Multianalytical approach for the analysis of the Codices Millenarius Maior and Millenarius Minor in Kremsmuenster Abbey, Upper Austria
Bernadette Frühmann|Federica Cappa|Wilfried Vetter|Manfred Schreiner|Father Petrus
Two precious Carolingian manuscripts kept in the library of Kremsmuenster Abbey Upper Austria were subject investigation. The well-known Codices Millenarius Maior (Inv. No. CC Cim 1, Fig. 1a) and Minor 2, 1b) studied within framework Centre Image Material Analysis Cultural Heritage (CIMA) Vienna. are especially famous for their colorful miniatures a very early medieval period. aim work was material identification (colors inks) used make-up two codices order to gain better understanding evolution provenance. instrumentation available CIMA laboratories allowed performing situ measurements using non-destructive non-invasive analytical methods. investigations comprised combination three complementary methods: X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry reflection mode (rFTIR) Raman spectrometry. In addition pigments inks also detailed characterization parchment concerning its manufacturing process achieved by that combination. calcium carbonates on surface is an indicator liming or whitening animal skin, whereas polishing with pumice stone, left traces silicates, detected rFTIR. XRF enabled black/brown text revealing usage iron gall inks. For red applied initials vermilion lead both codices. Furthermore, pigment palette illumination included: white, orpiment/realgar, lead, oxides as well azurite indigo, together rather rare copper chloride hydroxide. gospels application metal leaves powders made silver–copper gold–copper alloys could be determined several folios.
Heritage Science