PMC9950765_01
(A) Dynamics of uremic toxins (creatinine and urea) and (B) nutrients (total protein, albumin, and glucose) concentrations in the breast milk of the patient undergoing renal replacement therapy by program hemodialysis. The horizontal axis presents time relative to the hemodialysis procedure: before HD, immediately after HD (0 h), 4, 7, and 13 h after hemodialysis. The vertical axis shows the concentration of analytes. Dashed lines indicate the average concentration of each analyte in the control sample (breast milk of healthy females with the same lactation period).
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F1
The experiments showed that the lowest content of creatinine and urea was observed not immediately after the hemodialysis procedure but 4 h after its completion, which could be explained by the redistribution of toxic substances from the tissues into the blood (Figure 1).
Dynamics of the concentration of immunoglobulins of IgA, IgM, and sIgA subclasses in the breast milk of the patient undergoing renal replacement therapy by program hemodialysis. The horizontal axis presents time relative to the hemodialysis procedure: before HD, immediately after HD (0 h), 4, 7, and 13 h after hemodialysis. The vertical axis shows the concentration of analytes. Dashed lines indicate the average concentration of each analyte in the control sample (breast milk of healthy females with the same lactation period).
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F2
In this regard, we assessed the concentration of immunoglobulin IgA, sIgA, and IgM subclasses in breast milk (Figure 2).
(A) Dynamics of pro-inflammatory and (B) anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the breast milk of the patient undergoing renal replacement therapy by program hemodialysis. The horizontal axis presents time relative to the hemodialysis procedure: before HD, immediately after HD (0 h), 4, 7, and 13 h after hemodialysis. The vertical axis shows the concentration of analytes. Dashed lines indicate the average concentration of each analyte in the control sample (breast milk of healthy females with the same lactation period).
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F3
The results are presented in Figure 3.
(A) Distribution (intensity weighted) of hydrodynamic particle diameters obtained by MADLS in milk samples from the patient with KFRT at various time intervals (before HD, immediately after HD (0 h), 4, 7, and 13 h after HD) and in control samples (milk of healthy females with the same lactation period); (B) fluorescence spectra of breast milk samples. Milk samples from a patient with KFRT have higher fluorescent activity compared with control samples.
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F4
Based on the data on hydrodynamic diameter distributions, it can be concluded that low- (~70-200 nm), medium- (~400-500 nm), and high-molecular (500-1500 nm) compounds or aggregates were present in the milk samples of a patient with KFRT (Figure 4A). A study of milk samples using fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the patient's milk sample collected before hemodialysis had a higher fluorescent activity compared to control samples (Figure 4B).