  static void assertMalformedRequest(Class<?> cls, Object... args) {
    try {
      Request request = buildRequest(cls, args);
      fail("expected a malformed request but was " + request);
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
    }
  }
The software uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the software does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.