PMC10441107_01
Course of treatment and objective/subjective parameters. (A) Pain NRS average; (B) EQ-5D; (C) HADS; and (D) PCS. ATX, atomoxetine; D, day; EQ-5D, euro QoL 5 Dimension; GF, guanfacine; HADS-A/D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety/Depression; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale-Revised; MP, methylphenidate; NRS, numerical rating scale; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PDS, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography.
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fig1
Changes in the IES-R and PDS scores along the course of treatment. IES-R, Impact of Event Scale-Revised; PDS, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.
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fig2
Changes in the CAARS scores along the course of treatment. (A) CAARS-S; (B) CAARS-O. ADHD, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; CAARS-S/O, Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale Self-report/Observer rated; and DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition.
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fig3
Scale (CAARS); self-report (CAARS-S) and observer forms (CAARS-O) were completed by the patient and her daughter, respectively. According to the CAARS results, her subscale scores exceeded by 65 points and her ADHD symptoms were assessed as being at the clinical psychiatric level (Figure 3).
Representative images of cerebral blood flow (CBF) SPECT. The voxel values are normalized by the average counts-per-voxel in the cerebellum being 50, then the color ranges from 0 to 60. The left image is a coronal view, indicating the slice levels of the right three axial images by dashed lines. CBF-SPECT on day 74 before treatment (A) shows bilateral frontal hypoperfusion (dashed curves), which is improved on day 1727 (B) and on day 2289 (C) during low-dose atomoxetine administration. SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography.
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fig4
Tochigi, Japan). The results showed hypoperfusion in the bilateral prefrontal and temporal cortex (Figure 4).