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On the venous phase of the coronary angiography, there was no coronary sinus ostium and venous drainage into a persistent left-sided superior vena cava existed. A: Anterior-posterior (AP) view. B: Left anterior oblique (LAO) view. (A: yellow arrows= PLSVC) (B: yellow arrowheads = PLSVC)
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CS could not be cannulated from the right atrium. Coronary angiography showed ostial atresia of the CS and venous drainage into a PLSVC (Figure 1).
The direct cannulation of the multielectrode catheter from the left jugular vein to a persistent left-sided superior vena cava is shown. A: Anterior-posterior (AP) view. B: Left anterior oblique (LAO) view.
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The left-sided superior vena cava was directly cannulated via the left internal jugular vein, and a multipolar electrode catheter was positioned in the CS (Figure 2).