Charcoal and Iron Production at and around Zutphen (ad 850–1200)
M. Groothedde
The rich material from the excavations in borough of Zutphen show that it was a centre metal production Late Carolingian times. Substantial quantities iron but also lead and copper alloy/bronze were worked at house plot 1 dating to second half ninth century. Some brought far away as raw materials. It is suggested some (stannite) imported England. organization changed considerably around ad 900 when focus no longer itself surrounding countryside. Huge charcoal produced forests early tenth centuries testified by evidence Looërenk excavations. rise (especially iron) region part supra-regional development leading move Veluwe territories east IJssel. Because emergence coincides with creation oppidum king counts Hamaland involved industries.
Medieval and Modern Matters