Heteronymous politics beyond anarchy and hierarchy: The multiplication of forms of rule 750–1300
Peter Haldén
Anarchy and hierarchy are two central concepts of International Relations theory but as conventionally defined they cannot describe political life for most Western history. Neither concept describes the structure medieval politics well. Rather, many different principles differentiation existed simultaneously, both stratificatory segmentary. The situation was closer to anarchy understood absence overarching order rather than ‘anarchy’ in conventional sense used international relations government. power Popes over temporal rulers considerable, it never corresponded ‘hierarchy’ either. Between c. 700 1300, Europe became more heteronymous time went by, not less. More were developed, kings powerful. reinvention papacy after ‘Investiture Controversy’ (1075–1122) created a system law practices which European monarchs realms embedded, did create an all-powerful papacy.
Journal of International Political Theory