Introduction
This chapter introduces the formulas as a source genre and in particular manuscript formula collection that occupies center of this study: Paris, BNF ms. lat. 2123 from Flavigny. It also concepts “early medieval Europe” laity,” order to frame questions shape book. The briefly describes how category “lay” even came exist; is, when “clerical” distilled out late post-Roman Christian society by Carolingian period separate clergy monks laypeople. From there it moves into what we know about lay people lived their lives early Frankish Europe, remains unknown makes worth writing new book about. then sets Flavigny context other collections, presenting (and them) gateway different world. Finally, outlines steps need open gate understand see on side, topics will explore get there.
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