The Spread of Lay Literacy in Late Medieval Castile
Jeremy Lawrance
Click to increase image sizeClick decrease sizeBSS Subject Index: LIBRARIES & THEIR ARCHIVES/COLLECTIONSSPAIN — LITERATURE MEDIEVAL PERIOD GENERAL Notes 1. Alfonso Martínez de Toledo, Arcipreste Talavera, o Corbacho, ed. J. González Muela (Madrid: Castalia, 1970), 135. 2. From Script Print. An Introduction Medieval Vernacular Literature (London: Sidgwick Jackson, 1966), 4. 3. H. M. McLuhan, ‘Sight, Sound and the Fury’, The Commonweal 60 (9 April 1954), 7–11. Leo Spitzer, ‘Note on Poetic Empirical I in Authors’, Traditio, IV (1946), 414–22; Franz Bäuml, ‘Varieties Consequences of Literacy Illiteracy’, Speculum, LV (1980), 237–65, see pp. 252–53. Also relevant is stimulating essay by A. Burrow, ‘Bards, Minstrels Men Letters’, Western Civilisation, II: World, D. Daiches Thorlby Aldus, 1973), 347–70, which discusses emergence ‘men letters’ such as Boccaccio Chaucer, who for first time wrote ‘circles more deeply penetrated habits literacy than had existed before’ (361), novel kind literature this involved. 5. ‘The Literary Public its Language’, his Language Late Latin Antiquity Middle Ages Routledge Kegan Paul, 1965), 235–338. 6. For an excellent résumé, B. Parkes, Laity’, 555–77. 7. continued convivencia MS printed, auditory visual methods diffusion Golden Age, Antonio Rodríguez-Moñino, Construcción crítica y realidad histórica en la poesía española los siglos XVI XVII 1968). 8. following are noteworthy authorities history libraries, chronological order: Fray Liciniano Sáez, ‘Coste libros’, Demostración del verdadero valor todas las monedas que corrían Castilla durante el reynado señor don Enrique III, su correspondencia con Carlos IV, etc. Vda. Ibarra, 1796), Nota XIII, 368–79; Rudolf Beer, Handschriftenschätze Spaniens (Vienna: Hölder, 1894); Pérez Guzmán, ‘El libro biblioteca España medios’, La Moderna, año 17, número 202 (octubre 1905), 111–52; Schiff, Bibliothèque du marquis Santillane (Paris: E. Bouillon, 1905); Domínguez Bordona, ‘Noticias manuscritos bibliotecas reino Trastámara Reyes Católicos’, Exposición códices miniados españoles. Catálogo (Madrid-Barcelona: Sociedad Española Amigos Arte, 1929), 112–31 ; T. Carreras Artau, ‘Las españolas Edad Media’, their Historia filosofía española: cristiana XIII al XV, 2 vols Asociación para Progreso Ciencias, 1939), I, 68–97; P. Bohigas El español: ensayo histórico (Barcelona: G. Gili, 1962), 43–142; V. Beltrán Heredia, ‘Fomento creación Castilla’, Bulario Universidad Salamanca (1219–1549), 3 (Salamanca: Univ., 1966–67), 169–77. am not aware any study specifically devoted spread medieval Castile; available histories lay education quite rudimentary. 9. Even very best historians can be daunted. See instance Miguel Ángel Ladero Quesada María Concepción Quintanilla?Raso, ‘Bibliotecas alta nobleza castellana siglo XV’, Livre et lecture Espagne France sous l’Ancien Régime, Colloque Casa Velazquez Éditions A.D.P.F., 1981), 47–59: ‘al menos por lo XV se refiere, documentos son escasos, poco expresivos … sería temerario lanzar ideas e interpretaciones conjunto, porque casos conocidos pocos, relativamente heterogéneos bastante dispares cronología ubicación geográfica hoy sabe, hay ya reconocer a estas relaciones un insuficiente’, Admirable salutary cautions, must pondered student subject. But hope show that difficulties, though formidable, insuperable. 10. Generaciones semblanzas, R. Tate Tamesis, 15, my italics. 11. Escorial, B-ii-7, fols 103–05. 12. Fernán Bordona Espasa-Calpe, 65, note Lorenzo Suárez Figueroa died 1410; daughter Catalina married Santillana, many books bearing arms subsequently passed Mendoza library. 13. Santillane, 176–79 (177). 14. Copla 922. My quotations from Pero López Ayala, Libro rimado palaçio, Joset, Alhambra, 1978). 15. miniados, 114. 16. Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional (hereafter BN) 17975, fol. 16v. Villena repeats term leedor moment later, apparently sense: ‘por quitar enojo leedores, acatando presente tiempo non quieren tancto estar leer estorias quanto cumple entender dellas’. 17. N. Lawrance, ed., Un tratado Alonso Cartagena sobre educación estudios literarios, Univ. Autónoma Barcelona, 1979), 41. 18. Vespasiano da Bisticci, Vite di uomini illustri secolo D'Ancona Aeschlimann (Milan: Hoepli, 1951), 118, ‘Cardinale spagnolo’ [talking about Santillana]: fece fare Ispagna casa sua una librería libri toscani che volle fussi comune chi ne voleva’. Bibliothèque, lvii-lviii further testimonia. 19. Haro's library was partially reconstructed inventory 1553 (BN Res 141) Paz Melia, ‘Biblioteca fundada conde Haro 1455’, RABM, (1897), 18–24, 60–66,156–63,255–62,452–62; (1900), 535–41,662–67; VI (1902), 198–206, 372–82; VII 51–55; XIX (1908), 124–36; XX (1909), 277–89. Paz's work badly need revision; publish shortly new Benavente there c.1450 (Madrid, Archivo Histórico AHN), Osuna leg. 4210/2, 60–67), printed 374–79, Handschriftenschàtze, 103–09; partial reconstruction Elsdon, Library Counts Benavente’ (dissertation, U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, 1955; 3rd. typescript edition, Ann Arbor, 1962). A promised Isabel Beceiro (see her ‘La mediados relación mentalidades usos nobiliarios época’, En medieval, Estudios memoria profesor Salvador Moxó Complutense 1982), 135–45 [139, 11]). 20. based titles mentioned surviving works Cotarelo, Don Villena. Su vida obras Rivadeneyra, 1896), 151–75, interesting, suspect. Indirect evidence patronized Florentine cartolai given claim, gloss Eneida, he responsible introducing Appendix Vergiliana into Castile: ‘non eran falladas Castilla, trájolas dicho Enrrique, fizo venir Florencia,onde falla habundancia destas poéthicas’ 5V, glosa b). On burning part Juan II, Puymaigre, ‘Enrique sa bibliothèque’, Revue des Questions Historiques, XI (1872), 526–34; Gascón Vera, quema libros Villena: maniobra política antisemítica’, BHS, LVI (1979), 317–24. 21. AHN 215/10 (1), 374, Handschriftenschätze, 402. 22. 216/6 (2), Demostracion &c. Vda 1805), 543–44. Quintanilla, 49–50, confuse issue ascribing these two inventories Pedro Zúñiga (d.l453), second Leonor Manrique, wife Alvaro II (d.l468). As far tell documents, Sáez right both times. 23. Manuscritos pinturas: notas conservados colecciones públicas particulares España, Centro Históricos, 1933), 358, plate 302, p. 203, item XCIX; Moldenhauer, Contribución catálogo españoles existentes portuguesas Tipografía Archivos, 1928), 20 plate. richly illuminated fifteenth-century Book Hours Escorial (MS Vitr 10) also bears Zúñiga; unfortunately, unable inspect it last trip investigate. 24. document, here published time, at 216/1 (I): ‘Copia testamento Gonzalo Zúñiga, obispo Jaén, otorgado Sevilla 1 noviembre 1456 ante Rodríguez Brazeras’ (letra procesal, s. 8 fols), 4–4V. This course famous Battling Bishop romance viejo ‘Día era San Antón’, whom legend recorded: ‘suele decir misa armado’, captive Moor Granada (C. C. Smith, Spanish Ballads (Oxford: Pergamon, 1964), 129–31). 25. libro: milenio español. Guía visitante, redactada Serrano F. Tolsada, Ier. Congreso Ibero-Americano Bibliotecas Propiedad Intelectual Dirección General Archivos Bibliotecas, 1952), 32, 108. 26. Serrano, montería Rey Patrimonio Nacional, 1974), 24–36; 227–28, CLXXXVIII; Gallardo, Ensayo raros curiosos, Zarco Valle Sancho Rayón, 4 (1863; rpt. Madrid: Gredos, 1968), 21, 2304; Ángulo Íñiguez, ‘Miniaturas segundo cuarto (Biblia romanceada I.i.3 Escorial)’, Español Arte Arquitectura, V (1929), 225–31. 27. Redondo, Francisco Guzmán Sotomayor, 3e. duc Béjar (?1500–1544)’, Mélanges Velazquez, III (1967), 147–96; 234 donated Fadrique Enríquez Ribera Carthusian monastery Las Cuevas Seville 1531 Medinaceli, fondos Alcalá 16–38, still unpublished Moreno, ‘Don Ribera’, Hispalense, 2a. época, XXXIX [1963], 201–80; 256–60). 28. F.J. Sánchez Cantón, marqués Cenete iniciada cardenal (1470–1523) CSIC, 1942). Two sixteenth–century noble libraries with clear implications collecting have recently been published: Duke Medina Sidonia, 1507 (Ladero nobleza’, 51–53 56–59), Fernández Córdoba, Marquis Priego, 1518 (M. Quintanilla Raso, Priego’, medieval: dedicados Julio González, [Madrid: 1980], 347–83). 29. oligarchy fifteen casas grandes, L. Fernández, Kingdom Castile Fifteenth Century’, Spain Century, Highfield Macmillan, 1972), 80–112; esp. 96–104. 30. Cancionero Gómez Dubrull, 1885), 326–39; Tate, 99–101 xi–xii. 31. 235–38; ‘Nuño Early Humanism: Some Reconsiderations’, Medium Aevum, LI (1982), 55–84. 32. There fair amount writing Bible: C.–O. Nordstrom, Alba’s Castilian Bible. Study Rabbinical Features Miniatures (Uppsala: Almqvist Wiksell, 1967). 33. Cited Giannozzo Manetti's Apologia Nunnii (1439), biography Guzmán's early life composed notes himself (and hence related person) : Vatican, Apostolica Pal Lat 1601, 94–134v (fol. 109). 34. 116–17; Beaujouan, l’école médicale monastère Guadalupe à l'aube Renaissance’, Y. Poulle-Drieux Dureau-Lapeyssonnie, Médecine humaine vétérinaire fin Moyen Age (Geneva-Paris: Droz, 365–468 (431–34). 35. BN MSS 7815 955 (Alonso Cartagena's translations Cicero, De officiis senectute parr Boccaccio's casibus virorum illustrium Zamora, 1420s); 2208 (anon. translation Valerius Maximus León, 1434); 9219 (Alfonso Invencionario, Díaz Alcocer, 1467). 36. ‘Chronique livre espagnol: Inventaires bibliothèques documents librairie dans le monde hispanique aux XVe, XVIe XVIIe siècles’, Française d’Histoire Livre, XXVIII 535–57. 37. Education Nobility Later England’, England Clarendon, 228–47. 38. Cárdenas others, Bibliography Old Texts: Texts, (Madison: Hispanic Seminary Studies, 1977), 110–12. 39. ‘General Introduction’ Catalogue Books Printed XVth Century now British Museum, X: Spain. Portugal Trustees 1971), ix–xxxv; x. 40. Ph. Berger, Valence 1474 1504’, (1975), 99–118. Cartagena, 42. x–xi. 43. K. Kohut, ‘Zur Vorgeschichte der Diskussion um das Verhältnis von Christentum und antiker Kultur im spanischen Humanismus: Die Rolle Decretum Gratiani Übermittlung patristischen Gedankengutes’, Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, (1973), 80–106. Bohigas, ‘Idees fra Francesc Eiximenis cultura antiga’, Estudis Franciscans, XLII (1930), 80–85, concludes remark ‘fa poques concessions laica’ (85). 44. Isabel's library, Libros, tapices cuadros coleccionó Católica 1950). Less keen case Cenete's 28), Cantón surprisingly seems realize major nothing other Royal father II. His introduction, treats us fanciful embarrassing praise Catholic Queen's literary tastes, thus attributes interesting tastes bibliophile father. 45. Branciforti, ‘Regesta delle opere Ayala’, Saggi ricerche Li Gotti, (Palermo: Studi Filologici Linguistici Siciliani, 289–317; 309–13. 46. Murillo 1978), 578; Riley, Cervantes’s Theory Novel Clarendon Press, 163–64 examples (Castíglione, João Barros) superior didactic exemplary value classical (‘hazañas ciertas’) over romances. 47. Pagden, Diffusion Aristotle's Moral Philosophy Spain, ca. 1400-ca. 1600’, XXXI 287–313; Russell ‘Nueva luz versión cuatrocentista Etica Nicomaco: Bodleian Span 1’, Homenaje Guillermo Guastavino Bibliotecarios, 125–46. 48. 7815; M-ii-5; Palacio II-1785; London, Harl. 4796; Tulio (Seville: Pegniczer Herbst, 1501). 49. Blüher, Seneca Spanien (Munich: Francke, 1969), 85–117. 50. say plural because besides García Castrojeriz's well-known gloss, copied times fifteenth century, also, apparently, Tostado Madrigal, Ávila. know unique Victoria Albert Museum L.2463 ‘Libro trata regimiento príncipes. Bolviólo castellano maestre Madrigal fizole comento diólo rey fijo’. has noticed Hispanists; deserves investigation. 51. Pearl Kibre, Intellectual Interests Reflected Libraries Fourteenth Centuries’, Journal History Ideas, 257–97, popularity (269ff, 281ff.), law (278–79), Roman (281), so on. 52. ‘Juan Baena's Versified Reading List: Note Aspirations Reality Fifteenth-Century Culture’,/HP, (1981), 101–22. 53. nature prose romances much disputed (e.g. Walker, ‘Oral Delivery or Private Reading? Contribution Debate Dissemination Literature’, FMLS, [1971], 36–42). disappearance sometimes explained theory they were ‘handled’ out existence. only fragment Amadís survive used stiffening binding book, may suggest antique simply waste paper once splendid folio editions cornered market (A. Moñino, primer Gaula. Noticia bibliográfica’, BRAE, XXXVI [1956], 199–216). absence needs explanation, especially view prominence French, Italian, Navarrese, Portuguese Catalan time. 54. research forms basis funded generous grant Research Fund Humanities Academy. thank society, Magdalen College Oxford, constant support. Professor Ian Michael Dr Clive Griffin made invaluable suggestions, too numerous mention individually. To them, Hattens, Martha: muchísimas gracias.
Bulletin of Hispanic studies