The Song of Roland

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><I>The Song of Roland</I></H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1978 film starring Klaus Kinski, see <A href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland_(film)" title="The Song of Roland (film)">The Song of Roland (film)</A>.</DIV>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><TBODY><TR><TD class="mbox-image"><DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV></TD><TD class="mbox-text"><DIV class="mbox-text-span">This article <B>needs additional citations for <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A></B>.<SPAN class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</SPAN>  <SMALL><I>(December 2014)</I></SMALL><SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I> (<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg/300px-Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg" width="300" height="318" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg/450px-Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg/600px-Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="1286" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>The eight phases of <I>The Song of Roland</I> in one picture.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P><I><B>The Song of Roland</B></I> (<A href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</A>: <I lang="fr">La Chanson de Roland</I>) is an epic poem (<A href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">Chanson de geste</A>) based on the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass" title="Battle of Roncevaux Pass">Battle of Roncevaux Pass</A> in 778, during the reign of <A href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</A>. It is the oldest surviving major work of <A href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</A> and exists in various manuscript versions, which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries.
</P><P>The date of composition is put in the period between 1040 and 1115: an early version beginning around 1040 with additions and alterations made up until about 1115. The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry. The epic poem is the first<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> and, along with <I><A href="/wiki/Cantar_de_Mio_Cid" title="Cantar de Mio Cid">The Poem of the Cid</A></I>, one of the most outstanding examples of the <I><A href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chanson de geste</A></I>, a literary form that flourished between the 11th and 15th centuries and celebrated legendary deeds.
</P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc"><INPUT type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><H2>Contents</H2><SPAN class="toctogglespan"><LABEL class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></LABEL></SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Manuscripts_and_dating"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Manuscripts and dating</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#AOI"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">AOI</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Critical_opinions"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Critical opinions</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Oral_performance_of_the_Song_compared_to_manuscript_versions"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Plot"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Plot</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Form"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Form</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Characters"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Characters</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Principal_characters"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Principal characters</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Secondary_characters"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Secondary characters</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Durandal"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Durandal</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Historical_adaptations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Historical adaptations</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Modern_adaptations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Modern adaptations</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>

<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Manuscripts_and_dating">Manuscripts and dating</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and dating">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:La_Chanson_de_Roland_-_MS_Oxford.djvu" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/La_Chanson_de_Roland_-_MS_Oxford.djvu/page1-220px-La_Chanson_de_Roland_-_MS_Oxford.djvu.jpg" width="220" height="290" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/La_Chanson_de_Roland_-_MS_Oxford.djvu/page1-330px-La_Chanson_de_Roland_-_MS_Oxford.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/La_Chanson_de_Roland_-_MS_Oxford.djvu/page1-440px-La_Chanson_de_Roland_-_MS_Oxford.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="2820" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:La_Chanson_de_Roland_-_MS_Oxford.djvu" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Bodleian Library, MS Digby 23, Part 2</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>Set in the Carolingian era, it was written much later. There is a single extant manuscript of the <I>Song of Roland</I> in <A href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</A>, held at the <A href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</A> at <A href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP>  This copy dates between 1129 and 1165 and was written in <A href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> There are also eight further manuscripts, and three fragments, of other poems on the subject of Roland.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Some scholars estimate that the poem was written, possibly by a poet named <I>Turold</I> (<I><A href="/wiki/Turoldus" title="Turoldus">Turoldus</A></I> in the manuscript itself), between approximately 1040 and 1115, and most of the alterations were performed by about 1098. Some favor an earlier dating, because it allows one to say that the poem was inspired by the <A href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castilian</A> campaigns of the 1030s, and that the poem went on to be a major influence in the <A href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</A>. Those who prefer a later dating do so based upon what they interpret as brief references made in the poem to events of the First Crusade.
</P><P>In the poem, the term <I>d'oltre mer</I> or <I>l'oltremarin</I> comes up three times in reference to named Muslims who came from <I>oltre mer</I> to fight in Spain and France. <I>Oltre mer</I>, modern French <A href="/wiki/Outremer" title="Outremer">Outremer</A>, literally "oversea, beyond sea, other side of the sea", is a native French term from the classical Latin roots <I>ultra</I> = "beyond" and <I>mare</I> = "sea". The name was commonly used by the Crusaders to refer to <A href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P><P>The occurrence of this term in the poem cannot be interpreted as showing influence from the Crusades in the poem; on the contrary, the way it is used in the poem, in which it is simply a Muslim land, indicates that the author of the poem was unacquainted with the Crusades, and that the term was in French before the Crusades began meaning the far side of the Mediterranean Sea. The bulk of the poem is adjudged to date from before the Crusades (which started in 1098), but there are a few items where questions remain about these items being late additions shortly after the Crusades started.
</P><P>After two manuscripts were found in 1832 and 1835, the Song of Roland became recognized as France's national epic when an edition was published in 1837.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="AOI">AOI</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: AOI">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tleft"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:La_Chanson_de_Roland_AOI.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/La_Chanson_de_Roland_AOI.jpg/220px-La_Chanson_de_Roland_AOI.jpg" width="220" height="58" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/La_Chanson_de_Roland_AOI.jpg/330px-La_Chanson_de_Roland_AOI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/La_Chanson_de_Roland_AOI.jpg/440px-La_Chanson_de_Roland_AOI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="360" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:La_Chanson_de_Roland_AOI.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Detail of manuscript showing "AOI"</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>Certain lines of the Oxford manuscript end with the letters "AOI".  The meaning of this word or annotation is unclear.  Scholars have hypothesized that the marking may have played a role in public performances of the text, such as indicating a place where a <I><A href="/wiki/Jongleur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jongleur">jongleur</A></I> would change the tempo.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Critical_opinions">Critical opinions</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Critical opinions">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Oral_performance_of_the_Song_compared_to_manuscript_versions">Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Scholarly consensus has long accepted that the Song of Roland differed in its presentation depending on <A href="/wiki/Oral_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral transmission">oral</A> or <A href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">textual</A> transmission; namely, although a number of different versions of the song containing varying material and episodes would have been performed orally, the transmission to manuscript resulted in greater cohesiveness across versions.
</P><P>Early editors of the Song of Roland, informed in part by patriotic desires to produce a distinctly French epic, could thus overstate the textual cohesiveness of the Roland tradition. This point is expressed by Andrew Taylor, who notes,<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP> "[T]he Roland song was, if not invented, at the very least constructed. By supplying it with an appropriate epic title, isolating it from its original codicological context, and providing a general history of minstrel performance in which its pure origin could be located, the early editors presented a 4,002 line poem as sung French epic".
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Plot">Plot</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Mort_de_Roland.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mort_de_Roland.jpg/300px-Mort_de_Roland.jpg" width="300" height="247" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mort_de_Roland.jpg/450px-Mort_de_Roland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Mort_de_Roland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="493" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Mort_de_Roland.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>The death of Roland at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass" title="Battle of Roncevaux Pass">Battle of Roncevaux</A>, from an illuminated manuscript c.1455–1460.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</A>'s army is fighting <A href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">the Muslims in Spain</A>. They have been there for seven years, and the last city standing is <A href="/wiki/Saragossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saragossa">Saragossa</A>, held by the Muslim <A href="/wiki/King_Marsile" title="King Marsile">King Marsile</A>. Threatened by the might of Charlemagne's army of <A href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</A>, Marsile seeks advice from his wise man, <A href="/wiki/Blancandrin" title="Blancandrin">Blancandrin</A>, who councils him to conciliate the Emperor, offering to surrender and giving hostages. Accordingly, Marsile sends out messengers to Charlemagne, promising treasure and Marsile's conversion to Christianity if the Franks will go back to France.
</P><P>Charlemagne and his men, tired of fighting, accept his peace offer and select a messenger to Marsile's court. The protagonist <A href="/wiki/Roland" title="Roland">Roland</A>, Charlemagne's nephew, nominates his stepfather <A href="/wiki/Ganelon" title="Ganelon">Ganelon</A> as messenger. Ganelon, who fears to be murdered by the enemy and accuses Roland of intending this, takes revenge by informing the <A href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</A> of a way to ambush the rear guard of Charlemagne's army, led by Roland, as the Franks re-enter France through the mountain passes.
</P><P>As Ganelon predicted, Roland leads the rear guard, with the wise and moderate Oliver and the fierce Archbishop Turpin. The Muslims ambush them at <A href="/wiki/Roncesvalles" title="Roncesvalles">Roncesvalles</A> and the Christians are overwhelmed. Oliver pleads with Roland to blow his horn to call for help, but Roland tells him that blowing his horn in the middle of the battle would be an act of cowardice. If Roland continues to refuse, Oliver will not let Roland see his sister again whom Roland loves the most. However, Archbishop Turpin intervenes and tells them that the battle will be fatal for all of them and so instructs Roland to blow his horn <A href="/wiki/Olifant_(instrument)" title="Olifant (instrument)">oliphant</A> (the word is an old alternative to "elephant", and was used to refer to a hunting horn made from an elephant tusk) to call for help from the Frankish army. The emperor hears the call on their way to France. Charlemagne and his noblemen gallop back even though Count Ganelon tries to trick them.
</P><P>The Franks fight well, but are outnumbered, until almost all Roland's men are dead and he knows that Charlemagne's army can no longer save them. Despite this, he blows his olifant to summon revenge, until his temples burst and he dies a martyr's death. Angels take his soul to Paradise.
</P><P>When Charlemagne and his men reach the battlefield, they find the dead bodies of Roland's men, who have been utterly annihilated. They pursue the Muslims into the river <A href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</A>, where the Muslims drown. Meanwhile, <A href="/wiki/Baligant" title="Baligant">Baligant</A>, the powerful <A href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</A> of Babylon, has arrived in Spain to help Marsile. His army encounters that of Charlemagne at Roncesvalles, where the Christians are burying and mourning their dead. Both sides fight valiantly. When Charlemagne kills Baligant, the Muslim army scatters and flees, leaving the Franks to conquer Saragossa. With Marsile's wife <A href="/wiki/Bramimonde" title="Bramimonde">Bramimonde</A>, Queen of Saragossa, Charlemagne and his men ride back to <A href="/wiki/Aix-la-Chapelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aix-la-Chapelle">Aix</A>, their capital in France.
</P><P>The Franks discover Ganelon's betrayal and keep him in chains until his trial, where Ganelon argues that his action was legitimate revenge, not treason. While the council of barons assembled to decide the traitor's fate is initially swayed by this claim, partially out of fear of Ganelon's friend Pinabel who threatens to fight anyone who judges Ganelon guilty, one man, Thierry, argues that because Roland was serving Charlemagne when Ganelon delivered his revenge on him, Ganelon's action constitutes a betrayal.
</P><P>Pinabel challenges Thierry to <A href="/wiki/Trial_by_combat" title="Trial by combat">trial by combat</A>. By divine intervention, Thierry kills Pinabel. By this the Franks are convinced of Ganelon's treason. Thus, he is torn apart by having four galloping horses tied one to each arm and leg and thirty of his relatives are hanged. Bramimonde converts to Christianity, her name changing to Juliana. While sleeping, Charlemagne is told by Gabriel to ride to help King Vivien and bemoans his life.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Form">Form</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Form">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Carlomagno_roldan.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Carlomagno_roldan.jpg/300px-Carlomagno_roldan.jpg" width="300" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Carlomagno_roldan.jpg/450px-Carlomagno_roldan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Carlomagno_roldan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="338" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Carlomagno_roldan.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</A> finds Roland dead (14th-century miniature).</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>The poem is written in <A href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanzas</A> of irregular length known as <A href="/wiki/Laisse" title="Laisse">laisses</A>. The lines are decasyllabic (containing ten syllables), and each is divided by a strong <A href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">caesura</A> which generally falls after the fourth <A href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</A>. The last stressed syllable of each line in a laisse has the same <A href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</A> sound as every other end-syllable in that laisse. The laisse is therefore an <A href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonal</A>, not a <A href="/wiki/Rhyming" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyming">rhyming</A> stanza.
</P><P>On a narrative level, the <I>Song of Roland</I> features extensive use of repetition, parallelism, and <A href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">thesis-antithesis</A> pairs. Roland proposes Ganelon for the dangerous mission to Sarrogossa; Ganelon designates Roland to man the rearguard. Charlemagne is contrasted with Baligant.<SUP id="cite_ref-Brault_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brault-8">[8]</A></SUP> Unlike later <A href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Renaissance</A> and <A href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic literature</A>, the poem focuses on action rather than introspection. The characters are presented through what they do, not through what they think or feel.
</P><P>The narrator gives few explanations for characters' behavior. The warriors are stereotypes defined by a few salient traits; for example, Roland is loyal and trusting while Ganelon, though brave, is traitorous and vindictive.
</P><P>The narrator is openly biased towards the Franks. His moral view is very black-and-white: the Franks are good, and the pagans are bad.
</P><P>The story moves at a fast pace, occasionally slowing down and recounting the same scene up to three times but focusing on different details or taking a different perspective each time. The effect is similar to a film sequence shot at different angles so that new and more important details come to light with each shot.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Characters">Characters</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Characters">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Principal_characters">Principal characters</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Principal characters">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL><LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Andriodos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andriodos (page does not exist)">Andriodos</A>, helpless boy; despite the honor came from King Charlemagne.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baligant" title="Baligant">Baligant</A>, emir of Babylon; Marsile enlists his help against Charlemagne.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blancandrin" title="Blancandrin">Blancandrin</A>, wise pagan; suggests bribing Charlemagne out of Spain with hostages and gifts, and then suggests dishonouring a promise to allow Marsile's baptism</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bassalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassalt (page does not exist)">Bassalt</A>, came from the name of rocks that are solid and may occur in the second phrase of the poem; captured the horse of the king.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bramimonde" title="Bramimonde">Bramimonde</A>, Queen of <A href="/wiki/Saragossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saragossa">Saragossa</A>, King Marsile's wife; captured and converted by Charlemagne after the city falls.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</A>, <A href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</A>; his forces fight the Saracens in Spain.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ganelon" title="Ganelon">Ganelon</A>, treacherous lord and Roland's stepfather who encourages Marsile to attack the French army.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/King_Marsile" title="King Marsile">King Marsile</A>, Saracen king of Spain; Roland wounds him and he dies of his wound later.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Naimon" title="Naimon">Naimon</A>, Charlemagne's trusted adviser.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oliver_(paladin)" title="Oliver (paladin)">Oliver</A>, Roland's friend; mortally wounded by Margarice. He represents wisdom.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Roland" title="Roland">Roland</A>, the hero of the <I>Song</I>; nephew of Charlemagne; leads the rear guard of the French forces; bursts his temples by blowing his olifant-horn, wounds from which he eventually dies facing the enemy's land.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Turpin_(archbishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turpin (archbishop)">Turpin</A>, <A href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Rheims">Archbishop of Rheims</A>, represents the force of the <A href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</A>.</LI></UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Secondary_characters">Secondary characters</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secondary characters">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Aude_(character)" title="Aude (character)">Aude</A>, the fiancée of Roland and Oliver's sister</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Basan_(character)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basan (character) (page does not exist)">Basan</A>, French baron, murdered while serving as Ambassador of Marsile.</LI>
<LI>Bérengier, one of the twelve paladins killed by Marsile's troops; kills Estramarin; killed by Grandoyne.</LI>
<LI>Besgun, chief cook of Charlemagne's army; guards Ganelon after Ganelon's treachery is discovered.</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geboin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geboin (page does not exist)">Geboin</A>, guards the French dead; becomes leader of Charlemagne's 2nd column.</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Godefroy_(Song_of_Roland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godefroy (Song of Roland) (page does not exist)">Godefroy</A>, standard bearer of Charlemagne; brother of Thierry, Charlemagne's defender against Pinabel.</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Grandoyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandoyne (page does not exist)">Grandoyne</A>, fighter on Marsile's side; son of the <A href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocian</A> King Capuel; kills Gerin, Gerier, Berenger, Guy St. Antoine, and Duke Astorge; killed by Roland.</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hamon_(Song_of_Roland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamon (Song of Roland) (page does not exist)">Hamon</A>, joint Commander of Charlemagne's Eighth Division.</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lorant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorant (page does not exist)">Lorant</A>, French commander of one of the first divisions against Baligant; killed by Baligant.</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Milon_(Song_of_Roland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milon (Song of Roland) (page does not exist)">Milon</A>, guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Ogier</A>, a Dane who leads the third column in Charlemagne's army against Baligant's forces.</LI>
<LI>Othon, guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pinabel" title="Pinabel">Pinabel</A>, fights for Ganelon in the <A href="/wiki/Judicial_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial combat">judicial combat</A>.</LI>
<LI>Thierry, fights for Charlemagne in the judicial combat.</LI></UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Durandal">Durandal</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Durandal">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>According to the Song of Roland, the legendary sword called <A href="/wiki/Durandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Durandal">Durandal</A> was first given to <A href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</A> by an angel.  It contained one tooth of <A href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</A>, blood of <A href="/wiki/Saint_Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Basil">Saint Basil</A>, hair of <A href="/wiki/Denis" title="Denis">Saint Denis</A>, and a piece of the raiment of the Blessed <A href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</A>, and was supposedly the sharpest sword in all existence. In the story of the Song of Roland, the weapon is given to Roland, and he uses it to defend himself single-handedly against thousands of Muslim attackers.  According to one 12th-century legend from the French town of <A href="/wiki/Rocamadour" title="Rocamadour">Rocamadour</A>, Roland threw the sword into a cliffside.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> You can still see a sword there, allegedly Durandal, embedded into the cliff-face.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Historical_adaptations">Historical adaptations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical adaptations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>A Latin poem, <I><A href="/wiki/Carmen_de_Prodicione_Guenonis" title="Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis">Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis</A></I>, was composed around 1120, and a Latin prose version, <I><A href="/wiki/Historia_Caroli_Magni" title="Historia Caroli Magni">Historia Caroli Magni</A></I> (often known as "The Pseudo-Turpin") even earlier. Around 1170, a version of the French poem was translated into the <A href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</A> <I>Rolandslied</I> by <A href="/wiki/Konrad_der_Pfaffe" title="Konrad der Pfaffe">Konrad der Pfaffe</A><SUP id="cite_ref-Brault_8-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brault-8">[8]</A></SUP> (formerly thought to have been the author of the <A href="/wiki/Kaiserchronik" title="Kaiserchronik">Kaiserchronik</A>). In his translation Konrad replaces French topics with generically Christian ones. The work was translated into <A href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</A> in the 13th century.
</P><P>It was also rendered into <A href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</A> verse in the 14th- or 15th-century poem of <I>Ronsasvals</I>, which incorporates the later, southern aesthetic into the story. An <A href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</A> version of the <I>Song of Roland</I> exists as <I><A href="/wiki/Karlamagn%C3%BAs_saga" title="Karlamagnús saga">Karlamagnús saga</A></I>, and a translation into the artificial literary language of <A href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Franco-Venetian</A> is also known; such translations contributed to the awareness of the story in <A href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</A>. In 1516 <A href="/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto" title="Ludovico Ariosto">Ludovico Ariosto</A> published his epic <I><A href="/wiki/Orlando_Furioso" title="Orlando Furioso">Orlando Furioso</A></I>, which deals largely with characters first described in the <I>Song of Roland</I>.
</P><P>There is also <A href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</A> adoption of this ballad named "Runtsivalstríðið" (Battle of Roncevaux).<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> The ballad is one of many sung during the <A href="/wiki/Faroese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroese people">Faroese</A> folkdance tradition of chain dancing.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Modern_adaptations">Modern adaptations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern adaptations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The <I>Chanson de Roland</I> has an important place in the background of <A href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</A>'s <I><A href="/wiki/The_Confidential_Agent" title="The Confidential Agent">The Confidential Agent</A></I>, published in 1939. The book's protagonist had been a Medieval scholar specialising in this work, until the outbreak of the <A href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</A> forced him to become a soldier and secret agent. Throughout the book, he repeatedly compares himself and other characters with the characters of "Roland". Particularly, the book includes a full two pages of specific commentary, which is relevant to its 20th-century plot line: "Oliver, when he saw the Saracens coming, urged Roland to blow his horn and fetch back Charlemagne – but Roland wouldn't blow. A big brave fool. In war one always chooses the wrong hero. Oliver should have been the hero of that song, instead of being given second place with the blood-thirsty Bishop Turpin.(...) In the Oxford version Oliver is reconciled in the end, he gives Roland his death-blow by accident, his eyes blinded by wounds. [But] the story had been tidied up. In truth, Oliver strikes his friend down in full knowledge – because of what he has done to his men, all the wasted lives. Oliver dies hating the man he loves – the big boasting courageous fool who was more concerned with his own glory than with the victory of his faith. This makes the story tragedy, not just heroics".<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP>
</P><P>It is also adapted by Stephen King, in the <A href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(series)" title="The Dark Tower (series)"><I>Dark Tower</I></A> series in which Roland Deschain wishes to save the Dark Tower from the  Crimson King.
</P><P><I>The Song of Roland</I> is part of the <A href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</A> (the Continental counterpart to the Arthurian legendarium known as the <A href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</A>), and related to <I>Orlando Furioso</I>. The names Roland and Orlando are cognates.
</P><P>Emanuelle Luzzati's animated short film, <I>I paladini di Francia</I>, together with <I>Giulio Gianini</I>, in 1960, was turned into the children's picture-story book, with verse narrative, <I>I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganz</I>, which translates literally as “The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz” (Ugo Mursia Editore, 1962). This was then republished, in English, as <I>Ronald and the Wizard Calico</I> (1969). The Picture Lion paperback edition (William Collins, London, 1973) is a paperback imprint of the Hutchinson Junior Books edition (1969), which credits the English translation to Hutchinson Junior Books.
</P><P>Luzatti's original verse story in Italian is about the plight of a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore – White Flower, or Blanchefleur – and her brave hero, Captain Rinaldo, and Ricardo and his paladins – the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against the Saracens and Moors. Battling with these good people are the wicked Moors – North African Muslims and Arabs – and their Sultan, in Jerusalem. With the assistance of the wicked and treacherous magician, Gano of Maganz, Biancofiore is stolen from her fortress castle, and taken to become the reluctant wife of the Sultan. The catalyst for victory is the good magician, Urlubulu, who lives in a lake, and flies through the air on the back of his magic blue bird. The English translators, using the original illustrations, and the basic rhyme patterns, slightly simplify the plot, changing the Christians-versus-Muslim-Moors conflict into a battle between good and bad magicians and between golden knights and green knights. The French traitor in The Song of Roland, who is actually Roland's cowardly step-father, is Ganelon – very likely the inspiration for Luzzati's traitor and wicked magician, Gano. Orlando Furioso (literally, Furious or Enraged Orlando, or Roland), includes Orlando's cousin, the paladin Rinaldo, who, like Orlando, is also in love with Angelica, a pagan princess. Rinaldo is, of course, the Italian equivalent of Ronald. Flying through the air on the back of a magic bird is equivalent to flying on a magic <A href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">hippogriff</A>.
</P><P>On July 22, 2017, Michael Eging and Steve Arnold released a novel ″The Silver Horn Echoes: A Song of Roland," inspired by the La Chanson de Roland. This work is more closely based on a screenplay written by Michael Eging in 2008, simply known as "Song of Roland" and first optioned to Alan Kaplan at Cine LA that same year. The book explores the untold story of how Roland finds himself at Ronceveaux, betrayed by Ganelon and facing the expansive Saragossan host. Primary characters in the novel include Charles (Charlemagne), Ganelon, Bishop Turpin, Oliver, Aude, Marsilion, Blancandarin and others recognizable from the poem. Introduced in this tale are additional characters that inject intrigue and danger to the story, including Charles oldest son, Pepin, Marsilion's treacherous son, Saleem, and the scheming Byzantine emissary, Honorius. The cover artwork was hand painted by Jordan Raskin. The authors determined when writing both the screenplay and the novel to remain in the world created by the poem; thus Charles remains an older man near the end of his long reign rather than in 778 when the attack on the rearguard actually occurred. Further, this novel bookends the story with <A href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</A>'s use of the poem as a motivator for Norman forces prior to the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</A> in 1066.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/La_Br%C3%A8che_de_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="La Brèche de Roland">La Brèche de Roland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Herzog_Ernst" title="Herzog Ernst">Herzog Ernst</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lamprecht" title="Lamprecht">Lamprecht</A></LI></UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20150204235018/http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/roland-ohag.asp">"The Song of Roland"</A>. FordhamUniversity.edu. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/roland-ohag.asp">the original</A> on 2015-02-04<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-02-04</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Song+of+Roland&rft.pub=FordhamUniversity.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fbasis%2Froland-ohag.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Song+of+Roland" class="Z3988"></SPAN><STYLE data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r861714446">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</STYLE></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deaf-page.de/fr/bibl/bib99r.php#RolS">La Chanson de Roland</A> on <I>Dictionnaire Étymologique de l'Ancien Français</I></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Short, Ian (1990). <I>Introduction</I>. France: Le Livre de Poche. pp. 5–20.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.place=France&rft.pages=5-20&rft.pub=Le+Livre+de+Poche&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Song+of+Roland" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arlima.net//qt/roland_chanson_de.html">La Chanson de Roland</A> on <I>Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge</I></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Gaunt, Simon; Pratt, Karen (2016). <I>The Song of Roland, and Other Poems of Charlemagne</I> (1st ed.). New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. p. xi. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965554-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965554-0">978-0-19-965554-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Song+of+Roland%2C+and+Other+Poems+of+Charlemagne&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY+10016%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=xi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965554-0&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Song+of+Roland" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Love, Nathan (1984). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://josotl.indiana.edu/index.php/olifant/article/viewFile/19310/25424">"AOI in the Chanson de Roland: A divergent hypothesis"</A>. <I>Olifant</I>. <B>10</B> (4). Société Rencesvals.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Olifant&rft.atitle=AOI+in+the+Chanson+de+Roland%3A+A+divergent+hypothesis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjosotl.indiana.edu%2Findex.php%2Folifant%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F19310%2F25424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Song+of+Roland" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Taylor, Andrew, "Was There a Song of Roland?" Speculum 76 (January 2001): 28-65</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Brault-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Brault_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Brault_8-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bAul46UrLZcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+song+of+roland&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VCaTVP6wA4unNpGIg6gN&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=the%20song%20of%20roland&f=false">Brault, Gerard J., <I>Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition: Introduction and Commentary</I>, Penn State Press, 2010</A> <LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /><A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271039145" title="Special:BookSources/9780271039145">9780271039145</A></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHfd7yghfw0">Part of Runtsivalstríðið with Dansifelagið í Havn</A></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"<A href="/wiki/The_Confidential_Agent" title="The Confidential Agent">The Confidential Agent</A>", Part 1, Ch. 2, quoted in "Graham Greene: an approach to the novels" by Robert Hoskins, p. 122 <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YfkAky4xVC4C&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=Oliver+dies+hating+the+man+he+loves+-+the+big+boasting+courageous+fool+who+was+more+concerned+with+his+own+glory+than+with+the+victory+of+his+faith.&source=bl&ots=s9mgBFkyCw&sig=HV36UBHaESbzyFT63FClj9_-8JQ&hl=en&ei=s-NpS9StNKKSmwOhuJG_Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false">[1]</A></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Author's Notes, The Silver Horn Echoes: A Song of Roland, iUniverse, July 2017 (<A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iuniverse.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000995830">http://www.iuniverse.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000995830</A>)</SPAN>
</LI>
</OL></DIV></DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL><LI>Brault, Gerard J. <I>Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition: Introduction and Commentary</I> (Penn State Press, 2010).</LI>
<LI>DiVanna, Isabel N. "Politicizing national literature: the scholarly debate around La chanson de Roland in the nineteenth century." <I>Historical Research</I> 84.223 (2011): 109-134.</LI>
<LI>Jones, George Fenwick. <I>The ethos of the song of Roland</I> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963).</LI>
<LI>Vance, Eugene. <I>Reading the Song of Roland</I> (1970).</LI></UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV style="margin-left: 10px;"><B><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Song of Roland"><I>The Song of Roland</I></A></B></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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<DIV style="margin-left: 10px;"><B><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:La_Chanson_de_Roland" class="extiw" title="s:fr:La Chanson de Roland">La Chanson de Roland</A></B> </DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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<UL><LI class="mw-empty-elt"></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="citation gutenberg"> <I><A href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/391" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:391">The Song of Roland</A></I> at <A href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</A></SPAN> (English translation of <A href="/wiki/Charles_Kenneth_Scott_Moncrieff" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff">Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff</A>)</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20130224"><I>The Song of Roland--(Dorothy L. Sayers)</I></A> at <A href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</A> (Canada)</LI>
<LI><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Song+of+Roland&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><I>The Song of Roland</I></A> public domain audiobook at <A href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/gallica/Chronologie/11siecle/Roland/rol_ch00.html"><I>La Chanson de Roland</I></A> (Old French)</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medievalromance.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/The_Song_of_Roland">The Romance of the Middle Ages: <I>The Song of Roland</I></A>, discussion of Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Digby 23, audio clip, and discussion of the manuscript's provenance.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://image.ox.ac.uk/show?collection=bodleian&manuscript=msdigby23b">Earliest manuscript of the <I>Chanson de Roland</I></A>, readable online images of the complete original, Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Digby 23 (Pt 2) <I>La Chanson de Roland</I>, in Anglo-Norman, 12th century, ? 2nd quarter".</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/19991008172354/http://eee.uci.edu/programs/medieval/ofclips.html">Old French</A> Audio clips of a reading of <I>The Song of Roland</I> in Old French</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timelessmyths.com/arthurian/roland.html">Timeless Myths: <I>Song of Roland</I></A></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <CITE class="citation encyclopaedia">"<A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Roland,_The_Song_of" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Roland, The Song of">Roland, The Song of</A>". <I><A href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</A></I>. 1905.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roland%2C+The+Song+of&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Song+of+Roland" class="Z3988"></SPAN><LINK rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r861714446" /></LI></UL>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="King_Charlemagne_and_the_Matter_of_France" style="padding:3px"><TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0"><A class="mw-collapsible-text">show</A></SPAN><DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><UL><LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Matter_of_France" title="Template:Matter of France"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Matter_of_France" title="Template talk:Matter of France"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Matter_of_France&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</ABBR></A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id="King_Charlemagne_and_the_Matter_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">King <A href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</A></DIV></TH></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Ganelon" title="Ganelon">Ganelon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Naimon" title="Naimon">Naimon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oliver_(paladin)" title="Oliver (paladin)">Oliver</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Renaud_de_Montauban" title="Renaud de Montauban">Renaud de Montauban</A></LI></UL>
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<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Agolant" title="Agolant">Agolant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Albracca" title="Albracca">Albracca</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Angelica_(character)" title="Angelica (character)">Angelica</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Astolfo" title="Astolfo">Astolfo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Atlantes_(sorcerer)" title="Atlantes (sorcerer)">Atlantes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aude_(character)" title="Aude (character)">Aude</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Duke_Aymon" title="Duke Aymon">Aymon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baligant" title="Baligant">Baligant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blancandrin" title="Blancandrin">Blancandrin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bradamante" title="Bradamante">Bradamante</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bramimonde" title="Bramimonde">Bramimonde</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brandimarte" title="Brandimarte">Brandimarte</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Doon_de_Mayence" title="Doon de Mayence">Doon de Mayence</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Fierabras" title="Fierabras">Fierabras</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Garin_de_Monglane" title="Garin de Monglane">Garin de Monglane</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Girart_de_Roussillon" title="Girart de Roussillon">Girart de Roussillon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Huon_of_Bordeaux" title="Huon of Bordeaux">Huon of Bordeaux</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Pinabel" title="Pinabel">Pinabel</A></LI>
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<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Barbamouche" title="Barbamouche">Barbamouche</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Gaignun" title="Gaignun">Gaignun</A></LI>
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<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Almace" title="Almace">Almace</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Durendal" title="Durendal">Durendal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hauteclere" title="Hauteclere">Hauteclere</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Murgleys" title="Murgleys">Murgleys</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Olifant_(instrument)" title="Olifant (instrument)">Olifant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cieuse" title="Précieuse">Précieuse</A></LI></UL>
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<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/La_Br%C3%A8che_de_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="La Brèche de Roland">La Brèche de Roland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Roncevaux_Pass" title="Roncevaux Pass">Roncevaux Pass</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">Chansons de geste</A> and other works</TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><I><A class="mw-selflink selflink">The Song of Roland</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8lerinage_de_Charlemagne" title="Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne">Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Chanson_de_Guillaume" title="Chanson de Guillaume">Chanson de Guillaume</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Gormond_et_Isembart" title="Gormond et Isembart">Gormond et Isembart</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Four_Sons_of_Aymon" title="The Four Sons of Aymon">The Four Sons of Aymon</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Karlamagn%C3%BAs_saga" title="Karlamagnús saga">Karlamagnús saga</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Orlando_Innamorato" title="Orlando Innamorato">Orlando Innamorato</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Orlando_Furioso" title="Orlando Furioso">Orlando Furioso</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Morgante" title="Morgante">Morgante</A></I></LI></UL>
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<UL><LI><I><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass" title="Battle of Roncevaux Pass">Battle of Roncevaux Pass</A></I></LI></UL>
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<UL><LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland_(film)" title="The Song of Roland (film)">The Song of Roland</A></I> (1978)</LI></UL>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af" style="display: none;"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandslied" title="Rolandslied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نشيد رولاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an" style="display: none;"><A href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canta_de_Rold%C3%A1n" title="Canta de Roldán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantar_de_Rold%C3%A1n" title="Cantar de Roldán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Песня пра Раланда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Песьня пра Ралянда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Песен за Роланд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br" style="display: none;"><A href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chanson_de_Roland" title="La Chanson de Roland – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%B3_de_Rotllan" title="Cançó de Rotllan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADse%C5%88_o_Rolandovi" title="Píseň o Rolandovi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandskvadet" title="Rolandskvadet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandslied" title="Rolandslied – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandi_laul" title="Rolandi laul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Άσμα του Ρολάνδου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantar_de_Rold%C3%A1n" title="Cantar de Roldán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanto_de_Roland" title="Kanto de Roland – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errolanen_kantua" title="Errolanen kantua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرود رولان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3landskv%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Rólandskvæði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_Roland" title="Chanson de Roland – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Cantar_de_Rold%C3%A1n" title="O Cantar de Roldán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%A4%EB%9E%91%EC%9D%98_%EB%85%B8%EB%9E%98" title="롤랑의 노래 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A3_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Երգ Ռոլանդի մասին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjesma_o_Rolandu" title="Pjesma o Rolandu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_Roland" title="Chanson de Roland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_Roland" title="Chanson de Roland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9F" title="שירת רולאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ролланд туралы жыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%88%D3%93%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Роланд гишӓн мыры – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la" style="display: none;"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_chanson_de_Roland" title="La chanson de Roland – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolanda_dziesma" title="Rolanda dziesma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland-%C3%A9nek" title="Roland-ének – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Песна за Роланд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roelantslied" title="Roelantslied – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%8C" title="ローランの歌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandskvadet" title="Rolandskvadet – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7on_de_Rotland" title="Cançon de Rotland – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie%C5%9B%C5%84_o_Rolandzie" title="Pieśń o Rolandzie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Rolando" title="A Canção de Rolando – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ntecul_lui_Roland" title="Cântecul lui Roland – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Песнь о Роланде – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland" title="The Song of Roland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piese%C5%88_o_Rolandovi" title="Pieseň o Rolandovi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesem_o_Rolandu" title="Pesem o Rolandu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Песма о Ролану – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chanson_de_Roland" title="La Chanson de Roland – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandin_laulu" title="Rolandin laulu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandss%C3%A5ngen" title="Rolandssången – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ரோலாண்ட் காப்பியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Destan%C4%B1" title="Roland Destanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пісня про Роланда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_ca_Roland" title="Trường ca Roland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C" title="罗兰之歌 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%98%AD%E6%AD%8C" title="羅蘭歌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C" title="罗兰之歌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canta_de_Roland" title="Canta de Roland – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">47 more</BUTTON></UL>
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