PMC6699348_01
Right internal jugular venogram via micropuncture access revealing an occluded right internal jugular vein.
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The right venogram demonstrated occlusion of the right internal jugular vein (Figure 1).
Left internal jugular venogram (early phase) demonstrating persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) with continuation into the hemiazygos vein.
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The left venogram revealed an atypical anatomic structure: the left brachiocephalic vein was absent and the left internal jugular vein drained into a left-sided superior vena cava (SVC) (Figure 2).
Left internal jugular venogram (mid phase) demonstrating PLSVC with continuation into the hemiazygos vein. Collaterals cross midline from left to right into the azygos vein at the T8 and T9 levels with subsequent drainage into the right superior vena cava (SVC).
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T8 and T9 (Figures 3 and 4). The azygos vein, in turn, drained directly into the right SVC.
Left internal jugular venogram (late phase) demonstrating PLSVC with continuation into the hemiazygos vein. Collaterals cross midline from left to right into the azygos vein at the T8 and T9 levels with subsequent drainage into the right SVC. There is visualization of streaming of contrast outlining the lateral margin of the SVC (short arrows) and right atrium (long arrows).
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T8 and T9 (Figures 3 and 4). The azygos vein, in turn, drained directly into the right SVC.