static inline int pmd_present(pmd_t pmd)
{
	/*
	 * Checking for _PAGE_PSE is needed too because
	 * split_huge_page will temporarily clear the present bit (but
	 * the _PAGE_PSE flag will remain set at all times while the
	 * _PAGE_PRESENT bit is clear).
	 */
	return pmd_flags(pmd) & (_PAGE_PRESENT | _PAGE_PROTNONE | _PAGE_PSE);
}
The software performs operations on a memory buffer, but it can read from or write to a memory location that is outside of the intended boundary of the buffer.