Fathers of Power and Mothers of Authority: Dhuoda and the Liber manualis
Martin Claußen
When the Carolingian mayor of palace, Pippin III Short, deposed last Merovingian king in 751 and had himself elected anointed to succeed him, he completed long ascent his family preeminence Francia eventually Europe, a that would last, one way or another, for more than two centuries.' Much has been written about ultimate political consequences empire, but great legacies it left West was general renewal learning kings emperors sponsored.2 Beginning with Pippin's reign, through those descendants, Charlemagne (+814), Louis Pious (+840), great-grandson Charles Bald (+877), favored scholars enormous patronage their efforts renew kingdoms spiritually intellectually. Although larger goals might have outstripped resources, produce moral reform peoples under governance bore some fruit, fact this end themselves, as well many intellectuals period, worked.3 This concern is perhaps
French Historical Studies