title: Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
author:  Constantine A. Balanis 
description: The Latest Resource for the Study of Antenna Theory! In a discipline that has experienced vast technological changes, this text offers the most recent look at all the necessary topics. Highlights include:<br /> * New coverage of microstrip antennas provides information essential to a wide variety of practical designs of rectangular and circular patches, including computer programs.<br /> * Applications of Fourier transform (spectral) method to antenna radiation.<br /> * Updated material on moment methods, radar cross section, mutual impedances, aperture and horn antennas, compact range designs, and antenna measurements.<br /> A New Emphasis on Design! Balanis features a tremendous increase in design procedures and equations. This presents a solid solution to the challenge of meeting real-life situations faced by engineers. Computer programs contained in the book-and accompanying software-have been developed to help engineers analyze, design, and visualize the radiation characteristics of antennas.
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  Chapter 3 
  The Effects 
  of Ground 
  The ground around and under an antenna is part of 
  the environment in which any actual antenna must oper-
  ate. Chapter 2, Antenna Fundamentals, dealt mainly with 
  theoretical antennas in free space, completely removed 
  from the influence of the ground. This chapter is devoted 
  to exploring the interactions between antennas and the 
  ground. 
  The interactions can be analyzed depending on where 
  they occur relative to two areas surrounding the antenna: 
  the reactive near field and the radiating far field. You will 
  recall that the reactive near field only exists very close to 
  the antenna itself. In this region the antenna acts as though 
  it were a large lumped-constant inductor or capacitor, where 
  energy is stored but very little is actually radiated. The 
  interaction with the ground in this area creates mutual 
  impedances between the antenna and its environme