title: RF and Microwave Transistor Oscillator Design
author:  Andrei Grebennikov 
description: The increase of consumer electronics and communicationsapplications using Radio Frequency (RF) and microwave circuits hasimplications for oscillator design. Applications working at higherfrequencies and using novel technologies have led to a demand formore robust circuits with higher performance and functionality, butdecreased costs, size and power consumption. As a result, there isalso a need for more efficient oscillators.
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  Oscillator Resonator Design Tutorial 
  J P Silver  
   
  E-mail: john@rfic.co.uk 
   
  1 ABSTRACT 
  This paper discusses the design of various types of 
  resonator that form the heart of any oscillator de-
  sign.  
  The first section describes the different resonator 
  types including lumped, coaxial, microstrip and 
  dielectric. The following section deals with varactor 
  diodes, including design equations, temperature & 
  loaded Q performance. In the final section the defi-
  nitions of loaded and unloaded Q are described 
  with a worked example and design techniques on Q 
  transformations. 
  2 INTRODUCTION 
  The resonator is key to the design of an oscillator. The 
  loaded Q determines the phase noise performance of 
  the oscillator. The oscillator frequency will determine 
  to some degree the type of resonator eg At microwave 
  frequencies resonators can be coaxial or microstrip and 
  at low frequencies the resonators are almost always 
  made up of lumped components.  
   
  This tutorial 