The Jews in Europe 500–1050
Michael Toch
In early Middle Ages the Mediterranean-Hellenistic Jewry of antiquity separated and developed into Byzantine-southern Italian, Roman, Catalan-southern French Arabic-Sicilian branches. By end tenth century immense wealth Cairo Genizah begins to shed light on Jews in Muslim world including Arab Sicily and, a much lesser degree, Spain Byzantium. The settlement history Europe should distinguish between two spheres, south north, periods, from late c.800, afterwards until c.1050/1100. ownership agricultural land by is definitely demonstrated Latin charters ninth eleventh centuries Italy, Christian Spain, southern east-central France. Toldot Yeshu other indications liturgy religious poetry point polemical imperative medieval Jewish culture that almost matching image approach Judaism.
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