheep+flock+driven+through+city&rft.date=2006-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flondon%2F5085214.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7590346.stm">"Sheep marched over London Bridge"</A>. BBC News. 31 August 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 January</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sheep+marched+over+London+Bridge&rft.date=2008-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2F7590346.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7623267.stm">"Sheep march over bridge for money"</A>. BBC News. 19 September 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 January</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sheep+march+over+bridge+for+money&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flondon%2F7623267.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/stephenfry/status/321164859628740608">"Stephen Fry on Twitter"</A>. Twitter. 8 April 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 June</SPAN> 2018</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen+Fry+on+Twitter&rft.pub=Twitter&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fstephenfry%2Fstatus%2F321164859628740608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/presscentre/ep1week32/stephen-fry%E2%80%99s-key-city">"Stephen Fry's Key To The City"</A>. <I>ITV</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 June</SPAN> 2018</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITV&rft.atitle=Stephen+Fry%27s+Key+To+The+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fpresscentre%2Fep1week32%2Fstephen-fry%25E2%2580%2599s-key-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itv.com/news/london/2015-09-27/why-are-there-sheep-being-herded-across-london-bridge/">"Why are there sheep being herded across London Bridge?"</A>. <I>ITV News</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=Why+are+there+sheep+being+herded+across+London+Bridge%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2Flondon%2F2015-09-27%2Fwhy-are-there-sheep-being-herded-across-london-bridge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">30 September 2018. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-45699161">"Alan Titchmarsh herds sheep over London Bridge"</A>. <I>BBC News</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 September</SPAN> 2018</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Alan+Titchmarsh+herds+sheep+over+London+Bridge&rft.au=30+September+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-45699161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/york-freemen/vol1">"Register of the Freemen of the City of York - British History Online"</A>. <I>www.british-history.ac.uk</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Register+of+the+Freemen+of+the+City+of+York+-+British+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fyork-freemen%2Fvol1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NYC_Key-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-NYC_Key_18-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114110402/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/html/protocol/key.shtml">"Key to the City of New York"</A>. New York City Commission for the United Nations, Consular Corps and Protocol. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/html/protocol/key.shtml">the original</A> on 14 November 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 November</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+to+the+City+of+New+York&rft.pub=New+York+City+Commission+for+the+United+Nations%2C+Consular+Corps+and+Protocol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Funccp%2Fhtml%2Fprotocol%2Fkey.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitcalgary.com/meetings/how-we-can-help/white-hat-ceremony">"White Hat Ceremony"</A>. Visit Calgary. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6CMlh0M3L?url=http://www.visitcalgary.com/meetings/how-we-can-help/white-hat-ceremony">Archived</A> from the original on 22 November 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Hat+Ceremony&rft.pub=Visit+Calgary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitcalgary.com%2Fmeetings%2Fhow-we-can-help%2Fwhite-hat-ceremony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+City" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
</LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL><LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guild-freemen-london.co.uk">Guild of Freemen of the City of London</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/history/Pages/freedom-of-the-city.aspx">Freedom of the City of London</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemenofyork.com">The Gild of Freemen of the City of York</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413005908/http://www.civichalls.liverpool.gov.uk/townhall/history/freemen/index.asp">Freemen of the City of Liverpool</A></LI></UL>

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