Memory, Symbol, and Arson: Was Rome "Sacked" in 1084?
Louis Hamilton
Even this ignores some of Robert's dramatic accomplishments. One the twelve sons Tancred Hauteville, Robert, with Richard Dieppe, traveled to southern Italy sometime around 1046. There they joined Richard's uncle, now count Aversa (a new town just north Naples), and several elder brothers, who were already securing a reputation for themselves as warriors emerging lords in Apulia. Within four years became Aversa, Robert was parlaying gift raiding livestock small towns into fame position dominance among his fellow Normans Italy. engaged almost ceaseless fighting from time arrival until death 1085. He campaigned tirelessly against Lombard, Byzantine, Arab, Nor man Italy; crushed Pope Leo IX at Civitate 1053 only form an alliance successor; then pressed Albania, Thessaly, Africa, he, along brother Roger controlled most Sicily. These lands, united single kingdom under nephew, II Sicily, would remain political unit over seven centuries.3 As epigrapher notes, by he had defeated
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