TEXT: Sweet 16
  Shooter’s Guide:
  
  Credits
   
  G-1 (AdministrAtion)
   
  Design: Keith Taylor
   
  G-2 (intelliGenCe)
  Copyright © 2009 by 93 Games Studio. 
   Except for the purposes of reviews, reproduction without the written permission of 93 Games Studio is expressly forbidden. No part of 
  this publication may be reproduced, by any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of 93 Games Studio. Character 
  sheets and other game aids contained in this book may be reproduced for personal use. All characters, names, places and text herein are 
  copyright by 93 Games Studio.
  Twilight: 2013 is based on Twilight: 2000 by Game Designers’ Workshop, and is published under license. The mention of or reference to 
  any company or product in this product is not a challenge to any trademark or copyright concerned.
  Spycraft and all related marks are 
  TM and © 2006 Alderac Entertainment Group, Inc. and are used under license. All rights reserved.
   
  G-3 (operAtions)
  Written By: Justin Stodola, Peter Soper (Vignette)
   
  G-4 (loGistiCs)
  Production Director: Keith Taylor
   
  Editing: Clayton Oliver
   
  Layout & Typesetting: Keith Taylor
   
  G-6 (CommuniCAtion)
  Additional downloads can be found at the 93 Games Studio website
  http://www.93gamesstudio.com
  Additional information regarding Spycraft can be found at
  http://www.crafty-games.com
  
  1
  m16 FAmily
  After more than four decades in service, the 
  M16 family has been the issue rifle of the US Army 
  longer than any other weapon.  Longer than the 
  revered M1 Garand.  Longer than the venerable 
  M1903 Springfield.  And certainly longer than 
  its predecessor, the M14.  One of the keys to this 
  longevity, spanning a period during which the US 
  Army has seen multiple replacements for just about 
  every other piece of equipment, from tanks and APCs 
  to field uniforms, is the modularity the M16 family 
  displays.  It fills roles as diverse as submachine gun 
  replacement and designated marksman rifle while 
  still serving the grunt as his standard infantry rifle.
  In addition, in the decades since its military 
  adoption, the M16 has (under its commercial “AR-
  15” designation) become a common civilian law 
  enforcement and sporting arm.  It is now widely used 
  as a police patrol carbine as well as an entry arm for 
  SWAT teams.  On the sporting side, it has found a 
  niche in varmint control and competition shooting. 
  Also, due to the modularity of the the system, it has 
  become a hobbyist project gun, since it requires 
  few tools beyond those commonly found in a home 
  workshop to assemble a complete rifle from the major 
  sub-assemblies.  This modularity has also spurred the 
  adoption of many different calibers, from .22 LR for 
  practice to various pistol and rifle cartridges intended 
  to fill various tactical, hunting, or competition needs.
  History
  Shortly after the adoption of the M14 in 1957, it 
  became apparent the 7.62x51mm NATO round was 
  too powerful to be controllable under automatic fire 
  from an infantry rifle.  This realization led to a re-
  examination of the earlier Project SALVO and the 
  beginning of the Special Purpose Infantry Weapon 
  (SPIW) project.  Project SALVO investigated various 
  ways to improve the accuracy of infantry fire by 
  examining a number of different cartridge concepts.  
  These included smaller calibers, duplex ammunition 
  (two or more bullets in a single case), and extremely 
  small sub-caliber flechettes.  This led directly to the 
  beginning of the SPIW project, which was assigned 
  huge resources during the 1960s.  The SPIW was 
  intended to be a 4.5-kilogram automatic flechette rifle 
  with an integral 40mm grenade launcher.
  Parallel to these developments, the Fairchild 
  Janice looked over at her husband. He was craning his neck a little to see over the broken wall while 
  holding his M16. She looked at him as the memories of old photographs flashed into her head.
  The still frames had always remained vivid in her mind. David was only nineteen in 1970. He served 
  in the Rangers and had seen a lot of fighting in a war no one wanted fought. Thirteen years later he fought 
  on a small island in the Caribbean and six years later he saw combat again in Central America. The Army 
  would not even let him retire before sending him to fight one last time in a desert far away.
  The photos were different in many ways. In some he wore plain green uniforms in others he wore 
  camouflage. She often laughed at the camouflage ones with the huge collars; those were the Elvis uniforms. 
  Sometimes he had a steel helmet on and in others he had a ceramic German style helmet. In a few he was 
  alone but in many he was part of a group; there were even a few old photos with British soldiers sporting 
  huge mustaches. Most were taken in good times, but some were taken during harder moments. These were 
  when he would say he was “earning his paycheck.”
  In those photos he always had that expression on his face. It seemed that he was deeply focused yet 
  aware of everything around him. His eyes always had that same half squint and his cheeks tensed. Despite 
  the growing lines on his face and graying hair, the expression was the same.
  The expression and the rifle. Those hundreds of photos all had that same rifle. The good ones, the tough 
  ones; it was all the same. That M16 was a permanent fixture in his hands; through thick and thin, good 
  times and bad.
  Sometimes the rifle changed a little. Some had grenade launchers and some had scopes. Sometimes the 
  scopes were huge, able to see at night, and some were small. At times he even had a flashlight clamped to it 
  some how. But the basic rifle was always the same. He had carried that rifle and it had carried him. He had 
  carried that rifle longer than he had carried her.
  Janice looked at David again as he stepped back from the shattered wall. His hair was a lot greyer, 
  the lines on his face were a lot deeper, and his clothes were very different. But his expression was the same.
  The expression and the rifle.
  
  2
  Engine & Aircraft Corporation created their ArmaLite 
  division to develop and market military arms using 
  modern materials such as plastics and aluminum.  One 
  of their engineers, Eugene Stoner, developed the AR-
  10, a lightweight rifle built with an aluminum receiver 
  and plastic furniture, to compete in the 7.62x51mm 
  NATO battle rifle market.  However, the AR-10 was 
  too late to make significant inroads in this market 
  which, worldwide, largely fell to the FN FAL.  Then, 
  in 1957, the US Continental Army Command asked 
  ArmaLite to develop a small caliber rifle.  Eugene 
  Stoner adapted the AR-10 design to fire a modified 
  .222 Remington cartridge, the .223 Remington,  and 
  the AR-15 was born.  In 1958 and 1959, the AR-15 was 
  tested alongside the M14 and found to be superior, 
  and the AR-15 was recommended for development to 
  replace the M14.
  The following year saw the first military orders for 
  the AR-15, coming from the US Air Force to replace 
  the M2 carbines used by SAC sentries.  With the 
  cancellation of M14 production and difficulties in the 
  SPIW program, the Army needed an interim rifle and 
  ordered the AR-15 as the M-16 rifle.  When the SPIW 
  program ultimately failed to meet its objectives, the 
  M16 was formally adopted by the Air Force in 1964 
  and by the Army (as the M16A1) in 1967.
  The next major phase of development for the M16 
  began in the 1970s with a new NATO standardization 
  program to replace 7.62x51mm NATO as the standard 
  infantry round.   This program led to the adoption of the 
  Belgian SS109 62-grain bullet, which was heavier than 
  the 55-grain bullet in use in the United States.  This 
  bullet change required modifications to the M16A1s 
  then in service.  The result of these modifications 
  was the M16A2, with redesigned sights, new barrels 
  and furniture, and three-round burst capability in 
  place of fully automatic fire.  Full deployment of the 
  M16A2 followed in the 1980s, with the US Marine 
  Corps adopting the rifle before the Army.  In parallel, 
  needing to replace their C1A1s (license-built FN FALs), 
  the Canadian Forces developed in the C7 rifle, which 
  closely resembled the M16A3.
  Since the 1990s, the variety of M16 variants in 
  use has exploded.  These specialized variations on the 
  basic design fill diverse roles.  M16-based carbines 
  replace pistols for officers and other “noncombatant” 
  servicemen formerly issued sidearms.  Precision M16-
  based rifles serve as DMRs – Designated Marksman 
  Rifles – for the Army and Marine Corps.  The M16’s 
  heavier parent design, the AR-10, has been resurrected 
  in military service as a semi-automatic sniper rifle and 
  in the civilian world as a target and hunting weapon in 
  a number of popular calibers.
  AnAtomy
  Without getting into too much of the armorer’s 
  trade, let’s explain.  The secret to the M16’s 
  modularity is the combination of its upper and lower 
  receivers – together, the body of the rifle where most 
  of the mechanical bits reside.  The lower receiver – 
  or “lower” for short – includes the fire control group 
  (trigger, safety, and associated mechanisms), the 
  magazine well, the pistol grip, and the stock and 
  its internal recoil buffer mechanism.  The upper 
  receiver – usually just “upper” – contains the barrel, 
  the bolt and bolt carrier, the iron sights or optics, and 
  the gas system that operates the rifle’s action.  Two 
  retaining pins hold these two systems together.  A 
  skilled operator can disassemble the rifle and lock a 
  new upper receiver onto an existing lower receiver 
  in a matter of seconds.  Because all of the caliber-
  dependent parts (within certain limits, anyway) are 
  in the upper receiver, this allows for a very rapid 
  change of caliber or barrel length or optic systems – 
  or, with a sufficient budget, all three at once.
  From a legal perspective, the lower is the part 
  with a serial number.  This means that a shooter can 
  purchase one lower receiver through whatever his 
  local legal avenue is, then freely buy a different upper 
  to fit each social occasion.  We’ll address this process 
  in detail in a few pages.
  Direct Impingement
  The M16 family is fairly rare among modern 
  infantry rifles in using a direct impingement system 
  to cycle its action.  In an M16, when the rifle fires, 
  a portion of the expanding gases are siphoned off 
  and fed back into the bolt carrier.  The pressure of 
  these gases pushes the bolt carrier back, ejecting the 
  spent casing and allowing the next round to cycle into 
  the chamber.  This is a fairly elegant design from an 
  engineering perspective, but it can lead to problems 
  with heat management and combustion waste 
  buildup.  Over the decades, the M16’s detractors have 
  pointed to its direct impingement (“DI”) system as a 
  major point of contention.
  tHe WeApons
  As this entire supplement examining M16-derived 
  weapons, we’ve chosen to break down and sort the 
  descriptions by a combination of role, chronological 
  order, and form factor.  The weapon tables on the 
  following pages are arranged by our usual conventions 
  of weapon type and alphabetical order.
  
  3
  tHe First: tHe ArmAlite Ar-10
  The AR-10 deserves individual mention as 
  the original design that spawned the entire M16 
  family.  Although no major combat force adopted it 
  as a service rifle, it remains popular in civilian use. 
  Additionally, in the 1990s, the pendulum swung back 
  to heavier calibers, leading to several sniper weapons 
  built on the M16 platform.
  ArmaLite AR-10A4
  After the development of the M16 and its semi-
  automatic AR-15 cousin, the AR-10 was generally 
  perceived as a dead end.  Several Third World countries 
  experimented 
  with 
  license-built 
  production, 
  but 
  ArmaLite abandoned it by the end of the 1950s.  The 
  design lay dormant until late 1994, when Eagle Arms 
  began design work to release an AR-10-type weapon.  In 
  1995, the company purchased the rights to the ArmaLite 
  name and the AR-10 trademark.  The result was the 
  ArmaLite AR-10A4.  Broadly similar to the M16A4, 
  only in semi-automatic and chambered for 7.62x51mm 
  NATO ammunition, this is a representative sample of the 
  current generation of weapons based on the original AR-
  10 design and available from a number of manufacturers.  
  More expensive than similar AR-15 rifles, the AR-10-type 
  rifles are not as common as their lighter counterparts 
  – but they pack a significantly heavier punch.  The AR-
  10A4 is available in both rifle and carbine configurations.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  ArmaLite AR-10(T)
  The target/competition version of the AR-10 
  features a precision barrel and match trigger, providing 
  improved accuracy at the cost of weight.  It’s not as 
  extreme a modification as the AMU’s National Match 
  design (see below), but it’s much more practical in 
  the field.  As above, this is an archetypal example 
  of 7.62x51mm target designs from a variety of 
  manufacturers.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  BAsiC BlACk
  The following are the primary service rifles of the 
  M16 family that the United States and its allies have 
  adopted for general issue over the years.
  M16A1
  This is the version of the M16 first formally 
  adopted by the US Army.  Now out of frontline 
  service, it can be found in many police armories in the 
  United States, thanks to the Department of Defense’s 
  policy of selling surplus rifles to police agencies 
  at exceptionally low cost.  It’s also prevalent in the 
  militaries of various countries that were aligned with 
  the United States in the Cold War.  Optimized for the 
  original lightweight 5.56mm projectile, a 55-grain 
  bullet, it suffers from severely curtailed accuracy 
  if used with heavier modern 62-grain ammunition.  
  The M16A1 is a full-sized rifle with a fixed stock.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2:See 
  sidebar.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Oddball Ammo 
  1/10:  The M16A1 uses an uncommon version 
  of 5.56x45mm NATO.  Only 10% of 5.56x45mm 
  NATO ammunition found will be compatible.  If 
  incompatible ammunition is used, the M16A1’s range 
  bands decrease to Gunfighting/Tight.
  M16A2
  First developed in the late 1970s through the 
  early 1980s, the M16A2 rifle replaced the M16A1 in 
  US military service.  Featuring a slightly heaver, more 
  durable barrel than the M16A1 and a three-round 
  burst setting rather than full automatic capability, 
  this rifle provided the foundation of all subsequent 
  development of the M16 line.  Now largely replaced 
  Stage III Quirk: Needy
  Quite a few of the weapons presented in 
  this supplement share the liability of a direct 
  impingement gas system.  Rather than reprinting 
  the same rules line over and over, we’ll just present 
  it here:
  As a consequence of its direct impingement 
  operating system, this weapon’s base maintenance 
  requirement is multiplied by the factor given in the 
  “Needy” entry.
  
  4
  in regular army service by the M16A4 and M4/M4A1, 
  it can still be found in Reserve and National Guard 
  units.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  M16A3/Diemaco C7
  The M16A3 was produced in very limited 
  numbers.  It was an M16A2 with the trigger group 
  from an M16A1 installed, retaining fully automatic 
  capability while taking advantage of all the M16A2’s 
  other refinements.  The M16A3’s primary users were 
  US Navy SEALs.  
  The Canadian C7 rifle was developed in parallel 
  to the M16A2 and resembles it very closely.  However, 
  like the M16A3, it fires in full automatic rather than 
  the M16A2’s three round burst.  It was the standard 
  rifle of the Canadian Forces and thousands of surplus 
  C7 rifles have been provided to the Afghan National 
  Army.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  M16A4
  The M16A4 came about in the wake of the first 
  Gulf War, incorporating both lessons learned in the 
  Middle East and refinements from the civilian sector. 
  It is essentially an M16A2 with the fixed rear sight 
  replaced by a rail designed for mounting optics.  It is 
  also often seen with a replacement handguard that 
  provides this same rail on all four sides, allowing easy 
  attachment of a multitude of accessories such as laser 
  sights, bipods, and vertical foregrips.  In American 
  inventory, the M16A4 almost completely replaced the 
  M16A2 by the end of the 2000s.  Canada’s Diemaco 
  C7A1 is virtually identical to the M16A4, but, again, 
  retains fully automatic capability.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  M4/M4A1
  Colt began experimenting with carbine versions 
  of the M16 in the 1970s under a variety of model 
  designations.  However, these did not meet with 
  widespread acceptance until the 1990s and the 
  introduction of the M4 carbine.  The first M4s were 
  basically M16A2s with 14.5” barrels (the M16’s 
  standard barrel is 20”) and shorter, adjustable-length 
  stocks.  Their original design intent was to replace 
  pistols for soldiers who were issued sidearms as their 
  only armament.  However, because of their lighter 
  weight and shorter overall length, they also became 
  popular in the special operations community.  Most 
  operators prefer the M4A1, which has a full automatic 
  trigger rather than the three-round burst of the M4.  
  After the first order, all M4s were delivered 
  with the same “flat-top” upper receiver as the 
  M16A4, allowing for easy attachment of optics.  This 
  configuration is gradually replacing the M16A4 in 
  Army infantry use, though the transition is far from 
  universal.  On the Canadian front, the Diemaco 
  C8A1 is identical to the M4A1.  Outside the military 
  market, ease of handling has made semi-automatic 
  “M4geries” the most popular member of the M16 
  family for police and civilian use.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  Diemaco C7A2
  The Canadian Forces replacement for the C7A1 
  is based on troops’ experiences in Afghanistan.  It 
  remains a full-length rifle with a 20” barrel, but, 
  unlike previous C-series weapons, replaces the fixed 
  stock with an M4-style adjustable stock.  It also 
  features adds rail attachment points on the front 
  sight/gas block, allowing the installation of lights 
  or other designator systems.  The adjustable stock 
  makes the rifle more maneuverable in tight quarters 
  without the compromises to range imposed by the 
  shorter barrel of the carbines.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  
  5
  sHort And sWeet
  Sometimes even an M4 carbine is too large for a 
  specific application.  The following truncated M16-
  series weapons address this issue.
  M231 Firing Port Weapon
  During the development of the M2 Bradley IFV, 
  designers wanted to give the mounted infantry the 
  ability to fire through ports in the sides and rear of 
  the vehicle.  Unlike the Soviet practice of designing 
  the firing port to accept the standard infantry rifle, the 
  United States developed a new weapon based on the 
  M16 to fit the ports.  The M231 was the result.  It has 
  high parts commonality with the M16, but differs in 
  several important ways.  First, the uppers and lowers 
  for the M231 are not interchangeable with the M16’s. 
  Second, the M231 is only capable of full automatic fire; 
  no provision is made for semi-automatic fire.  Finally, 
  the M231 has no sights – infantrymen were intended 
  to use tracers to walk fire onto their targets.
  By the beginning of the 21st century, most of the 
  firing ports on the Bradleys had been removed, leaving 
  only two rear-facing ports.  However, the M231 
  remains in American inventories and has found use in 
  other roles.  It is sometimes seen carried as a secondary 
  weapon by gunners on HMMWVs and other vehicles, 
  used in a role similar to that of a submachine gun.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Oddball Ammo 
  1/10:  The M231 uses an uncommon version of 
  5.56x45mm NATO.  Only 10% of 5.56x45mm NATO 
  ammunition found will be compatible.  If incompatible 
  ammunition is used, the M231’s range bands are 
  decreased to Gunfighting/CQB.
  Colt Model RO635 and RO639
  To enter the submachine gun market, Colt 
  modified the M16 platform from a gas-operated rifle 
  in 5.56x45mm NATO to a blowback-operated 9mm 
  submachine gun.  The upper is based on that of 
  the M16A1 but has a 10.5”-long barrel.  The lower’s 
  magazine well features an adaptor to allow the use 
  of modified Uzi submachine gun magazines.  Both of 
  these models have a 10.5” barrel.  The RO635 is fully 
  automatic, whereas the RO639 is limited to three-
  round bursts.
  Mark 18 Mod 0 CQBR
  ”Mark 18 Mod 0” is the US Navy designation 
  for the Close Quarters Battle Receiver.  This is an 
  upper receiver intended to replace a standard M4 or 
  M4A1 upper, providing an even more maneuverable 
  rifle for use in tight quarters.  It replaces the M4’s 
  14.5” barrel with a 10.5” barrel, sacrificing effective 
  range for reduced bulk.  Its primary users are SEALs 
  and other special operations teams.  It (and similar 
  rifles) are available commercially and other users 
  include VIP protection details and naval boarding 
  parties.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  Olympic Arms OA-93
  The 
  OA-93 
  was 
  the 
  first 
  commercially 
  successful “pistol” based on the semi-automatic 
  AR-15 platform.  From an engineering perspective, 
  it’s a pistol in name only, primarily so designated 
  to fulfill certain US legal requirements.  Unlike 
  most AR-15 pistols, the OA-93 has a redesigned 
  recoil system that moves the recoil spring from the 
  rear of the lower receiver to the front of the upper, 
  removing the awkward receiver extension found on 
  most such pistols.  Its 6.5” barrel is unduly short for 
  firing a rifle cartridge and it’s uncomfortably heavy 
  for a handgun, so the OA-93, like most other AR-
  15-based pistols, is largely a novelty item outside 
  the movies.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  
  6
  WorkinG lonG distAnCe
  The standard M16-series service rifles are 
  accurate but not overwhelmingly so.  At the same time 
  that infantry operators are leaning toward a more 
  compact rifle in the M4 series, marksmen require a 
  weapon with greater accuracy at longer range.  The 
  following M16 variants provide this service.
  AMU National Match Rifle
  The Army Marksmanship Unit is the US Army’s 
  competition marksmanship team and their preferred 
  hunting ground is the annual Service Rifle matches 
  held at Camp Perry outside Cleveland, Ohio.  The 
  team armorers developed modifications for the 
  M16A2 rifle for improved accuracy in competition 
  while meeting the match’s restrictions (primarily 
  that the exterior appearance of the rifle cannot be 
  changed).  The resulting rifle is purely intended 
  for competition and features a free-floated, heavy 
  match barrel, a tuned two-stage match trigger, and 
  a weighted butt stock to offset the increased barrel 
  weight.  It also wears special iron sights that increase 
  precision but offer a reduced field of view unsuited 
  to combat.  At about 7.7 kg, it is more that twice as 
  heavy as its parent M16A2 rifle.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System/Mk. 11 Mod 0
  The M110 sniper rifle is the US Army’s newest 
  sniper rifle and is intended to allow a sniper quicker 
  follow-up shots than he could make with previous 
  bolt-action rifles.  The Knight’s Armament M110 was 
  the winner of a competition with other AR-10-type 
  rifles, as well as designated marksman rifles based 
  on other platforms such as the FN FAL.  It includes 
  an adjustable-length fixed stock, a semi-automatic 
  match trigger, and an integral free float quad-rail 
  forearm.  As implied by the name, the M110 rifle is part 
  of a system that also includes a 3.5-10x magnification 
  Leupold scope, a bipod, a sound suppressor, and 
  sometimes a night vision scope.
  The Marine Corps’ and Navy’s Mark 11 Mod 0 
  rifle is nearly identical to the M110.  The primary 
  difference is that the Mark 11 uses a non-integral quad-
  rail forearm that doesn’t provide the uninterrupted 
  top rail of the M110.  For game purposes, they’re the 
  same rifle.
  Notes (Reflex): The 3.5-10x optic is equivalent 
  to a Mag-2 telescopic sight.  As it and the other listed 
  accessories are not integral to the rifle, their prices 
  and weights are not included in the base weapon 
  traits.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  SAM-R
  The 
  US 
  Marine 
  Corps’ 
  Squad 
  Advanced 
  Marksman Rifle is a progressive development of the 
  earlier experimental Squad Designated Marksman 
  Rifle and Mark 12 Mod 0/1 Special Purpose Rifle 
  efforts (respectively, US Army and US Navy SEAL 
  projects).  Like its predecessors, it is essentially an 
  accurized M16A4.  Using a match barrel and usually 
  issued with a 3-9x magnification Leupold scope, it is 
  intended to expand a Marine squad’s effective range 
  for aimed fire.
  Notes (Reflex): The 3-9x optic is equivalent to 
  a Mag-2 telescopic sight.  As it is not integral to the 
  rifle, its price and weight are not included in the base 
  weapon traits.
  Stage III Quirk (Reflex) – Needy x2: See 
  sidebar.
  GAs piston riFles
  As noted above, A long-time complaint about 
  the M16’s basic direct impingement gas system is 
  its venting of hot gas and powder residue into the 
  heart of the gun’s mechanism.  By comparison, in the 
  more common gas piston system, the gas pressure 
  from firing actuates a mechanical piston, which in 
  turn moves the gun’s action.  This isolates the action 
  from most of the gas, reducing both heat and debris 
  buildup.  
  
  7
  Starting in the 1970s, various companies 
  experimented with creating gas piston-based upper 
  receivers to address this concern.  However, the idea 
  of an M16 with a gas piston action didn’t gain traction 
  until the early 21st century.  As of this writing, no US 
  military contracts have been issued for a gas piston 
  M16 variant, though several special operations units 
  and a handful of other NATO forces have evaluated or 
  adopted them.
  Any M16-family upper receiver may be constructed 
  in a piston configuration.  Converting an existing 
  direct impingement upper to gas piston operation 
  is possible, but it’s a major gunsmithing project. 
  The primary benefit is reduced fouling, resulting in 
  lowered cleaning time.  However, a gas piston adds 
  weight to the gun and lower manufacturing numbers 
  mean parts are much harder to find.
  Heckler & Koch HK416
  The HK416 is Heckler and Koch’s entry in the 
  piston M16 variant market.  It’s arguably responsible 
  for popularizing the notion of a viable gas piston 
  system on the M16 platform.  The semi-automatic 
  civilian version, the MR556, has unique measurements 
  that make its upper and lower receiver components 
  incompatible with a military-issue HK416 – fffor any 
  other member of the rest of the M16 family.
  Ammunition
  The modularity of the M16 platform also lends 
  itself to experiments with various calibers not 
  normally seen in other service rifles.  While far less 
  common than the 5.56x45mm NATO and 7.62x51mm 
  NATO rounds, these are all commercially available 
  – as are both upper receivers and complete rifles 
  chambered for them.
  6.5 Grendel
  Developed by Alexander Arms to be an all-
  purpose long-range cartridge for the M16/AR-15, the 
  6.5 Grendel is capable of shots over a kilometer if the 
  marksman does his job.  With ballistics resembling 
  that of the famed 6.5 Swedish Mauser, it produce 
  relatively low recoil despite using bullets twice the 
  weight of standard-issue 5.56x45mm NATO.
  6.8 Remington SPC
  This caliber arose in the early 21st century as a 
  collaboration of the Army Marksmanship Unit, the 5th 
  Special Forces Group, and Remington.  The goal was 
  to provide a more effective round at close to medium 
  ranges when compared to 5.56x45mm ammunition.  
  The starting point was the obsolete .30 Remington. 
  Because of their similar sizes, comparisons between 
  6.8mm SPC and the contemporary 6.5mm Grendel 
  are inevitable.  While the 6.8mm SPC does not have 
  the long-range performance of 6.5mm Grendel, it is 
  specifically designed for modern combat and, due to 
  the shape of its casing, is more reliable in automatic 
  fire.
  .50 Beowulf
  The .50 Beowulf is the big brother of the 6.5 
  Grendel.  Also developed by Alexander Arms, this 
  is the largest cartridge that can feed through in 
  an M16/AR-15 pattern lower receiver’s magazine 
  well.  The Beowulf is similar to the venerable .45-70 
  Government round and, in addition to a CQB role, can 
  be used to hunt just about any North American big 
  game.  What the Beowulf lacks, however, is range.  It 
  fires a big, heavy bullet at relatively low velocity.  The 
  .50 Beowulf is commonly only available in CQB and 
  carbine uppers, but a few DMR-type uppers with 24” 
  barrels were made.
  .243 Winchester
  Based 
  on 
  the 
  .308 
  Winchester 
  cartridge 
  (the civilian version of 7.62x51mm NATO), .243 
  Winchester is a globally popular round for hunting 
  medium-sized game.  Since it is based on 7.62x51mm 
  NATO, and due to its hunting role, it is only available 
  in AR-10-pattern DMR uppers.
  .338 Federal
  Also derived from .308 Winchester, Federal 
  Cartridge went the other direction from .243 
  Winchester in 2006 and used a bigger bullet.  
  Designed for hunting medium to large game, this 
  new cartridge delivers a heavier bullet than .308 
  Winchester at higher velocity.  Of course, with this 
  comes increased recoil.  For the same reasons as .243 
  Winchester, .338 Federal is only available in AR-10 
  pattern DMR uppers.
  Build your oWn riFle
  The design of the M16 platform lends itself 
  to easy customization.  With both the upper and 
  lower receivers each comprising major parts of 
  the rifle, and since it requires no tools to separate 
  the upper receiver from the lower, any rifle can be 
  quickly configured for different purposes.  It’s also 
  possible to build a rifle piecemeal, selecting the 
  precise combination of components that the user 
  desires.
  
  8
  To build a custom M16-family rifle, go to 
  the appropriate rules section of this supplement 
  – either Reflex System or Spycraft 2.0.  Select a 
  lower receiver and an upper receiver.  Combine 
  the partial game traits of each component to 
  derive those of the full rifle.  Add accessories as 
  desired, then lock and load!
  loWer reCeiver
  The lower receiver includes the magazine well, 
  trigger group, and stock.  Lower receivers are 
  subdivided into two groups: M16/AR-15 lowers and 
  AR-10 lowers/  While the lower doesn’t determine 
  the exact chambering of the rifle, the size of 
  the magazine well does restrict it to one of two 
  groups of cartridges.  M16/AR-15 pattern lowers 
  are smaller, so larger rounds such as 7.62x51mm 
  NATO will not feed through the magazine well.  
  The larger AR-10 pattern lowers will accept the 
  larger rounds but won’t mount an upper for most 
  smaller rounds.
  Pistol
  A pistol in name only, this stripped -down 
  lower is light and quick to ready, but suffers from 
  reduced effective range due to its lack of a stock.  
  Many do, however, retain the receiver extension 
  that serves as a mount for a stock on other lowers.  
  Too large to be a true pistol and with a weight 
  distribution that is awkward to use one-handed, 
  these are best wielded two-handed.  Since these 
  are primarily sold on the civilian market, they 
  are most often found with a semi-automatic-only 
  trigger.  AR-10 pattern pistol lowers are effectively 
  unheard of.
  Carbine
  Essentially a pistol lower that uses an 
  adjustable-length stock, these are the most 
  common lowers.  A carbine lower retains most of 
  the maneuverability of the pistol lower.  However, 
  since it does have a stock, it allows for more accurate 
  long-range fire.  In the military, this is generally 
  found as part of an M4 carbine or equivalent.  It is 
  also commonly found, in semi-automatic form, on 
  the civilian market in both law enforcement patrol 
  carbines and privately-owned sporting and self-
  defense weapons.
  Rifle
  The original lower of the M16 series, a rifle 
  lower receiver has a fixed stock and provides a 
  good mix of speed and accurate fire – assuming the 
  mated upper is equally capable.  This is the lower 
  found on the M16 rifles.
  Designated Marksman Rifle
  This is a rifle lower that has been optimized for 
  long range performance.  This primarily involves 
  replacing the trigger group with a tuned semi-
  automatic trigger.
  Match Rifle
  This is a full-blown competition lower built 
  with no regard for field practicality (except, 
  perhaps, for snipers).  A match rifle lower receiver 
  by itself can weigh as much as a complete assault 
  rifle.  It almost always include a tuned match trigger 
  (always semi-automatic-only).  Its match buttstock 
  is often adjustable for length and equipped with 
  counterweights to offset the heavy match uppers 
  usually mated to these lowers.
  It’s worth noting that we didn’t misprint the 
  weights in the tables.  AR-10 match lowers are 
  usually lighter than M16/AR-15 match lowers 
  because of the different classes of competition they 
  are used for.  AR-10s are more commonly found in 
  more tactical-oriented competition than the M16/
  AR-15 based match rifles.
  upper reCeiver
  The upper receiver includes the barrel, operating 
  system, and bolt.  Thus, the upper receiver is what 
  determines the weapon’s chambering.  It also 
  includes the gun’s iron sights and any mounting 
  points for optics and other accessories.  Like lower 
  receivers, upper receivers come in two basic groups: 
  M16/AR-15 and AR-10.  An upper receiver must be 
  matched to a corresponding size lower – you can’t 
  put an AR-10 upper on an M16/AR-15 lower or vice 
  versa.
  Pistol
  A pistol upper is intended to be mated with a 
  pistol lower and typically has a barrel about 7” long. 
  As a result, it’s are lightweight but gives up much 
  of the muzzle velocity afforded by longer barrels.  
  This severely limits the effective range of the 
  weapon.  Pistols of this type are primarily a novelty 
  item for the civilian market, though there are some 
  examples of these uppers matched to carbine lowers 
  on the law enforcement market.  Typically, these 
  latter guns are marketed to bodyguards and others 
  who need automatic fire in as compact a package as 
  possible.
  
  9
  CQB
  This upper has a barrel in the 10” to 12” range 
  and is primarily used by special operations forces in 
  urban or other tight environments.  The short barrel 
  is a ballistic disadvantage at longer ranges but, at 
  least when used as intended, rarely sees engagement 
  distances long enough for this to matter.  The 
  maneuverability afforded by the short barrel more 
  than compensates for the lost muzzle velocity.  CQB 
  uppers are also often found on law enforcement 
  SWAT teams; due to legal obstacles, they’re rarely 
  seen in civilian hands.
  Carbine
  The carbine upper initially was created as part of 
  a shorter, lighter weapon for soldiers such as medics 
  and quartermasters whose jobs did not require full-
  size rifles.  Due to its shorter length, it’s also popular 
  with any soldier who patrols in a vehicle, as its length 
  is an advantage when mounting and dismounting. 
  At 14” to 16”, the barrel on a carbine upper provides 
  punch beyond CQB ranges, though without the 
  engagement envelope of a full length rifle.  In law 
  enforcement circles, it’s most commonly used in 
  patrol carbines.  It’s probably the most common type 
  of upper in private hands.
  Rifle
  The most common military upper, this is what is 
  found on the M16A2 or M16A4 rifle.  At 20”, a rifle 
  upper provides good long range capability.  Law 
  enforcement users tend to have them as a result of 
  economic realities (e.g. surplus military sales) rather 
  than preference.  Also common in private hands, rifle 
  uppers cater to those interested in longer range target 
  shooting and small game hunting.  The larger AR-10 
  pattern rifle uppers can easily be used for deer and 
  similarly sized game.
  Designated Marksman Rifle
  A DMR upper usually has a 20” barrel like the 
  rifle upper, but of a higher grade.  Almost every 
  DMR upper is a flat-topped type like the M16A4 to 
  mount magnified optics.  In military use, a M16/
  AR-15 size DMR upper is issued to designated 
  marksmen, typically one per squad, who is held to 
  a higher marksmanship standard and is tasked with 
  engaging targets beyond the ranges usually attempted 
  by a rifleman.  In the larger, AR-10 size, these are 
  used in true sniper rifles, such as the US Army’s 
  M110.  In civilian hands, these may be used by police 
  sharpshooters or to build entry-level competition 
  rifles.
  Match Upper
  A true long-range monster, the match upper 
  uses a heavy barrel machined to exacting tolerances. 
  Building the Standard Guns
  Here’s a brief rundown on how to build any of
  the standard models presented in this supplement
  with modular upper and lower selection.  Note that
  modular construction may produce some variances
  in game traits.  This is because our modular uppers
  and lowers are somewhat generic, while the
  standard models’ traits are derived directly from
  specific real-world data.
  Gun
  Upper
  Lower
  The First
  ArmaLite AR-10A4
  Rifle
  Rifle
  ArmaLite 
  AR-10A4
  Carbine
  Carbine
  Carbine
  ArmaLite AR-10(T)
  DMR
  DMR
  Basic Black
  M16A1
  Rifle
  Rifle
  M16A2
  Rifle
  Rifle
  M16A3
  Rifle
  Rifle
  M16A4
  Rifle
  Rifle
  Diemaco C7
  Rifle
  Rifle
  Diemaco C7A1
  Rifle
  Rifle
  Diemaco C7A2
  Rifle
  Carbine
  M4
  Carbine
  Carbine
  M4A1
  Carbine
  Carbine
  Diemaco C8A1
  Carbine
  Carbine
  Short and Sweet
  M231 FPW
  Carbine (unique)
  Pistol (unique)
  Colt Model RO635
  CQB
  Carbine
  Colt Model RO639
  CQB
  Carbine
  Mk. 18 Mod 0 CQBR
  CQB
  Carbine
  Olympic Arms OA-93
  Pistol
  Pistol (unique)
  Working Long Distance
  AMU National Match
  Match
  Match
  M110/Mk. 11 mod 0
  Match
  Match
  SAM-R
  DMR
  DMR
  Gas Piston Rifles
  H&K HK416
  Carbine (unique)
  Carbine
  Items denoted as (unique) are not present in
  the modular rifle construction rules.
  
  10
  It’s often additionally weighted to add stability and 
  includes a muzzle brake to further reduce the effects of 
  recoil.  Purely designed for competition at hundreds of 
  meters, very little attention is paid to field practicality. 
  As a result, these uppers often weigh more than 5 kg, 
  more than a complete M16 rifle.
  Note: As with lowers, AR-10 match uppers are 
  usually lighter than M16/A-15 match uppers for much 
  the same reasons.
  reFlex system rules
  Several of the weapons presented in this 
  supplement appear in the core Twilight: 2013 rules. 
  We’ve chosen to reprint them here for comparison 
  purposes, unchanged from their original entries.
  modulAr ConstruCtion
  As described on page 8, the following upper and 
  lower receiver assemblies can be combined to build a 
  complete rifle.  Two basic patterns exist: M16/AR-15 
  (light to medium caliber) and AR-10 (heavy caliber). 
  You can’t put an M16-pattern upper receiver on an 
  AR-10 lower receiver or vice versa.
  Step One: Upper Receiver
  The chosen upper receiver determines most of 
  the weapon’s traits under the standard Reflex System 
  rules, though the mated lower receiver can modify 
  these (see following).  Additionally, the upper receiver 
  sets the maximum burst rate of fire available if the 
  mated lower receiver allows fully automatic fire.
  If you’re playing with Stage III rules, any upper 
  receiver in any caliber except 9mm Parabellum has 
  the Needy x2 Quirk.
  Piston Uppers
  Any listed upper receiver can be acquired with 
  a piston operating system rather than a direct 
  impingement system, as described on p. 6.  The game 
  effects of this are as follows:
  • Increase weight by 0.5 kg, barter value by 
  GG250, and street price by $500.
  • If the Stage III Quirk rules are in use, reduce 
  the maintenance multiplier of the Needy quirk 
  by 1 (minimum x1).  However, add Rare x5: 
  Piston uppers were never produced in as great of 
  numbers as their DI counterparts and spare parts 
  cost 5x as much.
  tABle B: Complete FireArms
  Firearm
  Caliber
  Cap
  Dam
  Pen
  Rng
  ROF
  Spd
  Rec Bulk
  Wt
  BV
  SP
  Olympic OA-93
  5.56x45mm
  *
  5
  x2/x3
  GF/T
  S
  2/3/5
  4
  2
  2.0 kg
  GG500
  $1000
  Mark 18 Mod 0 CQBR
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  CQB/M
  S/B5
  3/4/6
  5
  2
  2.4 kg
  GG400
  $800
  M16A1
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  M/S
  S/B5
  3/5/7
  5
  3
  3.6 kg
  GG400
  $800
  M16A2
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  M/S
  S/B3
  3/5/7
  5
  3
  3.8 kg
  GG475
  $950
  M16A3
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  M/S
  S/B5
  3/5/7
  5
  3
  3.8 kg
  GG475
  $950
  M16A4
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  M/S
  S/B3
  3/5/7
  5
  3
  3.4 kg
  GG475
  $950
  M4
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  T/O
  S/B3
  3/4/6
  5
  3
  2.7 kg
  GG550
  $1100
  M4A1
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  T/O
  S/B5
  3/4/6
  5
  3
  2.7 kg
  GG550
  $1100
  C7A2
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  T/S
  S/B5
  3/4/7
  5
  3
  3.3 kg
  GG475
  $950
  USMC SAM-R
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  M/S
  S
  3/6/8
  4
  3
  3.7 kg
  GG650
  $1300
  AMU NM Rifle
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  O/EX
  S
  5/7/10
  3
  5
  7.7 kg
  GG725
  $1550
  H&K HK416
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  T/O
  S/B6
  3/4/6
  4
  3
  3.5 kg
  GG825
  $1650
  Colt RO635
  9mm P
  *
  4
  x4/Nil
  CQB/T
  S/B6
  3/4/6
  4
  2
  2.6 kg
  GG475
  $950
  Colt RO639
  9mm P
  *
  4
  x4/Nil
  CQB/T
  S/B3
  3/4/6
  4
  2
  2.6 kg
  GG475
  $950
  M231 FPW
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  GF/CQB
  B8
  3/4/-
  4
  3
  3.3 kg
  GG300
  $600
  ArmaLite AR-10A4 Carbine
  7.62x51mm
  8
  8
  x2/x3
  T/O
  S
  4/5/7
  9
  3
  4.1 kg
  GG615
  $1230
  ArmaLite AR-10A4 Rifle
  7.62x51mm
  8
  8
  x2/x3
  M/S
  S
  4/6/8
  9
  3
  4.4 kg
  GG615
  $1230
  ArmaLite AR-10(T)
  7.62x51mm
  8
  8
  x2/x3
  M/EX
  S
  4/7/8
  8
  4
  4.7 kg
  GG825
  $1650
  M110 SASS
  7.62x51mm
  8
  8
  x2/x3
  O/EX
  S
  6/7/9
  8
  5
  5.1 kg
  GG1325
  $2650
  * This weapon accepts all STANAG magazines – see p. 14
  
  11
  tABle C: upper reCeivers
  Type
  Caliber
  Cap.
  Dam.
  Pen.
  Rng.
  Max. ROF
  Speed
  Rec
  Bulk
  Wgt
  BV
  SP
  M16/AR-15 Uppers
  Pistol
  5.56x45mm
  *
  5
  x2/x3
  GF/T
  B5
  2/3/4
  4
  1
  1.2 kg
  GG275
  $550
  Pistol
  9mm P
  20/32
  4
  x3/x4
  GF/T
  B6
  2/3/4
  4
  1
  1.3 kg
  GG285
  $570
  CQB
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  CQB/M
  B5
  2/3/4
  6
  1
  1.3 kg
  GG250
  $500
  CQB
  9mm P
  20/32
  4
  x4/Nil
  CQB/T
  B6
  2/3/4
  5
  1
  1.5 kg
  GG265
  $530
  CQB
  6.8mm SPC
  15/25
  6
  x2/x3
  CQB/O
  B5
  2/3/4
  9
  1
  1.3 kg
  GG275
  $550
  CQB
  .50 Beowulf
  4/7
  6
  x3/x4
  CQB/T
  B4
  2/3/4
  17
  1
  1.6 kg
  GG425
  $850
  Carbine
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  T/O
  B5
  2/3/4
  6
  2
  1.4 kg
  GG300
  $600
  Carbine
  9mm P
  20/32
  4
  x3/Nil
  CQB/T
  B6
  2/3/4
  5
  2
  1.7 kg
  GG300
  $600
  Carbine
  6.5mm Grendel
  10/24
  7
  x2/x3
  T/S
  B5
  2/3/4
  9
  2
  1.5 kg
  GG325
  $650
  Carbine
  6.8mm SPC
  15/25
  7
  x2/x3
  T/O
  B5
  2/3/4
  9
  2
  1.4 kg
  GG325
  $650
  Carbine
  .50 Beowulf
  4/7
  6
  x2/x3
  T/M
  B4
  2/3/5
  18
  2
  1.8 kg
  GG375
  $750
  Rifle
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  M/S
  B5
  2/3/5
  6
  2
  2.2 kg
  GG325
  $650
  Rifle
  6.5mm Grendel
  10/24
  7
  x2/x3
  M/EX
  B5
  2/3/5
  8
  2
  2.3 kg
  GG400
  $800
  Rifle
  6.8mm SPC
  15/25
  7
  x2/x3
  M/S
  B5
  2/3/5
  8
  2
  2.2 kg
  GG375
  $750
  DMR
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  M/S
  B5
  2/4/6
  5
  2
  2.5 kg
  GG450
  $900
  DMR
  6.5mm Grendel
  10/24
  7
  x2/x3
  M/EX
  B5
  2/4/6
  8
  2
  2.6 kg
  GG445
  $890
  DMR
  6.8 SPC
  15/25
  7
  x2/x3
  M/S
  B5
  2/4/6
  8
  2
  2.5 kg
  GG500
  $1000
  DMR
  .50 Beowulf
  4/7
  7
  x2/x3
  T/O
  B4
  2/4/6
  14
  2
  2.8 kg
  GG450
  $900
  Match
  5.56x45mm
  *
  6
  x2/x3
  O/EX
  B5
  3/5/7
  5
  3
  5.2 kg
  GG475
  $950
  Match
  6.5mm Grendel
  10/24
  7
  x2/x3
  O/EX
  B5
  3/5/7
  7
  3
  5.3 kg
  GG500
  $1000
  AR-10 Uppers
  Carbine
  7.62x51mm NATO
  10/20
  8
  x2/x3
  T/O
  B4
  3/4/5
  10
  2
  2.5 kg
  GG440
  $880
  Rifle
  .243 Win
  10/20
  7
  x2/x3
  M/S
  B4
  3/4/6
  7
  2
  2.6 kg
  GG450
  $900
  Rifle
  7.62x51mm NATO
  10/20
  8
  x2/x3
  M/S
  B4
  3/4/6
  10
  2
  2.7 kg
  GG440
  $880
  Rifle
  .338 Federal
  10/20
  9
  x2/x3
  M/S
  B4
  3/4/6
  13
  2
  2.7 kg
  GG450
  $900
  DMR
  .243 Win
  10/20
  7
  x2/x3
  M/EX
  B4
  3/5/6
  7
  3
  2.7 kg
  GG550
  $1200
  DMR
  7.62x51mm NATO
  10/20
  8
  x2/x3
  M/EX
  B4
  3/5/6
  10
  3
  2.8 kg
  GG550
  $1100
  DMR
  .338 Federal
  10/20
  9
  x2/x3
  M/EX
  B4
  3/5/6
  12
  3
  2.8 kg
  GG600
  $1200
  Match
  7.62x51mm NATO
  10/20
  8
  x2/x3
  O/EX
  B4
  4/5/6
  9
  3
  3.1 kg
  GG1000
  $2000
  * A weapon built with this upper will accept all STANAG magazines – see p. 14.
  tABle d: loWer reCeivers 
  Type
  Range
  ROF
  Speed
  Recoil
  Bulk
  Weight
  BV
  SP
  M16/AR-15 Lowers
  Pistol
  GF/CQB
  *
  0/0/1
  0
  1
  0.8 kg
  GG150
  $300.00
  Carbine
  T/S
  *
  1/1/2
  -1
  1
  1.1 kg
  GG150
  $300.00
  Rifle
  M/S
  *
  1/2/2
  -1
  1
  1.2 kg
  GG150
  $300.00
  DMR
  M/EX
  S
  1/2/2
  -1
  1
  1.2 kg
  GG250
  $500.00
  Match
  O/EX
  S
  2/2/3
  -2
  2
  2.5 kg
  GG300
  $600.00
  AR-10 Lowers
  Carbine
  T/S
  *
  1/1/2
  -1
  1
  1.5 kg
  GG175
  $350.00
  Rifle
  M/S
  *
  1/2/2
  -1
  1
  1.6 kg
  GG175
  $350.00
  DMR
  M/EX
  S
  1/2/2
  -1
  1
  1.6 kg
  GG275
  $550.00
  Match
  O/EX
  S
  2/2/3
  -2
  2
  2.0 kg
  GG325
  $650.00
  * A weapon built with this lower receiver can have one of three trigger groups, selected when the character acquires the lower.  This choice determines rate 
  of fire.  A semi-automatic trigger provides ROF S.  A burst trigger provides ROF S/B3.  A fully automatic trigger provides ROF S/Bx, with the burst rate 
  determined by the mated upper receiver (see the “FA ROF” column of the uppers table).
  
  12
  9mm Parabellum uppers are an exception to these 
  rules.  They can’t be converted to piston operation 
  because they already use a different operating system: 
  blowback rather than direct impingement. 
  Step Two: Lower Receiver
  The chosen lower receiver modifies the weapon’s 
  Speed, Recoil, and Bulk.  It also has its own weight, 
  barter value, and street price, which are added to those 
  of the upper to determine the whole weapon’s mass 
  and cost.  In addition, the lower receiver determines 
  the rifle’s rate of fire.  Finally, the lower receiver can 
  affect the rifle’s optimum and maximum ranges: if 
  the lower’s range values are lower than those for the 
  upper, the lower’s replace the upper’s.  In other words, 
  suck it up and use the worse of the two sets of ranges.
  Example: Matt has a M4A1 with a bent barrel and 
  an M16A4 with a broken stock.  He wants to com-
  bine the upper from the M16A4 with the lower from 
  the M4A1.  The M16A4 upper is a rifle upper and the 
  M4A1 lower is a carbine lower; these combine to dic-
  tate the new weapon’s traits as shown in the follow-
  ing table.  Note that the carbine lower has a shorter 
  optimum range than the rifle upper, so the carbine 
  lower’s optimum range takes effect (see above).
  tABle F: Ammunition
  Caliber
  Weight
  BV
  SP
  Types
  Mag Wgt
  9mm P
  1.7 kg
  GG5.2
  $52
  HP
  0.3 kg (15), 0.4 kg(20), 0.6 kg (30, 32)
  5.56x45mm
  1.4 kg
  GG5
  $50
  AP/HP/T 0.4 kg (20), 0.6 kg (30)
  .243 Win
  2.4 kg
  GG9.4
  $94
  HP
  0.3 kg (10), 0.6 kg (20)
  6.5mm Grendel
  2.2 kg
  GG56
  $140
  HP
  0.3 kg (10), 0.6 kg (24)
  6.8mm Rem SPC
  2.2 kg
  GG90
  $180
  HP
  0.4 kg (15), 0.7 kg (25)
  7.62x51mm
  2.7 kg
  GG8
  $105
  AP/HP/T 0.4 kg (10), 0.8 kg (20)
  .338 Federal
  3.3 kg
  GG54
  $135
  HP
  0.4 kg (10), 0.8 kg (20)
  .50 Beowulf
  5.0 kg
  GG60
  $150
  HP
  0.2 kg (4), 0.4 kg (7)
  tABle e: mAtt’s exAmple
  Firearm
  Caliber
  Cap
  Dam
  Pen
  Rng
  ROF
  Spd
  Rec
  Bulk
  Wt
  BV
  SP
  Rifle upper
  5.56x45mm
  STANAG
  6
  x2/x3
  M/S
  max B5
  2/3/5
  6
  2
  2.2 kg
  GG325
  $650
  Carbine lower
  –
  –
  –
  –
  T/S
  S/Bx
  +1/1/2
  -1
  +1
  1.2 kg
  GG150
  $300
  Complete rifle
  5.56x45mm
  STANAG
  6
  x2/x3
  T/S
  S/B5
  3/4/7
  5
  3
  3.4 kg
  GG475
  $950
  
  13
  Ammunition
  The following table presents game traits for the 
  new calibers presented here (and some new magazine 
  capacities and weights for existing calibers).  As 
  always, weight, barter value, and street price are per 
  100 rounds:
  Stage III Ballistics
  .243 Winchester
  Range
  Dam/Pen
  P
  8/x2
  GF
  8/x2
  CQB
  8/x2
  T
  8/x2
  M
  7/x2
  O
  6/x2
  S
  4/x2
  EX
  3/x3
  6.5mm Grendel
  This caliber’s ballistics vary by barrel length:
  Range
  Dam/Pen
  Carbine
  Rifle/DMR
  P
  7/x2
  8/x2
  GF
  7/x2
  8/x2
  CQB
  7/x2
  8/x2
  T
  7/x2
  8/x2
  M
  6/x2
  7/x2
  O
  5/x2
  6/x2
  S
  4/x2
  4/x2
  EX
  –
  3/x3
  6.8mm Remington SPC
  Range
  Dam/Pen
  P
  8/x2
  GF
  8/x2
  CQB
  8/x2
  T
  7/x2
  M
  7/x2
  O
  5/x2
  S
  4/x3
  EX
  –
  .338 Federal
  Range
  Dam/Pen
  P
  10/x2
  GF
  10/x2
  CQB
  10/x2
  T
  10/x2
  M
  9/x2
  O
  7/x2
  S
  5/x2
  EX
  4/x3
  .50 Beowulf
  This caliber’s ballistics vary by barrel length:
  Range
  Dam/Pen
  CQB
  Carbine
  DMR
  P
  8/x2
  9/x2
  9/x2
  GF
  8/X2
  9/x2
  9/x2
  CQB
  8/x2
  8/x2
  9/x2
  T
  7/x2
  7/x2
  8/x2
  M
  6/x3
  6/x3
  6/x3
  O
  –
  5/x3
  5/x3
  S
  –
  5/x4
  5/x4
  EX
  –
  –
  5/Nil
  
  14
  STANAG Magazines
  The 
  acronym 
  STANAG 
  stands 
  for 
  “STANdardization AGreement,” a memorandum 
  of understanding between all NATO members to 
  standardize on a particular item or procedure.  
  Thousands of STANAG agreements exist, specifying 
  everything from ammunition to rank equivalences 
  to digital video formats.  In the context of the M16, 
  “STANAG” is shorthand for STANAG 4179, the 
  agreement that established the M16’s magazine as 
  the standard for all 5.56x45mm rifles (STANAG 4172 
  established 5.56x45mm as the standard infantry rifle 
  caliber).  While never formally ratified by NATO, many 
  modern assault rifles adhere to the standard.  Any 
  weapon that conforms to STANAG 4179 can accept 
  magazines built on this standard.
  The normal STANAG magazine holds 30 rounds.  
  20-round magazines fell out of favor in the early 
  1970s but are still in limited use.  5- and 10-round 
  units are available on the civilian market, primarily 
  in jurisdictions that ban larger magazines.  Magazines 
  holding 40 or more rounds exist, though they’re 
  primarily civilian novelty items and too unwieldy for 
  most combat applications.  Likewise, drums holding 
  75 and 100 rounds are in limited production, though 
  some forces do use these with squad automatic 
  weapons.
  For game purposes, if you’re using the Twilight: 
  2013 core rulebook, assume there’s a 75% chance 
  that any generic 5.56x45mm assault rifle, bullpup, 
  or carbine will accept STANAG magazines.  Later 
  versions of the Steyr AUG normally use proprietary 
  magazines but can accept STANAG conversion kits 
  – there’s a 40% chance that any given AUG has one 
  installed.  The FN Minimi can feed from STANAG 
  magazines rather than its normal belt, but this tends 
  to destroy the magazine (10% chance per burst) and is 
  considered an emergency procedure only.
  In addition, the following weapons from the 
  Twilight: 2013 Rules Expansion and previous Shooter’s 
  Guide publications are STANAG-compatible: FAMAS 
  G2 (but not F1), FN FNC (and Ak 5), FN SCAR-L, and 
  L85 series.  The H&K G36 family can accept a STANAG 
  conversion kit (90% chance for rifles acquired in the 
  United States, 20% elsewhere).
  spyCrAFt 2.0 rules
  Few of the weapons presented here need any 
  special rules beyond those in the Spycraft 2.0 core 
  rulebook.  It’s worth noting that several of these 
  rifles all appear in that book.  They are reprinted 
  here for the sake of comprehensiveness and ease 
  of comparison.  Aside from a few modifications to 
  weight and recoil (to align with the data we used for 
  the Reflex System traits), they are unchanged from 
  their original presentation.
  tABle G: “liGHt suBmACHine Guns”
  Weapon Name
  Dmg
  E/T
  Ammo
  Recoil
  Rng
  Sz/Hnd
  Wgt
  Upg
  Comp
  Year
  SV
  Qualities
  Caliber I “SMGs”
  Olympic Arms OA-93
       5.56x45mm NATO
  2d6+2
  1-3/20
  30M1
  18
  30 ft.
  D/2h
  4.4 lbs.
  0
  25/+2
  1992
  $1,000
  INA (-2), NFM, (S), QKY
  Caliber II Heavy SMGs
  Colt RO635
       9mm P
  1d10+1
  1-3/20
  32M4
  6
  30 ft.
  T/2h
  5.7 lbs.
  2
  25/+1
  1982
  R$950
  CLS
  Colt RO639
       9mm P
  1d10+1
  1-3/20
  32M4
  6
  30 ft.
  T/2h
  5.7 lbs.
  2
  25/+1
  1982
  R$950
  CLS, NFM (S/B)
  
  15
  tABle H: semi-AutomAtiC riFles
  Weapon Name
  Dmg
  E/T
  Ammo
  Recoil
  Rng
  Sz/Hnd
  Wgt
  Upg
  Comp
  Year
  SV
  Qualities
  Caliber III
  AMU National Match Rifle
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-2/20
  20M3
  5
  160 ft.
  S/2h
  17.0 lbs.
  3
  24/+2
  1992
  R$1,550
  ACC, UPG (ergonomic stock)
  ArmaLite AR-10A4
       7.62x51mm NATO
  4d4+2
  1-2/19-20
  20M3
  18
  150 ft.
  S/2h
  9.7 lbs.
  2
  20/+1
  TBD
  $1,230
  –
  ArmaLite AR-10A4 Carbine
       7.62x51mm NATO
  4d4+2
  1-2/19-20
  20M3
  19
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  9.0 lbs.
  2
  20/+1
  TBD
  $1,230
  CLS
  ArmaLite AR-10(T)
       7.62x51mm NATO
  4d4+2
  1-2/19-20
  20M3
  16
  175 ft.
  S/2h
  10.4 lbs.
  1
  21/+1
  TBD
  $1,650
  SPA
  Colt/USMC SAM-R
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-2/20
  30M2
  11
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  8.2 lbs.
  3
  21/+1
  2001
  $1,300
  SPA, NUL (3R, 1U), UPG (9x 
  telescopic sight)
  KAC M110
       7.62x51mm NATO
  4d4+2
  1-2/19-20
  20M3
  15
  175 ft.
  S/2h
  11.2 lbs.
  0
  23/+1
  2007
  $2,650
  SPA, NUL (3R, 1U), TBR, UPG 
  (10x telescopic sight, bipod, 
  suppressor)
  tABle i: AssAult riFles
  Weapon Name
  Dmg
  E/T
  Ammo
  Recoil
  Rng
  Sz/Hnd
  Wgt
  Upg
  Comp
  Year
  SV
  Qualities
  Caliber II
  Colt M16A1
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-4/20
  20M8
  11
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  7.9 lbs.
  0
  25/+1
  1963
  R$800
  OVH
  Colt M231 FPW
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-4/20
  30M5
  12
  50 ft.
  T/2h
  7.3 lbs.
  2
  25/+1
  1974
  R$600
  INA (-3), NFM (B/F), QKY
  Caliber III
  Colt M16A2
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-3/20
  30M5
  10
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  8.4 lbs.
  3
  25/+1
  1982
  R$950
  NFM (S/B)
  Colt M16A3
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-3/20
  30M5
  10
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  8.4 lbs.
  2
  25/+1
  1982
  R$950
  –
  Colt M16A4
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-3/20
  30M5
  12
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  7.5 lbs.
  3
  25/+1
  1994
  R$950
  NFM (S/B)
  Colt M4
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-3/20
  30M5
  14
  100 ft.
  S/2h
  6.0 lbs.
  3
  25/+1
  1994
  R$1,100
  CLS, NFM (S/B
  Colt M4A1
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-3/20
  30M5
  14
  100 ft.
  S/2h
  6.0 lbs.
  2
  25/+1
  1994
  R$1,100
  CLS
  Colt/Crane Mk. 18 Mod 0 CQBR
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-3/20
  30M5
  16
  60 ft.
  T/2h
  5.3 lbs.
  3
  25/+1
  1998
  R$800
  CLS, NUL (3R, 1U)
  Diemaco C7
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-3/20
  30M5
  10
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  8.4 lbs.
  1
  25/+1
  1982
  R$950
  DEP
  Diemaco C7A1
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-3/20
  30M5
  12
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  7.5 lbs.
  1
  25/+1
  1994
  R$950
  DEP, NUL (3R, 1U)
  Diemaco C7A2
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-3/20
  30M5
  12
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  7.3 lbs.
  1
  25/+1
  2001
  R$950
  CLS, DEP
  H&K HK416
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  1-2/20
  30M5
  11
  100 ft.
  S/2h
  7.7 lbs.
  1
  26/+1
  2004
  R$1,650
  CLS, NUL (3R, 1U), UPG (piston 
  system)
  
  16
  modulAr ConstruCtion
  As described on page 8, the following upper and 
  lower receiver assemblies can be combined to build a 
  complete rifle.  Two basic patterns exist: M16/AR-15 
  (light to medium caliber) and AR-10 (heavy caliber). 
  You can’t put an M16-pattern upper receiver on an 
  AR-10 lower receiver or vice versa.
  Step 1: Upper Receiver
  Select an upper receiver.  This determines most 
  of the weapon’s traits under the standard Spycraft 2.0 
  rules, though the mated lower receiver can modify 
  these (see Steps 2 and 3).
  A word of explanation is on order for the Raw 
  Recoil column.  Don’t panic – this isn’t the weapon’s 
  actual recoil.  You’ll determine that in Step 3, using 
  tABle J: upper reCeivers
  Receiver
  Dmg
  Threat
  Ammo
  Raw Rec.
  Rng.
  Sz/Hnd
  Wgt.
  Comp.
  SV
  Qualities
  Cal/Upg
  M16/AR-15-Pattern Uppers
  <n>Pistol
       5.56x45mm NATO
  2d6+2
  20
  30M1
  85
  30 ft.
  D/2h
  2.6 lbs.
  20/+1
  $550
  –
  II/1
       9mm P
  1d10+1
  20
  32M2
  35
  25 ft.
  D/2h
  2.9 lbs.
  20/+1
  $570
  –
  II/3
  CQB
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  20
  30M3
  85
  50 ft.
  T/2h
  2.9 lbs.
  20/+1
  $500
  –
  II/0
       6.8mm SPC
  4d4+1
  19-20
  25M4
  120
  60 ft.
  T/2h
  2.9 lbs.
  20/+1
  $550
  –
  III/3
       9mm P
  1d10+1
  20
  32M4
  30
  30 ft.
  T/2h
  3.3 lbs.
  20/+1
  $530
  –
  II/1
  Carbine
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  20
  30M5
  85
  100 ft.
  S/2h
  3.1 lbs.
  20/+1
  $600
  –
  III/2
       6.5mm Grendel
  3d6
  19-20
  24M6
  110
  150 ft.
  S/2h
  3.3 lbs.
  20/+1
  $650
  –
  III/1
       6.8mm SPC
  2d10
  19-20
  25M5
  120
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  3.1 lbs.
  20/+1
  $650
  –
  III/1
       9mm P
  1d10+1
  20
  32M7
  25
  40 ft.
  S/2h
  3.7 lbs.
  20/+1
  $600
  –
  II/0
      .50 Beowulf
  4d4+2
  19-20
  7M10
  175
  60 ft.
  S/2h
  4.0 lbs.
  21/+1
  $750
  TKD
  III/0
  Rifle
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  20
  30M5
  85
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  4.9 lbs.
  20/+1
  $650
  –
  III/2
       6.5mm Grendel
  4d4+1
  19-20
  24M6
  120
  175 ft.
  S/2h
  4.4 lbs.
  20/+1
  $800
  –
  III/0
       6.8mm SPC
  2d10
  19-20
  25M5
  120
  150 ft.
  S/2h
  4.9 lbs.
  20/+1
  $750
  –
  III/1
  DMR
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  20
  30M2
  85
  140 ft.
  S/2h
  5.5 lbs.
  21/+1
  $900
  SPA
  III/2
       6.5mm Grendel
  4d4+1
  19-20
  24M2
  120
  190 ft.
  S/2h
  5.7 lbs.
  21/+1
  $890
  SPA
  III/2
       6.8mm SPC
  2d10
  19-20
  25M3
  120
  160 ft.
  S/2h
  5.5 lbs.
  21/+1
  $1,000
  SPA
  III/2
      .50 Beowulf
  2d10+1
  19-20
  7M10
  200
  90 ft.
  S/2h
  6.2 lbs.
  22/+1
  $900
  SPA, TKD
  III/2
  Match
       5.56x45mm NATO
  4d4
  20
  20M3
  85
  160 ft.
  S/2h
  11.5 lbs.
  22/+2
  $950
  SPA
  III/3
       6.5mm Grendel
  4d4+1
  19-20
  10M6
  120
  200 ft.
  S/2h
  11.7 lbs.
  22/+2
  $1,000
  SPA
  III/2
  AR-10-Pattern Uppers
  Carbine
       7.62x51mm NATO
  4d4+2
  19-20
  20M7
  170
  125 ft.
  S/2h
  5.5 lbs.
  20/+1
  $880
  –
  III/0
  Rifle
      .243 Winchester
  2d10
  19-20
  20M6
  125
  165 ft.
  S/2h
  5.7 lbs.
  20/+1
  $900
  –
  III/0
       7.62x51mm NATO
  4d4+2
  19-20
  20M7
  170
  175 ft.
  S/2h
  6.0 lbs.
  20/+1
  $880
  –
  III/0
      .338 Federal
  3d6+2
  19-20
  20M6
  220
  180 ft.
  S/2h
  6.0 lbs.
  20/+1
  $900
  –
  III/0
  DMR
      .243 Winchester
  2d10
  19-20
  20M6
  125
  165 ft.
  S/2h
  6.0 lbs.
  21/+1
  $1,100
  SPA
  III/2
       7.62x51mm NATO
  4d4+2
  19-20
  20M7
  170
  175 ft.
  S/2h
  6.2 lbs.
  21/+1
  $1,100
  SPA
  III/1
      .338 Federal
  3d6+2
  19-20
  20M6
  220
  180 ft.
  S/2h
  6.2 lbs.
  21/+1
  $1,200
  SPA
  III/1
  Match
       7.62x51mm NATO
  4d4+2
  19-20
  10M10
  170
  175 ft.
  S/2h
  6.8 lbs.
  22/+2
  $2,000
  SPA
  III/1
  
  17
  the combination of Raw Recoil and the weights of the 
  combined upper and lower receivers.
  Step 2: Lower Receiver
  Select a lower receiver.  This determines most 
  of the weapon’s remaining traits and modifies a 
  few more.
  Step 2b: Trigger Group
  With a pistol, carbine, or rifle lower receiver, 
  you may choose one of three trigger groups.  This 
  determines the weapon’s error range and available 
  fire modes.  It may also modify its complexity and 
  street value:
  Step 3: Combine the Receivers
  To assemble the complete weapon, lock the 
  upper receiver onto the lower receiver.  The upper 
  receiver determines caliber, damage, threat range, 
  ammunition allocation, and complexity (though 
  the lower receiver may add a bit of complexity). 
  It also determines the gun’s requisition Caliber.  
  The lower receiver determines error range and fire 
  mode; it may also provide additional upgrades.  
  Both components contribute their qualities, if 
  any, to the finished weapon (if both have the SPA 
  quality, the resulting weapon has the ACC quality 
  instead).
  To determine weight and street value, add these 
  values for the upper and lower receivers.
  To determine range increment, use the lower 
  of the two values.  For example, if you put an upper 
  receiver with a 50 ft. range increment on a lower 
  receiver with a 150 ft. range increment, the resulting 
  gun’s range increment is 50 ft.
  To determine size, use the larger of the two 
  values.  For example, if you put an upper receiver 
  with size D/2h on a lower receiver with size S/2h, the 
  resulting gun has size S/2h and will not fit under your 
  shirt very well.
  To determine recoil, divide the upper receiver’s 
  raw recoil by the completed gun’s weight.
  tABle k: loWer reCeivers
  Receiver
  Error
  Rng
  Sz/Hnd
  Wgt
  Comp
  SV
  Fire Mode
  Qualities
  Upgrades
  M16/AR-15-Pattern Lowers
  Pistol
  *
  40 ft.
  D/2h
  1.7 lbs.
  *
  $300
  *
  QKY
  +2
  Carbine
  *
  150 ft.
  T/2h
  2.4 lbs.
  *
  $300
  *
  CLS
  +1
  Rifle
  *
  175 ft.
  S/2h
  2.6 lbs.
  *
  $300
  *
  –
  +2
  DMR
  1-2
  200 ft.
  S/2h
  2.6 lbs.
  +1
  $300
  Single
  –
  +2
  Match
  1-2
  200 ft.
  S/2h
  5.5 lbs.
  +2
  $600
  Single
  SPA
  +0
  AR-10-Pattern Lowers
  Carbine
  *
  150 ft.
  S/2h
  3.3 lbs.
  *
  $350
  *
  CLS
  +1
  Rifle
  *
  175 ft.
  S/2h
  3.5 lbs.
  *
  $350
  *
  –
  +2
  DMR
  1-2
  200 ft.
  S/2h
  3.5 lbs.
  +1
  $550
  Single
  –
  +2
  Match
  1-2
  200 ft.
  S/2h
  4.4 lbs.
  +2
  $650
  Single
  SPA
  +0
  * A weapon built with this lower receiver can have one of three trigger groups, selected when the character acquires the lower.  See Step 2b, following.
  tABle k: triGGer Groups
  Trigger Group
  Error
  Fire Modes
  Comp
  SV
  Semi-auto
  1-2
  S
  –
  –
  Burst
  1-3
  S/B
  +5
  +$200 & Restricted
  Full auto
  1-3
  S/B/F
  +5
  +$200 & Restricted
  Gun caddy, hand me my .243 upper...
  If you really want to change receivers in the 
  middle of combat, start with an empty weapon (one 
  “reload” action to remove the magazine and clear 
  the chamber).  Then pull out the two retaining pins 
  (one half action each) and lift the upper off the 
  lower.  After that, match up the upper and lower you 
  want to combine and lock the retaining pins (one 
  half action each).  That’s a total of four half actions, 
  not counting unloading and reloading.
  Yeah, it’s really that quick... if you know what 
  you’re doing.
  
  18
  Finally, determine the weapon’s category as 
  follows.  If it has a 9mm upper, or if it’s a pistol 
  upper on a pistol lower, consider it a submachine 
  gun.  Otherwise, it’s an assault rifle if it’s capable 
  of burst or full auto fire and a semi-automatic rifle 
  if it’s limited to single shots.
  Example: Kaneda wants to build a compact as-
  sault rifle with more punch than 5.56x45mm 
  NATO can provide.  He selects a CQB upper re-
  ceiver in 6.8mm SPC and a carbine lower receiv-
  er with a full auto trigger group.  The upper re-
  ceiver determines the new gun’s damage, threat 
  range, ammo allocation, complexity, and Cali-
  ber.  The lower receiver and its fully automatic 
  trigger group determine the gun’s error range.  
  The lower also adds +5 complexity, raises the 
  price by $550 (and makes it restricted), and adds 
  the CLS quality.
  The lower receiver has a range increment of 150 ft., 
  but the upper’s short barrel has only a 60 ft. range 
  increment.  The gun’s overall range increment is 60 
  ft.  Both the upper and lower are the same size – 
  T/2h – so this is the gun’s size.
  To determine recoil, Kaneda adds the weights of the 
  upper and lower receivers, getting 5.3 pounds.  He 
  then divides the upper receiver’s raw recoil of 120 
  by 5.3, getting 22.64 – rounded to 23.  To determine 
  street value, he adds the separate dollar values of 
  the upper and lower.
  The upper receiver is a Caliber III item that comes 
  with 3 upgrades.  The carbine lower provides one 
  more upgrade, so the gun’s final Caliber is III/4.  
  Maybe Kaneda should look into an upgrade that re-
  duces recoil...
  Piston System Upgrade
  Unless otherwise noted, any firearm in the M16 
  family can be acquired or retrofitted with a piston 
  operating system rather than a direct impingement 
  system, as described on p. 6.  Likewise, any custom 
  upper receiver can be built or modified to the same 
  standard.  For game purposes, this counts as two 
  upgrades.  A gas piston operating system reduces 
  the weapon’s error range by 1, to a minimum of 1 
  for semi-automatic guns or 1-2 for burst-capable 
  and full-auto weapons, but adds 1 pound of weight.  
  It costs $500 and requires 4 hours to install.  Its 
  Complexity is 26/+1.
  This upgrade is effectively unique to the M16 
  family because the vast majority of other assault 
  rifles don’t use direct impingement operating 
  systems to begin with.  Also, 9mm Parabellum guns 
  and upper receivers can’t be converted to piston 
  operation because they already use a different 
  operating system: blowback. 
  tABle l: kAnedA’s exAmple
  Weapon Name
  Dmg
  E/T
  Ammo
  Recoil
  Rng
  Sz/Hnd
  Wgt
  Cal/Upg
  Comp
  SV
  Qualities
  CQB Upper Receiver
       6.8mm SPC
  4d4+1
  –/19-20
  25M4
  *120
  60 ft.
  T/2h
  2.9 lbs.
  III/3
  20/+1
  $550
  –
  Carbine Lower Receiver
       Full auto
  –
  1-3/–
  –
  –
  150 ft.
  T/2h
  2.4 lbs.
  –/+1
  +5
  R$500
  CLS
  Complete Weapon
       6.8mm SPC
  4d4+1
  1-3/19-20
  25M4
  23
  60 ft.
  T/2h
  5.3 lbs.
  III/4
  25/+1
  R$1,050
  CLS
  
  19
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  Tweet, Monte Cook, Skip Williams, based on original material by E. Gary Gygax and 
  Dave Arneson. 
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