PMC3999441_01
Massive enlargement of the venous system of the left upper arm.
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F1
Months later, he developed a remarkable enlargement of the arteriovenous fistula (fig. 1) and dilated jugular veins (fig. 2).
Venogram showing aneurysmal dilatation of the cephalic arch and subclavian vein with complete occlusion of the brachiocephalic vein.
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F3
Venography revealed 50% stenosis of the left brachiocephalic vein accompanied by dilatation of the ipsilateral cephalic and subclavian veins (fig. 3).
Venogram after angioplasty showing improved venous outflow to the central circulation. Note the disappearance of the previously retrograde collateral veins.
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F4
After successful dilatation of the left brachiocephalic vein stenosis by balloon angioplasty, venography showed restoration of the blood flow in the central venous circulation and disappearance of the previously noted retrograde flow in the left internal jugular vein (fig. 4).