Social and biological evolution I. Darwinism and social evolution
C. R. Hallpike
Abstract This first paper lays the foundations for second by disposing of claims that Darwinian principles can be applied to social evolution. (1) In systems there is no such process as ‘reproduction’, distinct from maintenance, and are thus equivalents gene. Nor do have any ‘basic units’ on which selection could operate, it shown concepts ‘memes’ or ‘culturgens’ run into insuperable problems gigantic numbers. (2) The biological concept ‘fitness’ purely statistical, hence quite irrelevant analysis structured phenomena like societies. (3) organism environment distinction does not apply societies, clearly bounded organisms, far inter- intra-societal relations concerned instead ‘adaptation’ we find mutual influence adjustment. (4) theory emphasizes competition, totally ignoring processes co-operation one aspect (5) There significant resemblance between mutation invention.
Journal of Social and Biological Structures