Cultural policy explicit and implicit: a distinction and some uses
Jeremy Ahearne
Abstract This paper develops a distinction between ‘explicit’ or ‘nominal’ cultural policies (policies that are explicitly labelled as ‘cultural’) and ‘implicit’ ‘effective’ not manifestly ‘cultural’, but work to prescribe shape attitudes habits over given territories). It begins by defining the through reference suggestive inconsistency located within of French thinker Régis Debray. then specifies further in relation certain anglophone references policy studies wider political thinking (Geoff Mulgan Ken Worpole, Raymond Williams, Joseph Nye). Finally, it explores history laicity France conceived initially terms conflict implicit Catholic Church republican State, well tensions implied realpolitik laicity. Keywords: policylaicitysoft power Notes 1. The has been taken up International Journal Cultural Policy’s definition its aims scope, was likewise deployed call for papers Fifth Conference on Policy Research held at Istanbul 2008. I am grateful Oliver Bennett first suggesting could be more comprehensively developed, his comments, along with those David Looseley Clive Gray, earlier drafts this paper. 2. ‘Laicity’ denotes general independence State institutions from religious control. 3. For application Michel Foucault’s concept governmentality study policy, see Tony (Citation1998). 4. Cf. Finkielkraut (Citation1987), Fumaroli (Citation1992), Schneider (Citation1993). On pamphlets targeting ‘genre’ emerging towards end Lang’s period ministerial office, Dubois (Citation1999, pp. 293–298). 5. ‘bullshit’ discourse generally, cf. Belfiore (Citation2008). 6. Jack Lang Mitterrand’s Minister Culture 1981 1986 again 1988 1993. 7. should noted Debray’s critique is formulated less ad hominem manner than others. He observed one few ministers he knew who devoted himself wholeheartedly brief (rather seeing staging post higher things). also gone beyond bien‐pensant irony Malraux routinely provokes explore considerable if elliptic insights contained (see Debray Citation1986, 109–146, Citation1999, 179–190). 8. succinct overview, Jones (Citation1994, 48–73). 9. Two most stimulating have appeared recent years adopted methodological purposes – justifiably, results produces what defined here nominalist approach Urfalino (Citation2004, notably 9, 13–14) 7–8). discourage us using term broader sense. 10. Although does use terms, there oeuvre much can enlighten procedures conditions transmission, since early modern times (e.g. Citation1993) foundation Citation1991, 123–157, Citation1992, 75–107). synthesis, Ahearne 112–136). 11. McGuigan actually attributes Williams seem used himself. 12. Edgar Allen Poe’s classic 1844 short story ‘The Purloined Letter’. 13. an agent issue, O. (Citation2009). 14. Insofar might need legitimatory authority, John Dewey’s analogous deployment ‘State’ associated comments Dewey (Citation1989, 65–66). 15. educational reforms 1870s 1880s, see, e.g., Mayeur 581–608); role affordable national provincial newspapers, Martin (Citation1997, 15–107).
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