PMC4996567_01
Selected coronal CT images displaying stone burden. From left to right: right UPJ stone (note curvature of spine); left ureteral stone; left renal stone.
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A CT scan (Fig. 1) revealed a pelvic horseshoe kidney with significant bilateral hydronephrosis resulting from a 3.3 cm obstructing stone in the right ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) and several stones in the left renal pelvis and ureter measuring up to 1.5 cm.
Selected radiographic images displaying complex anatomy. From left to right: axial CT image with pelvic horseshoe kidney; sagittal CT image showing spinal curvature; radiograph showing skeletal deformities.
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Given her complex anatomy (Fig. 2), the patient was also evaluated by radiology for CT-guided percutaneous bilateral renal access to facilitate bilateral PCNL.