    def apply(operations)
      operations.inject(self) do |builder, (name, argument)|
        if argument == true || argument == nil
          builder.send(name)
        elsif argument.is_a?(Array)
          builder.send(name, *argument)
        elsif argument.is_a?(Hash)
          builder.send(name, **argument)
        else
          builder.send(name, argument)
        end
      end
    end
The software constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.