Organisation
Adriaan Verhulst
Concerning commerce and trade one must be careful not to transpose in a simple way concepts realities of today the early Middle Ages. Commerce means profit but always those centuries were goods sold bought out such motives. Buying selling often done necessity, by professional merchants producers consumers themselves. In cases money could replaced goods, as when for example abbot Adalhard Corbie his instructions (Statuta) economy abbey household from year 822 ordered that production surplus its gardens should either or grain (venundetur aut contra denarios annonam). Simple exchange without also took place on certain social level gifts valuables between kings, princes members aristocracy some occasions, more ordinary lead salt, abbots their was need them obtain purchase reason (e.g. scarcity). Such transactions sometimes considered commercial local agents unjustly subjected tolls. Tolls principle indeed levied only goods. Some historians even propose Carolingian model double circulation circuit: privileged buying necessity profit, through at service, superimposed circuit free working
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