Question: what is mad cow disease

the announcement of her visit came as an exasperated british government said delivery of 2,000 tonnes of frozen beef had been suspended while steps were taken to persuade the russian authorities that the beef was free of the 'mad cow ' disease , bovine spongiform encephalopathy .


Question: what is mad cow disease

as the subject was bovine spongiform encephalopathy -lrb- mad cow disease -rrb- , soames made certain he did not fall at the first fence by having a preliminary canter around the pronunciation in his office .


Question: what is mad cow disease

danish agriculture minister laurits toernaes said beef exports could be hurt following diagnosis of the country 's first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy , or 'mad cow ' disease .


Question: what is mad cow disease

government veterinary and health experts were yesterday putting out reassuring messages about bovine spongiform encephalopathy -lrb- bse -rrb- , or 'mad cow ' disease , in the face of growing public anxiety .


Question: what is mad cow disease

a second british farmer whose cattle were infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy -lrb- bse -rrb- or 'mad cow disease ' has died from creutzfeldt-jakob disease -lrb- cjd -rrb- , the human version of the brain disorder , scientists reported in the lancet medical journal .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy or 'mad cow ' disease - which has killed more than 100,000 animals in the uk - is causing a new wave of public concern .


Question: what is mad cow disease

richard lacey , a microbiology professor at leeds university and the leading critic of government policy on bse , said the deaths this year of two farmers whose herds had suffered from mad cow disease could not be put down to chance .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the uk will get strong backing from brussels today when germany seeks a ban on british beef exports because of fear of 'mad cow disease ' , or bovine spongiform encephalopathy -lrb- bse -rrb- .


Question: what is mad cow disease

there are growing fears in germany of 'mad cow disease , ' or bovine spongiform encephalopathy -lrb- bse -rrb- .


Question: what is mad cow disease

mr horst seehofer , the german health minister , formally asked the bundesrat , the german upper house , to approve a six-month ban of british beef to prevent the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy -lrb- bse -rrb- or mad cow disease .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the british government is discussing easing the controls on beef cattle sales that were introduced four years ago in response to the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy - mad cow disease .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the restrictions , imposed by european agriculture ministers last month to counter bovine spongiform encephalopathy -lrb- bse -rrb- , or 'mad cow disease ' , say beef carcasses may be exported only if they come from farms free of the disease for six years .


Question: what is mad cow disease

shares of proteus international rose 7p to 140p yesterday after the biotechnology company announced it was close to developing a diagnostic test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy , or mad cow disease , in live cattle .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the european commission 's veterinary committee yesterday lifted restrictions on some beef exports from the uk which were introduced in july because of fears about bovine spongiform encephalopathy -lrb- bse -rrb- or 'mad cow disease ' .


Question: what is mad cow disease

`` mad cow `` disease , an enigmatic nervous disorder that has killed thousands of cattle in britain , is causing trade friction in europe and is threatening the $ 3.7-billion


Question: what is mad cow disease

sure enough , the newspapers reported the following day that bovine spongiform encephalopathy , better known as mad cow disease , had , indeed , killed tens of thousands of cows already .


Question: what is mad cow disease

mad cow disease , officially called bovine spongiform encephalopathy , has forced the slaughter of 14,324 cows in britain since 1986 .


Question: what is mad cow disease

last may , this five-year-old siamese cat from bristol succumbed to the ravages of mad cow disease , or bovine spongiform encephalopathy -lrb- bse -rrb- , which makes cows ' brains go spongy and causes the animals to stagger and foam at the mouth .


Question: what is mad cow disease

`` mad cow disease '' has killed 10,000 cattle , restricted the export market for britain 's cattle industry and raised fears about the safety of eating beef .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the government insists the disease poses only a remote risk to human health , but scientists still are n't certain what causes the disease or how it is transmitted .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the symptoms are very much like scrapie , a sheep disease which has been in britain since the 1700s .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the incurable disease eats holes in the brains of its victims ; in late stages a sick animal may act skittish or stagger drunkenly .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the suspicion is that the disease was transmitted through cattle feed , which used to contain sheep by-products as a protein supplement .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the disease struck one of his own cows , gourlay said .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the report said the disease was impossible to detect in apparently healthy animals because it did not prompt the immune system to produce antibodies .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the southwood report said it was `` most unlikely '' that the disease was a threat to humans .


Question: what is mad cow disease

there is a human variant of spongiform encephalopathy , known as creutzfeldt-jakob disease .


Question: what is mad cow disease

according to a report in the british medical journal , the incidence of creutzfeldt -jakob disease is no higher in britain than it is in countries free of scrapie .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the british `` mad cow '' disease has now made britain mad at france , which rejected demands thursday that it lift its ban on imports of beef from across the channel .


Question: what is mad cow disease

british officials accused france of using the disease as an excuse to protect france 's domestic market .


Question: what is mad cow disease


Question: what is mad cow disease

because the symptoms are similar to scrapie , a sheep disease , it is assumed the disease was transmitted through cattle feeds .


Question: what is mad cow disease

british officials say there is no indication the disease can be transmitted to humans , but beef sales have dropped sharply in britain .


Question: what is mad cow disease

swiss authorities have imposed an immediate ban on imports of british cattle and beef as a precaution against `` mad cow '' disease .


Question: what is mad cow disease

a meeting of ec farm ministers agreed to limit british exports of live cattle to calves under six months of age , and to introduce a certification system showing that beef exports were from herds where no traces of the disease were found in the past two years .


Question: what is mad cow disease


Question: what is mad cow disease

it is already a multi-million pound disaster for british agriculture and now it threatens to erupt into a major political row between european governments .


Question: what is mad cow disease

`` mad cow `` disease was probably first observed on a farm in kent in 1985 , when four animals were put down after they were observed drooling , staggering before collapsing .


Question: what is mad cow disease

scientists at the central veterinary laboratory in surrey found that the animals ' brains had become holed and spongelike -- similar symptoms to the disease scrapie in sheep and the rare creutzfeldt -jakob disease -lrb- cjd -rrb- , in humans .


Question: what is mad cow disease

given a long incubation period , such a possibility could make the disease harder to eradicate .


Question: what is mad cow disease

`` there is no evidence that this disturbing disease can be transferred from cow to calf , '' farmers weekly insisted last week .


Question: what is mad cow disease

more cautiously , maff told the sunday telegraph : `` we have never said we have ruled out the possibility of maternal transmission , but even if it occurs , our scientists do not believe it will do anything other than lengthen the time before the disease is eradicated . ''


Question: what is mad cow disease

if the disease has jumped from sheep to cattle -- and cases have also been reported in kudu antelope at london zoo -- could it affect humans ?


Question: what is mad cow disease

that prospect , discounted by most scientists -- including maff critics such as mr purdey -- is considered a possibility by richard lacey , a leeds university microbiologist who has been studying cases of cjd , a disease with a long incubation period .


Question: what is mad cow disease

british and russian officials in moscow yesterday sought to settle an embarrassing row over russia 's reluctance to accept uk beef aid because of claims that it could bring 'mad cow ' disease to russia .


Question: what is mad cow disease

new information on the causes of spongiform encephalopathy -lrb- 'mad cow disease ' -rrb- .


Question: what is mad cow disease

these have included mental health , skin disease , vision and tropical medicine .


Question: what is mad cow disease

as a disease which affects people in poorer countries , such research is often not a commercial proposition for the pharmaceuticals companies .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the condition known in cattle as 'mad cow disease ' , spongiform encephalopathies , has been found in britain 's sparsely-scattered antelope population , the government has admitted .


Question: what is mad cow disease

three elands , three greater kudu and an arabian oryx have been diagnosed with the disease over the past three years .


Question: what is mad cow disease

however , the government states in a footnote to the table that the reporting of scrapie in sheep has been encouraged since 1991 'to obtain material for spongiform encephalopathy research ' .


Question: what is mad cow disease

mr david maclean , junior agriculture minister , stressed that naturally occurring spongiform encephalopathies in species other than cattle were not notifiable diseases .


Question: what is mad cow disease

he said there was 'insufficient epidemiological data ' to 'draw firm conclusions ' as to how the disease might have been contracted in cases other than scrapie .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the official view is that the deaths are an unfortunate coincidence , even though it is statistically unlikely that two dairy farmers should contract a disease as rare as cjd .


Question: what is mad cow disease

'since the illness of the cows -lrb- in templeman 's herd -rrb- and the patient occurred within months of each other , the animals and the patient had presumably incubated disease in parallel for some years , ' the health department said .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the source of infection was protein-rich cattle feed contaminated with scrapie , a related brain disease of sheep .


Question: what is mad cow disease

according to their investigations , maternal transmission from cow to calf - which would prolong the epidemic - is very rare or non-existent .


Question: what is mad cow disease

in addition , all british exports of bone-in beef must be certified as coming from herds that have been free of 'mad cow disease ' for two years .


Question: what is mad cow disease

they will also discuss a proposal from mr rene steichen , eu agriculture commissioner , to tighten restrictions on british exports of beef carcases from herds which have been free of the disease for six years rather than the current two because of the threat of bovine spongiform encephalitis , or 'mad cow ' disease .


Question: what is mad cow disease

also there as observers and guests will be vietnam , laos , cambodia and burma .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the european commission bowed to political pressure from germany yesterday when it proposed to increase restrictions on export of beef from britain because of the threat of bovine spongiform encephalitis , or 'mad cow ' disease .


Question: what is mad cow disease

mr rene steichen , eu agriculture commissioner , proposed to limit exports of british beef in carcase form to herds which have been free of the disease for six years rather than the current two years .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the number of cattle to have contracted the disease this year is 17,637 out of a total herd of 4.5m .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the restriction on farms rather than herds revives the question of whether the disease can be transmitted to one animal from another , or from a substance left on land used by diseased cattle .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the use of such protein was banned in 1988 and the incidence of the disease is declining .


Question: what is mad cow disease

it said the question of transmission from cow to calf or one animal to another was 'not settled ' .


Question: what is mad cow disease

`` mad cow disease `` has killed 10,000 cattle , restricted the export market for britain 's cattle industry and raised fears about the safety of eating beef .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the government insists that the disease poses only a remote risk to human health , but scientists still are n't certain what causes the disease or how it is transmitted .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the report said the disease is impossible to detect in apparently healthy animals because it does not prompt the immune system to produce antibodies .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the southwood report said it is `` most unlikely '' that the disease poses a threat to humans .


Question: what is mad cow disease

concern that the disease can be transmitted to humans has made the subject topic a in the pubs and press of britain , and has put a serious crimp in domestic beef sales .


Question: what is mad cow disease

mad cow disease has been responsible for the deaths of nearly 14,000 cows since it was first noticed in the mid-1980s .


Question: what is mad cow disease

no one is certain what causes the disease , which affects the cow 's brain .


Question: what is mad cow disease

but the prime suspect is tainted cow feed .


Question: what is mad cow disease

although government and industry officials have been concerned for some time , mad cow disease did not become a household word until recently .


Question: what is mad cow disease

now , as a mecca of capitalism , hedonism , epicureanism and sheer , obsessive decadance , harrods stands alone .


Question: what is mad cow disease

`` i reckon it 's the mad cow disease and all , gov , '' the lonely butcher behind the counter said when i asked him why no one was buying his meat .


Question: what is mad cow disease


Question: what is mad cow disease

`` some kinda brain disease they say is killin ' off our cows .


Question: what is mad cow disease

but , since the papers been fulla the mad cow scare , no one 's buyin ' beef no more . ''


Question: what is mad cow disease

but the government , still shaken by the domestic beef -sales tumble and a fight with three european neighbors over `` mad cow disease , '' refuses to buy any more such hypotheses .


Question: what is mad cow disease

his death prompted fears that the disease can be passed from one species to another .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the three countries lifted their bans june 7 , when ec ministers agreed on measures to contain mad cow disease .


Question: what is mad cow disease

the ec settlement helped to push mad cow disease off newspapers ' front pages .


Question: what is mad cow disease

`` mad cow disease `` has scratched beef off many menus .


Question: where do apple snails live

the everglades kite also is known as the snail kite because it exclusively eats apple snails , a wetlands mollusk whose survival is threatened by drought .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

in 1789 , john adams was sworn in as the first vice president of the united states .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

today 's highlight in history : two hundred years ago , on april 21 , 1789 , john adams was sworn in as the first vice president of the united states .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

john adams , the first vice president , summed up the hopeless anomaly of the office .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

in 1975 , south vietnamese president nguyen van thieu resigned after 10 years in office .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

in 1986 , the united states , britain and france vetoed a u.n. security council resolution condemning the u.s. air raid on libya .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

five years ago : yielding to a massive letter-writing campaign promoted by the banking industry , the u.s. senate voted 91-5 to repeal president reagan 's plan for withholding taxes from interest and dividends .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

one year ago : the senate panel investigating the iran-contra affair voted to grant limited immunity to president reagan 's former national security adviser , rear adm. john m. poindexter .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

in 1986 , the united states , britain and france vetoed a united nations security council resolution condemning the u.s. air raid on libya .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

ten years ago : barbara timm , mother of one of the u.s. hostages in iran , was allowed to spend 45 minutes with her son , sgt .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

five years ago : the president-elect of brazil , tancredo de almeida neves , died after an illness that had prevented his swearing-in the previous month as the country 's first civilian president in two decades .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

there has been a consequent letdown in political suspense ; and , since too many reporters these days cover politics as if it were a form of horse racing , the press is now doing its best to pump drama into the vice presidential nominations .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

but vice presidential candidates often can not even deliver their own states .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

the capacity of vice presidential candidates to help the ticket can be easily overrated .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

because the president , so long as he lives , is the only one of the two who matters , no sensible voter will make his decision on the ground of the running mate .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

that is why the electorate through most of american history has paid little attention to vice presidential nominations .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

when vice presidential candidates make any difference at all , it is most commonly a negative difference .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

`` the vice president ca n't help you , '' mr. nixon has well said .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

polling analysis suggests that people tend to vote more against vice presidential candidates than for them .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

they claim , of course , that they pick them because their statesmanlike qualities would equip them , if worst should come to worst , to be president .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

`` whether they should or not , '' former congressman james o'hara has observed , they will not , in the final analysis , choose their vice presidential candidate to succeed them .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

mr. dukakis 's vice presidential `` problem , '' everyone says , is jesse jackson .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

my impression is that mr. jackson is at bottom a realist who will use his claim to the vice presidential nomination as a bargain counter to gain other objectives regarding the platform and appointments .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

finally , if he were on the ticket and the ticket won , what in the world would hyperactive jesse jackson do as vice president , the biggest non-job in the land ?


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

why indeed should anyone want to be vice president ?


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

the task force acknowledges that vice presidents have never had much of consequence to do .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

but it unanimously rejects the recurrent idea that a vice president should be given a cabinet post or any specific administrative responsibility .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

it does so on several grounds : that an executive position may place the vice president in an uncomfortable adversarial relationship with the president and with other executive officials ; that , unlike other executive officials , the vice president can not be fired ; and that a specific job would focus the vice president 's attention on a single policy area , thereby reducing his general preparedness for the succession .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

nevertheless , the task-force majority believes that two centuries of history have woven the vice presidency into the fabric of the american constitutional order and that in recent times the vice presidency has become , on balance , a more promising and constructive office than it has been historically .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

five of the seven most recent vice presidents have subsequently received their party 's nomination in their own right -lrb- and george bush will make it six out of eight -rrb- .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

the future of the vice presidency , the majority concludes , lies in using the vice president as a general policy adviser for the president -- the role that would in addition most effectively prepare a vice president for the succession .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

a president will use -lrb- or ignore -rrb- a vice president as he wishes .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

only andrew jackson , jimmy carter and ronald reagan , three out of 40 presidents , have ever pretended to use their vice presidents as general policy advisers .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

even then the office condemns its holder to be an echo of the president , deprives him of the power to think independent thoughts -lrb- or at least to utter them publicly -rrb- and , far from preparing him for the presidency , may often be a maiming rather than a making experience .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

this is perhaps why no serving vice president has been elected president since martin van buren , more than 150 years ago .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

better , it seems to the minority , to abolish the office , as theodore roosevelt , who served as both vice president and president , once recommended ; and to take care of the succession , as france , for example , does , through a special election , thereby bringing to the office a person expressly chosen for it and not someone elected vice president in a tie-in sale .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

i suppose that the majority is right and that we are stuck with the vice presidency for a while yet .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

let the two candidates do the best they can ; but let us not exaggerate the importance of the vice presidency either for winning the election or for governing the country thereafter .


Question: who was the first vice president of the u.s .

`` i am vice president , '' he observed .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that strikes boys almost exclusively , appearing in about one in every 3,500 male births in the united states .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

sufferers of duchenne muscular dystrophy , a genetic disease that generally affects only boys , rarely live past their 20s and are often confined to wheelchairs for much of their lives .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

`` myoblast transfer holds great promise as a potential therapy for muscular dystrophy and other devestating hereditary muscle diseases , '' charash said .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

the experimental procedure is aimed at duchenne muscular dystrophy , a genetic muscle-destroying disease that disables in childhood and usually kills in young adulthood from destruction of respiratory muscles .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

-lrb- check -rrb- fragile-x syndrome : 1 in 1,000 males ; 1 in 2,500 females . ; -lrb- check -rrb- neurofibromatosis type 1 -lrb- elephant man 's disease -rrb- characterized by numerous skin growths : 1 in 3,000 births. ; -lrb- check -rrb- duchenne muscular dystrophy , a degenerative muscle disease : 1 in 4,000 males . ; -lrb- check -rrb- hemophilia a , a blood-clotting disorder : 1 in 6,700 males . ; -lrb- check -rrb- phenylketonuria : a disorder involving the processing of an enzyme that if untreated , can cause severe mental retardation ; 1 in 10,000 births. ; -lrb- check -rrb- retinoblastoma , an eye cancer : 1 in 14,000 births. ; -lrb- check -rrb- huntington 's disease : a fatal neurological disease ; 1 in 20,000 births .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

muscular dystrophy is a hereditary disorder that affects one in 3,500 boys in the united states .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

this bolsters the belief that a genetic defect discovered last year causes the disease and opens the way to determining how lack of the protein leads to the wasting away of muscles that characterizes muscular dystrophy .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

muscular dystrophy is one of the more common genetic diseases , afflicting about one in every 3,500 newborn males .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

brain cells produce a modified version of an important muscle protein , says a study that may help explain why muscular dystrophy causes mental impairment in some people .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

scientists have been puzzled about why duchenne muscular dystrophy , the most common and severe form of the disease , leads to mental trouble in some but not all of its victims .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

one-third to one-half of duchenne patients also suffer mild to moderate mental impairment , according to the muscular dystrophy association .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

that suggests that the protein-making machinery in brain cells `` reads '' the dystrophin gene differently from the machinery in muscle cells , said donald wood of the dystrophy association , which partially financed the research .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

in a finding hailed as an exciting step toward treating humans for the most common form of muscular dystrophy , scientists have corrected a muscle defect in mice by injecting immature muscle cells .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

in humans , lack of the protein causes duchenne muscular dystrophy , the most common and severe form of the disease .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

the research represents `` the most exciting approach for human therapy that , in my opinion , has ever come along , '' said donald wood , director of research for the muscular dystrophy association .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

both studies were presented at a recent meeting of muscular dystrophy researchers in perth , australia .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

the scientists could not demonstrate any impact on dystrophy symptoms because , for reasons not well understood , mice that lack dystrophin show no outward symptoms in the first place .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

kunkel 's team , which reported its results recently in the british journal nature , found that mouse myoblasts fused to muscle fibers in 39 of 70 mice that received injections in a leg muscle those fibers produced up to 30 percent to 40 percent of the normal amount of dystrophin , which probably would be enough to ease muscular dystrophy symptoms greatly in humans , kunkel said .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

researchers hope they have found a way to treat muscular dystrophy by altering the genetic makeup of weakened muscles .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

scientists injected donor cells into the foot of a 9-year-old muscular dystrophy patient at the university of tennessee on thursday , testing a procedure called a myoblast transfer which may lead to medical treatments of genetically based diseases .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

leon charash , a new york child neurologist with the muscular dystrophy association , said it apparently was the first time cells have been injected into living human tissue in hopes they would blend with dystrophic cells and restore them to normal .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

`` i think it is the opening salvo to what 's going to happen in the 1990s , which i hope is going to be the successful treatment of many genetic disorders. ''


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

scientists at the university of tennessee - memphis have selected 11 young boys suffering from duchenne muscular dystrophy as test subjects .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

the research could lead within a year or two to medical treatments for improving and prolonging the lives of muscular dystrophy patients , said gerald golden , director of the university 's center for developmental disabilities .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

by strengthening a few large muscles doctors may be able to keep a muscular dystrophy patient walking or breathing on his own for years longer than otherwise expected , he said .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

a new procedure using healthy muscle cells may help correct the protein defect that causes the most common childhood form of muscular dystrophy , a researcher said saturday .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

in a preliminary study , the genetic therapy called myoblast transfer produced a protein whose absence due to a gene defect causes duchenne muscular dystrophy , said dr. peter k. law of the university of tennessee - memphis at the muscular dystrophy association 's meeting here .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

researchers who injected millions of immature muscle cells into muscular dystrophy patients said wednesday the experimental treatment has proven safe and feasible .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

the injections went into the biceps , making the new work the first to show safety and feasibility for treating a large muscle , the muscular dystrophy association said .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

armed with the tools of modern molecular biology , researchers have created mice with cancer , mice with aids , mice with muscular dystrophy and are zeroing in on a mouse with alzheimer 's disease . ;


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

development of a mouse with a muscular dystrophy-like condition in the late 1980s led to a stunning finding , reported in august , that might result in a new genetic treatment for the disease. ;


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

scientists disclosed another in a series of rapid advances toward solving the mystery of muscular dystrophy .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

a 15 -member team of researchers reported that a newly discovered muscle protein is either missing or is defective in muscular dystrophy patients .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

less than a year ago , some of these same scientists reportedly found the genetic defect that apparently causes muscular dystrophy .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

the latest report confirms that the protein is , in fact , missing or inactive in muscular dystrophy patients .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

although the new research wo n't lead immediately to any new treatment for muscular dystrophy , it could provide a clue to future therapy .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

for example , finding out why lack of the protein does n't produce any noticeable muscle weakness until a child is two or three years old might reveal a way to halt or prevent the progressive muscle deterioration of muscular dystrophy , scientists say .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

the latest findings also suggest a new way to distinguish muscular dystrophy from other muscle-wasting diseases and could improve diagnostic accuracy , the researchers say .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

the research team was headed by louis m. kunkel and eric p. hoffman at children 's hospital in boston , who are among the scientists who discovered the muscular dystrophy genetic defect .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

in its most severe and most common form , called duchenne 's muscular dystrophy , a steadily progressive muscle weakness sets in before the age of five .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

in a less common form , called becker 's muscular dystrophy , the progressive muscle weakness is less severe and less rapid .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

in the latest research , the scientists checked samples of muscle tissue from 63 muscular dystrophy patients for presence of the protein , called dystrophin .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

that research had shown that sufferers of the severe duchenne-type muscular dystrophy lack the gene for dystrophin while those with the milder becker -type of dystrophy have the gene but it is defective .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

the researchers detected little or no dystrophin in the tissues of 35 of 38 of the patients who had been diagnosed as suffering duchenne 's muscular dystrophy .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

in 18 patients diagnosed with the lesssevere becker -type of muscular dystrophy , the researchers found dystrophin .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

this suggests that the dystrophin in this milder form of muscular dystrophy is defective and at least partially inactive .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

in addition , seven patients whose symptoms were in between the two types of muscular dystrophy also had abnormal dystrophin tests .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

among the 40 patients diagnosed with a variety of other muscular disorders , 38 had normal levels of normal-sized dystrophin .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

in total , 92 % of the muscular dystrophy patients either lacked dystrophin or possessed a defective form of it , confirming the earlier genetic findings .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

in four patients diagnosed with becker -type muscular dystrophy and one with duchenne-type illness the dystrophin appeared to be normal , hinting that these patients actually may suffer some other muscle-destroying disease .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

and two patients diagnosed with other types of muscle disease had abnormal dystrophin , suggesting they actually may suffer becker muscular dystrophy .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

exactly why lack of dystrophin leads to muscular dystrophy is n't yet known .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

the rapidly emerging picture of muscular dystrophy is a `` wonderful and an unbelievable change from the state of ignorance only a few years ago , '' declared lewis p. rowland of columbia-presbyterian medical center in new york in an editorial commenting on the new findings .


Question: what is muscular dystrophy

in the case of muscular dystrophy , he noted , the genetic defect was discovered first and this led to the protein , the lack of which apparently causes the disease .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

thuijs spent 1 -lcb- years working on the castle neuschwanstein , patterned after its 1869 german namesake constructed for king ludwig ii of bavaria .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

`` mad king ludwig 's '' neuschwanstein castle _ faithfully copied in disneyland _ is one of several meccas for soldiers and their families every year .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

next stop : king ludwig ii 's most famous castle , neuschwanstein. ; near fussen , about an hour southwest of munich , neuschwanstein is the imposing castle of disneyland fame .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

he died under mysterious circumstances shortly thereafter. ; across the valley from neuschwanstein is the castle of king ludwig 's father , hohenschwangau .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

an intriguing town in its own right , fussen is better known as the gateway to one of germany 's best known sights , the castle of neuschwanstein , built by the extravagant king ludwig ii -lrb- often called `` mad king ludwig `` -rrb- in the 1880s . ;


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

but while the earlier scenes are indeed of paris , the romantic stronghold perched atop a mountainous crag is far from the modern , commercial city of frankfurt : it is neuschwanstein -- a fairy-tale castle built by the eccentric ludwig ii of bavaria not long before he was declared insane .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

she lives in a white castle -shaped building with a room full of miniature european castles , cathedrals and houses surrounded by tiny brass cars and hand-painted people .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

the miniature kingdom has a replica of the castle neuschwanstein in fussen , germany ; the kremlin and red square in moscow ; and a hotel on the riviera with a beach covered by umbrellas and chairs .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

the castle and the georgian house _ a model of a 1710 london mansion _ are among mrs. thuijs ' favorites .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

they were the only two who still lived permanently at the cottage .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

at the end of the film , i said , he carries you off on his horse towards a fantastic castle .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

there is parking -lrb- $ 4 -rrb- at the bottom , and there are two ways to walk up to the castle .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

among the many impressive sites in the castle are the king 's bedroom and the never-used throne room , as well as the many splendid furnishings and decorations .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

the castle was inhabited for only about 10 days , and , like neuschwanstein , was never completed .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

other interesting features of the castle are a `` set yourself table , '' lowered by pulleys through a hole in the floor into the kitchen so that servants need not interrupt the king , and an eight-foot heated swimming pool in the basement . ;


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

herrenchiemsee castle is surrounded by more than 200 acres of beautiful gardens and a wildlife park . facilities on the island include rest areas , walking paths and a restaurant . ;


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

neuschwanstein is a soaring fantasy of towers and turrets perched on a mountainside aerie , and if it looks familiar it 's because walt disney used it as a model for the sleeping beauty castle he designed as the centerpiece of disneyland . ; tens of thousands of tourists each year tour neuschwanstein and a neighboring castle , hohenschwangau , built by ludwig 's father . ;


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

you can take a shuttle bus to the top of the hill where neuschwanstein is situated -lrb- it 's still a 10-minute walk to the castle -rrb- , but the most romantic way to go is by carriage , which costs 6 marks -lrb- about $ 4 -rrb- for the ascent and 3 marks -lrb- about $ 2 -rrb- for the descent -- unless they 've raised the prices. ;


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

too romantic since february , american airlines has been advertising its flights to frankfurt and paris with a television commercial featuring lovely images of the eiffel tower , sacre coeur , a handsome couple running toward each other through the streets of paris -- and a large , extravagant german castle .


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

as the castle appears on the screen , a voice announces american 's `` new , daily nonstops to frankfurt and paris . ''


Question: who lived in the neuschwanstein castle

as for the castle , he says , the airline needed an image `` that a tourist could recognize . ''


Question: what is propylene glycol

the chinese plant also will produce 5,000 metric tons a year of propylene glycol for use in pharmaceutical products , solvents and polyester resin .


Question: what is propylene glycol

arco chemical : has promoted the antifreeze agent propylene glycol over the more toxic ethlyene glycol .


Question: what is propylene glycol

among its major derivatives are styrene , used widely in the rubber and plastics industries ; propylene glycol , used in automotive coolants and aircraft de-icing products ; and tertiary butyl alcohol , used for octane enhancers that replace lead in gasoline .


Question: what is propylene glycol

propylene glycol is used in products including fiberglass , paints and cosmetics .


Question: what is propylene glycol

propylene glycol is used in a variety of products -- including cosmetics , packaged foods and liquid laundry detergent .


Question: what is propylene glycol

arco chemical 's mainstay , propylene oxide , is an intermediate used in making resins , urethanes , insulation materials , cushionings and many health and food products .


Question: what is propylene glycol

the largest family of propylene oxide derivatives is polyols , which are used in urethane foams and coatings .


Question: what is propylene glycol

in addition , the company has agreed to buy union carbide corp. 's urethane polyols and propylene glycol businesses .


Question: what is propylene glycol

as another part of the expansion plan , the company 's production capacity for propylene oxide will increase about 33 % to four billion pounds by 1994 , mr. sorgenti said , aided by new plants in texas and korea .


Question: what is propylene glycol

the step taken by the ftc was to authorize its staff to seek a preliminary injunction rescinding arco chemical 's purchase of carbide 's urethane polyols and propylene glycol businesses .


Question: what is propylene glycol

arco chemical will waive provisions in previous agreements under which carbide and texaco agreed not to compete in the polyol and propylene glycol business .


Question: what is propylene glycol

arco chemical also will drop certain objections it had raised to a technology that texaco chemical co. has been developing to make propylene oxide .


Question: what is propylene glycol

texaco chemical does n't yet make commercial quantities of propylene oxide .


Question: what is propylene glycol

the propylene oxide market , whose derivatives end up in many consumer products , was n't directly involved in arco chemical 's agreement with carbide .


Question: what is propylene glycol

but the carbide lines to be acquired by arco chemical are big buyers of propylene oxide , and arco chemical is a big producer .


Question: what is propylene glycol

the propylene glycol business is in south charleston , w.va .


Question: what is propylene glycol

also acquired were thanol products , made from propylene oxide and other raw materials and used in upholstered furniture and bedding and in the automobile industry .


Question: what is a panic disorder

reiman said that by inducing anxiety in the volunteers , the researchers were able to compare the blood flow pattern in normal , anxious brains with that of patients who experience panic disorder , an emotional illness that includes unprovoked and inappropriate feelings of great fear and anxiety .


Question: what is a panic disorder

in earlier pet studies , he said , the researchers learned that patients with panic disorder also experience a sharply increased flow of blood to the temporal lobes of the brain , the same areas affected by the normal anxiety felt among the volunteers in the study .


Question: what is a panic disorder

sixty - nine percent of the people qualified for diagnosis of panic attacks or another anxiety disorder , based on their answers to the survey , said kane , psychiatry professor at the baylor college of medicine in houston .


Question: what is a panic disorder

doyle , who is leading a psychiatric association effort to help physicians recognize panic disorder , said many doctors overlook anxiety when analyzing physical symptoms .


Question: what is a panic disorder

the food and drug administration has approved the first medication for the treatment of panic disorder , a disease that will affect 3 million americans at some point in their lifetimes .


Question: what is a panic disorder

panic disorder is characterized by repeated panic attacks in which a patient is struck by intense fear .


Question: what is a panic disorder

people who experience panic attacks are more likely than others to attempt or consider suicide , according to a new study that researchers say should prompt physicians to take more seriously an anxiety disorder afflicting millions of americans .


Question: what is a panic disorder

`` those who suffer from the disorder often face ridicule , '' said dr. andrew slabee , medical director of fair oaks hospital in summit , n.j. ; doctors say panic disorder combines an attack of panic with real physical symptoms. ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

thinking or anticipatory anxiety and avoids more and more situations , '' said meg mcgarrah , director of the anxiety disorder self-help group network in rockville , md. ; a combination of factors including heredity , biochemistry and an overload of stress often act as a catalyst that sets the first panic attack into motion. ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

it is less common that a single event like a car accident or a fire will bring on an attack. ; slabee theorizes that panic disorder is actually part of a double anxiety some people experience. ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

the anxiety disorder group network estimates that 2.9 million americans , or 1.6 percent , experience panic disorder at some time in their lives. ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

instead , graham claims he received a haircut that was too short on top and too long on the sides -- losing hair that had taken him 2 1/2 years to grow. ; the hairdo has left him `` ashamed '' and `` ridiculed '' by friends , graham said in his lawsuit filed in state circuit court . ; graham wears a hat to hide the unsightly coiffure and has received psychiatric treatment to control a panic anxiety disorder that followed the salon visit , the suit claims .


Question: what is a panic disorder

panic disorder consists of attacks of intense fear , with symptoms including shortness of breath , chest pain , dizziness , palpitations , nausea , trembling , and a sense of detachment from reality .


Question: what is a panic disorder

this is what he said : ; `` our program deals with all the major anxiety disorders : panic , post-traumatic stress , obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias , including social phobia -lrb- excessive shyness , fear of embarrassment , blushing , sweating or fear of speaking to others -rrb- . ; `` these disorders are common but unfortunately go untreated in many cases .


Question: what is a panic disorder

although the illness is highly treatable , only one-quarter of its victims receive proper treatment , health experts said wednesday . ; `` panic disorder is a serious and disabling disease .


Question: what is a panic disorder

this finding , said reiman , gives important new information that may be a first step toward eventual control of panic disorder .


Question: what is a panic disorder

`` when we identify the regions of the brain that are functioning abnormally in panic disorder , hopefully we will be able to design and target treatments that specifically address those parts of the brain , '' he said .


Question: what is a panic disorder

that narrowing can set the stage for heart attack .


Question: what is a panic disorder

more than 1 million americans have panic attacks , which inflict sudden bouts of intense terror for no apparent reason , according to the american psychiatric association .


Question: what is a panic disorder

fifty- five percent of the sample believed they had suffered a heart attack , although only 2 percent had been told that in the past .


Question: what is a panic disorder

more than a third of the millions of americans who suffer from serious sleep disturbances may also have psychiatric difficulties , including depression and panic attacks , a study indicates .


Question: what is a panic disorder

however , follow-up interviews a year after the initial screeding indicated that subjects with sleep disorders were much more likely to develop new mental disorders , especially depression , than non-sleep disturbed subjects , the researchers said .


Question: what is a panic disorder

the company , announcing the fda action thursday , estimated that between 1 percent and 2 percent of the population - an estimated 3 million americans - will suffer from panic disorder in their lifetimes .


Question: what is a panic disorder

a biochemical malfunctioning in the brain is believed to cause panic attacks , the company said .


Question: what is a panic disorder

upjohn studied alprazolam 's role in the treatment of the disorder in a two-phase study that involved more than 1700 patients in more than 14 countries , the company said .


Question: what is a panic disorder

however , higher doses of xanax may be needed for longer periods of time to treat panic disorder , the company said , and this could lead to greater chance for dependence .


Question: what is a panic disorder

suicide is believed to be triggered primarily by depression .


Question: what is a panic disorder

`` the bottom line is that panic disorder is another risk factor for suicide attempts , '' said myrna m. weissman , the columbia university epidemiologist who headed the study .


Question: what is a panic disorder

`` i think that panic disorder ought to be taken seriously .


Question: what is a panic disorder

panic attacks are recurrent , unpredictable episodes of sudden apprehension or fear , as weissman and others describe them .


Question: what is a panic disorder

as many as 10 % of all people experience panic attacks at some point during their lives , epidemiological studies show .


Question: what is a panic disorder

about 1.6 % to 2 % suffer from the more serious panic disorder , in which attacks occur as frequently as once a week .


Question: what is a panic disorder

people with panic attacks and panic disorder tend to worry about their attacks .


Question: what is a panic disorder

some become unwilling to be alone , to venture into public places or to return to places where panic attacks have occurred .


Question: what is a panic disorder

the researchers then divided the sample into four groups -- people who had been diagnosed with panic disorder , people with panic attacks , people with other psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia , and people with no disorders .


Question: what is a panic disorder

among those with panic disorder , 20 % had attempted suicide at some time in their lives .


Question: what is a panic disorder

by contrast , only 12 % of those with panic attacks , 6 % of those with other psychiatric disorders and 1 % of those with no disorder had attempted suicide .


Question: what is a panic disorder

similarly , 47 % of those with panic disorder reported having `` felt so low '' that they had considered suicide .


Question: what is a panic disorder

by contrast , 35 % of those with panic attacks , 19 % of those with other disorders , and only 4 % of those without disorders had contemplated killing themselves .


Question: what is a panic disorder

but a complex series of statistical analyses persuaded the researchers that the suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts were related to the panic attacks -- not to any depression , drug abuse or other conditions from which the people suffered .


Question: what is a panic disorder

`` we conclude that panic disorder and attacks are associated with an increased risk of suicidal -lrb- thoughts -rrb- and suicide attempts , '' the group wrote .


Question: what is a panic disorder

reich said the finding `` deserves widespread attention '' and `` may provide general physicians with new opportunities to prevent suicide by recognizing and treating panic disorder . ''


Question: what is a panic disorder

reich , who called panic disorder `` a relatively new concept in medicine , '' said many physicians may be unfamiliar with the condition .


Question: what is a panic disorder

they `` may not appreciate the intense distress associated with panic attacks , '' and patients may be unwilling to discuss them in detail .


Question: what is a panic disorder

but recurrent attacks can leave patients demoralized and isolated , unable to conduct a normal life .


Question: what is a panic disorder

by diagnosing the disorder and explaining to the patient that the cause may be biological , a physician can bring the patient some relief , reich said .


Question: what is a panic disorder

is it a new , media-made illness or is it 100 years old ?


Question: what is a panic disorder

their finding : chronic fatigue syndrome , formerly known as chronic epstein-barr virus syndrome , is rare if it exists at all .


Question: what is a panic disorder

most of the patient-reported symptoms attributed to the syndrome -- exhaustion , fever , swollen glands , disturbed sleep and fogged thinking , all occurring or recurring for months or years on end -- are the result of treatable psychiatric disorders , particularly depression .


Question: what is a panic disorder

depression is a common symptom of cfs , they say .


Question: what is a panic disorder

in some people , the epstein-barr virus causes mononucleosis , with its weeks or months of fevers , swollen glands and exhaustion .


Question: what is a panic disorder

patients were rushing to doctors , newspaper clippings in hand , seeking a physical diagnosis for an illness that was probably psychological .


Question: what is a panic disorder

although those antibody counts proved imprecise and largely irrelevant , in this age of aids , both medical and popular thought focused on a viral cause for chronic fatigue .


Question: what is a panic disorder

associated with a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders , '' says manu , who says he has seen 200 patients with the syndrome 's symptoms since he and two other doctors set up the university of connecticut 's chronic fatigue clinic in late 1986 .


Question: what is a panic disorder

and he adds , `` between the years 1980 and 1984 , the only thing we could find in aids patients was disturbed immune function and a menagerie of other infections that did n't make any sense . ''


Question: what is a panic disorder

they suffer from phobias and panic disorder. ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

many people with such phobias say society needs to know how to recognize victims who often camouflage symptoms with alcohol abuse and to identify a predisposition to the disorder in childhood. ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

if panic strikes in a different situation , experts say , the person may connect it with avoidance behavior and , without professional help , slowly expand the range of fears until he or she becomes a prisoner to a fear of fear or becomes agoraphobic -- having a fear of being in open or public places. ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

`` if the fear builds and spreads to other areas and is left untreated , the person could eventually develop panic disorder. '' ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

the new jersey self-help clearinghouse at st. clare's-riverside hospital in denville reports that in 1986 there were 10 self-help panic disorder and phobic groups in the state .


Question: what is a panic disorder

fearing that their symptoms indicate heart attacks , many sufferers wind up in hospital emergency rooms after their first attack. ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

it took alicia bogardo of new providence , n.j. , three years to receive a diagnosis of panic disorder .


Question: what is a panic disorder

`` i struggled while six doctors told me it was everything from an inner-ear infection to a heart condition , '' she said. ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

`` when i finally found out it had a name -- panic disorder -- i was almost relieved .


Question: what is a panic disorder

a major reason so few panic-disorder patients get treatment is that too few doctors recognize the symptoms of panic disorder , said mccurdy , of the medical school of south carolina in charleston . ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

often , patients with symptoms of panic disorder are given inappropriate treatments , or are told after a battery of tests that nothing is wrong with them , he said .


Question: what is a panic disorder

`` the first thing they think is that they 're having a heart attack , or that they 're going crazy. '' ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

medication can help reduce panic disorder , and so can a form of treatment known as cognitive behavioral therapy , said panel member marsha linehan , a psychologist at the university of washington in seattle . ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

at this time we are conducting medication treatment studies in adults and children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and in adults with social phobia .


Question: what is a panic disorder

dear ann -- i have cancer and am receiving chemotherapy .


Question: what is a panic disorder

panic disorder is expected to strike 3 million americans at some point in their lives , with another 3 million suffering occasional attacks .


Question: what is a panic disorder

women who took vitamin e supplements also had a 36 percent lower risk of heart attack than women who consumed low levels of vitamin e , said dr. joann e. manson of the harvard medical school and brigham and women 's hospital in boston . ;


Question: what is a panic disorder

vitamin e also was slightly protective against stroke , she said wednesday . ; the vitamin a building block is called beta carotene .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid founder edwin h. land invented instant photography in 1947 and first marketed it in 1948 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

instant photography was invented by dr. edwin h. land , founder of polaroid , and was first marketed in 1948 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

instant photography was invented by edwin h. land , founder of polaroid , and was first marketed in 1948 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

instant photography was invented by polaroid founder edwin h. land in 1947 and first marketed in 1948 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

instant photography was invented by polaroid founder edwin land in 1947 and first marketed in 1948 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

as polaroid 's longtime guiding light , he oversaw the development of products that included the first polaroid land camera of 1948 and a long succession of other devices in the field that he termed instant photography. ; `` land inspired everyone he worked with , '' polaroid president i. macallister booth said .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

among them : ; -lrb- box -rrb- the first instant camera , the polaroid land camera , in 1948 , starting the era of 60-second photography. ; -lrb- box -rrb- polaroid sunglasses. ; -lrb- box -rrb- polarized glass for windows. ; -lrb- box -rrb- a 3-d movie projector. ;


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid , which invented instant photography , was a fast-growing stock market darling in the 1960s , led by the charismatic scientist edwin land jr. however , instant camera sales peaked in 1978 and an expensive venture into instant movies faltered , causing mr. land to leave the company .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the instant camera took several years to develop and , ironically , did n't use mr. land 's polarizing invention but rather other technologies from polaroid 's labs .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

buoyed by prospects of a billion-dollar court settlement in a 12-year-old patent infringement case and by takeover speculation , polaroid corp. 's stock has soared on wall street in recent weeks .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the instant photography pioneer is seeking $ 5.7 billion in damages from eastman kodak co. , which was found guilty in 1985 of violating seven of 150 polaroid patents when it entered the instant camera business in 1976 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` after reading the documents , a number of people said that polaroid 's case is stronger than we had expected , '' said eugene glazer , an analyst with dean witter reynolds inc .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid , based in cambridge , was trading in the low $ 20s a share until the damage request was disclosed feb. 19 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

since then polaroid has climbed , topping $ 36 a share at one point .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid rose 25 cents to $ 34 a share monday in new york stock exchange trading .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid wo n't comment on stock activity , takeover rumors or a settlement .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

in court documents , polaroid argues it is entitled to $ 3.2 billion in lost camera and film sales .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

kodak , which was ordered out if its $ 200 million a year instant camera business in january 1986 , has dismissed the claim as `` ludicrous and ridiculously inflated. ''


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the rochester , n.y. -based photo giant argues polaroid is entitled to a reasonable royalty , not lost profits .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

if zobel finds kodak guilty of willfully infringing on polaroid 's patents , pre-tax damages can be tripled under federal law , raising the potential maximum award to $ 11 billion .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

no one expects the settlement to be that large , but a $ 1 billion award _ equal to about $ 10 a share _ would allow polaroid to diversify into fields such as information retrieval or conventional photography .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

along with the polaroid brand name , the possibility that the company could run better under new management is keeping takeover interest high , analysts said .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid held a monopoly for almost 30 years until kodak entered the field .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid camera sales peaked at 7.5 million units in 1978 before sinking to 3.4 million in 1984 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid had entered the 1970s with high expectations due to technology for its sx-70 camera , which produced fast , dry color prints .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

but polaroid never was able to bring the cost of film down enough , which hurt instant photography sales .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

analysts said polaroid could get a boost next month with the introduction of the spectra 600 , priced at $ 40 to $ 60 , and the image , which promises better quality for $ 60 to $ 80 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

eastman kodak co. agreed monday to reimburse at least 4.2 million owners of its obsolete instant cameras as part of a proposed $ 150 million settlement of a class action lawsuit against the company .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

kodak stopped selling instant cameras and instant film after a federal court in 1985 said the company had violated patents held by polaroid corp. millions of people own one of the 39 camera models made useless by the ruling , which barred the manufacture of compatible film .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

under the proposed agreement , filed with cook county circuit judge thomas rakowski , instant camera owners would receive $ 50 , $ 55 , $ 60 or $ 70 in cash and kodak coupons , depending on the model of their instant camera .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

when kodak 's instant film was no longer available , a group of chicago attorneys , led by burton i. weinstein , filed a class-action lawsuit on behalf of camera owners in 1986 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

kodak , based in rochester , n.y. , said the settlement could cover as many 16 million people since the company made that many instant cameras for domestic sale between 1976 and 1985 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

anyone who owns an instant camera and is not yet a party to the lawsuit can clip the claim form and send it in along with the camera 's nameplate by aug. 1 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the lawsuit had challenged kodak 's original proposed settlement for camera owners of a kodak disc camera , a $ 50 coupon or one share of kodak stock .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid retained a monopoly in the instant photography field until 1976 , when kodak entered the market with a competing system .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

a week after that entry , polaroid sued kodak for patent infringement .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

a federal judge in boston sided with polaroid and the u.s. supreme court let stand lower court rulings when it refused to hear kodak 's appeal in october 1986 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

a lawyer for eastman kodak co. customers who bought the company 's discontinued instant cameras says only about 200 people have balked at a plan to give them $ 50 to $ 70 in cash and coupons .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the cameras were rendered virtually useless in 1985 when a federal court said the company had violated several polaroid co. patents on instant film and cameras .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

that court ordered kodak to stop producing film for its line of instant cameras .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the amount would depend upon the model of camera the person owned , he said .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

critics of the plan say an insufficient amount of money is involved , no provision exists to compensate for accessories like camera bags and some steps toward getting a rebate were difficult .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

kodak made 16 million of the instant cameras for domestic sale from 1976 to 1985 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

harte said 4.3 million camera owners were notified of the settlement proposal by direct mail , and 3.4 million have valid claims .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

a week later , polaroid sued kodak , charging patent infringement .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

a federal judge in boston sided with polaroid .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid is seeking $ 5.7 billion in damages from kodak .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

some 3.4 million u.s. owners of eastman kodak co. 's discontinued instant cameras should get up to $ 70 in cash and coupons just in time for christmas under a new settlement .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

kodak , which was forced to stop making instant cameras and film after a patent dispute , said the settlement is worth $ 150 million , but attorneys for camera owners pegged it at more than $ 200 million .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the settlement approved by cook county circuit judge thomas rakowski applies to 39 kodak instant camera models , ranging from the fiesta , the lowest-priced model , to the kodamatic 980l , the most expensive .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

depending on the cost of their instant camera , owners will receive amounts ranging from $ 52 in cash and $ 18 in coupons to $ 19.50 in cash and $ 30.50 in coupons .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the lawsuit was filed against the company in january 1986 , asking that it compensate owners for instant cameras that were virtually useless after a ruling against kodak in its legal battle with polaroid corp. a federal judge in boston said kodak infringed on polaroid 's instant-camera patent when it entered the market in 1976 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid immediately filed a lawsuit , charging patent infringement .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid corp. took pains to avoid competition with eastman kodak co. , the chairman testified tuesday in the opening of testimony in a trial over damages kodak should pay for infringing on its rival 's instant-photography technology .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

in the first day of testimony in u.s. district court , polaroid chairman william j. mccune jr. began to outline the steps that led to head-to-head competition with kodak .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid , based in cambridge , mass. , is seeking $ 12 billion in damages from kodak for infringing on instant photography patents .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

rochester , n.y. -based kodak says it should pay $ 177 million , equal to 5 percent royalties on the instant cameras and film kodak sold from 1976 until 1985 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

mccune said polaroid and kodk had a productive working relationship for decades .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

but things soured in the late 1960s , he said , when polaroid was working on its revolutionary sx-70 camera .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

kodak , which for years had manufactured film for polaroid , was asked to produce the new , complex negative that polaroid had developed for the instant , color camera .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

but kodak demanded a license from polaroid , mccune testified , which would have allowed kodak to develop its own instant photography .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` there was considerable reluctance to undertake the project unless we gave them license , '' mccune said under questioning by polaroid attorney herbert schwartz .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid ultimately built its own film manufacturing facilities in massachusetts .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

instant photography , mccune said , `` is all our bread and butter and that 's everything we 've got. ''


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

mccune 's testimony before judge a. david mazzone ranged widely from the origins of instant photography after world war ii to the introduction of the sx-70 camera in 1972 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

by 1963 , with manufacturing help from kodak , polaroid developed the first color instant photography .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid 's profits after taxes increased from $ 25 million to $ 75 million in that time .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

with the introduction of the sx-70 , mccune said , polaroid hoped for a dramatic increase in its business .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

but as polaroid 's lawyers have already argued , kodak 's competition beginning in 1976 cut into profits and forced polaroid to sell some cameras below cost .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

if mazzone awards polaroid anything close to $ 12 billion , it will be the largest patent infringement decision in history , far surpassing the record $ 207 million that smith international inc. was ordered to pay hughes tool co. three years ago for copying drill bit technology .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

a federal judge friday ordered eastman kodak co. to pay to polaroid corp. $ 909.5 million for infringing on instant camera patents , ending a 14-year legal battle with what is believed to be the largest such award in history .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

but in his ruling , u.s. district judge a. david mazznne said kodak did not willfully infringe on polaroid patents for instant camera and film when it entered the business in 1976 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

despite the record size , the award was far less than the $ 12 billion polaroid sought in its damages lawsuit against kodak and the $ 1 billion to $ 2 billion predicted by analysts .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

kodak had said it should pay $ 177 million , equal to 5 percent royalties on the instant cameras and film kodak sold from 1976 until 1985 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

u.s. district judge rya zobel in boston in 1985 ruled that kodak had infringed on seven of about 150 polaroid patents on instant cameras and film .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` it has always been our firm policy to respect the valid patent rights of others and the avoidance of any patent infringement was uppermost in our minds in the design of our instant cameras and films , '' whitmore said .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

i. macallister booth , president of cambridge -based polaroid , said in a statement that polaroid was reviewing the decision `` considering the significance of the injury to the company and its shareholders . ''


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the statement did not rule out the possibility that polaroid would appeal the damages award and a company spokeswoman declined to comment .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

booth 's statement said polaroid 's board would review how to use the damages money `` but will not announce how we plan to apply the proceeds when received until there is a final resolution of this litigation. ''


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid held a monopoly for almost 30 years until kodak entered the field in 1976 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid argued that kodak 's competition cut into profits and forced polaroid to sell some cameras below cost .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the two companies had a good relationship for decades , with kodak making film for polaroid , but things soured in when polaroid introduced the sx- 70 color instant camera in 1972 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

when polaroid tried to work out a deal for kodak to provide film for its new camera , kodak officials said they would do it if polaroid gave them license to create its own instant photography .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid refused and built its own film manufacturing facilities .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

kodak shares fell $ 2.75 to close at $ 35.25 in consolidated new york stock exchange trading , while polaroid shares lost 12 -lcb- cents to close at $ 29.37 -lcb- .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

david s. nelson , an analyst with shearson lehman brothers inc. in new york , said the award amounts to a nearly $ 20 per share boost polaroid stock before taxes .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` the difference is a major factor for the value of polaroid 's common stock , '' he said .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

analysts have predicted that a sizeable award would allow polaroid to diversify into fields such as information retrieval or conventional photography .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

kodak already has paid more than $ 100 million in cash to about 3.4 million owners of its instant camera to settle a class-action lawsuit seeking cash as part of the company 's settlement with people who bought the banned cameras .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

kodak gave each camera owner a cash refund of $ 19 to $ 52 , plus rebate coupons worth $ 18 to $ 30 for use on kodak products .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid corp. asked a federal judge friday to increase its record $ 909.5 million patent infringement judgment against eastman kodak co. by $ 173 million .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

mazzone ordered kodak to pay polaroid the $ 909.5 million for infringing on polaroid patents for instant cameras and film when kodak entered the market in 1976 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

cambridge -based polaroid had sought $ 12 billion , and mazzone 's award was considered a disappointment in the investment community .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

in friday 's 40 -page motion , polaroid asks the judge to reconsider his calculations in four major categories , said polaroid spokesman sam yanes .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

kodak , based in rochester , n.y. , originally argued it should pay polaroid $ 177 million , equal to about 5 percent of its sales of instant cameras and film from 1976 to 1985 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

brenda lee landry , an analyst with morgan stanley & co. in new york , said friday 's motions do not challenge the basic premises that mazzone used in rendering his judgment .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` in other words , they 're not asking him to change his logic or principles per say on any points of law , '' landry said .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

theoretically , mazzone could grant both motions , which would mean that polaroid would receive an additional $ 125 million , landry said .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

disappointed though polaroid may be in the amount of the award , if the company appeals the decision , it may only do so on legal issues , not monetary amounts , landry said .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

moreover , polaroid could end up with a lower award , she said .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the case dates back to 1972 , when polaroid introduced the sx- 70 color instant camera , and a deal with kodak to make film for the camera fell through .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

during his tenure at polaroid , the company introduced instant color photography in 1963 and made a major breakthrough in 1972 with the sx-70 system , which produced a vivid picture outside the camera. ;


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

instant x-rays , polaroid sunglasses , and a 3d movie projector were among the more than 500 patents he collected in his lifetime. ;


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

services will be private , according to the rowland institute , which announced the death .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

in the 1960s , a polaroid marketing executive estimated that half the households in the united states had polaroid cameras. ;


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

he spurred inventiveness among his colleagues at polaroid , and he repeatedly led efforts to overcome urgent technical problems that arose. ;


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

under his guidance , polaroid , which has been based in cambridge since 1940 , flourished after it began selling its instant-photography products. ;


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the company ran into notable problems in the 1970s , including some involving the technically elegant sx-70 , an instant camera with complex optics. ;


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

instant development ; as the rollers moved the negative and the paper along , they also broke open a small sealed pod attached to the paper .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

shamrock holdings inc. made a hostile $ 40 -a-share takeover bid for polaroid corp. , which last week adopted stiff anti-takeover measures in the wake of a confidential overture by shamrock .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the proposal pushed polaroid shares up $ 6 , to $ 40 , in new york stock exchange composite trading and threatens the independence of polaroid , a one-time high-flyer that has turned in a sluggish performance over the past decade and often has been rumored as a takeover candidate .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

but many people familiar with polaroid predicted the cambridge , mass. , instant camera maker will put up a tough fight .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

that is equal to a 6.8 % stake , based on the 71,918 , 350 polaroid shares outstanding as of last week , when polaroid issued 10 million new shares to an employee stock ownership plan in an effort to discourage unwanted suitors .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

assuming exclusion of the new shares , shamrock 's offer has an indicated value of $ 2.28 billion for polaroid shares it does n't already own .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid said it will consider the shamrock proposal , but said it believes the antitakeover moves it took last week , including the esop , are `` without doubt , the right course for polaroid . ''


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

it said those moves will `` enhance shareholder value by building on polaroid 's historic strengths . ''


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

analysts speculated that the proposal by shamrock could result in a takeover at a higher price , either by shamrock , which hinted at a possible sweetened bid , or by a friendly suitor -- possibly a leveraged buyout firm or a japanese or european camera and film maker that could take advantage of polaroid 's technology , brand name and distribution channels .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

stock analysts say that polaroid stock could be worth up to $ 50 a share , depending on the outcome of polaroid 's patent suit against eastman kodak co. , in which it seeks as much as $ 5.7 billion .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

although kodak has asked that a court ruling that it violated polaroid 's patents be vacated , many analysts expect polaroid to get between $ 1 billion and $ 2 billion in damages , or $ 10 to $ 20 a share after taxes .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

wall street arbitragers , hungering for a major deal after weeks of calm on the merger front , welcomed shamrock 's interest in polaroid and sent the stock skyrocketing .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

even so , traders give mr. disney 's group little chance of acquiring polaroid .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

shamrock 's move caps weeks of behind-the-scenes maneuvers in which polaroid and its wall street advisers , led by shearson lehman hutton inc. , apparently played hardball .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

according to shamrock 's securities and exchange commission filings and lawsuits filed yesterday , the disney group began accumulating polaroid stock in early 1988 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

in mid-june , with shamrock 's holdings hovering at 4 % of polaroid 's stock , mr. disney requested a meeting with polaroid president and chief executive officer i. macallister booth .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

mr. disney asked again and shamrock representatives also contacted some of polaroid 's directors in an effort to pressure mr. booth into a meeting .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

mr. booth then relented to a meeting july 13 in new york , but only on the condition that shamrock not accumulate more than 5 % of polaroid common stock , nor make any proposals that polaroid would be forced to disclose .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

in turn , shamrock says , polaroid agreed not to take any defensive action that would hurt shamrock 's investment .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

but on july 12 , with mr. disney already on a plane to new york , polaroid unveiled its restructuring and mr. booth canceled the meeting .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid plans to cut its work force 8 % , start selling conventional film made by another film maker , and cut research and development as well as issuing the shares to the esop and planning to buy $ 300 million of its stock .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the action is `` clearly in breach '' of polaroid 's word and `` both discourteous and unprofessional . ''


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

those events are at the heart of one of the two lawsuits shamrock filed against polaroid and its directors yesterday .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

in its delaware suit , shamrock charged that polaroid 's action `` demonstrates that management is not motivated by concern for the best interests of the public shareholders . ''


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

success in the delaware suit could be crucial to overcoming polaroid 's array of defenses .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the esop , which can be expected to vote with polaroid management , is a variation on the `` white squire '' takeover defense , in which a target company puts a block of its stock in friendly hands .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

assuming polaroid opposes shamrock 's proposal , removal of the plan could become all-important in light of an anti-takeover law passed by delaware earlier this year .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid proposed to vest its esop with 14 % of its common stock , leaving 86 % in public hands .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` the polaroid plan makes it virtually impossible for anyone to get the 85 % `` says an arbitrager who has studied the company .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

videotape eventually wiped out instant movies ' appeal , and one-hour photo developing and high quality , point-and-shoot conventional cameras are reducing the appeal of more expensive instant prints .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

last year , polaroid reported net income of $ 116.1 million , or $ 1.88 a share , on sales of $ 1.76 billion .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid followers say a number of overseas photography companies might be interested in acquiring polaroid .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

alex henderson of prudential-bache securities said that japanese film companies fuji film co. and konica corp. might be interested in paying a premium for polaroid .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

peter enderlin , an analyst with smith barney , harris upham & co. , thinks that even kodak might be interested in acquiring polaroid , although others say there would be antitrust obstacles .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

acquiring polaroid `` would certainly solve kodak 's patent-litigation problem , and relations between the two companies are n't bad , '' mr. enderlin said .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

nobody expects polaroid to quietly accept the shamrock offer .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

standard & poor 's corp. put polaroid 's $ 150 million of long-term debt on creditwatch with negative implications because polaroid `` action to avoid a takeover .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the day after thanksgiving in 1948 , a new camera went on sale at a boston department store .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

its instant camera developed photos on the spot , in 60 seconds .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

as polaroid 's laboratories made one breakthrough after another in the 1950s and 1960s , the company grew rapidly .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid was more than just another success story , it was an icon to american ingenuity .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

it is trying to fend off shamrock holdings inc. , a television and radio concern owned by the roy e. disney family that is proposing to buy polaroid for $ 2.28 billion .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid 's history is , in some ways , the latest twist in the decline of american industry .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the japanese have emerged as industry innovators -- in polaroid 's case , indirectly , with 35mm and video cameras .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

instead of adding jobs , polaroid is cutting them .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` polaroid has n't had a breakthrough product for years , '' says peter wensberg , a former polaroid executive .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid , however , insists that it has a bright future .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the 1990s will bring a new , more advanced stage of photography -- electronic imaging -- and polaroid 's technical know-how will make it a growth company once again , it says .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the company 's monopoly in instant photography virtually assures it of a solid , albeit unexciting , future even if its growth continues slow .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` instant certainly does n't cause the excitement it used to , but it has its part of the market , '' notes david ritz , the president of ritz camera , the nation 's largest photo retail chain .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

but skeptics say polaroid ca n't easily recover its lost glory : the computer age has changed the world too much for instant photography -- no matter how much improved -- to amaze the public again .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` polaroid has been very myopic , '' comments alex henderson , an analyst at prudential-bache securities .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

he says polaroid 's executives have failed to commercialize the good technology in its laboratories .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

he suggests that polaroid 's imaging technology might be valuable in developing products for the computer-publishing and medical-diagnostics markets , but only if the company enters joint ventures with companies offering expertise in those areas .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

but for him , polaroid has always been far more than a business .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

though business was lousy , a steady stream of discoveries came out of polaroid 's labs .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

during world war ii , polaroid survived on military work .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

americans were just becoming addicted to instant gratification .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

so what if instant cameras and film cost more ?


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

every now and then , it did n't , but that was ok , '' says joseph daly , an executive at ddb needham worldwide ad agency , which had the polaroid account for 30 years .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

many polaroid employees worked six days a week -- and loved every minute .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid sold its one millionth camera in 1956 and went public the next year .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

his polaroid stock was valued at more than $ 700 million .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the sx-70 scored a great sales success , but polaroid 's stock plummeted because the huge expense of developing the camera held down profit growth .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

adding to the pressure , kodak ended polaroid 's monopoly by entering the instant-camera market in 1976 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid promptly sued , charging patent infringement , but the case would n't be decided , in its favor , until 1985 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the camera cost too much , at $ 700 , did n't have sound and took only 2 1/2 minutes of film at a time .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

one-hour photo shops made instant cameras moot .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

from a high of 9.4 million in 1978 , polaroid 's instant-camera sales plunged to 3.5 million in 1985 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid 's management was too in-bred to notice that the world was changing , critics say .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

but the major problem remains : instant photography has lost its magic , even despite the introduction of an improved third-generation camera , spectra , in 1986 .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

camera sales picked up a bit , but last year they declined again because 35mm cameras are improving even more .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

the 35mms `` have automatic everything : auto focus , auto load , auto rewind , auto zoom , '' says jack crunkleton , the general manager of camera shop inc. , an eastern chain .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

it will be hard for polaroid to get back to the growth days . ''


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

at the same time , polaroid has had only modest success in diversifying .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

technical and industrial products that use its imaging technology -- cameras for instant identification photos and slide-making systems , for example -- have done fairly well .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid bought a one -man fiber-optics company in the early 1980s for $ 6 million and spent additional millions on research , but now it is considering scrapping the business .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid has decided , belatedly , to enter the conventional-film market .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` there 's a lot of value in the polaroid name , '' mr. swindell says .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

he preferred to stick to instant photography . ''


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

however , `` conventional film will be marginally profitable at best for polaroid because initially polaroid wo n't be manufacturing the film , '' contends elliott novak , an industry consultant .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

since it began selling videotape a few years ago , polaroid has built up an impressive 12 % market share , making it the leader in the u.s. but fierce competition has kept videotape profits slim , and the conventional-film business is n't likely to prove any bonanza , either .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid will have a tougher time entering the conventional film business than it would have had in the 1970s , says mr. henderson of prudential-bache .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

now , polaroid must battle not only kodak , with its 80 % market share , but fuji photo film co. , which began a big push in the u.s. a decade ago and has built up an 8 % to 10 % market share .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` polaroid could easily have done that . ''


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid itself argues that instant photography is n't just a quaint gimmick of the past , and it is working on a next-generation system combining electronics with the use of heat to develop film .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

`` japanese expertise in the imaging area will really put a lot of pressure on a company like polaroid , '' says mr. young , the former executive .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

right now , polaroid is under pressure from shamrock 's takeover proposal .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

among other things , polaroid has announced more job cuts -- employment will drop to 12,500 from a high of nearly 21,000 in 1978 -- and set up an employee stock-ownership plan holding 14 % of its stock .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

shamrock 's $ 40 -a-share proposal is well above polaroid 's stock price for most of the past decade but far below its 1972 peak of about $ 75 -lrb- adjusted for a stock split -rrb- .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

more than its forays into new technology , polaroid 's best defense against shamrock may be its legal victory in the kodak case .


Question: who invented the instant polaroid camera

polaroid is awaiting a trial on the damages , and its shareholders might hesitate to sell their stock too soon .