Question: what is the capital of sri lanka ?

india has the fourth -largest army in the world , and sri lanka 's combined military forces are smaller than india 's peacekeeping contingent .


Question: what is the capital of sri lanka ?

but diplomats and many sri lankan officials said premadasa 's stubborn stance illustrates a streak of irrationality that is helping drive his country into chaos .


Question: what is the capital of sri lanka ?

some of premadasa 's cabinet ministers say privately that he has become isolated from every major element in sri lankan society , including members of both ethnic groups , his own party members and senior military commanders .


Question: what is the capital of sri lanka ?

even buddhist monks , traditionally the conscience of sri lankan society , have turned on premadasa in large numbers .


Question: what is the capital of sri lanka ?

with such dramatic growth of what the sri lankans now call their `` sub-government , '' the sri lankan economy -- once so promising that analysts expected this to become another singapore -- is now a disaster area .


Question: what is the capital of sri lanka ?

on the average , diplomats and sri lankan officials say , there are 40 political killings a day , many of them carried out by government security forces .


Question: what is the capital of sri lanka ?

sinhalese radicals shot and killed 18 people , including a high-ranking buddhist priest , in a series of attacks in southern sri lanka , officials said .


Question: what is the capital of sri lanka ?

the bloodshed came as india and sri lanka held talks for a sixth day on a timetable for withdrawing indian peacekeeping troops .


Question: what is the capital of sri lanka ?

sri lankan forces killed 19 tamil rebels in the north and east , military sources said friday .


Question: what is the capital of sri lanka ?

rebels , fighting for a separate homeland for sri lanka 's tamil minority , killed 21 members of the sinhalese majority community and 21 muslims in a 10-day period .


Question: what is the capital of sri lanka ?

at least 38 other people died in ethnic violence in sri lanka over the weekend , officials said .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

to demonstrate this popularity , carte takes gilbert to the lobero theatre in 1990 , where cast members , situated in the audience , perform some gilbert and sullivan songs .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

on the other hand , the author has failed to catch up with recent discoveries about thespis , gilbert and sullivan 's first , 'lost ' joint work .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

the misnaming of one of sullivan 's non- gilbert operettas as hadden -lrb- for haddon -rrb- hall and the misquotation from trial by jury likewise betray an uncertain foothold on the terrain .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

back in 1875 lyricist william gilbert and songwriter arthur sullivan introduced the comic operetta `` trial by jury `` at the royalty theatre in london .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

gilbert and sullivan by michael ffinch weidenfeld & nicolson pounds 20,294 pages pending the archival biography of ws gilbert himself on which an american theatre historian has been busying herself for a decade , here is yet another of those general books which from time to time re-scrutinise the victorian collaboration .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

the fictional stories that sullivan 's grandfather rose to the army rank of sergeant and guarded napoleon 's heart on st helena , and that arthur sullivan himself as a boy chorister sang at the christening of the duke of albany -lrb- queen victoria 's youngest son -rrb- should have been nailed up for ever .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

repeatedly misnaming a character in the grand duke as 'drummkopf ' instead of 'dummkopf ' , mr ffinch fails to perceive gilbert 's german joke .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

on saturday and sunday the gilbert and sullivan company of santa barbara will do its version of the first published work by the two men .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

the group is made up of about 60 performers , some with professional experience , who have put on two gilbert and sullivan operettas each year since 1982 .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

theater owner richard d'oyly carte , knowing a good money-making opportunity when he saw it , signed gilbert and sullivan to a contract to produce a certain number of shows .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

the 57-year-old budd has been doing gilbert and sullivan since he was a teen-ager in new york .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

gilbert has some of the funniest writing , and sullivan 's music is beautiful , '' he said .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

people who are into gilbert and sullivan are kind of nutsy in a way .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

co-written by budd and anne anderson , the group 's orchestra conductor , it 's a fictional discussion between gilbert and theater owner carte .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

`` there were a lot of fights between gilbert and sullivan .


Question: what was the first gilbert and sullivan opera ?

`` in 'gilbert 's dream ' carte is trying to convince gilbert to stick with it .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

ibm 's new offerings do not quite live up to the capabilities of hal , the infamous computer in the science-fiction classic 2001 : a space odyssey , but they do suggest that by the turn of the century we may indeed be regularly talking - and listening - to computers .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

fuzzy proponents believe that fuzzy thinking may hold the key to the development of the kind of artificial intelligence suggested by hal , the computer in stanley kubrick 's film , `` 2001 : a space odyssey . ''


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

surelock , casually reminded by his programmer of the fate that befell hal in `` 2001 , a space odyssey , '' spewed dozens of bets for wednesday .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

in the us and italy , hospital radiologists are experimenting with a computer that can directly transcribe their comments as they examine x-ray images .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

at one of the leading us newspapers , writers who have become disabled by repetitive strain injuries that limit their use of a computer keyboard are dictating their reports to computers that can transform speech directly into text .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

pioneers of computer speech input have focused upon the needs of disabled computer users with systems that are trained to 'understand ' an individual 's speech , or upon narrowly defined applications that require a limited vocabulary .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

yet the vast potential of speech recognition to provide a more 'natural ' link between man and machine is spurring development efforts throughout the computer industry .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

ibm 's new offerings reflect compromises between these challenges .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

the program accepts dictation at up to 70 words per minute - faster than most computer users can type .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

systems that allow anyone to say anything to a computer at a normal rate of speech are still on the drawing board .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

novelists have long known it : the most compelling struggle of the second half of the 20th century is that between the human and artificial minds .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

arthur c. clarke fantasised brilliantly about it in 2001 : a space odyssey , which was no less memorably transferred to the cinema by stanley kubrick .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

because its possibilities are virtually limitless - mathematicians describe the game as 'non-trivial ' - chess is a profound challenge to the scope of machines which feel most at home in the merely finite .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

nonetheless , there , on well-trodden ground , the challenge lies .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

in the late 1960s the recently retired russian world chess champion , mikhail botvinnik , a computer scientist by trade , announced a wager of dollars 10,000 that by the end of the following decade the computer would be able to beat any human at chess .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

his bet was taken by a british computer scientist , david levy .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

in 1979 levy , a strong player but no grandmaster , crushed the world 's strongest chess computer program in a match of six games .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

it was only towards the end of the next decade that advances in computer science began to catch up with the human mind - which had , after all , had a start of about 2,000 years of chess playing .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

-lrb- it has to be said , however , that larsen , though a great player , can lose to almost anyone - perhaps one should say anything - on one of his off days . -rrb- a few weeks after larsen 's loss , i challenged deep thought to a half-hour game by telephone link .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

but far more astonishing has been the development of computer capacity in this decade .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

developed by polish mathematician jan lukasiewicz during the 1920s and expanded -lrb- and named -rrb- 40 years later by uc berkeley computer scientist lotfi a. zadeh , fuzziness refutes the traditional aristotelian theory of absolutes , arguing that the world is full of things that defy categorization by western logic , things whose definitions are a little fuzzy .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

its applications are , among other things , revolutionizing the computer world by creating systems of machine intelligence that compute in terms of humanlike reasoning .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

a traditional computer would have difficulties accommodating the concept of a platypus , for example , because it is an animal that is and is not , in equal measure , a mammal .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

a computer programmed with fuzzy chips can deal with degrees .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

a fuzzy computer chip will not try to categorize it as raining or not because it relies on a user-defined alphabet of functions rather than the usual ones and zeros .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

so when a fuzzy computer is charged with control functions such as , say , docking a space shuttle with a space station , these translate into a smoothness of performance in control systems that can not be replicated otherwise .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

although many of kosko 's theories revolve around computer applications , he has dozens of everyday examples to explain the difference between fuzziness and probability : whether or not an article is published , to use one of his favorites , is a matter of probability .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

but what if there is half an apple in the refrigerator ?


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

that half an apple has a 50 % degree of membership in the set of whole apples .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

as a neural networks expert and a fuzzy theorist , he has organized several important international conferences and is about to publish the first college textbook about neural networks -- computer systems that emulate an organism 's ability to learn by experience .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

nasa uses him as a consultant on the space shuttle , as did the strategic defense initiative office .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

now an accepted part of the computer world , they were as scientifically outre then as fuzziness is now .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

he geometrized fuzziness , gave it concrete form and functionality , just as einstein geometrized space and time .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

here , for instance , you will find the proverbial cup that is half empty and half full , the taoist concept of yin yang , the liar from crete who said all cretans are liars , bertrand russell 's set of all sets that are not members of themselves , and russell 's barber .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

judea pearl , a professor of computer science at ucla , says he is `` still waiting for a good definition of what a fuzzy system actually is .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

`` any problem which fuzzy technique is designed to handle can be solved just as well , if not better , within a probabilistic framework , '' adds peter c. cheeseman , a researcher at the research institute for advanced computer science now on contract with nasa ames research center near san francisco .


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

`` it may work well 99 % of the time until , whoops , hey , no space station ! ''


Question: what was the name of the computer in `` 2001 : a space odyssey '' ?

however , given the limited budget the computer has to work with , only a few of its bets are possible .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in the battle on the river somme -lrb- 1916 -rrb- they employed a very effective weapon , tanks .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

for tens of thousands of ulster families who were bereaved by the battle of the somme in 1916 their sacrifice left a debt which britain can never fully repay .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

`` now we have gone farther back , to what it was like for the infantry at the battle of the somme in 1916 , '' said alan borg , the museum 's director .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

it details the history of the origin and development of fundamental principles of combined arms battle and reveals their essence under present conditions and their interrelationship with principles of operational art and strategy .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

an identification of ways and methods of implementing demands of tactical principles in defensive and offensive battle and meeting engagements , and development of appropriate recommendations for commanders and staffs , are the book 's principal content .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

principles of battle entered military theory as categories defining ties and relationships of various aspects of combat activity of formations , units and subunits ; as fundamental ideas ; and , as the most important recommendations on preparing and conducting battle. -lsb- . sup -rsb- 2 -lsb- / -rsb-


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

for example , the work `` o sovetskoy voyennoy nauke '' -lsb- on soviet military science -rsb- included among principles of warfare those such as the immediate , swift exploitation of success of nuclear missile strikes for conducting an offensive against the enemy with all available personnel and equipment , swiftness in conducting the battle and operation and exploiting success in them at high rates , continuous strategic , operational and tactical reconnaissance , and so on. -lsb- . sup -rsb- 3 -lsb- / -rsb-


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the mistake of these and certain other authors in interpreting the principles is that they identify principles of battle with specific practical recommendations for its organization and conduct -lrb- `` preempting the enemy in deploying ... '' ,


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

but if one follows such logic , it turns out that practically any requirement of a regulation on preparing and conducting battle can be elevated to the rank of a principle , which of course is not legitimate .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

principles of modern combined arms battle are revealed especially poorly .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

one also can not help but note that the above work did not cover many principles of battle such as combat readiness of troops ; the maneuver of subunits , strikes and fire ; comprehensive support to battle ; total exertion of moral and physical efforts ; use of the moral-psychological factor in support of combat mission performance ; and firm , continuous command and control .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

this book is not an account of `` recipes '' for achieving success in battle -lrb- they do not exist in nature -rrb- and it is not a `` catechism '' of immutable truths -lrb- canons and dogmatic lines are alien to tactics -rrb- .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

while having based the study of principles of combined arms battle on guidance documents , on combat training requirements of minister of defense orders and directives , and on requirements of field manuals in force , the author at the same time expresses his own viewpoint on a number of questions that differs from what is generally accepted and advances certain new propositions in the form of statements and discussion .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

chapter one - role and importance of principles of combined arms battle in military theory and practice


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

like any other art , military art has its own inherent theory and its own principles , otherwise it would not be an art .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

and although command and control in the battle and operation will not accept rigid norms , although it is harmed by dogmatic blinders , this does not at all mean there are no rules here .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

already in ancient times people realized that one can not act at random in the battle and engagement without relying on accumulated experience and on recommendations developed by predecessors .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the art of tactics and its guiding principles began forming long before military leaders began to view the engagement and battle as a natural process .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

each time , failures were paid for in blood , and this forced military leaders and thinkers to ponder the way in which they should avoid miscalculations and how to organize for battle so as to suffer fewer costs and human losses .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in organizing for the battle or engagement , military leaders did not begin developing new approaches each time but , relying on accumulated experience , structured the combat formation more skillfully , achieved concealment , speed and cohesiveness of operations , employed procedures of deception and so on .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the art of fighting a battle and war as a whole remained at a low level .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in the work `` notes on war , '' general montecuccoli set forth such principles of battle as purposefulness , the ability to commensurate one 's forces -lrb- `` whoever intends to conquer the entire world in battle feeds on the winds and chases the wind '' -rrb- , swiftness and decisiveness of actions , surprise and maneuver .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the permanent value of principles of battle reflected in military works , manuals and regulations is that they serve as a unique bridge between past and present .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the role and place of tactics and its principles in evolution of military art were determined by the significance of the battle in the system of warfare .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

it is known that for many centuries the battle played the deciding role in the course and outcome of war and in accomplishing missions of strategy .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

thus , the `` entsiklopediya voyennykh i morskikh nauk '' -lsb- encyclopedia of military and naval sciences -rsb- published in 1883 gives the following definition of battle : `` the battle is a general concept , '' `` a battle -lsb- boy -rsb- of two armies which decided the fate of the war or of a separate operation .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

is called a general engagement or battle -lsb- bitva -rsb- , '' `` a battle -lsb- boy -rsb- of two armies of a less definite nature than in the previous case which decided neither the fate of the war nor even of a separate operation , but which led to a more or less substantial change in the situation for both sides in the theater of military operations .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

a clash of independent parts of two armies -- corps , divisions -- is called a battle -lsb- boy -rsb- . '' -lsb- . sup -rsb- 5 -lsb- / -rsb-


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the battle no longer acted as the chief means of achieving the goals of war , but only as one of its forms , the operation .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

under the influence of this the internal interrelationship among principles of component parts of military art became more complicated and the influence of requirements of operational art and strategy on the content of principles of battle intensified .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the role of battle as the basis and chief means of achieving the goals of an operation and war was preserved until the strategic and operational command element had at their disposal their own personnel and equipment which were not part of combined arms formations and units .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the battle continued to hold a central place in war .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

an orderly system of principles of combined arms battle encompassing all aspects of its preparation and conduct has taken shape in our military art at the present time .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the principles of battle are subdivided by kinds into offensive and defensive .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

principle no 3 requires : dictate conditions of battle to the enemy and maintain swiftness and flexibility of fire , maneuver , and employment of ew assets .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

principle no 4 requires : coordinate operations of all personnel and equipment at your disposal in the course of battle and take advantage of the slightest enemy weaknesses to stop his offensive .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

field manuals of the british army consider the most important principles of battle to be the following : choice and approval of the objective ; offensive combat operations ; interworking ; freedom of actions ; concentration of forces ; economy of forces ; surprise ; indirect actions -lrb- deceptive procedures -rrb- ; combat support of troops ; maintenance of healthy morale ; and command and control of troops and the rear .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

it is apparent that principles of battle are understood differently in different armies depending on traditions which have formed , the level of development of military art , depth of cognition of logical patterns of warfare , and their philosophical interpretation .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

guiding lights in the commander 's control activity in battle


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the principles of battle have dual significance for military theory and practice .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

to begin with let us pose the following question : is it possible to exercise command and control of subunits and achieve success in battle without knowing the principles of military art ?


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

an officer who does not know the principles of military art but who prepares for battle can be compared with a wayfarer who , being in open country or a dense forest with neither map nor compass , tries to find the road to the necessary point .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in order for this not to happen it is necessary to `` arm `` oneself ahead of time both theoretically and practically : learn the nature of modern battle well , know its principles , and learn to apply them skillfully in practice .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

a knowledge of the nature of battle and its objective laws and logical patterns permits a commander to gain a deep understanding of the meaning of events occurring , correctly get his bearings and estimate that situation in which battle is prepared and waged .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

but it would be erroneous to take this proposition to mean that in studying specific conditions of battle a commander must not fail to find the logical patterns in them in order to reinforce their beneficial influence or reduce their harmful influence .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the operation , the battle and their processes are infinite in their specific manifestations , properties and relationships .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

a knowledge of the principles facilitates the work of a commander who is organizing for battle and exercising command and control of it .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

while in other kinds of activity man himself often is free to create circumstances favoring accomplishment of the assigned mission , in battle it is possible to ensure conditions for achieving success each time only by overcoming enemy resistance , i.e. , across many , many obstacles .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

outwardly the battle is a battle of strength , a contest of the sides in firepower , swiftness of maneuver , speed in delivering strikes and abilities to defend .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

and inasmuch as tactics as the most dynamic sphere of military art directly reflects processes of change in weapons and combat equipment , officers are faced with the task of comprehending new phenomena occurring in military affairs with maximum mobility and coming up with necessary recommendations for the troops ' practical assimilation of the most effective methods of preparing and conducting battle meeting a higher level of development of means of warfare .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

it is known that in the postwar period two qualitative leaps in upgrading arms occurred in the soviet armed forces and each time it demanded that the theory of tactics substantially revise views that had formed on the nature of combined arms battle and on the content of its fundamental principles .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the increased power , depth and quick-acting nature of weapons in combination with increased troop mobility gave combined arms battle an even greater decisiveness and dynamic nature and increased its spatial scope .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

under the altered conditions , our military cadres had to work out tactics of modern battle on a more contemporary material-technical basis , rethink the principles of its preparation and conduct , and bring their content into line with the increased requirements of operational art and strategy .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

another important feature of the present stage in development of combined arms battle is that substantial changes occurred in operating tactics of foreign armies .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the principle of coordination of efforts is understood to mean complete unification of efforts of all troops involved in the battle and also of weapons -- nuclear , chemical and conventional -- to achieve maximum combat power and most effective use of combat capabilities of troops as a whole and of each unit separately .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

profound , cardinal changes in views on the nature of battle both in our own army as well as in foreign armies elevates the role of commanders ' tactical art .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

although the wording of the absolute majority of principles of combined arms battle has not undergone changes in recent times despite the revolutionary renewal of tactics , their internal content and , most important , ways and methods of practical realization can not remain the same .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

profound comprehension of changes occurring in the content of principles of battle and of methods of their application , and development of creative , innovative qualities of military cadres are an insistent demand of the time .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

experience shows that if an officer is devoid of tactical flexibility and adheres to banality , then for the most part he can not apply principles of battle effectively .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the basis of an officer 's innovative approaches in practical application of principles of battle is his erudition , operational-tactical outlook , and level of military-theoretical training .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

an officer 's proper application of principles of battle in preparing and conducting battle is impossible without mastering the art of dialectical analysis of phenomena of combat reality , which permits discovering the inner logic of their development and `` coupling '' a knowledge of logical patterns of warfare in his activity with practical embodiment of demands stemming from them .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

it is necessary to learn to correctly apply principles of battle based on a rational learning of lessons from past combat experience .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the battle and engagement now have become many times more complicated , and difficulties connected with implementing decisions also have increased a hundredfold .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the battle always was a process of fierce confrontation and punished severely for oversights and mistakes , which obligated commanders to prepare it with all responsibility .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the way to eradicate such a situation is clear -- it is necessary to elevate the officer 's tactical erudition , explain to him -lrb- best of all from historical examples -rrb- where unchanging , repetitive actions lead in battle and at the same time show how to creatively accomplish missions in the situation at hand , achieve surprise , employ stratagem and so on .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

often it also happens that an officer is sufficiently erudite and tactically trained , but still acts conventionally in making a decision for battle and does not seek original ways of performing the mission .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

we will note in conclusion that fears of the following nature sometimes are expressed unjustifiably : applying principles of battle developed by combat experience instils a stereotyped approach to accomplishing combat missions .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the principles of battle are the theoretical frame of tactics , its basic scientific foundation .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

a knowledge of principles of battle becomes a physical force on condition that in conformity with a specific situation an officer is able to put their demands into practice , thereby placing their powerful creative potential at his service .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

4 . demands of the principles of battle are realized practically in complex , unique ways .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

principles of battle are not realized each one individually , but in an interrelationship .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

achieving success in battle requires skillful use of the full scientific arsenal of tactics and its fundamental principles .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

permanent combat readiness of subunits consists of their capability of entering battle in an organized manner at any time and at prescribed time periods and performing assigned missions successfully .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the `` ustav voinskiy '' -lsb- military regulations -rsb- of peter i noted : `` firmly reconnoiter the enemy , '' `` establish security , '' and `` assume battle order -lrb- combat formation -rrb- on time. '' -lsb- . sup -rsb- 6 -lsb- / -rsb-


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the swedes managed to rout the russians in the battle of narva .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

ten years had not gone by since the battle of narva when the russian army acquired the capability not only of battling the swedes `` as equals , '' but also of defeating them .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the regular army 's rearming had been completed by the battle of poltava : the infantry received smoothbore shoulder arms with bayonets , smallswords , broadswords , and hand grenades ; the dragoons received carbines , pistols and palache sabers ; the artillery was divided into siege , fortress , field and regimental .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in the seven years ' war -lrb- 1756-1763 -rrb- the russian army surpassed the prussian army in the level of training and combat proficiency , as attested by its brilliant victories in the battle at gross-jæagersdorf and kunersdorf , in the taking of the kohlberg fortress and in the taking of berlin .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

there was nothing unexpected in battle for his soldier , since he experienced the most difficult of combat impressions in peacetime .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

pekhotnym ofitseram v den srazheniya -lsb- instructions for infantry officers on the day of battle -rsb- . -lsb- . sup -rsb- 14 -lsb- / -rsb-


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the task was to ensure that border formations could enter battle without additional mobilization .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the battlefield employment of large masses of artillery and new weapons -- choking gases , tanks , aircraft , flamethrowers and so on -- predetermined the special importance of the `` technical factor '' in the combat readiness system -- the personnel 's knowledge of their own and enemy weapons and the ability to employ them in battle and fight new enemy weapons .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the battle of ypres -lrb- 1915 -rrb- was typical in this respect .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

and if this battle did not substantially affect the subsequent course of military events , it was only because the german command was unprepared to exploit results of the new weapon 's employment .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

it should be said that surprise employment of new weapons also occurred in subsequent operations of world war i. revenge , as it were , by the british on the germans followed soon after the battle of ypres .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

as a result the british achieved that success in a day of battle which they had been unable to achieve in 4-5 days since the operation began .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

thus , maneuvers were held in the ukrainian military district in 1931 , test exercises in the volga area during 1932-1933 , and large-scale maneuvers in the kiev special military district in 1935 in which questions of the deep operation and battle were rehearsed .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the reason for this was that ideas which existed at that time on the nature of combined arms battle were far from the reality which troops encountered at the very beginning of the great patriotic war .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

everything now being done in questions of improving the table of organization structure of formations and units , their technical outfitting , the command and control system , combat proficiency , combat , technical and logistic support , strengthening of the personnel 's political attitude and morale , and discipline and orderliness -- all this in the final account is aimed at preparing the troops for organized commitment to battle in case of war and at their ability to repel an enemy attack and defeat him .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in our time forecasting the conditions and nature of a future war has become unbelievably complicated above all because the upgrading and replacement of means of warfare and the troops ' technical outfitting is occurring at unprecedentedly rapid rates , and this introduces radical changes to battle tactics .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

it is important to train personnel in good time so they have a clear picture of what they will encounter in actual battle and what kind of enemy they will come up against .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

battle sternly tests troops for combat maturity , ideological conditioning , staunchness , courage and bravery and punishes mercilessly for blunders .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

for a long time it simply was ignored and the most difficult mobile forms of defensive operations , the withdrawal , battle in encirclement , and repulse of the first and most crafty attack of the enemy with the beginning of war were not rehearsed .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

thus , the popularization in military history textbooks primarily of winning tactical episodes in which soviet units achieved success led in the final account to where a superficial impression about battle formed in young officers and the opinion began to predominate that it seemingly could be won without particular effort and without thorough training .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

ground-air , `` electronic '' battle even with use of nuclear weapons was viewed largely in the light of experience of past wars .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the category of positional confrontation , linear forms of warfare , methodism and the measured nature of development of battle by no means became `` museum -piece '' procedures of tactics .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

evidence of this was , for example , development of the theory of deep battle and operation .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

even the most radical changes in the material-technical base of battle can not automatically , of themselves , lead to the appearance of new forms and methods of combat operations , to the establishment of new tactical thinking .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

now , when weapons and the character of battle have become immeasurably more complicated and when conditions for performing combat missions have become more difficult , the role of discipline as a very important factor has grown by many times .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

lack of discipline even of one soldier , the sluggish , imprecise execution of one 's duties and of commanders ' orders and instructions , and a deviation from provisions of regulations in battle can lead to serious consequences right up to nonexecution of the combat mission by the entire subunit .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

it is necessary to take into account not only what the probable enemy has now , but also what weapons he will have tomorrow and how his battle tactics and conditions of the military situation in general can change .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

a subunit whose officers and all personnel are unable to live in the field as in combat and who are not trained to quickly arrange housing and rest for themselves , prepare food , strictly comply with rules of personal hygiene , and constantly preserve cheerfulness , endurance , and readiness to enter battle at any moment can not be deemed combat ready .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

chapter three - decisiveness , aggressiveness and continuity of conducting the battle


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

decisiveness , aggressiveness and continuity of conducting the battle consist of a constant striving to defeat the enemy , the delivery of powerful blows to him , imposition of one 's will , disruption of his plans , creation of unfavorable conditions for him , and daring , bold , vigorous actions conducted persistently and stubbornly day and night in any weather .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in the battle at pharsalus -lrb- 48 b.c. -rrb- he surpassed his enemy pompey because he acted uncommonly -- not like everyone , but in his own way .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

much that was new and unexpected for the enemy in methods of fighting a battle was employed during the campaign into byzantium in 551 by a 3,000 -man slavic army detachment .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

for example , in the battle against the golden horde by prince dmitriy of moscow on kulikovo field almost 300,000 persons took part on both sides .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

dmitriy donskoy 's decisiveness of operations in this battle was manifested in the fact that he managed to preempt the enemy in deploying and delivering an attack -lrb- fig .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

battle of kulikovo with the appearance of firearms in the 14th-15th centuries , decisiveness and aggressiveness of troop operations in battle began to take on new forms in connection with the use of fire .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in wars of rus with lithuania , poland , livonia and the kazan and crimean khanates in the latter half of the 15th century and in the 16th century , along with the fight for fortresses , field battle began to be employed more and more widely in which the russian army found ever newer tactical methods of operations .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

this gave them strength in battle and inspired them to exploits .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in an era when european armies were dominated by linear tactics , which shackled the initiative of commanders and troops like a straitjacket , suvorov developed and brilliantly employed column tactics in combination with an extended order -- a method of battle created in the west only during the great french revolution of the late 18th century and later developed by napoleon . -lsb- . sup -rsb- 11 -lsb- / -rsb-


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

before a battle kutuzov would inspire the soldiers , and they would display supreme decisiveness and valor .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

here , for example , is how a participant of the battle of borodino , f. glinka , describes it : `` experience shows that the russian line that has been pierced , cut up , and broken still holds .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

therefore the role of tactics and the battle should be viewed in a different manner , in the overall system of operations and engagements .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

thus , in his work `` russkaya pravda `` -lsb- russian truth -rsb- p. i. pestel noted that `` success of a military battle .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

this was manifested very clearly in the russo - japanese war , in which new offensive battle tactics were employed under conditions of strengthened rifle -machinegun and artillery firepower .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the russian `` nastavleniye dlya deystviya v boyu otryadov iz vsekh rodov oruzhiya '' -lsb- manual for actions in battle by detachments of all combat arms -rsb- -lrb- 1904 -rrb- had only the most general instructions on this question .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the regulations paid attention to battle at night and in the mountains .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the french `` infantry drill regulations '' -lrb- 1904 -rrb- underestimated the increased importance in battle not only of artillery , but also of rifle and machinegun fire .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

for example , the battle of borodino in 1812 unfolded on a front of around 8 km to a depth of up to 6 km and lasted only a few hours .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

thus , in the russo - japanese war the continuous front of battle reached 75 km at liaoyang and 155 km at mukden .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

2 . alignment of the defense during world war i offensive battle tactics were perfected simultaneously with development of the defense .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

thus , in the verdun operation german troops advanced at a rate of only 40 meters per day , the anglo-french on the somme advanced at a rate of 70 meters per day , and only in the amiens operation -lrb- 1918 -rrb- for the first time in the entire war did the anglo-french manage to successfully penetrate the enemy tactical defensive zone .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

it is apparent from this that the role and importance of the principle of decisiveness and aggressiveness in battle has had a stable tendency to rise in the course of wars .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

principle of decisiveness and aggressiveness in defensive battle


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

high aggressiveness in combination with the troops ' determination in holding occupied positions is the principal condition for achieving defense stability .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

this essentially means that it is necessary to seek new forms and methods of displaying aggressiveness and decisiveness in battle in order to achieve superiority over the enemy .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

thus , while enemy troops managed to advance to a depth of 250-270 km in 67 days of defensive battles during the battle of moscow , they advanced only 120-150 km in 124 days in the battle of stalingrad .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

and although in terms of external characteristics certain methods of conducting a defensive battle are indistinguishable from those used during world war ii , their content has largely been renewed .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the essence of this method of defensive battle is to constrain enemy operations to the maximum extent , disorganize his command and control , wear him down , inflict losses on him , and reduce his offensive groupings ' rates of advance by fire .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

approximately the very same thing was repeated in the battle of leningrad in september 1941 and in the battle of moscow .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the experience of conducting an artillery counterpreparation in the battle of kursk in the defense zone of central and voronezh fronts deserves special attention .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

troops may use all forms and methods of aggressive operations during the battle to hold the main defense area .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

this would be incorrect , inasmuch as a situation may take shape in battle where it is possible to improve the situation at hand only by delivering a counterattack .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

principle of decisiveness and aggressiveness in offensive battle and the meeting engagement


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

decisiveness and aggressiveness reflect the main qualitative feature of the offensive .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

7 schematically shows certain ways and methods of realizing requirements of the principle of decisiveness and aggressiveness in offensive battle and the meeting engagement .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the paramount task which arises for troops in offensive battle and the meeting engagement is to seize and hold the initiative of operations .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

all this indicates that without successfully combating enemy helicopters it is impossible to achieve high decisiveness and aggressiveness in offensive battle and the meeting engagement .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the antihelicopter warfare system is laid down in planning the battle and in organizing interworking and comprehensive support .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the principle of decisiveness and aggressiveness is linked inseparably with attaining continuity of development of the offensive battle and meeting engagement and high rates of pursuit of the enemy ; with nonstop assault crossing of water obstacles ; and with the troops ' ability to fight with maximum exertion of forces at any time of day or year , in any weather , and quickly surmount the obstacles and natural barriers they encounter .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

a characteristic feature of modern offensive battle is that it usually takes in the entire tactical depth of the enemy defense simultaneously .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

under such conditions subunits must be able to conduct deep battle in his rear , acting for a lengthy time in isolation from the main body ; make daring deep and close envelopments and surprise raids on staffs and weapon firing -lrb- launch -rrb- positions ; intercept his lines of communication ; and fight forward-moving reserves and airmobile subunits .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

already in the battle for the first position of the enemy defense it was necessary to put to use not only second echelons of regiments , but also often of divisions .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

f. glinka , `` ocherki borodinskogo srazheniya -lrb- vospominaniya o 1812 gode -rrb- '' -lsb- essays of the battle of borodino -lrb- recollections of 1812 -rrb- -rsb- , part 2 , moscow , 1839 , pp 10-11 .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

d. d. gorbatenko , `` faktor vremeni v sovremennom boyu '' -lsb- the time factor in modern battle -rsb- , moscow , voyenizdat , 1972 , p 25 .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

interworking consists of operations by troops -lrb- forces -rrb- coordinated by objective , missions , place , time and methods of mission accomplishment for achieving the objective of the battle or operation ; one of the principles of military art .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

there can be no victory in modern battle without precise , continuous interworking .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the first step in amassing experience in organizing interworking in battle was made in ancient egypt , assyria , babylon , china and india .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

one of the most ancient sources setting forth precepts on how to prepare and fight a battle and achieve coordination of operations is the chinese `` seven books , '' particularly the treatise `` on the art of warfare `` by wu zi , military theorist and field general of ancient china -lrb- 5th-4th centuries b.c. -rrb- .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

coordinated use of four -wheeled war chariots in battle together with infantry and cavalry is of interest in combat operations by armies of the first states of the ancient east .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the presence in the inventory of the greek and roman armies of rams and siege equipment in the form of mobile antifortress towers in combination with missile -throwing weapons -- catapults and ballistas -- complicated the nature of battle and permitted shifting from a lengthy siege to an assault of fortified city -fortresses .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

as a result of evolution , the battle was divided as it were into two stages -- preparation of battle and its conduct -lrb- hand-to-hand fighting -rrb- .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the latter decided the outcome of battle by its attack .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in conducting battle the regiments -- right-hand regiment , left-hand regiment , `` forehead '' -lrb- center -rrb- regiment , ambuscade force -- began to use a varying alignment , as a result of which the depth of the battlefield increased and maneuver and countermaneuver by regiments began to be accomplished more widely .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

often it would happen as follows : the center regiment , the `` forehead , '' would repel an enemy attack from the front and the right-hand and left-hand regiments would envelop him from the flanks , as occurred , for example , in the battle on lake peipus in 1242 .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

small cannons -lrb- the `` small detail `` -rrb- would cover the actions of pososhnyye and harquebusiers and the great cannons -lrb- the `` large detail `` -rrb- would enter battle at a decisive moment .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the role of interworking in battle elevated especially with the appearance of mass armies -lrb- late 18th-early 19th centuries -rrb- .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

new features of interworking were manifested especially clearly in the patriotic war of 1812 , above all in the battle of borodino .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the strong side of russian troop tactics was that they combined the actions of infantry with artillery and cavalry in battle more flexibly than did the french .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

battle of borodino -lsb- remainder of caption


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

but the war also identified major shortcomings in interworking of infantry with artillery .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the experience of the patriotic war of 1812 showed that under the altered conditions of battle it was necessary to give division and regimental commanders more freedom of actions in matters of command and control and coordination of troop combat efforts .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the system of troop interworking in battle developed further under the determining influence of the appearance of rifled weapons , smokeless powder and high explosives and employment of technical communications equipment .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

n. v. medem 's textbook `` taktika `` -lsb- tactics -rsb- -lrb- 1837 -rrb- , which set forth practical recommendations on how to fight in an extended order in combination with column operations , played an important role in developing the theory and practice of interworking of troops in battle in the russian army in the 19th century .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

many forecasts on how battle would develop were expressed prior to world war i. many military theorists were inclined to think that the infantry would continue to play a predominant role in it .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

`` the battle chiefly will be the struggle of two infantries , and victory will be on the side of the greater number of battalions. '' -lsb- . sup -rsb- 6 -lsb- / -rsb-


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the essence of changes which occurred in the material basis of battle was that the machinegun became a mass weapon of ground troops .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

under the influence of this , the battle assumed a combined arms character .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

what was new in the interworking of infantry with artillery was that following artillery preparation of the attack a portion of the light batteries would be resubordinated to commanders of infantry regiments and would proceed behind the infantry to support it during battle in the depth of the defense. -lsb- . sup -rsb- 9 -lsb- / -rsb-


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

while 32 tanks took part in the operation on the somme , there already were 378 -lrb- battle tanks -rrb- in the operation at cambrai and 511 at amiens . -lsb- . sup -rsb- 10 -lsb- / -rsb- rates of advance increased with the commitment of tanks ; the tanks were attached to the infantry .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

aviation initially was considered a means of supporting the infantry -artillery battle and it performed reconnaissance and spotted artillery fire .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

tactical air defense tactics developed in the battle against aircraft and an air defense service was established .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

special attention was given to breaching obstacles during an assault and during battle in the depth of the defense .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

wire cutters , grappling hooks and grenades would be used for breaching during battle in the depth of the enemy defense .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

duties of unit and formation commanders in organizing interworking became more complicated in the course of development of combined arms battle in world war i. at the beginning of the war regimental commanders were its main organizers .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

with transition to positional forms of war , with the increased depth of combat formations and with development of technical means of warfare , interworking began to be organized according to the principle of rigid centralization -- division commanders would delve into all details of battle and coordinate combat efforts among units and subunits of combat arms and with adjacent units .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

for example , in organizing for battle near izhevsk in the fall of 1918 , v. m. azin , commander of the 2nd -lrb- subsequently the 28th -rrb- composite division , gave subordinate commanders only a general mission and the final objective of operations .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in the course of battle special attention would be given to coordinating operations of infantry with artillery , which would accompany the attackers by fire and wheels .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

some success in interworking of combat arms was received in conducting defensive battle in the civil war .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in offensive battle combat engineers would perform engineer reconnaissance of terrain , restore bridges , and build crossings over water obstacles .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

many questions of theory and practice of troop interworking in that period were resolved by soviet military thought in a fundamentally new way based on the theory of deep battle set forth in the instructions `` vremennyye ukazaniya po organizatsii glubokogo boya `` -lsb- provisional directions on organizing deep battle -rsb- -lrb- 1933 -rrb- .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the role of infantry in combined arms battle was also exaggerated .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

questions of interworking in defensive battle were not developed completely enough in prewar times .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

recommendations on developing an operational timetable in the division which should detail what mission rifle units , artillery , tankers and combat engineers should perform and how they should do so in a particular stage of battle were new .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

interworking in defensive battle was organized by options of conducting the battle , by missions , and by axes of enemy operations . -lsb- . sup -rsb- 23 -lsb- / -rsb-


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

for example , in the defense at moscow in november 1941 the commander of 5th army 's 32nd rifle division coordinated combat efforts for such missions as support to the battle of combat outposts , the battle for the feba and for holding populated points , and battle in the depth of defense .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

thus , in the defense at kursk interworking was organized in 15th and 81st guards rifle divisions and in 73rd and 213th rifle divisions for the following missions : battle on approaches to the defense and prohibition of enemy forward movement into the assault ; repulse of an enemy assault and the battle to hold the feba ; the battle to destroy a wedged-in enemy ; conduct of counterattacks and restoration of the defense .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

engineer subunits ' increased role in battle is indicated by the circumstance that in 1945 a rifle division began to have up to 12 combat engineer companies .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

subsequently , in the period of joint ground reconnaissance , combat arms officers were very satisfied and pleasantly surprised by the fact that they were training together in problems and would go into battle together .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the full burden of battle fell on the infantry .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in a defensive battle the japanese relied chiefly on the staunchness of their infantry .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

experience in organizing and accomplishing interworking gained by soviet troops in the great patriotic war served as the foundation , the starting point , for upgrading its system under present conditions .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

this section sets the goal of tracing how the content of interworking and conditions for its organization in modern defensive battle are changing and what new factors are influencing work methods of commanders and staffs , and on this basis developing certain practical recommendations for command and control entities in coordinating troop combat efforts .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

subsequently , in addition to coordinating efforts by missions , it also was deemed necessary to organize interworking by options of defensive battle and by axes of enemy operations .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the expansion in spatial limits of battle has a great influence on the system of interworking .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the circumstance that modern battle has assumed a land-air nature also substantially affects the character of interworking .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the interests of interworking in modern defensive battle demand that forecasting of the nature of friendly troop operations be more comprehensive and on a larger scale .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in organizing interworking it must be taken into account that defensive battle usually begins with a repulse of a massive enemy air strike , which can immediately encompass all elements of the troop combat alignment .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

that method of employing air defense weapons is practiced especially often in the battle to hold the security area .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

organizing interworking presents the greatest difficulty in the dynamics of defensive battle when combat efforts of defending troops are to be transferred from one position or line to another , i.e. , with transition from a positional to a mobile defense .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

principle of interworking in offensive battle and the meeting engagement


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the procedure developed in the great patriotic war for coordinating combat efforts of troops in the offensive retains its significance even under present conditions .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

with respect to the content of interworking , procedures for its organization , and work methods of command and control entities , much has changed here compared with the past both in the defense as well as in the offensive battle and meeting engagement under the influence of new factors of warfare which appeared in postwar times .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the sequence of developing questions of interworking in combined arms battle is shown in fig .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

troop combat efforts would build up during the battle for them .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in organizing it , commanders and staffs must take into account the possibility of the sides ' deep mutual penetrations , conduct of battle with an `` inverted '' front , and a rapid , abrupt transition from one kind of combat operations to another , which predetermines continuous correction of the battle plan and the system of interworking .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

while in the past , when the capture of enemy defensive positions was the basis of attacking troops ' combat missions and the range of the bulk of division and regimental weapons was relatively short , the provisions indicated above for planning battle in detail only to a shallow depth were fully justified .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

major changes in the nature of modern battle dictated by employment of new weapons demand determining the sequence of coordinating troop combat efforts by individual missions differently than before .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the experience of the great patriotic war and local wars showed that greatest difficulties in maintaining interworking are created during battle in the depth of the enemy defense , which is characterized by unpredictability of the development of events and the frequent appearance of crisis situations .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

therefore one must be ready for the fact that in the course of battle it will be necessary to substantially correct or even create the system of interworking anew more than once .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

therefore in the course of battle there will be a stubborn contest of the sides in building up combat efforts .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

concealing smoke screens can be emplaced in the course of battle by the assaulting subunits themselves to hamper operations of enemy antitank helicopters and also to conceal a maneuver .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

in conducting battle in the depth of the enemy defense , motorized rifle and tank units should interwork with aviation with special precision .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

while the important thing in the decision is to determine the objective of battle and methods of achieving it , the most important thing in organizing interworking is determine specific ways of fulfilling assigned missions with consideration of possible situation changes , different options of operations by friendly and enemy troops , and the appearance of crisis situations .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

4 . although fundamentals of interworking in battle which were developed in the great patriotic war retain their significance even now , continuous renewal of the material base of modern battle requires searching for new ways of realizing this principle with consideration of demands of deep , air-ground , electronic battle characterized by an ever growing spatial scope , dynamic nature , high decisiveness and mobility .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

see g. a. zubarev , `` vzaimodeystviye voysk v boyu '' -lsb- interworking of troops in battle -rsb- , moscow , voyenizdat , 1965 , p 9 ; d. a. ivanov , v. p. savelyev and p. v. shemanskiy , `` osnovy upravleniya voyskami v boyu '' -lsb- fundamentals of command and control in battle -rsb- , moscow , voyenizdat , 1977 , p 294 .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

from the history of the origin and development of the principle of surprise 2 . surprise in defensive battle 3 . surprise in offensive battle and the meeting engagement 4 . conclusions and recommendations chapter six - decisive concentration of efforts on the main axis and at the decisive moment 1 .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

from the history of the origin and development of the principle of concentration of efforts 2 . principle of concentration of efforts in defensive battle 3 . principle of concentration of efforts in offensive battle and the meeting engagement 4 . conclusions and recommendations chapter seven - maneuver of subunits , strikes and fire 1 .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

from the history of the origin and development of the principle of maneuver 2 . principle of maneuver in defensive battle 3 . principle of maneuver in offensive battle and the meeting engagement 4 . conclusions and recommendations chapter eight - prompt restoration of subunit combat effectiveness 1 .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

from the history of the origin and development of the principle of restoration of subunit combat effectiveness 2 . principle of restoration of subunit combat effectiveness in modern battle /m3 .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

conclusions and recommendations chapter nine - comprehensive support to battle 1 .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

moral factor in the history of wars 2 . moral factor in modern battle 3 . conclusions and recommendations chapter eleven - firm , continuous command and control of subunits 1 .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

from the history of the origin and development of the principle of command and control 2 . principle of command and control in modern battle 3 . conclusions and recommendations conclusion bibliography copyright : moskva izdaniye akademii , 1992


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

the missing of the somme by geoff dyer hamish hamilton pounds 15.99,157 pages the survivors are a tiny and a quickly dwindling band : even those who lied about their age will now be tilting a century .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

today marks the 89th anniversary of the end of the battle of the somme , the bloodiest battle in world history , with more than a million casualties and , in the wake of the annual rituals of armistice observance , many - among the young , at least - might ask themselves : why does this 'great war ' haunt us still ?


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

geoff dyer 's the missing of the somme is a curious book .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

and yet the missing of the somme is a genuinely important means of understanding our own relationship with the great war .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

so gazing over a cemetery such as railway hollow , 'the accrington pals ' valhalla ' in the somme , one stops short of describing this as futility .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

and so even beneath the crazy six-figure statistics of daily casualties at the somme , one 's attention is arrested by anecdotes : of captain nevill , who led his platoon over the top by booting a football into no man 's land and challenging his men to be first to dribble it into a german trench .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

both the dross of jingoism and the buttress of optimism vanished : and not even the battle of britain would restore the old imperial confidence .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

proof of that , if it were needed , comes from a new museum : the historial de la grande guerre , established at peronne , in the centre of the somme region , by the local conseil general .


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

and we went to the old somme battlefield in france and brought back two bags of earth to get the texture right for the sides of our trench . ''


Question: when was the battle of the somme fought ?

cyril dennys , 93 , fought in the 1917 battle of passchendaele .


Question: when was the women 's suffrage amendment ratified ?

in 1893 , nordhoff set two national precedents by staging an independent selection of its postmaster and by allowing women to vote in his election , 27 years before the 19th amendment granted women 's suffrage .


Question: when was the women 's suffrage amendment ratified ?

fears that a recent supreme court decision could lead to restrictions on abortion in california has galvanized women 's rights organizations in the area , according to many who gathered across los angeles county on saturday to celebrate the 19th amendment , which was ratified 69 years ago this month and gave women the right to vote .


Question: when was the women 's suffrage amendment ratified ?

assemblywoman maxine waters -lrb- d - los angeles -rrb- , addressing a conference in los angeles celebrating women 's equality day , said the right to abortion figures to be a key issue among voters in the 1990 state elections .


Question: who wrote `` the pines of rome '' ?

tortelier followed his confection with respighi 's pines of rome , all technicolor glitz and glitter and complete with real nightingales , or rather real recordings of real nightingales .


Question: who wrote `` the pines of rome '' ?

at least it seems unlikely that the capacity audience on tuesday had turned up to hear schubert 's fifth symphony and respighi 's the pines of rome , the remainder of the philharmonia 's programme .


Question: who wrote `` the pines of rome '' ?

davis ' blocky conducting did n't ravage selections from vivaldi 's `` the four seasons `` and respighi 's `` the pines of rome , '' but neither did it give them any life .


Question: who wrote `` hamlet '' ?

unlocking the mysteries of the man and his work by ian wilson headline press , 498 pages , pounds 19.99 what do we think we know about the author of hamlet - assuming it was shakespeare who wrote the plays ?


Question: who wrote `` hamlet '' ?

having lost a son called hamnet , shakespeare wrote a play about a man called hamlet who lost his father .


Question: who wrote `` hamlet '' ?

but none wrote a play in this obscure-shakespearean style .


Question: who wrote `` hamlet '' ?

he wrote poems , was an actor , and a playwright .


Question: who wrote `` hamlet '' ?

surely the only thing that greatly matters now is that he -whoever 'he ' was - wrote the plays .


Question: who wrote `` hamlet '' ?

whatever sex drive he had , olivier wrote in his 1982 autobiography `` confessions of an actor , '' went into his acting .


Question: who wrote `` hamlet '' ?

`` only a man of his titanic standing and relentless energy could have brought the project to fruition , '' wrote alan hamilton in the times .


Question: what did richard feynman say upon hearing he would receive the nobel prize in physics ?

when richard p. feynman , the late , world-renowned physicist with a passion for puzzle-solving and for making mischief , received the call at 4 in the morning telling him that he had won the 1965 nobel prize for physics , his reaction was to say , `` yeah , but i 'm sleeping ! ''


Question: what did richard feynman say upon hearing he would receive the nobel prize in physics ?

in `` surely you 're joking , '' feynman tells stories of his childhood in far rockaway , of his studies at mit and princeton , of his experience on the manhattan project in los alamos , of his work as professor at cornell and caltech and of his research in theoretical physics .


Question: what did richard feynman say upon hearing he would receive the nobel prize in physics ?

feynman 's indefatigable enthusiasm for solving puzzles , whether deciphering mayan hieroglyphics , cracking high-security safes in los alamos or solving the mystery of liquid helium is consistently and utterly infectious .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

the seto ohashi bridge , consisting of six suspension bridges in the style of san francisco 's golden gate bridge , will be formally connected to that californian symbol in a sister bridge ceremony scheduled for tuesday .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

unlike the golden gate bridge or even the san francisco side of the bay bridge , both of which are supported by cables that give when rocked by a quake , metal trusses tend to be more resistant to movement , mccarty said .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

thousands of cyclists , joggers and sightseers turned out saturday and sunday to cross japan 's majestic seto ohashi bridge , which straddles five small islands over an expanse of 7.6 miles in the seto inland sea .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

police bands performed and hundreds of balloons were set off as seto bridge authorities feted to mark the completion of the first physical linkup between the main island of honshu and shikoku island , located on the pacific side of southeastern japan .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

about 100,000 pedestrians , selected by lottery from around the country , formed a human link between shikoku and honshu on the bridge at noon sunday .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

on saturday , 3,000 people crossed the ohashi -lrb- literally great bridge -rrb- on bicycles , while an estimated 7,000 - 8,000 joggers joined in later the same day .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

the bridge , which cost $ 8.7 billion and took 10 years to build , will open to both rail and vehicle traffic after the official opening april 10 .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

transportation officials acknowledge that while the railway portion of the bridge is not expected to recoup its construction costs , toll charges for the highway section of the bridge should help to keep operation costs near or above deficit levels .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

the threat of rush hour traffic over the golden gate bridge apparently proved too much for organizers of mikhail gorbachev 's san francisco tour .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

the soviet leader and his wife , raisa , will instead view the bridge from a parking lot on the san francisco side .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

robert stockwell , president of the golden gate bridge district , is to give the gorbachevs a tour monday of gardens near the bridge 's toll plaza .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

`` we want to show them the most beautiful part of the bridge and show them the view that millions of visitors have admired , '' he said .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

while gorbachev meets with san francisco business leaders , mrs. gorbachev will take a separate tour of the city monday afternoon , traveling by motorcade to golden gate park , the war memorial opera house , davies symphony hall , the bank of america building and fisherman 's wharf .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

the golden gate bridge may soon undergo modern wind stress tests , partially to determine how the 52-year-old span would withstand blustery weather if a second deck is added for a rail transit system .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

winds , was endorsed unanimously friday by a committee of bridge directors .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

under the proposal , wind tests costing $ 39,863 would be conducted in conjunction with a $ 423,640 three-dimensional computer study of how a possible rail transit system on a lower deck would affect the bridge .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

the way jim sawyer figures it , the collapse of a 50-foot length of the bay bridge may have begun with a two-cent rivet .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

sawyer has made a career of designing and examining bridges , and he is sure that the seismic blast from the earthquake snapped a row of rivets and caused a patch of concrete five lanes wide to give way on the top deck of the bay bridge .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

it was a staggering scene , one that framed the disaster for a nation that had tuned in to watch game 3 of the world series only to see live pictures of a stricken bridge .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

and sawyer , a tampa bay civil engineer watching on television in florida , could not help but think about the rivets that join the huge concrete panels on the bridge .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

in time , caltrans officials will eyeball , photograph , measure and note what happened to the failed link of the bay bridge and draw conclusions as to the cause .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

and they will undoubtedly ponder why the golden gate bridge , the more glamorous of the twin spans that link san francisco with its bayside neighbors , weathered the shake with little more than a superficial crack or two .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

one theory advanced by experts focuses on the inability of the bay bridge to bend or give when struck sideways by the powerful ground waves generated by the temblor .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

as evidence , the roadway collapse occurred along one of the bridge 's most rigid sections .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

that jolt may have displaced the bridge as much as a foot before that section went . ''


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

state highway officials have declined to speculate , saying it is too soon to know what caused the bridge failure .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

among the retrofitted structures was the bay bridge , where crews retied the bridge decks to column supports , caltrans spokeswoman lisa covington said .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

a second $ 64-million phase to reinforce more than 700 bridge columns and supports statewide should be completed by 1992 .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

`` some retrofitting of the bay bridge has been done , but what sections had been worked on is unclear , '' covington said .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

jim mccarty believes the busted bridge may have had more to do with geography than concrete patch jobs .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

the bay bridge , built during the depression , runs east and west , tying oakland with san francisco .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

when the quake hit , it sent a powerful ground swell north from its epicenter near santa cruz toward the bay bridge , said mccarty , oakland 's public works director for two decades .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

the bay bridge incorporates three engineering styles , with the oakland side of the bridge supported by metal trusses .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

thus , when the quake 's powerful groundswell broadsided the bridge , a chunk of the upper deck collapsed , mccarty said .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

the golden gate bridge , which opened a year after the bay bridge , was spared because it was perpendicular to ground motion .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

`` a truss bridge is much more rigid , much less forgiving , '' mccarty said .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

the section of bridge that failed is over a pier support , and mccarty said he believes that the columns supporting the roadway `` separated ever so slightly , and boom , the concrete gave way . ''


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

moments after it happened , thomas kelly was driving his camper on the bridge 's upper deck , trying to return to san francisco .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

i thought the entire bridge was going . ''


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

the golden gate remained opened , and after several closures to inspect joints and seams , the san mateo bridge was declared safe and passable for motorists fewer than 24 hours after the quake .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

reopening the bay bridge , traveled daily by half a million motorists , is less certain .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

a large marine crane moved into place thursday below the wounded structure to lift the downed section bridge in an attempt to assess the damage .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

but that could mean it will be several weeks before the toll bridge is open again for business .


Question: what type of bridge is the golden gate bridge ?

`` that bridge has done a damn good job for 50 years , '' said mccarty , a bay area resident for most of his life .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

while it only takes three days to go to the moon 250,000 miles away , a round-trip journey to mars at least 35 million miles away would take a minimum of 14 months .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

`` with a 28 -power telescope you can see it on the moon 250,000 miles away .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

instead , when it gets about 450 miles off the ground - the moon is 240,000 miles away - it will turn to face the ground and start taking pictures .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

additionally , the moon 's orbit will place it 17,223 miles closer to the earth on sunday than it usually is -- which is 238,855 miles away .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

now that president bush has endorsed `` a journey into tomorrow '' _ a tomorrow that includes people living and working on the moon and mars _ congress will first have to give nasa a space haven closer to home .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

returning to the moon and going on from there to mars would cost untold billions more and would require a buildup of nasa engineers and industrial machinery not unlike the apollo days of the 1960s .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

more than 400,000 people worked on the moon program ; today , nasa and its civilian contractors employ fewer than 150,000 .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

a nuclear-powered space truck would have to be developed to shuttle up and down from the moon and mars to an arriving vehicle .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

technology is needed to mine and process moon rocks and soil for the minerals needed to build moon structures and to extract oxygen needed for breathing and for rocket fuel .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

when the moon moves into the earth 's shadow wednesday night , creating a total eclipse visible to perhaps a billion people , art whipple will fire a laser beam at a breadbox-sized reflector on the lunar surface a quarter of a million miles away .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

if he 's not successful , whipple says he 'll still enjoy the lunar eclipse _ a rare opportunity to watch the full moon change from a bright silver to a polished copper or faint orange , or , perhaps , even vanish from view .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

in the central , mountain and western time zones , the eclipse will be under way already by the time the moon becomes visible .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

and in los angeles , the moon rises at 7 : 35 p.m. pdt , when the eclipse is already in totality .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

a lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes through the shadow created by the earth blocking the sun 's light .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

`` anytime the moon sites are available , we fire the laser , '' he said in a telephone interview .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

but whipple said it is impossible to see the laser reflection from a full moon because the natural surface reflects sunlight so powerfully .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

by clocking the time it takes for light to travel from the laser to the moon and then back to the mcdonald telescopes , scientists are able to precisely measure the distance between the earth and its moon .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

whipple said in the years since astronomers have been laser ranging to the apollo reflectors , they have discovered that the moon is moving away from the earth at the rate of about two inches a year .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

during an eclipse , the moon can appear to be a bright coppery red if there is clean air between the lunar surface and the observer on earth .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

if smoke or dust obscure the view , the moon can dim to an faint orange color or even fade from view altogether .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the eclipse starts when the moon enters what is called the penumbra , the outer fringe of the earth 's shadow .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

half an hour later , the moon edges into the umbra , the dark , central part of the shadow .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

total eclipse , when all of the moon is covered by the umbra , will begin at about 10 : 20 p.m. edt and last for one hour , 36 minutes .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

when the moon leaves the umbra , the events will occur in reverse order .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the eclipse ends about 1 : 53 a.m. edt when the moon edges out of the shadow altogether and regains its customary bright silver color .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the moon plunges into the earth 's shadow tonight , creating the first total lunar eclipse visible in north america since 1982 , and thousands of telescopes are awaiting a celestial show of light and color .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the moon will be overhead with twilight ending just as the eclipse begins .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

`` the moon will not become visible until sometime after 8 : 30 p.m. pdt , '' according to a statement by the griffith observatory in los angeles , and will be in eclipse as it rises .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

`` the last time the moon rose while totally eclipsed as seen from los angeles was on feb. 5 , 1841 , and it will not rise while totally eclipsed again as seen from los angeles until june 25 , 2029 . ''


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the first glimpse the texans will get of the moon will be about 7 : 55 p.m. cdt when it already is eclipsing .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

`` moon watch ii , '' a free outdoor celebration of the eclipse and the 20th anniversary of apollo 11 's lunar landing , will be held in new york city 's central park .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

a small rocket will be launched to open the event , followed by lectures on the eclipse and live entertainment featuring a dance called `` moon beams ii. ''


Question: how far away is the moon ?

at the mcdonald observatory near fort davis , texas , astronomer art whipple plans to fire a laser beam at the moon during the darkest part of the eclipse .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

he hopes the light will strike a reflector left on the moon in 1971 by the apollo 15 astronauts .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

usually , whipple said , the experiment is n't attempted during a full moon because the natural light is too bright to see the reflected laser beam .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

but when the full moon is eclipsed , the returned beam can be spotted .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

whipple said astronomers have discovered that the moon is moving away from the earth at the rate of about 2 inches a year .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the moon will eclipse within view of north and south america , western europe and africa , and the antarctic .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

during an eclipse , the moon can appear to be a bright coppery red if there is a clean air between the lunar surface and the observer on earth .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the combination of a full moon and the moon 's nearness to earth will conspire to raise the tide a couple of feet above average , the national ocean service reported .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

aiding in this is the fact that the moon will be at its closest point of the year .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

causing the high tide will be the fact that the moon is at perigee at the same time it is full , rutstein explained .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the orbit of the moon is not perfectly round , but rather oval shaped .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

perigee is the time of the month when the moon is closest to earth , and that closeness allows it to exert greater pull on the oceans .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

that 's the closest the moon has come so far this year , although doggett said slightly closer passes are possible .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the perigee in september , for example , found the moon 1,500 miles farther away .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

and in november , when high tides are again expected with the full moon and perigee occurring one day apart , the moon 's perigee will be about 300 miles farther away than this month .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

besides the perigee , the fact that the full moon occurs late on the 14th also encourages the high tide , said rutstein .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the highest tides , called spring tides , occur every 14 days , when the moon is new and full .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

new moon occurs when the moon is on the same side of earth as the sun and the two pull together on the oceans .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

full moon means the moon is on the opposite side of earth from the sun and the two pull against one another .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

lower tides , called neap tides , occur when the sun and moon are at right angles to one another .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the preparation showed as pupils afterward asked questions of michael collins , who flew the mother ship while astronauts neil armstrong and buzz aldrin made the walk on the moon in 1969 .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

what impresses you most from that far away from home ?


Question: how far away is the moon ?

hubble was an astronomer in the first half of the century who concluded not only that distant galaxies are moving away from earth but that the farther away they are , the faster they move .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the lows come when experts have to issue urgent calls for sandbagging to keep coastal homes from washing away and emergency evacuation orders to save beachfront residents ' lives .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the highest tide in 17 years is expected to be produced by an unusual lineup of the earth , moon and sun .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

there is no evidence that the gravitational pull from the moon and sun will have any effect on seismic waves , scientists said , debunking a widely circulated prediction that the heavenly bodies will trigger a major earthquake sunday or monday on the new madrid fault in the midwest .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

`` the moon has only been this close to the earth 30 times in the past 300 years .


Question: how far away is the moon ?

the moon averages about 240,000 miles away , though you did n't have to know that to solve the problem .