PMC10477592_01
Clinical images of four patients with enamel renal syndrome. Case 1: (A): Profile showing no dysmorphic facial features. (B,C) Intra-oral images showing erupted primary and permanent teeth, fibrotic gingiva, and pigmentation on the attached and free-gingiva and the palatal mucosa. Case 2: (D) Lateral profile showing a mild Class III jaw relationship and no other dysmorphology. (E,F) Intra-oral images showing few erupted permanent teeth with variable enamel colourations, thick bone, and gingiva with no intermaxillary space posteriorly. Pigmentation is present on the attached gingiva. Case 3: (G): Profile view showing no dysmorphic facial features. (H,I): Intra-oral images showing mixed dentition, erupting premolar with no visible enamel and tooth wear. Case 4: (J) Profile picture showing vertical maxillary excess, thick arched brows, and protrusive ears. (K,L): Intraoral images showing severely thick, fibrotic gingiva and bulbous bone, severe tooth wear, and an absence of erupted maxillary incisors.
froh-04-1228760-g001.jpg
PMC10477592_04_froh-04-1228760-g001.jpg
F1
He presented with a vertical maxillary excess (Figures 1J-L) and an excessively gummy smile. His ears were prominent, and he had thick, arched eyebrows (Figure 1J). This created the appearance of a very narrow, deep palate (Figure 1L).
Case 1 (A-D): (A) axial view showing frontal sinus pneumatisation. (B) Sagittal view showing severe thinning of the lower anterior alveolar ridge. (C) Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones, and enlarged dental follicles stars. (D) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 2 (E-H): (E) Axial view showing frontal sinus pneumatisation. (F) Sagittal view shows severe lower and upper anterior alveolar ridge thinning. (G): Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones and enlarged dental follicles stars. (H) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 3 (I-K): (I) Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones, and enlarged dental follicles. (J) centre 3D model of the patient. (K) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 4 (L-N): (L) Coronal view showing hypoplastic maxillary antra. (M) Left sides of the 3D model of the patient. (N) CBCT reformatted panorama.
froh-04-1228760-g002.jpg
PMC10477592_04_froh-04-1228760-g002.jpg
F2
Hypoplastic maxillary antra and pneumatised frontal sinuses were present radiologically (Figure 2L).
PMC10477592_02
Clinical images of four patients with enamel renal syndrome. Case 1: (A): Profile showing no dysmorphic facial features. (B,C) Intra-oral images showing erupted primary and permanent teeth, fibrotic gingiva, and pigmentation on the attached and free-gingiva and the palatal mucosa. Case 2: (D) Lateral profile showing a mild Class III jaw relationship and no other dysmorphology. (E,F) Intra-oral images showing few erupted permanent teeth with variable enamel colourations, thick bone, and gingiva with no intermaxillary space posteriorly. Pigmentation is present on the attached gingiva. Case 3: (G): Profile view showing no dysmorphic facial features. (H,I): Intra-oral images showing mixed dentition, erupting premolar with no visible enamel and tooth wear. Case 4: (J) Profile picture showing vertical maxillary excess, thick arched brows, and protrusive ears. (K,L): Intraoral images showing severely thick, fibrotic gingiva and bulbous bone, severe tooth wear, and an absence of erupted maxillary incisors.
froh-04-1228760-g001.jpg
PMC10477592_04_froh-04-1228760-g001.jpg
F1
He presented with a vertical maxillary excess (Figures 1J-L) and an excessively gummy smile. His ears were prominent, and he had thick, arched eyebrows (Figure 1J). This created the appearance of a very narrow, deep palate (Figure 1L).
Case 1 (A-D): (A) axial view showing frontal sinus pneumatisation. (B) Sagittal view showing severe thinning of the lower anterior alveolar ridge. (C) Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones, and enlarged dental follicles stars. (D) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 2 (E-H): (E) Axial view showing frontal sinus pneumatisation. (F) Sagittal view shows severe lower and upper anterior alveolar ridge thinning. (G): Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones and enlarged dental follicles stars. (H) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 3 (I-K): (I) Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones, and enlarged dental follicles. (J) centre 3D model of the patient. (K) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 4 (L-N): (L) Coronal view showing hypoplastic maxillary antra. (M) Left sides of the 3D model of the patient. (N) CBCT reformatted panorama.
froh-04-1228760-g002.jpg
PMC10477592_04_froh-04-1228760-g002.jpg
F2
Hypoplastic maxillary antra and pneumatised frontal sinuses were present radiologically (Figure 2L).
PMC10477592_03
Clinical images of four patients with enamel renal syndrome. Case 1: (A): Profile showing no dysmorphic facial features. (B,C) Intra-oral images showing erupted primary and permanent teeth, fibrotic gingiva, and pigmentation on the attached and free-gingiva and the palatal mucosa. Case 2: (D) Lateral profile showing a mild Class III jaw relationship and no other dysmorphology. (E,F) Intra-oral images showing few erupted permanent teeth with variable enamel colourations, thick bone, and gingiva with no intermaxillary space posteriorly. Pigmentation is present on the attached gingiva. Case 3: (G): Profile view showing no dysmorphic facial features. (H,I): Intra-oral images showing mixed dentition, erupting premolar with no visible enamel and tooth wear. Case 4: (J) Profile picture showing vertical maxillary excess, thick arched brows, and protrusive ears. (K,L): Intraoral images showing severely thick, fibrotic gingiva and bulbous bone, severe tooth wear, and an absence of erupted maxillary incisors.
froh-04-1228760-g001.jpg
PMC10477592_04_froh-04-1228760-g001.jpg
F1
He presented with a vertical maxillary excess (Figures 1J-L) and an excessively gummy smile. His ears were prominent, and he had thick, arched eyebrows (Figure 1J). This created the appearance of a very narrow, deep palate (Figure 1L).
Case 1 (A-D): (A) axial view showing frontal sinus pneumatisation. (B) Sagittal view showing severe thinning of the lower anterior alveolar ridge. (C) Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones, and enlarged dental follicles stars. (D) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 2 (E-H): (E) Axial view showing frontal sinus pneumatisation. (F) Sagittal view shows severe lower and upper anterior alveolar ridge thinning. (G): Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones and enlarged dental follicles stars. (H) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 3 (I-K): (I) Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones, and enlarged dental follicles. (J) centre 3D model of the patient. (K) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 4 (L-N): (L) Coronal view showing hypoplastic maxillary antra. (M) Left sides of the 3D model of the patient. (N) CBCT reformatted panorama.
froh-04-1228760-g002.jpg
PMC10477592_04_froh-04-1228760-g002.jpg
F2
Hypoplastic maxillary antra and pneumatised frontal sinuses were present radiologically (Figure 2L).
PMC10477592_04
Clinical images of four patients with enamel renal syndrome. Case 1: (A): Profile showing no dysmorphic facial features. (B,C) Intra-oral images showing erupted primary and permanent teeth, fibrotic gingiva, and pigmentation on the attached and free-gingiva and the palatal mucosa. Case 2: (D) Lateral profile showing a mild Class III jaw relationship and no other dysmorphology. (E,F) Intra-oral images showing few erupted permanent teeth with variable enamel colourations, thick bone, and gingiva with no intermaxillary space posteriorly. Pigmentation is present on the attached gingiva. Case 3: (G): Profile view showing no dysmorphic facial features. (H,I): Intra-oral images showing mixed dentition, erupting premolar with no visible enamel and tooth wear. Case 4: (J) Profile picture showing vertical maxillary excess, thick arched brows, and protrusive ears. (K,L): Intraoral images showing severely thick, fibrotic gingiva and bulbous bone, severe tooth wear, and an absence of erupted maxillary incisors.
froh-04-1228760-g001.jpg
PMC10477592_04_froh-04-1228760-g001.jpg
F1
He presented with a vertical maxillary excess (Figures 1J-L) and an excessively gummy smile. His ears were prominent, and he had thick, arched eyebrows (Figure 1J). This created the appearance of a very narrow, deep palate (Figure 1L).
Case 1 (A-D): (A) axial view showing frontal sinus pneumatisation. (B) Sagittal view showing severe thinning of the lower anterior alveolar ridge. (C) Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones, and enlarged dental follicles stars. (D) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 2 (E-H): (E) Axial view showing frontal sinus pneumatisation. (F) Sagittal view shows severe lower and upper anterior alveolar ridge thinning. (G): Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones and enlarged dental follicles stars. (H) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 3 (I-K): (I) Coronal view showing several impactions, pulp stones, and enlarged dental follicles. (J) centre 3D model of the patient. (K) CBCT reformatted panorama. Case 4 (L-N): (L) Coronal view showing hypoplastic maxillary antra. (M) Left sides of the 3D model of the patient. (N) CBCT reformatted panorama.
froh-04-1228760-g002.jpg
PMC10477592_04_froh-04-1228760-g002.jpg
F2
Hypoplastic maxillary antra and pneumatised frontal sinuses were present radiologically (Figure 2L).