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PMC9573900_02
Relative risk surface of consumer-reported water satisfaction and improved water and sanitation access at the household.. P-value contours in blue and white indicate areas with statistically different high or low density of survey responses. A ratio value of 1 indicates when the probability of either response at a specific location are equal. A higher ratio indicates a higher probability of having household access to improved water or unshared sanitation services or being at least sometimes satisfied with the water services. An adaptive bandwidth selection was used to select the optimum bandwidth for each individual relative risk surface. Base layer maps were obtained from https://www.africageoportal.com, which is powered by Esri (www.esri.com).
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We identify statistical spatial heterogeneity in household access to water and basic sanitation (Fig 2A and 2B), as well as consumer-reported satisfaction with water services, pressure, quality, and sufficient quantity among our study participants within the city of Beira (Fig 2C-2F). The relative risk surfaces displayed in Fig 2 outline areas within the city that have higher (green) or lower (red) density of access or lack of access, and satisfaction or lack thereof. Although the number of participants who had a household water connection and a basic sanitation facility are similar, those who have access to basic sanitation at the household are not always the same as those who have household water connections, indicated by the differences in the colored hotspots found in Fig 2A and 2B. Spatial patterns are similar across water satisfaction metrics (Fig 2C-2F), but these metrics do not always overlap with household water connections (Fig 2A).