TEXT: AH-1W SUPER COBRA ATTACK
  HELICOPTER, USA
  Introduction
  Where else would a work covering attack helicopters
  begin but with the granddaddy of them all, the AH-1
  Cobra. Although this work's focus is on providing infor-
  mation on the model currently in the U.S. inventory, we
  will also take a detailed look back into the evolution and
  development of the worlds first dedicated attack heli-
  copter.
  History
  The snake's lineage begins in the war torn jungles of
  Vietnam and the army's realization that the men on the
  ground were in dire need of an aircraft capable of
  providing on call close air support without having to
  wait and rely on the Air Force to provide it. 
  Some of the army's UH-1 'Huey' utility helicopters had
  been modified to perform this role, these 'gunships',
  sometimes referred to as 'heavy hogs' provided the
  necessary fire-support but their large fuselages made
  inviting targets to the North Vietnamese and Viet cong
  soldiers on the ground.
  The idea for a light and fast, armed escort helicopter had
  already been around for a few years, the U. S. Army's
  Advance Aerial Fire Support System (AAFSS) program
  began in 1964 and several candidates were already in
  development. Lockheed had their AH-56A Cheyenne,
  which they unveiled in May 1967 and Bell Helicopter
  was working on their attack helicopter design, which
  wrapped a smaller fuselage around the dynamics of the
  Huey resulting in the Model 207 Sioux Scout.
  While Lockheed and the army continued to develop the
  sophisticated, AAFSS inspired Cheyenne; Bell began
  development of the model 209 AH-1 "Huey" Cobra.
  Intended as a successor to the UH-1B/UH-1C "Huey" to
  fill the gun ship role, the 209 incorporated the best
  features from the UH-1C and first flew in September
  1965, becoming the World's first attack helicopter. 
  The escalation of the conflict in Vietnam caused an
  urgent need for greater armed helicopter performance
  and the success of the 209 produced orders for proto-
  types and production models of the 209 as an interim
  attack helicopter, pending production of the AAFSS.
  In March 1966 the U. S. Army ordered 1,100 AH-1G
  aircraft from Bell Helicopter, the first models arriving in
  Vietnam in September 1967. The Cobra's primary
  mission was to provide fire support for its troop-carrying
  sister, the Huey and its introduction immediately
  provided ground commanders with air superiority
  without the wait of calling in the Air Force. The Cobra
  was used extensively in a variety of missions ranging
  from armed escort and reconnaissance to fire suppres-
  sion and aerial rocket artillery. 
  Sidebar
  A highly effective technique developed in Vietnam was
  to pair the "Snake" with an unarmed OH-6A Cayuse
  "Loach", OH-58A Kiowa light observation helicopter, or
  a UH-1H "Nighthawk", creating a highly effective and
  lethal hunter / killer or "pink" team.
  The narrow 38-inch wide airframe presented a much
  more difficult target than its derivative, the 100-inch
  wide UH-1 "Huey". 
  The AH-1G logged more than 1 million flight hours in
  Vietnam. 
  The original AH-1G prototype (Bell N209J) had fully
  retractable skids.
  The Cobra was first employed to Vietnam with the 1st
  Cavalry Division (Airmobile) in August 1967. 
  During the early 1970s, the Army conducted a series of
  tests to determine the suitability of the AH-1G Cobra to
  operate in an antitank role in the European environment.
  These tests demonstrated that anti-armor helicopter
  teams could achieve high ratios of armored vehicles
  destroyed for every missile-firing helicopter lost. This
  paved the way for the development of the modern attack
  and scout helicopters and the doctrinal principles that
  would take Army aviation into the next century. 
  low level hell
  Requires the use of the d20 Modern™ Roleplaying Game, published by Wizards of the Coast, Inc.
  A d20 Modern Vehicle
  Written by Jim Wardrip
  
  AH-1G Weapons
  •
  2.75 inch (70mm) Folding Fin Aerial Rockets (FFARs)
  in M158 seven-tube or M200 19-tube rocket launchers. 
  •
  A chin-turret linked to the M28/M28A1 armament
  subsystem mounting the M134 7.62mm minigun and
  the M129 40mm grenade launcher. 
  •
  The M134 minigun in a fixed side-mounting
  M18/M18A1 gun pod.
  •
  A port side mounted M195 20mm automatic gun on the
  M35 armament subsystem. 
  •
  The XM118 smoke grenade dispenser. 
  Sidebar: 
  Some early model AH-1G/AH-1Q Cobras mounted either two
  M134 miniguns or two M129 grenade launchers in a M28A1
  chin-turret (TAT-141). Because of problems with the ammuni-
  tion feed systems, the twin-gun configuration was discontinued. 
  The AH-1G was equipped with the CONFICS (Cobra Night
  Fire Control System) and the SMASH (Southeast Asia Multi-
  Sensor Armament Subsystem for Huey Cobra) systems to
  provide the Cobra with the capability of detecting, identifying,
  and targeting ground targets during day or night operations. 
  AH-1J
  Along with the Army, the Marines operated Huey gunships in
  Vietnam, and ordered their own version of the Cobra in May
  1968. 
  For sea duty, the USMC required a twin-engine version of the
  AH-1G; thus, the SEA COBRA (AH-1J) was born. The twin
  Pratt and Whitney Twinpac T400 engines provided an overall
  increase in power and the Sea Cobra also included a new nose
  turret gun housing the three barrel XM-197 20mm cannon.
  While development and production of the first 49 AH-1J's
  ordered were under way, the Marines received 38 AH-1Gs from
  the Army. The USMC Cobras became operational in April 1969
  and began fielding the J models in February 1971.
  Marine requirements
  The Marines utilize attack helicopters to provide close-in fire
  support coordination. Such support is required during
  amphibious ship-to-shore movements and subsequent shore
  operations within the objective area. Some of these duties
  include: 
  •
  Armed escort for helicopters carrying personnel and
  cargo 
  •
  Landing zone fire suppression support 
  •
  Visual armed reconnaissance 
  •
  Target marking and direction for high-performance
  attack aircraft 
  •
  Convoy escort and fire suppression for ground units 
  •
  Operations from air capable ships 
  •
  Point target attack of threatening armor 
  •
  Self-defense and protection of helicopters carrying
  personnel and cargo from threatening air-to-air
  weapon-equipped helicopters 
  AH1-Q
  Following the termination of the AH-56 Cheyenne program in
  August 1972 an Improved Cobra Armament Program (ICAP)
  was initiated to fill the operational gap that was left. The ICAP
  resulted in the anti-armor version of the snake, the AH-1Q. It
  fielded an M28A1E1 turret, XM65 TOW/Cobra missile
  subsystem, infrared sight, and XM128 helmet sight subsystem
  (HSS). The AH-1Q was equipped to fire eight Hughes BGM-71
  130mm TOW anti-tank missiles mounted in a pair of two-round
  pods on the outboard pylons. M200 19-tube 2.75-inch rocket
  launchers were carried on the inboard pylons. The AH-1Q was
  deployed to Vietnam in 1973, but was unable to carry a full
  weapon load in that environment, leading to development of the
  AH-1S Cobra. The AH-1Q was the first Cobra to feature the
  snub-nosed Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU). 
  AH1-S
  The AH-1S was a three-step program initiated to upgrade all
  existing AH-1G, AH-1Q, and AH-1R Cobras to the advanced
  Modernized version. All AH-1S Cobras were redesignated by
  the US Army as AH-1P, AH-1E, or AH-1F Modernized Cobras.
  All Modernized Cobras used the M73 reflex sight for optical
  sighting and fire control and the Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU).
  None of the four armament subsystems used with the four AH-
  1S variants (Modified, Production, Upgunned, and Modernized)
  were interchangeable without considerable modification or
  conversion of the AH-1S aircraft.
  Modified AH-1S
  This designation refers to all existing Cobras modified to
  Production AH-1S standard beginning in 1976. With the addi-
  tion of the XM65 TOW/Cobra missile subsystem, the Cobra's
  primary mission changed to the anti-tank role, but retained the
  direct aerial fire support, armed escort, and reconnaissance
  missions. The new armament subsystem was redesignated
  M28A2. 
  The Modified AH-1S could be identified by the snub-nosed
  mounting of the Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU) and had the tradi-
  tional rounded crew canopy, instead of the new semi-flat canopy
  that became standard with the new production AH-1S. Some
  AH-1S Cobras received the C-NITE upgrade, which allowed the
  gunner to designate and acquire targets during night or adverse
  operating conditions. 
  Production AH-1S
  The first step of the program took place from March 1977 to
  September 1978 and involved 100 aircraft. These models
  featured a semi flat crew canopy, an improved instrument and
  control panel layout arranged to enhance nape-of-the-earth
  Page 2
  d20 modern: Low Level Hell
  
  (NOE) flight, and new composite rotor blades. Equipped to fire
  the XM65 airborne TOW/Cobra anti-tank missile system using
  the M128 helmet sight subsystem (HSS), the Production AH-1S
  also fielded an upgraded engine, gearbox, and transmission. The
  Production AH-1S also mounted the M28A3 armament
  subsystem with M134 minigun and M129 grenade launcher and
  retained the 2.75 inch rocket system. This new version was first
  fielded in August 1977 and could be identified by the new flat
  panel canopy. 
  Upgunned AH-1S 
  Step 2 of the modernization program involved 98 new produc-
  tion aircraft and took place between September 1978 and
  October 1979. This model featured a new 20mm/30mm
  universal gun turret fitted with the three-barrel M197 20mm
  automatic gun and retained the M65 TOW/Cobra missile system
  but lacked the rocket management system (RMS) standard on
  all other model Cobras so it could not use the 2.75 inch rocket
  system. The Upgunned AH-1S could be identified by the
  tapered tips on the new fiberglass main rotor blades. 
  AH-1E Enhanced 
  This model was identical to the Upgunned AH-1S (ECAS) with
  the addition of the M130 flare and chaff dispenser and utilized a
  different armament subsystem. 
  AH-1S Modernized Cobra 
  The final stage of the program involved 530 aircraft and took
  place from November 1979 to June 1981. Of 530 Modernized
  Cobras, 387 were converted for old AG-1G Cobras and 143
  were from new Production aircraft. The Modernized Cobra
  featured a new fire control system that included a pilot's Head-
  Up Display (HUD), Helmet Sight Subsystem (HSS), laser
  rangefinder and tracker, and a new Fire Control Computer
  (FCC). The modernization program also added an M143 Air
  Data Subsystem (ADS). The installation of the M147 Rocket
  Management Subsystem (RMS) permitted use of the standard
  2.75 inch rocket system, in addition to the M65 TOW/Cobra
  missile system, and the M197 20mm gun on the new M97A2
  universal turret. The Modernized AH-1S could mount M158
  seven-tube, M200 19-tube, M260 seven-tube, or M261 19-tube
  rocket launchers. The Modernized AH-1S Cobra had an infrared
  jammer mounted on the top of the engine fairing and a hot
  metal plus plume infrared suppressor extending from the back
  of the engine. The Modernized AH-1S could be identified by
  the air data sensor mounted above the right side of the canopy. 
  AH-1P Production Cobra 
  This model was identical to the new Production AH-1S with the
  addition of the M130 flare and chaff dispenser and utilized a
  different armament subsystem. The AH-1P could be identified
  by the flat panel canopy. 
  AH1-F
  The AH-1F Modernized Cobra is identical to the AH-1S
  Modernized Cobra, and can be identified by the air data sensor
  mounted above the right side of the canopy. Armament consists
  of the three-barrel M197 20mm automatic gun mounted in the
  chin turret, eight TOW anti-tank missiles, and the Hydra 70 2.75
  inch rocket system. The Cobra can also disperse chaff and
  infrared jamming flares using the M130 general purpose
  dispenser. Some AH-1F Cobras have received the C-NITE
  upgrade, which allows the gunner to designate and acquire
  targets during night or adverse operating conditions. 
  AH1-T
  To address the U.S. Marine Corps requirement for a greater
  armament capacity, the AH-1T upgrade was initiated. An
  upgraded engine and transmission package was installed along
  with extending the tailboom and fuselage. Other improvements
  enhanced the combat capabilities of the AH-1T, making it fully
  capable of performing its attack mission in all weather condi-
  tions and adding direct air support, antitank, armed escort, and
  air-to-air combat to its repotay. The updated TOW missile sight
  includes a laser augmented tracking capability, thermal sights
  and a FLIR to allow for acquisition, launch, and tracking of all
  types of TOW missiles in all weather conditions. 
  AH1-W Super Cobra
  In 1983, the USMC ordered a fully navalized helicopter to
  replenish their inventory, the upgraded AH-1T, designated the
  AH-1W was received in 1986. The upgraded 'Whiskey' includes
  the Tactical Navigation System (TNS), a component of the
  larger NTS/Canopy/Cockpit Modification (CCM) that replaces
  the existing canopy, nose faring, and copilot/gunner instrument
  panel to make provisions for the NTS (see below) and adds the
  TNS to the front cockpit. Additionally, a communication and
  navigation upgrade incorporated a newer radio and a Global
  Positioning System / Inertial Navigation System.
  The Night Targeting System (NTS) upgrade is a modification of
  the existing M-65 TOW Missile System that offers a fire control
  system providing the flight crew with the ability to detect,
  acquire, track, lock-on, range, and designate targets under day,
  night, and adverse weather conditions. This modification has
  also resulted in increased efficiency in the front cockpit and
  helps divide cockpit workload between the front and rear cock-
  pits. 
  Some additions are:
  •
  Multi-Function Display (MFD) in the front cockpit;
  and addition of the ANVIS HUD system with control
  heads in both cockpits. 
  •
  The Night Targeting System (NTS) adds a FLIR, CCD
  TV camera and Laser Designator / Rangefinding
  System (LDRS) to the AH-1W.
  •
  Electronic Warfare (EW) Suite reduces aircraft vulner-
  Page 3
  d20 modern: Low Level Hell
  
  ability with electronic countermeasures. The suite is
  designed to alert and protect the aircraft from surface-
  to-air and air-to-air missiles. The Missile Warning
  System (MWS) provides a visual and aural warning to
  flight crews of missile detection, while at the same
  time the MWS will initiate countermeasures by sending
  a signal to the Countermeasures Dispenser Set (CDS).
  The Laser Warning Receiver detects pulsed laser light
  (such as a rangefinder) directed at the helicopter and
  warns the crew of this activity. It provides an audio
  alert and identifies the threat by its type and location
  relative to the helicopter. The Radar Detection System
  is a passive omni-directional detection system which
  receives and displays information to the pilot
  concerning the radar environment surrounding the heli-
  copter. 
  During Operation Desert Storm�
  the AH-1W comprised less than 20% of the attack helicopter
  force deployed, yet flew more than 50% of the total attack force
  flight-hours. 
  Super Cobras flew more than three times the number of hours
  per aircraft per month than any other attack helicopter. 
  its reliability and 92% mission readiness rate were superior to
  all other attack helicopters by as much as 24%... 
  Marine Corps crews and their AH-lWs destroyed 97 tanks, 104
  armored personnel carriers and vehicles, 16 bunkers and two
  antiaircraft artillery sites. 
  Future Upgrades include provisions for an Inflatable Body And
  Head Restraint System (IBAHRS). The IBAHRS itself will be
  incorporated upon receipt of the system. An operational require-
  ment has been identified for a Wing Tip Armament Station
  modification and retrofit. Upon approval, this upgrade will be
  incorporated into the AH-1W airframe and will include as a
  minimum provisions for integration of up to six (6) universal
  weapons stations. The Cockpit Integration Requirement identi-
  fied in the Operational Requirements Document for the AH-1W
  Mid Life Upgrade will be targeted by the 4 Bladed program
  which is being studied as another future AH-1W weapon system
  enhancement. 
  The future of the snake, 
  the 'Zulu'
  The snake is currently the subject of a major upgrade program
  that will bring with it the 'Z' designation. The program involves
  replacing the existing rotor system with an advanced 4-blade
  configuration. The new rotor system offers a vast improvement
  in the snake's flight characteristics increasing the aircraft's flight
  envelope, maximum speed, vertical rate-of-climb, payload, and
  rotor vibration level.
  Also part of the 'Z' transformation is a longer-range Hawkeye
  target sight system that includes a FLIR sight, CCD TV, and an
  eye-safe laser rangefinder / designator. To utilize the Hawkeye
  TSS the pilot is equipped with the Top Owl helmet-mounted
  display system which has a Gen IV image intensifier and can
  fully utilize the capabilities of the Hawkeye.
  The Cobra Radar System is based on the Longbow radar that
  equips the AH-64D Apache. The system is located within a pod
  that can be mounted on one of the wingtips or in a stores posi-
  tion. The CRS can automatically search, detect, classify and
  prioritize multiple moving and stationary targets.
  Weapons
  The snake's primary role is as a tank-killer. To perform this
  mission it is can be equipped with the TOW or Hellfire anti-
  armor missiles and is being qualified to carry the Maverick
  missile. Utilizing the LAU-7 rail launcher, the Super Cobra can
  also be equipped with the Sidewinder air-to-air missile and the
  Sidearm anti-radiation missile, giving the snake some very
  capable fangs for the air-to-air role as well.
  For ground targets with a softer hide, the Super Cobra can fire
  the Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (APKWS),
  formerly known as Hydra, family of guided and unguided
  70mm rockets or the larger 127mm Zuni rocket bombs. And for
  the close-in work, the snake carries a three-barrel 20mm With
  the gun in a fixed-forward position, the pilot can aim by maneu-
  vering the helicopter. Either crew member can slave the turret to
  the helmet-mounted sight, and aim the gun by looking at the
  target. 
  The snake is a deadly predator both day and night, the night
  targeting system (NTS) integrates a forward-looking infrared
  (FLIR), which provides automatic target tracking with a laser
  designator/rangefinder and video recorder.
  Countermeasures
  The H1 Super Cobra upgrade includes provision of a new elec-
  tronic warfare suite, which includes a new radar warning
  system, a missile warning system, a laser warning receiver, an
  infrared countermeasures system, and a chaff and infrared flare
  dispenser. 
  AH-1W Super Cobra
  The AH-1W Super Cobra is a day/night marginal weather
  Marine Corps attack helicopter that provides enroute escort for
  our assault helicopters and their embarked forces. The AH-1W
  is a two-place, tandem-seat, twin-engine helicopter capable of
  land- or sea-based operations. The AH-1W provides fire support
  and fire support coordination to the landing force during
  amphibious assaults and subsequent operations ashore. 
  Game Notes
  The AH-1W provides 3/4 cover for Crew and is 12 squares
  long, 10 squares wide (rotor diameter).
  Page 4
  d20 modern: Low Level Hell
  
  The snake receives a +4 Defense bonus due to its very narrow
  fuselage configuration (38" wide).
  Chaff (CHF): +4 Gear Bonus to Defense when attacked by
  radar-guided weapons. This system has 4 charges and must be
  activated by the pilot.
  Flares (FLR): +4 Gear Bonus to Defense when attacked by
  heat-seeking weapons. This system has 4 charges and must be
  activated by the pilot.
  Electronic Warfare Suite (EWS): Identifies when the aircraft
  is illuminated by radar or laser surveillance systems and detects
  missile lock.
  Helicopter Infared Night Vision System (HIRNS): This
  system provides the pilot and gunner with enhanced day/night
  viewing capabilities. The pilot and gunner may ignore conceal-
  ment penalties associated with darkness and smoke when
  maneuvering the aircraft or firing the weapon systems.
  Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADS):
  This system positions a monocle over the pilot's eye and
  displays the view presented by the HIRNS. The system provides
  automatic weapon aiming which can be used by day or night.
  Weapons
  The AH-1W is armed with a 20mm three-barrel Gatling-type
  turreted cannon with 750 rounds of ammunition mounted under
  the nose. 
  In addition, the AH-1W has 4 hardpoints, each hardpoint can
  mount one of the following:
  •
  (1) Sidewinder Air-to-Air missile 
  •
  1) Sidearm Anti-Radiation missile 
  •
  (1) ATGM quad pack (a maximum of 2 quad packs can
  be mounted on the aircraft) 
  •
  (1) 19 round 70mm rocket pack 
  •
  (1) 7 round 12.7cm Zuni rocket pack 
  AIM-9C Sidewinder Missile
  The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a close-range, infrared homing, air-to-
  air missile 9.5 feet in length and weighting 186 pounds. It is the
  mostly widely used AAM in service with western forces, with
  28 nations counting it in their inventory. Full range increment
  penalties to the attack roll are in effect, but any defense bonus
  gained by the target aircraft's speed is negated by the
  sidewinder's Mach 2.5 speed. 
  AGM-122A Sidearm Missile
  The AGM-122 Sidearm is a close-range anti radiation missile,
  carried for self defense against anti aircraft gun and SAM radars
  and is essentially a AIM-9C Sidewinder with a a semi-active
  radar homing guidance system. Although vulnerable to counter-
  measures and rather limited compared to more robust anti-radar
  missiles such as the HARM , it does provide a useful self-
  defense capability against low-level anti-helicopter threats such
  as the ZSU-23 or SA-8. 
  M-220 Tube-launched, Optically-tracked,
  Wire-guided missile (TOW) 
  The TOW anti-tank missile was originally brought into service
  with the US Army in 1970. Current versions are capable of
  penetrating more than 30 inches of armor at a maximum range
  of more than 3,000 meters. It is a command to line of sight,
  wire-guided weapon with a primary mission of engaging and
  destroying enemy armored vehicles, primarily tanks. Its
  secondary mission is to destroy other point targets such as non-
  armored vehicles, crew-served weapons and launchers. The
  TOW ignores the first 15 Hardness of an object, and against live
  targets have a blast radius of 15 feet. 
  AGM-114K Hellfire II Missile
  The Hellfire Air-to-Ground Missile System (AGMS) provides a
  heavy anti-armor capability and is designed to defeat reactive
  armor and overcome defensive countermeasures. It has a conical
  shaped-charge, high explosive, antitank warhead that is effective
  against various types of armor including appliqué and reactive.
  It can also be employed against concrete bunkers and similar
  fortifications. The Hellfire receives a +2 to hit bonus against
  ground targets, but receives a -4 to hit penalty against airborne
  targets. The Hellfire ignores the first 20 Hardness of an object
  attacked. Against organic ground targets, this weapon has a blast
  radius of 20 feet.
  70mm Rocket 
  The 2.75 inch Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket (FFAR) was originally
  developed by the U.S. Navy for use as a free-flight aerial rocket
  in the late 1940s and is now used in the air-to-ground, ground-
  to-air, and ground-to-ground roles.
  Mk 71 12.7cm Zuni Rocket
  Basically a 5-inch version of the Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket with
  improved range and a more potent warhead, It was widely used
  by U.S. Navy and Marine Corps aircraft in Vietnam. The rocket
  was also the cause of the worst accident on a modern USN
  aircraft carrier, when a Zuni motor was inadvertently ignited on
  the flight deck of USS Forrestal in July 1967.
  Page 5
  d20 modern: Low Level Hell
  
  Page 6
  d20 modern: Low Level Hell
  Name
  Crew
  Pass
  Cargo
  Init
  Man.
  Top
  Def
  Hard
  HP
  Size
  Purchase
  Restriction
  Speed
  DC
  AH-1W
  2
  0
  0
  -2
  -2
  330 (33)
  12
  10
  45
  G
  40
  Mil.
  Weapon
  Damage
  Critical
  Type
  Range
  ROF
  Magazine
  Size
  Weight
  Purchase
  Restriction
  DC
  20 mm Cannon
  4d10
  20
  Ballistic
  150
  A
  750
  Huge
  *
  *
  *
  70 mm Rockets
  6d12
  20
  Ballistic
  100
  S
  7 or 19
  Huge
  *
  *
  *
  Hellfire Missile
  10d12
  20
  Ballistic
  150
  S
  4
  Huge
  *
  *
  *
  Sidewinder Missile
  6d12
  20
  Ballistic
  150
  S
  1
  Huge
  *
  *
  *
  Sidearm Missile
  6d12
  20
  Ballistic
  150
  S
  1
  Huge
  *
  *
  *
  TOW2 Missile
  8d12
  20
  Ballistic
  150
  1
  4
  Huge
  *
  *
  *
  127mm Zuni Rocket
  8d12
  20
  Ballistic
  125
  S
  7
  Huge
  *
  *
  *
  
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  "You" or "Your" means the licensee in terms of this agreement. 
  2. The License: This License applies to any Open Game Content that
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  15. COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
  Open Game License v 1.0a Copyright 2000, Wizards of the Coast,
  Inc. 
  Modern System Reference Document Copyright 2002-2003, Wizards
  of the Coast, Inc.; Authors Bill Slavicsek, Jeff Grubb, Rich Redman,
  Charles Ryan, Eric Cagle, David Noonan, Stan!, based on material by
  Jonathan Tweet, Monte Cook, Skip Williams, Richard Baker, Peter
  Adkison, Bruce R. Cordell, John Tynes, Andy Collins, and JD Wiker.
  Low Level Hell, Copyright 2004, Louis Porter Jr. Design, Inc.
  
SOURCE: textdata/thevault/Dungeons & Dragons [multi]/3rd Edition (3.x)/3rd Party/d20 Modern/3rd Party/Devil's Workshop/Low Level Hell.pdf