title: Drug Resistance in Cancer: Mechanisms and Models
author:  James H. Goldie 
description: 'However, this volume provides a very good overview of the drug resistance field with special emphasis on mathematical models and can be recommended to everyone interested in the field. Even those who see math as an alien subject will find this book useful, since the mathematical portions of the text have been kept as straightforward as possible. The book is a good source of references and suggestions for further reading and should interest a wide readership including clinicians, molecular biologists, and researchers interested in tumor growth, tumor killing and mutation models.' V. Spataro, Annals of Oncology<br /><br />'... required reading for all trainees in oncology.' Paul P. Carbone, Oncology
zlib_text: biomolecules
  Review
  The Resistance Mechanisms of Checkpoint Inhibitors
  in Solid Tumors
  Evangelos Koustas 1,†, Panagiotis Sarantis 1,†, Athanasios G. Papavassiliou 1
  and
  Michalis V. Karamouzis 1,2,*
  1
  Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian
  University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; vang.koustas@gmail.com (E.K.);
  panayotissarantis@gmail.com (P.S.); papavas@med.uoa.gr (A.G.P.)
  2
  First Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Laiko’ General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian
  University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
  *
  Correspondence: mkaramouz@med.uoa.gr; Tel.: +30-210-746-2508 (ext. 9)
  †
  These authors contributed equally to this work.
  Received: 29 March 2020; Accepted: 23 April 2020; Published: 25 April 2020
  ����������
  �������
  Abstract: The emergence of cancer immunotherapy has already shown some remarkable results,
  having changed the treatment strategy in clinical practice for solid tumors. Despite these promisin