PMC5586773_01
a Chest CT scan showing a ring (arrow) of multiple anterolateral calcified nodules surrounding the tracheal lumen but sparing the posterior walls. b, c Bronchoscopic view of airways after 1-month therapy, showing diffuse anterolateral distribution of nodules (arrows) in the typical cobblestone appearance of TO. The posterior wall is spared. d Histopathologic view of the nodules from the patient illustrates (arrows) submucosal calcification, ossification, and cartilage formation.
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F1
CT revealed an increased density in the cartilage ring surrounding the trachea (fig. 1a). Bronchoscopy showed tracheal stenosis with white, hard spicules (fig. 1b, c). Histopathology confirmed the presence of cartilaginous and osseous nodules in the bronchial submucosa with a moderate degree of squamous metaplasia (fig. 1d).