A 2019 study by Dani Madrid-Morales, University of Huston and Herman Wasserman, University of Cape Town concluded that "mis- and disinformation campaigns have been used to influence political agendas" in Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa.
Ìwádìí ọdún-un 2019 kan láti ọwọ́ Dani Madrid-Morales ní Ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ gíga Huston àti Herman Wasserman ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ gíga Cape Town fẹnukò pé "ìròyìn irọ́ àti ìròyìn ayédèrú ni wọ́n ti máa ń lò láti fi mú ìfẹ́-inú àwọn olóṣèlú ṣẹ" ní orílẹ̀-èdèe Nàìjíríà, Kenya àti South Africa.