France
Veronica Ortenberg
Abstract This chapter focuses on the northern half of France, with a southern limit at level Limousin, belonging to duchy Aquitaine, and part Burgundy. There is very little evidence in English or Continental sources any knowledge contacts lands beyond this line. Within area, old Carolingian west-Frankish kingdom was divided into several powerful principalities by early tenth century and, some cases, even increase its division smaller units, castellanies, during course eleventh century. The discussion covers factual for contact, cultural exchanges, liturgical devotional artistic exchanges between England France.
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