PMC8578847_01
Change in DRS-R98 scores over the study period, and corresponding measurements. (A) DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores decreased during each of the two treatment intervals. In the first, under twice-daily naloxone, the RASS was -4, indicating the agitated patient was over sedated on days 1 and 2. The patient was delirium-free and mildly sedated on day 3 without naloxone treatment. On day 4, DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores were 23 and 3, respectively, indicating that delirium had returned. In the second interval, under nightly naloxone only, the patient was delirium-free and mildly sedated on day 5. MMSE scores were 14-16 and stabilized at 17 with remaining cognitive deficits. Corresponding pupil diameter was normal. (B) DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores decreased over time. A change in RASS score from 1.5 to 0 indicated that the mildly agitated patient became calm after sleeping 12 h at night. The MMSE score increased from 13 to 23 and stabilized at 24 with remaining cognitive deficits. Corresponding pupil diameter was normal. (C) DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores decreased over time. RASS score of 1-0 indicated that the patient recovered from a restless to a normal state. The MMSE score increased from 24 to 30 indicating no cognitive deficits; however, pupil diameter remained 4.5 mm (normally 3 mm). DRS-R98, delirium rating scale-revised 98 (severity scale only; 13 items; maximum score, 39; delirium, >15; resolution, <12); MMSE, mini mental status examination (30 point cognitive test; maximum score 30); RASS, Richmond agitation sedation scale (10 levels; 4, combative; 3, very agitated; 2, agitated; 1, restless; 0, alert and calm; -1, drowsy; -2, light sedation; -3, sedation; -4, deep sedation; -5, cannot be aroused).
fpsyt-12-748958-g0001.jpg
PMC8578847_03_fpsyt-12-748958-g0001.jpg
F1
Naloxone infusion was carried out (Figure 1C).
PMC8578847_02
Change in DRS-R98 scores over the study period, and corresponding measurements. (A) DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores decreased during each of the two treatment intervals. In the first, under twice-daily naloxone, the RASS was -4, indicating the agitated patient was over sedated on days 1 and 2. The patient was delirium-free and mildly sedated on day 3 without naloxone treatment. On day 4, DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores were 23 and 3, respectively, indicating that delirium had returned. In the second interval, under nightly naloxone only, the patient was delirium-free and mildly sedated on day 5. MMSE scores were 14-16 and stabilized at 17 with remaining cognitive deficits. Corresponding pupil diameter was normal. (B) DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores decreased over time. A change in RASS score from 1.5 to 0 indicated that the mildly agitated patient became calm after sleeping 12 h at night. The MMSE score increased from 13 to 23 and stabilized at 24 with remaining cognitive deficits. Corresponding pupil diameter was normal. (C) DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores decreased over time. RASS score of 1-0 indicated that the patient recovered from a restless to a normal state. The MMSE score increased from 24 to 30 indicating no cognitive deficits; however, pupil diameter remained 4.5 mm (normally 3 mm). DRS-R98, delirium rating scale-revised 98 (severity scale only; 13 items; maximum score, 39; delirium, >15; resolution, <12); MMSE, mini mental status examination (30 point cognitive test; maximum score 30); RASS, Richmond agitation sedation scale (10 levels; 4, combative; 3, very agitated; 2, agitated; 1, restless; 0, alert and calm; -1, drowsy; -2, light sedation; -3, sedation; -4, deep sedation; -5, cannot be aroused).
fpsyt-12-748958-g0001.jpg
PMC8578847_03_fpsyt-12-748958-g0001.jpg
F1
Naloxone infusion was carried out (Figure 1C).
PMC8578847_03
Change in DRS-R98 scores over the study period, and corresponding measurements. (A) DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores decreased during each of the two treatment intervals. In the first, under twice-daily naloxone, the RASS was -4, indicating the agitated patient was over sedated on days 1 and 2. The patient was delirium-free and mildly sedated on day 3 without naloxone treatment. On day 4, DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores were 23 and 3, respectively, indicating that delirium had returned. In the second interval, under nightly naloxone only, the patient was delirium-free and mildly sedated on day 5. MMSE scores were 14-16 and stabilized at 17 with remaining cognitive deficits. Corresponding pupil diameter was normal. (B) DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores decreased over time. A change in RASS score from 1.5 to 0 indicated that the mildly agitated patient became calm after sleeping 12 h at night. The MMSE score increased from 13 to 23 and stabilized at 24 with remaining cognitive deficits. Corresponding pupil diameter was normal. (C) DRS-R98 severity and RASS scores decreased over time. RASS score of 1-0 indicated that the patient recovered from a restless to a normal state. The MMSE score increased from 24 to 30 indicating no cognitive deficits; however, pupil diameter remained 4.5 mm (normally 3 mm). DRS-R98, delirium rating scale-revised 98 (severity scale only; 13 items; maximum score, 39; delirium, >15; resolution, <12); MMSE, mini mental status examination (30 point cognitive test; maximum score 30); RASS, Richmond agitation sedation scale (10 levels; 4, combative; 3, very agitated; 2, agitated; 1, restless; 0, alert and calm; -1, drowsy; -2, light sedation; -3, sedation; -4, deep sedation; -5, cannot be aroused).
fpsyt-12-748958-g0001.jpg
PMC8578847_03_fpsyt-12-748958-g0001.jpg
F1
Naloxone infusion was carried out (Figure 1C).