PMC9234661_01
Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) in inferior vena cava (IVC). (A) Cord like tumor in IVC. (B) Tumor removed surgically. (C) Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) demonstrated a contrast agent entering the right iliac vein and IVC through vascular malformation.
fcvm-09-878386-g0001.jpg
PMC9234661_01_fcvm-09-878386-g0001.jpg
F1
AVF (Figure 1).
(A) Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) connecting the right internal iliac artery and internal iliac vein. (B) Shunt flow disappeared after coil embolization.
fcvm-09-878386-g0002.jpg
PMC9234661_01_fcvm-09-878386-g0002.jpg
F2
Echocardiography (Figure 2) revealed enlargement of both atria and right ventricle.
(A) Ultrasound revealed congested liver. (B) Arteriovenous malformation. (C) Shunt flow entering the vein. (D) Abnormal flow stopped by the placement of embolization coils.
fcvm-09-878386-g0003.jpg
PMC9234661_01_fcvm-09-878386-g0003.jpg
F3
Pelvic AVF with high-volume shunting is obvious in angiography (Figure 3).
(A) Tumor enhanced in the arterial phase. (B) Ultrasound revealing tumor being extracted during surgery. (C) Tumor being pulled out from the IVC.
fcvm-09-878386-g0004.jpg
PMC9234661_01_fcvm-09-878386-g0004.jpg
F4
Doppler ultrasound of iliac arteries and veins, echocardiography, PET-CT, and enhanced pelvic MRI were carried out (Figure 4), showing a giant tumor with enhancement in her inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium.