PMC3278515_01
Skin expansion in pediatric forehead reconstruction. The patients, a one-year old girl, case study I shown in the top row, and a one-year old boy, case study II shown in the bottom row, both presented with a giant congenital nevus. Three forehead, scalp, and cheek expanders were implanted simultaneously for in situ skin growth. After enough skin is grown, the nevus is removed and the new skin is pulled over the would to close it.
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PMC3278515_02_nihms348144f5.jpg
F5
Figure 5, bottom row. First, we virtually implant an expander in the scalp, discretized with 4,356 nodes, 13,068 degrees of freedom, and 2,088 trilinear brick elements, covering an initial area of 50.5 cm2.
Skin expansion in pediatric forehead reconstruction. Case study I: Simultaneous forehead, anterior and posterior scalp expansion. Temporal evolution of normalized total area, elastic area, and growth area upon gradual expander inflation, 0.0 < t <= 0.125, constant pressure 0.125 < t <= 0.75, and deflation 0.75 < t <= 1.0. The expanded area increases from 149.4 cm2 to 251.2 cm2, corresponding to a final fractional area gain of 1.68. Vertical dashed lines correspond to the time points displayed in Figure 7.
nihms348144f6.jpg
PMC3278515_02_nihms348144f6.jpg
F6
Similar to Figure 6, the tissue begins to grow once the elastic area stretch reaches the critical threshold of thetacrit = 1.21.
Skin expansion in pediatric forehead reconstruction. Case study I: Simultaneous forehead, anterior and posterior scalp expansion. Spatio-temporal evolution of area growth displayed at t = 0.24, t = 0.33, t = 0.42 and t = 0.75. The initial area of 149.4 cm2 increases gradually as the grown skin area increases to 190.2 cm2, 207.4 cm2, 220.4 cm2, and finally 251.2 cm2, from left to right.
nihms348144f7.jpg
PMC3278515_01_nihms348144f7.jpg
F7
The vertical dashed lines correspond to the discrete time points, t = 0.24, t = 0.33, t = 0.42 and t = 0.75, displayed in Figure 7. Figure 7 illustrates the spatio-temporal evolution of the area growth thetag.
PMC3278515_02
Skin expansion in pediatric forehead reconstruction. The patients, a one-year old girl, case study I shown in the top row, and a one-year old boy, case study II shown in the bottom row, both presented with a giant congenital nevus. Three forehead, scalp, and cheek expanders were implanted simultaneously for in situ skin growth. After enough skin is grown, the nevus is removed and the new skin is pulled over the would to close it.
nihms348144f5.jpg
PMC3278515_02_nihms348144f5.jpg
F5
Figure 5, bottom row. First, we virtually implant an expander in the scalp, discretized with 4,356 nodes, 13,068 degrees of freedom, and 2,088 trilinear brick elements, covering an initial area of 50.5 cm2.
Skin expansion in pediatric forehead reconstruction. Case study I: Simultaneous forehead, anterior and posterior scalp expansion. Temporal evolution of normalized total area, elastic area, and growth area upon gradual expander inflation, 0.0 < t <= 0.125, constant pressure 0.125 < t <= 0.75, and deflation 0.75 < t <= 1.0. The expanded area increases from 149.4 cm2 to 251.2 cm2, corresponding to a final fractional area gain of 1.68. Vertical dashed lines correspond to the time points displayed in Figure 7.
nihms348144f6.jpg
PMC3278515_02_nihms348144f6.jpg
F6
Similar to Figure 6, the tissue begins to grow once the elastic area stretch reaches the critical threshold of thetacrit = 1.21.
Skin expansion in pediatric forehead reconstruction. Case study II: Simultaneous forehead, scalp, and cheek expansion. Temporal evolution of normalized total area, elastic area, and growth area upon gradual expander in-flation, 0.0 < t <= 0.125, constant pressure 0.125 < t <= 0.75, and deflation 0.75 < t <= 1.0. The expanded area increases from 128.7 cm2 to 227.1 cm2, corresponding to a final fractional area gain of 1.77. Vertical dashed lines correspond to the time points displayed in Figure 9.
nihms348144f8.jpg
PMC3278515_02_nihms348144f8.jpg
F8
Figure 8 displays the temporal evolution of the normalized total area, elastic area, and growth area upon gradual expander inflation, constant pressure, and gradual expander removal.
Skin expansion in pediatric forehead reconstruction. Case study II: Simultaneous forehead, scalp, and cheek expansion. Spatio-temporal evolution of area growth displayed at t = 0.24, t = 0.33, t = 0.42 and t = 0.75. The initial area of 128.7 cm2 increases gradually as the grown skin area increases to 176.0 cm2, 191.3 cm2, 202.1 cm2, and finally 227.1 cm2, from left to right.
nihms348144f9.jpg
PMC3278515_02_nihms348144f9.jpg
F9
The vertical dashed lines correspond to the discrete time points, t = 0.24, t = 0.33, t = 0.42 and t = 0.75, displayed in Figure 9. Figure 9 illustrates the spatio-temporal evolution of the area growth thetag.