PMC5124691_01
PMC5124691_02
Patient 1. (a) Ischemic stroke in left frontotemporal area in the T1-weighted MRI image at T1. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.003.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.003.jpg
fig3
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
Patient 2. (a) The T1-weighted MRI image at T1 shows an epidural hematoma with pressure over the operation site on the left frontobasal area. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.004.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.004.jpg
fig4
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
Patient 3. (a) The T1-weighted MRI image at T1 shows a hemorrhagic stroke in the left basal ganglia. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05 and ** represents p value < 0.001. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.005.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.005.jpg
fig5
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
Patient 4. (a) The T1-weighted MRI image at T1 shows a left sylvian ischemic stroke. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.006.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.006.jpg
fig6
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
Patient 5. (a) An ischemic lesion in the left frontal, insula, and sylvian areas in the T1-weighted MRI image at T1. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05 and ** represents p value < 0.001. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.007.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.007.jpg
fig7
The cerebral CT scan after the acute event confirmed an ischemic lesion in the left frontal, insula, and sylvian areas (Figure 7(a)). Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
PMC5124691_03
Patient 1. (a) Ischemic stroke in left frontotemporal area in the T1-weighted MRI image at T1. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.003.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.003.jpg
fig3
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
PMC5124691_04
Patient 2. (a) The T1-weighted MRI image at T1 shows an epidural hematoma with pressure over the operation site on the left frontobasal area. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.004.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.004.jpg
fig4
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
PMC5124691_05
Patient 3. (a) The T1-weighted MRI image at T1 shows a hemorrhagic stroke in the left basal ganglia. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05 and ** represents p value < 0.001. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.005.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.005.jpg
fig5
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
PMC5124691_06
Patient 4. (a) The T1-weighted MRI image at T1 shows a left sylvian ischemic stroke. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.006.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.006.jpg
fig6
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
PMC5124691_07
(a) Linguistic switching task. This task includes 40 trials. Only the six first trials were cued; the language in which the image should be named (L1 or L2) is written in the left of the image. (b) Nonlinguistic switching task. This task includes 40 trials. Only the six first trials were cued; the category in which the image should be named (color or form) is written in the left of the image.
NP2016-8797086.001.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.001.jpg
fig1
The first six trials of the task were cued with the language in which the image should be named (L1 or L2) written on the left of the image (Figure 1(a)). The first six trials of the task were cued with the category in which the image should be named (color or shape) written on the left of the image (Figure 1(b)).
The structure of language-control network. This network was proposed by Abutalebi et al. (2009). Connections between brain areas involved in picture naming (in black) and control (in red). The modulatory effect of the experimental task (picture naming in L1 and L2) was added to the model on BTLA. ACC: anterior cingulate cortex, LIFGTri: left inferior frontal gyrus-pars triangularis, LIFGOrb: left inferior frontal gyrus-pars orbitalis, BTLA: basal temporal language area.
NP2016-8797086.002.jpg
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fig2
ACC (areas involved in cognitive control function), and LIFGOrb as a part of both language and cognitive control systems. As per Abutalebi et al., we also included only left-hemispheric regions as our main focus was the effect of control areas on the intrahemispheric reorganization of language areas (see Figure 2 for the model structure).
Patient 1. (a) Ischemic stroke in left frontotemporal area in the T1-weighted MRI image at T1. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.003.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.003.jpg
fig3
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
Patient 2. (a) The T1-weighted MRI image at T1 shows an epidural hematoma with pressure over the operation site on the left frontobasal area. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.004.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.004.jpg
fig4
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
Patient 3. (a) The T1-weighted MRI image at T1 shows a hemorrhagic stroke in the left basal ganglia. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05 and ** represents p value < 0.001. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.005.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.005.jpg
fig5
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
Patient 4. (a) The T1-weighted MRI image at T1 shows a left sylvian ischemic stroke. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.006.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.006.jpg
fig6
Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).
Patient 5. (a) An ischemic lesion in the left frontal, insula, and sylvian areas in the T1-weighted MRI image at T1. (b) Pattern of brain activation in different conditions while picture naming, with an uncorrected p < 0.001 for the main effects. (c) Behavioral results of the combined production scores in both languages, linguistic and nonlinguistic switching scores across sessions. * represents p value < 0.05 and ** represents p value < 0.001. (d) Differences between L1 strength values and L2 strength values for each single connection across sessions. (1) ACC to LIFGTri. (2) ACC to LIFGOrb. (3) ACC to LC. (4) LC to ACC. (5) LC to LIFGTri. (6) LC to LIFGOrb. (7) LIFGTri to LC. (8) LIFGTri to ACC. (9) LIFGOrb to LC. (10) LIFGOrb to ACC. (11) LIFGTri to LIFGOrb. (12) LIFGOrb to LIFGTri. (13) BTLA to LIFGTri. (14) BTLA to LIFGOrb. (15) BTLA to LC.
NP2016-8797086.007.jpg
PMC5124691_07_NP2016-8797086.007.jpg
fig7
The cerebral CT scan after the acute event confirmed an ischemic lesion in the left frontal, insula, and sylvian areas (Figure 7(a)). Patterns of brain activation in the four different conditions (picture naming in L1 and L2 at T1: subacute phase and T2: chronic phase) for each patient are shown in the figure representing the data related to the patient (Figures 3(b)   -7(b)). These graphs represent the pattern of difference in connection strength in language-control network while performing picture naming in L1 and L2 across time (these graphs are shown in Figures 3(d)   -7(d)).