PMC8216342_01
Possible mechanism of tramadol in the pathophysiology of hiccups.
10.1177_20420986211021230-fig3.jpg
PMC8216342_01_10.1177_20420986211021230-fig3.jpg
fig3-20420986211021230
Consequently, the increase in norepinephrine could also stimulate the reflex arc of hiccups and could lead to contractions of skeletal muscle, including the diaphragm   (Figure 3).