Miroslav Tudjman and Nives Mikelic, communication scholars at the University of Zagreb, Croatia, define disinformation as "intentionally deputed mistaken information with the purpose to mislead the user".
Miroslaɓ Tudjman da Niɓes Mikelic, malaman ilimin sadarwa a Jami'ar Zagreb da ke ƙasar Kuroshiya, sun bayyana ma'anar labarin ƙarya a matsayin "wani bayani da aka canja da gangan da niyyar a ɓatar da mai amfani da bayanin".