Putting Down Roots in Ninth-Century Francia
This chapter argues that, especially in the East Frankish Kingdom, Carolingian advocates were operating as key local agents for churches on their estates by mid-ninth century at latest. While sources from West and Italian parts of empire suggest different trends, (especially royal grants immunity) demonstrate that acquired important policing powers judicial authority ecclesiastical properties during this period. undermines typical scholarly argument a phenomenon than subsequent types advocates, these already had responsibilities most later would continue to have into eighteenth century.
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