North Africa and Europe in the Early Middle Ages
W. H. C. Frend
Recent discussions about Mediterranean trade in the early Middle Ages have tended to be based on two main assumptions. First, has been regarded as between ports eastern and western parts of Mediterranean. Secondly, a result this view, attention historians concentrated advance Arab fleets seventh eighth centuries, which disrupted regular commerce temporarily diminished importance trading cities Italy Provence.
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society