ABO blood group system

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">ABO blood group system</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ABO" redirects here. For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/ABO_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="ABO (disambiguation)">ABO (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"H substance" redirects here. For use in inflammation, see <A href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</A>. For hydrogen atom, see <A href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</A>.</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:412px;"><A href="/wiki/File:ABO_blood_type.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/ABO_blood_type.svg/410px-ABO_blood_type.svg.png" width="410" height="264" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/ABO_blood_type.svg/615px-ABO_blood_type.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/ABO_blood_type.svg/820px-ABO_blood_type.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="530" /></A>
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ABO blood group <A href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigens</A> present on <A href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</A> and <A href="/wiki/IgM" class="mw-redirect" title="IgM">IgM</A> <A href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</A> present in the <A href="/wiki/Blood_serum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood serum">serum</A></DIV>
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<P>The <B>ABO blood group system</B> is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B <A href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigens</A> on <A href="/wiki/Erythrocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocyte">erythrocytes</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-britannica_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-britannica-1">[1]</A></SUP> In human <A href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</A> it is the most important of the 35 different <A href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">blood type</A> (or group) classification systems currently recognized.<SUP id="cite_ref-ISBT4.0_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ISBT4.0-2">[2]</A></SUP> A very rare (in modern medicine) mismatch in this, or any other <A href="/wiki/Serotype" title="Serotype">serotype</A>, can cause a serious, potentially fatal, <A href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion#Adverse_effects" title="Blood transfusion">adverse reaction</A> after a transfusion, or a contra-indicated immune response to an <A href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">organ transplant</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid11532188_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid11532188-3">[3]</A></SUP> The associated anti-A and anti-B <A href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</A> are usually <A href="/wiki/IgM" class="mw-redirect" title="IgM">IgM</A> antibodies, which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances, such as food, bacteria, and viruses. ABO blood types are also present in some other <A href="/wiki/Blood_type_(non-human)" title="Blood type (non-human)">animals</A>, for example <A href="/wiki/Rodents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodents">rodents</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</A>, such as <A href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobos</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#History_of_discoveries_of_the_blood_types"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History of discoveries of the blood types</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Alteration_of_ABO_antigens_for_transfusion"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Genetics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Genetics</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Subgroups"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Subgroups</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Distribution_and_evolutionary_history"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Distribution and evolutionary history</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Origin_theories"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Origin theories</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Clinical_relevance"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Clinical relevance</SPAN></A>
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<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Bleeding_and_thrombosis_(von_Willebrand_factor)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Bleeding and thrombosis (von Willebrand factor)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Disease_risks"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Disease risks</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#ABO_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Clinical_applications"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Clinical applications</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Clinical_marker"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Clinical marker</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#Pseudoscience"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Pseudoscience</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Data_tables"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Data tables</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History_of_discoveries_of_the_blood_types">History of discoveries of the blood types</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of discoveries of the blood types">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Jan_Jansk%C3%BD,_1902.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jan_Jansk%C3%BD%2C_1902.jpg/170px-Jan_Jansk%C3%BD%2C_1902.jpg" width="170" height="244" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jan_Jansk%C3%BD%2C_1902.jpg/255px-Jan_Jansk%C3%BD%2C_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Jan_Jansk%C3%BD%2C_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="370" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</A> serologist <A href="/wiki/Jan_Jansk%C3%BD" title="Jan Janský">Jan Janský</A> is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (I, II, III, IV)</DIV>
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<P>The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been discovered by the Austrian scientist <A href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</A>, who identified the O, A, and B blood types in 1900.<SUP id="cite_ref-Tan_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Tan-5">[5]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Landsteiner_1900_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Landsteiner_1900-6">[6]</A></SUP> Landsteiner originally described the O blood type as type "C", and in parts of Europe it is rendered as "0" (zero), signifying the lack of A or B antigen. Landsteiner was awarded the <A href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</A> in 1930 for his work.<SUP id="cite_ref-Tan_5-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Tan-5">[5]</A></SUP> <A href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_von_Decastello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred von Decastello (page does not exist)">Alfred von Decastello</A> and <A href="/w/index.php?title=Adriano_Sturli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adriano Sturli (page does not exist)">Adriano Sturli</A> discovered the fourth type, AB, in 1902.<SUP id="cite_ref-von_Decastello_1902_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-von_Decastello_1902-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:UkrArmyBloodGroupIII%2B2000s.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UkrArmyBloodGroupIII%2B2000s.jpg/220px-UkrArmyBloodGroupIII%2B2000s.jpg" width="220" height="57" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UkrArmyBloodGroupIII%2B2000s.jpg/330px-UkrArmyBloodGroupIII%2B2000s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UkrArmyBloodGroupIII%2B2000s.jpg/440px-UkrArmyBloodGroupIII%2B2000s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5952" data-file-height="1536" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</A> marine uniform imprint, showing the wearer's blood type as "B (III) Rh+"</DIV>
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<P>It was subsequently found that the Czech serologist <A href="/wiki/Jan_Jansk%C3%BD" title="Jan Janský">Jan Janský</A> had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups in 1907,<SUP id="cite_ref-Janský_1907_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Janský_1907-9">[9]</A></SUP> but Landsteiner's independent discovery had been accepted by the scientific world while Janský remained then in relative obscurity. However, in 1921 an American medical commission acknowledged Janský's classification. Jan Janský is nowadays credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (I, II, III, IV).</P>
<P>Janský's classification remains in use today. In Russia and states of the former <A href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</A>, blood types O, A, B, and AB are respectively designated I, II, III, and IV.<SUP id="cite_ref-Erb_1940_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Erb_1940-10">[10]</A></SUP> The designation A and B with reference to blood groups was proposed by <A href="/wiki/Ludwik_Hirszfeld" title="Ludwik Hirszfeld">Ludwik Hirszfeld</A>.</P>
<P>In America, W.L. Moss published his own (very similar) work in 1910.<SUP id="cite_ref-Moss_1910_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Moss_1910-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Ludwik_Hirszfeld" title="Ludwik Hirszfeld">Ludwik Hirszfeld</A> and <A href="/wiki/Emil_Freiherr_von_Dungern" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Freiherr von Dungern">E. von Dungern</A> discovered the heritability of ABO blood groups in 1910–11. <A href="/wiki/Felix_Bernstein_(mathematician)" title="Felix Bernstein (mathematician)">Felix Bernstein</A> demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple <A href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</A> at one locus in 1924.<SUP id="cite_ref-Crow_12-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Crow-12">[12]</A></SUP> Watkins and Morgan, in England, discovered that the ABO <A href="/wiki/Epitope" title="Epitope">epitopes</A> were conferred by sugars, to be specific, N-acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B-type.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP> After much published literature claiming that the ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids, Finne et al. (1978) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP> that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP> The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP> Later, Yamamoto's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers the A, B and O epitopes.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:312px;"><A href="/wiki/File:ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg/310px-ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg.png" width="310" height="234" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg/465px-ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg/620px-ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="605" /></A>
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Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:197px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Type_A_blood.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Type_A_blood.png" width="195" height="103" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="103" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">Student blood test. Three drops of blood are mixed with anti-B (left) and anti-A (right) serum. <A href="/wiki/Agglutination_(biology)" title="Agglutination (biology)">Agglutination</A> on the right side indicates blood type A.</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:AP-Biology_Final_Project.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AP-Biology_Final_Project.svg/220px-AP-Biology_Final_Project.svg.png" width="220" height="300" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AP-Biology_Final_Project.svg/330px-AP-Biology_Final_Project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AP-Biology_Final_Project.svg/440px-AP-Biology_Final_Project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="698" /></A>
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There are three basic variants of immunoglobulin antigens in humans that share a very similar chemical structure but are distinctly different. Red circles show where there are differences in chemical structure in the antigen-binding site (sometimes called the antibody-combining site) of human immunoglobulin. Notice the O-type antigen does not have a binding site.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Alteration_of_ABO_antigens_for_transfusion">Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>In April 2007, an international team of researchers announced in the journal <I><A href="/wiki/Nature_Biotechnology" title="Nature Biotechnology">Nature Biotechnology</A></I> an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B, and AB blood into type O.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> This is done by using <A href="/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolase" title="Glycoside hydrolase">glycosidase</A> enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from <A href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</A>. The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the <A href="/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system" title="Rh blood group system">Rh</A> blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals, and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used. Patient trials will be conducted before the method can be relied on in live situations.</P>
<P>Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of <A href="/wiki/Artificial_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial blood">artificial blood</A>, which could act as a substitute in emergencies.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Genetics">Genetics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:282px;"><A href="/wiki/File:ABO_system_codominance.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABO_system_codominance.svg/280px-ABO_system_codominance.svg.png" width="280" height="279" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABO_system_codominance.svg/420px-ABO_system_codominance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABO_system_codominance.svg/560px-ABO_system_codominance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="938" /></A>
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A and B are <A href="/wiki/Dominance_relationship#Co-dominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance relationship">codominant</A>, giving the AB <A href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</A>.</DIV>
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<P>Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single <A href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</A> (the <A href="/wiki/ABO_(gene)" title="ABO (gene)">ABO gene</A>) with three types of <A href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</A> inferred from <A href="/wiki/Classical_genetics" title="Classical genetics">classical genetics</A>: <I>i</I>, <I>I<SUP>A</SUP></I>, and <I>I<SUP>B</SUP></I>. The <I>I</I> designation stands for <B>isoagglutinogen</B>, another term for <A href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> The gene encodes a <A href="/wiki/Glycosyltransferase" title="Glycosyltransferase">glycosyltransferase</A>—that is, an <A href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</A> that modifies the <A href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</A> content of the <A href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cell</A> antigens. The gene is located on the long arm of the <A href="/wiki/Chromosome_9_(human)" title="Chromosome 9 (human)">ninth chromosome</A> (9q34).</P>
<P>The <I>I<SUP>A</SUP></I> allele gives type A, <I>I<SUP>B</SUP></I> gives type B, and <I>i</I> gives type O. As both <I>I<SUP>A</SUP></I> and <I>I<SUP>B</SUP></I> are dominant over <I>i</I>, only <I>ii</I> people have type O blood. Individuals with <I>I<SUP>A</SUP>I<SUP>A</SUP></I> or <I>I<SUP>A</SUP>i</I> have type A blood, and individuals with <I>I<SUP>B</SUP>I<SUP>B</SUP></I> or <I>I<SUP>B</SUP>i</I> have type B. <I>I<SUP>A</SUP>I<SUP>B</SUP></I> people have both <A href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</A>, because A and B express a special dominance relationship: <A href="/wiki/Dominance_relationship#Co-dominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance relationship">codominance</A>, which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child. A couple with type A and type B can also have a type O child if they are both heterozygous (<I>I<SUP>B</SUP>i</I>,<I>I<SUP>A</SUP>i</I>) The <I><A href="/wiki/Cis_AB" title="Cis AB">cis-AB</A></I> phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens. The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A<SUB>1</SUB> or B red blood cells, which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group.<SUP id="cite_ref-Yazer=2006_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Yazer=2006-26">[26]</A></SUP></P>
<TABLE class="wikitable" cellpadding="10" style="border:darkgrey; float:right; margin-left:20px; text-align:center;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="8"><B>Blood group inheritance</B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; border-top:2px solid black; border-left:2px solid black;">Blood type</TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; border-top:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black;"></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; background:#aaa; border-top:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B>O</B></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:200px; background:#ff8888; border-top:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black;" colspan="2"><B>A</B></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:200px; background:#8888ff; border-top:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black;" colspan="2"><B>B</B></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; background:#f0f; border-top:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black; border-right:2px solid black;"><B>AB</B></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="border-left:2px solid black;border-right:2px solid black;"></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px;">Genotype</TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; background:#aaa; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B><I>ii</I> <SMALL>(OO)</SMALL></B></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; background:#ff8888; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B><I>I<SUP>A</SUP>i</I> <SMALL>(AO)</SMALL></B></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; background:red; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B><I>I<SUP>A</SUP>I<SUP>A</SUP></I> <SMALL>(AA)</SMALL></B></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; background:#8888ff; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B><I>I<SUP>B</SUP>i</I> <SMALL>(BO)</SMALL></B></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; background:blue; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B><I>I<SUP>B</SUP>I<SUP>B</SUP></I> <SMALL>(BB)</SMALL></B></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; background:#f0f; border-bottom:2px solid black; border-right:2px solid black;"><B><I>I<SUP>A</SUP>I<SUP>B</SUP></I> <SMALL>(AB)</SMALL></B></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background:#aaa; border-left:2px solid black; border-right:2px solid black;"><B>O</B></TD>
<TD style="background:#aaa; border-right:2px solid black;"><B><I>ii</I> <SMALL>(OO)</SMALL></B></TD>
<TD style="background:#aaa;">O<BR />
<SMALL>OO OO OO OO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff8888;">O or A<BR />
<SMALL>AO OO AO OO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff8888;">A<BR />
<SMALL>AO AO AO AO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#8888ff;">O or B<BR />
<SMALL>BO OO BO OO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#8888ff;">B<BR />
<SMALL>BO BO BO BO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A or B<BR />
<SMALL>AO BO AO BO</SMALL></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD rowspan="2" style="background:#ff8888; border-left:2px solid black; border-right:2px solid black;"><B>A</B></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff8888; border-right:2px solid black;"><B><I>I<SUP>A</SUP>i</I> <SMALL>(AO)</SMALL></B></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff8888;">O or A<BR />
<SMALL>AO AO OO OO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff8888;">O or A<BR />
<SMALL>AA AO AO OO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff8888;">A<BR />
<SMALL>AA AA AO AO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">O, A, B or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB AO BO OO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">B or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB AB BO BO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A, B or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AA AB AO BO</SMALL></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background:red; border-right:2px solid black;"><B><I>I<SUP>A</SUP>I<SUP>A</SUP></I> <SMALL>(AA)</SMALL></B></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff8888;">A<BR />
<SMALL>AO AO AO AO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff8888;">A<BR />
<SMALL>AA AO AA AO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:red;">A<BR />
<SMALL>AA AA AA AA</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB AO AB AO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#f0f;">AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB AB AB AB</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#f0f;">A or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AA AB AA AB</SMALL></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD rowspan="2" style="background:#8888ff; border-left:2px solid black; border-right:2px solid black;"><B>B</B></TD>
<TD style="background:#8888ff; border-right:2px solid black;"><B><I>I<SUP>B</SUP>i</I> <SMALL>(BO)</SMALL></B></TD>
<TD style="background:#8888ff;">O or B<BR />
<SMALL>BO BO OO OO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">O, A, B or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB BO AO OO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB AB AO AO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#8888ff;">O or B<BR />
<SMALL>BB BO BO OO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#8888ff;">B<BR />
<SMALL>BB BB BO BO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A, B or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB BB AO BO</SMALL></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background:blue; border-right:2px solid black;"><B><I>I<SUP>B</SUP>I<SUP>B</SUP></I> <SMALL>(BB)</SMALL></B></TD>
<TD style="background:#8888ff;">B<BR />
<SMALL>BO BO BO BO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">B or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB BO AB BO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#f0f;">AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB AB AB AB</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#8888ff;">B<BR />
<SMALL>BB BO BB BO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:blue;">B<BR />
<SMALL>BB BB BB BB</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#f0f;">B or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB BB AB BB</SMALL></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background:#f0f; border-left:2px solid black; border-right:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B>AB</B></TD>
<TD style="background:#f0f; border-right:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B><I>I<SUP>A</SUP>I<SUP>B</SUP></I> <SMALL>(AB)</SMALL></B></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A or B<BR />
<SMALL>AO AO BO BO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A, B or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AA AO AB BO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#f0f;">A or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AA AA AB AB</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A, B or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB AO BB BO</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#f0f;">B or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AB AB BB BB</SMALL></TD>
<TD style="background:#f0f;">A, B, or AB<BR />
<SMALL>AA AB AB BB</SMALL></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV style="clear:both;"></DIV>
<P>The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents.<SUP id="cite_ref-arcbs_27-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-arcbs-27">[27]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP> Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring: AO and AA both test as type A; BO and BB test as type B. The four possibilities represent the combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent; each has a 25% chance, but some occur more than once.</P>
<TABLE class="wikitable" cellpadding="10" style="border:darkgrey; float:right; margin-left:20px; text-align:center;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="5"><B>Blood group inheritance by phenotype only</B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="col" style="width:200px; border-top:2px solid black; border-left:2px solid black;">Blood type</TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; background:#aaa; border-top:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B>O</B></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:200px; background:#ff8888; border-top:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B>A</B></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:200px; background:#8888ff; border-top:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B>B</B></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="width:100px; background:#f0f; border-top:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black; border-right:2px solid black;"><B>AB</B></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background:#aaa; border-left:2px solid black; border-right:2px solid black;"><B>O</B></TD>
<TD style="background:#aaa;">O</TD>
<TD style="background:#ff8888;">O or A</TD>
<TD style="background:#8888ff;">O or B</TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A or B</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background:#ff8888; border-left:2px solid black; border-right:2px solid black;"><B>A</B></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff8888;">O or A</TD>
<TD style="background:#ff8888;">O or A</TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">O, A, B or AB</TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A, B or AB</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background:#8888ff; border-left:2px solid black; border-right:2px solid black;"><B>B</B></TD>
<TD style="background:#8888ff;">O or B</TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">O, A, B or AB</TD>
<TD style="background:#8888ff;">O or B</TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A, B or AB</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background:#f0f; border-left:2px solid black; border-right:2px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid black;"><B>AB</B></TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A or B</TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A, B or AB</TD>
<TD style="background:#ff88ff;">A, B or AB</TD>
<TD style="background:#f0f;">A, B or AB</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV style="clear:both;"></DIV>
<P>Historically, ABO blood tests were used in <A href="/wiki/DNA_paternity_testing" title="DNA paternity testing">paternity testing</A>, but in 1957 only 50% of American men falsely accused were able to use them as evidence against paternity.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP> Occasionally, the blood types of children are not consistent with expectations—for example, a type O child can be born to an AB parent—due to rare situations, such as <A href="/wiki/Bombay_phenotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay phenotype">Bombay phenotype</A> and <A href="/wiki/Cis_AB" title="Cis AB">cis AB</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Subgroups">Subgroups</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subgroups">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common (over 99%). A1 makes up about 80% of all A-type blood, with A2 making up almost all of the rest.<SUP id="cite_ref-atype_31-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-atype-31">[31]</A></SUP> These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned, as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen. Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood.<SUP id="cite_ref-atype_31-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-atype-31">[31]</A></SUP></P>
<P>With the development of <A href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</A>, it has been possible to identify a much larger number of alleles at the ABO locus, each of which can be categorized as A, B, or O in terms of the reaction to transfusion, but which can be distinguished by variations in the <A href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</A> sequence. There are six common <A href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</A> in white individuals of the <A href="/wiki/ABO_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="ABO gene">ABO gene</A> that produce one's blood type:<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<TABLE class="wikitable">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH>A</TH>
<TH>B</TH>
<TH>O</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD valign="top"><I>A101</I> (A1)<BR />
<I>A201</I> (A2)</TD>
<TD valign="top"><I>B101</I> (B1)</TD>
<TD valign="top"><I>O01</I> (O1)<BR />
<I>O02</I> (O1v)<BR />
<I>O03</I> (O2)</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The same study also identified 18 rare alleles, which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity. People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies, though these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact with the antigen at body temperature.<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Cis_AB" title="Cis AB">Cis AB</A> is another rare variant, in which A and B genes are transmitted together from a single parent.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Distribution_and_evolutionary_history">Distribution and evolutionary history</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution and evolutionary history">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by_country" title="Blood type distribution by country">Blood type distribution by country</A></DIV>
<P>The distribution of the blood groups A, B, O and AB varies across the world according to the population. There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations.</P>
<P>In the UK, the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of <A href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">placenames</A> and to the successive invasions and migrations including <A href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</A>, <A href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</A>, <A href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</A>, <A href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</A> who contributed the <A href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</A> to the placenames and the <A href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</A> to the population.<SUP id="cite_ref-Potts_1979_35-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Potts_1979-35">[35]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The two common O alleles, O01 and O02, share their first 261 <A href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</A> with the group A allele A01.<SUP id="cite_ref-Cserti2007_36-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Cserti2007-36">[36]</A></SUP> However, unlike the group A allele, a <A href="/wiki/Guanosine" title="Guanosine">guanosine</A> base is subsequently deleted. A premature <A href="/wiki/Stop_codon" title="Stop codon">stop codon</A> results from this <A href="/wiki/Frame-shift_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame-shift mutation">frame-shift mutation</A>. This variant is found worldwide, and likely predates human migration from <A href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</A>. The O01 allele is considered to predate the O02 allele.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Some evolutionary biologists theorize that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans.<SUP id="cite_ref-calafell_37-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-calafell-37">[37]</A></SUP> From oldest to youngest, these lineages comprise the following alleles: <I>A101/A201/O09</I>, <I>B101</I>, <I>O02</I> and <I>O01</I>. The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of <A href="/wiki/Balancing_selection" title="Balancing selection">balancing selection</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-calafell_37-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-calafell-37">[37]</A></SUP> Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Origin_theories">Origin theories</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origin theories">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>It is possible that food and environmental antigens (bacterial, viral, or plant antigens) have <A href="/wiki/Epitope" title="Epitope">epitopes</A> similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens. The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross-react with ABO-incompatible red blood cells that it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life. Anti-A antibodies are hypothesized to originate from immune response towards <A href="/wiki/Influenza_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza virus">influenza virus</A>, whose epitopes are similar enough to the α-D-N-galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross-reaction. Anti-B antibodies are hypothesized to originate from antibodies produced against <A href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">Gram-negative bacteria</A>, such as <I><A href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</A></I>, cross-reacting with the α-D-galactose on the B glycoprotein.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP></P>
<P>However, it is more likely that the force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency-dependent selection; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily distinguished by the immune system from pathogens carrying antigens from other hosts. Thus, individuals possessing rare types are better equipped to detect pathogens. The high within-population diversity observed in human populations would, then, be a consequence of natural selection on individuals.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP></P>
<P>HIV can be neutralized in <I>in vitro</I> experiments using antibodies against blood group antigens specifically expressed on the HIV-producing cell lines.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Clinical_relevance">Clinical relevance</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clinical relevance">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in <A href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</A> integrity, <A href="/wiki/Cell_adhesion" title="Cell adhesion">cell adhesion</A>, membrane transportation of molecules, and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands, and enzymes. ABO antigens are found having similar roles on <A href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cell">epithelial cells</A> as well as red blood cells.<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Bleeding_and_thrombosis_.28von_Willebrand_factor.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Bleeding_and_thrombosis_(von_Willebrand_factor)">Bleeding and thrombosis (von Willebrand factor)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bleeding and thrombosis (von Willebrand factor)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The ABO antigen is also expressed on the <A href="/wiki/Von_Willebrand_factor" title="Von Willebrand factor">von Willebrand factor</A> (vWF) <A href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP> which participates in <A href="/wiki/Hemostasis" title="Hemostasis">hemostasis</A> (control of bleeding). In fact, having type O blood predisposes to bleeding,<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP> as 30% of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group,<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP> and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF (and <A href="/wiki/Factor_VIII" title="Factor VIII">Factor VIII</A>) than do non-O individuals.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP> In addition, vWF is degraded more rapidly due to the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF (an amino acid <A href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphism</A> in VWF):<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP> the gene for <A href="/wiki/ADAMTS13" title="ADAMTS13">ADAMTS13</A> (vWF-cleaving <A href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</A>) maps to the <A href="/wiki/Chromosome_9_(human)" title="Chromosome 9 (human)">ninth chromosome</A> (9q34), the same <A href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">locus</A> as ABO blood type. Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had <A href="/wiki/Ischemic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic stroke">ischemic stroke</A> (from blood clotting) for the first time.<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[50]</A></SUP> The results of this study found that the occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism, and the only significant genetic factor was the person's blood group.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Disease_risks">Disease risks</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Disease risks">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Compared to O group individuals, non-O group (A, AB, and B) individuals have a 14% reduced risk of <A href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous cell carcinoma</A> and 4% reduced risk of <A href="/wiki/Basal_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal cell carcinoma">basal cell carcinoma</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[51]</A></SUP> Conversely, type O blood is associated with a reduced risk of <A href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[52]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP> The B antigen links with increased risk of <A href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[54]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Gastric_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric cancer">Gastric cancer</A> has reported to be more common in blood group A and least in group O.<SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[55]</A></SUP></P>
<P>According to Glass, Holmgren, et al., those in the O blood group have an increased risk of infection with <A href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</A>, and those O-group individuals who are infected have more severe infections. The mechanisms behind this association with cholera are unclear in the literature.<SUP id="cite_ref-glass_et_al_56-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-glass_et_al-56">[56]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="ABO_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn">ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(ABO)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)">Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)</A></DIV>
<P>ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause <A href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">hemolytic disease of the newborn</A> (HDN) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the <A href="/wiki/IgM" class="mw-redirect" title="IgM">IgM</A> type, which do not cross the placenta. However, in an O-type mother, <B>IgG</B> ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop <A href="/wiki/ABO_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" class="mw-redirect" title="ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn">ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Clinical_applications">Clinical applications</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clinical applications">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In human cells, the ABO alleles and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been described in several oncologic conditions.<SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[57]</A></SUP> Using anti-GTA/GTB monoclonal antibodies, it was demonstrated that a loss of these enzymes was correlated to malignant bladder and oral epithelia.<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[58]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[59]</A></SUP> Furthermore, the expression of ABO blood group antigens in normal human tissues is dependent the type of differentiation of the epithelium. In most human carcinomas, including oral carcinoma, a significant event as part of the underlying mechanism is decreased expression of the A and B antigens.<SUP id="cite_ref-Dabelsteen_21–28_60-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Dabelsteen_21–28-60">[60]</A></SUP> Several studies have observed that a relative down-regulation of GTA and GTB occurs in oral carcinomas in association with tumor development.<SUP id="cite_ref-Dabelsteen_21–28_60-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Dabelsteen_21–28-60">[60]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[61]</A></SUP> More recently, a genome wide association study (GWAS) has identified variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer.<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[62]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Clinical_marker">Clinical marker</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clinical marker">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the ABO gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community cohort study (the Malmo Diet and Cancer study) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts (JUPITER and ASCOT) and secondary prevention cohorts (CARE and PROVE IT-TIMI 22).<SUP id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-63">[63]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pseudoscience">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>During the 1930s, connecting <A href="/wiki/Blood_types_in_Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood types in Japanese culture">blood groups to personality types</A> became popular in Japan and other areas of the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-64">[64]</A></SUP> Studies of this association have yet to confirm its existence definitively.<SUP id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-65">[65]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-66">[66]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a <A href="/wiki/Blood_type_diet" title="Blood type diet">blood type diet</A>, claims that group A causes severe <A href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangovers</A>, group O is associated with perfect teeth, and those with blood group A2 have the highest <A href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQs</A>. Scientific evidence in support of these concepts is nonexistent.<SUP id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-67">[67]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Data_tables">Data tables</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Data tables">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<TABLE border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="4">
<TBODY><TR bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<TH colspan="10">ABO <A href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</A> frequencies in <A href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</A>, <A href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</A> and <A href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</A> populations.</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="background-color: gainsboro;" rowspan="2">Population</TH>
<TH style="background-color: gainsboro;" colspan="6">
<CENTER>ABO <A href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</A></CENTER>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="background-color: gainsboro;">A(Pro)</TH>
<TH style="background-color: gainsboro;">A(Leu)</TH>
<TH style="background-color: gainsboro;">B</TH>
<TH style="background-color: gainsboro;">O(T)</TH>
<TH style="background-color: gainsboro;">O(A)</TH>
<TH style="background-color: gainsboro;">O<SUP>2</SUP></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background-color: gainsboro;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;"><A href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</A> (<A href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" title="Sample (statistics)">n</A>=253)</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.022<SUP>a,c</SUP></TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.209<SUP>c</SUP></TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.209<SUP>c</SUP></TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.360<SUP>a,e</SUP></TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.200<SUP>b</SUP></TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0<SUP>d</SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background-color: gainsboro;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;"><A href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</A><SUP>1</SUP> (<A href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" title="Sample (statistics)">n</A>=520)</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.071</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.216</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.178</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.273</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.262</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background-color: gainsboro;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;"><A href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</A><SUP>2</SUP> (<A href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" title="Sample (statistics)">n</A>=169)</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.213</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.077</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.047</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.426</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.216</TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;">0.021</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background-color: white;" colspan="7"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background-color: white;" colspan="7"><SUP>a</SUP>Korean <I>versus</I> Japanese, <A href="/wiki/P-value" title="P-value">p</A><0.001. <SUP>b</SUP>Korean <I>versus</I> Japanese, <A href="/wiki/P-value" title="P-value">p</A><0.01.<BR />
<SUP>c</SUP>Korean <I>versus</I> German, <A href="/wiki/P-value" title="P-value">p</A><0.001. <SUP>d</SUP>Korean <I>versus</I> German, <A href="/wiki/P-value" title="P-value">p</A><0.01.<BR />
<SUP>e</SUP>Korean <I>versus</I> German, <A href="/wiki/P-value" title="P-value">p</A><0.05 (<A href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_exact_test" title="Fisher's exact test">Fisher's exact probability test</A>).<BR />
<SUP>1</SUP>Fukumori <I>et al.</I>, 1996. <SUP>2</SUP>Nishimukai <I>et al.</I>, 1996.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="background-color: lightgray;" colspan="7"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8">
<CENTER>Source: Table 2, Page 333, Kang Sung-ha et al. (1997)<SUP id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-68">[68]</A></SUP></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kidd_blood_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidd blood group">Kidd blood group</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-britannica-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (2017-07-18). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/ABO-blood-group-system">"ABO blood group system"</A>. <I>Encyclopædia Britannica</I>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-10-26</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=ABO+blood+group+system&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft.au=The+Editors+of+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2FABO-blood-group-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ISBT4.0-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-ISBT4.0_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">ISBT (2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isbtweb.org/fileadmin/user_upload/files-2015/red%20cells/general%20intro%20WP/Table%20blood%20group%20systems%20v4.0%20141125.pdf">"Table of Blood Group Systems v4.0 (November)"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Blood_Transfusion" title="International Society of Blood Transfusion">International Society of Blood Transfusion</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 February</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+of+Blood+Group+Systems+v4.0+%28November%29&rft.pub=International+Society+of+Blood+Transfusion&rft.date=2014&rft.au=ISBT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isbtweb.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Ffiles-2015%2Fred%2520cells%2Fgeneral%2520intro%2520WP%2FTable%2520blood%2520group%2520systems%2520v4.0%2520141125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid11532188-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pmid11532188_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Muramatsu M, Gonzalez HD, Cacciola R, Aikawa A, Yaqoob MM, Puliatti C (2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3230/full/v4/i1/18.htm">"ABO incompatible renal transplants: Good or bad?"</A>. <I>WORLD JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION</I>. <B>4</B> (1): 18–29. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.5500%2Fwjt.v4.i1.18">10.5500/wjt.v4.i1.18</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3964193">3964193</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24669364">24669364</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WORLD+JOURNAL+OF+TRANSPLANTATION&rft.atitle=ABO+incompatible+renal+transplants%3A+Good+or+bad%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3964193&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24669364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5500%2Fwjt.v4.i1.18&rft.aulast=Muramatsu&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+HD&rft.au=Cacciola%2C+R&rft.au=Aikawa%2C+A&rft.au=Yaqoob%2C+MM&rft.au=Puliatti%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wjgnet.com%2F2220-3230%2Ffull%2Fv4%2Fi1%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). <I>Human Biology and Health</I>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-981176-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-981176-1">0-13-981176-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Biology+and+Health&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-13-981176-1&rft.aulast=Maton&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rft.au=Jean+Hopkins&rft.au=Charles+William+McLaughlin&rft.au=Susan+Johnson&rft.au=Maryanna+Quon+Warner&rft.au=David+LaHart&rft.au=Jill+D.+Wright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Tan-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Tan_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Tan_5-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Tan, SY; Graham, C (May 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sma.org.sg/UploadedImg/files/SMJ/5405/5405ms1.pdf">"Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943): originator of ABO blood classification"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Singapore medical journal</I>. <B>54</B> (5): 243–4. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.11622%2Fsmedj.2013099">10.11622/smedj.2013099</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23716146">23716146</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+medical+journal&rft.atitle=Karl+Landsteiner+%281868-1943%29%3A+originator+of+ABO+blood+classification.&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=243-4&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11622%2Fsmedj.2013099&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23716146&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=SY&rft.au=Graham%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sma.org.sg%2FUploadedImg%2Ffiles%2FSMJ%2F5405%2F5405ms1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Landsteiner_1900-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Landsteiner_1900_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Landsteiner K (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". <I>Zentralblatt Bakteriologie</I>. <B>27</B>: 357–62.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zentralblatt+Bakteriologie&rft.atitle=Zur+Kenntnis+der+antifermentativen%2C+lytischen+und+agglutinierenden+Wirkungen+des+Blutserums+und+der+Lymphe&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=357-62&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Landsteiner+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-von_Decastello_1902-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-von_Decastello_1902_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">von Decastello A, Sturli A (1902). "Ueber die Isoagglutinine im Serum gesunder und kranker Menschen". <I>Mfinch med Wschr</I>. <B>49</B>: 1090–5.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mfinch+med+Wschr&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+Isoagglutinine+im+Serum+gesunder+und+kranker+Menschen&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=1090-5&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=von+Decastello&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Sturli%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/karl-landsteiner/2554-nobel-prize/">https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/karl-landsteiner/2554-nobel-prize/</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Janský_1907-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Janský_1907_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Janský J (1907). "Haematologick studie u. psychotiku". <I>Sborn. Klinick</I> (in Czech). <B>8</B>: 85–139.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sborn.+Klinick&rft.atitle=Haematologick+studie+u.+psychotiku&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=85-139&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Jansk%C3%BD+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Erb_1940-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Erb_1940_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Erb IH (1 May 1940). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC537907">"Blood Group Classifications, a Plea for Uniformity"</A>. <I>Canadian Medical Association Journal</I>. <B>42</B> (5): 418–21. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC537907">537907</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20321693">20321693</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Blood+Group+Classifications%2C+a+Plea+for+Uniformity&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=418-21&rft.date=1940-05-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC537907&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20321693&rft.au=Erb+IH&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC537907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Moss_1910-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Moss_1910_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Moss WL (1910). "Studies on isoagglutinins and isohemolysins". <I>Bulletin Johns Hopkins Hospital</I>. <B>21</B>: 63–70.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Johns+Hopkins+Hospital&rft.atitle=Studies+on+isoagglutinins+and+isohemolysins&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=63-70&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Moss+WL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Crow-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Crow_12-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Crow J (1993). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1205297">"Felix Bernstein and the first human marker locus"</A>. <I>Genetics</I>. <B>133</B> (1): 4–7. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1205297">1205297</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8417988">8417988</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Felix+Bernstein+and+the+first+human+marker+locus&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-7&rft.date=1993&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1205297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8417988&rft.au=Crow+J&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1205297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Morgan, W. T. J.; Watkins, W. M (1969). "Genetic and biochemical aspects of human blood-group A-, B-, H-, Le-a- and Le-b-specificity". <I>Br. Med. Bull</I>. <B>25</B>: 30–34. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5782756">5782756</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br.+Med.+Bull.&rft.atitle=Genetic+and+biochemical+aspects+of+human+blood-group+A-%2C+B-%2C+H-%2C+Le-a-+and+Le-b-specificity&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=30-34&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5782756&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=W.+T.+J.&rft.au=Watkins%2C+W.+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Watkins, W. M. <I>Advances in Human Genetics</I> Vol. 10 (eds Harris, H. & Hirschhorn, K.) 1–136 (Plenum, New York, 1980)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Watkins, W. M.; Morgan, W. T. J. (1959). "Possible Genetical Pathways for the Biosynthesis of Blood Group Mucopolysaccharides". <I>Vox Sang</I>. <B>4</B>: 97–119. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1423-0410.1959.tb04023.x">10.1111/j.1423-0410.1959.tb04023.x</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox+Sang.&rft.atitle=Possible+Genetical+Pathways+for+the+Biosynthesis+of+Blood+Group+Mucopolysaccharides&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=97-119&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1423-0410.1959.tb04023.x&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+W.+T.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Finne; Krusius; Rauvala; Kekomäki; Myllylä (1978). "Alkali-stable blood group A- and B-active poly(glycosyl)-peptides from human erythrocyte membrane". <I>FEBS left</I>. <B>89</B>: 111–115. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2878%2980534-1">10.1016/0014-5793(78)80534-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+left.&rft.atitle=Alkali-stable+blood+group+A-+and+B-active+poly%28glycosyl%29-peptides+from+human+erythrocyte+membrane&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=111-115&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0014-5793%2878%2980534-1&rft.au=Finne&rft.au=Krusius&rft.au=Rauvala&rft.au=Kekom%C3%A4ki&rft.au=Myllyl%C3%A4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Krusius; Finne; Rauvala (1978). "The Poly(glycosyl) Chains of Glycoproteins.. Characterisation of a Novel Type of Glycoprotein Saccharides from Human Erythrocyte Membrane". <I>Eur. J. Biochem</I>. <B>92</B>: 289–300. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1978.tb12747.x">10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12747.x</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Biochem.&rft.atitle=The+Poly%28glycosyl%29+Chains+of+Glycoproteins..+Characterisation+of+a+Novel+Type+of+Glycoprotein+Saccharides+from+Human+Erythrocyte+Membrane&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=289-300&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1978.tb12747.x&rft.au=Krusius&rft.au=Finne&rft.au=Rauvala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Järnefelt; Rush; Li; Laine (1978). "Erythroglycan, a high molecular weight glycopeptide with the repeating structure [galactosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-glucosyl(1 leads to 3)] comprising more than one-third of the protein-bound carbohydrate of human erythrocyte stroma". <I>J. Biol. Chem</I>. <B>253</B>: 8006–8009. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/711733">711733</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Erythroglycan%2C+a+high+molecular+weight+glycopeptide+with+the+repeating+structure+%5Bgalactosyl-%281+leads+to+4%29-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-glucosyl%281+leads+to+3%29%5D+comprising+more+than+one-third+of+the+protein-bound+carbohydrate+of+human+erythrocyte+stroma&rft.volume=253&rft.pages=8006-8009&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F711733&rft.au=J%C3%A4rnefelt&rft.au=Rush&rft.au=Li&rft.au=Laine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Laine and Rush in <I>Molecular Immunology of Complex Carbohydrates</I> (A. Wu, E. Kabat, Eds.) Plenum Publishing Corporation, N.Y. NY (1988)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Finne (1980). "Identification of the Blood-Group ABH-Active Glycoprotein Components of Human Erythrocyte Membrane". <I>Eur. J. Biochem</I>. <B>104</B>: 181–189. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1980.tb04414.x">10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04414.x</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Biochem.&rft.atitle=Identification+of+the+Blood-Group+ABH-Active+Glycoprotein+Components+of+Human+Erythrocyte+Membrane&rft.volume=104&rft.pages=181-189&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1980.tb04414.x&rft.au=Finne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Yamamoto; et al. (1990). "Molecular genetic basis of the histo-blood group ABO system". <I>Nature</I>. <B>345</B>: 229–233. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Natur.345..229Y">1990Natur.345..229Y</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2F345229a0">10.1038/345229a0</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2333095">2333095</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+genetic+basis+of+the+histo-blood+group+ABO+system&rft.volume=345&rft.pages=229-233&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2333095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F345229a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Natur.345..229Y&rft.au=Yamamoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Hara, Atsushi; Imamura, Akihiro; Ando, Hiromune; Ishida, Hideharu; Kiso, Makoto (31 December 2013). "A New Chemical Approach to Human ABO Histo-Blood Group Type 2 Antigens". <I>Molecules</I>. <B>19</B> (1): 414–437. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules19010414">10.3390/molecules19010414</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.atitle=A+New+Chemical+Approach+to+Human+ABO+Histo-Blood+Group+Type+2+Antigens&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=414-437&rft.date=2013-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmolecules19010414&rft.aulast=Hara&rft.aufirst=Atsushi&rft.au=Imamura%2C+Akihiro&rft.au=Ando%2C+Hiromune&rft.au=Ishida%2C+Hideharu&rft.au=Kiso%2C+Makoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Liu, QP; Sulzenbacher G; Yuan H; Bennett EP; Pietz G; Saunders K; Spence J; Nudelman E; Levery SB; White T; Neveu JM; Lane WS; Bourne Y; Olsson ML; Henrissat B; Clausen H (April 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n4/abs/nbt1298.html">"Bacterial glycosidases for the production of universal red blood cells"</A>. <I>Nat Biotechnol</I>. <B>25</B> (4): 454–64. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1298">10.1038/nbt1298</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17401360">17401360</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Biotechnol&rft.atitle=Bacterial+glycosidases+for+the+production+of+universal+red+blood+cells&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=454-64&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnbt1298&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17401360&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=QP&rft.au=Sulzenbacher+G&rft.au=Yuan+H&rft.au=Bennett+EP&rft.au=Pietz+G&rft.au=Saunders+K&rft.au=Spence+J&rft.au=Nudelman+E&rft.au=Levery+SB&rft.au=White+T&rft.au=Neveu+JM&rft.au=Lane+WS&rft.au=Bourne+Y&rft.au=Olsson+ML&rft.au=Henrissat+B&rft.au=Clausen+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnbt%2Fjournal%2Fv25%2Fn4%2Fabs%2Fnbt1298.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/north_yorkshire/6645923.stm">BBC</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Klug, William S.; Cummings, Michael R. (1997). <I>Concepts of Genetics</I> (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 83. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0135310628" title="Special:BookSources/0135310628">0135310628</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Genetics&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0135310628&rft.aulast=Klug&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft.au=Cummings%2C+Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Yazer=2006-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Yazer=2006_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Yazer M, Olsson M, Palcic M (2006). "The cis-AB blood group phenotype: fundamental lessons in glycobiology". <I>Transfus Med Rev</I>. <B>20</B> (3): 207–17. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tmrv.2006.03.002">10.1016/j.tmrv.2006.03.002</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16787828">16787828</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transfus+Med+Rev&rft.atitle=The+cis-AB+blood+group+phenotype%3A+fundamental+lessons+in+glycobiology&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-17&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tmrv.2006.03.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16787828&rft.aulast=Yazer&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Olsson%2C+M&rft.au=Palcic%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-arcbs-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-arcbs_27-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transfusion.com.au/?q=node/77">"ABO inheritance patterns"</A>. <I>Inheritance patterns of blood groups</I>. Australian Red Cross Blood Service<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 October</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inheritance+patterns+of+blood+groups&rft.atitle=ABO+inheritance+patterns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transfusion.com.au%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abobloodtypes.webnode.com/">"ABO blood group system"</A>. Abobloodtypes.webnode.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-02-02</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABO+blood+group+system&rft.pub=Abobloodtypes.webnode.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabobloodtypes.webnode.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cited in <CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childsupportanalysis.co.uk/analysis_and_opinion/choices_and_behaviours/misattributed_paternity.htm">"Misattributed paternity rates and non-paternity rates"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Misattributed+paternity+rates+and+non-paternity+rates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.childsupportanalysis.co.uk%2Fanalysis_and_opinion%2Fchoices_and_behaviours%2Fmisattributed_paternity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask221">"Understanding genetics"</A>. Stanford.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+genetics&rft.pub=Stanford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenetics.thetech.org%2Fask%2Fask221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-atype-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-atype_31-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-atype_31-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080802232301/http://www.owenfoundation.com/Health_Science/Blood_Group_A_Subtypes.html">Blood Group A Suptypes</A>, The Owen Foundation. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Seltsam A, Hallensleben M, Kollmann A, Blasczyk R (2003). "The nature of diversity and diversification at the ABO locus". <I>Blood</I>. <B>102</B> (8): 3035–42. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2003-03-0955">10.1182/blood-2003-03-0955</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829588">12829588</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blood&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+diversity+and+diversification+at+the+ABO+locus&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3035-42&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1182%2Fblood-2003-03-0955&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12829588&rft.aulast=Seltsam&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Hallensleben%2C+M&rft.au=Kollmann%2C+A&rft.au=Blasczyk%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Ogasawara K; Bannai M; Saitou N; et al. (1996). "Extensive polymorphism of ABO blood group gene: three major lineages of the alleles for the common ABO phenotypes". <I>Human Genetics</I>. <B>97</B> (6): 777–83. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02346189">10.1007/BF02346189</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8641696">8641696</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Extensive+polymorphism+of+ABO+blood+group+gene%3A+three+major+lineages+of+the+alleles+for+the+common+ABO+phenotypes&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=777-83&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02346189&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8641696&rft.au=Ogasawara+K&rft.au=Bannai+M&rft.au=Saitou+N&rft.au=Yabe%2C+Ryuichi&rft.au=Nakata%2C+Kenichi&rft.au=Takenaka%2C+Michiko&rft.au=Fujisawa%2C+Kiyoshi&rft.au=Uchikawa%2C+Makoto&rft.au=Ishikawa%2C+Yoshihide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Shastry, S; Bhat, S (October 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957492">"Imbalance in A2 and A2B phenotype frequency of ABO group in South India"</A>. <I>Blood Transfusion</I>. <B>8</B> (4): 267–270. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.2450%2F2010.0147-09">10.2450/2010.0147-09</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957492">2957492</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967168">20967168</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blood+Transfusion&rft.atitle=Imbalance+in+A2+and+A2B+phenotype+frequency+of+ABO+group+in+South+India&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=267-270&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2957492&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20967168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2450%2F2010.0147-09&rft.aulast=Shastry&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Bhat%2C+S&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2957492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Potts_1979-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Potts_1979_35-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Potts, WTW (1979). "History and Blood Groups in the British Isles". In Sawyer PH. <I>English Medieval Settlement</I>. St. Martin's Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-6257-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-6257-0">0-7131-6257-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+and+Blood+Groups+in+the+British+Isles&rft.btitle=English+Medieval+Settlement&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-7131-6257-0&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=WTW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Cserti2007-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Cserti2007_36-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Cserti, CM; Dzik, WH (2007). "The ABO blood group system and <I>Plasmodium falciparum malaria</I>". <I>Blood</I>. <B>110</B> (7): 2250–2258. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2007-03-077602">10.1182/blood-2007-03-077602</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blood&rft.atitle=The+ABO+blood+group+system+and+Plasmodium+falciparum+malaria&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2250-2258&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1182%2Fblood-2007-03-077602&rft.aulast=Cserti&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Dzik%2C+WH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-calafell-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-calafell_37-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-calafell_37-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Calafell, Francesc; et al. (September 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/yv4072vu67mv1166/fulltext.html">"Evolutionary dynamics of the human <I>ABO</I> gene"</A>. <I>Human Genetics</I>. <B>124</B> (2): 123–135. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-008-0530-8">10.1007/s00439-008-0530-8</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18629539">18629539</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">24 September</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+dynamics+of+the+human+ABO+gene&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-135&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-008-0530-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18629539&rft.aulast=Calafell&rft.aufirst=Francesc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fyv4072vu67mv1166%2Ffulltext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Jan Van Oss, Carel (2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=l2206u8gj73x3251&size=largest">"Letter to the Editor: "Natural" Versus Regular Antibodies"</A>. <I>The Protein Journal</I>. <B>23</B> (6): 357; author reply 359–60. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AJOPC.0000039625.56296.6e">10.1023/B:JOPC.0000039625.56296.6e</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15517982">15517982</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Protein+Journal&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Editor%3A+%22Natural%22+Versus+Regular+Antibodies&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=357%3B+author+reply+359-60&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AJOPC.0000039625.56296.6e&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15517982&rft.aulast=Jan+Van+Oss&rft.aufirst=Carel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.metapress.com%2Fpdf-preview.axd%3Fcode%3Dl2206u8gj73x3251%26size%3Dlargest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Seymour, R. M.; Allan, M. J.; Pomiankowski, A; Gustafsson, K (2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691687">"Evolution of the human ABO polymorphism by two complementary selective pressures"</A>. <I>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</I>. <B>271</B> (1543): 1065–1072. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2674">10.1098/rspb.2004.2674</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691687">1691687</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15293861">15293861</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+human+ABO+polymorphism+by+two+complementary+selective+pressures&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=1543&rft.pages=1065-1072&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15293861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2674&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft.au=Allan%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Pomiankowski%2C+A&rft.au=Gustafsson%2C+K&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Arendrup, M; Hansen JE; Clausen H; Nielsen C; Mathiesen LR; Nielsen JO (April 1991). "Antibody to histo-blood group A antigen neutralizes HIV produced by lymphocytes from blood group A donors but not from blood group B or O donors". <I>AIDS</I>. <B>5</B> (4): 441–4. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1097%2F00002030-199104000-00014">10.1097/00002030-199104000-00014</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1711864">1711864</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS&rft.atitle=Antibody+to+histo-blood+group+A+antigen+neutralizes+HIV+produced+by+lymphocytes+from+blood+group+A+donors+but+not+from+blood+group+B+or+O+donors&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=441-4&rft.date=1991-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00002030-199104000-00014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1711864&rft.aulast=Arendrup&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Hansen+JE&rft.au=Clausen+H&rft.au=Nielsen+C&rft.au=Mathiesen+LR&rft.au=Nielsen+JO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Neil, SJ; McKnight A; Gustafsson K; Weiss RA (2005-06-15). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/105/12/4693">"HIV-1 incorporates ABO histo-blood group antigens that sensitize virions to complement-mediated inactivation"</A>. <I>Blood</I>. <B>105</B> (12): 4693–9. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2004-11-4267">10.1182/blood-2004-11-4267</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728127">15728127</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blood&rft.atitle=HIV-1+incorporates+ABO+histo-blood+group+antigens+that+sensitize+virions+to+complement-mediated+inactivation&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4693-9&rft.date=2005-06-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1182%2Fblood-2004-11-4267&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15728127&rft.aulast=Neil&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=McKnight+A&rft.au=Gustafsson+K&rft.au=Weiss+RA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F105%2F12%2F4693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Reid, ME; Mohandas, N (2004). "Red blood cell blood group antigens: structure and function". <I>Seminars in hematology</I>. <B>41</B> (2): 93–117. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.seminhematol.2004.01.001">10.1053/j.seminhematol.2004.01.001</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15071789">15071789</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+hematology&rft.atitle=Red+blood+cell+blood+group+antigens%3A+structure+and+function.&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-117&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.seminhematol.2004.01.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15071789&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Mohandas%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Mohandas, N; Narla, A (2005). "Blood group antigens in health and disease". <I>Current Opinion in Hematology</I>. <B>12</B> (2): 135–40. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1097%2F01.moh.0000153000.09585.79">10.1097/01.moh.0000153000.09585.79</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15725904">15725904</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Hematology&rft.atitle=Blood+group+antigens+in+health+and+disease.&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-40&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.moh.0000153000.09585.79&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15725904&rft.aulast=Mohandas&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Narla%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Sarode, R; Goldstein J; Sussman II; Nagel RL; Tsai HM (June 2000). "Role of A and B blood group antigens in the expression of adhesive activity of von Willebrand factor". <I>Br J Haematol</I>. <B>109</B> (4): 857–64. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2141.2000.02113.x">10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02113.x</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10929042">10929042</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Haematol&rft.atitle=Role+of+A+and+B+blood+group+antigens+in+the+expression+of+adhesive+activity+of+von+Willebrand+factor&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=857-64&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2141.2000.02113.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10929042&rft.aulast=Sarode&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Goldstein+J&rft.au=Sussman+II&rft.au=Nagel+RL&rft.au=Tsai+HM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">O'Donnell, J; Laffan MA (August 2001). "The relationship between ABO histo-blood group, factor VIII and von Willebrand factor". <I>Transfus Med</I>. <B>11</B> (4): 343–51. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3148.2001.00315.x">10.1046/j.1365-3148.2001.00315.x</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11532189">11532189</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transfus+Med.&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+ABO+histo-blood+group%2C+factor+VIII+and+von+Willebrand+factor&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=343-51&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-3148.2001.00315.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11532189&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Laffan+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">O'Donnell, J; Boulton FE; Manning RA; Laffan MA (2002-02-01). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/2/335">"Amount of H antigen expressed on circulating von Willebrand factor is modifiedby ABO blood group genotype and is a major determinant of plasma von Willebrand factor antigen levels"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Arterioscler_Thromb_Vasc_Biol." class="mw-redirect" title="Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.">Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.</A></I> American Heart Association, Inc. <B>22</B> (2): 335–41. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1161%2Fhq0202.103997">10.1161/hq0202.103997</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834538">11834538</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arterioscler+Thromb+Vasc+Biol.&rft.atitle=Amount+of+H+antigen+expressed+on+circulating+von+Willebrand+factor+is+modifiedby+ABO+blood+group+genotype+and+is+a+major+determinant+of+plasma+von+Willebrand+factor+antigen+levels&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=335-41&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2Fhq0202.103997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11834538&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Boulton+FE&rft.au=Manning+RA&rft.au=Laffan+MA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatvb.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F22%2F2%2F335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Gill, JC; Endres-Brooks J; Bauer PJ; Marks WJ; Montgomery RR (June 1987). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloodjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/69/6/1691">"The effect of ABO blood group on the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(abstract)</SPAN>. <I>Blood</I>. <B>69</B> (6): 1691–5. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3495304">3495304</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blood&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+ABO+blood+group+on+the+diagnosis+of+von+Willebrand+disease&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1691-5&rft.date=1987-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3495304&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Endres-Brooks+J&rft.au=Bauer+PJ&rft.au=Marks+WJ&rft.au=Montgomery+RR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloodjournal.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F69%2F6%2F1691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Shima, M; Fujimura Y; et al. (1995). "ABO blood group genotype and plasma von Willebrand factor in normal individuals". <I>Vox Sang</I>. <B>68</B> (4): 236–40. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1423-0410.1995.tb02579.x">10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb02579.x</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7660643">7660643</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox+Sang&rft.atitle=ABO+blood+group+genotype+and+plasma+von+Willebrand+factor+in+normal+individuals&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=236-40&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1423-0410.1995.tb02579.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7660643&rft.aulast=Shima&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Fujimura+Y&rft.au=Nishiyama%2C+Takayuki&rft.au=Tsujiuchi%2C+Tomomi&rft.au=Narita%2C+Nobuhiro&rft.au=Matsui%2C+Taei&rft.au=Titani%2C+Koiti&rft.au=Katayama%2C+Masahiko&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Fumi-Ichiro&rft.au=Yoshioka%2C+Akira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Bowen, DJ; Collins PW; et al. (March 2005). "The prevalence of the cysteine1584 variant of von Willebrand factor is increased in type 1 von Willebrand disease: co-segregation with increased susceptibility to ADAMTS13 proteolysis but not clinical phenotype". <I>Br J Haematol</I>. Blackwell Synergy. <B>128</B> (6): 830–6. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2141.2005.05375.x">10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05375.x</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15755288">15755288</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Haematol&rft.atitle=The+prevalence+of+the+cysteine1584+variant+of+von+Willebrand+factor+is+increased+in+type+1+von+Willebrand+disease%3A+co-segregation+with+increased+susceptibility+to+ADAMTS13+proteolysis+but+not+clinical+phenotype&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=830-6&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2141.2005.05375.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15755288&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Collins+PW&rft.au=Lester%2C+Will&rft.au=Cumming%2C+Anthony+M.&rft.au=Keeney%2C+Steven&rft.au=Grundy%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Enayat%2C+Saad+M.&rft.au=Bolton-Maggs%2C+Paula+H.+B.&rft.au=Keeling%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Khair%2C+Kate&rft.au=Campbell+Tait%2C+R.&rft.au=Wilde%2C+Jonathon+T.&rft.au=John+Pasi%2C+K.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Frank+G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Bongers T; de Maat M; van Goor M; et al. (2006). "High von Willebrand factor levels increase the risk of first ischemic stroke: influence of ADAMTS13, inflammation, and genetic variability". <I>Stroke</I>. <B>37</B> (11): 2672–7. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1161%2F01.STR.0000244767.39962.f7">10.1161/01.STR.0000244767.39962.f7</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990571">16990571</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stroke&rft.atitle=High+von+Willebrand+factor+levels+increase+the+risk+of+first+ischemic+stroke%3A+influence+of+ADAMTS13%2C+inflammation%2C+and+genetic+variability&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2672-7&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.STR.0000244767.39962.f7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16990571&rft.au=Bongers+T&rft.au=de+Maat+M&rft.au=van+Goor+M&rft.au=Bhagwanbali%2C+V.&rft.au=Van+Vliet%2C+H.+H.D.M.&rft.au=Gomez+Garcia%2C+E.+B.&rft.au=Dippel%2C+D.+W.J.&rft.au=Leebeek%2C+F.+W.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Xie J, Qureshi AA, Li Y, Han J (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011972">"ABO Blood Group and Incidence of Skin Cancer"</A>. <I>PLoS ONE</I>. <B>5</B> (8): e11972. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...511972X">2010PLoSO...511972X</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011972">10.1371/journal.pone.0011972</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=ABO+Blood+Group+and+Incidence+of+Skin+Cancer&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e11972&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011972&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...511972X&rft.aulast=Xie&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Qureshi%2C+AA&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Han%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plosone.org%2Farticle%2Finfo%253Adoi%252F10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0011972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Wolpin, B. M.; Kraft, P.; Gross, M.; Helzlsouer, K.; Bueno-De-Mesquita, H. B.; Steplowski, E.; Stolzenberg-Solomon, R. Z.; Arslan, A. A.; Jacobs, E. J.; Lacroix, A.; Petersen, G.; Zheng, W.; Albanes, D.; Allen, N. E.; Amundadottir, L.; Anderson, G.; Boutron-Ruault, M. -C.; Buring, J. E.; Canzian, F.; Chanock, S. J.; Clipp, S.; Gaziano, J. M.; Giovannucci, E. L.; Hallmans, G.; Hankinson, S. E.; Hoover, R. N.; Hunter, D. J.; Hutchinson, A.; Jacobs, K.; Kooperberg, C. (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943735">"Pancreatic Cancer Risk and ABO Blood Group Alleles: Results from the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium"</A>. <I>Cancer Research</I>. <B>70</B> (3): 1015–1023. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-09-2993">10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2993</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943735">2943735</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20103627">20103627</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research&rft.atitle=Pancreatic+Cancer+Risk+and+ABO+Blood+Group+Alleles%3A+Results+from+the+Pancreatic+Cancer+Cohort+Consortium&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1015-1023&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2943735&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20103627&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-09-2993&rft.aulast=Wolpin&rft.aufirst=B.+M.&rft.au=Kraft%2C+P.&rft.au=Gross%2C+M.&rft.au=Helzlsouer%2C+K.&rft.au=Bueno-De-Mesquita%2C+H.+B.&rft.au=Steplowski%2C+E.&rft.au=Stolzenberg-Solomon%2C+R.+Z.&rft.au=Arslan%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+A.&rft.au=Petersen%2C+G.&rft.au=Zheng%2C+W.&rft.au=Albanes%2C+D.&rft.au=Allen%2C+N.+E.&rft.au=Amundadottir%2C+L.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+G.&rft.au=Boutron-Ruault%2C+M.+-C.&rft.au=Buring%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Canzian%2C+F.&rft.au=Chanock%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Clipp%2C+S.&rft.au=Gaziano%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Giovannucci%2C+E.+L.&rft.au=Hallmans%2C+G.&rft.au=Hankinson%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Hoover%2C+R.+N.&rft.au=Hunter%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Hutchinson%2C+A.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+K.&rft.au=Kooperberg%2C+C.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2943735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Amundadottir, L.; Kraft, P.; Stolzenberg-Solomon, R. Z.; Fuchs, C. S.; Petersen, G. M.; Arslan, A. A.; Bueno-De-Mesquita, H. B.; Gross, M.; Helzlsouer, K.; Jacobs, E. J.; Lacroix, A.; Zheng, W.; Albanes, D.; Bamlet, W.; Berg, C. D.; Berrino, F.; Bingham, S.; Buring, J. E.; Bracci, P. M.; Canzian, F.; Clavel-Chapelon, F. O.; Clipp, S.; Cotterchio, M.; De Andrade, M.; Duell, E. J.; Fox Jr, J. W.; Gallinger, S.; Gaziano, J. M.; Giovannucci, E. L.; Goggins, M. (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839871">"Genome-wide association study identifies variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer"</A>. <I>Nature Genetics</I>. <B>41</B> (9): 986–990. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.429">10.1038/ng.429</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839871">2839871</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19648918">19648918</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+association+study+identifies+variants+in+the+ABO+locus+associated+with+susceptibility+to+pancreatic+cancer&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=986-990&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2839871&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19648918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.429&rft.aulast=Amundadottir&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Kraft%2C+P.&rft.au=Stolzenberg-Solomon%2C+R.+Z.&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+C.+S.&rft.au=Petersen%2C+G.+M.&rft.au=Arslan%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Bueno-De-Mesquita%2C+H.+B.&rft.au=Gross%2C+M.&rft.au=Helzlsouer%2C+K.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+A.&rft.au=Zheng%2C+W.&rft.au=Albanes%2C+D.&rft.au=Bamlet%2C+W.&rft.au=Berg%2C+C.+D.&rft.au=Berrino%2C+F.&rft.au=Bingham%2C+S.&rft.au=Buring%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Bracci%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Canzian%2C+F.&rft.au=Clavel-Chapelon%2C+F.+O.&rft.au=Clipp%2C+S.&rft.au=Cotterchio%2C+M.&rft.au=De+Andrade%2C+M.&rft.au=Duell%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Fox+Jr%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Gallinger%2C+S.&rft.au=Gaziano%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Giovannucci%2C+E.+L.&rft.au=Goggins%2C+M.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2839871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Gates, MA; Wolpin, BM; Cramer, DW; Hankinson, SE; Tworoger, SS (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2946962">"ABO blood group and incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer"</A>. <I>International Journal of Cancer</I>. <B>128</B> (2): 482–486. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.25339">10.1002/ijc.25339</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2946962">2946962</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20309936">20309936</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=ABO+blood+group+and+incidence+of+epithelial+ovarian+cancer&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=482-486&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2946962&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20309936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fijc.25339&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Wolpin%2C+BM&rft.au=Cramer%2C+DW&rft.au=Hankinson%2C+SE&rft.au=Tworoger%2C+SS&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2946962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Aird, I; Bentall, HH; Roberts, JA (1953). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2015995">"A relationship between cancer of stomach and the ABO blood groups"</A>. <I>British Medical Journal</I>. <B>1</B> (4814): 799–801. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4814.799">10.1136/bmj.1.4814.799</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2015995">2015995</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13032504">13032504</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+relationship+between+cancer+of+stomach+and+the+ABO+blood+groups&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4814&rft.pages=799-801&rft.date=1953&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2015995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13032504&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4814.799&rft.aulast=Aird&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Bentall%2C+HH&rft.au=Roberts%2C+JA&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2015995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-glass_et_al-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-glass_et_al_56-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Glass, Roger; Holmgren J; Haley C; Khan M.R.; SVENERHOLM M; STOLL B; HOSSAIN K; BLACK B; Yunus M; Barua D (June 1985). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=4014172&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks">"Predisposition for cholera of individuals with O blood group. Possible evolutionary significance"</A>. <I>American Journal of Epidemiology</I>. <B>121</B> (6): 791–796. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4014172">4014172</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 August</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Predisposition+for+cholera+of+individuals+with+O+blood+group.+Possible+evolutionary+significance&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=791-796&rft.date=1985-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4014172&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Holmgren+J&rft.au=Haley+C&rft.au=Khan+M.R.&rft.au=SVENERHOLM+M&rft.au=STOLL+B&rft.au=HOSSAIN+K&rft.au=BLACK+B&rft.au=Yunus+M&rft.au=Barua+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Feutils%2Felink.fcgi%3Fdbfrom%3Dpubmed%26id%3D4014172%26retmode%3Dref%26cmd%3Dprlinks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Goldman, M (2016-10-10). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810467">"Translational Mini-Review Series on Toll-like Receptors: Toll-like receptor ligands as novel pharmaceuticals for allergic disorders"</A>. <I>Clinical and Experimental Immunology</I>. <B>147</B> (2): 208–216. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2249.2006.03296.x">10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03296.x</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-9104">0009-9104</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810467">1810467</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223960">17223960</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Immunology&rft.atitle=Translational+Mini-Review+Series+on+Toll-like+Receptors%3A+Toll-like+receptor+ligands+as+novel+pharmaceuticals+for+allergic+disorders&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-216&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1810467&rft.issn=0009-9104&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17223960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2249.2006.03296.x&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1810467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Kay, H E (1982-11-06). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1500229">"Bone marrow transplantation: 1982"</A>. <I>British Medical Journal (Clinical research ed.)</I>. <B>285</B> (6351): 1296–1298. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.285.6351.1296">10.1136/bmj.285.6351.1296</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0267-0623">0267-0623</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1500229">1500229</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6812684">6812684</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal+%28Clinical+research+ed.%29&rft.atitle=Bone+marrow+transplantation%3A+1982.&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=6351&rft.pages=1296-1298&rft.date=1982-11-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1500229&rft.issn=0267-0623&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6812684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.285.6351.1296&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=H+E&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1500229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Hakomori, S. (1999-12-06). "Antigen structure and genetic basis of histo-blood groups A, B and O: their changes associated with human cancer". <I>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta</I>. <B>1473</B> (1): 247–266. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0304-4165%2899%2900183-x">10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00183-x</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3002">0006-3002</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10580143">10580143</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta&rft.atitle=Antigen+structure+and+genetic+basis+of+histo-blood+groups+A%2C+B+and+O%3A+their+changes+associated+with+human+cancer&rft.volume=1473&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=247-266&rft.date=1999-12-06&rft.issn=0006-3002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10580143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0304-4165%2899%2900183-x&rft.aulast=Hakomori&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Dabelsteen_21–28-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Dabelsteen_21–28_60-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Dabelsteen_21–28_60-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Dabelsteen, E.; Gao, S. (2005-01-01). "ABO blood-group antigens in oral cancer". <I>Journal of Dental Research</I>. <B>84</B> (1): 21–28. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1177%2F154405910508400103">10.1177/154405910508400103</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0345">0022-0345</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15615870">15615870</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Research&rft.atitle=ABO+blood-group+antigens+in+oral+cancer&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-28&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.issn=0022-0345&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15615870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F154405910508400103&rft.aulast=Dabelsteen&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Gao%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Dabelsteen, Erik (2002-02-01). "ABO blood group antigens in oral mucosa. What is new?". <I>Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine</I>. <B>31</B> (2): 65–70. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0904-2512.2001.00004.x">10.1046/j.0904-2512.2001.00004.x</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0904-2512">0904-2512</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896825">11896825</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Oral+Pathology+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=ABO+blood+group+antigens+in+oral+mucosa.+What+is+new%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-70&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft.issn=0904-2512&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11896825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.0904-2512.2001.00004.x&rft.aulast=Dabelsteen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Amundadottir, Laufey T. (2016-01-01). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4753160">"Pancreatic Cancer Genetics"</A>. <I>International Journal of Biological Sciences</I>. <B>12</B> (3): 314–325. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.7150%2Fijbs.15001">10.7150/ijbs.15001</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1449-2288">1449-2288</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4753160">4753160</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26929738">26929738</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pancreatic+Cancer+Genetics&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=314-325&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4753160&rft.issn=1449-2288&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26929738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7150%2Fijbs.15001&rft.aulast=Amundadottir&rft.aufirst=Laufey+T.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4753160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-63"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Mega, Jessica L.; Stitziel, Nathan O.; Smith, J. Gustav; Chasman, Daniel I.; Caulfield, Mark J.; Devlin, James J.; Nordio, Francesco; Hyde, Craig L.; Cannon, Christopher P. (2015-06-06). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608367">"Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials"</A>. <I>Lancet</I>. <B>385</B> (9984): 2264–2271. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2961730-X">10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61730-X</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1474-547X">1474-547X</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608367">4608367</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25748612">25748612</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Genetic+risk%2C+coronary+heart+disease+events%2C+and+the+clinical+benefit+of+statin+therapy%3A+an+analysis+of+primary+and+secondary+prevention+trials&rft.volume=385&rft.issue=9984&rft.pages=2264-2271&rft.date=2015-06-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4608367&rft.issn=1474-547X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25748612&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2961730-X&rft.aulast=Mega&rft.aufirst=Jessica+L.&rft.au=Stitziel%2C+Nathan+O.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+Gustav&rft.au=Chasman%2C+Daniel+I.&rft.au=Caulfield%2C+Mark+J.&rft.au=Devlin%2C+James+J.&rft.au=Nordio%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Craig+L.&rft.au=Cannon%2C+Christopher+P.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4608367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-64"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">American Red Cross, Southern California Blood Services Region (n.d.). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socalredcross.org/pdf/BloodThe.pdf">"Answers to Commonly Asked Questions About Blood and Blood Banking"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Blood: the Basics</I>: 4. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071129152741/http://www.socalredcross.org/pdf/BloodThe.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 29 November 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blood%3A+the+Basics&rft.atitle=Answers+to+Commonly+Asked+Questions+About+Blood+and+Blood+Banking&rft.chron=n.d.&rft.pages=4&rft.aulast=American+Red+Cross&rft.aufirst=Southern+California+Blood+Services+Region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socalredcross.org%2Fpdf%2FBloodThe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-65"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sung Il Ryu, Young Woo Sohn (2007), <I>A Review of Sociocultural, Behavioral, Biochemical Analyses on ABO Blood-Groups Typology</I>, The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-66"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Hobgood, Donna K. (2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987711002106">"Personality traits of aggression-submissiveness and perfectionism associate with ABO blood groups through catecholamine activities"</A>. <I>Medical Hypotheses</I>. <B>77</B> (2): 294–300. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2011.04.039">10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.039</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21601990">21601990</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Hypotheses&rft.atitle=Personality+traits+of+aggression-submissiveness+and+perfectionism+associate+with+ABO+blood+groups+through+catecholamine+activities&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=294-300&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2011.04.039&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21601990&rft.aulast=Hobgood&rft.aufirst=Donna+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0306987711002106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-67"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Klein, Harvey G (7 March 2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=why-do-people-have-differ">"Why Do People Have Different Blood Types?"</A>. <I>Scientific American</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Why+Do+People+Have+Different+Blood+Types%3F&rft.date=2005-03-07&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Harvey+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dwhy-do-people-have-differ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-68"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Sung-ha, Kang; et al. (1997). "Distribution of ABO Genotypes and Allele Frequencies in a Korean Population". <I><A href="/wiki/Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="Journal of Human Genetics">Japanese Journal of Human Genetics</A></I>. <B>42</B> (2): 333. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02766955">10.1007/BF02766955</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+ABO+Genotypes+and+Allele+Frequencies+in+a+Korean+Population&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=333&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02766955&rft.aulast=Sung-ha&rft.aufirst=Kang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation web">Dean L (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=rbcantigen.chapter.ch05ABO">"Chapter 5: The ABO blood group"</A>. <I>Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">24 March</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blood+Groups+and+Red+Cell+Antigens&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+The+ABO+blood+group.&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Dean+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Drbcantigen.chapter.ch05ABO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation journal">Farr A (1 April 1979). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082436">"Blood group serology--the first four decades (1900--1939)"</A>. <I>Med Hist</I>. <B>23</B> (2): 215–26. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300051383">10.1017/s0025727300051383</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1082436">1082436</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/381816">381816</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Med+Hist&rft.atitle=Blood+group+serology--the+first+four+decades+%281900--1939%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-26&rft.date=1979-04-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1082436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F381816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025727300051383&rft.au=Farr+A&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1082436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AABO+blood+group+system" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gv/mhc/xslcgi.cgi?cmd=bgmut/systems_info&system=abo">ABO</A> at <A href="/wiki/BGMUT" title="BGMUT">BGMUT</A> Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at <A href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</A>, <A href="/wiki/NIH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIH">NIH</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7DxZmLWDII">ABO blood groups, antibodies and antigens explained</A> YouTube educational video</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003372/ABO-blood-group-system">Encyclopædia Britannica, ABO blood group system</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607182528/http://www.blood.co.uk/pages/world_blood.html">National Blood Transfusion Service</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abobloodgroup.googlepages.com/">Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General concepts</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Apheresis" title="Apheresis">Apheresis</A> (<A href="/wiki/Plasmapheresis" title="Plasmapheresis">plasmapheresis</A>, <A href="/wiki/Plateletpheresis" title="Plateletpheresis">plateletpheresis</A>, <A href="/wiki/Leukapheresis" title="Leukapheresis">leukapheresis</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">Blood transfusion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coombs_test" title="Coombs test">Coombs test</A> (direct and indirect)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cross-matching" title="Cross-matching">Cross-matching</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Exchange_transfusion" title="Exchange transfusion">Exchange transfusion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Blood_Transfusion" title="International Society of Blood Transfusion">International Society of Blood Transfusion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Intraoperative_blood_salvage" title="Intraoperative blood salvage">Intraoperative blood salvage</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/ISBT_128" title="ISBT 128">ISBT 128</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion#Adverse_effects" title="Blood transfusion">Transfusion reactions</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Human_blood_group_systems" title="Human blood group systems">Blood group systems</A> /<BR />
<A href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">blood types</A></TH>
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<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">ABO</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Complement_component_4" title="Complement component 4">Chido-Rodgers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colton_antigen_system" title="Colton antigen system">Colton</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Decay-accelerating_factor" title="Decay-accelerating factor">Cromer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diego_antigen_system" title="Diego antigen system">Diego</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/ART4" title="ART4">Dombrock</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system" title="Duffy antigen system">Duffy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Er_blood_group_collection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Er blood group collection (page does not exist)">Er</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Forssman_antigen_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forssman antigen system (page does not exist)">FORS</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Glycophorin_C" title="Glycophorin C">Gerbich</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aquaporin_3" title="Aquaporin 3">GIL</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Globoside" title="Globoside">GLOB</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hh_blood_group" title="Hh blood group">Hh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ii_antigen_system" title="Ii antigen system">Ii</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_blood_group_system" title="Indian blood group system">Indian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Junior_blood_group_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Junior blood group system (page does not exist)">JR</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/SEMA7A" title="SEMA7A">JMH</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kell_antigen_system" title="Kell antigen system">Kell</A> (<A href="/wiki/XK_(protein)" title="XK (protein)">Xk</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kidd_antigen_system" title="Kidd antigen system">Kidd</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_1" title="Complement receptor 1">Knops</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lan_blood_group_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lan blood group system (page does not exist)">Lan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lewis_antigen_system" title="Lewis antigen system">Lewis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lutheran_antigen_system" title="Lutheran antigen system">Lutheran</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/ICAM4" title="ICAM4">LW</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/MNS_antigen_system" title="MNS antigen system">MNS</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Basigin" title="Basigin">OK</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/P_antigen_system" title="P antigen system">P</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/CD151" title="CD151">Raph</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system" title="Rh blood group system">Rh</A> and <A href="/wiki/RHAG" title="RHAG">RHAG</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/ERMAP" title="ERMAP">Scianna</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/C1GALT1" title="C1GALT1">T-Tn</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Vel_blood_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vel blood group (page does not exist)">Vel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Xg_antigen_system" title="Xg antigen system">Xg</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yt_antigen_system" title="Yt antigen system">Yt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Human_red_cell_antigens" title="Human red cell antigens">Other</A></LI>
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<A href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">blood donation</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Whole_blood" title="Whole blood">Whole blood</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Packed_red_blood_cells" title="Packed red blood cells">Red blood cells</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Plasma</A> / <A href="/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasma" title="Fresh frozen plasma">Fresh frozen plasma</A> / <A href="/wiki/Plasma_frozen_within_24_hours" title="Plasma frozen within 24 hours">PF24</A> (<A href="/wiki/Cryoprecipitate" title="Cryoprecipitate">Cryoprecipitate</A> + <A href="/wiki/Cryosupernatant" title="Cryosupernatant">Cryosupernatant</A>)</LI>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_sistem_krvnih_grupa" title="ABO sistem krvnih grupa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27agrupament_sanguini_ABO" title="Sistema d'agrupament sanguini ABO – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB0" title="AB0 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB0-System" title="AB0-System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv"><A href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AD%DE%84%DE%A9%DE%87%DE%AF_%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AB%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%92%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%B0" title="އޭބީއޯ ލޭގެ ގުރޫޕްގެ ނިޒާމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB0-s%C3%BCsteem" title="AB0-süsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_ABO" title="سیستم گروه خونی ABO – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_ABO" title="Système ABO – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_AB0" title="Sistema AB0 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><A href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%93_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B9_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80" title="એબીઓ રક્તસમુહ પ્રણાલી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO%EC%8B%9D_%ED%98%88%EC%95%A1%ED%98%95" title="ABO식 혈액형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO-bl%C3%B3%C3%B0flokkar" title="ABO-blóðflokkar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><A href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%92_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಎಬಿಒ ರಕ್ತ ಗುಂಪು ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO%E5%BC%8F%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E5%9E%8B" title="ABO式血液型 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><A href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB0-System" title="AB0-System – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ABO" title="Sistema ABO – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB0-veriryhm%C3%A4j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="AB0-veriryhmäjärjestelmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%93_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="ஏபிஓ குருதி குழு முறைமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD" title="ระบบหมู่โลหิตเอบีโอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO%E8%A1%80%E5%9E%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="ABO血型系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
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