Bishops between ‘Reforms’ in the Long Tenth century: The case of Verdun
Charles West
Now that we see Carolingian bishops as the king’s natural partners in governing ecclesia, and those of decades around 1100 increasingly aligned to an agenda a discourse no longer centred on kings, how should best interpret ‘in between’? And can assess them their own terms, not simply either post-Carolingian or proto-Gregorian? This article considers this question using tenth-century Verdun Lotharingia case study. It argues these were responding creatively changes making, doing so ways historiography reform finds difficult capture.
The Medieval low countries. An annual review