PMC10014906_01
Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and 3D tumor segmentation. (A) Axial T1-weighted post-gadolinium MRI shows the tumor's proximity to the left vertebral artery, proximal basilar artery, and internal carotid artery. (B) Coronal T1-weighted post-gadolinium MRI indicates the involvement of the left occipital condyle, jugular foramen, and hypoglossal canal. (C) Sagittal post-gadolinium T1 weighted MRI demonstrating significant mass effect on pons and medulla. (D) Lateral view of the 3D segmented tumor volume from the patient's left side. (E) Superior view of the 3D segmented tumor volume.
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At presentation, the patient denied dyspnea, otalgia, unintentional weight loss, hemoptysis, or throat pain ( Supplementary Figure 1 ).