title: The Evolution of Logic (The Evolution of Modern Philosophy)
author:  W. D. Hart 
description: "....Hart weaves in philosophical themes in interesting ways, but this book is most appropriate for those with a sound grasp of logic as a sub-discipline of mathematics.... Recommended...." <br /><b>- F. Wilson, University of Toronto, CHOICE</b><br /><br /><br />"....The development of logic after the war went rather in the direction of mathematics than philosophy. This period of the history of logic is shown in the book on the example of four problems; consistency and independence of the continuum hypothesis, Post's problem and Morley's theorem. The aim of the author is to make these achievements more accessible to philosophers and in this way to make available for them the tools necessary to renew the dialogue between logic and philosophy." <br /><b>-Roman Murawski (PL-POZNM; Poznan), Mathematical Reviews</b><br /><br /><br />"The Evolution of Logic is a significant study, perhaps a must-read, for those interested in the history of logic and set theory from Cantor to the present day. W. D. Hart illuminates both the ideas that inspire the study of logic and the ideas inspired by discoveries in logic.... The first five chapters provide valuable insights for readers with a moderate preparation in philosophical logic. But the real force of Hart's book is the appeal to philosophers and intellectual historians of the more concerted studies of the mathematics in chapters 6-9...." <br /><b>-John W. Snapper, Illinois Institute of Technology, HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science</b><br /><br /><br />"...an admirable job of making the presentation very smooth, with proofs simplified to their essential elements...." <br /><b>-Michael Scanlan, History and Philosophy of Logic</b><br /><br /><br />"...The Evolution of Logic is a book of admirable breadth and complexity. I find it to be tremendously interesting and thought-provoking. It will be widely discussed." <br /><b>-George Lzroiu, PhD, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Linguistics and Philosophical Investigations</b><br />
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  #### Volume I. Principles of Philosophy.
  
  
  
  
  
  #### Book 1: General Historical Orientation
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  ## Chapter 1: Lessons from the History of Philosophy _P_
  
  
  
  
  
  #### §1. Nominalism From the “Lowell Lectures of 1903,” Lecture IIIa.
  [†1](1_split_019.html#cp1.fn3n.fm)
  
  
  
  
  
  15\. Very early in my studies of logic, before I had really been devoting
  myself to it more than four or five years, it became quite manifest to me that
  this science was in a bad condition, entirely unworthy of the general state of
  intellectual development of our age; and in consequence of this, every other
  branch of philosophy except ethics — for it was already clear that psychology
  was a special science and no part of philosophy — was in a similar disgraceful
  state. About that time — say the date of Mansel’s _Prolegomena Logica_ 1851.
  [†2](1_split_019.html#cp1.fn4n.fm) — Logic touched bottom. There was no room
  for it to become more degraded. It had been sinking steadily, and relati