When systemd tries to start postfix, I see: 11 15:19:28 fs.tld local[32063]: fatal: execl /bin/sh: Permission deniedI also can't start mysql and redis-server; everything else seems fine.    # systemctl status mysql.service     mysql.service - MySQL Community Server       Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled)       Active: activating (start-post) (Result: exit-code) since  2015-10-11 16:57:29 MSK; 1min 54s ago      Process: 18410 ExecStart=/usr/bin/mysqld_safe (code=exited, status=203/EXEC)      Process: 18406 ExecStartPre=/usr/share/mysql/mysql-systemd-start pre (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)     Main PID: 18410 (code=exited, status=203/EXEC);         : 18411 (mysql-systemd-s)       CGroup: /system.slice/mysql.service               control                 18411 /bin/bash /usr/share/mysql/mysql-systemd-start post                 18754 sleep 1     11 16:57:29 fs.annett systemd[18410]: Failed at step EXEC spawning /usr/bin/mysqld_safe: Permission denied     11 16:57:29 fs.annett systemd[1]: mysql.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=203/EXEC    root@fs:/etc/init.d# journalctl -xn    -- Logs begin at  2015-10-10 21:58:00 MSK, end at  2015-10-11 16:58:11 MSK. --     11 16:56:20 fs.annett postfix/local[18165]: 7B5A31355: to=, orig_to=, relay=local, delay=24439, delays=24439/0.07/0/0.03, dsn=4.3.0, status=deferred (temporary failur     11 16:57:29 fs.annett systemd[1]: mysql.service start-post operation timed out. Stopping.     11 16:57:29 fs.annett systemd[1]: Failed to start MySQL Community Server.    -- Subject: Unit error mysql.service    -- Defined-By: systemd    -- Support: http://lists.freedesktop.org/mailman/listinfo/systemd-devel    --.    --    mysql.service.    --.    -- : failed.     11 16:57:29 fs.annett systemd[1]: Unit mysql.service entered failed state.     11 16:57:29 fs.annett systemd[18410]: Failed at step EXEC spawning /usr/bin/mysqld_safe: Permission denied    -- Subject:     /usr/bin/mysqld_safe    -- Defined-By: systemd    -- Support: http://lists.freedesktop.org/mailman/listinfo/systemd-devel    --.    -- Error: can't start process /usr/bin/mysqld_safe.    --.    -- Error code: 13.     11 16:57:29 fs.annett systemd[1]: mysql.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=203/EXEC    # strace -f -e execve ./postfix start    execve(./postfix, [./postfix, start], [/* 31 vars */]) = 0    Process 32289 attached    [pid 32289] execve(/bin/run-parts, [run-parts, --lsbsysinit, --list, /lib/lsb/init-functions.d], [/* 31 vars */]) = 0    [pid 32289] +++ exited with 0 +++    --- SIGCHLD {si_signo=SIGCHLD, si_code=CLD_EXITED, si_pid=32289, si_uid=0, si_status=0, si_utime=0, si_stime=0} ---    Process 32290 attached    [pid 32290] execve(/bin/readlink, [readlink, -f, ./postfix], [/* 31 vars */]) = 0    [pid 32290] +++ exited with 0 +++    --- SIGCHLD {si_signo=SIGCHLD, si_code=CLD_EXITED, si_pid=32290, si_uid=0, si_status=0, si_utime=0, si_stime=0} ---    Process 32291 attached    [pid 32291] execve(/bin/systemctl, [systemctl, -p, CanReload, show, postfix.service], [/* 31 vars */]) = 0    [pid 32291] +++ exited with 0 +++    --- SIGCHLD {si_signo=SIGCHLD, si_code=CLD_EXITED, si_pid=32291, si_uid=0, si_status=0, si_utime=0, si_stime=0} ---    Process 32292 attached    [pid 32292] execve(/bin/systemctl, [systemctl, -p, LoadState, show, postfix.service], [/* 31 vars */]) = 0    [pid 32292] +++ exited with 0 +++    --- SIGCHLD {si_signo=SIGCHLD, si_code=CLD_EXITED, si_pid=32292, si_uid=0, si_status=0, si_utime=0, si_stime=0} ---    Process 32293 attached    [pid 32293] execve(/usr/bin/tput, [/usr/bin/tput, hpa, 60], [/* 31 vars */]) = 0    [pid 32293] +++ exited with 0 +++    --- SIGCHLD {si_signo=SIGCHLD, si_code=CLD_EXITED, si_pid=32293, si_uid=0, si_status=0, si_utime=0, si_stime=0} ---    Process 32294 attached    [pid 32294] execve(/usr/bin/tput, [/usr/bin/tput, setaf, 1], [/* 31 vars */]) = 0    [pid 32294] +++ exited with 0 +++    --- SIGCHLD {si_signo=SIGCHLD, si_code=CLD_EXITED, si_pid=32294, si_uid=0, si_status=0, si_utime=0, si_stime=0} ---    [....] Starting postfix (via systemctl): postfix.serviceProcess 32295 attached    [pid 32295] execve(/bin/systemctl, [/bin/systemctl, start, postfix.service], [/* 31 vars */]) = 0    Process 32296 attached    [pid 32296] execve(/bin/systemd-tty-ask-password-agent, [/bin/systemd-tty-ask-password-ag..., --watch], [/* 31 vars */]) = 0    ^CProcess 32288 detached    Process 32295 detached    Process 32296 detachedIt then freezes at /bin/systemd-tty-ask-password-agentIt's my own debian 8 server; permissions are fine:    # ll /bin/sh /bin/dash    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 125400   8  2014 /bin/dash    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      4   8  2014 /bin/sh -> dash
systemd says permission denied for /bin/sh
debian;systemd