My question is basically the title, but for further clarification with the ranking part, I'm asking about who inherits permissions from who, along with any additional permissions for the group as well?For example: nogroup - no permissions,...(Insert other groups here)..., wheel - inherits from nogroup, (Insert other groups here),...(any higher up groups continue on).Any clarification on this topic would be great. 
What is each group's permissions, and what is the ranking of each group (most privileged to least)?
ubuntu;permissions;freebsd;group
There is no ranking or inheritance between groups. All groups are on an equal footing (or to be more precise, mathematically speaking, the privileges of groups are incomparable).Groups confer privileges indirectly. This happens mainly through file permissions (which make members of a certain group able to access a file, or more rarely unable to access a file). This also happens when programs check group memberships, for example via %group user specifications in the sudo configuration.