Late Carolingian
Mirella Ferrari
This chapter surveys Late Carolingian minuscule in Italy (eleventh and twelfth centuries), discussing the development of a regional varieties script distinct “writing provinces”: Northwest (Piedmont, Lombardy, Emilia), Northeast, Center, as well North-Central (Modena, Bologna, Romagna). The Central region is further divided into Tuscan Umbro-Roman sub-provinces. In addition to geographic distinctions Italian scripts, chonological developments are discussed, differences based on differing classes books, influence documentary scripts bookhands.