The Fragmentation of Gaul
Edward James
The Carolingian dynasty survived the Treaty of Verdun by a century and half. By year 1000 they had been supplanted in West Francia what came to be known as Capetian dynasty; non-Carolingian king ruled kingdom Burgundy; both monarchs were overshadowed not only Ottomans — Saxon rulers who now controlled heartland their traditional Frankish enemies, including Aachen itself but even more powerful own subjects. late ninth tenth centuries are age independent principalities, founded, has recently said, ‘by “rebels” against royal power “loyal”, men whose help alone could suppress rebellion, held apparatus hands, legitimised grant … final, externe form general principle that ruler was dependent on those prepared obey him’.1 But princes being whittled away lesser aristocracy, who, over large parts Gaul, themselves took many functions began rule small territories from shelter castles.
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