Northern Italy in the Central Middle Ages
Andrea Gamberini
This chapter focuses on the political change that took place in post-Carolingian age, when collapse of empire encouraged jurisdictional separation cities and countryside, until then subject to same authorities destiny. Thus, while city community <italic>cives</italic> gathered first around their bishop new communal institutions, countryside saw beginning a proliferation lords castles manorial lords. The result was development very different cultures were destined come into conflict with each other as, starting from 12th century, citizens commune began expansion surrounding countryside.
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