The papacy, 1024–1122
Uta-Renate Blumenthal
This chapter emphasizes the administrative underpinning that allowed a strengthened papacy to emerge at end of twelfth century under Pope Innocent III as single most influential political and spiritual institution Latin Christendom. The Lateran palace also served centre Roman church well her temporal properties: duchy Rome patrimonies see St Peter. From very early period popes were more than just bishops Rome. Their position leadership in rest Christendom, with regard jurisdiction going back council Sardica which deposed other clergy appeal see, brought it frequent use emissaries or legates papal representatives, for instance ecumenical councils. In college cardinals included three ranks: bishops, priests deacons.
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