Introduction
This chapter discusses the existence of Jewish regional cultures and prominence two groups, Ashkenaz Sepharad as biblical toponyms adopted by medieval Jews. It explains that was settlers in Carolingian Franco-Germany, while Islamic al-Andalus. also mentions historian Jonathan Ray, who showed Iberian Jews late fourteenth fifteenth centuries identified themselves not Sephardim, but a particular town or principality. The considers Sepharad, which catch-all identity first used established residents non-Iberian lands applied to newcomers from Spain. reviews Joseph Davis's study early modern halakhic codes demonstrates how became an umbrella category sixteenth century.
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