Law and spiritual sanctions: asserting the stability of <i>pro anima</i> donation charters in late tenth- and eleventh-century central Italy
Maya Maskarinec
ABSTRACTThis article examines the citation of legal texts in late tenth- and eleventh-century pro anima donation charters favour ecclesiastical institutions central Italy. It argues that, general, these were cited by notaries to insist on a general principle, derived from Lombard law, irrevocability all donations testamentary dispositions institutions. then discusses spiritual sanctions that likewise used such charters, arguing prevalence citations as well relates same heightened desire stress property face ongoing tensions regarding property. Finally, I point some evidence notaries, donors (and donees) increasingly aware alternatives an irrevocable charter, namely Roman law testament.KEYWORDS: Early Middle AgesCentral Italylegal citationspiritual sanctionsmonasteries AcknowledgementsI am grateful participants workshop, ‘Early Medieval Law Italian Charters Manuscripts’ (2021), for their comments feedback two anonymous reviewers.Notes1 Throughout this laws kings are with reference specific lawgiver question (Rothari, Grimwald, Liutprand, Ratchis, Aistulf). These edited Friedrich Bluhme Alfred Boretius, eds., Leges Langobardorum. Monumenta Germania Historica, 4 (Hanover: Hahn, 1868), English translation is available Katherine Fischer Drew, The Laws (Philadelphia, PA: University Pennsylvania Press, 1973). Central also Chapter 1 Charlemagne’s Capitulare Italicum 801 (Capit. 1, 98.1), ed. Capitularia regum Francorum, vol. 1. Francorum 1883), 205.The following cartularies or later collections documents study, referred abbreviated form: Casauria: Alessandro Pratesi Paolo Cherubini, Iohannis Berardi Liber instrumentorum seu Chronicorum monasterii Casauriensis Chronicon Casauriense. Fonti per la storia d’Italia medievale, Rerum Italicarum scriptores, 3rd series, 14. vols. (Rome: Nella sede dell’Istituto, Palazzo Borromini, 2017–19); Chieti: Antonio Balducci, ed., Regesto delle pergamene della curia arcivescovile di Chieti (Casalbordino: Nicola de Arcangelis, 1926); Farfa: Ignazio Giorgi Ugo Balzani, Farfa Gregorio Catino. Biblioteca Società romana patria, 5 Presso Società, 1879–92); Fermo: Delio Pacini, Il Codice 1030 dell’archivio diplomatico Fermo (Milan: Giuffrè, 1963); S. Bartolomeo: Berardo Pio, Alexandri monachi liber sancti Bartholomei Carpineto. dell’Italia Istituto storico italiano, 2001); Maria Tremiti: Armando Petrucci, del monastero benedettino Tremiti. 98. 3 Tipografia Senato, 1960); Sulmona: Nunzio Federigo Faraglia, Sulmonese (Lanciano: R. Carabba, 1888) [all examples referenced volume formely preserved cathedral Sulmona]; Volturno: Vincenzo Federici, Vulturnense monaco Giovanni. 58–60. 1925–38).On see generally, Arnold Angenendt, ‘Donationes anima: Gift Countergift Liturgy’, Long Morning Europe: New Directions Studies, eds. Jennifer Davis Michael McCormick (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), 131–54; Eliana Magnani, ‘Almsgiving, Donatio Pro Anima Eucharistic Offering Ages Western Europe (4th–9th century)’, Charity Giving Monotheistic Religions, Miriam Frenkel Yaacov Lev (Berlin: Walter Gruyter, 2009), 111–24; Ilana F. Silber, ‘Gift-Giving Great Traditions: Case Donations Monasteries West’, European Journal Sociology 36, no. 2 (1995): 209–43; Susan Wood, Proprietary Church West (Oxford: Oxford 2006), especially 729–88; Janet L. Nelson, ‘Church Properties Propertied Church: Donors, Clergy Fourth Century Twelfth’, Historical Review 124 (2009): 355–74.2 See below, nn. 28–31.3 ‘Gift-Giving’, 222–3; examples, Church.4 François Bougard, ‘Jugement divin, excommunication, anathème et malédiction: sanction spirituelle dans les sources diplomatiques’, Exclure communauté chrétienne, Geneviève Bührer-Thierry Stéphane Gioanni (Turnhout: Brepols, 2015), 215–38.5 La justice le royaume d’Italie fin du VIIIe siècle au début XIe École française Rome, 1995), 146–7, 293–4. Also valuable Giulio Vismara, ‘Leggi e dottrina nella prassi notarile italiana dell’alto medioevo’, Confluence des droits savants pratiques juridiques: actes Colloque Montpellier (12–14 décembre 1977) Giuffrè 1979), 313–40, reprinted idem, Scritti giuridica, 2, vita diritto negli atti privati medievali A. 1987), 49–78.6 On juridical culture, Charles M. Radding, Origins Jurisprudence: Pavia Bologna, 850–1150 (New Haven, CT: Yale 1988); Ronald G. Witt, Two Latin Cultures Foundation Renaissance Humanism Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge 2011), 166–78; Mario Ascheri, Late (1000–1500): Foundations Legal System (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 9–104.7 For explanation, see, example, Laurent Feller, Les Abruzzes médiévales: territoire, économie société en Italie centrale IXe XIIe (Paris: 1998), 41–2.8 Michel Zimmermann, ‘Le vocabulaire latin malédiction siècle: construction d’un discours eschatologique’, Atalaya: Revue Française d’Études Médiévales Hispaniques (1994): 37–55; Amedeo Feniello Jean-Marie Martin, ‘Clausole anatema maledizione nei documenti (Italia meridionale Sicilia, Sardegna, X–XII secolo)’, Mélanges l’École Rome: Moyen Âge 123, (2011): 105–27. work Lester K. Little, especially, ‘La morphologie malédictions monastiques’, Annales 34 (1979): 43–60; Benedictine Maledictions: Liturgical Cursing Romanesque France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell 1993), 52–9.9 Jeffrey Bowman, ‘Do Neo-Romans Curse? Law, Land, Ritual Midi (900–1100)’, Viator 28 (1997): 1–32; divin’.10 divin’, 235: ‘le politique spirituel ne sont pas même registre.’ Bougard drawing my attention line research.11 Full references concerned given note 1.12 Pohl, ‘Leges Langobardorum', Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Johannes Hoops Heinrich Beck De 2001), 208–13; leggi longobarde nell’Italia carolingia: contesto trasmissione', Paolino d’Aquileia il contributo italiano all’Europa Convegno internazionale studi, Cividale Friuli-Premariacco, 10–13 ottobre 2002, Chiesa. Libri biblioteche 12 (Udine: Forum, 2003), 421–37. further website Karl Ubl others, ‘Bibliotheca legum: A Database Carolingian Secular Texts’, at http://www.leges.uni-koeln.de/en/lex/leges-langobardorum/.13 Stefan Esders Helmut Reimitz, ‘Diversity Convergence: Accommodation Ethnic Pluralism Empire’, Empires Communities Post-Roman Islamic World, c.400–1000 CE, Pohl Rutger Kramer York: 2021), 227–52.14 Hubert Mordek, Bibliotheca capitularium manuscripta: Überlieferung und Traditionszusammenhang fränkischen Herrschererlasse (Munich: 1995); Christoph Meyer, ‘Auf Suche nach dem lombardischen Strafrecht: Beobachtungen zu den Quellen 11. Jahrhunderts', Neue Wege strafrechtsgeschichtlicher Forschung, Hans Schlosser Dietmar Willoweit (Cologne: Böhlau, 1999), 341–88. website, ‘Capitularia: Edition Frankish Capitularies’ (Cologne, 2014–), https://capitularia.uni-koeln.de/en/.15 ‘Capitulare Italicum’ [BK 98], ‘Capitularia’, https://capitularia.uni-koeln.de/en/capit/pre814/bk-nr-098/ (Accessed October 2022).16 dottrina’; Giorgio Costamagna, ‘L’alto Alle origini notariato Amelotti Costamagna Consiglio nazionale notariato, 1975), 151–314 (217).17 cartulary, bibliography, Marios J. Costambeys, Power Patronage Italy: Local Society, Politics Abbey Farfa, c.700–900 2007), 15–19; Carlrichard Brühl, ‘Überlegungen zur Diplomatik spoletinischen Herzogsurkunde’, Atti 9° Congresso studi sull’alto medioevo, Spoleto, 27 settembre–2 1982 (Spoleto: Centro 1983), 231–49; Volturno, Federico Marazzi, ‘San al Volturno tra VIII IX secolo: percorso grande crescita (Un’indagine comparativa con altre grandi fondazioni benedettine italiane)’, San cultura, istituzioni, economia, Marazzi (Monteroduni, Isernia: Edizioni Cep, 1996), 41–90 (42–6); Chris Wickham, ‘Monastic Lands Monastic Patrons’, 2: 1980–86 Excavations. Part Richard Hodges (London: British School 138–52; Casauria, introduction critical edition, 31–2, above n. cartulaire-chronique Clemente à Casauria’, cartulaires. Actes table ronde organisée par nationale chartes 1991, Olivier Guyotjeannin, Morelle Parisse chartes, 261–77 (269–77); Bartolomeo, which survives seventeenth-century copies, introduction, above, Swen Holger Brunsch, ‘Urkunden andere Schriftstücke im “Chronicorum liber” Klosters Bartolomeo Carpineto’, Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven Bibliotheken 82 (2002): 1–46; Fermo, 1030, 11; Tremiti assessement 1: 141, edition (vol. 1), above.18 earliest nos. 9, 10–11 12, dated 962, but arguably forgeries, least heavily interpolated; médiévales, 579, 83; ‘Monastères privés réforme (X–XII siècles): l’évolution statut Carpineto (962–1120)’, Sanctorum 7 (2010): 65–82 (73–4). latest example comes Sulmona, 38 (1177).19 exception Adam, iudex notarius, responsible numerous second half eleventh century, whose always begin arenga cites legislation; 38.20 1878 (1041); (dated 18); Chieti, (1012); Tremiti, 6 (1016), 29 (1041), 30 (1042), 33 (1044).21 Langobardorum, 109: ‘Si quis Langobardus, ut habens casus humanae fragilitatis egrotaverit, quamquam lectolo reiaceat, potestatem habeat, dum vivit recte loqui potest, sua iudicandi vel dispensandi rebus suis, quid aut qualiter cui voluerit; quod iudicaverit, stabilem debeat permanere.’22 (1042): ‘Ideoque ego Sanso, filius quodam Rainaldi, declaro enim qui cum quadam die proterea retacitus iacere lectulo meo, cogitare cepit infra me absum peccati concesu sum natum … confirmavimus ea videlicet ratione quia dominus Liuprandus suo capitulare sic affixit. “Si qualibet Langobardus egrotaverit iacet.’” similar description found one foundational monastery, text Feller has argued be forgery interpolated (see 20), 10–11. Compare monastery’s foundation Alexander’s chronicle, Book. describes Bernard’s illness (‘die gravi esset corporis infirmitate correptus’) prompting his generosity. closely related 110 (998), argued, was likely part basis redacting document; below. Other come three pieces legislation, 1969 (April?, 1049), Capit. 98.1.23 1988 (1050): ‘sicut edicti Langobardorum continet pagina, ut, res suas salute animę sue sanctis locis causa pietatis stabile permanere.’24 137: ‘De donatione quae sine launigild thingatione facta est, menime stare deveat. Quia specialiter edictum non fuit institutum, tamen usque modo est iudicatum: ideo errore tollendum hoc scribere paginam iussimus excepto si ecclesiam loca sanctorum exeneodochio aliquit quiscumque donaverit, deveat permanere, loga nec thinx inpedire devit, eo factum est.’25 780 (1045).26 (1045): ‘Et reprobemus postea causam ipsam quam fecimus, nos haeredes nostri, excellentissimus Liutprandus rex suis capitulis adicere curavit: piam donationem fecerit sanctorum, tinx launegild impedire debent, sit ipsa reprobata diximus.’27 ‘quae natione ad meam reversa legem, domni Lotharii regis legitur mulier romana, eius defuncto viro, soluta suam revertatur legem.’ Cap. 158.16.28 2004 (1051): ‘et inputo mercedem meam, do(m)nus affixit, “in casis synodochio debet.’” Similarly, 2026 (1056?), 2039 (1061). Sulomonese, (1050), (1051), (1057), 11 (1071), (1073), 14, 15, 17, 19, (1085–1115) notary], 32 (1130). 13 (962).29 Casauria 1330 (877); 1378 (892).30 77 (1065): ‘ unde premium, pretium exinde quero neque launegilt petiero, nisi precibus orationes noctuque Deum mea parentibus meis.’31 28. expecting heavenly donations, ‘Compulsory Exchange Italy, 650–1150’, Languages Ages, Wendy Davies Paul Fouracre 2010), 193–216 (197–8, 11).32 195 (1023): continent pagina domnus rex, capitulo instituit, suas, sua, loco Sanctorum, sinodochia permanere.’ This charter proceeds cite 98.1. Another 1686 (1017), 98.1.33 649 (1010): ‘firma stabilis permaneat perpetuum, quomodo langobardorum pagina.’34 205: cartis donationum faciendis. Si statum praecogitans animae suae cartam donationis cuilibet facere voluerit, non, sicut actenus fieri solebat, ius sibi vendendi, commutandi aliam easdem alienandi reservet, set abolute faciat unusquisque velit, noverit nostra autoritate penitus interdictum duas eadem re donationes, postquam unam traditionem fecerit, ipsis faciendi nullam habeat potestatem: ita tamen, usum fructuum precariam traditas tempus diffinitum possidendi concessa facultas.’35 190 (1014) [notary Petrus]; 2017 (1055) Atto], 2033 (1058) Sanso], 247 (1065) Atto].36 537 (1022? 1024?): ‘sicuti gloriosissimi Karoli constitutum habemus. langobardus recogitans, salutae cartulam sicuti hactenus iussit, commutandi, alia carta eamdem reseruet, sed absolute huius nostrae auctoritatis penitus. Duas potestatem.’ less extensively, 564 (1034?, 1036?).37 2054 (1068): ‘quia do(m)n(us) Karolus imperator constituit nobis iudicare illi placuerit iudicaverit firmum permaneat.’38 862 (1057) subsequent listed Appendix: ‘Decetrum dei nutu magni imperatoris ac patricii Romanorum, instituit homo donare quaemadmodum hic continentur ’ 119 (1090) ‘Decretum domini Caroli regis, quibus ipse anime sue, faciat, quemadmodum continetur ’39 199–200.40 16 (1035) [Aist. 12]; 65 (1059) [Liutpr. 6, Liutpr. 73 Aist. 12]. Both redacted Puglia (Ripalta monastery Giovanni Piano).41 (1035): ‘quod Astolfus affixit: quislibet sanitate egritudine rem ordinaverit redemptione permanere.’42 1926 (1047), notary Giso: ‘cuicumque vendidisset donasset permansisset quicquid iudicaverimus dispensaverimus, omni tempore permaneat.’ capitulary Pippin 95.11: 201. Cf. similarly, 1981 (1049).43 66 (766). discussion firmitas early extensive Maurizio Lupoi, radici mondo giuridico europeo: saggio storico-comparativo poligrafico Zecca dello Stato, Libreria 1994), trans. Adrian Belton, Order 2000), 438–57.44 335 (888): ‘Sed ipso sancto monasterio firma donatio nostra, lege pagina’. 333 (884), 337 (890).45 divin’.46 Examples sanctions: 372 (920); 385 (951).47 (1017).48 (1055).49 West, Reframing Feudal Revolution: Political Social Transformation Between Marne Moselle, c.800–c.1100 here 255. My thanks go reviewer point.50 Regarding medieval 151–204.51 index (Regesto Farfa), p. CXV: ‘Iohannes notarius (s. XI)’.52 981 (1067). Like other includes generalised usage 801; 38.53 225.54 (1034? 1036?) (law cited, no sanction); 534 (1021? 1022?) (spiritual sanction, cited); 1024?) 565 (neither).55 Revolution, 1.56 237.57 Destructio farfensis, farfense Catino, Balzani. Forzani, 1903), 27–51.58 Hugo’s strategies, Maya Maskarinec, Archives Law: Strategies Monte Amiata Turn Millennium’, (2021): 331–65.59 particularly apparent Casauria’s cartulary where 6; 19; 74; 73; 101; Aistulf 16; [= Francorum.] 40.12; 95.11; 98.1; Papiensis, Louis Pious, 11, 289–585]; 53.60 made ‘Les patrimoines monastiques (VIIe–Xe s.)’, L’environnement églises topographie religieuse campagnes IIIe congrès international d’archéologie médiévale (Aix-en-Provence, 28–30 septembre 1989), Fixot Elisabeth Zadora-Rio Éditions Maison Sciences l’Homme, 150–5 (150).61 events described Book 987–1016.62 what follows, ‘Pouvoir autour l’an mil: aristocratie, incastellamento, appropriation justices (960–1035)’, Bullettino dell’Istituto Storico Italiano Medio Evo 94 (1988): 1–72.63 (1017). An even earlier donation, 1533 (980), effect religious woman who remains home right dispose third her properties benefit soul anyone whom she wishes should remain stabile. legislation Liutprand 101.64 1039–66.65 ‘Casaux castra Abbruzzes: Salvatore Maiella (XIe–XIIIe siècle)’, Âge, Temps Modernes 97 (1985): 145–82.66 As John’s documents, similarly Bartolomeo’s often only form. contrasts Gregory’s Farfa’s full.67 privés’.68 9–11.69 18 below 115. bases argument fact contemporary do not Lombard/Carolingian charters’ inclusion castella (such Fara Carpinetum) seem have into possession until considerably and/or disputed between descendants. Abruzzes, 589–90.70 (962): (979): (977): penalty.71 20. Included series 998 1015 (nos. 110–14); these, however, pertain Vitale Pietra Scritta came 1071.72 14–17, above.73 559 (1028).74 (1028): ‘dedi donatum praesenti concessumque perpetuum esse volo.’75 ‘praesens aepistola cessionis inviolata stipulatione subnexa.’76 ‘si forsitan langobardum continetur, peccatis alii viro nubere praesumpserit, ipsae revertantur suprascriptum monasterium.’77 43.78 langobarda se desperaverit propter infirmitatem senectutem filios posse procreare, thingaverit, procreaverit, omne thin[x] ante rumpatur. Quod suprascriptus etsi peccata facinora atque destinatione habeo legitimum filium, noster ihesus christus michi filium dederit legitima uxore, suprascriptae meum legitimum, quantum congruum concedere suprascripto monasterio. Et filio legitimo decessero, omnes ulla calumina.’79 Translation modified based Laws, 82; 39–40: disperaverit aliquam corporis, possit habere, thingaverit posteaque eum contegerit, legitimus procreare: donatio, prius fecerat, rumpatur, filii legitimi unus plures, nati fuerint, heredes omnibus patri succedant.’80 845 (1050? 1054?): ‘In tali vero tenore donadeus nepos mortuus fuerit legitimo, ista legitur, veniat monasterium iam dictum est.’81 (1049). discussed 498–501.82 1968 (1049).83 1970 (1049).84 editors plausibly suggest refers 11.85 calculated 498–9, significantly than maximum amount 102 (Bluhme 149) allowed leave daughter.86 1994 (1050?): edictis sui affixit infante que ętatem licentiam synodochia permanere’; 499–500 interprets document indicating Octeberto’s respected Purpura had entered inheritance. convinced case. agree suggests contestation (or concern possible contestation) we need assume it regarded facto annulled wished Purpura’s assent donation. In particular, think telling nowhere verbs tradere used; instead action iudicavi confirmavi.87 117: statuimus adque definimus, cuicumque ipsos decem octo annos evenerit egritudo, viderit mortis periculum tendere, animam locis, pietatis, senedochio iudicare, textual combination close similarity 19 makes this, mind, obvious reference. Thus patently true, claimed 42 500, dealing ‘une pure simple falsification destinée masquer une frauduleuse: notaire, pour aider monastère entreprise caption d’héritage inventa un texte loi disait contraire d’une novelle Liutprand’. referring 58.88 415–16: ‘Petre, te appellat Martinus, pars Apollinaris tu es advocatus tenet malo ordine terram loco. – Ipsa terra propria sanct
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