title: Nonlinear Mesoscopic Elasticity: The Complex Behaviour of Rocks, Soil, Concrete
author: Robert A. Guyer
description: <b>T</b>his volume brings together a great deal of new data on thestatic and dynamic elastic properties of granular and othercomposite material. The authors are at the very center oftodays research and present new and imported theoreticaltools that have enabled our current understanding of the complexbehavior of rocks.
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  Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 2834; doi:10.3390/app10082834 
  www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci 
  Article 
  Analysis of Undrained Seismic Behavior of Shallow 
  Tunnels in Soft Clay Using Nonlinear Kinematic 
  Hardening Model 
  Mohsen Saleh Asheghabadi and Xiaohui Cheng * 
  Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; mos16@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn 
  *  Correspondence: chengxh@tsinghua.edu.cn; Tel.: +86‐010‐6278‐2019 
  Received: 5 March 2020; Accepted: 7 April 2020; Published: 19 April 2020 
  Abstract: In this study, a soil–tunnel model for clay under earthquake loading is analyzed, using 
  finite element methods and a kinematic hardening model with the Von Mises failure criterion. The 
  results are compared with those from the linear elastic–perfectly plastic Mohr–Coulomb model. The 
  latter model does not consider the stiffness degradation caused by imposing cyclic loading and 
  unloading  to  the  soil,  whereas  the  kinematic  hardening  model  can  simulate  this  stiffness 
  