Fortifications and Military Tactics: Fulk Nerra's Strongholds circa 1000
Bernard S. Bachrach
For more than a century scholars have agreed that Fulk Nerra, known to some as Builder, constructed or saw the construction of perhaps many thirty strongholds, most made stone, in county Anjou and its environs during his reign (987-1040).' Recently this view has come under severe attack. In 1957 Jean Hubert argued traditional built stone donjon at Langeais circa 993-94 cannot be sustained from written sources. He pointed out Richer, contemporary, calls castrum an oppidum, while contemporary charter fortification is called castellum.2 Hubert's doubts were stimulated, least part, by
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