PMC10117824_01
PMC10117824_02
(A,B): Normal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) responses (normal cardiac function) in a healthy 14-year old male control. Note there is little change in trajectories after AT compared to before AT. (C,D): Abnormal CPET responses (cardiac dysfunction) from the case participant 14-year old male with elevated hs-CRP and a family history risk factor for early-age coronary artery disease. Note the significant steepening of heart rate trajectory with abrupt flattening of oxygen pulse after AT compared to before AT. AT, anaerobic threshold; Oxygen pulse, VO2/HR (index of stroke volume x arteriovenous oxygen difference); VO2, oxygen uptake. SI conversion factors: To convert VO2 and AT values to L/min, multiply by.001; to convert VO2/HR (oxygen pulse, ml/beat) to L/beat, multiply by.001.
fped-11-1103094-g001.jpg
PMC10117824_02_fped-11-1103094-g001.jpg
F1
Figure 1 illustrates normal HR vs.
(A): Normal heart rate response seen in a healthy 14-year old male control showing normal cardiac function. Note there is only a slight change in slope (-5%) between the 2 min prior to exercise test termination (S2) and the 2 min prior to AT (S1). (B): Abnormal heart rate response from the case participant 14-year old male showing cardiac dysfunction. Note the significant steepening of slope S2 (286%) in late exercise compared to the baseline S1. S1 = slope of line of best fit for heart rate response in the 2 min prior to the exercise test termination. Dashed lines represent trajectory of S1 (baseline slope). AT, anaerobic threshold; Pred Max HR, predicted maximum heart rate.
fped-11-1103094-g002.jpg
PMC10117824_02_fped-11-1103094-g002.jpg
F2
Figure 2 illustrates the normal HR response of the control compared to the abnormal case participant's HR response.