TEXT: © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  ADVENTURES
  OSPREY
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  Philip Smith & 
  Joseph A. MCCullough
   Artistic Consultant: Mark Stacey
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  2
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  CONTENTS
  Introduction 
  6
  Great Britain 
  8
  France 
  34
  Germany 
  52
  United and Confederate  
  States of America 
  70
  Russia 
  92
  Austro-Hungarian Empire 
  110
  Italy 
  120
  Japan 
  130
  The Minor Powers 
  138
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  6
  INTRODUCTION 
  In this modern world of personal computers, cybernetic prosthetics, and 
  supersonic train travel, where wars are as often fought in cyberspace as 
  in the real world, it can often be hard to imagine a past where machines 
  were loud, clunky, and inefficient. And yet, that was exactly the case in 
  the first four decades after the great meteor shower of 1862, which gave 
  the world the miracle of hephaestium. This new element, which burned 
  hotter, longer, and brighter than anything previously found, launched a 
  new age of invention. The Great Powers of the northern hemisphere, 
  who bore the brunt of the meteor shower and thus reaped the rewards of 
  vast hephaestium deposits in its aftermath, embraced the new sciences 
  and technologies made possible by this strange and wonderful element. 
  Many of these advances proved to be impractical or hopelessly flawed, 
  but others, quite literally, changed the world. Of course, such a valuable 
  new resource also gave the nations of the world, the Great Powers and 
  the smaller states seeking to survive alongside them, a new reason to 
  take up arms. In this ‘early steam era’ numerous conflicts, from small 
  skirmishes to full-scale wars, flared up all over the globe, and this 
  fighting only pushed development further. 
  It was a wondrous age, not only for military invention, but also for 
  military pageantry. Soldiers marched in bright and colourful uniforms, 
  enhanced by the gleaming steel and brass of their weaponry and 
  equipment. They were supported by new evolutions of war machines: 
  landships, walkers, submarines, and dirigibles. The European press 
  glorified these new wars and their combatants, publishing lurid accounts 
  of dashing heroics and far-flung adventures. Although the reality of war 
  as a brutal, violent affair had not changed, since most of it happened in 
  faraway places with strange names, the man on the street delighted in 
  reading all about it. One such man was Miles Vandercroft, a name that, 
  until the spring of 2012, was consigned to history.
   In the time that we have worked for Osprey Publishing, we have been 
  contacted by hundreds, if not thousands, of people purporting to have 
  discovered unpublished manuscripts that could turn our understanding 
  of history on its head. Most are simply over-enthusiastic, though some 
  are outright charlatans, claiming to have found Rommel’s secret diary or 
  the plans for the British invasion of Iceland. A few, however, really have 
  unearthed something special. 
  Such was the case with Samantha Callaghan, who sent Osprey a 
  message regarding a collection of military paintings by her great-great-
  uncle, Miles Vandercroft. She did not seem to really know what the 
  collection was, describing it as ‘pretty’ and ‘beautiful’ – words that are 
  not often heard in the world of military history publishing. Intrigued, 
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  7
  but not expecting anything of great value, we agreed to meet her. As it 
  turned out, Samantha presented us with something truly unique. The 
  collection consisted of a chaotic mass of papers, canvasses, and notebooks. 
  Almost immediately, we realized that it was a true treasure trove, page 
  after page of gloriously detailed illustrations of soldiers from the late 
  19th century and hand-written notes indicating that these studies had 
  been made from first-hand experience. 
   Further research and consultation with experts in early steam era 
  warfare confirmed that nothing else quite like this collection was known 
  to exist. Alongside depictions of some of the famous regiments of the 
  period, some of the technology and uniforms that Miles Vandercroft had 
  illustrated were previously unknown, or only associated with vague 
  historical references or broken artefacts. For the next year and a half, we 
  devoted ourselves to researching Miles Vandercroft and the soldiers he 
  had painted. Of the artist himself, we discovered disappointingly little. 
  We know that he was born in Sheffield in 1866, the son of a civil engineer. 
  In 1885, he attended the Portsmouth and Gosport School of Science and 
  Arts but, although he studied there for several years, he does not seem 
  to have completed his course. Instead, in 1887, he boarded a boat bound 
  for France. For the next eight years of his life we know nothing about 
  Miles, save what can be gleaned from the notes accompanying his 
  illustrations. In 1895, he returned to England and apparently lived a 
  quiet life as a landscape painter (though we have been unable to locate 
  any of these paintings), before dying in a train crash near Crewe in 1903. 
  He never married, and what few possessions he owned passed to his 
  younger brother and, through him, down to Samantha.
   In the century since his death, history has almost completely forgotten 
  Miles Vandercroft – until today. Now, we are proud to present this 
  collection of his works. Aside from placing the images into a logical 
  order, and providing a brief introduction to each section, the work 
  remains entirely that of the artist, including the notes that accompany 
  each figure. We encourage readers to remember that these paintings 
  seem to have originally been created for nothing more than the artist’s 
  own interest over a period of eight years, with little thought for 
  consistency or comprehensiveness. Even so, we hope you will all agree 
  that he created something of lasting value, and something for which we, 
  especially those of us in the field of military history, owe him our 
  gratitude.
   
  Philip Smith & Joseph A. McCullough
  Osprey Publishing
  Oxford, 2014
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  8
  Great 
  Britain
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  After victory in the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain quickly rose 
  to become the world’s pre-eminent economic and military power, 
  with an empire that stretched around the globe. Guided by a 
  strong central government and a stable monarchy, the country 
  was in the perfect position to seize upon the new opportunities 
  presented after the great meteor shower of 1862. While small 
  chunks of hephaestium did come down in parts of Scotland and 
  northern England, by far the greatest amounts are now known 
  to have fallen in Canada. Although this led to some early border 
  disputes with the United States, that country was embroiled in 
  a civil war and was in no real position to contest the richest 
  finds. Thus, Britain shipped huge amounts of hephaestium 
  across the Atlantic, easily securing the largest supply in Europe.
  Since Britain was not involved in any major wars at the time, 
  it is perhaps no surprise that its initial steam technology boom 
  was less military focused than many other nations, at least in 
  the early years after the meteor fall. Instead, Britain’s greatest 
  technological strides came in the fields of engineering and 
  transportation. The British rail service, already the best in the 
  world, rose to new heights with huge new construction projects, 
  such as the Ulster Bridge and the Shetland’s Run, while the 
  shipyards built the first of the massive ‘circumnavigation’ 
  cruisers.
  These technological innovations did not go unnoticed by the 
  British military establishment, and soon the best of the new 
  inventions were adapted for military use. This first became 
  apparent in the Royal Navy, which maintained its dominance in 
  the new age of ironclads, and allowed Britain to maintain an 
  even tighter grip on her expanding empire. Of course, the 
  empire did not come without conflict, and Britain fought 
  numerous small colonial wars over the second half of the 19th 
  century, as is evidenced by some of Vandercroft’s paintings.
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  10
  Sergeant
  24TH REGIMENT OF FOOT
  In June 1886, Lord Chelmsford (General Frederic Thesiger) 
  led a mixed force of infantry, cavalry, and engineers into 
  barracks at Portsmouth and promptly disappeared. Officially, 
  Lord Chelmsford and all of the troops under his command 
  have been listed as ‘lost at sea’ but, oddly, there is no record 
  of any British ships being lost at that time. In fact, there is 
  not a single witness who even claims to have seen the troops 
  embark upon any ships. Over one thousand British troops 
  simply vanished.
  Since I was studying in Portsmouth at the time, I actually 
  saw these troops march past the city, and I am glad to have 
  made a hurried sketch of one of the soldiers from the 24th 
  Regiment of Foot. At the time, it was assumed that the force 
  was headed to Africa, and their equipment seemed to match. 
  Their shining steel breastplates would provide good protection 
  against primitive native weapons, and the goggles and filter 
  masks would help with the African dust. 
  These days, I wonder if those soldiers were really bound for 
  Africa at all...
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  12
  Trooper
  ‘THE QUEEN’S OWN’ 
  COURIER SERVICE 
  In the brief years since their establishment in 1886, the 
  Courier Service has made a huge impression on the public 
  consciousness. In fact, so popular and visually impressive were 
  its 1887 ‘Demonstration Races’ that Queen Victoria adopted 
  the Service as her own.
  Not everyone within the military is quite so taken with the 
  Service, however. While its steam-powered penny farthings 
  are perfect for dashing up and down the good roads and gentle 
  countryside of Britain, they have only received minimal use 
  in the field or during military operations. Also, for a unit that 
  has only rarely seen combat, it has suffered an unusually high 
  level of casualties, with broken arms, wrists, and collar bones 
  frequently appearing in its training reports. 
  The trooper depicted here is standing with his Raleigh 
  ‘Woodhead Racer II’ penny farthing, which has hit speeds of 
  30 miles per hour in field tests. As with all members of the 
  Service, he is armed with nothing more than a Webley revolver. 
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  14
  Highlander 
  Battlesuit
  THE BLACK WATCH 
  With the huge leap forward in the range, accuracy, and rate-
  of-fire of the latest firearms, there are some who think that 
  the days of actual hand-to-hand combat are drawing to a close. 
  In Scotland, however, military engineers have worked hard 
  to find ways to keep the famous Highland charge relevant on 
  the modern battlefield. Their latest invention, the ‘Highlander 
  Battlesuit’, may have done just that.
  Featuring the latest Mk VIII ‘Super Burn’ Brunel boiler, the 
  suit is capable of fighting for nearly eight hours in the field 
  without refuelling. In battle, its tactical role is to close with the 
  enemy as quickly as possible, then use its claymore and steam-
  enhanced strength to cause as much carnage as possible. It is 
  also equipped with an arm-mounted, rapid-fire mini-Maxim, 
  which it can fire on the move.
  Controversially, the suit also includes a built-in set of automatic 
  bagpipes, capable of playing Scotland the Brave at incredible 
  volumes. 
   
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  16
  Major
  THE ROYAL BERKSHIRE REGIMENT 
  As part of the 1881 reforms implemented by Secretary of War 
  Hugh Childers, the 49th Princess Charlotte of Wales’s Regiment 
  and the 66th Berkshire Regiment of Foot were amalgamated 
  into the new Royal Berkshire Regiment and given barracks 
  in Reading. Unfortunately, they are just one example of the 
  administrative chaos caused by Childers’ reforms, which have 
  left half of the British Army using the traditional regimental 
  structure and the other half organized via ‘Brigade Districts’.
  The Royal Berkshire is currently stationed in South Africa. 
  Although there are no official hostilities in the country at 
  present, most officers in the Berkshire have removed the 
  rank markings from their uniforms due to sniper attacks and 
  other assassination attempts. This idea might work better if 
  the officers also discarded their sidearms, though this seems 
  unlikely.
  Interestingly, this officer carries a single-shot Bournbrook 
  ‘Eagle-Eye’ target pistol. On his left arm he wears a sportsman’s 
  shooting brace with built-in accurizer. 
   
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  18
  Native Officer
  SKINNER’S HORSE
  Founded in 1803 as an irregular cavalry regiment for the 
  East India Company, Skinner’s Horse is now one of the senior 
  regiments in the British Indian Army, having fought in the 
  First and Second Afghan Wars and the First and Second Sikh 
  Wars. It was also one of the native units that remained loyal to 
  the British Empire during the 1857 Mutiny.
  Unlike many units in the Indian Army, Skinner’s Horse 
  employs both British and native officers. Depicted here is one 
  such native officer, wearing the unit’s traditional yellow coat 
  and colourful sash. The sash design, which is also repeated in 
  the turban, or dastar, is representative of the unit’s history of 
  courage and honour.
  Unusually, the officer is also wearing an early model steam 
  prosthesis. Due to their cost, even older powered replacement 
  limbs are uncommon in the subcontinent. This one seems 
  to have received special modification, probably to allow the 
  wearer improved control when sitting on a horse. 
   
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  20
  Trooper
  17TH LANCERS  
  (THE DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE’S OWN)  
  It is only recently that the men of the 17th Lancers have 
  returned to England. As a unit, it has not touched British soil 
  in nearly 20 years, having been posted to both South Africa 
  and India. If rebellion flares up again in South Africa, as looks 
  likely, there is little doubt that the 17th will once more be sent 
  to that far-off country.
  Because the unit spent so long in rebellious areas, often 
  fighting at close quarters against poorly armed natives, it 
  has extensively modified its standard battledress to include 
  heavier armour as defence against hand-to-hand weapons and 
  low-velocity firearms. Of particular note is the pith helmet 
  with the built-in face mask and the cloth-covered heavy leather 
  breastplate.
  The lance itself is tipped with an explosive head, which can 
  be detonated with a trigger mechanism. Although there is 
  no doubting the seriousness of the wounds this weapon can 
  inflict, many in the military describe such lances as wasteful 
  overkill.
   
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  22
  Frontier 
  Scout
  GURKHA RIFLES
  As British interests in Tibet and China have increased in the 
  last few decades, the government has been forced to seek 
  new agents to gather intelligence in these territories. Not 
  surprisingly, it has turned more and more to the soldiers of 
  the various Gurkha regiments. Although British officials deny 
  it, it is common knowledge that Gurkhas have been slipping 
  over the Himalayas into Tibet individually and in small groups 
  for years.
  In the field, these agents are equipped with a large amount 
  of specialized gear that has been developed for their role as 
  irregular scouts. Most famously, they carry a selection of 
  different gas grenades, from smoke to poison cloud. They even 
  have one which operates as a defoliant, though the military 
  application of this is unclear. 
  The agent depicted here is also equipped with a Remington 
  needle rifle and the British ‘Asia-pattern’ gasmask. Of course, 
  this is all in addition to the famous Gurkha knife, the kukri.
   
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  24
  Gunner
  4TH REGIMENT ROYAL ARTILLERY
  The 4th Regiment has a long history of being assigned new 
  and experimental equipment, so it is not surprising that it 
  became the first unit equipped with ‘self-propelled guns’. 
  Originally, these guns were designated as ‘horseless artillery’ 
  and this term is still in common usage, but whatever they are 
  called, there is no doubt that these mobile guns have saved the 
  army a great deal in terms of horse-flesh and man-power. True, 
  they are prone to breakdowns and have trouble with rough or 
  muddy terrain, but this is why every battery still keeps one 
  horse team on hand.
  Most famously, the 4th Regiment employed its guns during 
  the siege and capture of Tripoli (1877) and the battle of Table 
  Mountain (1881), earning praise from its commanders and 
  battle honours from the government. 
  This artilleryman has somehow acquired a four-barrelled 
  ‘howdah pistol’, more associated with defence against tigers 
  than use in warfare. He also carries the new, adjustable-head 
  artillery service tool.
   
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  26
  Sergeant
  CORPS OF ROYAL 
  ENGINEERS 
  The motto of the Corps of 
  Royal Engineers is Ubique 
  – ‘Everywhere’ – and this 
  sums up the history of this 
  venerable unit. Although the 
  Corps does not receive battle 
  honours as do other regiments, 
  this is perhaps a blessing for those 
  tasked with keeping such records – 
  the Royal Engineers have served in every 
  campaign in which the British Army has been 
  involved, and have often proven to be the critical 
  factor that decides between victory and defeat. 
  The sergeant of the Royal Engineers seen in this 
  study is prepared for arduous labour with a Brunel 
  engineering suit. Named for (though not designed by) the 
  illustrious engineer, this steam-powered suit provides its 
  wearer/operator with enhanced strength and endurance, and 
  can be fitted with a variety of tools of the engineer’s trade. In 
  this configuration, the suit is equipped with the standard, yet 
  versatile, claw or pincer arms.
   
  26
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  28
  Royal Marine
  NAVAL ASSAULT DETACHMENT
  Much of British military strategy is focused on the strength 
  and versatility of the Royal Navy, and its ability to project 
  the might of the Empire around the world. While the quality 
  of the Royal Marines has never been doubted, some factions 
  within the Admiralty believed they were not being used to 
  their full potential as troops equally as comfortable fighting 
  on land as at sea, and invested no small amount of money and 
  effort in developing a variety of techniques and equipment to 
  enhance this role. Consequently, the Royal Marines now stand 
  at the forefront in the fields of amphibious warfare, riverine 
  operations, and naval landings. 
  This study shows a pioneer in the last of these fields – a man 
  of a naval assault detachment. Trained in deep-sea diving 
  in addition to regular combat operations, these troops are 
  equipped with oxygen tanks and pneumatic rifles firing steel 
  darts, and are commonly used for covert naval landings. In the 
  Indonesian campaign (1890), Royal Marines carrying multiple 
  oxygen tanks famously crossed from British-held Luwuk to 
  German-occupied Peleng Island in the operation that came to 
  be known as the ‘Wet March’.
   
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  30
  Royal Marine
  AIRSHIP SECURITY DETACHMENT 
  Unlike their counterparts in the German Navy, the 
  Zeppelintruppen, the Royal Marines that make up the Royal 
  Navy’s airship security detachments do not represent the elite 
  of their regiment, nor are they particularly well equipped 
  for the role. Indeed, reassignment to such a detachment is 
  generally viewed as a punishment, and the ranks are filled 
  with a motley collection of brawlers, drunkards, barrack-room 
  lawyers, and other troublemakers.
  In this study of a Royal Marine serving on HMA Leodegrance, 
  we can clearly see the limitations of the regulation equipment 
  – this individual has resorted to a civilian scarf in an attempt 
  to keep warm. As the dangers of firearms onboard an airship 
  are evident, airship security detachments are routinely armed 
  with just boarding cutlasses, with only a few rifles kept in 
  a secure firearms locker for use in emergencies. The marine 
  also sports a portable telephone rig that, when plugged 
  into an appropriate station around the vessel, allows him to 
  communicate directly with the bridge.
   
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  32
  Commander 
  Beaumont
  ROYAL NAVY
  The pride of the British armed forces, the Royal Navy rules the 
  seas, and sees action so frequently that its officers are, almost 
  to a man, battle-hardened veterans. Such an example is seen 
  here. Commander Beaumont, of the destroyer HMS Halifax, 
  served at both battles of the Gulf of Aden (1886 and 1887) and 
  at the battle of Sumatra (1890), and is rumoured to have given 
  the order to open fire at the shelling of Cape Town (1873).
  It was at Sumatra that the Halifax was struck by a Japanese 
  torpedo, causing an explosion that cost Commander Beaumont 
  his right arm, since replaced by a steam-powered prosthetic 
  that only serves to enhance his fearsome appearance. Added to 
  the loss of his right eye in a boarding action with a Confederate 
  privateer early in his career, his injury has inevitably resulted 
  in the nickname of ‘Old Nelson’ amongst his crew. 
  The commander carries a Nock Decksweeper, a drum-fed 
  shotgun that is a favourite of Royal Navy crews for boarding 
  actions.
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  France
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  France did not amass the same volume of hephaestium as 
  Britain, nor did it throw its resources into research and 
  development as aggressively as Germany. Instead, it moved 
  steadily and with great determination, putting what resources 
  it had into specific fields, chiefly military engineering and 
  artillery, and soon came to dominate those chosen areas. With 
  the siege of Sevastopol fresh in the minds of the French high 
  command and Napoleon III sharing his uncle’s predilection for 
  artillery, it is perhaps unsurprising that the French military 
  put such stock in these two fields.
  Despite these focuses for the new hephaestium technology, 
  France held a somewhat old-fashioned attitude towards warfare, 
  preferring an artillery bombardment and large bodies of 
  infantry to break the enemy lines and open them up to a charge 
  from the large and varied cavalry elements. The new technology 
  did little to change this basic strategy – infantry units were 
  supplied with short-range assault weapons, while cavalry 
  received advanced lightweight armour intended to give both 
  rider and mount a chance against modern firearms.
  Such strategies were instrumental in the increasing 
  politicization of the French military as the century wore on. No 
  fewer than a dozen small insurrections and mutinies took place 
  between 1870 and 1888, culminating in the great Army Mutinies 
  of 1889. Even after the mutinies, the French Army was a hotbed 
  of political unrest. A number of politically diverse soldiers’ 
  unions – the syndicats militaires – sprang up and were as willing 
  to fight each other as they were to force the high command to 
  the negotiating table. Due to this unrest, most French military 
  successes of the era were to be found in the colonies, where the 
  bulk of the troops were local levies or the highly disciplined 
  Foreign Legion.
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  36
  Scout Walker
  FRENCH FOREIGN LEGION
  This Renard-class reconnaissance walker, ‘Delphine’, belongs 
  to the 2nd Battalion, 2nd Regiment of the French Foreign 
  Legion. It is a lightly armoured, fast-moving vehicle that 
  embodies the Legion’s role as a rapid reaction force within the 
  French military. Its broad, flat feet, while offering good balance 
  and weight distribution essential in the North African deserts 
  for which it was designed, place the machine at a distinct 
  disadvantage should the terrain become excessively rocky or 
  otherwise obstructed – hence the legionnaires’ nickname of 
  ‘Pied Plat’ (Flatfoot). As it is intended solely as a scout vehicle, 
  the Renard is armed with a single Saint-Etienne machine gun.
  Despite its design shortcomings, the Renard has seen service 
  in all the Legion’s conflicts since its introduction in 1875. 
  Now a somewhat obsolete model, many Renard-class walkers 
  have been sold to various nations, principally (and somewhat 
  controversially) to all those involved in the Second War of the 
  Triple Alliance (1880–84). Still, it continues to find a home 
  with the Legion units stationed in Africa, where its speed and 
  range make it an invaluable weapon in their arsenal.
   
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  38
  Legionnaire
  1ST BATTALION, 3RD REGIMENT
  ‘March or die!’ The unofficial motto of the French Foreign 
  Legion is engrained so deeply in the Legion’s mentality that it 
  might as well be the official one. The Legion’s reputation for 
  endurance and focus sees it employed as a rapid reaction force, 
  deploying at a moment’s notice to whatever war zone demands 
  it. Legionnaires have always taken pride in their ability to 
  ‘march all night and fight all day’, and recent technological 
  developments have only served to enhance this.
  The legionnaire of the 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment seen in 
  this study is equipped with Peugeot-built steam-powered 
  exoskeleton legs, which greatly increase the wearer’s strength 
  and endurance. He carries a full pack and the weighty Lebel 
  M1886 rifle. He also wears the covered pith helmet that marks 
  him as a member of one of the Asian garrisons. 
  While the popular image of the Legion is of the white kepis 
  of the North African units, it was in Indochina that the 
  Legion really made its name. The arrival of Legion forces in 
  1875 turned the tide of the war, and legionnaires were at the 
  forefront of the counter-attack that pushed back the Chinese 
  armies and crossed into China itself the following year.
   
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  40
  Machine-gunner
  3RD ZOUAVES 
  Originally raised from amongst the Berber inhabitants  
  of France’s Algerian territories, the Zouaves are now an  
  all-French unit, though they still maintain the distinctive 
  North African style of dress. Indeed, their dress is the only 
  aspect of the original Zouave formation to have survived to 
  the present day. Whereas once they fulfilled a light infantry 
  role, in recent years they have been used increasingly as 
  shock troops, thrown to the front of assaults or charged 
  with holding the line against seemingly impossible odds. The 
  Zouaves have long held a tradition for unflinching bravery 
  in defence and unstoppable ferocity in attack, and recent 
  conflicts have offered them many opportunities to add to their 
  legend.
  While they may lack the technology of their German 
  counterparts, the Sturmtruppen, they are still amongst the 
  better-equipped units in the French Army, as this study 
  shows. This assault machine-gunner of the 3rd Zouaves 
  carries a Hotchkiss 75, one of the most sturdy machine guns 
  to be produced by that venerable firm. Worn in addition to the 
  traditional Zouave dress is what appears to be adapted cavalry 
  armour in the form of breastplate, greaves, and forearm 
  guards.
   
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  42
  Sergeant
  6TH ENGINEERS
  Having pioneered the use of the sapper with Vauban in the 
  17th century, the French Army still leads the way in the field 
  of military engineering. While British and German military 
  engineers may be better-equipped and sport more advanced 
  engineering technology, the French engineer regiments 
  have had ample opportunities to hone their craft, and show 
  an imagination and flair for the unexpected that comes from 
  hard experience of having to work miracles with the tools they 
  have. 
  Examples of this versatility include diverting the Black 
  River (1884) and breaking the stalemate in the siege of the 
  supposedly impenetrable Austrian castle of Hochosterwitz 
  (1891) by mining the rock upon which it stood and bringing 
  down most of the south face. 
  Here we see a sergeant of the 6th Engineer Regiment stripped 
  and in the midst of some typically heavy labour. He carries a 
  one-man, steam-powered drill of uncertain origin – certainly it 
  has been much used in its time.
   
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  44
  Grenadier
  ‘LES PERDUS’
  The rather grim-sounding units of the French Army known 
  as ‘Les Perdus’ (the Lost) are formed from the remnants of 
  units that have suffered such heavy casualties that they are 
  no longer an effective force on their own. Such is the need 
  for men in certain theatres that commanding officers have, 
  rather than sending survivors away from the front lines to 
  recuperate, thrown together the remnants from several units 
  and sent them back into the fight. The formation of such units 
  was one of the major causes of the Army Mutinies of 1889, and 
  the practice has since declined.
  Here we see a grenadier, formerly of the 11th Infantry 
  Regiment, in service with a unit of the Lost, as indicated by 
  the distinctive armband. He carries a Saint-Etienne M1885 
  slide-action grenade launcher, which can hold three rounds 
  in the tubular magazine and one in the chamber, allowing for 
  multiple shots before reloading. Although it offers considerable 
  firepower, the M1885 has been criticized by its operators for 
  being prone to jamming in wet conditions.
   
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  46
  Private
  14TH CUIRASSIERS
  With so many nations reducing the size of their cavalries in 
  the face of the changing nature of warfare, it perhaps comes 
  as something of a surprise to learn that the French cavalry 
  has actually grown since the 1870s. In truth, most of that 
  increase is down to the expansion of the dragoon and mounted 
  infantry regiments, but it does highlight the curiously French 
  attachment to the mounted soldier. 
  Adjustments to suit this age of rapid-firing weaponry have 
  been made, of course, as can be seen in this study of a man  
  of the 14th Cuirassiers and his mount. The rider is equipped 
  in the same way as a cuirassier of the Napoleonic Wars, but 
  closer inspection shows that his armour is made of modern 
  bullet-resistant alloys, and his carbine will be an automatic 
  model. 
  The horse’s trappings are a throwback to the medieval 
  warhorse, displaying the type of armour that was made 
  obsolete by the introduction of the musket – again, however, 
  it is highly advanced. With man and mount better protected 
  against shot and shell, perhaps the age of the cavalry charge 
  has not yet passed.
   
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  48
  Captain
  26TH INFANTRY
  This study depicts a captain of the 26th Infantry, a regiment 
  chiefly raised from the commune of Sarlat-la-Canéda in the 
  Dordogne. The regiment has adopted a nickname based on the 
  crest of their hometown – ‘Les Salamandres’ (the Salamanders) 
  – and, like the myths surrounding that creature, it has come 
  through the fire time and again. 
  Regardless of its posting, the 26th seems to possess an 
  uncanny ability to find itself in the thick of any action – so 
  much so that it has become viewed throughout the Army as a 
  whole as the unluckiest regiment in the French military. Even 
  when posted to one of the Channel garrisons, the 26th found 
  itself the target in an artillery training exercise. 
  Despite this record, the men display the staunch resilience 
  of the French soldier – le poilu – accepting their lot with true 
  Gallic indifference. The captain seen here is armed with a Steyr 
  M1887 repeating pistol, either privately purchased or taken as 
  a trophy during the clashes with Austrian forces in the early 
  1890s. Given that the 26th was not involved in that particular 
  campaign, the former explanation seems the most likely.
   
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  50
  Tirailleur
  4TH SENEGALESE TIRAILLEURS
  The Senegalese Tirailleurs, despite their name, are recruited 
  from all of France’s West and Central African colonies, and form 
  the bulk of ‘La Coloniale’ – the French colonial forces. While the 
  majority serve within their home nations as garrisons, it is 
  becoming increasingly common for African troops to be sent 
  to European war zones as reinforcements.
  In this study we see a tirailleur of the 4th Regiment, dressed 
  in the typical manner. Despite serving in Europe, he eschews 
  the issued boots, preferring the barefoot approach seen most 
  often amongst the African garrisons. He is armed with a Lewis 
  Automatic Rifle and the fearsome Senegalese coupe-coupe 
  knife. The American-designed Lewis is something of an oddity 
  within the French arsenal, due to its non-domestic origins. 
  This model, however, is the French-pattern Lewis, built under 
  licence by Hotchkiss. The coupe-coupe, much like the Lewis, is 
  a foreign arm that has been adopted by the French military. 
  Originally a traditional Senegalese blade, the effectiveness of 
  the weapon-cum-tool is such that mass-produced versions are 
  being supplied to all French forces serving overseas.
   
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  Germany
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  However much it might play to stereotypes of national character, 
  the German response, masterminded by Otto von Bismarck, to 
  the great meteor shower of 1862 was one of efficiency and good 
  order. The various states that made up the German Confederation 
  may not have seen anywhere near the sheer number of 
  hephaestium deposits enjoyed by Russia or Britain, but those 
  strikes that were within its borders were, almost overnight, 
  placed into the care of some of the greatest scientific minds in 
  Europe, allowing for rapid analysis and experimentation. While 
  the records are still unreleased, it is generally believed that the 
  military of the German Confederation was field-testing new 
  weaponry months before other nations were getting their own 
  off the drawing board.
  Just two years later, German troops equipped with cutting-
  edge hephaestium arms and armour marched into Denmark, 
  definitively answering at last the Schleswig–Holstein Question 
  and giving Bismarck the momentum he needed to push through 
  the unification of the Prussian-dominated member states of the 
  German Confederation and declare the establishment of the 
  German Empire.
  Britain may have had the advantage of a period of relative 
  peace in which to develop and perfect the new technology made 
  possible by hephaestium, but Bismarck’s new Germany enjoyed 
  the advantages of a number of small wars against the Austrian-
  backed southern German states that had opposed unification. 
  During these brief campaigns, new weapons and technologies 
  were field-tested and perfected, and the German Army soon 
  became one of the most advanced in Europe. It was, however, in 
  the field of armour that the Germans excelled above all others – 
  from the body armour of the Sturmtruppen to the Kaiser-class 
  armoured infantry suits and the Imperial German Navy’s  
  super-ironclads – giving their forces a reputation, as factual as 
  it was legendary, for unstoppability.
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  54
  Zeppelin 
  Trooper
  2ND BATTALION
  Formed from the most exceptional officers and NCOs of the 
  Seebataillon (Marines), the Zeppelintruppen are the Imperial 
  German Navy’s elite troops. Five battalions exist today, 
  based throughout the German territories, with their main 
  headquarters in the Wetterstein range where the altitude and 
  temperatures offer the best possible acclimatization training. 
  Their role is to provide security for all zeppelins of the German 
  armed forces, whether on the ground or in the air. 
  While serving on an active zeppelin, the Zeppelintruppen wear 
  a many-layered and quilted uniform for warmth, and carry 
  Dreyse air rifles, as seen in this study of a man of the 2nd 
  Battalion. Hard experience has taught the Imperial German 
  Navy the perils of flames and sparks on board a zeppelin, so 
  the Dreyse air rifles were introduced to minimize such risks. 
  A pump-operated reservoir stores compressed air, which can 
  be released to fire lead slugs. While the risk of a slug sparking 
  against a metal strut still exists, the absence of ignition makes 
  the Dreyse a far safer option than a conventional firearm.
   
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  56
  Stormtrooper
  SAXON INFANTRY
  Undoubtedly the most feared of the German armed forces 
  are the Sturmtruppen (stormtroopers), who are to be found at 
  the forefront of every assault, approaching methodically and 
  swiftly, leaving no resistance behind them. Each man of a 
  Sturmabteilung (assault detachment) is an imposing physical 
  specimen, further hardened by the aggressive training 
  through which they are put. Rumours abound of psychological 
  conditioning that leaves them as emotionless killers, but these 
  seem farfetched and are more likely the product of propaganda 
  than of actual evidence. Still, the German Army has played 
  up to these rumours, which augment the reputations earned 
  through the Sturmtruppen’s combat operations – the crushing 
  of the Danzig Riots (Spring 1879) and the capture of Fort 
  Beauregard (February 1882) being two prominent examples. 
  Indeed, until the 1884 Ruhr offensive, the Sturmtruppen were 
  considered invincible by their enemies. 
  This member of a Saxon Sturmabteilung is equipped for public 
  order duties, as noted by the uncovered Pickelhaube helmet. He 
  wears the typical armour of the Sturmtruppen and carries a riot 
  shield and a heavily modified Mauser assault pistol, fitted with 
  a box magazine to reduce the frequency of reloading.
   
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  59
  Sniper
  2ND JÄGERS
  Drawn from amongst the already-talented marksmen of 
  the Jäger regiments, the German Army’s Sniper Corps are 
  sharpshooters par excellence. Even more frightening than 
  their skill is the number in which they can take the field – 
  while most nations command very few sniper units, the 
  Imperial Sniper School in Thuringia produces graduates at 
  an alarming rate. Their numbers are frightening, but perhaps 
  not surprising – German marksmen, especially those from 
  Thuringia, dominate international shooting events, in much 
  the same way that the Spanish maintain a stranglehold on the 
  fencing competitions. 
  In this study, we see a sniper of the 2nd Jäger Regiment 
  wearing a camouflaged ghillie suit over his typical field 
  uniform. Although this uniform limits their camouflage 
  somewhat, it is an essential compromise considering how 
  often such troops operate behind enemy lines where, if  
  caught out of uniform, they would face charges of espionage. 
  The Jäger snipers receive the finest precision rifles the 
  German arms industry can produce, such as the 
  Krupp–Browning 1892 ‘Mjolnir’ seen here, 
  and the value of the Imperial contract is 
  immense, so the competition is fierce.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  60
  Flammenwerfer
  15TH PRUSSIAN INFANTRY 
  Though the secret of the Greek Fire that devastated the foes 
  of Byzantium was lost, modern technology has provided 
  suitable replacements. A terrifying weapon in the arsenals 
  of many armies, the flamethrower was first developed by 
  the German Army, and it is still amongst those ranks that  
  the Flammenwerfer sees most use. Originally designed for a two-
  man team, with one man to operate the weapon and another 
  to carry the heavy fuel tanks, recent research has introduced 
  more lightweight equipment and more efficient fuels, making 
  a one-man flamethrower viable. 
  In this study, we see a flamethrower operator of the 15th 
  Prussian Infantry, prepared for an imminent attack. In 
  addition to the flamethrower and its fuel, he is equipped with 
  a gas mask and a Stahlhelm, itself a recent introduction to the 
  Germany Army. Flammenwerfers are commonly used in assault 
  roles, clearing trenches, bunkers, and other fortifications with 
  alarming ease. Needless to say, their operators are not beloved 
  of their enemies, and will rarely be shown quarter.
   
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  62
  Paratrooper
  1ST FALLSCHIRMJÄGERS
  The 1st Fallschirmjäger Regiment, nicknamed ‘die Fledermäuse’ 
  (the Bats), holds the distinction of being the first air-deployed 
  unit in history, with its first deployment coming during  
  the Morocco offensive in 1880. With its powerful zeppelin 
  fleet, the Imperial German Navy commands the skies, and the  
  ability to drop troops from high-altitude zeppelins into the  
  heart of a combat zone is an evident extension of this  
  dominance. Such deployments are still relatively rare, although 
  increasingly common, with most Fallschirmjäger seeing combat 
  as regular infantry. The Fallschirmjäger regiments, especially 
  the much-lauded 1st Regiment, have an exceptional esprit 
  de corps, bordering on arrogance, and are as hated by their 
  fellows in the infantry and, especially, the Seebataillon (with 
  whom they vie for the Navy’s support and funding), as they 
  are adored by the German press and the Imperial Admiralty. 
  This paratrooper of die Fledermäuse is shown ready for a combat 
  jump, wearing an insulated grey smock over his uniform, and 
  armed with a Mauser 9mm automatic carbine.
   
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  64
  Jäger
  8TH ALPENBATAILLON
  Much like the French Chasseurs Alpins or Italy’s Alpini, the 
  Jägers recruited into the German Army’s Alpenbataillon units 
  are experienced mountaineers and marksmen before they even 
  begin the intense training regime that is designed to identify 
  only the strongest candidates. The rejection rate of candidates 
  is some 80 per cent, and thus the men of the Alpenbataillon are 
  considered a highly elite force. 
  Despite their elite reputation, the most famous operation 
  involving these units was the disastrous siege of Hochosterwitz 
  in 1891, when French forces destroyed the south side of the 
  mountain upon which the castle sat, bringing the fortifications 
  down upon the heads of the Austrian garrison and their 
  ‘advisors’ from the 2nd Alpenbataillon. With the shame of 
  this defeat on their records, these mountain troops are highly 
  motivated, especially when faced with French opponents, and 
  often volunteer for the most risky missions. 
  The Jäger of the 8th Alpenbataillon seen in this study is 
  equipped for a mountain ascent, with a grappling hook 
  launcher replacing his usual armament. 
   
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  66
  Assault 
  Pioneer
  52ND PRUSSIAN 
  INFANTRY
  While the Sturmtruppen are the first choice for conducting 
  assault operations, they are not always available to a 
  commander, who must instead make do with what forces he 
  has at his disposal. In this study we see a man of the 52nd 
  Prussian Infantry who has been seconded to an assault pioneer 
  detachment in preparation for a trench raid or similar mission. 
  He is heavily armed with a Bergman MP81 automatic carbine, 
  several grenades, and a vicious-looking trench axe. Unlike the 
  Sturmtruppen, who have modern bullet-resistant armour, this 
  infantryman has been forced to devise his own armour – a 
  crude, home-made armoured jerkin. 
  Some regiments select the members of an assault pioneer 
  detachment solely from volunteers, others draw names from a 
  hat – the 52nd Prussians simply work down an alphabetical list 
  of the men. Regardless of how they are picked, assault pioneer 
  detachments are called upon for similar duties, raiding enemy 
  lines for reconnaissance, sabotage, and intelligence-gathering 
  purposes.
   
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  69
  Private
  3RD SEEBATAILLON
  Like the celebrated French Foreign Legion, Germany’s 
  Seebataillon troops often find themselves thrust into the role 
  of a rapid intervention force and posted to whatever colonial 
  outpost is in need of reinforcement.
  In this study we see a private of the 3rd Seebataillon in North 
  Africa. While he wears the typical Seebataillon uniform, 
  he has adopted Tuareg headwear – the Tagelmust – which is 
  not only a practical item of clothing for the desert, but also 
  allows him very rapidly to blend into the crowd with the 
  addition of the local robes that can be seen tied to the top of 
  his backpack. The presence of such clothing marks this man 
  out as a military advisor to one of the Tuareg tribes fighting 
  against French colonial rule. He is armed with a Mauser G81, 
  further emphasizing his role as a military advisor. While the 
  G81 is no longer the principal rifle of the German military, 
  thousands have been smuggled into the French and British 
  African colonies in support of native risings and as gifts for 
  pro-German chieftains who might be convinced to rebel.
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  United and  
  Confederate 
  States of  
  America
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  Would the Union have won the American Civil War if not for the 
  1862 meteor shower? Most historians believe it probably would 
  have. The Union began the war with a much larger manufacturing 
  base, better transportation networks, a significantly greater 
  population, and pretty much all of the country’s naval assets. 
  Although the Union lost several early battles, McClellan’s 
  peninsular campaign was making great strides towards the 
  Confederate capital, Richmond, and had every chance of ending 
  the war in a decisive stroke.
  Of course, it was not to be. The meteor shower that brought 
  so much technological innovation to the world brought chaos to 
  divided America. Although only small quantities of hephaestium 
  rained upon the American South, it proved enough for the 
  quick-thinking Southerners to turn the war around. Under 
  General Lee, the Confederacy’s first land ironclads drove 
  McClellan back out of Virginia, and might have made it to 
  Washington, DC, if not for the desperate Union stand at 
  Fredericksburg.
  For the next three years, the war stalled, as both sides 
  explored the possibilities of hephaestium, and the struggle 
  became more of a border conflict, with hundreds of limited 
  skirmishes flaring up, most involving some strange new steam-
  powered weapon. Most of these weapons proved failures, more 
  dangerous to their users than to the enemy, and were long 
  forgotten even before Miles Vandercroft was born. A few, 
  however, provided the basis for a new army that marched to war 
  on a grand scale when Ulysses S. Grant launched his massive 
  invasion in 1865. 
  Eventually, it proved to be politics, not military might, that 
  won the war for the South. The election of McClellan in 1868 
  proved the undoing of the Union Army (even as some say they 
  were on the brink of victory). Although the war officially ended 
  in 1869, a kind of ‘cold war’ developed between the two countries 
  that would last another 50 years. Thankfully, with the 
  Confederate abolition of slavery in 1916, the free trade 
  agreement, and even a shared currency, reunification now looks 
  more likely than ever.
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  72
  Private
  IRON BRIGADE
  Despite the name, the heavy plate armour worn by the soldiers 
  of the Iron Brigade is mostly composed of steel and ceramics. 
  While it is unlikely to stop a direct hit from a modern high-
  powered rifle, it will completely halt ricochets and deflect 
  glancing shots, and it offers a high degree of protection from 
  shrapnel. It also makes these soldiers a fearsome force in 
  hand-to-hand combat. 
  The armour’s weight, however, severely limits the brigade’s 
  use as a mobile force. For that reason, the brigade is based in 
  Annapolis where it can quickly deploy to protect Washington, 
  DC, should the Confederates (or anyone else) attempt to attack 
  the capital. This defensive role is why many of the soldiers are 
  equipped with the one-pounder ‘Hand Cannon’. 
  Regulations state that soldiers in armour are required to 
  wear their helmets at all times but, when not under fire, it is 
  common for soldiers in the brigade to wear the famous, and 
  much more comfortable, black hat.
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  74
  Corporal
  UNITED STATES MARINES
  Over the last decade, there has been a huge increase in the 
  number of attacks upon the shipping of the United States. 
  Although Confederate privateers account for most of these 
  raids, Central American pirates have also played a major 
  role. In response, the United States Marine Corps has nearly 
  doubled in size in the last five years, and a large number of 
  these new marines are actually serving on ships in a pirate-
  fighting capacity.
  Depicted here is a Marine rifleman currently serving on  
  the battleship  USS Andrew Johnson. He is equipped with an 
  arm-mounted, compensated-recoil Winchester double-barrelled 
  shotgun. While this gun is often painful to fire (even with 
  the reduced recoil) and has a tendency to singe the skin even 
  through the leather guards, it has the advantage of leaving 
  the hands free: an important consideration during boarding 
  actions.
  All marines serving on board warships are also issued with a 
  ‘Pittsburg knife’, the nickname given to the modern version of 
  the boarding cutlass, named for the city of its manufacture.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  76
  Private
  11TH NEW YORK INFANTRY 
  REGIMENT ‘FIRE ZOUAVES’
  The colourful and deadly ‘Fire Zouaves’ are one of the oldest 
  volunteer regiments in the Union Army. Originally composed 
  of soldiers drawn from New York City’s volunteer firefighters, 
  the unit fought with distinction at the battle of First Bull 
  Run (1861) where it took heavy casualties covering the Union 
  retreat. After the battle, the unit was placed on guard duty 
  around Washington, DC.
  It was during this time of relative inactivity that the former 
  firefighters started experimenting with the first versions of 
  their famous ‘dragon guns’. Although several men were killed 
  during the early tests, the Union Army approved of the project 
  and development continued. The unit finally returned to the 
  field in time for the battle of Lynchburg (1867), where their 
  guns proved too hot for the Confederates to handle.
  Today, the Fire Zouaves are rarely fielded as a unit. Instead, 
  small detachments are seconded to other units in a support 
  role.
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  78
  Private
  13TH BATTALION,  
  ARMY ENGINEER CORPS
  The United States’ ‘Lucky 13th’ Engineer Battalion was 
  formed in 1878 in response to the large fortifications projects 
  undertaken by the Confederacy in that decade. Drawing its 
  recruits largely from the mining towns of Pennsylvania, 
  and equipped with several Mk II ‘Boremaster’ subterranean 
  ironclad troop carriers, the battalion is trained specifically for 
  strike and hold missions against fixed enemy fortifications. So 
  far, the battalion has only ever been called upon to fulfil this 
  mission once, during the 1884 ‘Wyoming Mutiny’.
  The soldier seen here is a private in the battalion, and would 
  ride to battle inside one of the Boremasters. As such, he carries 
  as standard issue a pair of sturdy Savage–North fast-fire 
  pistols. He also has a traditional miner’s helmet with a carbide 
  lamp and a reusable ‘clearair’ breather mask.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  80
  Pinkerton 
  Agent 
  PRESIDENTIAL BODYGUARD
  When the Pinkertons became the official bodyguard of the 
  President of the United States in 1868, they had already been 
  performing the task for several years. Under their protection 
  no president has been killed, or even wounded, despite 
  numerous assassination attempts. (There have been at least 
  seven well-documented cases).
  There are approximately 20 agents, working in shifts, assigned 
  to the presidential bodyguard at any one time, although more 
  can quickly be called in if needed. Generally, such bodyguards 
  serve one presidential term, at the end of which they either 
  retire or are assigned to other duties.
  The Pinkertons have no official uniform, but nearly all wear 
  the grey longcoats and bowler hats that have become their 
  trademark. Agents are generally allowed to purchase their  
  own sidearm, and this one is armed with a rare, triple-barrelled 
  18-shot, 6.35-calibre Pistola con Caricato,  manufactured in 
  Italy. This agent also wears ‘starlight’ googles for night duty.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  82
  Private
  LOUISIANA TIGERS
  The Louisiana Tigers is a unique organization within the 
  Confederate Army. It is the only infantry unit that does not 
  have any numerical designation, and the only unit that does 
  not accept conscripts. Furthermore, it is the only unit that 
  actively recruits its members from foreign countries. 
  In many ways, the Tigers have become the Confederate version 
  of the French Foreign Legion, accepting any volunteer who 
  meets the physical requirements, regardless of background. 
  Enlistment is for ten years, at the end of which the soldier is 
  given citizenship in the Confederates States of America and a 
  payment of 40 acres of land and a mule. 
  The soldier depicted here is a classic example of the fearsome, 
  piratical appearance adopted by many of the Tigers. The 
  Tigers are allowed to use whatever weapons they prefer. This 
  man is armed with a Remington triple-barrelled shotgun and 
  a tomahawk, suggesting that he is usually employed in an 
  assault role.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  84
  Driver
  1ST CONFEDERATE  
  LAND IRONCLAD REGIMENT
  Unlike the massive land dreadnoughts employed by Germany, 
  the Confederate land ironclads are much smaller vehicles, 
  usually containing a crew of between four and eight men 
  and carrying only a single piece of heavy ordinance. This is 
  partly due to the Confederacy’s lack of steel works and natural 
  resources, but is also a function of the broken, heavily wooded 
  terrain that still covers most of the border regions between the 
  Union and the Confederacy.
  Fighting inside a land ironclad is hot, tiring, and dangerous 
  work. While the regiment receives most of its soldiers from 
  conscription assignments, there are a few volunteers who see 
  the lumbering land ships as the warfare of the future. These 
  volunteers are often assigned as drivers, such as the soldier 
  depicted here. He wears a ‘Beauregard’-pattern flak jacket, 
  designed to protect against flying rivets and other fragments 
  inside the vehicle. It includes a compressed oxygen supply 
  accessed by the tube on his chest. This driver has also obtained 
  a pair of Swiss-made compact engineering tool kits that are 
  worn on his forearms.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  86
  Firelighter
  3RD MISSISSIPPI ‘COTTON BURNERS’
  The 3rd Mississippi Infantry Regiment was raised in 1861, 
  with its first real action coming the next year during the 
  Steele’s Bayou campaign. It was in those swampy forests that 
  the regiment first employed the tactics for which it is now 
  famous. As the Union gunboats travelled down the river, the 
  Mississippians blocked their way with felled trees. They then 
  placed large bales of pitch-soaked cotton on both river banks, 
  set them on fire, and fanned the flames and the poisonous 
  smoke towards their prey.
  In the 30 years since those original 
  ambushes, the regiment has 
  continued to refine its tactics 
  and equipment. It has developed 
  several different types of burning 
  bales, which produce a variety 
  of effects, including one that 
  produces 
  a 
  highly 
  acidic 
  cloud. It has also created its 
  own form of gas mask to protect 
  its soldiers from their own deadly 
  vapours. 
  This plate depicts one of the regiment’s designated ‘firelighters’, 
  who are given the dangerous task of actually igniting the 
  deadly bales.
  86
  ‘COTTON BURNERS’
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  88
  Private
  CONFEDERATE ARMY SIGNAL CORPS
  While wireless communication is slowly becoming increasingly 
  commonplace around the world, the vast majority of 
  information in America is still sent by telegraph along the 
  countless miles of telegraph line. Maintaining this network is 
  difficult at the best of times, but with raiders from across the 
  border sneaking over to cut or misdirect lines, it can sometimes 
  seem impossible.
  This plate depicts one of those raiders, a private in the 
  Confederate Army Signal Corps. His main job is to slip over 
  the border and patch into the telegraph lines, either to spy 
  on messages being sent or to send false information of his 
  own. Note the top-of-the-line, portable Marconi telegraph 
  transceiver dangling by his side. 
  Soldiers in the Signal Corps always wear a uniform and rarely 
  carry weapons. If caught, they are expected to surrender 
  immediately. This happens so frequently on both sides that an 
  efficient exchange system has been established specifically for 
  signalmen.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  90
  Jump Trooper
  1ST VIRGINIA AERO-CAVALRY
  The idea of aero-cavalry, individual soldiers equipped with 
  some kind of ‘flying pack’, has been around for at least 20 
  years. The Americans seem especially taken with the idea, and 
  the Union and the Confederacy have both worked hard on the 
  technology. So far, neither has really succeeded.
  Despite this, both armies contain aero-cavalry units. The 
  soldiers in these units are currently equipped with ‘jump 
  packs’. These dangerous devices use a huge build-up of steam 
  pressure to launch the trooper off the ground in a high arc.  
  A smaller blast of steam is then used to (hopefully) control the 
  descent.
  Aero-cavalry is a good example of how the rush of technology 
  has outrun current military strategy. To date, no aero-cavalry 
  unit has ever been deployed in battle, and it is not completely 
  clear what battlefield role it would fulfil.  Still, it does not 
  appear that the idea of a flying soldier is going to go away.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  Russia
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  After Canada, the largest deposits of hephaestium came down in 
  the vast wastes of Siberia. Unlike Britain, however, Russia was 
  not in a position immediately to exploit this windfall. With few 
  roads and rail links inside Siberia, it proved difficult to gather 
  the element, and supplies only slowly trickled into Moscow and 
  the other large cities. In truth, even if it had managed to gather 
  large stockpiles, it is unlikely that Russia could have immediately 
  made use of such supplies. It had only been one year since  
  Tsar Alexander II’s emancipation of the serfs, and Russian 
  manufacturing was still in its infancy.
  Perhaps because of this, Russia advanced down a completely 
  separate road from the rest of the world with regards to 
  hephaestium. Instead of using the element to build steam-
  powered technology, which was easier for Russia to purchase 
  from other countries, the Tsar directed his country’s efforts into 
  experimenting with the chemical properties of the element.
  In time, this work came to include widespread human 
  experimentation and numerous different hephaestium-based 
  formulas were developed in an attempt to enhance the human 
  body. History now knows that while such experiments can be 
  quite effective in the short term, boosting strength, speed, 
  awareness, and even recuperative powers, the long-term effects 
  of such usage are almost certainly fatal. But that is with 
  hindsight. At the time, the shorter life expectancy, especially of 
  soldiers, masked such drawbacks, and Russia continued to use 
  these concoctions until well after the Great War of the Worlds.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  94
  Admiral  Zinovy 
  Rozhestvensky
  COMMANDER OF THE RUSSIAN 
  NAUTILUS FLEET
  Admiral Zinovy Petrovich Rozhestvensky is arguably the 
  world’s greatest thinker and tactician in the field of undersea 
  warfare. Known affectionately as ‘Mad Dog’ to the men who 
  serve under him, Rozhestvensky famously captained the Peter 
  the Great, Russia’s first operational nautilus, during the battle 
  of Hong Kong (1886). Thanks largely to that success, the Tsar 
  named Rozhestvensky as the commander of the ever-growing 
  Russian undersea fleet.
  It is unknown exactly how many undersea ships the Russian 
  fleet currently contains. The fact that estimates range from 
  as few as four to as many as 25 shows just how effective the 
  Russians have been at keeping it secret. 
  I would like to extend my personal thanks to the admiral for 
  agreeing to a short meeting and allowing me to prepare this 
  quick painting of him standing in his service uniform, and 
  holding a model of the Peter the Great.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  96
  Soldier
  CONVICT BATTALION
  Russia first unleashed the soldiers of its new convict battalions 
  during the siege of Plevna (1877), where thousands of former 
  felons and political prisoners swept over the Ottoman positions 
  and captured the town. For many years, the other European 
  powers debated how Russia managed to instil such fighting 
  spirit in its prisoners. Eventually, a few convict soldiers were 
  captured and revealed the truth. Before battle, each member 
  of the battalion is injected with a slow-acting poison. With the 
  antidote carried by the convict battalion’s handlers behind the 
  front lines, the soldiers have a simple choice – fight and stand 
  a chance of survival or die a slow, agonizing death.
  The convict battalions have no official uniforms, nor are they 
  officially armed. Instead they are equipped with whatever they 
  can loot from the field, often from dead soldiers. The only real 
  identifying features of the convict battalions are the shackles 
  on their necks and ankles, and their shaved heads, as seen 
  here.
  Interestingly, the convict battalions have no officers. Instead 
  they are led by officers temporarily assigned from other units, 
  often as punishment.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  98
  Grenadier
  1ST REGIMENT OF 
  GRENADIERS OF THE GUARD
  Formed in 1753 by Empress Elizabeth I, the 1st Regiment of 
  Grenadiers of the Guard is one of the most fabled units in the 
  whole of the Russian army. The regiment has fought in every 
  major Russian conflict since its formation, and its list of battle 
  honours is too long to mention. Most recently it fought with 
  distinction during the War of Polish Division (1882–83), where 
  its last-minute arrival at the battle of Lomza (1883) turned the 
  tide and clinched victory for Russia. 
  The regiment draws its recruits from soldiers in other units 
  who have served out their term of enlistment, and service with 
  the regiment is for a minimum of eight years, although most 
  grenadiers tend to serve for life. 
  The regiment is currently armed with the American-
  designed but Russian-manufactured Pitcher dual-barrelled 
  semi-automatic rifle. The distinctive eye-mask worn by the 
  grenadiers is officially simply part of the uniform, with no 
  specific purpose, though many soldiers modify it to contain 
  corrective or even enhancing eyewear. 
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  100
  Vivandière
  ARMY HOSPITAL CORPS
  Russia is currently the only nation to include vivandières in 
  their regular army (France, Spain, and the United States having 
  abandoned the practice several decades ago). Traditionally, 
  these women provided water and wine to soldiers in the field 
  and to the wounded. Although the Russian vivandières continue 
  this tradition, they have now taken on a ‘medical’ role as well.
  No-one (outside of Russia) really knows what is contained 
  in the strange flasks carried by the Russian vivandières, but 
  there are numerous stories from both the Russo-Turkish War 
  (1877–78) and the Mongolian Border War (1881) of badly 
  wounded Russian soldiers rising to fight again after receiving 
  an injection. However, few of these injected soldiers appear to 
  have survived past the end of the battles.
  Currently, these women are somewhat protected on the 
  battlefield by their non-combatant status, but there are many in 
  the military community who are questioning this designation.
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  102
  Medved
  THE TSAR’S URSINE GUARD
  Few people really believe the rumours that the medveds of 
  the Ursine Guard are really enhanced by a chemical cocktail 
  containing bear’s blood, but it is hard to look upon these 
  gigantic warriors and think of them as completely human. 
  Each of these soldiers stands a minimum of seven feet in height 
  and some appear to be nearly eight feet tall. Their shoulders 
  are broad and their arms are long and extremely muscular. 
  This tends to make them look slightly disproportionate and 
  top heavy.
  The medveds do not fight as a unit. Instead, individuals or 
  small groups are assigned specific tasks. The Tsar always 
  keeps four on hand as part of his private bodyguard, as do 
  many other high-ranking officials and military personnel. It 
  is believed that a large number serve as independent border 
  guards, roaming the vast wilderness of the Russian frontier.  
  In battle, the medveds eschew firearms. Instead, they rely on 
  close-combat weapons, the most common being the Turkish 
  yatagan sword, the mace, and the fighting claw. Many are 
  known to take scalps as prizes.
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  105
  Rifleman
  SIBERIAN IRREGULARS
  Only the most hardy individuals make their home in the vast, 
  frozen waste called Siberia. Used to a life of loneliness and 
  individual freedom, these men do not make good soldiers, 
  at least not regular soldiers. But Russia does not let any 
  potential military asset go to waste, so it has found a role for 
  even these ill-disciplined men. Whenever the Russian Army 
  goes on campaign, it is always accompanied by a small group 
  of Siberian riflemen.
  Trained from birth as hunters and marksmen, Siberians 
  make excellent irregulars. Employed as scouts, they move out 
  ahead or on the flanks of the army, gathering intelligence and 
  surveying the terrain. For this role, they are equipped with a 
  special type of rifle, known affectionately as ‘the poison gun’. In 
  actuality, the gun fires specialized darts filled with a powerful 
  tranquilizer, perfect for taking prisoners for interrogation. 
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  106
  Uhlan
  1ST BELARUSIAN LANCERS
  Thanks to Alexander Kirillovich’s famous poem, which has 
  now been translated into nearly every language in Europe, the 
  1st Belarusian Lancers is probably the most famous cavalry 
  unit in the world today. Although it was not the only unit to 
  take part in the great charge that broke the British ‘Red Line’ 
  at the second battle of Balaclava (1871), its name apparently 
  fitted the metre of Kirillovich’s verse, and thus it has received 
  most of the credit.
  Regardless, the unit is certainly one of the finest and most 
  elite cavalry formations in Europe, and when the soldiers 
  are dressed in their gleaming gold helmets, breastplates and 
  greaves, they certainly look the part. Their leg greaves are 
  unique in that they include a pair of built-in spur-syringes 
  that can be employed by the soldier in the heat of battle. It is 
  not known what is contained in these syringes, but their use 
  temporarily increases both the speed and power of the lancers’ 
  mounts.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  Frontier 
  Scout
  THE GRAND DUCHY OF FINLAND 
  Although technically a part of Russia, Finland is allowed to 
  maintain its own armed forces, at least for the moment. As part 
  of this ‘understanding’, Finland is charged with maintaining 
  a constant patrol along the lengthy and mostly uninhabited 
  border with Sweden. This task mainly falls on the shoulders 
  of the frontier scouts. 
  The frontier scout depicted here is equipped with the Russian-
  developed aeroski propulsion unit. In field tests, soldiers 
  wearing this rig have achieved speeds upwards of 40 miles per 
  hour, although only over long, flat expanses. Along with his 
  rifle (covered on his back), the soldier is armed with a 
  pair of Russian Luger ski poles. Although these guns 
  are difficult to aim, they ensure that a speeding 
  aeroskier is still capable of defending himself. As 
  an added bonus, the ski poles serve as extended 
  magazines for the pistols.
  109
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  Austro-
  Hungarian 
  Empire
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  When hephaestium fell to earth, the Austro-Hungarian Empire 
  did not exist as a political entity. It was only in 1867 that the 
  empire came together under a confusing dual monarchy, with 
  the king of Austria ruling one half of the empire and the king 
  of Hungary ruling the other. In these early years of divided 
  rule, Austria–Hungary lagged behind most of the world in 
  military development. While the country possessed one of the 
  largest manufacturing bases in world, it lacked the political will 
  to drive this industry to aid its armed forces. 
  This all changed in 1885 when Franz Joseph I became the 
  monarch of both halves of the empire through an incredibly 
  complex series of political moves. Determined to modernize his 
  army and make it the equal of any in Europe, Franz Joseph 
  launched a series of sweeping reforms. Although virtually 
  unnoticed at the time, he also induced the Serbian-born weapon 
  designer Nikola Tesla to leave America, where he had been 
  working under Thomas Edison, and come to Austria to develop 
  new weapons for the empire.
  Over the next two decades, Tesla’s research into electricity 
  and his development of hephaestium-powered Tesla coils made 
  him one of the premier weapon designers of his day. To the rest 
  of the world, it appeared that the Austro-Hungarian army had 
  harnessed the power of lightning, and few soldiers wanted to 
  face such weapons on the battlefield.
  In the long term, most of Tesla’s weapons proved to be battlefield 
  failures. Although fearsome and deadly, they were tactically 
  inferior to many simpler weapons. Ironically, Tesla’s various 
  discoveries and advancements while working on these failed 
  weapons have had a much greater impact on modern technology 
  than even the more effective steam weapons of the time.
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  112
  Korporal
  LANDWEHR INFANTRY  
  REGIMENT NO. 4
  The Austro-Hungarian army maintains several specialized 
  mountain warfare units, but k.k. Landwehr Infantry 
  Regiment No. 4 is undoubtedly the most famous. Equipped 
  with Alpinausrüstung  (‘cablebacks’) the soldiers of this unit 
  can literally glide into battle across deep gorges or down 
  mountainsides. This tactic has proved extremely effective for 
  launching surprise attacks, as was demonstrated during the 
  Liechtenstein Incident (1882) and the Swiss Border Dispute 
  (1885).
  This plate depicts a korporal in the unit. Along with 
  his cableback and his M95 Mannlicher Repetierstutzen 
  carbine, 
  this 
  soldier 
  also 
  carries 
  a 
  first-generation  
  Krupp Felshakengewehr (piton gun). This hand-cranked, 
  spring-loaded piton gun can fire a heavy piton up to 200 
  yards while trailing heavy slide cable. Using these guns, 
  the soldiers are able to create their so-called ‘highways in 
  the sky’.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  114
  Wachtmeister
  K.U.K. HUSARENREGIMENT NO. 13
  Although the advent of steam walkers and self-propelled 
  vehicles has lessened the need for traditional horse-mounted 
  cavalry in Europe, a few of these older units have actually 
  found new life in the modern era thanks to new weapons 
  research. The Austro-Hungarian Husarenregiment No. 13 is 
  a good example of this, as all of its troopers have been armed 
  with the M99 Elektrischesäbel, or as it is more commonly 
  known in English, the ‘Tesla-sabre’. 
  Controlled by a small trigger hidden in the hilt of the sword, 
  the Tesla-sabre is able to deliver a powerful electrical charge, 
  easily capable of killing a man or even a horse. When used 
  against a vehicle, it has been known to stun or even kill 
  multiple crewmen. The heavy batteries worn by the troopers 
  are only capable of providing a few seconds’ worth of charge, 
  but that is enough to make these horsemen some of the most 
  feared warriors on the modern battlefield.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  Blitzschütze
  CROATIAN  
  INFANTERIEREGIMENT NO. 12
  As part of the massive reforms of the Austro-Hungarian Army 
  that have taken place over the last few years, nearly every 
  infantry unit has been equipped with at least a couple of 
  the feared Blitzgewehr, more commonly known in 
  English-speaking countries as the ‘Tesla-gun’ or 
  ‘lightning gun’. Each of these guns is served by 
  a two-man team: the gunner who actually carries 
  and fires the weapon, and the so-called ‘mule’ who has the 
  unenviable job of carrying the extra batteries. Since each 
  battery is only capable of a few seconds of sustained fire, 
  mules are encouraged to carry as many batteries as physically 
  possible.
  The soldier seen here comes from one of the newly organized 
  Croatian regiments. The blue lanyard on his left shoulder 
  indicates his training with the Blitzgewehr. Although the dark 
  goggles are not standard issue, they are very common among 
  the lightning gunners.
  117
  CROA
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  118
  Sablast
  KINGDOM OF SERBIA
  The Kingdom of Serbia has been under Austro-Hungarian 
  control since the Congress of Berlin in 1878. While King 
  Milan I of Serbia presents the relationship as an ‘alliance’, 
  most Serbians view it as an occupation and have resisted it by 
  any means available.
  In the last five years, a new army of ‘freedom fighters’ has 
  arisen. Its members call themselves sablasts, which translates 
  as ‘ghosts’ or ‘spectres’. Unlike most rebels, these soldiers are 
  well equipped, wear uniforms, and seem to have an established 
  rank structure. The sablasts almost always attack at night, 
  hitting an Austro-Hungarian armoury or barracks and then 
  fading away with the coming light. 
  This depiction is actually based on various eye-witness reports. 
  All agree that the sablasts wear a black version of the typical 
  Serbian infantry uniform, with the addition of a dark face 
  mask. Although their weapons vary, the most popular seems 
  to be the American Colt ‘Quick-Load’ revolving carbine, a good 
  weapon for close-range firefights, especially with the fold-out 
  bayonet.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  Italy
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  Following the great meteor shower of 1862, the young Kingdom 
  of Italy was too far south to benefit from large deposits of 
  hephaestium and, lacking the political and economic stability of 
  its larger neighbours, looked set to be rapidly relegated to minor 
  importance in Europe. When told by his advisors that his new 
  nation could not compete with Austria–Hungary, Germany, or 
  France in a fair fight, King Victor Emmanuel II made one simple 
  remark that has since become synonymous with Italian military 
  strategy: ‘Why fight fair?’
  Determined to maintain its position as a Great Power despite 
  the obstacles facing it, Italy set forth on a campaign of espionage, 
  sabotage, and outright theft that was met with derision, disgust, 
  and condemnation from its peers. Fortunately for Italy, its 
  military and its sprawling and byzantine intelligence services 
  were incredibly successful in their aims and, while none of their 
  rivals would admit it, few played the game as well as the Italians. 
  Whether hiring mercenaries, giving sanctuary to fugitives, or 
  kidnapping prominent scientists, the Kingdom of Italy made 
  few friends. Only the Tsar of Russia, far enough away from 
  Italy to be comparatively untroubled by its activities, was willing 
  to speak up in support of what the French newspaper Le Figaro 
  once called ‘a corrupt and roguish nation’.
  Despite its name, the Kingdom of Italy was not a unified 
  nation – the Papal States, while reduced greatly in size following 
  the unification of 1861, were still a force to be reckoned with. A 
  French force bolstered the Papal Zouaves and the Palatine, 
  Noble, and Swiss Guards of the Esercito Pontificio and established 
  a strong military presence that forced the Kingdom of Italy to 
  keep one wary eye on its own territories, somewhat balancing 
  its aggressive foreign policies.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  122
  Sharpshooter
  FANTERIA REAL MARINA
  The Italian Marines were traditionally made up of marksmen 
  and sharpshooters from the ranks of the Navy and maintain 
  that tradition today, adding to their natural skill all the 
  advantages of modern optics technology. Unlike most other 
  nations, whose snipers and marksmen employ scopes mounted 
  on the tops of their rifles, the Fanteria Real Marina equips its 
  men with headgear that incorporates a staggering number of 
  lenses that may be swung into or out of the line of sight as 
  desired, allowing for an extremely precise aim. 
  Although the sharpshooter illustrated in this study carries a 
  bayonet at his hip, note that his rifle, a Lebel Sportif, does 
  not. This privately purchased rifle will be the personal weapon 
  of this marine, and attests to the policy of the Fanteria Real 
  Marina that its marksmen be allowed to acquire whatever 
  weapon best suits them, and be reimbursed by the Navy. 
  Interestingly, the Italian government’s chief issue with this 
  policy is neither the complexity of ammunition resupply nor 
  the cost of purchasing such high-end firearms – merely that 
  very few men opt for Italian-made rifles!
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  124
  Exploring 
  Officer
  UFFICIO DI ESPLORAZIONE
  The Ufficio di Esplorazione (Office of Exploration) was 
  established in 1869 by King Victor Emmanuel II with the 
  intent of forging a colonial empire to rival those of the more 
  established European powers. Its agents are sent out across 
  the globe as explorers, diplomats, and conquerors all rolled 
  into one, with the task of investigating possibilities for Italian 
  conquest and colonization. With such a vague and challenging 
  mandate, few within the Italian military see recruitment by 
  the Office as a solid career prospect, and so it recruits its 
  agents from across Europe – younger sons of noble families 
  seeking adventure, professional soldiers of fortune, exiles, 
  retired military officers unwilling or unable to escape the 
  soldiering life, and other kinds of ne’er-do-wells. The Italian 
  Army nominally oversees the Office’s activities, and awards all 
  its agents with an honorary rank in an Italian regiment. 
  This study shows an exploring officer and demonstrates the 
  ad hoc nature of their uniform and equipment. He wears the 
  uniform of the 27th Light Cavalry (Vicenza), but accompanies 
  it with a privately acquired sun hat and large-bore Smith & 
  Wesson revolver.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  127
  Garibaldino
  AUTOMATON 
  Named for the Italian hero Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Garibaldino 
  automaton is the greatest success story of Italy’s Ufficio di 
  Esplorazione. A damaged prototype of this unknown class of 
  construct was discovered in 1880 in a deserted village outside 
  Ankara by an Ufficio-sponsored expedition and smuggled 
  back to Italy. Since then, the design, which has never been 
  seen amongst the ranks of the Ottoman Automated Janissary 
  Corps, has been tinkered with and modified by Italy’s military 
  engineers. It is more heavily armoured than is commonly seen 
  amongst its Ottoman cousins, no doubt due to the significantly 
  reduced numbers available to Italian forces.
  The example shown here is armed with a twin-barrelled 
  dynamite gun, a tool well suited to the basic level of command 
  with which the Garibaldino may be programmed – ‘assault’, 
  ‘defend’, and so on. Italian reverse engineering has yet to 
  develop the subtlety and complexity of Ottoman automaton 
  programming.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  128
  Halberdier
  PONTIFICAL SWISS GUARD 
  Since their founding in 1506, the members of the Pontifical 
  Swiss Guard have become famous for their mission to defend 
  the Pope against all enemies. Along with the soldiers of the 
  Papal Zouaves, Palatine Guard, and Noble Guard, they also act 
  as the army of the Vatican City.
  Technically, all members of the Swiss Guard are mercenaries, 
  since they are all Swiss-born but fighting in the army of a 
  foreign power, but they are rarely viewed that way. All members 
  are required to be single, speak perfect Italian, and, of course, 
  practicing Catholics. 
  The Swiss Guard has undergone numerous uniform changes 
  in the last hundred years. This halberdier (the lowest rank in 
  the Guard) is wearing the current design, which attempts to 
  combine their colourful Renaissance past with a more modern 
  feel. The same can be said about the Guard’s preferred weapon, 
  the 12-gauge, slide-action halberd-shotgun (manufactured in 
  Italy under licence from Winchester).
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  Japan
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  While it may not have been blessed with vast quantities of 
  hephaestium by the meteor shower of 1862, few nations benefited 
  from the advances that it heralded as much as Japan. Although 
  some strikes were discovered on Hokkaido and, following 
  developments in undersea mining, many more off the coast in 
  the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean, Japan’s real success lay 
  in its drive to modernize and the skill with which it played the 
  Great Powers of Europe against each other.
  With tensions starting to rise in the West, Japan became a 
  valuable potential ally and the European powers immediately 
  began to court the new Meiji regime. Indeed, the ambassadors 
  and governments of France, Germany, and Britain fell over each 
  other in their efforts to ingratiate themselves with the Emperor, 
  offering hephaestium, technology, and advisors, and helping to 
  develop Japan into a modern, westernized state in a few short 
  years. Despite its professions of eternal friendship, the Meiji 
  government demonstrated no loyalty to these nations, and soon 
  began to flex its muscles on the international scene. With few 
  powers in the region to match them, the Imperial Japanese 
  military enjoyed many early successes and pursued an 
  aggressive policy of rapid expansion.
  As one would expect, Japan’s armed forces demonstrated 
  similarities with many European militaries – Russian chemical 
  weapons, German heavy armour, French artillery, and British 
  naval strength. This variety, coupled with its own ongoing drive 
  for dominance and dynamic research policies, meant that Japan 
  could field flexible forces, which were more than a match for any 
  of its rivals. Beyond the technology, Japanese troops displayed 
  fantastic – some might say fanatical – discipline, holding a 
  position or driving home an attack in circumstances that other 
  soldiers might have considered to be suicidal.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  Kemuri no Oni
  3RD YOKOHAMA  
  INFANTRY REGIMENT
  The Kemuri no Oni is one of the Imperial Japanese Army’s many 
  dedicated assault troop formations. The name means ‘Smoke 
  Demons’, and sums up both the unit’s fearsome reputation and 
  its unusual equipment. As can be seen in this study of a Kemuri 
  no Oni trooper from the 3rd Yokohama Infantry Regiment, a 
  small brazier is worn on the hip, connected to 
  a leering face mask. Into this brazier 
  is packed a compound containing a 
  variety of chemicals which, when 
  set alight, produces a smoke that 
  is then inhaled by the soldier. While under the influence of 
  these chemicals, the Kemuri no Oni warriors are exceptionally 
  aggressive, and also demonstrate an ability to ignore wounds 
  that would halt any other man.
  Although they are equipped with rifles, and are sometimes 
  used in a conventional infantry role, it is as assault troops that 
  the Kemuri no Oni are most commonly deployed. This focus can 
  be seen in their use of the bayonet – it is permanently fixed to 
  the rifle, and they do not carry a bayonet sheath, unlike their 
  regular infantry fellows. 
  133
  3RD YOKOHAM
  INFANTRY REG
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  134
  Daimyo suit
  3RD YOKOHAMA  
  INFANTRY REGIMENT
  As Japan developed into a modern industrial  
  power, it traded heavily with a number of 
  nations, acquiring expertise, advisors, and, 
  most importantly, technology. Instead of 
  just using what was purchased, however, 
  Japanese scientists and engineers 
  stripped apart every piece of 
  hardware, identifying exactly 
  how it worked, before initiating 
  production 
  of 
  domestically 
  manufactured copies, much to the 
  distress of patent holders across the 
  globe. In several cases, they even succeeded 
  in refining designs to make them more 
  effective than the originals. Consequently, 
  it is quite common to see familiar machines 
  in the arsenal of the Japanese military.
  This study, for example, shows one of the Daimyo-class 
  armoured infantry suits from the 3rd Yokohama Infantry 
  Regiment, which is, allowing for the aesthetic remodelling of 
  the Japanese designers, practically identical to the German 
  Kaiser-class suits. It maintains the Kaiser’s proven steam claw/
  machine gun configuration. The most recent evolution of the 
  Daimyo is the Shogun-class suit, which offers an improvement 
  in speed and range with no significant reduction in armour 
  or firepower. No doubt the German Army (not to mention the 
  designers at Krupp–Browning, Vickers, and countless other 
  firms) would love to get their hands on one.
  134
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  136
  Captain
  11TH KOGA GRENADIERS 
  Although best known for its assault troops, the Imperial 
  Japanese Army is a modern force, easily the rival of anything 
  the Great Powers of Europe or America can muster. In this 
  study we see a captain of the veteran 11th Koga Grenadiers, 
  dressed in the M1893 khaki winter field uniform and equipped 
  with an Arisaka grenade launcher. 
  The 11th Koga Grenadiers have seen action in most of the 
  major Japanese campaigns of recent times, from the defence 
  of Okinawa (1875) and the invasion of China (1876) to the 
  brutal island-hopping campaign in Indonesia against British, 
  German, and local guerrilla forces (1890). The Indonesian 
  campaign made the reputation of the 11th Koga Grenadiers 
  as a specialist jungle warfare unit, and they will no doubt find 
  themselves on the front lines once more if the long-running 
  skirmishes in Cambodia between pro-Japan and pro-France 
  militias continue to escalate.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  The  
  Minor  
  Powers
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  While the discovery of hephaestium undoubtedly changed the 
  direction in which humanity was progressing, it had a far less 
  significant effect on the global balance of power – the Great 
  Powers before 1862 were the ones with the resources, wealth, 
  influence, and drive to exploit the properties of the new mineral. 
  The rise of Japan is perhaps the main exception to this rule, 
  although some historians have suggested that its growth and 
  development would have happened with or without hephaestium.
  Despite the continued, if not increased, dominance of Britain, 
  Germany, France, and the like, they were not the only powers in 
  the world. Other nations pursued their own ends, with some 
  making common cause with a Great Power while others turned 
  the rivalry between their stronger neighbours to their advantage. 
  A few were able to develop their own hephaestium projects, 
  while others pioneered alternative technologies, such as China’s 
  clockworks or the Ottoman Empire’s automaton programming.
  Alongside the nations, great and small, of this era rose 
  political and rebel movements, many of which were large or 
  influential enough to threaten even powerful states. Like many 
  smaller nations, several of these rebel forces found themselves 
  benefiting from the feuds of Great Powers. The Fenians that 
  plagued Britain throughout the era were, for example, aided by 
  Germany and the United States, both covertly and otherwise.
  During his travels, Vandercroft appears to have come across 
  and illustrated a number of soldiers or combatants aligned with 
  one of these other nations or factions. Quite how and when he 
  enjoyed some of these opportunities remains, like so much of 
  his work, a complete mystery.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  140
  Bosun
  3RD HURON PRIVATEERS
  Although the various Fenian armies that have launched raids 
  into Canada have never achieved much, with local garrisons 
  on the border proving ample counter to the threat, far more 
  successful have been the Fenian pirates – self-professed 
  privateers – operating on the Great Lakes. Styled along military 
  lines, with units operating in clearly defined territories, and 
  well equipped with steam launches and even small armoured 
  gunboats, these irregular forces have proven an enduring 
  threat to shipping and industry in the region. With relations 
  between Britain and the United States still tense, the privateers 
  find American ports to be all-too-convenient refuges between 
  raids. 
  This bosun of the 3rd Huron Privateers wears common civilian 
  attire with a green armband to proclaim his allegiance. He is 
  armed with a Union Navy-issue Burnside revolving carbine, 
  which only serves to further fuel the rumours that the 
  Fenian cause is receiving more than just sympathy from the 
  Washington government.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  142
  Private
  MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
  The Mechanical Engineers of the Ottoman Army are amongst 
  its finest troops, trained by German instructors and equipped 
  with as much of the most up-to-date technology as possible. 
  The field in which the Mechanical Engineers excel is the 
  construction, maintenance, and operation of the Automated 
  Janissary Corps. These marvels of military engineering 
  take many forms, from the bladed Dervish class (seen here) 
  to the flamethrower-armed Naffatun class, and all ranks 
  are encouraged to develop new designs and systems – with 
  promotion being the likely reward for success. Indeed, the 
  Mechanical Engineers is the only branch of the Ottoman 
  armed forces where promotion seems based more on merit and 
  achievement than on social standing, and thus attracts many 
  talented men. 
  This 3rd-class private of the Mechanical Engineers is seen in 
  his typical garb – uniform of blue with red trim, red fez, and 
  heavy leather apron – and carrying a variety of the tools of his 
  trade.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  144
  Chemical 
  Assault 
  Trooper
  11TH INFANTRY
  As with the flamethrower-armed troops found in other armies, 
  the chemical assault troopers of the Ottoman Army are 
  amongst the most loathed for their use of a hideous, terrifying 
  weapon. However, unlike the flamethrower troops, who are 
  promoted to that specialist position, the Ottoman equivalent 
  is crewed entirely by penal troops – deserters given one final 
  chance to serve, privates with disciplinary issues, or just men 
  who have angered an influential superior. To be assigned to a 
  chemical assault detachment is effectively a death sentence, 
  either from enemy fire or from the effects of the acids and 
  caustic chemicals being used.
  Chemical assault troopers are equipped with long sprayers 
  fed from tanks carried on the back, as seen here. Quite what 
  chemicals are used depends on what substances are available, 
  but it will always be some kind of toxic or acidic compound 
  that burns its victims inside and out.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  Fangfeng suit
  SHAOLIN SECT
  While their relationship with the Qing Dynasty has been 
  a rocky one over the centuries, in which they have been 
  alternately persecuted and patronized, the Year of Two 
  Invasions (1876), which saw China assaulted by the French 
  from Indochina and the Japanese through Korea, prompted the 
  Shaolin sect to offer its services to the Dowager-Empress. The 
  Shaolin sect monks who serve with Chinese forces typically 
  do so as advisors, both military and spiritual, and as ferocious 
  close-combat troops. However, despite their reputation for 
  spirituality and meditation, they are also involved in one of 
  China’s most technologically advanced military programmes. 
  Seeking to augment the abilities of a human, the artificer 
  Yan Shi developed the bamboo-built and clockwork-powered 
  Fangfeng suits that mimic the movements of a pilot while 
  also increasing his strength and speed. Shaolin monks were 
  asked to test-pilot these suits due to their already superior 
  physical abilities. Although the programme is still in 
  its infancy, some Fangfeng suits have seen action 
  as part of the field-testing process. Here, we see a 
  typical Fangfeng suit, wielding an enlarged 
  version of a traditional pole arm. 
  147
  SHAOLIN SECT
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  148
  Rocket 
  Artilleryman
  KOREAN MILITIA
  What China lacks in terms of advanced technology, it makes 
  up for in ingenuity and unconventional fighting methods, 
  making do with what resources it has at its disposal. 
  Somewhat unsurprisingly, given the nation’s long history 
  with gunpowder, fireworks, and other explosives, China has 
  developed a well-trained artillery corps. Many artillerymen are 
  seconded to other units, from the Imperial Guard defending 
  Peking to guerrilla bands fighting in Indochina or Korea, 
  shoring up defences or augmenting assaults wherever Chinese 
  forces are found. 
  When operating in jungle, mountain, or other inhospitable 
  terrain where more traditional artillery pieces are not viable, 
  the Chinese artilleryman can often be found equipped with 
  a simple rocket launcher, as seen here. Usually made from a 
  split length of bamboo and firing a variety of firework-style 
  rockets (most commonly a round that covers a target area 
  with buckshot – no doubt compensating somewhat for the 
  inevitable inaccuracy of such a simple weapon), the weapon is 
  very easy to produce, maintain, and operate in the field. Spare 
  rounds are carried in pouches on the firer’s chest, as well as by 
  other members of his unit.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  150
  Rebel Fighter
  FREE PORT OF ANTWERP
  This study shows one of the defenders of the short-lived Free 
  Port of Antwerp. In 1888, the dockworkers launched a strike 
  to protest about their low pay and long working hours. As 
  rumours began to circulate of the Belgian government’s plan 
  to replace them by importing hundreds of workers from the 
  Congo colonies, the tension increased. While the government 
  denied the accusations, agitators stoked the fires of unrest 
  and, three days after the strike began, the first barricades 
  were erected, and the hastily formed ‘Revolutionary Council’ 
  declared Antwerp to be a free port. Radicals from across the 
  country flocked to the city, as did many soldiers who deserted 
  and joined up with the rebels. After a week-long period of 
  skirmishes, the Belgian Army stormed the barricades, driving 
  the defenders into the estuary and crushing the rising.
  Here, we see a deserter from an infantry regiment (exactly 
  which is uncertain), who has added a red scarf to 
  his sleeve to identify himself as a rebel. Already 
  wounded in the fighting, he carries a KB85 
  trench gun, presumably looted from one of the 
  Krupp–Browning warehouses on the docks, as 
  the KB85 with its sub-machine gun and under-
  barrel shotgun was intended for the export market.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  152
  Mambísa
  CUBAN FREEDOM FIGHTER
  It is a rarely reported fact that many Cuban women have 
  joined in their country’s fight for independence from Spain. 
  Although most serve in support roles as nurses and cooks, for 
  example, it is not unusual to see them fighting on the front 
  lines next to the men.
  This young mambísa (the Spanish term for a female guerrilla 
  fighter) sports a Cuban flag on her hat. She is armed with 
  a six-chambered Beauregard repeating rifle, almost certainly 
  supplied by smugglers from the Confederacy. She also appears 
  to be equipped with a Swiss-made targeting monocle; however, 
  considering the cost and general rarity of these devices outside 
  of continental Europe, it is probably a cheap (and unreliable) 
  copy.
  In a sad endnote to this painting, two days after I made the 
  initial sketch, I heard that this young woman (whose name  
  I never learned) was killed in an ambush by Spanish soldiers.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  154
  Admiral 
  Rafael da Silva
  COMMANDER OF THE IMPERIAL 
  FORCES IN THE NORTH
  Admiral Rafael Thiago da Silva, Baron of Salvador, is the latest 
  military strongman to be appointed to the command of the 
  Brazilian forces occupying Venezuela. In Mexico and North 
  America, concerns have been raised that the appointment of a 
  naval officer suggests an impending threat to the building of 
  the Panama Canal. Indeed, da Silva’s presence has increased 
  the number of vessels of the Imperial Armada in the waters 
  off Venezuela, but the war against the rebels seems to be 
  occupying his attention for the time being. 
  Since the invasion of its neighbour in 1884, Brazilian forces 
  have been the target of effective guerrilla attacks. Barracks 
  have been attacked, pro-empire politicians assassinated, and 
  military convoys ambushed, leading many Brazilians to call for 
  an immediate withdrawal. While da Silva’s rank and promotion 
  should indicate that he is a favourite of the imperial court, it 
  rather implies that he has fallen from favour – in the last five 
  years, the position of Commander of the Imperial Forces in the 
  North has seen two arrests for treason, two resignations, one 
  assassination, and one suicide, making it the most undesirable 
  posting in the Brazilian military.
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  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  156
   
   
   
  AUTHORS
  Philip Smith is a lifelong history enthusiast, and has carried 
  his interest through an undergraduate degree at Lincoln 
  College, Oxford, and into his career as an editor, where he 
  specializes in military history and tabletop wargaming. Born 
  in Derby, he now lives and works in Oxford.
  Joseph A. McCullough is the author of several books including 
  A Pocket History of Ireland and Osprey’s Zombies: A Hunter’s 
  Guide. In addition, his fantasy short stories have appeared 
  in various books and magazines such as Black Gate, Lords of 
  Swords, and Adventure Mystery Tales. He also co-wrote The Grey 
  Mountains, a supplement for the Middle-Earth Role-Playing 
  game.
  ILLUSTRATOR
  Mark Stacey was born in Manchester in 1964 and has been a 
  freelance illustrator since 1987. He has a lifelong interest in 
  all periods of history, particularly military history, and has 
  specialized in this area throughout his career. He now lives 
  and works in Cornwall.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  First published in Great Britain in 2014 by Osprey Publishing,
  PO Box 883, Oxford, OX1 9PL, UK
  PO Box 3985, New York, NY 10185-3985, USA
  E-mail: info@ospreypublishing.com
  Osprey Publishing is part of the Osprey Group
  © 2014 Philip Smith and Joseph A. McCullough
  All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private 
  study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs 
  and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in 
  a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, 
  electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, 
  without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Inquiries should 
  be addressed to the Publishers.
  Philip Smith and Joseph A. McCullough have asserted their right under the 
  Copyright, Design and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this 
  book.
  A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library,
  Print ISBN: 978 1 4728 0702 1
  PDF e-book ISBN: 978 1 4728 0703 8
  EPUB e-book ISBN: 978 1 4728 0704 5
  Typeset in Clarendon
  Originated by PDQ Media, Bungay, UK
  For a catalogue of all books published by Osprey Publishing please contact:
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  All of the figures in this book were painted by Mark Stacey. Originals of the 
  artwork are available from the artist. Interested parties should contact the 
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