중세교회 파문 의식의 역사와 파문장(2) -12세기~15세기의 파문장을 중심으로-
장준철
The ritual excommunication molded in the ninth to tenth centuries widely spread over medieval Europe during twelfth and thirteenth having been contained bishop`s pontifical. Although High Middle Ages it was be a general appearance that sentenced ecclesiastical courts, records of still remained by fifteenth sixteenth centuries. While ``Occasional formulae`` ``Pontificale Romano-Germanicum began build forms excommunication, ``Auctoritate dei formula`` showed strong intention force more strongly on faithful. Accordingly ``auctoritate set forth long list authorities various kinds curse, so an attempt maximize horror malediction. In comparison it, Mende formula were composed simplifying punishments prohibitions, almost removing curses. reason why took places since century can explained political confusion northern Europe. social security damaged Norman invasions, military center destructed due dismantling Carolingian dynasty. There no secular power who able give supports church prevent misbehavior. Under circumstances like those, could not help dealing with criminals herself, way increasing effectively strengthen excommunication. It which maximized cursing ingredients had appeared south-eastern north-eastern France. pronouncement form significant changing process late Not only decretal collections its apogee Decretum Gratian, but also court systematically organized century. A series systematic debates them from time third Lateran Council(1179) fourth Council(1215) collection Decretal Gregory IX accelerated such inclination. With decrease sentence transferred court. Moreover, ``general used new type automatic as ‘latae sententiae,`` another those decrease.
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