The rise of the modern (idea of the) state
Danie Strauss
Abstract Some of the main contours development Western society from ancient Greece and through medieval era up to rise modern state constitute substance this article. In course argumentation actual history formation gradual emergence idea are accounted for in their mutual intertwinement. It is argued that transition ecclesiastically unified culture early starting points intimately connected difference between a kingdom republic. But article stops without entering into discussion political theories contemporary practices—a theme reserved different (follow-up) investigation. Notes 1. Namely, wisdom (sophia), as virtue rational part soul; courage (andreia), spirited part; while temperance represents—under rule part—the union thumoeides epithumétikon. 2. Cicero, continuing arguments Aristotle, still defends institute slavery. By contrast Seneca did accept Stoic doctrine equality all people but relativised slavery with his view it only has an effect on human body does not take hold spirit. envisaged absolute natural law before fall sin all, communal ownership, absence governmental authority. After fall, there relative slavery, private property, state. 3. ‘Niemals hat es der Gescichte Abendländischen Völker eine Epoche gegeben, welcher das Individuum mehr zerdrückt worden wäre als dieser, (Jellinek, Citation1966, p. 316). 4. Zippelius states point succinctly: ‘Parts standing proper relation whole when one same principle them’ (Zippelius, Citation1980, 67) [‘Teile stehen aber dann einem rechten Verhältnis zum Ganzen, wenn ein und dasselbe Prinzip sie regiert’]. 5. Thomas's function church supernatural institution grace exerted strong influence official position taken later by Roman Catholic Church. papal encyclical, Quadragesimo anno (15 May 1931), explicitly stated: ‘Surely have task bring person merely transient deficient happiness, must carry eternal bliss’ (cf. Schnatz, Citation1973, 403). 6. ‘… daß Mensch nicht mit seinem ganzen Sein Haben auf die staatliche Gemeinschaft hingeordnet sei, er stehe auch Ordnung Übernatur’ (von Barion, Citation1986, 50). 7. A conviction manifest incorporation marriage sacrament church. The implication ‘marriage could be validly contracted facie ecclesiae, indeed was laid down Eastern Church’ (Smith, Citation1964, 62). 8. pope who ‘nach Offenbarung Menschengeschlecht ewige Leben hinführen soll; des Kaisers, nach den Lehren Philosophie zu irdische Glück leiten soll’ (Monarchia, III, 16, quoted Zippelius, Citation1980b, 68). 9. Even triunity God transposed three independent divinities—the heresy ‘tri-theism’. 10. He speaks ‘Bedeutung’ Ockham ‘für Trennung einer natürlichen übernatürlichen Welt’ (Krüger, 33, note 3). 11. German, Dutch, Afrikaans appropriate designation ‘magstaat’ (literally, ‘power-state’). For lack better descriptive translational equivalent, we will sometimes employ phrase ‘power-state’ opposite ‘regstaat’, term may transliterated ‘just state’. 12. Since Renaissance, thought explored various options regard—varying ‘moving body’ (the basic denominator chosen Hobbes, 17th century), ‘to perceive’ (Berkeley, 18th ‘sensations’ (Kant, ‘sense-data’ (Ayer, 20th century)—to mention few philosophers. 13. information concerning word ‘state’ found Jellinek (Citation1966, pp. 132–135). 14. From context, clear Oppenheimer actually wants claim undifferentiated societies any structure super- subordination. 15. Governmental authority therefore item, something traded (a res commercio).
Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies