title: Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology
author: Klaus H. Krippendorff
description: Klaus Krippendorff (PhD in Communication, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1967) is Professor of Communication and Gregory Bateson Term Professor for Cybernetics, Language, and Culture at the University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School for Communication. Besides numerous publications in journals of communication, sociological methodology, cybernetics, and system theory, he authored Information Theory, Structural Models for Qualitative Data, a Dictionary of Cybernetics, edited Communication and Control in Society, and coedited The Analysis of Communication Content and Developments and Scientific Theories and Computer Techniques.<br /><br />Besides supporting various initiatives to develop content analysis techniques and continuing work on reliability measurement, Klaus Krippendorffs current interest is fourfold: With epistemology in mind, he inquires into how language brings forth reality. As a critical scholar, he explores the conditions of entrapment and liberation. As a second-order cybernetician, he plays with recursive constructions of self and others in conversations; and as designer, he attempts to move the meaning and human use of technological artifacts into the center of design considerations, causing a redesign of design  all of them exciting projects.
zlib_text: Analyzing Media Messages
  Analyzing Media Messages, Fourth Edition provides a comprehensive guide to  
  conducting content analysis research. It establishes a formal definition of quantita-
  tive content analysis; gives step-by-step instructions on designing a content analysis 
  study; and explores in depth several recurring questions that arise in such areas as 
  measurement, sampling, reliability, data analysis, and the use of digital technology in 
  the content analysis process.
  The fourth edition maintains the concise, accessible approach of the first three edi-
  tions while offering updated discussions and examples. It examines in greater detail 
  the use of computers to analyze content and how that process varies from human cod-
  ing of content, incorporating more literature about technology and content analysis 
  throughout. Updated topics include sampling in the digital age, computerized content 
  analysis as practiced today, and incorporating social media in content analysis. Each 
  chapt