PMC4628203_01
Case 1 spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF). A: Conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) shows AVF (arrow indicates draining vein). B: Intraoperative angiography (IOA) shows AVF consistent with DSA (arrow indicates draining vein). C: After occlusion of the AVF, the AVF and draining vein disappeared in the IOA.
nmc-55-505-g2.jpg
PMC4628203_01_nmc-55-505-g2.jpg
F2
T7 intercostal artery showed AVF and draining vein (Fig. 2A). The patient underwent a T7-T8 laminectomy. AVF and draining vein consistent with conventional DSA findings (Fig. 2B). The fistula was also identified with intra-arterial ICG angiography and was coagulated. After that, disappearance of AVF and draining vein were confirmed by IOA (Fig. 2C).
PMC4628203_02
Case 2 anterior fossa dural AVF. A: Conventional DSA of the left internal carotid artery shows anterior fossa dural AVF (arrow). B: Conventional DSA of the left external carotid artery shows anterior fossa dural AVF (arrow). C: IOA of the left common carotid artery shows AVF consistent with DSA (arrow). D: After occlusion of the AVF, the AVF and draining vein disappeared in IOA. AVF: arteriovenous fistula, DSA: digital subtraction angiography, IOA: intraoperative angiography.
nmc-55-505-g3.jpg
PMC4628203_02_nmc-55-505-g3.jpg
F3
Conventional DSA revealed left anterior fossa dural AVF fed by the branches of the ophthalmic artery and the left external carotid artery (Fig. 3A, B). IOA from the left common carotid artery using portable fluoroscopy unit showed anterior fossa dural AVF, consistent with conventional DSA findings (Fig. 3C). After confirming the disappearance of the AVF by IOA (Fig. 3D), the craniotomy was closed.