PMC4473101_01
Schematic of the targeted reinnervation (TR) procedure for the amputee subject.
gr1.jpg
PMC4473101_01_gr1.jpg
f0005
August 2008, 1 week before his targeted reinnervation (TR) surgery. As shown in Fig. 1, during the TR surgery, the median nerve was transferred to the medial head of the biceps; the distal radial nerve was transferred to the lateral head of the triceps; and the ulnar nerve was transferred to the motor reinnervation point of the brachialis.
PMC4473101_02
The stimulation sites via cutaneous (left) and needle (right) electrodes for the median nerve on the amputee participant.
gr2.jpg
PMC4473101_02_gr2.jpg
f0010
The exact stimulation sites via needle and cutaneous electrodes for the median nerve are shown in Fig. 2.
Schematic of the site of ulnar nerve stimulation via a needle electrode (left) and the surface electrode location (right) over the little finger in the able-bodied control participant.
gr3.jpg
PMC4473101_02_gr3.jpg
f0015
This able-bodied participant reported most focused sensation when we stimulated the ulnar nerve in both arms via needle electrodes applied at the elbow as well as via cutaneous electrodes applied at the little finger (see Fig. 3 for the stimulation sites).
Within-subject repeatability test on the able-bodied participant. The left and right subplots show the results obtained in session 1 and session 2, respectively. The color represents the normalized strength obtained at a specific time (y-axis, from 10 to 40 ms with 0 representing the onset of the stimulation) and location (x-axis, with negative and positive 1-10 indicate segments on ipsilateral and contralateral side S1, respectively, all from medial to lateral). In this figure, CS means cutaneous stimulation, and DNS means direct nerve stimulation.
gr4.jpg
PMC4473101_02_gr4.jpg
f0020
This processing allows us to represent the bilateral S1 using location indices, where negative and positive 1-10 indicate segments on ipsilateral and contralateral side S1, respectively, all from medial to lateral (see the top of Fig. 4a).