PMC8927740_01
Chest X-ray of the three patients. . (
A and
B)
Patient 1. (
A) August 29 (a day post onset of illness (dpoi), showing bronchopneumonia with bilateral ground glass opacities (GGOs) and cardiomegaly; (
B) September 10 (11 dpoi), showing the absorption of bilateral GGOs with no bronchopneumonia and cardiomegaly. (
C and
D)
Patient 2. (
C) November 19 (3 dpoi), showing cardiomegaly with lung edema, bilateral GGOs aorta elongation and aorta atherosclerosis; (
D) November 22 (6 dpoi), showing improvement with minimum infiltrate on pulmonalis dextra and sinistra. (
E and
D)
Patient 3. (
C) December 23 (7 dpoi), showing worsened bilateral GGOs with cardiomegaly and aortic atherosclerosis; (
F) December 28 (12 dpoi), showing decreased bilateral GGOs, cardiomegaly and aortic elongation.
f1000research-10-78517-g0000.jpg
PMC8927740_03_f1000research-10-78517-g0000.jpg
f1
CRP (118 mg/L ( Table 3). Chest X-ray showed worsened bilateral GGOs with cardiomegaly and aortic atherosclerosis ( Figure 1). CRP (8.5 mg/dL ( Table 2). Chest X-ray showed decreased bilateral GGOs, cardiomegaly and aortic elongation ( Figure 1).
PMC8927740_02
Chest X-ray of the three patients. . (
A and
B)
Patient 1. (
A) August 29 (a day post onset of illness (dpoi), showing bronchopneumonia with bilateral ground glass opacities (GGOs) and cardiomegaly; (
B) September 10 (11 dpoi), showing the absorption of bilateral GGOs with no bronchopneumonia and cardiomegaly. (
C and
D)
Patient 2. (
C) November 19 (3 dpoi), showing cardiomegaly with lung edema, bilateral GGOs aorta elongation and aorta atherosclerosis; (
D) November 22 (6 dpoi), showing improvement with minimum infiltrate on pulmonalis dextra and sinistra. (
E and
D)
Patient 3. (
C) December 23 (7 dpoi), showing worsened bilateral GGOs with cardiomegaly and aortic atherosclerosis; (
F) December 28 (12 dpoi), showing decreased bilateral GGOs, cardiomegaly and aortic elongation.
f1000research-10-78517-g0000.jpg
PMC8927740_03_f1000research-10-78517-g0000.jpg
f1
CRP (118 mg/L ( Table 3). Chest X-ray showed worsened bilateral GGOs with cardiomegaly and aortic atherosclerosis ( Figure 1). CRP (8.5 mg/dL ( Table 2). Chest X-ray showed decreased bilateral GGOs, cardiomegaly and aortic elongation ( Figure 1).
Schematic of cytokine storm on severe COVID-19 treated by S-MSCs.. MSCs were incubated in 5% O
2 hypoxia condition and S-MSCs was isolated from the culture medium using TFF technique


. S-MSCs contain soluble molecules, including IL-10, TGF-beta, PDGF and VEGF. IL-10 and TGF-beta inhibit NF-kB pathways activation of overactivated immune cells leading to cytokine storm inhibition, characterized by the decreased level of CRP and D-dimer. Under controlled inflammatory milieu, VEGF and PDGF promote the improvement of bilateral GGOs marked by pulmonary recovery.
f1000research-10-78517-g0001.jpg
PMC8927740_02_f1000research-10-78517-g0001.jpg
f2
Chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly with lung edema, bilateral GGOs, aorta elongation and aorta atherosclerosis ( Figure 2).
PMC8927740_03
Chest X-ray of the three patients. . (
A and
B)
Patient 1. (
A) August 29 (a day post onset of illness (dpoi), showing bronchopneumonia with bilateral ground glass opacities (GGOs) and cardiomegaly; (
B) September 10 (11 dpoi), showing the absorption of bilateral GGOs with no bronchopneumonia and cardiomegaly. (
C and
D)
Patient 2. (
C) November 19 (3 dpoi), showing cardiomegaly with lung edema, bilateral GGOs aorta elongation and aorta atherosclerosis; (
D) November 22 (6 dpoi), showing improvement with minimum infiltrate on pulmonalis dextra and sinistra. (
E and
D)
Patient 3. (
C) December 23 (7 dpoi), showing worsened bilateral GGOs with cardiomegaly and aortic atherosclerosis; (
F) December 28 (12 dpoi), showing decreased bilateral GGOs, cardiomegaly and aortic elongation.
f1000research-10-78517-g0000.jpg
PMC8927740_03_f1000research-10-78517-g0000.jpg
f1
CRP (118 mg/L ( Table 3). Chest X-ray showed worsened bilateral GGOs with cardiomegaly and aortic atherosclerosis ( Figure 1). CRP (8.5 mg/dL ( Table 2). Chest X-ray showed decreased bilateral GGOs, cardiomegaly and aortic elongation ( Figure 1).