PMC9131980_01
Graphical representation of the six operationalisations used in the current study. * = not applied to PISA datasets. TIMSS 2019 grade 8 dataset used as an example. The first science achievement plausible value was used as the proxy for achievement
11092_2022_9384_Fig1_HTML.jpg
PMC9131980_01_11092_2022_9384_Fig1_HTML.jpg
Fig1
Figure 1 illustrates these operationalisations graphically.