Civil Rights and Political Participation in Ancien Régime Europe
Wim Blockmans
After the Second World War, a wave of euphoria fostered an international consensus that led to creation Universal Declaration Human Rights and European Treaty for Rights, institutions safeguarding their application. In early 21st century, however, these great ideals even parliamentary democracy appear be open various forms manipulation tending restriction its own constitutional rights functions. This paper retraces long-term genesis concepts which emerged in course centuries-long development is uniquely European. A constant tension can observed between difficult formulation fundamental subjects, originally on local regional basis, effectiveness created control governments. The growth cities, acquired levels autonomy autarchy, was make it possible immunities particular privileges similar those clerics aristocrats were extended new communities. periods urban growth, density cities within territories, determined balance powers stabilised. earliest most intense urbanisation, North Central Italy from 10th 13th brought civil communes, but also domination largest as they absorbed or eliminated all potentially countervailing powers. other regions, balances attained prevailing seigneurial interests
Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta