PMC7451712_01
The effect of apple peels and ipragliflozin on interstitial glucose levels. The black (Experiment 1), blue (Experiment 2), and red (Experiment 3) lines represent the glucose level after the patient ingested a peeled apple, a peeled apple with ipragliflozin, and an unpeeled apple, respectively. Three time periods were characterized as "a" (representing a rapid and transient elevation of postprandial interstitial glucose level), "b" (representing the late phase once glucose levels peaked), and "c" (representing the sum of the 2 phases, or rather, the time from the consumption of the apple to the 700-kcal meal). The short periods wherein the patient consumed the apple and took ipragliflozin are represented by the arrows. The 3 plots represent data from 1 of the 3 replicated experiments. The strips showcase the presence of urinary sugar (green squares). Each urine sample was collected at * timepoint; the black * represents Experiment 1, blue * represents Experiment 2, and red * represents Experiment 3.
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Consumption of the unpeeled apple and ipragliflozin comparably suppressed interstitial glucose levels during the late phase (indicated by period b); however, ipragliflozin was more effective than the unpeeled apple at suppressing interstitial glucose during the period of observation (Figs. 1 and 2). In addition, when the volunteer ate a 700-kcal meal (lasagna) after the period of observation, his interstitial glucose level increased more following consumption of the peeled apple relative to the unpeeled apple, although again, the apple peel's function did not last as long as ipragliflozin because the interstitial glucose level did not change even after a 700-kcal meal ingestion in the case of ipragliflozin ingestion (Fig. 1).
The effect of apple peel and ipragliflozin on interstitial glucose levels are represented by the area under the curve. The bar values are expressed as means (SD). The black (Experiment 1), blue (Experiment 2), and red (Experiment 3) bars represent the interstitial glucose level when the patient consumed a peeled apple, a peeled apple with ipragliflozin, and an unpeeled apple, respectively. During periods b and c, the unpeeled apple and ipragliflozin decreased postprandial interstitial glucose level. During period c, ipragliflozin's effect was greater than that of the unpeeled apple.
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PMC7451712_01_gr1b.jpg
fig0002
Consumption of the unpeeled apple and ipragliflozin comparably suppressed interstitial glucose levels during the late phase (indicated by period b); however, ipragliflozin was more effective than the unpeeled apple at suppressing interstitial glucose during the period of observation (Figs. 1 and 2).