title: The Java Language Specification, Java SE 7 Edition (Java Series)
author:  James Gosling 
description: <B>James Gosling </B>is the creator of the Java programming language and a former Fellow at Sun Microsystems. He developed the original Java compiler and Java Virtual Machine, and was a principal in the Andrew project at Carnegie Mellon University, where he earned a Ph.D. in Computer Science. He joined Liquid Robotics as Chief Software Architect in 2011. <P style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</P> <P style="MARGIN: 0px"> <B>Bill Joy </B>is a co-founder of Sun Microsystems and was the principal architect of the Berkeley version of UNIX<B>&reg;</B>, for which he received a lifetime achievement award from the USENIX Association in 1993. Joy has had a central role in shaping the Java programming language. He joined KPCB as a Greentech Partner in 2005.</P> <P style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</P> <P style="MARGIN: 0px"> <B>Guy L. Steele Jr. </B>is a Software Architect at Oracle Labs, where he conducts research in language design and implementation strategies, parallel algorithms, and computer arithmetic. Steele is a co-creator of the Scheme programming language, an ACM Fellow, an IEEE Fellow, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering.</P> <P style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</P> <P style="MARGIN: 0px"> <B>Gilad Bracha </B>is the creator of the Newspeak programming language and a former Distinguished Engineer at Sun Microsystems. Prior to Sun, he worked on Strongtalk, the Animorphic Smalltalk System. He holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Utah.</P> <P style="MARGIN: 0px">&nbsp;</P> <P style="MARGIN: 0px"> <B>Alex Buckley </B>is the Specification Lead for the Java programming language and the Java Virtual Machine at Oracle. He holds a Ph.D. in Computing from Imperial College London.</P>
zlib_text: ™
  INTRODUCTION TO
  JAVA
  PROGRAMMING AND 
  DATA STRUCTURES
  COMPREHENSIVE VERSION
  Twelfth Edition
  Y. Daniel Liang
  Georgia Southern University
  
  To Samantha, Michael, and Michelle
  LLE ISBN
  ISBN-10:         0-13-651996-2
  ISBN-13: 978-0-13-651996-6
  SE
  ISBN-10:         0-13-652023-5
  ISBN-13: 978-0-13-652023-8
  Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the suitability of the information  contained 
  in the documents and related graphics published as part of the services for any purpose. All such documents and 
  related graphics are provided “as is” without warranty of any kind. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers hereby 
  disclaim all warranties and conditions with regard to this information, including all warranties and conditions of 
  merchantability, whether express, implied or statutory, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement. 
  In no event shall Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or consequential 