PMC9608066_01
Time-series variation of the velocity of trunk movement during the lifting task. The kinematic data were extracted from the peak trunk flexion angle (a) and trunk flexion velocity (b) and the peak trunk extension velocity (b): (a) range of motion and (b) angular velocity.
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We calculated the peak trunk angle, peak trunk flexion velocity, and peak trunk extension velocity (Figure 1).
Phase diagram for the upper trunk segment. The phase angle, phi, at any point of flexion and extension can be calculated using the formula tan-1 (angular velocity/angle). The phase angle was calculated in this study by dividing the flexion phase and extension phase.
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We generated the phase plane for each segment based on the normalized kinematic data (Figure 2).
Comparison of the baseline data of the kinematic variables in the HC group and LBP subject. Data are mean value (SD). (a) Peak trunk flexion angle. (b) Peak trunk flexion velocity. (c) Peak trunk extension velocity. (d) MARP: flexion phase. (e) MARP: extension phase. (f) DP: flexion phase. (g) Extension phase.. *p < 0.05.
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Change of task-specific fear of movement and kinematic variables. Outcome (baseline phase): baseline data points (4 weeks). Baseline mean: mean of the baseline data points +-0.25 SD of its mean plotted across the intervention phase. Baseline trend: linear trend +-0.25 SD of the baseline mean plotted across the intervention phase using a linear equation:both the baseline trend and the baseline mean to determine the predicted direction which the data would follow should no intervention take place, or if the intervention had no effect. Outcome (intervention phase): intervention data points (8 weeks). Outcome (follow-up phase): follow-up data points (4 weeks). Outcome (Follow-up 2): 12 weeks after the end of the follow-up phase: Outcome (Follow-up 3): 32 weeks after the end of the follow-up phase. (a) Task-specific fear of movement. (b) Peak trunk flexion velocity. (c) Peak trunk extension velocity. (d) MARP: extension phase.
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We also visually confirmed a constant trend at 3 months and at 8 months after the end of the follow-up phase (Figure 4(a)). The subject's peak trunk flexion velocity was increased at the fourth data point in intervention phase (Figure 4(b) and Table 3).