PMC4533448_01
A 62-year-old man with anterior condylar confluence dural AVF treated by transarterial embolization. A: Anterior-posterior view of left external carotid angiography showed anterior condylar confluence dural AVF fed by the left ascending pharyngeal artery (arrow), B: Lateral view of unsubtracted image during embolization. Three CSCs were placed to the left ascending pharyngeal artery (arrow), C: Postoperative control angiography showed CSCs (arrow) and obliteration of the dural AVF, D: Skull X-ray showing coil nest in the bilateral ascending pharyngeal arteries (arrow). AVF: arteriovenous fistula, CSC: c-stopper coil.
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F2
AVF fed by bilateral ascending pharyngeal artery (Fig. 2A). A microcatheter was advanced into distal portion of the left ascending pharyngeal artery and several shorter pushable fibered coils were inserted. The CSCs migrated to the branch of the artery without handling of the microcatheter (Fig. 2B). The left ascending pharyngeal artery was embolized entirely (Fig. 2C, D).
PMC4533448_02
An 84-year-old man with cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF) underwent transvenous embolization. A: Lateral view of left common carotid angiography showed cavernous sinus dural AVF fed by meningeal braches of the left internal carotid artery. The drainage routes was right superior and inferior ophthalmic vein (arrow), B: Ophthalmic vein was embolized with detachable coils (arrow). At the shunting compartment of cavernous sinus, five c-stopper coils (CSCs) were deployed by push technique (arrow head). The dural AVF was completely obliterated, C: Skull X-ray showing the coil mass.
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F3
Angiography showed cavernous sinus dural AVF fed by meningeal branches of the left external carotid artery and the left internal carotid artery (Fig. 3A). CSCs were deployed by push technique. Complete occlusion of the lesion was confirmed on postprocedural angiography (Fig. 3B, C).
PMC4533448_03
An 87-year-old woman with left transverse-sigmoid sinus dural AVF underwent transvenous embolization. A: Lateral view of left common carotid angiography showed transverse-sigmoid sinus dural AVF fed by meningeal braches of the left occipital carotid artery. The drainage routes was vein of Labbe or other cortical vein, B: Vein of Labbe was embolized with detachable coils. Subsequently sinus packing was performed using 13 CSCs and one fibered coil. The dural AVF was completely obliterated, C: Skull X-ray showing detachable coils (arrow) and CSCs (arrowhead). AVF: arteriovenous fistula, CSC: c-stopper coil.
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F4
Angiography revealed left transverse-sigmoid sinus dural AVF with massive cortical reflux (Fig. 4A). Then, sigmoid sinus was packed with 13 CSCs and 1 fibered coil (Fig. 4B, C).