Rulers, popes and bishops
D.B. van Espelo
A unique source in many respects, the Codex epistolaris Carolinus comprises ninety-nine papal letters that were sent to Carolingian court between 739 and 790. These are mostly addressed Frankish rulers Charles Martel, Pippin III, Carloman Charlemagne. But there also three grouped together collection about Adoptionism by Pope Hadrian I Spanish bishops. The shed light on aspects of burgeoning Frankish-papal relations this period. They therefore indispensable pieces information history Franks, Lombards Rome second half eighth century. This chapter offers some considerations with regard its emergence episcopal library Cologne. briefly addresses historical background creation later century discusses re-emergence ninth
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