The Ruler Portrait of Charles the Bald in the S. Paolo Bible
William J. Diebold
The ruler portrait of Charles the Bald and accompanying poem in S. Paolo Bible are related to Carolingian conceptions monarch. image shows as model so is a pictorial counterpart common literary genre, mirror ruler. miniature's unusual function visual speculum principis particularly appropriate, but did not have single meaning ninth century; instead, its significance changed it was viewed by various audiences: patron (probably Charles), king himself, pope.
Art Bulletin