PMC4386116_01
Enlargement and aneurysmal dilatation of the venous system of the left forearm.
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F1
After 10 times of buttonhole cannulation, the patient experienced gradual edema on the left forearm as well as insufficient blood flow of the fistula [fig. 1].
Abnormal fistulae were detected by vascular ultrasound between the matured cephalic vein and the radial vein where blood shunt existed.
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F2
This was further confirmed by a vascular ultrasound of the AVF, revealing abnormal fistula between the mature cephalic vein and the radial vein [fig. 2] where blood shunt existed, together with thrombus in the proximal cephalic vein and aneurysmal dilatation in the distal segment [fig. 3] that developed 3 years ago.