Conclusions
Emily A. Winkler
Chapter 9 argues that perceptions of kingship in English historical writing changed significantly within the first half twelfth century, part due to historians’ changing experience power, wider reading ancient sources, and efforts salvage reputation people. In questioning contingency kingship, twelfth-century invasion narratives responded ideas about rule. They depart from Carolingian Anglo-Saxon modes explanation they either reject by collective sin or modify ways enhance force royal responsibility. other ways, their are quintessentially English, for continue trend inclusion: kings often claimed rule whole island Britain; peoples counted among expanded over time. William, Henry, John, Gaimar made an office great effect, one could only be held worthy individuals.
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