TEST USE AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Glenn Fulcher
Since Messick (1989) included test use in his validity matrix, there has been extensive debate about professional responsibility for use. To theorize use, some researchers have relied upon Foucault's social criticism, thereby stressing the negative role of tests surveillance marginalized. From a wider perspective, Shohamy (2001a) sees impact as stemming from centralizing agencies, which still leaves open possibility positive In this article I argue that how are used is reflection political philosophy society. Political can generally be characterized placing more emphasis on either state or citizen, leading to collectivist individualist solutions problems, they real perceived. societies, tests, like history, achieve conformity, control, and identity. individualistic promote individual progress. The within each broad approach will described illustrated. Finally, briefly describe effect-driven architecture method testers proscribe unintended uses their tests.
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics