PMC2917043_01
Diabetic maculopathy and serous retinal detachment. (A) Late-phase optomap fa fluorescein angiogram demonstrating diffuse leakage. Arrow depicts direction of optical coherence tomography scans. (B) Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and (C) StratusOCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec) images, respectively, demonstrating the intact external limiting membrane (ELM) temporally and the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment (PR IS/OS) nasally. The sensory retina in the area of detachment is blurred, and the continuity of the ELM and PR IS/OS is not appreciated. (D) Advanced visualization C-scan image using a retinal pigment epithelium-aligned contour over a 53-microm thickness centered above the retinal pigment epithelium. The area of serous retinal detachment is seen as a low-reflectivity spot in the surrounding high-reflectivity areas.
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F1
Late-phase optomap fa fluorescein angiography of the right eye showed diffuse leakage in the foveal area (Fig. 1A). Cirrus HD-OCT images defined the architecture of cystoid changes with greater clarity than StratusOCT (Figs. 1B and 1C). Advanced visualization defines the two-dimensional extent of the detachment in a single image (Fig. 1D).
PMC2917043_02
Massive subretinal fluid due to exudative age-related macular degeneration. (A) Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and (B) StratusOCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec) images demonstrating a large subretinal fluid accumulation overlying disciform scarring. The Cirrus HD-OCT image shows a portion of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) remaining adjacent to the scarred area. Note the finer detail of the cystoid structures displayed in the Cirrus HD-OCT image. (C) Interactive internal limiting membrane segmentation data map demonstrating the two-dimensional area of internal limiting membrane elevation. ONL = outer nuclear layer.
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F2
Cirrus HD-OCT shows portions of the outer nuclear layer still adhering to scarred areas, a finding difficult to appreciate with StratusOCT (Figs. 2A and 2B). The internal limiting membrane map obtained from the Cirrus HD-OCT macular thickness analysis used shadowing to express the three-dimensional appearance of internal limiting membrane segmentation data (Fig. 2C).
PMC2917043_03
Diabetic macular edema. (A) Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and (B) StratusOCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec) images demonstrating cystoid edema. The Cirrus HD-OCT image demonstrates the continuity of the external limiting membrane (ELM) and the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment (PR IS/OS) through the fovea. The ELM is not clearly seen in the StratusOCT image. (C) Advanced visualization C-scan image using a retinal pigment epithelium-aligned contour over a 53-microm thickness centered above the retinal pigment epithelium. Hard exudates are seen superiorly.
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F3
Both StratusOCT and Cirrus HD-OCT images (Figs. 3A and 3B) demonstrated persistent macular edema after earlier anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment, and the decision was made to proceed with continued intravitreal therapy. Advanced visualization (Fig. 3C) shows the two-dimensional configuration of multiple hard exudates noted on prior ophthalmoscopic examination.
PMC2917043_04
Severe vitreomacular traction. (A) Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and (B) StratusOCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec) images demonstrating vitreomacular traction and foveal cysts. An epiretinal membrane (ERM) is identified in both images. (C) Advanced visualization C-scan image using an internal limiting membrane-aligned contour over a 39-microm thickness centered at the internal limiting membrane. The arrow designates the location of foveal cysts.
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F4
Cirrus HD-OCT and StratusOCT imaging show severe vitreomacular traction (Figs. 4A and 4B). Advanced visualization suggests that the tractional force is centered in the superior macula (Fig. 4C).
PMC2917043_05
Extensive choroidal neovascularization due to exudative age-related macular degeneration. (A) Optomap fa fundus photograph demonstrating subretinal hemorrhage. (B) Late-phase optomap fa fluorescein angiography demonstrating central hyperfluorescence surrounded by blockage by hemorrhage. Arrow depicts direction of optical coherence tomography scans. (C) Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and (D) StratusOCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec) images demonstrating extensive choroidal neovascularization and subretinal hemorrhage. Superiorly, a small pocket of subretinal fluid (SRF) is identified in the Cirrus HD-OCT image, and the external limiting membrane (ELM) is seen in the inferior portion of the image. The asterisk designates cystoid edema.
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F5
An 83-year-old man complained of reduced visual acuity in the right eye and on ophthalmoscopic examination of the right eye was found to have a subretinal hemorrhage (Fig. 5A). Late-phase optomap fa fluorescein angiography (Fig. 5B) of the right eye demonstrated central hyperfluorescence surrounded by a hemorrhage blockage consistent with an active choroidal neovascular membrane. Cirrus HD-OCT and StratusOCT imaging demonstrated extensive choroidal neovascularization and adjacent subretinal fluid (Figs. 5C and 5D).
PMC2917043_06
Exudative age-related macular degeneration with disciform scar. (A) Optomap fa fundus photograph demonstrating central disciform scar with subretinal fluid and faint hemorrhage. (B) Late-phase optomap fa fluorescein angiogram demonstrating a central area of hyperfluorescence. Arrow depicts direction of optical coherence tomography scans. (C) Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and (D) StratusOCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec) images demonstrating extensive epiretinal membrane (ERM), cystoid edema (asterisks), and scarring. (E) Advanced visualization C-scan image using an internal limiting membrane-aligned contour over a 35-microm thickness centered at the internal limiting membrane. Deep retinal folds are apparent throughout the image.
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F6
An 84-year-old man with a history of nonexudative age-related macular degeneration in both eyes complained of reduced visual acuity in the left eye and was found to have a central disciform scar with subretinal fluid and hemorrhage in the left eye on ophthalmoscopic examination (Fig. 6A). Late-phase optomap fa fluorescein angiography demonstrated a central area of hyperfluorescence consistent with an active choroidal neovascular membrane (Fig. 6B). Cirrus HD-OCT and StratusOCT imaging demonstrate an extensive epiretinal membrane, cystoid edema, and scarring (Figs. 6C and 6D). Advanced visualization demonstrates deep retinal folds induced by the epiretinal membrane (Fig. 6E).