PMC10196189_01
(A) pre-operative transthoracic echocardiogram in right parasternal short axis view, (B) right subcostal arch four-chamber view. AO, aorta; RV, right ventricle; PA, pulmonary artery; RA, right atria; LV, left ventricle; LA, left atria.
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F1
Following the completion of conventional imaging procedures, including transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) (Figure 1), computed tomography angiography (CTA) (Figure 2A), and cardiac catheterization (Figure 2B and Supplementary S1), we consulted with a team of imaging specialists and cardiologists to evaluate the child's complex cardiac malformation.
(A) computed tomography angiography pre-operatively in sagittal view, (B) cardiac catheterization in anteroposterior projection. VSD, ventricle septal defect.
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F2
Following the completion of conventional imaging procedures, including transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) (Figure 1), computed tomography angiography (CTA) (Figure 2A), and cardiac catheterization (Figure 2B and Supplementary S1), we consulted with a team of imaging specialists and cardiologists to evaluate the child's complex cardiac malformation.
(A) 3D render model, obtain the 3D visualization through QR code scanning located at the lower right corner. (B) the 3-dimensional model in anatomical position, the pre-operative plan for cardiac incision indicated by a dashed line. (C) the 3D model that is divided in the middle of the coronal plane. (D) After incision along the dashed line in Figure C, the intracardiac views are shown. The white dashed line represents the patch to connect the ventricular septal defect to the aorta before surgical procedure. The Scalpel is inserted through the aorta into the ventricular septal defect to facilitate visualization of the anatomical relationship. SV, superior vena cava; IV, inferior vena cava; PV, pulmonary vein.
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F3
Upon careful observation of the 3D rendered imaging (Figure 3A) and thorough tactile examination of the 3D printed model (Figures 3B,C), each specialist achieved a clear understanding and unanimously concurred by declaring that "the matter is now evident." The cardiac apex is oriented towards the right side in situs solitus. Based on the 3D model, it was observed that the ventricular septal defect (VSD) was near the aortic valve, while the tricuspid valve was distally positioned from the pulmonary valve (Figure 3D).
(A) transthoracic echocardiogram 3 months after surgery in four-chamber view of the right subcostal arch, (B) transthoracic echocardiogram 3 months after surgery in right parasternal short axis view.
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F4
Three months after the operation, the child's postoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed excellent results (Figure 4).