PMC2779296_01
Port configuration for right hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy. Heavy line indicates lower pararectal incision for hand insertion. AAL, Anterior axillary line; MAL, Midaxillary line; PAL, Posterior axillary line.
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F1
A 7 cm ipsilateral lower pararectal skin incision is made (Fig. 1).
Surgery for the left side. Surgeon's left hand inserted into the hand assisted incision (arrow).
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F2
The left hand of the surgeon (in left retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy) or of the assistant (in right retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy) is inserted into the retroperitoneal space (Fig. 2).
PMC2779296_02