PMC9862230_01
Distribution of farms not producing and producing RE by UAA classes
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Fig1
From Fig. 1 we observe that the holdings in the highest size class (>40 ha) account for 37.7% of farms that produce RE, and only 23.3% of farms that does not produce RE; this result is influenced by the presence of livestock farms of large dimension producing RE (see Fig. 5).
Distribution of farms producing solar energy (on the left) and biogas (on the right) by UAA classes
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Fig2
Distribution of farms not producing and producing RE by AWU classes
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Fig3
Annual Work Units, 4 classes were identified: very small (up to 1 AWU), small (1-3 AWU), medium (3-5), large (more than 5 AWU). As we may see from Fig. 3, the small class includes more than 50% of companies, both for farms that do not produce RE (52.5%) and those producing RE (54.4%).
Distribution of farms producing solar energy (on the left) and biogas (on the right) by AWU classes
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Fig4
Distribution of farms producing solar energy (on the left) and biogas (on the right) by SO classes
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Fig5
From Fig. 1 we observe that the holdings in the highest size class (>40 ha) account for 37.7% of farms that produce RE, and only 23.3% of farms that does not produce RE; this result is influenced by the presence of livestock farms of large dimension producing RE (see Fig. 5).
Distribution of farms producing solar energy (on the left) and biogas (on the right) by FNVA classes
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Fig6
By energy source, from Fig. 6 we observe that 43.5% of farms producing solar power fall in the highest class, compared to as many as 84.6% of farms producing biogas.
Empirical cumulative distribution functions of land productivity (on the left) and labour productivity (on the right) for farms producing RE by type of farming
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Fig7
It is interesting to compare the empirical cumulative distribution functions (ecdf) of land and labour productivity for farms producing RE (see Fig. 7): while for the land productivity the ecdfs of crop and livestock farms are very close, the difference between the two ecdfs seems much larger for the labour productivity, in accordance with the results of Sharma et al..
Empirical cumulative distribution functions of land productivity (on the left) and labour productivity (on the right) by source of RE
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Fig8
Figure 8 depicts the ecdfs of land and labour productivity, respectively, for farms producing RE by different sources (biogas, solar, other sources) and compare them to that of farms not producing RE.
Standard output by utilised agricultural area (on the left) and by annual work units (on the right), for farms producing biogas and solar energy
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Fig9
Figure 9 shows on the left the standard output by utilised agricultural area for farms producing biogas (red points) and solar energy (blue points); the black line represents the average linear relationship between SO and UAA, computed over all the farms. Figure 9 displays on the right the standard output by annual work units for farms producing biogas and solar energy, with the black line representing the average linear relationship between SO and AWU, computed over all the farms.
Empirical cumulative distribution functions of FNVA/UAA (on the left) and FNVA/AWU (on the right) by source of RE
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Fig10
Figure 10 displays the ecdfs of FNVA/UAA and FNVA/AWU, respectively, by source of RE and show how much the biogas production is able to raise the value of both ratios; again, the difference with the other farms is especially relevant with respect to the labour.
Farm net value added by utilised agricultural area (on the left) and by annual work units (on the right), for farms producing biogas and solar energy
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Fig11
Figure 11 shows the farm net value added by utilised agricultural area and by annual work units, respectively, for farms producing biogas and solar energy.