PMC8580755_01
Contrast computed tomography showing soft tissue thickening of the left hilar region (A) and left inferior pulmonary vein stenosis (B).
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Contrast computed tomography (CT) showed soft tissue thickening of the left hilar region and left inferior PVS (Fig. 1, 2).
Pulmonary arteriography showing complete disruption of blood flow in the left pulmonary vein.
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Contrast computed tomography (CT) showed soft tissue thickening of the left hilar region and left inferior PVS (Fig. 1, 2).
Bronchoscopy findings: Cobblestone appearance over the wall of the left bronchus.
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Two left bronchial arteries were embolized using gelatin sponge (Fig. 3).
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images of the patient. A: Selective image of the left bronchial artery branched from the aorta. B: DSA image of the artery after embolization. C: Selective image of the left bronchial artery branched from the left subclavian artery. D: DSA image of the artery after embolization.
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We noticed a cobblestone-like swelling over the wall of the left bronchus (Fig. 4).
Pulmonary angiography (PAG) images of the patient. The left pulmonary vein was slowly imaged by PAG. A: Nine seconds after the administration of contrast medium. B: After 23 seconds. C: After 42 seconds.
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On pulmonary arteriography, the image of the left pulmonary vein was delayed and showed dead branch findings (Fig. 5).
Histopathological findings. A: The left hilar region. There are numerous small blood vessels around the bronchus and bronchial arteries and veins that irregularly expand with a mixture of fibrosis and arteries and veins (Elastica van Gieson staining; magnification, x40). B: There is a fibrotic enlargement of the alveolar septum and dilation of capillaries, congestion, and bleeding into the alveolar space (Elastica van Gieson staining; magnification, x100).
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