Blood gas tension

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			<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Blood gas tension</H1>
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><P><B>Blood gas tension</B> refers to the <A href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</A> of <A href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</A> in <A href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid9563770_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid9563770-1">[1]</A></SUP> There are several significant purposes for measuring gas tension;<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid16215371_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid16215371-2">[2]</A></SUP> the most common gas tensions measured are <A href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</A> tension<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid14736638-3">[3]</A></SUP> (P<SUB>x</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>), the <A href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</A> tension<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid14736638-3">[3]</A></SUP> (P<SUB>x</SUB>CO<SUB>2</SUB>) and <A href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</A> tension<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid14736638-3">[3]</A></SUP> (P<SUB>x</SUB>CO). The subscript <I>x</I> in each symbol represents the source of the gas being measured; "<I>a</I>" meaning <A href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arterial</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid14736638-3">[3]</A></SUP> "<I>A</I>" being <A href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveolar</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid14736638-3">[3]</A></SUP> "<I>v</I>" being <A href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">venous</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid14736638-3">[3]</A></SUP> "<I>c</I>" being <A href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillary</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid14736638-3">[3]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Blood_gas_test" title="Blood gas test">Blood gas tests</A> (such as <A href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">arterial blood gas</A> tests) measure these partial pressures.</P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Oxygen_tension"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Oxygen tension</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Carbon_dioxide_tension"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Carbon dioxide tension</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Carbon_monoxide_tension"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Carbon monoxide tension</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Significance"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Significance</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Equations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Equations</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Oxygen_content"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Oxygen content</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Oxygen_saturation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Oxygen saturation</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Oxygen_tension">Oxygen tension</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Oxygen tension">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DL>
<DT>Arterial blood oxygen tension (normal)</DT>
</DL>
<P><B>P<SUB>a</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB></B> – Partial pressure of oxygen at sea level (765 <A href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</A>) in <A href="/wiki/Arterial_blood" title="Arterial blood">arterial blood</A> is between 75 mmHg and 100 mmHg.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid9390851_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid9390851-4">[4]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-pmid17652681_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid17652681-5">[5]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-pmid14569318_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid14569318-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<DL>
<DT>Venous blood oxygen tension (normal)</DT>
</DL>
<P><B>P<SUB>v</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB></B> – Oxygen tension in <A href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">venous blood</A> at sea level is between 30 mmHg and 40 mmHg.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid14569318_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid14569318-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-pmid20018607_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid20018607-7">[7]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Carbon_dioxide_tension">Carbon dioxide tension</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide tension">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Carbon dioxide is a by-product of food metabolism and in high amounts has toxic effects including: <A href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</A>, <A href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</A> and <A href="/wiki/Altered_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Altered consciousness">altered consciousness</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid2535633_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid2535633-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<DL>
<DT>Arterial blood carbon dioxide tension</DT>
</DL>
<P><B><A href="/wiki/PCO2" title="PCO2">P<SUB>a</SUB>CO<SUB>2</SUB></A></B> – Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level (765 mmHg) in arterial blood is between 35 mmHg and 45 mmHg.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid9794863_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid9794863-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<DL>
<DT>Venous blood carbon dioxide tension</DT>
</DL>
<P><B>P<SUB>v</SUB>CO<SUB>2</SUB></B> – Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in venous blood is between 40 mmHg and 50 mmHg.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid9794863_9-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid9794863-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Carbon_monoxide_tension">Carbon monoxide tension</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Carbon monoxide tension">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DL>
<DT>Arterial carbon monoxide tension (normal)</DT>
</DL>
<P><B>P<SUB>a</SUB>CO</B> – Partial pressure of CO at sea level (765 mmHg) in arterial blood is approximately 0.02. It can be slightly higher in smokers and people living in dense urban areas.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Significance">Significance</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Significance">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The partial pressure of gas in blood is significant because it is directly related to ventilation and oxygenation.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid2661120_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid2661120-10">[10]</A></SUP> When used alongside the pH balance of the blood, the P<SUB>a</SUB>CO<SUB>2</SUB> and HCO<SUB>3</SUB> (and Lactate) suggest to the health care practitioner which interventions, if any, should be made.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid2661120_10-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid2661120-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-pmid3144222_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid3144222-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Equations">Equations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Equations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Oxygen_content">Oxygen content</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oxygen content">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DL>
<DD><SPAN class="mwe-math-element"><SPAN class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
  <semantics>
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          <mi>C</mi>
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            <mi>a</mi>
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        </msub>
        <msub>
          <mi>O</mi>
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            <mn>2</mn>
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        </msub>
        <mo>=</mo>
        <mn>1.36</mn>
        <mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
        <mi>H</mi>
        <mi>g</mi>
        <mi>b</mi>
        <mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
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            <mrow>
              <msub>
                <mi>S</mi>
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    <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{a}O_{2}=1.36*Hgb*{\frac {S_{a}O_{2}}{100}}+0.0031*P_{a}O_{2}}</annotation>
  </semantics>
</math></SPAN><IMG src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3984de5fc0bff1b5af4cda5362132a73b15ba95" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:44.792ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="C_{a}O_{2}=1.36*Hgb*{\frac  {S_{a}O_{2}}{100}}+0.0031*P_{a}O_{2}" /></SPAN></DD>
</DL>
<P>The constant, 1.36, is the amount of oxygen (ml at 1 atmosphere) bound per gram of <A href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</A>. The exact value of this constant varies from 1.34 to 1.39, depending on the reference and the way it is derived. The constant 0.0031 represents the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma. The dissolved-oxygen term is generally small relative to the term for hemoglobin-bound oxygen, but becomes significant at very high P<SUB>a</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> (as in a <A href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric chamber">hyperbaric chamber</A>) or in severe <A href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Oxygen_saturation">Oxygen saturation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oxygen saturation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DL>
<DD><SPAN class="mwe-math-element"><SPAN class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
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      </mstyle>
    </mrow>
    <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle SO_{2}=({\frac {23,400}{pO_{2}^{3}+150pO_{2}}}+1)^{-1}}</annotation>
  </semantics>
</math></SPAN><IMG src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dbe580da6b57a6f56538b235f32eff2a9ee14cd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:30.922ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="SO_{2}=({\frac  {23,400}{pO_{2}^{3}+150pO_{2}}}+1)^{{-1}}" /></SPAN></DD>
</DL>
<P>This is an estimation and does not account for differences in temperature, pH and concentrations of 2,3 DPG.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alveolar_air_equation" title="Alveolar air equation">Alveolar air equation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fick%27s_laws_of_diffusion" title="Fick's laws of diffusion">Fick's laws of diffusion</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-pmid9563770-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pmid9563770_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Severinghaus JW, Astrup P, Murray JF (1998). "Blood gas analysis and critical care medicine". <I>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</I>. <B>157</B> (4 Pt 2): S114–22. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563770">9563770</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1164%2Fajrccm.157.4.nhlb1-9">10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.nhlb1-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+gas+tension&rft.atitle=Blood+gas+analysis+and+critical+care+medicine&rft.au=Astrup%2C+P&rft.au=Murray%2C+JF&rft.aufirst=JW&rft.aulast=Severinghaus&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4+Pt+2&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Respir+Crit+Care+Med&rft.pages=S114-22&rft.volume=157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Fajrccm.157.4.nhlb1-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9563770&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid16215371-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pmid16215371_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Bendjelid K, Schütz N, Stotz M, Gerard I, Suter PM, Romand JA (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16215371">"Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring in critically ill adults: clinical evaluation of a new sensor"</A>. <I>Crit Care Med</I>. <B>33</B> (10): 2203–6. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16215371">16215371</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1097%2F01.ccm.0000181734.26070.26">10.1097/01.ccm.0000181734.26070.26</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+gas+tension&rft.atitle=Transcutaneous+PCO2+monitoring+in+critically+ill+adults%3A+clinical+evaluation+of+a+new+sensor&rft.au=Gerard%2C+I&rft.au=Romand%2C+JA&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCtz%2C+N&rft.au=Stotz%2C+M&rft.au=Suter%2C+PM&rft.aufirst=K&rft.aulast=Bendjelid&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Crit+Care+Med&rft.pages=2203-6&rft.volume=33&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Feutils%2Felink.fcgi%3Fdbfrom%3Dpubmed%26tool%3Dsumsearch.org%2Fcite%26retmode%3Dref%26cmd%3Dprlinks%26id%3D16215371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.ccm.0000181734.26070.26&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16215371&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid14736638-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pmid14736638_3-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Yildizdaş D, Yapicioğlu H, Yilmaz HL, Sertdemir Y (2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1719810">"Correlation of simultaneously obtained capillary, venous, and arterial blood gases of patients in a paediatric intensive care unit"</A>. <I>Arch Dis Child</I>. <B>89</B> (2): 176–80. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1719810">1719810</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14736638">14736638</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1136%2Fadc.2002.016261">10.1136/adc.2002.016261</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+gas+tension&rft.atitle=Correlation+of+simultaneously+obtained+capillary%2C+venous%2C+and+arterial+blood+gases+of+patients+in+a+paediatric+intensive+care+unit&rft.au=Sertdemir%2C+Y&rft.au=Yapicio%C4%9Flu%2C+H&rft.au=Yilmaz%2C+HL&rft.aufirst=D&rft.aulast=Yildizda%C5%9F&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Arch+Dis+Child&rft.pages=176-80&rft.volume=89&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1719810&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1719810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fadc.2002.016261&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14736638&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid9390851-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pmid9390851_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Shapiro BA (1995). "Temperature correction of blood gas values". <I>Respir Care Clin N Am</I>. <B>1</B> (1): 69–76. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9390851">9390851</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+gas+tension&rft.atitle=Temperature+correction+of+blood+gas+values&rft.au=Shapiro+BA&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Respir+Care+Clin+N+Am&rft.pages=69-76&rft.volume=1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9390851&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<LI id="cite_note-pmid20018607-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pmid20018607_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Walkey AJ, Farber HW, O'Donnell C, Cabral H, Eagan JS, Philippides GJ (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20018607">"The accuracy of the central venous blood gas for acid-base monitoring"</A>. <I>J Intensive Care Med</I>. <B>25</B> (2): 104–10. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20018607">20018607</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1177%2F0885066609356164">10.1177/0885066609356164</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+gas+tension&rft.atitle=The+accuracy+of+the+central+venous+blood+gas+for+acid-base+monitoring&rft.au=Cabral%2C+H&rft.au=Eagan%2C+JS&rft.au=Farber%2C+HW&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+C&rft.au=Philippides%2C+GJ&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.aulast=Walkey&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=J+Intensive+Care+Med&rft.pages=104-10&rft.volume=25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Feutils%2Felink.fcgi%3Fdbfrom%3Dpubmed%26tool%3Dsumsearch.org%2Fcite%26retmode%3Dref%26cmd%3Dprlinks%26id%3D20018607&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0885066609356164&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20018607&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid2535633-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pmid2535633_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Adrogué HJ, Rashad MN, Gorin AB, Yacoub J, Madias NE (1989). "Assessing acid-base status in circulatory failure. Differences between arterial and central venous blood". <I>N Engl J Med</I>. <B>320</B> (20): 1312–6. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2535633">2535633</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198905183202004">10.1056/NEJM198905183202004</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+gas+tension&rft.atitle=Assessing+acid-base+status+in+circulatory+failure.+Differences+between+arterial+and+central+venous+blood&rft.au=Gorin%2C+AB&rft.au=Madias%2C+NE&rft.au=Rashad%2C+MN&rft.au=Yacoub%2C+J&rft.aufirst=HJ&rft.aulast=Adrogu%C3%A9&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=20&rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med&rft.pages=1312-6&rft.volume=320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM198905183202004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2535633&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid9794863-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-pmid9794863_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pmid9794863_9-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Williams AJ (1998). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114160">"ABC of oxygen: assessing and interpreting arterial blood gases and acid-base balance"</A>. <I>BMJ</I>. <B>317</B> (7167): 1213–6. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114160">1114160</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9794863">9794863</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.317.7167.1213">10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1213</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+gas+tension&rft.atitle=ABC+of+oxygen%3A+assessing+and+interpreting+arterial+blood+gases+and+acid-base+balance&rft.au=Williams+AJ&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7167&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.pages=1213-6&rft.volume=317&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1114160&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1114160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.317.7167.1213&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9794863&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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