Script after print: Juan de Yciar and the art of writing
Jessica Berenbeim
Click to increase image sizeClick decrease size Acknowledgments The author thanks Thomas Cummins, Jeffrey Hamburger, Ann Blair, Leah Whittington, Stella Panayotova, Andrea Clarke, and Nickson, as well members of staff at libraries museums who made their collections available for consultation. Notes 1 – Nemo cogitet, fratres, nemo dicat: Quid necesse est me scribendo fatigari, cum ars impressoria tot tantosque libros transfundat in lucem, ut modico ere magnam bibliothecam possimus instruere? Johannes Trithemius, De laude scriptorum, ed. Klaus Arnold (Würzburg: Freunde mainfränkischer Kunst und Geschichte E.V., 1973), pp. 11–23, 62–3. Translation: author. book was printed 1494. See also the comments Richard Mary Rouse ‘Backgrounds Print: Aspects Manuscript Book Northern Europe Fifteenth Century’, Authentic Witnesses: Approaches Medieval Texts Manuscripts (Notre Dame: University Notre Dame Press, 1999), 449–66. 2 Several bibliographic or biographical investigations Yciar's work acknowledge his importance a calligrapher; most comprehensive analytical these is Daniel Alonso García, Ioannes de Yciar. Calígrafo durangués del siglo XVI, 1550–1950 ([n.p.]: Junta Cultura Viscaya, 1953). Emilio Cotarelo y Mori, Diccionario biográfico bibliográfico calígrafos españoles (Madrid: [n.p.], 1913), no. 530; Rufino Blanco Sánchez, Catálogo grabadores letra, con notas bibliográficas sus obras 1920), 42–3. Henry Thomas, ‘Juan Vingles (Jean Vingle), Sixteenth-Century Illustrator’, Library, 18 (1937), 121–56, includes much useful information on 3 Six copies manual were consulted course this research. For first edition (1548): Houghton Library TypW 560.48.460, Cambridge Td.56.1, British C.31.h.9; second (1550): 560.50.460, CUL F156 d 8.2, BL C.41.h.14. There published facsimile each: Justo García Morales, ed., Juan Orthographia pratica Instituto Bibliográfico Hispánico, 1973); Evelyn Schuckburgh, trans., Yciar: A Facsimile 1550 Edition Arte subtilissima, with an introduction by Reynolds Stone (London: Lion Unicorn 1958; reprinted Oxford 1960). Translations from follow Schuckburgh Stone, cited. 4 despues la inuencion impression que fue verdad cosa diuinalmente inspirada para utilidad delos hombres, no se tenga el cuydado antes, saber perfectame(n)te escreuir mano… paresciome ami digna trabajo enella he puesto… inquirir recopilar todas las diuersidades caracteres letras entre christianos mas vsan…; Yciar, Recopilacion intitulada pratica, por qual enseña escrivir perfectamente (1548), Aii recto–Aii verso. author, Clarke Nickson advice. 5 discussion number text questions that relate particularly early modern printing, see contributions Printing Matters, special issue Word & Image Graham Larkin Lisa Pon, Image, 17 (2001), 1–183. 6 Many palaeographical studies have been devoted Italian humanist scribes manuals inspired both hand pedagogy. especially: B.L. Ullman, Origin Development Humanistic Script (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1960); Albinia C. Mare, Handwriting Humanists (Oxford: Press/Association internationale bibliophile, 1973–); James Wardrop, Humanism: Some Script, 1460–1560 Clarendon 1963); ‘New research humanistic Florence’, Miniatura fiorentina Rinascimento, 1440–1525: Un primo censimento, Annarosa Garzelli (Florence: Giunta regionale toscana/La Nuova Italia, 1985), I395–600; Stanley Morison, Early Writing-Books: Renaissance Baroque, Nicholas Barker (Verona: Valdonega, 1990). study English calligraphy based Derridean conceptions cultural graphology, Jonathan Goldberg, Writing Matter: From Hands (Stanford: Stanford 1990), briefly mentions manual, 75–6. 7 unification religious control, A.W. Lovett, Hapsburg Spain, 1517–1598 1986), 277–97; Counter-Reformation Spain ‘Campaign uniformity’, 1540s, John Lynch, 1516–1598: Nation State World Empire Blackwell, 1992), 342–50. essays Anne J. Cruz Elizabeth Perry, eds, Culture Control (Minneapolis: Minnesota 1992). 4, 21 1516–1598, p. 2, among others, peninsular Spain's lack ‘tradition unity’. 8 extensive Nebrija colonial context, Walter Mignolo, Darker Side Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality Colonialization (Ann Arbor: Michigan 1995), 1–2, 29–67; Nebrija's prologue, especially 38–9, further bibliography. 15, invokes life 9 Oscar Ogg, Three Classics Calligraphy (New York: Dover, 1953); Calligraphic Models Ludovico degli Arrighi, Surnamed Vicentino: Complete Facsimile; Carla Marzoli 1535–1885: Collection Seventy-Two Writing-Books Specimens Italian, French, Low Countries, Spanish Schools (Milan: La Bibliofilia, 1962); Writing-Books; David P. Becker, Practice Letters: Hofer Manuals, 1514–1800 (Cambridge: Harvard College 1997). 10 1535–1885, 66; Letters, 47. 11 49. 12 siguendo pisadas excelentes autores Italianos desta materia trataron, son (Ludouico Vicentino, Antonio Tagliente, Iuan baptista Palatino), edition, iii recto verso; 7. 13 Writing-Books, 51, 62. 14 Bernhard Bischoff, Latin Palaeography: Antiquity Middle Ages, trans. Dáibhí Ó Crónín Ganz 1990); Ganz, ‘The Preconditions Caroline Minuscule’, Viator, 19 (1989), 23–44; Rosamund McKitterick, Carolingians Written 1989); ‘Script Production’, Carolingian Culture: Emulation Innovation, McKitterick 1994), 221–47. 15 Aléman's Ortografía, Julie Greer Johnson, Americas: Role Books Society Colonial America (Providence: Carter Brown 1988), 18, fig. 25 (reproducing title page). 16 ix; counts seven more (for total nine). Neither lists editions, so it unclear how they correlate present author's count: 1548, 1550, 1553, 1555, 1559, 1564, 1566, 1596. These are, however, same dates listed Vingles’, 124. esp. Appendix (‘Books Containing Cuts Signed IV IDV’). example: 525.32.162 ([1532]), 525.33.162 (1533), 525.39.162 (1539); F153.c.2.1 (1538). 70–1. 20 Humanism, 40–1. development script, Development, chap. 2–4; Handwriting, 4–5. 22 history frontispiece ‘announcement’ text, Margaret M. Smith, Title-Page: Its 1460–1510 2000). 23 Porque hay muchas personas curiosas dessearan modo, manera como este libro ha hecho: pensando algunos punzones, o matrizes enla emprenta poder hazer tanta diuersidad aquii van. Y tambien blancas, Emprenta: acorde poner modo dos cosas. primera contentar al lo sabe: otra porque vean tan grande, largo hauido en esta obra… Sera pues caso estassuertes estan escriptas reues unas tablas Azarollera, necessariamente ha(n) estar ansipara salgan derecho esta(n) aqui. enlas grauadas cortadas pu(n)ta cuchillo, gra(n)dissima dificultad, qualquiera curioso podro notar variedad letras. 1548 I vii translation: 125. 24 130 Appendix. Measured approximately place Cv verso Biii recto, respectively, MSS 560.48.460 (1548) 560.50.460 (1550). 26 129. They had appeared Alciati, Lyons 1549. 27 records at: Western Ontario Faculty Music, CANTUS: Database Ecclesiastical Chant, <http://publish.uwo.ca/∼cantus/> 28 G iiij through verso, typeset interlude entitled Trata los casos otros cosos necessarias vn escriptor Libros. 29 En yglesias hecho alcun hincapie, sido razones. vna ninguno mencion alguna, excepto Antionio Taglie(n)te puso geometria dela letra guessa libros: visto ser reprouada muy gra(n)des escriuanos arte, gran desproporcio(n) enellas hay. mi propria detener consideracion forma letras, poniendo sin ninguna, sino solamente ala mano, paresciendo si ellas bie(n) hechas, exceden todo co(m)pas, claramente vera qualquiera, H vij edition; 26–7. 30 ‘secret’ aspect Holy Names, Arasse, ‘Entre dévotion et hérésie. tablette Saint Bernardin, ou le secret d'un prédicateur’, Res (1995), 128–9. 31 Eleana Isabel Estrada Gerlero, ‘La epigrafía arte Novohispano XVI’, Art: Themes Unity Diversity, Irving Lavin (University Park: Pennsylvania 1989), 349–54. 32 See, example, Flora Lewis, Wound Christ's Instruments Passion: Gendered Experience Response’, Women Book: Assessing Visual Evidence, Lesley Smith Jane H.M. Taylor 1996), 204–29. 33 Manuel Toussaint, Art Mexico, Wilder Weismann (Austin: Texas 1967), 70–1; Metropolitan Museum Art, Mexico: Splendors Thirty Centuries, 118. 34 Huxtable Elliott, ‘Spain Sixteenth Seventeenth Centuries’, World, 1500–1700: Selected Essays Haven: Yale 7–26; 13, 15. 35 Vicenta Cortés, escritura escrito. Paleografía diplomática España América siglos XVI XVII Cooperación Iberoamericana, 34; Kathryn Burns, ‘Notaries, Truth, Consequences’, American Historical Review, 110 (2005), 352, 358–9. 36 267–8. 37 Empire’, 14–15, Parker, 31. 38 Add. 28, 528/30–31; 34, n. 89. 39 Angel Rama, Lettered City, Charles Chasteen (Durham: Duke 1996). 40 Javier Docampo's catalogue essay, ‘Arte una sociedad estamental. iluminación documentos Austrias’, Museo Prado, El documento pintado AFEDA, 2000), 45–66, one few general art Patents Nobility, references specialized I.A.A. Thompson, ‘Neo-Noble Nobility: Concepts hidalguía Modern Castile’, European History Quarterly, (1985), 379–400 discusses role documents but not visual aspects. 41 América, Los Siglos Oro Virreinatos 1550–1700 Sociedad Estatal Conmemoración Centenarios Felipe II Carlos V, B.F. Incas, Reyes Perú (Lima: Banco Crédito, 2005), 203 28. 42 Docampo, estamental’, 52. 43 Albert Leonard, Brave: Being Account Men Conquest Settlement New 1949). 44 Lyle N. McAlister, Portugal 1984), 74, 78. 45 Americas, 12, f. 142). 46 Detlef Heikamp, Mexico Medici Editrice Elam, 1972), nos 20–23; 120; Teresa Castello Yturbide, Featherwork (Mexico: Banamex, 1993), 160–74; plumaria, espresión artística excelencia’, México mundo colecciones (México: Gobierno República, III, 82–95; Alessandra Russo, ‘Plumes sacrifice’, Res, (2002), 242–4, 13. 47 Medici, 19, suggested connection, albeit tentatively (N.B. Heikamp — others subsequently cited leaf incorrectly). earlier reference, A. Sauzay, Musée Impérial du Louvre. Catalogue Sauvageot ([Paris]: Mourgues Frères, 1861), 1049. 48 Listed E.F. Bange, Die Bildwerke Holz, Stein Ton. Klenplastik (Berlin: Gruyter, 1930), (M. 102), reproduction following page. Rudolf Berliner, ‘Arma Christi’, Berliner (1886–1967): Freedom Art’, andere Studien zum christlichen Bild, Robert Suckale Lukas, 2003), IX, 139, 19. Bange localizes relief Bavaria, Flanders. 49 Jeanette Peterson, Paradise Garden Murals Malinalco: Utopia 66, 75, 149–51. 50 XVI’; Elena unpublished paper Names (author's typescript provided Cummins).
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