PMC7113432_01
Pulmonary function testing.. Flow-volume loop showing flow limitation and marked flattening of the inspiratory and expiratory limbs.
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The flow-volume loop was diagnostic of fixed upper airway obstruction (Fig. 1).
Tuberculous tracheal involvement in a 52-year-old woman.. (A) Bronchoscopic appearance of the proximal trachea revealing a severe, ring-like stenosis (arrow). A CT scan of the patient's chest showing a striking tracheal stenosis at thoracic inlet (arrows) (B, axial and C, sagittal views; D, 3D reconstruction).
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A) which prevented bronchoscope from passing through the stenosis. A subsequent chest CT scan showed severe proximal tracheal narrowing (Fig. 2, B-D).