The Filioque from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
Edward A. Siecienski
Following the death of Maximus Confessor in 662 there was a centuries-long silence about filioque from Eastern sources although West continued to embrace and teach doctrine as an integral part orthodox faith. However, with beginning iconoclastic controversy eighth century, tension between Byzantium increased (exacerbated by political cultural divisions created Charlemagne’s imperial coronation), quickly catapulted obscure theological backwaters became casus belli. This especially true during time so-called Photian Schism when terms debate were framed simple choice—either Spirit proceeded Father alone (as Photius East maintained) or he Son (according Carolingian teaching). It this dynamic that came characterize debates for next several centuries.
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