PMC6970190_01
The dorsal antero-posterior incision site for the laminotomy at T12 provided access of about 2 cm per side. Stimulator leads, each having an 8-electrode array, were guided and implanted under fluoroscopy.
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F1
T12 to facilitate retrograde advancement and insertion of percutaneous leads to each level (Figure 1). The procedure was done and guided under fluoroscopy and the total surgical time was ~120 min.
Lead placement showing the final position of the 12-lead array under fluoroscopy. Leads were individually advanced to allow activation of spinal nerve roots from L2 to S1. The patient's baclofen pump is on the upper right.
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F2
Each lead hugged the posterolateral gutter of the spinal canal before exiting along with the nerve root out the respective foramen (Figure 2).