Reform and Renewal, 789–99
Roger Collins
It could well be argued that Charles’s military conquests, some of which proved short lived, were far less significance for the future development European civilisation than parallel attempt to match physical expansion Frankish empire with a programme intellectual and spiritual reform revival. In course this vital impetus was given both ideals institutions learning continued felt throughout most areas western Europe long after Carolingian dynasty had ceased rule.1 While these longer-term developments can not followed here beyond confines reign, their importance gives latter its greatest claim fame, processes, ideas involved will more repay examination, however brief.