PMC8046221_01
A) Map of Hungary showing the location of the Gyorszentivan-Revhegyi tag archaeological site; B) Plan drawing of the Arpadian Age cemetery of Gyorszentivan-Revhegyi tag archaeological site with the location of burial S0603; C) Drawing of the burial of S0603 in situ; and D) Photo of the burial of S0603 in situ.
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Ankylosis of the intervertebral joints and fusion of the laminae were also noted in the upper thoracic spine (T1-6) (Fig 7B, 7E and S1 Video).
Signs of cribra cranii on the ectocranial surface of both parietal bones (white arrows).
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In the skull, both parietal bones exhibited signs of cribra cranii in close vicinity to the joining point of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures (Fig 3).
Pitting and slight cortical remodeling on the ectocranial surface of the occipital and left temporal bones (white arrows).
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On the ectocranial surface of the occipital bone, pitting and slight cortical remodeling were observed on its basal and lateral parts; the pathological process spared the articular surfaces (Fig 4). Similar pitting was detected on the inferior surface of the left temporal pyramid, adjacent to the affected occipital areas (Fig 4).
Pitting and slight cortical remodeling on the C1-5 vertebrae (white arrows).. A) Lateral view (right side) and B) Anterior view.
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In the vertebral column, the C1-5 vertebral bodies showed signs of inflammation in form of pitting and slight cortical remodeling, particularly on their anterior aspect and costal processes (Fig 5). The original height of the C1-5 vertebral bodies was maintained (Fig 5).
Multiple, well-circumscribed osteolytic lesions (white arrows) and consequent severe bone loss in the C6-7 vertebrae.. A) Superior view of C7, B) Inferior view of C7, C) Superior view of C6, D) Inferior view of C6, E) Lateral view of C6-7 (right side), and F) Anterior view of C6-7.
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In the C6-7 vertebral bodies, the pathological process affected not only the cortical bone layers but also the trabeculae: multiple, well-circumscribed osteolytic lesions corresponding to round, oval or slightly lobulated necrotizing foci were detected (Fig 6A-6D and 6F). The presence of osteolytic lesions led to considerable bone loss, predominantly in the antero-inferior parts of the C6-7 vertebral bodies; because of the severe bone destruction, they became wedge-shaped (Fig 6E). In the C6-7 vertebral bodies, the pathological process extended towards the transverse processes: pitting and slight cortical remodeling were noted on both sides (Fig 6A, 6C and 6F).
Pott's gibbus in the T1-7 region.. A) Lateral view (right side), B) Superior view, C) Lateral view (left side), D) Anterior view, and E) Posterior view.
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T6-7 bodies was almost completely destroyed by the pathological process; however, the T5-6 and T6-7 intervening disc spaces and the body height of T6 and T7 were maintained (Fig 7A, 7C and 7D). The posterior part of the T6-7 vertebral bodies was also affected: abnormal porosity, multiple, variable-sized, well-circumscribed osteolytic lesions with thin sclerotic margins, pitting, and slight cortical remodeling were detected in their remnants (Fig 7A, 7C and 7D). The upper thoracic vertebral arci and their processes also showed signs of inflammation in form of pitting, slight cortical remodeling, and osteolytic lesions, especially in the T4-7 region (Fig 7A-7C and 7E). Ankylosis of the intervertebral joints and fusion of the laminae were also noted in the upper thoracic spine (T1-6) (Fig 7B, 7E and S1 Video).
Multiple, well-circumscribed osteolytic lesions, cortical remodeling, and signs of hypervascularization in the T11-12 vertebrae (white arrows).. A) Lateral view (right side), B) Lateral view (left side), and C) Posterior view.
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In the lower thoracic (Fig 8A and 8B) and lumbar spine (Fig 9A and 9B), multiple, well-circumscribed osteolytic lesions, cortical remodeling, and signs of hypervascularization were recorded on the anterior and lateral aspects of all the preserved vertebral bodies. The lower thoracic and lumbar vertebral arci and their processes also exhibited pitting and slight remodeling of the cortical bone layers (Fig 8C).
Multiple, well-circumscribed osteolytic lesions, cortical remodeling, and signs of hypervascularization in the L1-5 vertebrae (white arrows).. A) Lateral view (right side) and B) Lateral view (left side).
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In the lower thoracic (Fig 8A and 8B) and lumbar spine (Fig 9A and 9B), multiple, well-circumscribed osteolytic lesions, cortical remodeling, and signs of hypervascularization were recorded on the anterior and lateral aspects of all the preserved vertebral bodies.
A) Supero-inferior flattening, thinning, and destructive articular changes (white arrows) and B) swelling and pitting (white rectangle) on the vertebral end of some ribs.
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The vertebral ends of the first six ribs, especially from the 3rd to the 6th, were supero-inferiorly flattened and thinned, and displayed an abnormal curvature (Fig 10A). An irregular morphology of the articular area was also observed from the 4th to the 6th ribs (especially on the left side) (Fig 10A). From the 7th to the 11th ribs, the vertebral ends presented swelling and pitting (the 12th ribs are missing post-mortem) (Fig 10B). Furthermore, they were supero-inferiorly flattened and their original curvature changed (Fig 10B).
Abnormal curvature of the clavicles.
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Reactive new bone formation on the iliac fossa of the right iliac wing (white arrows).
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On the right iliac bone, reactive new bone formation covering the whole iliac fossa of the iliac wing was detected (Fig 12).
Reactive new bone formation on the anterior surface of the right femur (proximal end) (white arrows).
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The proximal end of the right femur displayed similar alterations: periosteal new bone formation was noted on its anterior, medial, and posterior surfaces until the level of the lesser trochanter (Fig 13).