Caliphs, Popes, Emperors, Kings, and Sultans
Jacob Tullberg
After the fall of Carolingian and Abbasid empires, Catholic Islamic worlds developed into cultural commonwealths rather than political empires. And yet, concepts universal empire remained a constituting aspect both. In post-Carolingian world, both secular emperor pope employed imperial strategies toward regional rulers. This was also case in where Caliphate for centuries indispensable legitimacy sultanates. It is argued that higher degree stability enjoyed by Christian monarchies later part Middle Ages can be ascribed to differences between royal law Shar‘ia world.
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