title: The Origin of Mass: Elementary Particles and Fundamental Symmetries
author: John Iliopoulos
description: <br />"Iliopoulos offers an elegant introduction to the Higgs boson and the standard model. Recommended." -- <em>CHOICE</em>
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  NUMERICAL MASS RELATIONS BETWEEN SOME ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 
   
  Gianni Callegari – June 2020 
  Padova, Italy 
  gianni.callegari@protonmail.com                                                                              
  +39 3381962277 
   
   
  What we perceive are never unique properties of 
  individual objects, but always and only properties 
  that objects possess in common with other objects. 
  [...] the passage from concepts of "substance" to 
  concepts of "function" is characteristic of the 
  historical development of science. "Concepts-things" 
  have gradually and often painstakingly given way to 
  "relational concepts". 
  (Heinrich Klüver in the introduction to "The sensory 
  order" by Friedrich A. von Hayek.) 
   
  Summary 
  The following expressions and formulas relate the masses of thirteen elementary particles to each other, with 
  the aim of showing that their apparently random values are connected and interdependent. 
   
  The mass of each specific particle is a linear combination