Demography
Conjectures about the demographic situation and evolution in Carolingian Europe have been based mainly on four polyptychs containing demographically usable data such as names, figures, family structure even age of tenants, inhabitants dependants manors. They are, order importance information, polyptych abbey St Germain-des-Prés under abbot Irmino (825–9), Bertin (844–59), Remi de Reims archbishop Hincmar (middle ninth century) Victor Marseilles (813–14). Their value this respect has much criticised, most severely by Léon-R. Ménager, but studies Jean-Pierre Devroey certain aspects their redaction cleared way for a synthesis Pierre Toubert which met large consensus.
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