PMC4314269_01
Wisconsin, USA estimated wolf population mean size (and range) and estimated mean number of new recruits (and range) from 1980 to 2012 with three recovery periods denoted by vertical dotted lines.
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fig02
WDNR reported the number of new recruits each winter in 1980-2009 as a range, and we used the midpoint of the range as the recruitment data in our model (Fig.2). We assigned survival records with a start time, end time, and censoring indicator to the 422 radiocollared wolves that were captured during 1979-2011 and survived at least until 1 September of their birth year (4-5 months old; see Wydeven et al. for details on capturing and radiocollaring methods).