Introduction:
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a highly disabling symptom in Parkinson's Disease (PD) with varying degree of benefits from oral dopaminergic medications and several subtypes that present with different medication states (e.g., off FOG, on FOG, pseudo-on FOG, supra-on FOG). Levodopa-Carbidopa Intestinal Gel (LCIG) greately reduces the variability of cerebral dopamine replacement inherent to oral therapies by continuous levodopa intestinal infusion. While LCIG may be superior to oral therapy in its ability to treat motor fluctuations and minimize off-time, there is no consensus regarding the overall effectiveness of LCIG specifically for the treatment of FOG in PD patients.
Methods:
A systematic literature review was conducted to understand the efficacy of LCIG to treat FOG in PD patients. A PubMed search was conducted using the search query "Intestinal AND (Levodopa OR L-dopa) AND Freezing of Gait AND Parkinson." Additional eligibility criteria included articles written in English and currently published journal articles. Articles were excluded if they did not have a clinical design or if they did not yield reportable data on FOG.
Results:
The literature search yielded 16 articles, of which 10 articles were included. Of the 10 studies included, there were 3 retrospective studies, 6 case reports or case series, and 1 open-label study. (n = 449 patients total and 318 FOG patients). Nine of the 10 studies concluded that LCIG has a favorable effect on FOG, though the metrics to evaluate benefits of LCIG on FOG varied among the articles.
Conclusion:
LCIG may be an effective treatment for PD patients suffering from FOG including those with poor response to oral medication, likely because of its ability to maintain steadier dopamine levels. Further research is necessary on LCIG as a therapy for refractory FOG, with particular attention to the different subtypes of FOG.