Introduction:

Talaromyces marneffei causes a systemic fungal infection, referred to as talaromycosis, in immunocompromised individuals. Talaromycosis is an AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) defining illness for patients living in the Southeast Asian region. Here we present two rarely reported cases of pulmonary talaromycosis in Southern California in patients with active cancer, negative HIV status, and no prior travel history to endemic regions.
Case description:
Case 1: A 76-year-old male with a past medical history of emphysema and latent tuberculosis status post rifampin treatment, presented with a necrotic lung mass. He was diagnosed with squamous cell lung carcinoma and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures grew Talaromyces marneffei. He had no animal exposure or prior travel history to Asia. Due to a transfusion reaction to liposomal amphotericin (the mainstay of treatment), he required a transition to posaconazole. He was HIV-negative and expired due to underlying cancer and infection complications.Case2: A 63-year-old male with a past medical history of tuberculosis, diabetes, and cavitary pneumonia with bronchoscopy positive for Talaromyces presented with worsening back pain and was found to have multiple sites of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma likely originating from gastric adenocarcinoma. He was HIV-negative and expired due to complications from underlying cancer and infection.
Conclusion:
We demonstrate that patients with pulmonary Talaromyces are becoming more prominent outside of endemic areas even in the setting of no prior travel. In addition, since patients with this infection are severely immunosuppressed, they require extensive workup for other comorbidities such as possible underlying cancer or tuberculosis.