TEXT: BY
  CHARLES RICE
  COVER DESIGN:
  JEREMY SIMMONS
  INTERIOR ART:
  JOSEPH WIGFIELD
  EDITING:
  ANDY RAU 
  LAYOUT: 
  CHRIS DAVIS
  PLAYTESTING:
  COREY HODGES, EDWARD LENNON, PAULA RICE, CHRIS DAVIS, ARAON WIGGINS, 
  RYAN KELLY, ETHAN RIPLINGGER, CHRIS HOOVER, CHARLES BAIZE, CRAIG 
  MCNAMEE, PAUL KING, TIMOTHY ROSE, MICHAEL J. DAUMEN.
  Requires the use of the d20 Modern Roleplaying Game, 
  published by Wizards of the Coast, Inc.
  d20 Modern and Wizards of the Coast are trademarks of 
  Wizards of the Coast, Inc. in the United States and other 
  countries and are used with permission
  ‘d20 System’ and the ‘d20 System’ logo are trademarks of 
  Wizards of the Coast, Inc. and are used according to the 
  terms of the d20 System License version 6.0.  A copy of this 
  License can be found at www.wizards.com/d20.
  BLOOD
  AND
  TIME
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 2
  Introduction
  Welcome to a project near and dear to 
  my heart: Blood and Time, adventures 
  through time and history.  Blood and 
  Time lays all of human history at 
  your ﬁngertips, giving you the tools 
  you need to send your players on 
  adventures anywhere, or any when. 
  It includes a detailed timeline of the 
  world from its formation through the 
  year 1900 as well as full weapon and 
  armor tables for the PLs not covered in the 
  Modern or Future core rules (PL 0-4). Finally it includes a 
  brief campaign model to get you started. 
  The timeline is the result of about 400 hours of research. 
  Although an enormous undertaking, I have always had an 
  idea for a time travel book in my head and was determined 
  to do it right. I consulted websites, read books, heck I 
  even listened to books while in the shower. As the research 
  sparked my own campaign ideas, I included numerous 
  adventure hooks in with the timeline to give you some 
  pointers on who might want to change what and why. 
  The timeline gets progressively more complex as it moves 
  forward in time, prompting a cut-off at the year 1900. 
  RPGObjects will do a series of books detailing each 10 year 
  period in the 20th century as time goes forward. In fact the 
  ﬁrst of these, Timeline: Roaring 20’s is already out.
  There is also a section on temporal mechanics which will 
  give you the nuts and bolts information you need to set up 
  how time travel works in your campaign. Different options 
  on how easy, accurate and safe time travel is, along with 
  how hard it is to actually change that pesky timeline are 
  presented, with discussions on what these choices mean to 
  your campaign. What you will not ﬁnd in this section is any 
  speciﬁcs on how things should work. This is mostly a “feel” 
  thing and I ﬁgured if you have decided to run a time travel 
  game, you probably already have an idea if it is going to be 
  powered by black magic or advanced technology. 
  In the equipment section you’re going to ﬁnd information on 
  the weapons and armor that aren’t covered in the modern or 
  future core rules. This will let you arm opponents from the 
  distant past, or give you the stats on the weapons the PCs 
  will be using if your time travel method of choice forces 
  travelers to meet the past on its own terms. 
  We also give you some of the usual: advanced classes and 
  feats. Not a lot, but we hope just enough. 
  -Chuck 
  Bibliography
  Nonﬁction
  Timelines of World History by John B. Teeple
  Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org
  Encyclopedia Britannica: 2006 online edition
  Fiction
  The Time Machine by H.G. Wells
  A Wrinkle in Time by Madeline L’Engle
  Time Patrol by Poul Anderson
  The Time Traveler’s Wife by Audrey Niffenegger
  How Few Remain by Harry Turtledove
  Guns of the South by Harry Turtledove
  Film
  12 Monkeys directed by Terry Gilliam
  Terminator trilogy directed by James Cameron
  Planet of the Apes (1968) directed by Franklin J. 
  Schaffner
  Time after Time directed by Nicholas Meyer
  Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home directed by Leonard 
  Nimoy
  Star Trek: First Contact directed by Jonathan Frakes
  Groundhog Day directed by Harold Ramis
  Television
  Star Trek: Episode 28 “City on the Edge of Forever” 
  written by Harlan Ellison
  Star Trek: Episode 39 “Mirror, Mirror” written by 
  Jerome Bixby
  Star Trek: Episode 55 “Assignment: Earth” written by 
  Gene Roddenberry and Art Wallace
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 3
  Characters
  The following occupations and classes are suitable for 
  characters speciﬁcally trained to travel through time (or 
  manipulate it, in the case of an anomaly). Characters with 
  this specialized training typically belong to a time travel 
  organization or have grown up in a society where time travel 
  is commonplace. 
  Classes
  Anomaly
  The anomaly is a creature that exists outside 
  of time. Through some quirk in his genetic 
  makeup, he can sense the true nature of time and 
  eventually learn to control it. The anomaly has 
  no ability to travel through time in the traditional 
  sense (barring technology or magic)—he is 
  simply able to ignore the rules of time. An 
  example from modern-day earth would be an 
  Australian shaman who can travel through 
  “dream time.” 
  Requirements
  To qualify to become an anomaly, a character 
  must meet the following criteria. (The quickest 
  path into this class is through the Dedicated Hero 
  basic class.)
  Base Attack Bonus: +2
  Skills: Spot 6 ranks
  Feats: Alertness
  Class Information
  The following information pertains to the 
  anomaly advanced class. 
  Hit Die: 1d8
  Action Points: 6 + one-half character level, 
  rounded down, every time the character gains a 
  new level in this class.
  Class Skills: The anomaly’s class skills 
  (and the ability for each skill) are: Balance 
  (Dex), Escape Artist (Dex), Intimidate (Cha), 
  Knowledge (arcane lore, current events, history, 
  physical sciences, streetwise, technology) (Int), 
  Listen (Wis), Navigate (Int), Pilot (Dex), Sense 
  Motive (Wis), Spot (Wis) and Survival (Wis).
  Skill points at each level: 5 + Int modiﬁer.
  Class Features
  The following features pertain to the anomaly advanced 
  class. 
  Time Sense: The anomaly has an innate sense of the 
  order and rules of time, even if he comes from a primitive 
  society without a developed system of time measurement. 
  He always knows the proper time and can tell what year it 
  is, even if he has been moved through time, by instinctively 
  judging his temporal position. The anomaly can also make 
  a Spot skill check (DC 20) to sense any changes to the 
  timestream. This ability can detect the presence of time 
  Chapter I: 
  Time Travel Characters
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 4
  Characters
  travelers (even if they are just passively observing) and 
  other anomalies.
  If an anomaly is using his abilities, or if a time traveler 
  is altering the natural ﬂow of the time stream by changing 
  events from their proper course, the Spot check to use this 
  ability is easier (the DC is reduced to 15). 
  Lastly, this ability allows the anomaly to determine 
  whether or not he has been transported to another 
  dimension—the ﬂow of time in other dimensions will feel 
  subtly alien to him. 
  Fast Forward: By altering his perceptions of time, the 
  anomaly can cause events around him to transpire more 
  slowly, allowing him ample time to react. To the outside 
  observer, it appears that the anomaly is extremely fast. 
  This ability allows the anomaly to add his level in this 
  class as a Dodge bonus to his Defense for one round, or to 
  gain a bonus on a single Reﬂex saving throw equal to his 
  level in this class. It may be used once per day at 2nd level, 
  increasing to twice per day 7th level.
  Bonus Feats: At 3rd, 6th and 9th levels the anomaly gains 
  a bonus feat from the following list: Armor Proﬁciency 
  (light), Attentive, Blind-Fighting, Combat Expertise, 
  Combat Reﬂexes, Dead Aim, Dodge, Far Shot, Focused, 
  Guide, Improved Initiative, Iron Will, Lightning Reﬂexes, 
  Mobility and Track. The anomaly must meet the prerequisite 
  for any feat selected with this ability. 
  Rewind: Through an unknown process, the anomaly 
  learns how to alter his personal fate as it unfolds in time. 
  This allows him to re-roll any attack roll, skill check or 
  saving throw once per day. The anomaly cannot try to 
  further cheat fate by spending an action point or using 
  another ability (such as Fast Forward) to alter this second 
  roll. This ability may be used once per day at 4th level, 
  increasing to twice per day at 8th level. 
  Out of Time: At 5th level the anomaly can relocate 
  himself from one place in a continuum to another, seeming 
  to teleport. He can transport himself up to 10 ft. per level 
  in this class. This ability requires the character to spend an 
  action point. 
  Time Tracker: At 8th level the anomaly can make a 
  Survival skill check to trace a target’s movement through 
  the timestream, provided he has the Track feat. The DC of 
  the Survival check is 10 plus 5 per 100 years of “distance” 
  between the anomaly and his target. Any time the anomaly 
  moves closer to a target he is tracking, he can attempt a 
  Survival skill check (DC 20) to realize that he is gaining 
  ground. 
  Time Fission: At 10th level the anomaly can create a 
  duplicate of himself. This duplicate has all of the anomaly’s 
  abilities except Time Fission, and persists for one round per 
  anomaly level. This ability requires the character to spend 
  an action point. 
  Temporal Historian
  The temporal historian serves as the brains of a time 
  traveling unit, providing those who seek to change time (or 
  who seek to prevent such a change) with detailed knowledge 
  of what did happen. Without this information, time travelers 
  are groping in the dark and risk triggering unintended 
  changes to the timeline. The temporal historian also serves 
  as an expert on the science and cultures of the past, allowing 
  travelers to make the most out of what technology and 
  resources exist in the periods they visit. 
  TABLE 1-1: THE ANOMALY
  Level
  Base Attack
  Bonus
  Fort
  Save
  Ref
  Save
  Will
  Save
  Special
  Defense 
  Bonus
  Reputation
  Bonus
  1st
  +0
  +1
  +1
  +1
  Time Sense
  +0
  +1
  2nd
  +1
  +2
  +2
  +2
  Fast Forward
  +1
  +1
  3rd
  +1
  +2
  +2
  +2
  Bonus Feat
  +1
  +1
  4th
  +2
  +2
  +2
  +2
  Rewind
  +1
  +2
  5th
  +2
  +3
  +3
  +3
  Out of Time
  +2
  +2
  6th
  +3
  +3
  +3
  +3
  Bonus Feat
  +2
  +2
  7th
  +3
  +4
  +4
  +4
  Fast Forward 2/day
  +2
  +3
  8th
  +4
  +4
  +4
  +4
  Rewind 2/day; Time Tracker
  +3
  +3
  9th
  +4
  +4
  +4
  +4
  Bonus Feat
  +3
  +3
  10th
  +5
  +5
  +5
  +5
  Time Fission
  +3
  +4
  Chrononaut 
  The chrononaut is a time explorer who wanders the timestream in search of adventure, plunder or conquest. Regardless 
  of his motives for traveling through time, the character has been specially trained to operate in times far different from 
  his own.
  Prerequisite: Age 17+
  Skills: Choose two of the following as permanent class skills: Bluff, Computer Use, Diplomacy, Disguise, Drive, 
  Forgery, Gather Information, Handle Animal, Investigate, Knowledge (arcane lore, civics, history, physical sciences, 
  tactics, technology), Navigate, Pilot, Read/Write Language, Research, Ride, Speak Language, Survival.
  Bonus Feat: Choose one of the following: Ancient Technology, Modern Technology or Futuristic Technology.
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 5
  Characters
  Requirements
  To qualify to become a temporal historian, a 
  character must meet the following criteria. (The 
  quickest path into this class is through the Smart 
  Hero basic class.)
  Skills: Knowledge (physical sciences) 6 
  ranks, Knowledge (history) 6 ranks, Knowledge 
  (technology) 6 ranks
  Feats: Two of the following: Ancient 
  Technology, Modern Technology or Futuristic 
  Technology.
  Class Information
  The following information pertains to the 
  temporal historian advanced class. 
  Hit Die: 1d6
  Action Points: 6 + one-half character level, 
  rounded down, every time the character gains a 
  new level in this class.
  Class Skills: The temporal historian’s class 
  skills (and the ability for each skill) are: Bluff 
  (Cha), Computer Use (Int), Craft (chemical, 
  electronic, mechanical, pharmaceutical, 
  structural) (Int), Decipher Script, Disable Device 
  (Int), Forgery (Int), Intimidate (Cha), Investigate 
  (Int), Knowledge (all) (Int), Repair (Int), 
  Research (Int) and Treat Injury (Wis).
  Skill points at each level: 9 + Int modiﬁer.
  Class Features
  All of the following are features of the temporal 
  historian advanced class. 
  Superstition: As a cover for his activities, the 
  temporal historian often plays on the superstitions 
  of primitive societies in past time periods. This 
  sometimes enables him to escape potentially 
  dangerous situations, and can also ensure that the 
  accounts of witnesses who saw something they 
  shouldn’t have sound to others like the ravings of 
  madmen. 
  On a successful Bluff check (DC 20), the temporal 
  historian can render one target per class level shaken for 1-4 
  rounds. The target must belong to a pre-modern culture (PLs 
  1-3). This ability also negates any potential interference 
  from a target witnessing advanced technology (including the 
  arrival of the time travelers). 
  At 5th level the temporal historian can play on the 
  superstitions of modern people in addition to those of the 
  ancient world, achieving the same effect described above 
  but against targets belonging to modern cultures. Instead of 
  passing himself off as a wizard and his technology as magic, 
  the temporal historian might instead appear as a government 
  agent or a “man in black” with alien technology.
  Detailed Files: The temporal historian is possessed of an 
  encyclopedic knowledge of one Progress Level, knowing its 
  important people and events as well as (if not better than) 
  someone who grew up in that time period. He knows the 
  date of any historically signiﬁcant event. 
  The character does not need to make a check to recall 
  information about important dates and people. Extremely 
  rare and esoteric details, such as a very minor battle 
  or someone not commonly believed to have historical 
  importance, can be recalled with a successful Knowledge 
  (history) check (DC 15). 
  At 4th level, the temporal historian is an expert on an 
  entire time period (ancient, modern or futuristic).
  At 7th level, the temporal historian becomes an expert in a 
  second time period.
  At 10th level, the temporal historian becomes an expert in 
  all time periods. 
  Bonus Feats: At 3rd, 6th and 9th levels the temporal 
  historian gains a bonus feat from the following list: Ancient 
  Technology, Ancient Technology Expert, Armor Proﬁciency 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 6
  Characters
  (light, medium), Builder, Cautious, Combat Expertise, 
  Defensive Martial Arts, Educated, Futuristic Technology, 
  Futuristic Technology Expert, Gearhead, Improved Disarm, 
  Improved Trip, Medical Expert, Modern Technology, 
  Modern Technology Expert, Studious and Surgery. The 
  temporal historian must meet the prerequisite for any feat 
  selected with this ability. 
  Scientiﬁc Expert: In addition to his knowledge of history, 
  the temporal historian has practical experience with the 
  technologies of the past, allowing him to avoid the skill 
  penalties associated with dealing with ancient technologies 
  and equipment.
  At 3rd level, the temporal historian can ignore the skill 
  penalty for one time period (ancient, modern or futuristic). 
  This only applies to the skill penalty, not to the attack 
  penalty for using weapons from that Progress Level. 
  At 6th level, the temporal historian may apply this ability 
  to a second time period.
  At 8th level, the temporal historian may apply this ability 
  to all time periods.
  Achilles Heel: Different types of armor have weaknesses 
  that can be exploited by the student of history. The temporal 
  historian can treat any melee attack as a touch attack if he 
  succeeds at a Knowledge (technology) skill check with a 
  DC of 20.
  This ability requires the temporal historian to spend an 
  action point. 
  Time Enforcer
  The time enforcer is a soldier who travels the timestream. 
  Whether he seeks conquest, a change in the timeline, or the 
  preservation of “proper” history depends on his ideology. 
  Requirements
  To qualify to become a time enforcer, a character must meet 
  the following criteria. (The quickest path into this class is 
  through the Strong Hero basic class.)
  Base Attack Bonus: +3
  Skills: Knowledge (tactics) 3 ranks
  Feats: Two of the following: Ancient Technology, 
  Modern Technology or Futuristic Technology.
  Class Information
  The following information pertains to the time enforcer 
  advanced class. 
  Hit Die: 1d10
  Action Points: 6 + one-half character level, rounded 
  down, every time the character gains a new level in this 
  class.
  Class Skills: The time enforcer’s class skills (and the 
  ability for each skill) are: Climb (Str), Craft (structural), 
  Demolitions (Int), Drive (Dex), Gamble (Wis), Intimidate 
  (Cha), Jump (Str), Knowledge (arcane lore, history, popular 
  culture, tactics and technology) (Int), Navigate (Int), Repair 
  (Int), Ride (Dex), Survival (Wis) and Swim (Str).
  Skill points at each level: 5 + Int modiﬁer.
  Class Features
  All of the following are features of the time enforcer 
  advanced class. 
  Weapon Focus: At 1st level the time enforcer gains the 
  Weapon Focus feat for a weapon of his choice with which 
  he is proﬁcient. 
  At 5th level the time enforcer gains the effects of this feat 
  with all weapons of one Progress Level. 
  At 9th level the time enforcer gains the effects of this 
  feat for all weapons of one time period (ancient, modern or 
  futuristic). 
  Weapon Specialization: At 2nd level, the time enforcer 
  gains a +2 damage bonus with the weapon for which he 
  chose his Weapon Focus at 1st level. 
  At 8th level, the time enforcer gains the beneﬁt of this 
  class ability with all weapons of one Progress Level (the PL 
  he selected at 4th level with the Tactical Expert ability). 
  At 10th level, the time enforcer gains the beneﬁt of this 
  class ability with all weapons of one time period (ancient, 
  modern or futuristic). This must be the time period he chose 
  for his Weapon Focus at 9th level. 
  Bonus Feats: At 3rd, 6th and 9th levels the time enforcer 
  gains a bonus feat from the following list: Ancient 
  Technology, Ancient Technology Expert, Animal 
  Afﬁnity, Armor Proﬁciency (light, medium and heavy), 
  Cleave, Combat Martial Arts, Drive-by Attack, Futuristic 
  Technology, Futuristic Technology Expert, Modern 
  TABLE 1-2: THE TEMPORAL HISTORIAN
  Level
  Base Attack
  Bonus
  Fort
  Save
  Ref
  Save
  Will
  Save
  Special
  Defense 
  Bonus
  Reputation
  Bonus
  1st
  +0
  +0
  +0
  +2
  Superstition (Ancient)
  +0
  +1
  2nd
  +1
  +0
  +0
  +3
  Detailed Files (one PL)
  +1
  +1
  3rd
  +1
  +1
  +1
  +3
  Bonus Feat; Scientiﬁc Expert (one time period)
  +1
  +1
  4th
  +2
  +1
  +1
  +4
  Detailed Files (one time period)
  +1
  +2
  5th
  +2
  +1
  +1
  +4
  Superstition (Modern)
  +2
  +2
  6th
  +3
  +2
  +2
  +5
  Bonus Feat; Scientiﬁc Expert (second time period)
  +2
  +2
  7th
  +3
  +2
  +2
  +5
  Achilles Heel; Detailed Files (second time period)
  +2
  +3
  8th
  +4
  +2
  +2
  +6
  Scientiﬁc Expert (all time periods)
  +3
  +3
  9th
  +4
  +3
  +3
  +6
  Bonus Feat
  +3
  +3
  10th
  +5
  +3
  +3
  +7
  Detailed Files (all time periods) 
  +3
  +4
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 7
  Characters
  Technology, Modern Technology Expert, Point Blank Shot, 
  Power Attack and Renown. The time enforcer must meet the 
  prerequisite for any feat selected with this ability. 
  Temporal Tactical Expert: At 4th level, the time enforcer 
  is an expert in the tactics and warfare of one time period 
  (ancient, modern or futuristic). This grants him a bonus to 
  all relevant Knowledge (tactics) skill checks equal to his 
  Reputation bonus. He can also grant forces he is advising 
  a bonus to initiative equal to his Reputation bonus by 
  spending an action point whenever combat is engaged 
  (when initiative is rolled).
  At 7th level, the time enforcer is an expert in the tactics of 
  all time periods (ancient, modern and futuristic) and gains 
  the beneﬁts listed above wherever he goes.    
  Progress Levels
  A Progress Level (PL) is an indication of the state of 
  technology that exists in a particular society or civilization 
  (which, in a science ﬁction setting, may be located on 
  a planet other than Earth). This state of technological 
  development generally pervades all aspects of a culture, 
  particularly at higher levels (PL 5 and beyond) when long-
  range communication is virtually instantaneous. Even at 
  lower levels, it’s unlikely—but not impossible—for a group 
  of humans (or other sentient beings) to be at one Progress 
  Level in some respects and at another one in other respects.
  Progress Level may vary wildly from place to place on 
  the same world or even the same continent. 
  TABLE 1-3: THE TIME ENFORCER
  Level
  Base Attack
  Bonus
  Fort
  Save
  Ref
  Save
  Will
  Save
  Special
  Defense 
  Bonus
  Reputation
  Bonus
  1st
  +0
  +1
  +1
  +0
  Weapon Focus
  +1
  +0
  2nd
  +1
  +2
  +2
  +0
  Weapon Specialization
  +1
  +0
  3rd
  +2
  +2
  +2
  +1
  Bonus Feat
  +2
  +1
  4th
  +3
  +2
  +2
  +1
  Temporal Tactical Expert (one time period)
  +2
  +1
  5th
  +3
  +3
  +3
  +1
  Weapon Focus (one PL)
  +3
  +1
  6th
  +4
  +3
  +3
  +2
  Bonus Feat
  +3
  +2
  7th
  +5
  +4
  +4
  +2
  Temporal Tactical Expert (all time periods)
  +4
  +2
  8th
  +6
  +4
  +4
  +2
  Weapon Specialization (one PL)
  +4
  +2
  9th
  +6
  +4
  +4
  +3
  Bonus Feat; Weapon Focus (one time period)
  +5
  +3
  10th
  +7
  +5
  +5
  +3
  Weapon Specialization (one time period)
  +5
  +3
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 8
  Characters
  PL 0: Stone Age
  The major achievements of a Stone Age society are the use 
  of ﬁre, the domestication of animals, and the invention of 
  agriculture. An individual living in a Stone Age society is 
  primitive, but he isn’t necessarily gullible, stupid, or easily 
  frightened by advanced technology. Common weapons in a 
  PL 0 civilization include the club, the dagger, the spear, and 
  the bow. Armor made from hide or leather is possible, as are 
  wicker shields. Communication beyond the local tribe or 
  settlement doesn’t exist. Travel is accomplished by foot or 
  by simple rafts or canoes. Simple pottery, stoneworking, and 
  woodworking are possible.
  PL 1: Bronze/Iron Age
  Early human civilizations began to work metal toward the 
  end of the Stone Age. The malleability of copper led to its 
  becoming the ﬁrst metal to be “tamed.” Adding tin to copper 
  created a much stronger alloy: bronze. This advance allowed 
  for the crafting of tools and weapons of great durability. In 
  turn, those improved tools made possible the working of 
  iron, which soon replaced bronze as the metal of choice for 
  tools and weapons.
  In a Bronze/Iron Age society, advances in pottery, 
  construction, and agriculture allow for the concentration 
  of populations into larger and larger groups, with a 
  corresponding upswing in the accumulation and sharing 
  of knowledge. The rise of nations, city-states, and empires 
  begins in the Bronze Age. Organized efforts to improve 
  communications allow regional societies to exist. Galleys 
  and small sailing vessels are capable of relatively long 
  voyages, and some cultures may build extensive road or 
  canal networks to link distant places. Improvements in 
  agricultural efﬁciency permit the rise of artisans, craftsmen, 
  professional soldiers, and other occupations that are not 
  directly concerned with gathering food.
  The sword replaces the club and the dagger as the 
  preferred weapon of infantry. Chariots brieﬂy dominate 
  warfare before cavalry (aided by the introduction of the 
  stirrup) renders chariots obsolete. The ﬁrst true military 
  forces or tactical systems appear. Armor can now be made 
  from sewn plates or scales, metal links, or even forged 
  breastplates, and a variety of metal melee weapons dominate 
  the battleﬁeld.
  PL 2: Middle Ages
  Maturing civilizations experience a period of turmoil and 
  adjustment at this Progress Level. Developments continue in 
  architecture, commerce, metallurgy, and mathematics. Wider 
  dissemination of information becomes possible thanks to 
  more advanced printing techniques. Sea communications 
  dominate in the later part of this stage of development, and 
  sturdy seafaring carracks and galleons open the door to the 
  next Progress Level.
  As populations increase and knowledge of agriculture 
  evolves, an increasing percentage of the population relocates 
  into growing cities and towns. Toward the end of this 
  Progress Level, the feudal system, in which a small class 
  of nobles ruled a large population of agricultural workers, 
  begins to collapse. Specialized crafts develop, universities 
  appear, and the middle class is born. The ﬁrst corporations 
  emerge in the form of trade guilds. The evolution of strong 
  systems of trade and ﬁnance tends to distribute a society’s 
  wealth more evenly among its members, diluting the power 
  of the nobility.
  Tools of warfare undergo a signiﬁcant revolution. 
  Sophisticated chain and plate armors protect warriors 
  from harm, and elaborate fortiﬁcations become something 
  of an art form. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the 
  introduction of simple gunpowder weapons signals the 
  imminent end of knights, heavy armor, and organized armies 
  of swordsmen.
  PL 3: Age Of  Reason
  The Age of Reason is an era in human history when 
  the development of ideas and systems of thought takes 
  precedence over technological invention. The scientiﬁc 
  method improves humankind’s understanding of the 
  world. Experimentation becomes the means by which the 
  physical properties of nature are systematically examined. 
  The study of the various scientiﬁc disciplines—chemistry, 
  electromagnetism, medicine, biology, and astronomy—
  ﬂourishes. Instruments such as microscopes and telescopes 
  enable scientists to greatly extend the range of their 
  observations and discoveries. The new reliance on science 
  generates waves on all levels of society. Superstition falls 
  away, and exploration of the world reaches its apex. Society 
  begins to experiment with new forms of organization, 
  such as democracy. Corporations and economic alliances 
  continue to evolve. Economically, this Progress Level is a 
  transition from the cottage industries of the Middle Ages to 
  industrialization.
  The cannon becomes the dominant factor in naval 
  warfare, while massed musket ﬁre and horse-pulled ﬁeld 
  pieces rule the battleﬁeld. Even the reliable bow vanishes, 
  replaced by the ﬂintlock. Light melee weapons remain 
  common.
  PL 4: Industrial Age
  In the fourth Progress Level, the theoretical knowledge 
  of the previous era matures into widespread practical 
  application. The harnessing of hydraulic, steam, and electric 
  power creates an explosion of commerce and industry. 
  Developments such as the telegraph, the telephone, and 
  the radio make true global communication possible. 
  Breakthroughs in manufacturing techniques allow the 
  construction of heavy ironclad vessels, rail transportation, 
  and architecture of previously unimaginable size. Pioneers 
  venture high into the atmosphere and descend into the sea’s 
  depths.
  Urbanization is complete as individuals gather in smaller 
  
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  environments where they can more easily exchange goods 
  and information. Corporations expand in power, many 
  establishing themselves throughout the explored world. 
  Governments are based on political and economic factors.
  The means of war change swiftly through the period. 
  Aircraft and submersibles join the list of military assets. 
  Reliable and accurate riﬂes, pistols, and machine guns 
  become common. Mechanized war machines herald the ﬁrst 
  great change in the art of battle since the end of the knight.
  PL 5: Information Age
  The Industrial Age relied on chemical power, but in the 
  Information Age, computer technology and electronics rule 
  supreme. Satellite information systems and the Internet 
  connect the globe digitally. This Progress Level also sees 
  the introduction of ﬁssion power and weapons reducing 
  the importance of fossil fuels. The automobile replaces the 
  locomotive as the common form of travel. The ﬁrst steps 
  toward space travel involve massive chemical rockets, 
  unmanned probes and satellites, and short-term manned 
  missions.
  The technology of the era allows greater citizen 
  participation in government. The emergence of international 
  alliances begins to dissolve borders between nations. 
  Corporations gather power and begin to threaten 
  government authority. Technology has a greater effect 
  on individual lifestyles than on society as a whole. Most 
  weapons at this time are reﬁned versions of Industrial Age 
  equipment. Riﬂes, machine guns, and heavy howitzers are 
  still used by the world’s soldiers. Computerized targeting 
  systems and guided weapons make warfare much more 
  precise and efﬁcient. Strategic weapons, tested but never 
  used, exhibit the species’ power to exterminate itself in 
  minutes.
  Humanity experienced its Information Age as anxious 
  years full of minor crises. The tension gradually alleviates 
  through the age, and as the era ends new superpowers form.
  PL 6: Fusion Age
  The development of fusion power provides an efﬁcient, 
  nonexpendable energy source that almost obliterates the 
  need for chemical fuel sources. Advanced space exploration 
  and colonization become possible. Computers become 
  even more accessible, reliable, and powerful, leading to the 
  development of virtual systems and widespread access to 
  the global Internet.
  Slowly, society experiences another revolution 
  as individual nations are replaced by world powers. 
  Megacorporations number among these new superpowers as 
  the line between the national citizen and corporate employee 
  is rendered indistinct. Armed with the means to eradicate 
  the entire species, the world powers keep conﬂicts to the 
  level of skirmishing and posturing, and integration of the 
  Information Age’s improvements proceed peacefully.
  Scientiﬁc advanced in genetic engineering lead to 
  artiﬁcial evolution and the ﬁrst government- and corporate-
  sanctioned attempts to genetically manipulate human 
  beings. Early results are encouraging, with the manifestation 
  of positive and negative mutations in the species toward the 
  end of the age. Scientists also perfect cloning technology, 
  and the ﬁrst human clones are created. 
  In the later years of this age, the ﬁrst crude applications of 
  gravity induction technology appear, in the form of civilian 
  and military vehicles that can move through the air without 
  using physical propulsion or consumption of fuel.
  Chemical-powered explosives and ﬁrearms remain the 
  weapons of choice; fusion technology can’t be effectively 
  miniaturized for personal combat. Nevertheless, advanced 
  chemistry and superconducting technology change the 
  materials and capabilities of many weapons. True spaceships 
  become possible, propelled by powerful fusion drives, but 
  still require a reaction mass to traverse space.
  The age sees the tenuous settlement of other planets and 
  asteroids within the same star system.
  PL 7: Gravity Age
  As this Progress Level opens, the invention of two key 
  technologies herald humanity’s climb to the stars. The 
  gravity induction reactor systematically replaces fusion 
  power as an even more efﬁcient source of energy that can 
  be miniaturized with great ease. With the use of the mass 
  reactor, world powers explore, divide, and colonize the 
  entirety of the local star system. For the most part, life on 
  the home planet is unchanged.
  The second advance of the era brings perhaps the 
  greatest upheaval in the history of human civilization. The 
  introduction and integration of gravity induction technology 
  leads to the creation of the induction engine, which allows 
  starships to bridge the gap between the stars. Political and 
  economic reorganization occurs as the species spreads far 
  from home.
  Projectile ﬁrearms are in their last days, as crude energy 
  weapons become available. Powered armor is available 
  to warriors of this age. Personal (melee) weapons enjoy a 
  resurgence, due in large part to a shift in military tactics—
  armed conﬂict between individuals seldom occurs on an 
  army scale, but more frequently involves engagements of 
  small units in conditions when ranged weapons are not 
  necessarily effective.
  Computer technology links every society, settlement, and 
  outpost of a star system in a single information net, creating 
  an unparalleled and expedient exchange of knowledge and 
  data for business, entertainment, and research.
  PL 8: Energy Age
  The continuing miniaturization of induction engine 
  technology allows power plants the size of marbles to 
  harness the basic forces of creation. Powerful personal 
  force screens and energy weapons dominate the battleﬁeld, 
  as projectile weapons ﬁnally disappear after ruling the 
  
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  battleﬁeld for a thousand years. Miniaturized sensors, 
  shields, and engines allow mass production of small, 
  practical starﬁghters. At the other end of the spectrum, 
  advanced construction techniques allow humans to build 
  enormous, self-sustaining cities in space.
  PL 9: Time Age
  During experiments into exotic forms of energy near the end 
  of PL 8, scientists discover the companion to the graviton 
  (the quantum particle controlling gravity): the chronoton. 
  Chronotons appear to have been generated during the Big 
  Bang and experiments into their manipulation lead to an 
  understanding of the true nature of time and how to move 
  backwards through the time stream.  
  Native Progress Levels
  You know what they say: “Everyone comes from 
  somewhere.” Or was that “wherever you go, there you are?” 
  Anyway, what this means for characters in a time travel 
  campaign is that they have a native time period, expressed 
  through the mechanic of the Progress Level. 
  At character creation, each character should select his 
  native Progress Level—the PL where he was educated or 
  spent his formative years. This provides the character with 
  the Technology feat for that PL. 
  For example, a GM begins a new time travel campaign 
  using the Time Enforcers campaign model detailed in this 
  book. This campaign model allows PCs to be from any era 
  they choose. One player decides that his character will be 
  a soldier of the Roman Empire, a late PL 1 society. This 
  means the character receives the Ancient Technology feat.
  Another player decides that his character is from the 
  late 20th century, a PL 5 society. This means the character 
  receives the Modern Technology feat.
  Technology Feats
  Ancient Technology (PL 0-3)
  You are generally conversant with the technology of the 
  ancient world (from the Stone Age through the Age of 
  Reason). With this feat you might look like an uncivilized 
  barbarian to a native of the time period, but you won’t 
  stand out enough to seem alien or threatening. You also 
  have a passing familiarity with the technology and social 
  conventions of the ancient period.
  Effect: Your attack penalty is reduced to -2 when using 
  weapons from this time period and your skill penalty is 
  reduced to -4 when interacting with this relevant time 
  period.
  Normal: A character normally suffers a -4 attack penalty 
  when handling unfamiliar weapons and a skill check penalty 
  of -8 when interacting with this time period.  
  Ancient Technology Expert (PL 0-3)
  You are an expert in the technology and culture of the 
  ancient world. With this feat, you can appear as a perfectly 
  civilized member of ancient society in every way, allowing 
  you to pass without the slightest notice. You possess a deep 
  familiarity with the technology and social conventions of 
  the ancient period.
  Prerequisite: Ancient Technology
  Effect: You suffer no penalty to attack rolls when using 
  weapons from this time period and you suffer no skill 
  penalty when interacting with this time period. 
  You are ﬂuent and can read and write two languages from 
  this time period. You can understand (or make yourself 
  understood in) other languages of this period on a successful 
  Intelligence check (DC 20). Characters with the Linguist 
  talent are able to speak ﬂuently in all the languages of this 
  time period. 
  Modern Technology (PL 4-6)
  You are generally conversant with the technology of the 
  modern world (from the Industrial Age through the Fusion 
  Age).
  Effect: Your attack penalty is reduced to -2 when using 
  weapons from this time period and your skill penalty is 
  reduced to -4 when interacting with the relevant time period.  
  Normal: A character normally suffers a -4 attack penalty 
  when handling unfamiliar weapons and a skill check penalty 
  of -8 when interacting with this time period.   
  Modern Technology Expert (PL 4-6)
  You are an expert in the technology and culture of the 
  modern world. With this feat, you can appear as a perfectly 
  civilized member of modern society in every way, allowing 
  you to pass without the slightest notice. You possess a deep 
  familiarity with the technology and social conventions of 
  the modern period.
  Prerequisite: Modern Technology
  Effect: You suffer no penalty to attack rolls when using 
  weapons from this time period and you suffer no skill 
  penalty when interacting with this time period.
  You are ﬂuent and can read and write two languages from 
  this time period. You can understand (or make yourself 
  understood in) other languages of this period on a successful 
  Intelligence check (DC 20). Characters with the Linguist 
  talent are able to speak ﬂuently in all the languages of this 
  time period.
  Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9)
  You are generally conversant with the technology of the 
  future (from the Gravity Age and beyond).
  Effect: Your attack penalty is reduced to -2 when using 
  weapons from this time period and your skill penalty is 
  reduced to -4 when interacting with this time period.  
  Normal: A character normally suffers a -4 attack penalty 
  when handling unfamiliar weapons and a skill check penalty 
  of -8 when interacting with this time period.   
  
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  Futuristic Technology Expert (PL 7-9)
  You are an expert in the technology and culture of the 
  futuristic world. With this feat, you can appear as a perfectly 
  civilized member of future society in every way, allowing 
  you to pass without the slightest notice. You possess a deep 
  familiarity with the technology and social conventions of 
  the futuristic period.
  Prerequisite: Futuristic Technology
  Effect: You suffer no penalty to attack rolls when using 
  weapons from this time period and you suffer no skill 
  penalty when interacting with this time period. 
  You are ﬂuent and can read and write two languages from 
  this time period. You can understand (or make yourself 
  understood in) other languages of this period on a successful 
  Intelligence check (DC 20). Characters with the Linguist 
  talent are able to speak ﬂuently in all the languages of this 
  time period.
  Equipment
  Following are weapons and armor tables for every PL, from 
  0-4.  These are included to provide the GM with details 
  on weaponry carried by a time traveler’s likely opponents. 
  Should characters be unable to bring technology with them 
  when they travel through time, they may wind up using 
  these weapons themselves, since they will be limited to the 
  technology they can ﬁnd. 
  All weapons and armor are described in the usual 
  information (damage, critical, damage type, range 
  increment, size, weight and purchase DC). They are also 
  described in two new ways, detailed below: Progress Level 
  and Craft DC.
  Progress Level: This is the Progress Level at which the 
  weapon ﬁrst appears. Weapons remain in use as long as they 
  are viable–often well beyond the Progress Level in which 
  they ﬁrst appear. 
  If a weapon is purchased or constructed in a Progress 
  Level later than that in which it ﬁrst appears, that weapon 
  will be less expensive and easier to make. Reduce the 
  purchase price of a weapon by 2 times the difference 
  between the PL in which it is being purchased and the PL in 
  which it ﬁrst appears. Reduce the Craft DC to construct the 
  weapon by an amount equal to the difference between the 
  PL in which it is being crafted and the PL in which it ﬁrst 
  appears. 
  For example, the hardwood club ﬁrst appears in PL 0, 
  where the difﬁculty of cutting and shaping hardwoods 
  makes it expensive (Purchase DC 16) and extremely 
  difﬁcult to make (Craft DC 20). If someone wished to 
  purchase the same club in a PL 2 society (the Middle Ages), 
  the Purchase DC would be 12 (a base DC of 16, minus 4 for 
  2 PLs) and the Craft DC would be 18.
  Craft DC: This lists the speciﬁc Craft skill (and DC) 
  required to make the weapon.  
   
  PL 0 Weapons and Armor
  Extremely primitive, PL 0 weapons are simple attempts to 
  increase the damage the human body is capable of inﬂicting 
  naturally. These weapons also increase the range at which 
  a warrior or hunter can engage his enemy, protecting him 
  from injury. 
  PL 0 Weapon Materials
  Weapons of the Stone Age are made out of three materials: 
  wood, stone and bone. Each of these materials is described 
  below.
  Wood: Wooden weapons have two advantages: they can 
  always be fashioned with ease and materials are generally in 
  ready supply. Still, these weapons are primitive even by PL 
  0 standards. 
  A wooden weapon breaks on a natural attack roll of 8 
  or less (masterwork wooden weapons only break on a 4 or 
  less). If a weapon breaks during a successful attack, normal 
  damage is still inﬂicted on the target. 
  Wooden piercing and slashing weapons suffer a -2 
  Technology Feats and Modern Weapons and Vehicles
  Blood and Time handles technology a little differently than do most Modern d20 games, but the two approaches are 
  compatible. Modern d20 breaks weapons down into Archaic Weapons (covered by a feat) and Personal Firearms (also 
  covered by a feat). This is rounded out with the Exotic Weapon Proﬁciencies. 
  To represent the training and practical experience of time travelers, Blood and Time breaks human progress down into 
  three general periods (ancient, modern and futuristic), each of which has two feats to represent one’s level of expertise 
  with the time period.
  Possessing one of the technology feats grants you basic familiarity with the weapons, vehicles, history and social 
  conventions of the period in question—you might look like a barbarian, but at least you won’t totally stand out in a 
  crowd. This gives you a limited attack penalty (-2) and the ability to use your skills there with a modest penalty (-4). 
  Thus a character in a normal campaign might take Archaic Weapons Proﬁciency and then perhaps look at a Surface 
  Vehicle Operation feat. For the time traveler, Ancient Technology would be a better choice, since it allows him to use 
  PL 0-3 weapons (although with a slight penalty compared to the character with Archaic Weapon Proﬁciency), and 
  even provides some basic familiarity with vehicles, local lore and social conventions (reducing the skill penalties the 
  character would suffer).
  
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  circumstance penalty to attack rolls against armored targets, 
  including creatures with a natural armor bonus of +2 or 
  higher. 
  Crafting a wooden weapon requires a number of hours 
  equal to its Craft (structural) DC. 
  Stone: A step up from wood, weapons made of stone can 
  be honed to a sharp point by a well-equipped craftsman, 
  increasing their damage potential. While still prone to 
  ﬂaking and shattering, these weapons are also more durable 
  than their wooden counterparts.
  A stone weapon breaks on a natural attack roll of 6 or less 
  (masterwork stone weapons only break on a 3 or less). If a 
  weapon breaks during a successful attack, normal damage is 
  still inﬂicted on the target. 
  One of the advantages of stone weapons is the ease with 
  which a skilled craftsman can create 
  replacements when they break. Stone weapons require a 
  construction time of 10 minutes times the Craft (structural) 
  DC.
  Bone: Bone weapons offer some advantages over stone, 
  but also suffer some signiﬁcant drawbacks. Bone weapons 
  can be brought to a much ﬁner point than stone or wood 
  can, making these weapons some of the most dangerous 
  encountered in a PL 0 society. Where bone weapons suffer 
  in comparison to stone is in their durability.
  A bone weapon breaks on a natural attack roll of 10 or 
  less. In addition to their attack roll bonus, masterwork bone 
  weapons increase their critical threat range by +1 as well. If 
  a weapon breaks during a successful attack, normal damage 
  is still inﬂicted on the target.
  Crafting a bone weapon requires a number of hours equal 
  to its Craft (structural) DC.   
  PL 0 Melee Weapons
  Chopper: These tools are designed 
  to dig through rough ground to ﬁnd 
  food (tubers and grubs), chop or 
  shape soft woods, and skin animals. 
  They could be pressed into service as 
  a weapon, and become much more 
  effective when combined with a haft 
  to form a handaxe. 
  Club: Most Stone Age examples of 
  this oldest weapon are improvised—
  often simply a sturdy branch found 
  after a storm or broken off a tree. 
  The bone club is salvaged from 
  the remains of animal kills. The 
  hardwood club, by contrast, is 
  an extremely rare and potent 
  weapon due to the difﬁculty 
  of shaping hardwoods with 
  stonecutting implements. Unlike 
  other Stone Age clubs, the 
  hardwood club is not a weapon 
  of convenience and often 
  features minor improvements 
  like leather wrapping around the 
  handle of the weapon, which 
  makes it easier to grip in combat. 
  Handaxe: One of the major 
  technological advancements of the 
  Stone Age, these items are valuable 
  as both tools and weapons (some 
  argue more the former than the 
  latter); they were developed from 
  the “choppers,” axe heads held in 
  the hand to skin animals and chop 
  wood. With these items comes the 
  ability to shape wood for speciﬁc 
  purposes, including the creation of 
  
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  more sophisticated clubs and the technique of hafting. With 
  hafting, both the axe and spear are born and humans evolve 
  from being prey for dangerous animals to hunters in their 
  own right. 
  Knife: Like the chopper, the knife is more of a tool than a 
  true weapon, although sharpened bone stakes were probably 
  intended to be stabbing devices. Like the chopper, these 
  items beneﬁt from the development of hafting techniques, 
  when they are transformed into spears.
  Spear: The spear was developed by the addition of a 
  haft to a knife, allowing the attacker to increase his reach 
  and keep his enemy at bay while increasing the force of his 
  thrusts. These weapons can also be thrown, extending the 
  attacker’s range even further. 
  PL 0 Ranged Weapons
  Arrow: Essentially a long dart designed to be ﬁred from 
  a bow. (When used as a melee weapon, an arrow should 
  be treated as a dart in all respects except size and weight.) 
  These weapons were already beginning to see specialized 
  designs during the Stone Age, when they were crafted with 
  blunt tips to stun game (usually small birds). A blunt arrow 
  inﬂicts non-lethal damage and its target, if Medium-size or 
  smaller, must make a Fortitude save (DC 10) or be stunned 
  for one round. For every size category below Medium, 
  increase the target’s save DC by 5 and increase the duration 
  of the stun effect by one round. Creatures larger than 
  medium cannot be stunned by this weapon.   
  Atlatl: The atlatl is a “spear thrower” designed to increase 
  the velocity (and thus the range and damage) of the javelin 
  and the dart. These items modify the thrown weapon as 
  TABLE 1-4: PL 0 MELEE WEAPONS
  Weapon
  Damage
  Critical
  Damage Type
  Range Inc.
  Size
  Weight
  Purchase DC
  Craft (Struc-
  tural) DC
  Chopper
  1d2
  20
  Slashing
  ---
  Small
  2 lbs.
  6
  10
  Club,
  soft wood
  1d3
  20
  Blunt
  10 ft.
  Medium
  2 lbs.
  10
  10
  Club, bone
  1d4
  20
  Blunt
  10 ft.
  Medium
  2 lbs.
  15
  *
  Club, hardwood**
  1d6
  20
  Blunt
  10 ft.
  Medium
  3 lbs.
  17
  20
  Handaxe,
  stone 
  1d3
  20
  Slashing
  ---
  Small
  5 lbs.
  9
  13
  Knife, wood
  1d2
  20
  Piercing
  ---
  Tiny
  2 lbs.
  4
  10
  Knife, stone
  1d3
  20
  Piercing
  ---
  Tiny
  3 lbs.
  6
  12
  Knife, bone
  1d4
  20
  Piercing
  ---
  Tiny 
  2 lbs.
  7
  14
  Spear,
  wood
  1d3
  20
  Piercing
  20 ft.
  Large
  6 lbs.
  11
  11
  Spear, stone
  1d4
  20
  Piercing
  10 ft.
  Large
  11 lbs.
  13
  14
  Spear, bone
  1d6
  20
  Piercing
  20 ft. 
  Large
  9 lbs.
  17
  18
  *These weapons can only be found, not made. Anytime a Medium–size animal is killed and inspected, a successful Search check (DC 25) 
  means that�
  club.) For each size category above Medium, the DC of this check is reduced by 5.
  **Due to the craftsmanship required to make these weapons, all should be considered masterwork weapons.
  TABLE 1-5: PL 0 RANGED WEAPONS
  Weapon
  Damage
  Critical
  Damage Type
  Range 
  Inc.
  Size
  Weight
  Purchase 
  DC
  Craft (Struc-
  tural) DC
  Arrow, 
  wooden blunt
  1d4 (NL)
  20
  Blunt
  **
  Small
  1 lb. (15)
  5 (12)
  16
  Arrow, wood
  1d2
  19-20
  Piercing
  **
  Small
  1 lb. (15)
  5 (12)
  16
  Arrow, stone
  1d3
  19-20
  Piercing
  **
  Small
  1 lb. (10)
  7 (12)
  18
  Arrow, bone
  1d4
  19-20
  Piercing
  **
  Small
  1 lb. (15)
  9 (12)
  20
  Atlatl
  ***
  ***
  ***
  +5 ft.
  Small
  3 lbs.
  15
  17
  Atlatl, weighted
  *** +1
  ***
  ***
  +5 ft.
  Small
  5 lbs.
  17
  20
  Dart, wood
  1d2
  20
  Piercing
  15 ft.
  Tiny
  1 lb. (20)
  5 (20)
  16
  Dart, stone
  1d3
  20
  Piercing
  10 ft.
  Tiny
  1 lb. (16)
  7 (20)
  18
  Dart, bone
  1d4
  20
  Piercing
  15 ft.
  Tiny
  1 lb. (20)
  9 (20)
  20
  Javelin, wood
  1d2
  20
  Piercing
  25 ft. 
  Medium
  3 lbs.
  9
  18
  Javelin, stone
  1d3
  20
  Piercing
  15 ft.
  Medium
  5 lbs.
  11
  20
  Javelin, bone
  1d4
  20
  Piercing 
  25 ft.
  Medium 
  3 lbs.
  13
  22
  Shortbow
  *
  *
  *
  30 ft.
  Medium
  2 lbs.
  15
  20
  Stone, thrown 
  1d3
  20
  Blunt
  10 ft.
  Tiny
  1 lbs. (10)
  3
  13
  *A bow’s damage, critical and damage type depend on the type of arrow used.
  ** An arrow’s range depends on the type of bow being used.
  *** An atlatl’s damage, critical and damage type depend on the type of javelin being used.  
  
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  Characters
  listed in the equipment table above, granting an improved 
  range increment and (in the case of the weighted atlatl) a 
  damage bonus. 
  Dart: The dart is a tiny javelin used as a weapon by 
  primitive cultures, often in conjunction with either poison or 
  the atlatl. 
  Javelin: The javelin is one of the most effective ranged 
  weapons of the Stone Age, especially when combined with 
  the atlatl. Because of its superior range, many armies use 
  these weapons for ranged attacks, with soldiers wielding 
  only a single true spear for melee combat. 
  Shortbow: The shortbow is one of the most important 
  weapons ever invented and has a tremendous impact on 
  the development of hunting and warfare. The ability to 
  hurl missiles accurately and with great force across great 
  distances allows the wielder to keep his enemy at bay, 
  hopefully killing an attacker or animal before it can close to 
  injure him.
  Shortbows do not allow the wielder to add his Strength 
  modiﬁer to bow damage. 
  Stone, thrown: One of the simplest weapons imaginable, 
  this is nothing more than a rock, possibly shaped to extend 
  its throwing range. This is also the ammunition for the sling.
  PL 0 Armor
  PL 0 armor is made out of natural materials: animal skins 
  (tanned into leather) of varying thickness and weight, 
  sometimes including fur for added protection and warmth. 
  Padded: This armor could be as simple as an extra 
  layer of clothing or as “complicated” as scraps of different 
  material placed underneath clothing. Padded armor serves 
  to shield the wearer from the cold, and to provide mild 
  protection against the blunt weapons common in PL 0. 
  Leather armor: Leather armor consists of animal skins 
  treated to increase their durability and utility, making them 
  more useful as armor. Simple and versatile, this armor stays 
  in use for thousands of years. 
  Hide: Essentially leather armor made from an animal with 
  a more durable hide. Depending on geographic location, 
  hide armor could be fashioned from elephant, rhinoceros or 
  even shark hide.  
  Furs: One of the early innovations of PL 0 is layered 
  clothing and armor—armor made from two different 
  materials, each of which brings its own properties to the 
  armor. This type of armor consists either of hides taken from 
  a furry animal, with the fur left intact, or of furs sewn onto 
  the outside of hide or heavy leather. This provides better 
  protection than other armor types, and makes it possible for 
  the wearer to live and hunt in conditions of extreme cold. 
  In addition to the armor bonus, this armor provides a 
  +4 bonus to saving throws against cold attacks, including 
  environmental damage. 
  PL 1 Weapons and Armor (circa 
  2100 BCE and later)
  Weapons and armor of PL 1 are not truly innovative in their 
  designs; most are based on the same principles of slash and 
  thrust that formed the basis for the earliest weapons. What 
  sets these items apart is the experimentation with different 
  materials to make them more dangerous. Increasingly harder 
  metals, from copper to bronze to iron, are used to fashion 
  deadlier weaponry and more effective armor. Despite the 
  increased use of metal, wooden weapons remain in use—
  especially the bow, the effectiveness of which could be 
  vastly increased by combining two different types of wood 
  in its design (the composite bow). 
  PL 1 Weapon Materials
  Progress Level 1 covers three periods, each deﬁned by the 
  materials used to forge weapons and armor in that period. 
  PL 1 is where man ﬁrst learns how to forge metals; during 
  this period, weapon-makers progress to harder and more 
  durable metals, from copper to bronze and ﬁnally to iron. 
  Copper: Copper is the ﬁrst metal forged for weapons 
  and tools. Copper needs a companion material mixed with 
  it to increase its strength; in most cultures, this companion 
  material progresses quickly from arsenic to tin, which 
  creates the much stronger and more functional bronze. In 
  most parts of the world the “Copper Age” marks a very 
  rapid transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age—
  indeed, one often ﬁnds copper tools and weapons in use 
  alongside their stone counterparts.
  A copper weapon breaks on a natural attack roll of 5 
  or less (masterwork copper weapons only break on a 3 or 
  less). If a weapon breaks during a successful attack, normal 
  damage is still inﬂicted on the target. 
  Copper weapons require a construction time equal to 6 
  hours times the Craft (structural) DC of the weapon. Thus, a 
  copper shortsword (DC 16) requires 4 days to construct. 
  Bronze: Bronze is an alloy created when copper and tin 
  are mixed to form a stronger, more durable metal. Bronze 
  made for weaponry or armor is typically 60% copper and 
  40% tin. The use of bronze for other purposes, especially 
  electronics, continues well into PL 5. Bronze is also the 
  TABLE 1-6: PL 0 ARMOR
  Armor
  Type
  Equipment 
  Bonus
  Nonprof.
  Bonus
  Max Dex
  Armor 
  Penalty
  Speed
  (30 ft.) 
  Weight 
  Purchase 
  DC
  Craft 
  (Structural) DC
  Padded
  Impromptu
  +1
  +1
  +8
  -0
  30
  4 lbs.
  10
  12
  Leather armor
  Light
  +2
  +1
  +6
  -0
  30
  15 lbs.
  12
  13
  Hide
  Medium
  +3
  +2
  +4
  -3
  25
  25 lbs.
  13
  14
  Furs
  Heavy
  +4
  +3
  +1
  -6
  20
  35 lbs.
  16
  14
  
  Blood and Time
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  Characters
  main component of gunmetal (the metallic part of a ﬁrearm) 
  until the discovery of steel.
  A bronze weapon breaks on a natural attack roll of 4 
  or less (masterwork bronze weapons only break on a 2 or 
  less). If a weapon breaks during a successful attack, normal 
  damage is still inﬂicted on the target. 
  Bronze weapons require a construction time equal to 6 
  hours times the Craft (structural) DC of the weapon. So a 
  bronze shortsword (DC 18) requires 4½ days to construct. 
  Wrought Iron: The ﬁrst iron tools, weapons and armor 
  appear during PL 1. Iron is most commonly encountered 
  naturally as hematite, a soft sandstone-like mineral not good 
  for much of anything, especially not weapons or armor. To 
  create iron that is hard and durable enough for weapons 
  and armor, it must be heated and combined with a preferred 
  chemical partner—in this case, carbon—through the 
  smelting process.
  Wrought iron is created through a process called 
  “blooming,” in which an air bellows is used to force air 
  through a pile of burning charcoal and iron ore. This process 
  creates enough heat to reduce the iron oxides to metallic 
  iron and transfers carbon from the coal to the iron. It is not 
  hot enough to melt the iron. Blooming results in a spongy 
  mass called a bloom, which collects at the bottom of the 
  furnace and is ﬁlled with ash, slag and other impurities. The 
  bloom is then reheated, beaten and folded repeatedly to beat 
  out the impurities. Finally, once an acceptable amount of 
  impurities has been removed, the iron is beaten into its ﬁnal 
  shape and cooled. 
  Obviously this process, which requires the iron to be kept 
  hot and beaten repeatedly over a long period of time, is 
  dangerous and time–consuming; it requires a smith of great 
  strength and endurance. 
  The material produced by this process, wrought iron, is 
  far from an ideal material and is in fact worse in many ways 
  than bronze. Bronze can be melted sufﬁciently to liquefy 
  it, allowing it to be “cast”—poured into molds that allow 
  complex shapes to be built. The blooming process does not 
  sufﬁciently heat iron to allow it to be cast, only beaten into 
  simple shapes. The iron itself is also signiﬁcantly heavier 
  than bronze and prone to deep nicks and cracks under hard 
  use. 
  A wrought iron weapon suffers damage on a natural 
  attack roll of 4 or less (masterwork iron weapons suffer 
  damage on a 2 or less). This damage imposes a permanent 
  attack penalty to the weapon of -1 and can be repaired with 
  a Repair skill check (DC 20). If the repair check to ﬁx a 
  damaged wrought iron weapon fails, the weapon may never 
  be repaired. A wrought iron weapon that suffers damage 
  while it is already damaged is destroyed. Repairing a 
  wrought iron weapon requires one hour and cannot be jury-
  rigged to decrease the repair time (see the Repair skill for 
  more information).
  Craft times for wrought iron are extremely long and 
  the following item creation times should be used rather 
  than those given in the Modern core rules: prior to the 8th 
  TABLE 1-7: PL 1 MELEE WEAPONS
  Weapon
  Damage
  Critical
  Damage Type
  Range Inc.
  Size
  Weight
  Purchase DC Craft (Struc-
  tural) DC
  Club, spiked
  1d6
  19-20
  Piercing
  10 ft.
  Medium
  3 lbs.
  5
  16
  Cudgel 
  1d10
  20
  Blunt
  ---
  Large
  5 lbs.
  7
  20
  Battleaxe, copper
  1d6
  20
  Slashing
  ---
  Large
  6 lbs.
  7
  14
  Battleaxe, bronze
  1d6
  19-20
  Slashing
  ---
  Large
  4 lbs.
  11
  16
  Battleaxe, iron
  1d8
  19-20
  Slashing 
  ---
  Large 
  9 lbs.
  15
  18
  Dagger, copper
  1d3
  20
  Piercing
  10 ft.
  Tiny
  1 lbs.
  4
  11
  Dagger, bronze
  1d3
  19-20
  Piercing
  10 ft.
  Tiny
  1 lbs.
  8
  13
  Dagger, iron
  1d4
  19-20
  Piercing 
  10 ft. 
  Tiny 
  3 lbs.
  13
  16
  Handaxe, copper
  1d4
  20
  Slashing
  10 ft.
  Small
  3 lbs.
  5
  12
  Handaxe, bronze
  1d4
  20
  Slashing
  10 ft.
  Small
  2 lbs.
  9
  14
  Handaxe, iron
  1d6
  20
  Slashing
  ---
  Small
  4 lbs.
  15
  18
  Mace, copper
  1d6
  20
  Blunt
  ---
  Medium
  8 lbs.
  7
  14
  Mace, bronze
  1d6
  20
  Blunt
  ---
  Medium
  6 lbs.
  11
  16
  Mace, iron
  1d8
  20
  Blunt 
  ---
  Medium 
  12 lbs.
  17
  20
  Shortsword, copper
  1d4
  20
  Piercing
  ---
  Small
  2 lbs.
  5
  12
  Shortsword, bronze
  1d4
  19-20
  Piercing
  ---
  Small
  1 lbs.
  9
  14
  Shortsword, iron
  1d6
  19-20
  Piercing
  ---
  Small
  3 lbs.
  15
  18
  Shortsword, gladius*
  1d6
  19-20
  Piercing  
  --- 
  Small 
  3 lbs.
  20
  23
  Spear, copper
  1d6
  20
  Piercing
  20 ft.
  Large
  9 lbs.
  7
  14
  Spear, bronze
  1d6
  20
  Piercing
  20 ft.
  Large
  6 lbs.
  11
  16
  Spear, iron
  1d8
  20
  Piercing 
  20 ft. 
  Large 
  12 lbs.
  17
  20
  Spear, copper (long)**
  1d6
  20
  Piercing
  ---
  Large
  9 lbs.
  9
  16
  Spear, bronze (long)**
  1d6
  20
  Piercing
  ---
  Large
  6 lbs.
  13
  18
  Spear, iron (long)**
  1d8
  20
  Piercing 
  ---  
  Large 
  12 lbs.
  19
  22
  Quarterstaff***
  1d6/1d6
  20
  Blunt
  ---
  Large
  4 lbs.
  5
  16
  * Due to the craftsmanship required to make these weapons, all should be considered masterwork weapons. 
  **Reach weapon.
  ***Double weapon.
  
  Blood and Time
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  Characters
  century, 1½ days times the Craft (structural) DC of the item; 
  from the 8th to 11th century, 1 day times the Craft (structural) 
  DC of the item; from the 12th century on, reduce the time by 
  one day for every 100 years. 
  For example, a smith in the year 500 requires 27 days to 
  make a wrought iron battleaxe; a smith in the 8th century 
  requires 18 days to make the same weapon; and a smith in 
  the 14th century requires 16 days.
  PL 1 Melee Weapons
  Club, spiked: Spikes are added to increase the damage 
  potential of the club. These spikes can be of almost any 
  substance harder than the wood itself, with bronze, iron and 
  stone (ﬂint or obsidian) being the most popular choices.
  Cudgel: This two-handed version of the hardwood club 
  provides even more damage potential than the spiked club, 
  and is another popular choice for the PL 1 warrior on a 
  budget. 
  Battleaxe: This larger, more dangerous axe is strictly 
  designed for combat, having completely shed its roots as a 
  tool. 
  Dagger: Small and concealable, the dagger is a potent 
  weapon in the hands of a skilled wielder. 
  Handaxe: Unlike the battleaxe, this weapon probably still 
  sees at least some use as a tool. 
  Mace: Taking the modiﬁcation of the club a step further 
  than the spiked club, damage is increased by replacing the 
  striking head of the club with metal. (Note that while the 
  damage of the copper and bronze mace are the same as that 
  of the hardwood club, the chance of breakage is reduced.)
  Shortsword: An extension of the dagger, the shortsword 
  is one of the most popular military weapons of PL 1 
  societies.
  Shortsword, gladius: The preferred weapon of the 
  Roman army, this sword carries the professional soldiers 
  of that empire to numerous victories and allows them to 
  dominate the known world for nearly a millennium. 
  Spear: The spear is all about keeping your opponent 
  at bay, killing him before he can get close to kill you. In 
  addition to inﬂicting respectable damage, spears come in 
  two varieties—one that can be thrown, and one that is a 
  reach weapon.
  Quarterstaff: A basic staff, the PL 1 model is usually 
  capped with metal at both ends to increase durability.
  PL 1 Ranged Weapons
  Arrow, broad: Broad arrows have wide cutting surfaces 
  designed to inﬂict maximum damage on unprotected ﬂesh. 
  Against targets wearing medium or heavier armor (or with 
  a natural armor bonus of higher than +4), broadhead arrows 
  suffer a -2 attack penalty.
  Arrow, armor piercing: Armor piercing arrows are 
  specially designed to punch through armor and represent 
  the ﬁrst attempts to overcome the increasingly heavy metal 
  armor that begin to appear in PL 1. An armor piercing arrow 
  is a touch attack against any creature not wearing medium 
  TABLE 1-8: PL 1 RANGED WEAPONS
  Weapon
  Damage
  Critical
  Damage 
  Type
  Range Inc.
  Size
  Weight
  Purchase 
  DC
  Craft (Struc-
  tural) DC
  Arrow, copper (broad)
  1d6
  20
  Slashing
  **
  Small
  1 lbs. (10)
  9 (12)
  14
  Arrow, copper (armor piercing)
  1d4
  20
  Piercing
  **
  Small
  1 lbs. (10)
  11 (12)
  16
  Arrow, bronze (broad)
  1d6
  20
  Slashing
  **
  Small
  1 lbs. (15)
  11 (12)
  16
  Arrow, bronze (armor piercing)
  1d4
  19-20
  Piercing
  **
  Small
  1 lbs. (15)
  13 (12)
  18
  Arrow, iron (broad)
  1d6
  20
  Slashing
  **
  Small
  1 lbs. (8)
  13 (12)
  18
  Arrow, iron (armor piercing)
  1d4
  19-20
  Piercing 
  **
  Small
  1 lbs. (8)
  15 (12)
  20
  Bullet
  1d4
  20
  Blunt
  **
  Tiny
  1 lbs. (5)
  9 (12)
  14
  Composite horsebow***
  *
  *
  *
  30 ft.
  Medium
  2 lbs.
  20
  25
  Composite shortbow
  *
  *
  *
  40 ft.
  Large
  2 lbs.
  18
  20
  Sling
  *
  *
  Blunt
  30 ft.
  Small
  1 lbs.
  5
  15
  *The damage of a bow or sling depends on the type of ammunition used.
  **The range of an arrow or sling stone depends on the bow or sling used. 
  *** Due to the craftsmanship required to make these weapons, all should be considered masterwork weapons.
  TABLE 1-9: PL 1 ARMOR
  Armor
  Type
  Equipment 
  Bonus
  Nonprof.
  Bonus
  Max Dex
  Armor 
  Penalty
  Speed
  (30 ft.) 
  Weight 
  Purchase 
  DC
  Craft 
  (Structural) DC
  Chain shirt, bronze
  Light 
  +3
  +1
  +4
  -2
  30 ft.
  16 lbs.
  18
  23
  Chain shirt, wrought iron
  Light
  +4
  +1
  +3
  -3
  30 ft.
  35 lbs.
  19
  24
  Ring mail, bronze
  Light
  +2
  +1
  +5
  -1
  30 ft.
  10 lbs.
  17
  22
  Ring mail, wrought iron 
  Light
  +3
  +1
  +4
  -2
  30 ft. 
  23 lbs.
  18
  23
  Scale mail, bronze
  Medium
  +3
  +2
  +3
  -4
  25 ft.
  20 lbs.
  18
  23
  Scale mail, wrought iron
  Medium
  +4
  +2
  +2
  -5
  25 ft.
  40 lbs.
  19
  24
  Breastplate, bronze 
  Medium
  +4
  +2
  +3
  -4
  25 ft.
  20 lbs.
  19
  24
  Breastplate, iron
  Medium
  +5
  +2
  +2
  -5
  25 ft.
  40 lbs.
  20
  25
  Lorica segmentata*
  Heavy
  +6
  +3
  +1
  -6
  20 ft.
  20 lbs.
  23
  31
  * Due to the craftsmanship required to make this armor, it should be considered masterwork.
  
  Blood and Time
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  Characters
  or heavy metallic armor. 
  Bullet: With the sling shifting from hunting tool to 
  important military weapon, the sling bullet becomes the 
  ammunition of choice, increasing the damage potential over 
  the simple stone. These are typically made of lead. 
  Composite horsebow: Speciﬁcally designed for use on 
  horseback, the composite horsebow gains a +1 equipment 
  bonus to attack rolls when ﬁred from horseback (this is 
  in addition to the bonus it gains for being a masterwork 
  weapon). 
  Composite horsebows allow the wielder to add his 
  Strength bonus to the damage of the attack (attack rolls are 
  still modiﬁed by Dexterity).
  Composite shortbow: By using two different materials, 
  one that resists compression and one that is strong under 
  tension, the range of the shortbow is improved. 
  Composite shortbows allow the wielder to add his 
  Strength bonus to the damage of the attack (attack rolls are 
  still modiﬁed by Dexterity). 
  Sling: These simple weapons are as popular with PL 1 
  armies as the shortbow. Although they can use rocks as 
  ammunition (inﬂicting the same damage as the PL 0 thrown 
  rock, but with a greatly improved range), the preferred 
  ammunition is the bullet. 
  PL 1 Armor
  Chain shirt: A shirt made of metal links woven together, 
  covering the chest and arms to the shoulders and extending 
  to mid-thigh. This is one of the oldest and most successful 
  metallic armors, used by cultures as wide-ranging as 5th-
  century BCE Scythia (where some of the earliest ﬁnds are 
  discovered) and the Roman army (where it is known as 
  lorica hamata); it is still in use well into the Middle Ages. 
  Ring mail: Like chain mail, but with larger rings. Since 
  piercing weapons can easily penetrate these large rings, they 
  are typically sewn onto a hard leather backing. 
  Scale mail: Small overlapping leather scales, typically 
  sewn onto a leather backing. Like chain mail, scale mail 
  is worn by the Roman army (where it is known as lorica 
  squamata). 
  Breast plate: Simple and efﬁcient, a solid chest covering 
  combined with a helmet, breastplates are among the longest-
  used pieces of armor. They can be found in the Greek 
  armies of the 1st millennium BCE all the way to the Spanish 
  Conquistadors 2,500 years later. 
  Lorica Segmentata: The army of the elite Roman 
  Legionnaire, this armor is composed of heavy iron bands 
  that overlap one another (what is sometimes referred to as 
  “banded mail”). This armor is only worn by the elite heavy 
  shock troops of the Roman army due to its complexity; it 
  can only be made by an experienced smith with a well-
  stocked smithy. Chain and scale mail, on the other hand, can 
  be made by simple slaves of the empire.
  This armor is so difﬁcult to make that it falls out of use in 
  the later Roman Empire (approximately the 3rd century) and 
  is not reintroduced until the 16th century CE, when rivets 
  make its construction much faster and simpler.    
  PL 2 Weapons and Armor
  By the Middle Ages, weapon design is becoming 
  increasingly sophisticated. The armies of Alexander and of 
  Rome designed weapons for speciﬁc modes of ﬁghting and 
  in PL 2 this specialization process continues, with weapons 
  and armor being designed to counter speciﬁc types of attack 
  or defense. Spears become increasingly sophisticated, 
  growing into pole arms—weapons which often combine 
  two of the most effective PL 1 weapons, the axe and the 
  spear, with a longer handle to devastate an enemy before 
  he can get close. Flails and morningstars come into use to 
  bypass shields rather than attempt to bash through them, 
  and the lance takes advantage of the stirrup to create the 
  ultimate mounted warrior: the knight. Ranged weapons 
  grow more sophisticated as well, taking two approaches: the 
  longbow, the ultimate pre-gunpowder ranged weapon for the 
  nation willing to commit to generations of training for its 
  TABLE 1-10: PL 2 MELEE WEAPONS
  Weapon
  Damage
  Critical
  Damage 
  Type
  Range Inc.
  Size
  Weight
  Purchase DC Craft (Struc-
  tural) DC
  Flail, wrought iron
  1d8
  20
  Bludgeoning
  ---
  Med.
  8 lbs.
  13
  18
  Glaive, wrought iron**
  1d10
  19-20
  Slashing
  ---
  Large
  15 lbs.
  15
  20
  Greataxe, wrought iron
  1d12
  19-20
  Slashing
  ---
  Large
  18 lbs.
  19
  24
  Greatsword, wrought iron
  1d12
  19-20
  Slashing
  ---
  Large
  12 lbs. 
  19
  24
  Guisarme, wrought iron**
  1d8
  19-20
  Slashing
  ---
  Large
  18 lbs.
  13
  18
  Halberd, wrought iron
  1d10
  19-20
  Piercing or 
  Slashing
  ---
  Large
  18 lbs.
  15
  20
  Lance, wrought iron**
  1d8
  19-20
  Piercing
  ---
  Large
  15 lbs.
  13
  18
  Longsword, wrought iron
  1d8
  19-20
  Slashing
  ---
  Med.
  6 lbs.
  13
  18
  Longsword, Damascus steel*
  1d8
  19-20
  Slashing
  ---
  Med.
  6 lbs.
  18
  23
  Ranseur, wrought iron**
  1d8
  19-20
  Piercing
  ---
  Large
  18 lbs.
  13
  18
  Scimitar, wrought iron
  1d6
  18-20
  Slashing
  ---
  Med.
  6 lbs.
  13
  18
  Scimitar, Damascus steel
  1d6
  18-20
  Slashing
  ---
  Med.
  4 lbs.
  18
  23
  Warhammer, wrought iron
  1d8
  19-20
  Bludgeoning
  ---
  Med.
  7 lbs.
  13
  18
  * Due to the craftsmanship required to make these weapons, all should be considered masterwork weapons. 
  **Reach weapon.
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 18
  Characters
  citizens; and the crossbow for those who want an effective 
  weapon that is easy to teach.  
  PL 2 Weapon Materials
  The Middle Ages period sees the introduction of the earliest 
  steels in Europe. This material gives Muslim warriors 
  a decided advantage in their struggles with Christians 
  throughout the Middle Ages.
  Damascus steel: Damascus steel is the name given in the 
  Middle Ages to the pre-industrial steel of India and Arabia. 
  Since this alloy is both hard and ﬂexible, it is the ideal 
  material for sword blades; it gave the Saracens a tremendous 
  advantage in their conﬂicts with Europe between 900 and 
  1700, when the metal was manufactured. After 1700, the 
  secret of making this metal was temporarily lost and was not 
  rediscovered until the modern era. 
  Damascus steel weapons have no chance to break. 
  Construction time is the same as a wrought iron weapon of 
  the same era, since the weapon is forged in much the same 
  manner. The difference is more in the material than in the 
  construction process. 
  PL 2 Melee Weapons
  Flail: The ﬂail, also known as the morningstar, combines 
  the striking power of the mace with the ﬂexibility of the 
  chain. Flails ignore shields when attacking and gain a +2 
  bonus on disarm attack rolls. The ﬂail can also be used to 
  execute trip attacks. 
  Glaive: The glaive is a reach weapon that essentially 
  takes the axe and extends the shaft even further. This makes 
  the weapon more effective against mounted opponents, 
  and makes it particularly useful for soldiers ﬁghting in 
  formation. 
  The glaive is a reach weapon that threatens targets 10 feet 
  away, but not those adjacent to the wielder.
  Greataxe: The greataxe is an extremely large axe. 
  Designed for two-handed use, it inﬂicts greater damage than 
  the standard battleaxe. 
  Greatsword: The greatsword is an extremely large two-
  handed sword that inﬂicts more damage than a traditional 
  one-handed sword. 
  Guisarme: The guisarme is a pole axe like the glaive, 
  with the addition of hooks that can be used for trip and 
  grapple attacks. The guisarme is also useful for unhorsing 
  mounted opponents. Any successful hit with a guisarme 
  forces a mounted opponent to make a Ride skill check (DC 
  equal to the attack roll) or be pulled from the saddle. 
  The guisarme is a reach weapon that threatens targets 10 
  feet away, but not those adjacent to the wielder.
  Halberd: The ultimate polearm, the halberd combines 
  some of the best features of the spear, the glaive and 
  guisarme into a weapon so potent (especially against 
  mounted opponents) that it contributes directly to the 
  decline of cavalry in the 15th and 16th centuries. With 
  the advent of gunpowder soon after, combat is removed 
  from the age of chivalry and takes on a more modern 
  characteristic (though by the 19th century, advances in 
  ﬁrearms cause cavalry to make another comeback). 
  The halberd can be set against a charge to inﬂict double 
  damage on a charging opponent. A halberd can also be 
  used for trip attacks, and if a hit is scored on a mounted 
  opponent he must make a Ride skill check or be unhorsed 
  (as described in the glaive entry above). 
  The halberd is a reach weapon that threatens targets 10 
  feet away, but not those adjacent to the wielder.
  Lance: The lance inﬂicts double damage when used in a 
  charge from the back of a horse. It can be used one-handed 
  while mounted. 
  The lance is a reach weapon that threatens targets 10 feet 
  away, but not those adjacent to the wielder.
  Longsword: A longer version of the sword suited to both 
  stabbing and slashing, this weapon grows in popularity 
  as the Roman Empire wanes and a more “barbarianized” 
  Europe takes shape. 
  Ranseur: The ranseur is a pike with numerous hooks and 
  projections around the tip to catch and bind an opponent’s 
  weapon. It gains a +2 bonus on disarm attack rolls. 
  The ranseur is a reach weapon that threatens targets 10 
  TABLE 1-11: PL 2 RANGED WEAPONS
  Weapon
  Damage
  Critical
  Damage 
  Type
  Range Inc.
  Size
  Weight
  Purchase 
  DC
  Craft (Struc-
  tural) DC
  Crossbow, light
  *
  *
  *
  30 ft.
  Med.
  4 lbs.
  15
  20
  Crossbow, heavy
  *
  *
  *
  40 ft.
  Large
  8 lbs.
  18
  23
  Composite longbow (exotic)**
  *
  *
  * 
  50 ft.
  Large
  3 lbs.
  25
  30
  *The damage of a bow or sling depends on the type of ammunition used.
  ** Due to the craftsmanship required to make these weapons, all should be considered masterwork weapons.
  TABLE 1-12: PL 2 ARMOR
  Armor
  Type
  Equipment 
  Bonus
  Nonprof.
  Bonus
  Max Dex
  Armor 
  Penalty
  Speed
  (30 ft.) 
  Weight 
  Purchase 
  DC
  Craft 
  (Structural) DC
  Chain mail
  Medium
  +5
  +2
  +1
  -6
  20 ft.
  50 lbs.
  20
  25
  Chain mail, full
  Heavy
  +7
  +3
  +0
  -7
  20 ft.*
  60 lbs.
  22
  27
  Plate mail
  Heavy
  +8
  +3
  +0
  -8
  20 ft.*
  70 lbs.
  23
  28
  Full plate mail**
  Heavy
  +9
  +3
  +1
  -6
  20 ft.*
  75 lbs.
  26
  34
  * A character wearing this armor may not charge or run. 
  ** Due to the craftsmanship required to make this armor, it should be considered masterwork.
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 19
  Characters
  feet away, but not those adjacent to the wielder.  
  Scimitar: The scimitar is a saber with a heavy slashing 
  blade that inﬂicts tremendous damage. It lacks some of 
  the versatility of the longsword, since it is not usable as a 
  stabbing weapon. Still, this weapon is popular for centuries 
  and is still carried by cavalry ofﬁcers as late as the 19th 
  century.
  Warhammer: A heavy hammer, these simple weapons 
  are still effective on the battleﬁeld. 
  PL 2 Ranged Weapons
  Crossbow, light: The crossbow is one of two major 
  advances in ranged combat that occur in PL 2, the other 
  being the composite longbow (frequently referred to as the 
  English longbow or Welsh longbow). Despite the fact that 
  the longbow has better range and is more powerful than 
  the crossbow, these weapons were so feared that they were 
  temporarily banned by the Catholic Church as being “un-
  Christian.” 
  The reason for this weapon’s fearsome reputation lies 
  in the fact that it is more powerful than the shortbow, and 
  easier to use and more versatile than the longbow. Unlike 
  the longbow, which takes decades to master and requires 
  a man of great physical strength and endurance to use, the 
  crossbow is fairly easy to master and can be used while 
  kneeling or even laying down. 
  These factors lead to the crossbow’s slow replacement of 
  the shortbow throughout the Middle Ages, especially during 
  siege warfare, when archers could take better advantage of 
  cover when ﬁring at the enemy. 
  Loading a crossbow is a move action that provokes an 
  attack of opportunity. It requires two free hands to load. 
  The crossbow uses the ammunition listed in PL 1 ranged 
  weapons. All the arrows listed and the bullet can be ﬁred 
  from a crossbow (crossbows ﬁring stone or lead bullets 
  are actually the ﬁrst crossbows to appear and are known as 
  stonebows).
  Firing a crossbow can be done one-handed, but the 
  wielder suffers a -2 penalty to his attack roll when using the 
  weapon one-handed. 
  Crossbow, heavy: The heavy crossbow is a larger, more 
  powerful weapon. It requires a full round to load and if ﬁred 
  one-handed the wielder takes a -4 penalty to his attack roll. 
  The crossbow uses the ammunition listed in PL 1 ranged 
  weapons. All the arrows listed and the bullet can be ﬁred 
  from a crossbow (crossbows ﬁring stone or lead bullets 
  are actually the ﬁrst crossbows to appear and are known as 
  stonebows). A bullet ﬁred from a heavy crossbow inﬂicts 
  1d6 damage rather than the usual 1d4.
  An armor piercing arrow ﬁred from a heavy crossbow is 
  treated as a touch attack against light and medium armor 
  (normal armor piercing arrows are touch attacks against 
  light armor only). 
  Composite longbow (Exotic Weapon): Until the 
  advent of gunpowder, the composite longbow was the most 
  powerful ranged weapon ever devised. For the monarch 
  willing to invest in the decades-long training required 
  to use it effectively, this weapon provides a unique and 
  powerful advantage, allowing small, lightly equipped forces 
  to destroy much larger and heavier armed opponents (as 
  seen in the British defeat of the French at the Battle of 
  Agincourt). 
  Despite its range and power, the composite longbow has 
  numerous drawbacks. First, the weapon can only be ﬁred 
  while standing and the archer is ﬂat-footed on the round 
  that he ﬁres. Effective use of the composite longbow thus 
  requires either cover or the protection of pikemen. (The 
  Welsh were notorious for using rough mountainous terrain 
  in combination with the longbow for devastating guerilla 
  campaigns.) 
  The composite longbow ﬁres the arrows listed under PL 1 
  missile weapons. 
  Secondly, the longbow requires decades to master (thus 
  the old saying “to create a longbowman, start with his 
  father”). This is represented in game terms by the longbow’s 
  classiﬁcation as an exotic weapon, requiring a feat to use 
  without penalty. 
  Of course, the weapon’s abilities compensate for these 
  drawbacks. First, a longbowman, unlike a character armed 
  with a crossbow, can make his full allotment of attacks. 
  Second, this weapon is more powerful that any pre-
  gunpowder weapon. All arrows ﬁred from a longbow are 
  considered armor piercing, meaning that they are touch 
  attacks against light armor. When using armor piercing 
  arrows, all ranged attacks are treated as touch attacks, even 
  against targets wearing heavy suits of full chain or plate.  
  PL 2 Armor
  Chain mail: As the need for heavier armor increases, 
  suits of chain mail, the best armor available for thousands 
  of years, begin to get heavier and cover more of the body. 
  Evolving far beyond the simple chain shirts of PL 1, chain 
  mail of this period appears in a wide variety of types—from 
  chain that covers the arms and extends down to mid-thigh 
  (chain mail on the table) all the way to full body suits of 
  chain with coverings for the head, feet and hands (full chain 
  mail on the table).
  Plate mail: A step up from the full chain suit, this 
  armor uses chain to cover the arms, legs and head but adds 
  a breastplate and helmet for additional head and chest 
  protection. 
  Full plate mail: Appearing at the very end of the era, 
  this armor is solid metal from head to toe, using articulated 
  joints to allow movement, leaving no “weak link” areas 
  of chain at the joints. Although the protection this armor 
  offered is second to none, its use is short-lived; soon the 
  power of the longbow and the emerging use of gunpowder 
  weapons make armor requirements too severe even for a 
  mounted warrior. Developed at the end of the 15th century, 
  this armor is strictly ceremonial less than 100 years later. 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 20
  Characters
  PL 3 Weapons and Armor
  In terms of weaponry, PL 3 marks a transition period 
  between the age of armor and the age of the gun. All the 
  weapons and armor of earlier PLs are present but are used 
  in different ways, typically in support of early ﬁrearms. 
  Though these early ﬁrearms are impractical in many ways, 
  their appearance revolutionizes warfare and forces tacticians 
  to adopt new strategies. 
  Since early ﬁrearms have very slow rates of ﬁre, pikes 
  are used to protect gunners, much as they were to protect 
  archers. Swords are still carried by gentlemen for hand-to-
  hand engagements and to settle matters of honor, but the 
  sword is beginning its slow decline from essential battleﬁeld 
  weapon to martial symbol. 
  Firearms and Armor
  PL 3 sees the soldier evolve from a heavily armored 
  mounted knight to an unarmored foot soldier. The reason 
  for this is the introduction of black-powder weapons that 
  ﬁre projectiles at extremely high speeds. These weapons are 
  even better at penetrating armor than the longbow (though 
  they are inferior to it in almost every other way). Against 
  any armor of PL 4 and below, these weapons are considered 
  touch attacks, bypassing armor completely. It isn’t until the 
  development of such modern materials as Kevlar (in PL 5) 
  that armor again returns to the battleﬁeld.  
  PL 3 Weapon Materials
  PL 3 sees widespread adoption of steel, as the methods of 
  making this substance become widely known. Once the 
  advantage of a select few cultures, steel is the universal 
  standard in PL 3 societies, 
  Steel: PL 3 sees the introduction of practical steel. While 
  steel had existed in China, in Europe and the Middle East, 
  it was too rare for large-scale projects such as armor, and 
  was used for swords alone. With the arrival of plentiful steel 
  in PL3, any earlier metallic weapon can be fashioned from 
  steel instead.
  Steel weapons inﬂict the same damage as their wrought 
  iron counterparts but have no chance for damage or 
  breakage and weigh 50% as much. In addition, steel armor 
  has its maximum Dexterity increased by one and its armor 
  check penalty lessened by one. 
  PL 3 Melee Weapons
  Rapier: This “gentleman’s sword” is too light to 
  effectively penetrate heavy armor but is worn as a status 
  symbol and a way to settle disputes in dueling contests. 
  Rapiers suffer a -1 penalty to attack rolls against Medium 
  metallic armor and a -2 penalty on attack rolls against 
  Heavy metallic armor. 
  Cavalry Saber: This heavy slashing weapon is used as a 
  back-up weapon by cavalry forces in many PL3 armies. It is 
  extremely similar to the scimitar of earlier progress levels, 
  which was also a popular weapon among mounted soldiers.
  PL 3 Firing Mechanisms
  Another advance of PL 3 is the development of practical 
  small arms. At ﬁrst unreliable and expensive, the ﬁring 
  mechanisms that are the heart of these early small arms 
  gradually become more reliable and practical as PL 3 
  advances. 
  Matchlock: The matchlock, which ushers in the age 
  of small arms on the battleﬁeld, is the result of several 
  technical innovations. The ﬁrst is the development of the 
  earliest trigger, called a serpentine because of its s-curved 
  shape. The serpentine is located on the side of the weapon 
  rather than in the traditional location of a trigger today, and 
  swiveling it simply brings a slow-burning match down onto 
  a pan of black powder (covered to protect it from wind and 
  rain). While this was a tremendous improvement over earlier 
  attempts at ﬁring mechanisms, one last step remained to 
  turn the matchlock into a reliable system for the battleﬁeld: 
  a true trigger, internalized in the weapon’s stock. Once this 
  innovation was achieved the matchlock harquebus was born. 
  Since locksmiths were the only large body of craftsmen 
  capable of performing the precision engineering needed for 
  these new weapons of war, they came to be called locks, 
  a name that was applied to these ﬁring mechanisms for 
  centuries. 
  A matchlock weapon takes a full round to reload and 
  requires a full round to ﬁre. It misﬁres on a natural attack 
  roll of 4 or less (6 or less in windy or rainy conditions, or if 
  the attacker has moved between the loading and ﬁring of the 
  weapon). On a natural attack roll of 2 or less, the weapon 
  has misﬁred and jammed, requiring 1 minute (10 rounds) 
  to clean and clear before it can be ﬁred again. On a natural 
  attack roll of 1 the round explodes, inﬂicting damage equal 
  to the weapon’s normal damage on the wielder; the weapon 
  cannot be used until repaired, requiring at least one hour of 
  work and a Repair skill check (DC 15).  
  Wheel lock: Of the many disadvantages of the matchlock, 
  the one that proved the most difﬁcult for the soldier was 
  the need to keep the match smoldering, ready to ignite the 
  powder when it was time to ﬁre. If the match went out, 
  the soldier was faced with the difﬁcult task of relighting 
  it, possibly while under ﬁre. The solution to this was the 
  wheel lock, which used a spring-loaded mechanism to rub 
  iron pyrite against a serrated wheel. This caused sparks to 
  rain down on the ﬂash pan. Although the wheel lock was 
  a signiﬁcant improvement over the matchlock, especially 
  TABLE 1-13: PL 3 MELEE WEAPONS
  Weapon
  Damage
  Critical
  Damage Type
  Range Inc.
  Size
  Weight
  Purchase DC
  Craft (Struc-
  tural) DC
  Rapier
  1d6
  19-20
  Piercing
  ---
  Med.
  2 lbs.
  13
  18
  Cavalry saber
  1d6
  18-20
  Slashing
  ---
  Med.
  3 lbs.
  13
  18
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 21
  Characters
  in that it could be loaded and primed and then holstered 
  until it was ready to be ﬁred, the mechanism was extremely 
  complicated to make and thus expensive. Thus, the wheel 
  lock never had a signiﬁcant impact on the development of 
  ﬁrearms and was only used by a few wealthy ofﬁcers in the 
  militaries of the day. 
  A wheel lock weapon takes a full round to load and 
  requires an attack action to ﬁre. It misﬁres on a natural 
  attack roll of 3 or less (4 or less in rain). On a natural attack 
  roll of 2 or less the weapon has misﬁred and jammed, 
  requiring 1 minute (10 rounds) to clean and clear before it 
  can be ﬁred again. On a natural attack roll of 1 the round 
  explodes, inﬂicting damage equal to the weapon’s normal 
  damage on the wielder; the weapon cannot be used until 
  repaired, requiring at least one hour of work and a Repair 
  skill check (DC 15).  
  Flintlock: The ﬂintlock shares many of the advantages of 
  the wheel lock but is far less expensive. Like the wheel lock, 
  the ﬂintlock can be loaded in advance and then ﬁred at any 
  time. Since it uses a much simpler mechanism that strikes a 
  piece of ﬂint against steel, adapted from ﬁre-starting kits of 
  the day, it could be manufactured more easily and cheaply. 
  The ﬂintlock can also be loaded faster than either the 
  matchlock or the wheel lock.
  A ﬂintlock requires a move action to load and requires an 
  attack action to ﬁre. It misﬁres on a natural attack roll of 3 
  or less (4 or less in rain). On a natural attack roll of 2 or less 
  the weapon has misﬁred and jammed, requiring 1 minute 
  (10 rounds) to clean and clear before it can be ﬁred again. 
  On a natural attack roll of 1 the round explodes, inﬂicting 
  damage equal to the weapon’s normal damage on the 
  wielder; the weapon cannot be used until repaired, requiring 
  at least 30 minutes of work and a Repair skill check (DC 
  10).
  Advanced ﬂintlock: As arms makers in Britain, France 
  and the ﬂedgling United States start to use standardized 
  parts from the industrial revolution, their ﬁrearms begin a 
  process of gradual improvement and increased reliability. 
  These advanced muskets gradually become lighter, while 
  the muzzle velocity of the weapons (and thus their damage) 
  increases. Precision manufacturing (as opposed to individual 
  craftsmanship) also results in more reliable weapons. 
  All weapons on the table below noted as AF make use of 
  these advanced ﬂintlocks and misﬁre only on a 2 or less. On 
  a natural attack roll of 1 the weapon either jams or explodes 
  (50% chance) as described above. 
  PL 3 Ranged Weapons
  Harquebus: The harquebus, sometimes called the 
  arquebus or backbut, is the ﬁrst ﬁrearm ﬁred from the 
  shoulder with a riﬂe-like stock; its appearance revolutionizes 
  warfare. A heavy weapon with tremendous recoil, the 
  weapon is often ﬁred from a support. The harquebus is 
  in widespread use from the mid-15th through the mid-16th 
  centuries (though isolated examples of its use continue well 
  into the 18th century). In the mid-16th century the musket 
  becomes the preferred weapon of Europe’s militaries. 
  A harquebus ﬁred without a support of some kind suffers 
  a -2 penalty to attack rolls. 
  Musket: A larger version of the harquebus, the musket is 
  developed in Spain and quickly spreads throughout Europe 
  in the 16th century. The earliest muskets are matchlocks, 
  but by the 17th century the ﬂintlock has supplanted this 
  older ﬁring mechanism. These early muskets are 5½ feet 
  long and are often carried by a crew of two men, with one 
  coordinating the reloading procedures and one ﬁring from a 
  support stand.
  A musket ﬁred without a support of some kind suffers a -2 
  penalty on attack rolls. 
  Brown Bess musket: The ofﬁcial weapon of the British 
  Army, this weapon went through three models and was 
  known as the “Long Land,” “Short Land,” and “India 
  Pattern” musket in Britain. Americans referred to all three 
  as the “Brown Bess.” The Model 1 Brown Bess had a 
  barrel length of 46 inches and ﬁred a 19mm round. After 
  experience in the French and Indian War revealed that 
  a lighter weapon would be more versatile, the Model 2 
  was developed, with a 42-inch barrel. Finally in 1797 the 
  India Pattern musket was adopted, with its even shorter 
  TABLE 1-14: PL 3 RANGED WEAPONS
  Weapon
  Damage
  Critical
  Damage 
  Type
  Range Inc.
  Size
  Weight
  Purchase 
  DC
  Craft (Struc-
  tural) DC
  Harquebus, matchlock
  2d6
  20
  Ballistic
  30 ft.
  Large
  10 lbs.
  17
  22
  Harquebus, wheel lock*
  2d6
  20
  Ballistic
  30 ft.
  Large
  10 lbs.
  22
  27
  Musket, wheel lock*
  2d8
  20
  Ballistic
  40 ft.
  Large
  20 lbs.
  26
  31
  Musket, ﬂintlock
  2d8
  20
  Ballistic 
  40 ft.
  Large
  20 lbs.
  21
  26
  Pistol, wheel lock*
  2d6
  20
  Ballistic
  20 ft.
  Med.
  5 lbs.
  22
  27
  Pistol, ﬂintlock
  2d6
  20
  Ballistic
  20 ft.
  Med.
  5 lbs.
  17
  22
  Brown Bess musket, Model 1 (AF)
  2d10
  20
  Ballistic
  40 ft.
  Large
  18 lbs.
  23
  28
  Brown Bess musket, Model 2 (AF)
  2d10
  20
  Ballistic
  40 ft.
  Large
  16 lbs.
  23
  28
  Brown Bess musket, Model 3 (AF)
  2d10
  20
  Ballistic
  50 ft. 
  Large
  14 lbs.
  25
  30
  Baker Riﬂe (AF)*
  2d10
  20
  Ballistic
  60 ft.
  Large
  14 lbs.
  32
  37
  Modele 1763 musket (AF)
  2d10
  20
  Ballistic
  30 ft.
  Large
  18 lbs.
  21
  26
  Modele 1777 musket (AF)
  2d10
  20
  Ballistic
  40 ft.
  Large
  16 lbs.
  23
  28
  Model 1795 musket (AF)
  2d10
  20
  Ballistic
  50 ft.
  Large
  16 lbs.
  25
  30
  Model 1842 musket (AF)*
  2d10
  20 
  Ballistic 
  50 ft.
  Large 
  14 lbs.
  25 
  30
  * Due to the craftsmanship required to make these weapons, all should be considered masterwork weapons. 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 22
  Characters
  39-inch barrel. During the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and 
  the War of 1812, over 1.6 million of Model 3 Brown Bess 
  muskets were constructed by British ordnance ofﬁcials, 
  headquartered at the Tower of London.  
  These weapons do not require a rest to be effective and 
  can be ﬁred from the shoulder unaided without penalty.
  Pistol: With the invention of the wheel lock it becomes 
  possible to load a weapon and then sheath it, carrying it 
  until needed. These weapons are carried by soldiers who 
  can afford them as back-up weapons in case of misﬁre, but 
  their limited range keeps them from being truly effective 
  battleﬁeld weapons. 
  Baker riﬂe: The British Baker riﬂe might be the ﬁrst 
  sniper riﬂe ever created. Firearms designers realized early 
  on the beneﬁts of a riﬂed barrel—a barrel with grooves 
  inside to give the bullet an aerodynamic spin and increased 
  accuracy. These grooves made loading from the muzzle (the 
  standard practice) difﬁcult, and so despite an understanding 
  of the concept of riﬂing, very few early muskets were 
  designed to use it. 
  The Baker riﬂe was an exception. A muzzle-loading 
  musket with a riﬂed barrel, this weapon is unmatched in PL 
  3 warfare for its range and accuracy. Although this weapon 
  takes longer to load (increase the loading time from a move 
  action to a full round), its range allows specialized teams of 
  marksmen to harass enemy units at extreme range. 
  Modele 1763 and 1777 muskets: The Modele 1763 was 
  the ﬁrst standardized French small arm, rather primitive 
  compared to its British counterpart. The Modele 1777 was a 
  major leap forward, making this weapon the ﬁrst true match 
  for British small arms. Unfortunately this weapon was 
  not produced in sufﬁcient numbers early enough to allow 
  the French to overcome the British. If mass production of 
  the Modele 1777 was adopted earlier, the outcome of the 
  Napoleonic Wars would be quite different (this would make 
  an excellent hotspot in the timeline). 
  These weapons do not require a rest to be effective and 
  can be ﬁred from the shoulder unaided without penalty. 
  Model 1795 and 1842 muskets: After its emancipation 
  from Britain, the United States began its own ﬁrearms 
  production program based at national armories in 
  Springﬁeld, Massachusetts and Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. 
  The ﬁrst weapon made was the Model 1795, an American 
  version of the superb French Modele 1777. These national 
  armories proved great sources of innovation; the later Model 
  1842 represented a turning-point in the arms of the world. 
  Previously America had been copying the techniques of 
  Europe; after the introduction of the Model 1842, other 
  nations were soon attempting to copy what they called the 
  “American System” —large-scale production of weapons 
  made possible by the use of interchangeable parts. 
  Another advancement of the Model 1842 was the use 
  of percussion caps, which were easily adapted to ﬂintlock 
  muskets and made the weapons even easier to handle (these 
  weapons, at the cusp of PL 4, only misﬁre on a roll of 1). 
  PL 3 Explosive/Splash Weapons
  Grenade: Grenades, named after the bulbous 
  pomegranate which they resembled, ﬁrst came into use 
  in the 15th century. They were so useful for assaulting 
  fortiﬁcations (where enemy soldiers were packed together 
  to defend ditches or breaches) that specialized units called 
  grenadiers were organized and trained to use these weapons. 
  Since accidents were common, these soldiers received 
  higher pay, extra privileges, and were allowed to wear 
  distinctive headdresses called shako. They were typically 
  armed with an axe, both for use in hand-to-hand combat 
  and because the axe was handy for hacking through the 
  fortiﬁcations they were trained to assault. 
  Grenades require a move action to light their fuse. On a 
  natural attack roll of two, the grenade does not go off. On a 
  natural attack roll of one, it goes off in the wielder’s hand, 
  automatically inﬂicting maximum damage (18 points), 
  though a Reﬂex saving throw for half damage is still 
  allowed. 
  PL 4 Weapons and Armor
  PL 4 continues to see the ﬁrearm as the predominate 
  weapon on the battleﬁeld. With the Industrial Revolution 
  in full swing, ﬁrearms continue to be improved with 
  the revolver, bolt-action riﬂe, and manual machine gun 
  (commonly known as the Gatling gun) all making their ﬁrst 
  appearances. 
  This Progress Level also sees smokeless powder replace 
  black powder. This innovation, along with percussion 
  caps, rimﬁre cartridges, and in 1881 the full-length copper-
  jacketed cartridge, eliminates the threat of misﬁre so 
  common with the ﬁrearms of PL 3.
  PL 4 Ranged Weapons
  Minie riﬂe: French Captain Claude-Etienne Minie solved 
  the problem of the muzzle-loading riﬂed musket. His 
  weapon, known as the Minie riﬂe, allowed muzzle-loaded 
  ﬁrearms to be easily loaded with a new type of bullet he 
  invented, the Minie ball. The new bullets ﬂew with even 
  greater accuracy than that of the Baker riﬂe. Other countries 
  TABLE 1-15: PL 3 EXPLOSIVE/SPLASH WEAPONS
  Weapon
  Damage
  Critical
  Damage 
  Type
  Burst
  Rad.
  Reﬂex 
  DC
  Range Inc.
  Size
  Weight
  Purchase 
  DC
  Craft 
  (Structural) DC
  Grenade
  3d6
  ---
  Concussion
  10 ft.
  15
  10 ft.
  Tiny
  1 lb.
  17
  22
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 23
  Characters
  took note and Minie riﬂes were soon in use in the armies 
  of Britain and the United States. The British version of 
  this weapon was called the P/51; the American version 
  was known as the Model 1861. The age of the smoothbore 
  was over, and the age of the riﬂe had begun. The value and 
  power of these weapons were soon tested in heavy combat, 
  with the Model 1861 serving as the primary infantry weapon 
  for the North and the South in the American Civil War. 
  Breech-loading riﬂe: The breech-loading riﬂe allows a 
  soldier to load and ﬁre quickly. Although these weapons are 
  loaded as a free action, they may still only be ﬁred once per 
  round. In other words, the wielder can load, ﬁre and move 
  each round. 
  Revolver: In 1835 Samuel Colt patented the cap-and-ball 
  revolver. This weapon could be loaded with ﬁve (sometimes 
  six) rounds at once and then ﬁred repeatedly. Early revolvers 
  had to be loaded much as muzzle-loaders, with each 
  chamber requiring a move action to load (meaning that a 
  complete loading for a 6-chamber revolver would take three 
  full rounds). In 1857, when Colt’s patent on the revolver 
  expired, Horace Smith and Daniel P. Wesson introduced 
  the cartridge revolver, which allowed jacketed bullets to be 
  loaded from the rear. (This weapon is reloaded as a modern 
  revolver from the Modern core rules). The revolver is the 
  earliest weapon that allows a character his full range of 
  attacks (it may be ﬁred more than once per round as part of 
  a full attack if the shooter is capable of multiple attacks). 
  Bolt-action riﬂe: The bolt-action riﬂe uses the innovative 
  cartridge magazine to ﬁre multiple rounds in succession. 
  This is the ﬁrst true semi-automatic weapon and allows the 
  wielder his full range of attacks. The smokeless-powder 
  bolt-action, magazine-fed repeating riﬂe was soon in use by 
  every major army in the world, and would be the primary 
  weapon used by these powers in the First World War.
  TABLE 1-16: PL 4 RANGED WEAPONS
  Weapon
  Damage
  Critical
  Damage 
  Type
  Range Inc.
  ROF
  Mag.
  Size
  Weight
  Purchase 
  DC
  Craft 
  (Structural) DC
  Minie riﬂe
  2d8
  20
  Ballistic
  70 ft.
  Single
  1 Int.
  Large
  12 lbs.
  23
  28
  Breech-loading riﬂe
  2d8
  20
  Ballistic
  70 ft.
  Single
  1 Int.
  Large
  10 lbs.
  25
  30
  Revolver
  2d6
  20
  Ballistic
  30 ft.
  S
  5 or 6 cyl.
  Med.
  6 lbs.
  17
  22
  Bolt-action riﬂe
  2d8
  20
  Ballistic
  80 ft.
  S
  5 box
  Large
  10 lbs.
  25
  30
  Gatling gun
  2d10
  20
  Ballistic
  70 ft.
  A
  Linked
  Huge
  80 lbs.
  30
  35
  TABLE 1-17: SHIELDS
  Armor
  Equipment 
  Bonus
  Armor 
  Penalty
  Weight 
  Purchase DC
  Craft 
  (Structural) DC
  Small shield
  +1
  -0
  2 lbs.
  12
  15
  Large shield
  +2
  -0
  1 lbs.
  16
  18
  Gatling gun: The ﬁrst true machine gun, the 6- or 10-
  barreled Gatling gun was a hand-cranked manual machine 
  gun that could be ﬁred for long periods of time, with stacks 
  of rounds continuously fed into the weapon. This gun 
  was used in limited numbers in Cuba during the Spanish-
  American War, where the tactics and usefulness of mass-
  ﬁre weapons began to spark the imaginations of military 
  tacticians. 
  Shields (all progress levels)
  Although the shield has been reduced to use by riot control 
  forces in modern warfare, it is one of the most important 
  ancient protective devices. In time travel games where 
  travelers cannot bring technology with them into the past, 
  familiarity with this protective device will add greatly to a 
  character’s chances for survival. 
  Shield Defense and the Advance of  
  Technology: 
  All shields grant either a +1 Equipment bonus to Defense 
  (if small) or a +2 Equipment bonus to Defense (if large). 
  As technology advances, however, weapon materials are 
  improved and shield technology must improve to keep 
  pace. Shields are therefore only useful against attacks from 
  weapons of their own PL or earlier. For example, a PL 0 
  shield would provide no defense against the weapons of the 
  Bronze Age, and would being easily pierced or shattered by 
  such an attack.  
  Shields are also ineffective against ballistic attacks at PLs 
  3-5. 
  Shields are typically constructed of the same materials as 
  the armors of their era. 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 24
  Temporal Mechanics
  This chapter discusses the “how” of time travel, which must 
  be determined by the Gamemaster before any campaign can 
  take place. Rather than provide one set of time travel rules, 
  this chapter discusses several different options, allowing 
  the Gamemaster to choose the temporal mechanics most 
  appropriate for the type of campaign he wants to run.
  Method of  Travel
  The precise method by which the characters travel through 
  time has an enormous impact on the feel of the campaign. 
  Do they use a mysterious mystic artifact, a captured alien 
  device, a complicated 
  slingshot around 
  the sun or a natural 
  phenomenon? Each of 
  these methods could 
  have unique rules 
  and limitations that 
  govern how and 
  why the PCs travel 
  through the eons. 
  When deciding 
  upon a method of 
  time travel, the 
  Gamemaster should 
  consider the 
  following issues, 
  all of which are 
  discussed in more 
  detail below: power 
  source, accuracy, 
  preparation time, 
  effects of transport, 
  and size/weight 
  restrictions on 
  transport.
  Power 
  Source
  What powers a time 
  machine inﬂuences the 
  ﬂavor of the campaign more 
  than it does the actual mechanics of time 
  travel. If the power source is rare and/or 
  expensive, time travel will be conducted 
  only for important purposes. This rules 
  out ﬂights of fancy and tourism (unless the tourist is very 
  rich) and puts time travel on a par with modern spaceﬂight 
  as something only done by governments and the ultra-rich. 
  On the other hand, if time travel is cheap and inexpensive, 
  and if the technology is commonly known, anyone can take 
  a jaunt through time—putting time travel on the level of the 
  automobile. Without strict enforcement of laws governing 
  time travel and interaction with the past, this could lead to 
  a widespread muddling of the timestream. Travel to certain 
  time periods would have to be restricted or forbidden to 
  avoid contamination; the cruciﬁxion of Christ, for example, 
  would probably be affected by millions of time travelers 
  showing up to watch. 
  One last consideration when determining the 
  power source of the campaign’s mode of time 
  travel is whether that source is mystical 
  or technological. If the power source is 
  mystical, then time travel might have 
  always existed, leading to the possibility of 
  visitors from the past and not just the future. 
  These sorcerers from the past 
  might attempt to change 
  the future (perhaps to 
  prevent the industrial 
  revolution and keep 
  technology from 
  supplanting magic, for 
  example) just as a visitor 
  from the future might 
  seek to alter the past.
  Accuracy
  The accuracy of a time 
  travel method, like the 
  nature of its power source, 
  helps determine how 
  often those in possession 
  of a means of traveling 
  through time are willing 
  to use it. If the method is 
  accurate only within 100 
  years, for example, then 
  there would be little point 
  in trying to use it to witness 
  or change an event that 
  only happened on a speciﬁc 
  day (such as Lincoln’s 
  assassination). 
  It might be interesting to 
  Chapter II: 
  Temporal Mechanics
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 25
  Temporal Mechanics
  combine low-accuracy time travel with a campaign where 
  history is easily altered at hotspots, but where arriving at 
  those hotspots requires pinpoint accuracy. For example, if 
  preventing Pearl Harbor would radically affect the course of 
  World War II, travelers might be forced to send dozens of 
  teams back in time in a shotgun-like pattern attempting to 
  hit the critical target date.
  Another condition that might arise from inaccurate travel 
  is the concept of time “sleeper agents.” If Pearl Harbor can 
  be prevented and history changed, but only on December 7, 
  1941, then a team arriving in 1930 might be expected to stay 
  and wait, blending in with the population, making sure they 
  are in Hawaii on that fateful day for their chance to change 
  history.
  By contrast, if time travel is very accurate, then it would 
  be preferable to make a few short trips rather than one 
  long one, decreasing the chance of contaminating the 
  past. One quick trip might be made to scout the layout of 
  Ford’s Theater when it is empty and then another, arriving 
  minutes before Lincoln’s assassination, to make the desired 
  observations or changes. 
  Of course, accuracy might not be temporal. A team of 
  travelers might be able to arrive at the year, the day or even 
  the hour of their choosing, but ﬁnd themselves scattered 
  around the globe. This would lead mission planners to target 
  times well in advance of the target date to allow the mission 
  team time to regroup and coordinate before heading to their 
  objective.  
  Preparation Time
  Preparation time factors into the tone of the campaign in 
  much the same way as the power source. Are trips through 
  time like modern interstellar missions, requiring years of 
  training and preparation before the fateful insertion into 
  the past? Or do the PCs sit in a ready room playing poker, 
  waiting for an orderly to burst in and yell “someone just 
  assassinated Scipio, let’s roll”?
  Time machines that require years (or decades) of 
  preparation might mean that travelers are expected to stay 
  for long periods of time. This would be especially true on 
  missions of observation rather than conquest or timeline-
  alteration. The time historian would be expected to blend 
  in and record years or even decades of history before being 
  retrieved. 
  A lengthy preparation time also means the heroes can 
  expect less support if they get in trouble, since there will 
  be long “windows” between expeditions. If the preparation 
  time is very lengthy (more than six months), the agency 
  for which the characters work might be unwilling to waste 
  another half-year on one mission and might decide not to 
  send help at all. The timestream is a big “place,” and if only 
  60 missions can be conducted in 30 years, then any time 
  agency must choose carefully and be prepared to accept 
  some losses. 
  Effects of  Transport
  The effects of time travel on the traveler affects the 
  campaign in very tangible, mechanical ways. Do the PCs 
  arrive naked and vomiting, or do they arrive in 28th-century 
  combat regalia with full possession of their faculties? Time 
  travel might be arduous physically, mentally, or both, and it 
  might render any device brought with the traveler (such as a 
  weapon) unusable. 
  It is particularly important to decide what types of items 
  can be brought through time. If weapons are transportable 
  through time, then the PCs will likely have a signiﬁcant 
  edge on their opponents in the past. If weapons can’t be 
  transported, then the PCs will have to meet the past on 
  its own terms. At the other extreme, if nothing but the 
  characters can be transported, then the PCs may need to be 
  accomplished thieves, capable of stealing period-appropriate 
  clothing without drawing unnecessary attention.
  If the physical or psychological effects of time travel are 
  somewhat dangerous, travelers are likely to be chosen from 
  among the best and brightest of the society, like astronauts 
  today. They are expected to be physically ﬁt and possess an 
  advanced education to cope with the rigors of transport and 
  the dangers of exploring unknown, often violent times. 
  On the other hand, if the effects of travel are too 
  dangerous, then expendable members of a society might 
  be chosen. Criminals might be the perfect combination 
  of expendability and survivability; PCs from a futuristic 
  society might ﬁnd themselves pulled from prison and 
  offered a chance at redemption in exchange for performing 
  one simple task. 
  Size/Weight Restrictions
  The amount of material that can be transported at a time 
  also affects the campaign mechanically. Do the PCs have 
  to travel one at a time? Is there a time gate large enough 
  to drive a tank through? These considerations have a 
  considerable effect on the nature of missions into the 
  timestream. 
  Especially when combined with a lack of time travel 
  accuracy, the PCs might ﬁnd themselves miles (and years) 
  apart; missions would begin with a lengthy and dangerous 
  isolation. This would affect the type of travelers chosen—
  time agencies would look for people who are physically and 
  emotionally capable of holding to their mission in hostile 
  territory, surrounded by potential enemies. 
  If weight limits are very low, then travelers need to be 
  in shape; this might lead to women or even children being 
  the preferred travelers. Even then, a very low weight 
  requirement excludes the transport of any but the most vital 
  equipment. Of course, the other parameters of the transport 
  device will factor into this; if time travel is cheap and easy 
  and accurate, a tank could be transported one part at a time 
  and assembled on site. 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 26
  Temporal Mechanics
  Changing History
  Not all time travelers will be passive historians wanting 
  to witness history as it unfolds. What’s the point of being 
  able to travel through time if you can’t remake history to 
  your liking? This section discusses the practical effects of 
  changing the past and the pitfalls that come with meddling 
  in the complex realm of the temporal. 
  Hotspots
  A hotspot is like a fork in the road, a point at which the 
  alteration of a single event will have far-reaching effects 
  for the rest of history. Like a pebble dropped in a pond, 
  a change made at a hotspot can spark a chain reaction of 
  unanticipated events and alterations to the timeline. The 
  number and location of the hotspots that exist in a given 
  campaign must be determined by the Gamemaster. In 
  general, a campaign that features highly “elastic” time (see 
  Temporary Elasticity below) will have more hotspots than a 
  campaign in which time is more rigid. Examples of possible 
  hotspots are the fall of the Roman Empire, the Battle of 
  Tours (where Charles Martel halted the Islamic advance 
  into Europe), the rise to power of Adolf Hitler, the Japanese 
  attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
  The PCs might ﬁnd themselves defending a particularly 
  important hotspot on more than one occasion and for 
  different reasons. For example, the PCs might prevent a 
  group of nationalistic Japanese time travelers from making 
  the attack at Pearl Harbor too successful—if the American 
  aircraft carriers are wiped out along with the battleships, 
  Japan might be able to defeat America in World War II’s 
  Paciﬁc theater. Later in the campaign, the PCs might have to 
  prevent Nazi time travelers from stopping the Pearl Harbor 
  attack altogether to delay or prevent entirely America’s 
  entry into the war. 
  In some time travel campaigns, changing the past is 
  the point of the entire campaign; events might all revolve 
  around a single particularly crucial hotspot in the past. PCs 
  from a world ravaged by war (especially those living in a 
  full-ﬂedged post-apocalypse world) might travel back in 
  time to prevent their timeline from existing at all. 
  Possible Hotspots
  “Great Man Theory”
  The great man theory contends that history is made by 
  people and that the elimination of key individuals will 
  greatly change history. If Lincoln dies before the end of 
  the Civil War, the North loses; if he is not assassinated at 
  Ford’s Theater, history takes a different turn; and so forth. 
  Historically signiﬁcant individuals thus form time hotspots 
  centered on themselves.
  This theory is currently dismissed by historians, but it 
  makes for great gaming. Protecting an important historical 
  individual is a tangible goal that likely involves a heavy 
  dose of action, as the bad guys attempt to kill whoever the 
  PCs are protecting. 
  Another advantage of centering hotspots on historical 
  ﬁgures is that it gives the PCs opportunities to interact 
  with the important ﬁgures of history, or at least walk a 
  mile in their shoes. What person wouldn’t want to attend a 
  Shakespeare play in the company of Queen Elizabeth or ride 
  on campaign with Alexander the Great?
  Centering campaigns on individuals is a good idea for 
  fantasy and modern games, since interaction (an activity 
  called “role playing”—I’m skeptical but I hear it happens) 
  is the key to a good game every bit as much as action. When 
  you add in the ability to draw from the cast of history’s 
  good, bad and downright ugly, this idea becomes more 
  appealing.
  In addition to the classic bodyguard scenario, centering 
  hotspots on history’s men and women opens up other 
  avenues for adventure as well. Suppose a bumbling time 
  historian, on hand to witness the Lincoln assassination, 
  gasps at just the right time and alerts him, allowing the 
  President to live. Now the PCs might ﬁnd themselves 
  in a quandary, as they are assigned to ensure that the 
  assassination goes off without a hitch. 
  Or perhaps a historical ﬁgure is somehow permanently 
  lost. One of the time travelers might have to take his place 
  to ensure that history remains intact. 
  Economic Forces
  Centering hotspots on economic forces assumes that you 
  can “follow the money” in a historical sense. Europe never 
  bothers to colonize the New World if it is led to believe the 
  lands are barren. Make the Great Depression much, much 
  worse for the United States and the country is too damaged 
  economically to render any meaningful assistance to the 
  Allies in World War II. 
  While this theory holds some weight, centering an 
  adventure on the laws of supply and demand will be a tough 
  sell for most Gamemasters. It’s just too nebulous to make 
  for a good, exciting culmination to an adventure. Where 
  economic hotspots really come into play is in combination 
  with a more tangible hook. 
  If the campaign usually centers hotspots on individuals, 
  perhaps the elimination (or discrediting) of Adam Smith’s 
  theories leads capitalism to never exist. Economies continue 
  to work under the principles of mercantilism, with a 
  scientiﬁc study of the laws of economics never seriously 
  considered by policy makers. 
  If the campaign usually centers hotspots on technology, 
  then using futuristic technology to make Faraday think his 
  electric motor is a failure, or blowing up the lab in which 
  Tesla is experimenting with alternating current, can be 
  events on which to base an adventure. 
  In other words, even if economics is the key, centering the 
  hotspot on something concrete will make this more of an 
  adventure and less of a college lecture for the players. 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 27
  Temporal Mechanics
  Cultural Forces
  Cultural forces are those movements made up of the great 
  mass of humanity rather than the individual: communism, 
  socialism, capitalism; democrats and republicans, loyalists 
  and revolutionaries.
  A hotspot centered on a cultural phenomenon is going 
  to be almost impossible to change. Cultural forces are 
  even harder to pin down (and thus harder to change) than 
  economic forces. It might be hard to prevent the Great 
  Depression from occurring world-wide, but it would likely 
  be orders of magnitude harder to prevent the desire for 
  self-determination that spawned the women’s suffrage 
  movements of the 19th and 20th centuries. 
  For all campaigns except those with an “elastic” 
  timeline (where changes in the timeline are very difﬁcult), 
  hotspots centered around cultural forces are very rare. 
  For campaigns that want to make the timeline extremely 
  difﬁcult to change, this is a good model for hotspots. If 
  all hotspots are centered on movements and trends, rather 
  than individuals and solitary events, then history will be all 
  but impossible to change. For example, if the Gamemaster 
  determines the hotspot involved in the Cold War is the 
  cultural clash of capitalism and communism, a time traveler 
  attempting to turn the Cold War into a nuclear World War 
  III (or to lengthen or shorten the Cold War) will ﬁnd it 
  an almost impossible task, requiring that the mindset of 
  peoples in both the United States and the Soviet Union be 
  fundamentally altered. 
  Environmental Forces
  Environmental forces are a special kind of hotspot. Climate 
  affects all life, especially developing lifeforms. Altering 
  the climate or diverting a natural disaster (such as the 
  meteor strike that wiped out the dinosaurs and paved the 
  way for mankind) would radically alter Earth’s history (and 
  even the types of lifeforms that evolved in the ﬁrst place). 
  Altering a hotspot like this usually requires technology 
  beyond the means of time travelers to transport. Even if 
  the time traveling method used in the campaign allows the 
  transportation of technology through time, diverting the 
  course of a comet or changing the climate is going to require 
  a lot of that technology.  
  Technological Forces
  Technology plays an important role in history. Outnumbered 
  by the indigenous peoples of the Americas, Europeans relied 
  on ﬁrearms and steel to displace mighty empires. Providing 
  100 AK-47s to the Confederate Army could change the 
  course of the Civil War, particularly if the Southern forces 
  were able to reverse engineer them and begin making their 
  own. 
  In other words, introducing technological change at a 
  faster or slower rate than what happened historically will 
  change the timeline in far-reaching ways. 
  This style of hotspot, like the “great man of history” 
  option, works well from a gaming standpoint because it’s 
  tangible. It provides a steady source of hooks around which 
  you can build solid adventures: prevent the shipment of 
  AK-47s from reaching General Lee; prevent the sabotage of 
  Manhattan Project headquarters in America; remove steel 
  weapons from the hands of a time traveler-led Neanderthal 
  tribe. 
  This type of hotspot combines well with hotspots centered 
  around people, but in this case the people around whom 
  hotspots are centered would be scientists and engineers 
  rather than politicians and generals. In other words, killing 
  General Lee won’t keep the South from winning the 
  Civil War if they have AK-47s. Prevent the discovery of 
  gunpowder weapons by Europe, on the other hand, and you 
  witness a history in which the Aztecs could colonize Europe. 
  Temporal Elasticity 
  This is one of the most important choices the Gamemaster 
  of a time travel campaign will make. If the death of a 
  single insect could result in the destruction of all life on 
  planet Earth, then time travel will be barely feasible and 
  undertaken only under extremely controlled circumstances. 
  On the other hand, if time always ﬁnds a way around events, 
  then nothing can be changed. Hitler might die only to be 
  replaced by another maniac who triggers World War II just 
  as Hitler would have; history remains largely unchanged. 
  Levels of  Temporal Elasticity
  Butterﬂy Effect: The “butterﬂy effect” model of temporal 
  elasticity is not really playable. The butterﬂy effect relies 
  on chaos theory, and postulates that even miniscule changes 
  will cascade over time to produce enormous consequences. 
  As chaos theory would phrase it, “small variations in 
  the initial conditions of a dynamic system produce large 
  variations in the long-term behavior of a system”1. For the 
  time traveler, this makes travel into the past (especially the 
  distant past) nigh-impossible since the farther back one 
  travels, the greater the effect of the tiniest change. Were you 
  to travel back to witness a battle during World War II and 
  leave footprints in the mud, you would return to ﬁnd the 
  outcome of the war to be radically different. Travel to the 
  age of the dinosaurs and exhale and you might return to ﬁnd 
  that humanoid bees are Earth’s dominant species rather than 
  humans. 
  Normal: The default level of elasticity is chosen not for 
  any notions of realism but out of a sense of what makes the 
  best role playing environment. In normal elasticity, time is 
  mutable but changing it isn’t easy. In other words, simply 
  visiting the past and speaking with a policeman won’t 
  change all of human history.
  Normal time elasticity assumes that events have multiple 
  causes, requiring a careful orchestration of events to cause 
  a drastic change in history. Killing Adolph Hitler will not 
  stop a madman from rising up to lead the Nazi party or stop 
  the Nazis from taking over Germany and leading it to war 
  and genocide. Altering the economic circumstances that led 
  the German people into Hitler’s arms would have a better 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 28
  Temporal Mechanics
  chance of working.
  What this means in game terms is that an attempt to 
  seriously alter the past will require a number of changes, 
  giving the PCs multiple chances to stop the “big change” 
  from occurring. While true hotspots (single events that lead 
  to a major shift in the timeline) are rare in normal elasticity, 
  they do exist. These events are likely to be restricted if not 
  outright banned to time travelers.
  Elastic Time: In a universe with elastic time, time 
  travelers experience both the best and worst aspects of being 
  able to move through time. On the one hand, you can’t 
  change anything. This is great for the time historian who 
  wants to observe the building of Stonehenge; he can watch 
  the construction, take several photographs in front of the 
  stunned craftsmen, shoot a couple with a tranquilizer gun 
  and dissect them, all in full view of the natives… and he can 
  do it safe in the knowledge that it will all wash out in the 
  end. A month after the incident, tribesmen will scoff at the 
  tale the way modern people do at urban legends. Ten years 
  later it will be a regional folktale and twenty years after that 
  completely forgotten. 
  Of course, the ﬂip side of a universe with elastic time is 
  that you can’t change anything. Want to kill Hitler? Sure, 
  who doesn’t?—but it won’t do you any good. Things will 
  unfold as they “should.” Kill Hitler, and someone just as 
  racist and unbalanced takes his place. Supply the Americans 
  at Pearl Harbor with jet ﬁghters and the Japanese still 
  manage to slip in and pull off their attack because the 
  presence of such fantastic aircraft makes the American 
  forces too smug and their security grows lax… and all the 
  jets you provide are “conveniently” destroyed on the ground 
  during the ﬁrst salvo. (And no, no one thought to take one 
  apart and ﬁgure out how they work.) For the time traveler 
  with an axe to grind, time travel becomes the world’s second 
  most frustrating sport, behind golf. 
  Like the other extreme, the butterﬂy effect, this option 
  tends to make time travel more useful in a practical sense 
  and less fun in a gaming sense. In other words, people 
  will be able to build time machines into their cars and 
  go see Lincoln’s assassination—great for commerce, but 
  adventuring time travelers might have a hard time ﬁnding 
  serious missions to keep them occupied. 
  One avenue of gameplay that is opened up by elastic time 
  is the comedic campaign. Since you don’t have to worry 
  about mucking up the timestream, you can go show those 
  primitive screwheads in the dark ages your BOOMSTICK 
  and everything will be where (and who) it should when you 
  come home. 
  Multiverse: In this special form of time elasticity, any 
  event that is changed splits off the timeline, creating a 
  divergent or alternate timeline. What this means is that 
  nothing can truly be changed, because everything has 
  already happened. This allows travel between an inﬁnite 
  number of alternate Earths. Indeed, it may be that “time 
  travel” is actually traveling to completely different timelines 
  in an inﬁnite multiverse. See Alternate Timelines below for 
  more discussion about traveling between alternate timelines.
  Paradoxes
  Paradoxes are headaches. Headaches for time travelers 
  (especially when they remove the time travelers from 
  the timeline altogether) and headaches for Gamemasters 
  running time travel campaigns. 
  Most paradoxes are conundrums because they disrupt 
  the linearity of causation that we deal with in our everyday 
  lives: cause followed by effect. A causality paradox is one 
  that violates the chain of cause and effect, putting an effect 
  before its cause. One of the best known examples of a causal 
  paradox is the so-called “grandfather paradox” in which a 
  man travels back in time and kills his own grandfather. This 
  leads to the man never existing, which means there was no 
  one to kill the grandfather, and so on to inﬁnity.
  Paradoxes also involve the conundrum of a person 
  communicating with himself. Here we run into one of 
  the most difﬁcult paradoxes, from a gaming perspective: 
  sending messages to yourself, interacting with yourself, 
  even helping yourself. Here’s an example: a player walks 
  through a door and sets off a trap; the player leaves a 
  message for his past self before he leaves for the mission, 
  warning him not to go through that door; or later in the 
  adventure the player is outnumbered four to one, so he 
  travels back in time three more times, allowing all four of 
  him to deal with the attackers. 
  Dealing with Paradoxes
  Perhaps the best way to deal with paradoxes is through the 
  “observer effect.” This theory makes two basic claims that 
  are handy for sorting out gameable temporal mechanics: the 
  act of observing changes things, and the act of observing 
  collapses all possibilities into a single state. 
  What this means is that the act of observation changes the 
  course of events (allowing for changes in the event, possibly 
  major ones), but also ﬁxes the way the event happens down 
  from inﬁnite possibilities to one possibility. The famous 
  thought problem Schrödinger’s Cat illustrates the concept 
  of collapsing inﬁnite possibilities into one; it basically states 
  that until something is observed, all possibilities must be 
  considered true, and once an event is observed then only one 
  is known to be true. 
  In game terms this means that each individual traveler 
  gets only one chance to alter an event. Was Lincoln killed, 
  or did he live? Until you have visited the event and seen it 
  for yourself, you do not know. Lincoln could have hired a 
  double to attend the play and when that double was killed 
  lived the rest of his life in obscurity. Once you go and 
  witness the event and determine that Lincoln did die, there 
  is nothing you can do to change the event. Another time 
  traveler might try, but for the purposes of your reality, the 
  question is decided.
  This means that while you might visit the same time more 
  than once, you cannot interact with yourself or change the 
  result of any event you observe. An interesting theory that 
  also makes for great gaming. (Nice.)
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 29
  Temporal Mechanics
  Alternate Timelines
  Alternate timelines, usually inhabiting alternate dimensions, 
  provide an alternative type of campaign that shares many 
  elements of the time travel campaign. In this model, the 
  players do not travel through time at all, but between 
  dimensions—to places where history happened a little (or a 
  lot) differently. Alternate timelines offer many of the same 
  adventure possibilities as the time travel game (visiting a 
  post-nuclear United States, for example) without any of 
  those pesky problems of causality or timeline alteration. If 
  you prevent a nuclear war (or start one) it won’t affect the 
  “true” reality you call home. 
  Of course, if the players can travel through dimensions, 
  there is always the possibility that denizens of other 
  dimensions are visiting our reality, perhaps merely 
  exploring… or perhaps looking to conquer. It’s even 
  possible to run a campaign with invaders from an alternate 
  dimension as a straightforward d20 Modern campaign; the 
  characters almost never leave the Earth we know and love, 
  but must constantly deal with threats from other dimensions. 
  A popular form of the alternate timeline campaign has the 
  main characters (the PCs) shifting uncontrollably through 
  dimensions attempting to ﬁnd their way home, perhaps as 
  the result of a scientiﬁc experiment gone awry. This brand 
  of storytelling allows the Gamemaster to set the pace and 
  conditions of the timeline shifts to best serve the campaign; 
  it has been seen in popular television shows and recently in 
  the medium of comic books. 
  Campaign Model: 
  Time Enforcers 
  Breaking the Time Barrier
  As humans expanded beyond the bounds of Earth, exploring 
  and colonizing the solar system, they began to discover 
  alien devices fueled by a previously unknown substance, 
  dubbed “quicksilver” because of its discovery on the 
  planet Mercury. One of these devices was a stardrive that 
  allowed starships to exceed the speed of light, something 
  that should be impossible. During an attempt to reverse 
  engineer the stardrive, several accidents occurred in which 
  scientists disappeared for a moment only to reappear shortly 
  thereafter, much older and quite insane. Many were dead by 
  very unusual causes, such as frostbite, dehydration or severe 
  burns. Others were alive, but babbling incoherently about 
  decades spent in jungles being hunted by terrible creatures.
  Unable to explain these phenomena, scientists were 
  nevertheless able to reverse engineer the stardrives and 
  begin the creation of relatively primitive copies. Although 
  many people questioned the wisdom of employing devices 
  about which so little was known, the devices seemed 
  relatively stable, and their potential for military and 
  exploratory applications seemed worth any risks. One 
  of these risks was that occasionally ships would simply 
  disappear for no apparent reason. Usually they were never 
  seen again, but sometimes they reappeared seconds later, 
  carrying long dead-crews and showing signs of decades or 
  even centuries of cosmic collisions. 
  It wasn’t until an engine malfunction aboard the Earth 
  starship Repulse was successfully reversed that scientists 
  learned the truth: the quicksilver drives not allowed objects 
  to exceed the speed of light; it also allowed them to move 
  through time. The malfunction was examined exhaustively 
  and new safeguards were put into place to make such 
  “events” less likely in the future. But scientists continued 
  to wonder how to harness this new and highly classiﬁed 
  capability. Random exploration was deemed too dangerous, 
  and the governments of Earth agreed in secret to impose a 
  moratorium against further research.
  But when a team of archaeologists on Mars, exploring 
  an area cordoned off and labeled forbidden territory by 
  the governments of Earth due to the large of number of 
  ruins there, discovered an ancient gateway that allowed 
  controllable transport through time, government ofﬁcials 
  knew they had an opportunity to explore an even more 
  daunting frontier than the strange and wondrous stars 
  beyond the Sol system. 
  In complete secrecy, the governments of a now-United 
  Earth began authorizing experiments with this time gateway, 
  establishing the Time Enforcement Agency (TEA) to 
  manage and regulate the use of this technology for science 
  and exploration. 
  Disturbing Trends
  As TEA agents began to explore the parameters of the 
  device, including the frustrating inability to transport any 
  equipment containing moving parts or a power source 
  Schrödinger’s Cat
  A cat is placed in a sealed box. Attached to the box is an apparatus containing a radioactive nucleus and a canister 
  of poison gas. This apparatus is separated from the cat in such a way that the cat can in no way interfere with it. The 
  experiment is set up so that there is exactly a 50% chance of the nucleus decaying in one hour. If the nucleus decays, it 
  will emit a particle that triggers the apparatus, which opens the canister and kills the cat. If the nucleus does not decay, 
  then the cat remains alive. According to quantum mechanics, the unobserved nucleus is described as a superposition of 
  “decayed nucleus” and “undecayed nucleus” (meaning it exists partly as each simultaneously). However, when the box 
  is opened, the experimenter sees only a decayed nucleus/dead cat or an undecayed nucleus/living cat.
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 30
  Temporal Mechanics
  through time, they also realized that they were being 
  watched. There were others moving through time as well… 
  and unlike the TEA agents, they were not merely observing 
  and recording. They were attempting to change things.
  When the governments of United Earth was informed of 
  this situation, their response was again unanimous: the TEA 
  would expand beyond science and research and become 
  a true enforcement body, with the military objective of 
  learning who these forces were and preventing them from 
  making a fatal change to the timestream. While 99.9% of the 
  population slept soundly and unaware, the most important 
  struggle in the history of mankind had begun: the Time War. 
  Known Factions
  The following factions are known to have access to time 
  travel technology and to be actively engaged in attempts to 
  alter the history of Earth. Each is discussed brieﬂy below, 
  along with their known time gates (listed by location and 
  time) and their apparent goals. 
  Eternal Reich
  Methods: Assassination, direct time intervention, 
  observation, terrorism. 
  Goals: Destruction of the United States, German world 
  domination, anti-Semitism.
  Known Gate Locations: Turkey (1901-2500), Vienna 
  (1905-1913), Munich (1913-1938), Berlin (1945).
  History: The Eternal Reich is the time traveling arm 
  of the Thule Society, a group of Nazi mystics. This group 
  exerted considerable inﬂuence over the Nazi Party and 
  Adolf Hitler (though he was never admitted membership) 
  and several high-ranking Nazi Party ofﬁcials, including 
  Rudolf Hess, Alfred Rosenberg and Dietrich Eckart. 
  The group and its founder Rudolf von Sebottendorff 
  appeared out of nowhere in post-World War I Turkey. No 
  one knows who this mysterious leader is or where (and 
  when) he came from; all that is known is that in 1918 he 
  appeared in Turkey with a group of fanatically devoted 
  followers, an enormous fortune and time travel technology. 
  From a hidden base in Turkey, he directs his forces in an 
  attempt to achieve the group’s twisted goals. In addition 
  to the goals listed above, von Sebottendorff also seeks to 
  insure that Adolf Hitler lives to take his place as the head of 
  a Nazi Party that comes to rule Germany. Thus, any attempt 
  to alter the course of World War II by eliminating the Nazi 
  Party or assassinating a young Adolf Hitler will be opposed 
  by Thule Agents. Indeed, TEA agents investigating the 
  Eternal Reich have observed a near obsession with Hitler 
  and note that the construction of their Munich time portal 
  coincides with Hitler’s arrival in Munich. Some members of 
  TEA believe that von Sebottendorff is Hitler, but there is no 
  hard evidence for this.
  Fyr’Toll
  Methods: Subterfuge, impersonation, supporting weak-
  minded puppet rulers. 
  Goals: Unknown.
  Known Gate Locations: Unknown. 
  History: The identiﬁcation of these humanoid aliens 
  interfering with Earth’s historical development is what 
  sparked the militarization of the TEA, triggering what is 
  colloquially referred to by agents and government ofﬁcials 
  as the Time War. Physically, the Fyr’Toll are nearly 
  indistinguishable from humans; TEA investigators believe 
  that the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaton was a member of 
  this race. Many theorize that this race is responsible for the 
  alien ruins discovered throughout the Sol system. A large 
  minority of investigators believe that the Fyr`Toll actually 
  are humans from the far future, manipulating time to ensure 
  that some event, unknown to humans of the 26th century, 
  either happens or does not happen.
  With the motives and identity of the Fyr’Toll so much in 
  doubt, TEA investigators are advised to treat this race with 
  extreme caution and to record the smallest details about 
  them and their activities should they be encountered.  
  The truth is even more mysterious than any of the 
  investigators have yet realized. The Fyr’Toll are a PL 9 
  society that colonized the Sol system in the distant past, 
  establishing bases on outlying planets and colonies and 
  warring with the indigenous inhabitants of the system, 
  a mysterious race of planetary symbiotes inhabiting the 
  planet Mars. Both races mysteriously went extinct in the 
  early 20th century, leaving numerous ruins scattered around 
  the system to be discovered by humans in the 21st and 22nd 
  centuries. Natural time travelers, the Fyr’Toll are attempting 
  to manipulate Earth history so that when their race begins 
  to die in the early 20th century, they will be able to easily 
  conquer Earth and move their population there, which will 
  allow their race to survive.
  Darkvision (Ex): Fyr’Toll possess Darkvision to a range 
  of 60 feet.
  Advanced Technology (Ex): The Fyr’Toll are a PL 9 
  society with regards to time travel technology, and a PL 7 
  society otherwise. They are extremely few in number and 
  thus need to severely weaken Earth society to effect its 
  conquest, even with their superior technology. Due to the 
  nature of time travel, they have no access to their advanced 
  technology in the past and are forced to rely on guile. 
  Natural Time Travelers (Ex): The Fyr’Toll are natural 
  time travelers, extremely knowledgeable and gifted in the 
  art of temporal mechanics. They receive a +2 bonus on all 
  skill checks involving the construction and maintenance of 
  time travel technology. 
  Ability Modiﬁers: +4 Int, -2 Str, -2 Con.
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 31
  Temporal Mechanics
  Typical FyrToll Sentinel (Dedicated 
  Hero 3): CR 3; Medium-size humanoid; 
  HD 3d6+3; HP 14; Mas 12; Init +0; Spd 
  30 ft; Defense 16, touch 12, ﬂatfooted 16 
  (+0 size, +0 Dex, +2 class, +4 equipment); 
  BAB +2; Grap +2; Atk +2 melee 
  (1d8+0/19-20, Wrought Iron Warhammer), 
  or +2 ranged (1d4+0, Sling); FS 5 ft by 5 
  ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL The Hegemony; SV 
  Fort +3, Ref +1, Will +4; AP 1; Rep +1; Str 
  11, Dex 10, Con 12, Int 16, Wis 15, Cha 8. 
     Occupation: Chrononaut (Bluff, 
  Forgery) 
     Background: Progress Level 9 () 
     Skills: Bluff +8, Forgery +9, Knowledge 
  (History) +9, Knowledge (Technology) 
  +9, Listen +4, Read/Write Language +6 
  (Ancient Greek, Ancient Hebrew, Latin, 
  English, Mandarin, Middle Egyptian), 
  Sense Motive +8, Speak Language +6 
  (Ancient Greek, Ancient Hebrew, Latin, 
  English, Mandarin, Middle Egyptian), Spot 
  +10 
     Feats: Alertness, Ancient Technology 
  (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology Expert (PL 
  0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Futuristic 
  Technology (PL 7-9), Modern Technology 
  (PL 4-6), Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Dedicated Hero): Skill 
  Emphasis (Bluff), Aware 
     Possessions: Wrought Iron Chain Shirt, 
  Wrought Iron Warhammer, Sling 
  Advanced FyrToll Sentinel (Dedicated 
  Hero 3/Anomaly 3): CR 6; Medium-size 
  humanoid; HD 3d6+3 plus 3d8+3; HP 31; 
  Mas 12; Init +0; Spd 30 ft; Defense 17, 
  touch 13, ﬂatfooted 17 (+0 size, +0 Dex, 
  +3 class, +4 equipment); BAB +3; Grap 
  +3; Atk +3 melee (1d8+0/19-20, Wrought 
  Iron Warhammer), or +3 ranged (1d4+0, 
  Sling); FS 5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL 
  The Hegemony; SV Fort +5, Ref +3, Will +6; AP 3; Rep +2; 
  Str 11, Dex 10, Con 12, Int 16, Wis 15, Cha 8. 
     Occupation: Chrononaut (Bluff, Forgery) 
     Background: Progress Level 9 () 
     Skills: Bluff +11, Forgery +12, Knowledge (History) 
  +12, Knowledge (Physical Sciences) +9, Knowledge 
  (Technology) +12, Listen +4, Pilot +6, Read/Write 
  Language +6 (Ancient Greek, Ancient Hebrew, Latin, 
  English, Mandarin, Spanish), Sense Motive +8, Speak 
  Language +6 (Ancient Greek, Ancient Hebrew, Latin, 
  English, Mandarin, Spanish), Spot +10 
     Feats: Alertness, Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient 
  Technology Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), 
  Combat Expertise, Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), 
  Futuristic Technology Expert (PL 7-9), Modern Technology 
  (PL 4-6), Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Dedicated Hero): Skill Emphasis (Bluff), Aware 
     Talents (Anomaly): Time Sense, Fast Forward 
     Possessions: Wrought Iron Chain Shirt, Wrought Iron 
  Warhammer, Sling
  Fyr’Toll
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 32
  Temporal Mechanics
  Time Enforcement Agency (TEA)
  Methods: Passive observation, direct and indirect action.
  Goals: Historical and scientiﬁc study, protecting the 
  known timeline. 
  Known Gate locations: Jericho (9000 BCE-2500), 
  Memphis (3100 BCE-600), Athens (1000 BCE-500), 
  Alexandria (300 BCE-600), Rome (700 BCE-2500), 
  Byzantium/Constantinople/Istanbul (500 BCE-2500), 
  London (100-2500), Moscow (1160-2500), Tenochtitlan/
  Mexico City (1350-2500), New York City (1650-2500), 
  Mars (2400-2500).
  History: The Time Enforcement Agency is the sole 
  agency authorized by the United Earth Government of the 
  26th century to travel through time. Its agents are authorized 
  to arrest unauthorized time travelers and to take action to 
  preserve the known timeline. The primary mission of the 
  agency is, however, the study and documentation of Earth’s 
  history. 
  Campaign Set-Up
  Power Source: Cannibalized alien technology
  Accuracy: Very accurate if a gate exists on each side of 
  the journey; 99.9% of such journeys occur without mishap 
  and the rest involve a mysterious time delay of several 
  seconds. In time jumps without a gate present at both ends, 
  95% are accurate within one hour of the target time, 4.9% 
  are off by 1-100 years and .1% are wildly inaccurate, being 
  several millennia off target or even shunting travelers to 
  alternate dimensions and/or timelines. 
  Preparation Time: None if a gate exists at each end. If a 
  gate exists at only one end, several hours spent performing 
  temporal calculations is recommended and improves 
  accuracy. 
  Effects of Transport: Mild. Travelers must make a 
  Fortitude save (DC 20) or be fatigued by transport. Items 
  with moving parts or power sources may not be transported.
  Size/Weight Restrictions: There are no weight 
  restrictions. Size restrictions depend on the physical 
  dimensions of the gate (the smallest gate at either end). 
  Most gates are kept small to prevent a quick, unauthorized 
  movement from either end of the machine. 
  Hotspots: Hotspots are most commonly centered 
  on people. To a lesser degree hotspots are centered on 
  technological innovation and environmental change. A very 
  few hotspots are centered on economic and cultural forces. 
  Temporal Elasticity: Normal. Events are relatively easy 
  to change in the short term, but hard to change in the long 
  term. Any interference with a hotspot is much more likely to 
  induce a lasting and/or radical change. 
  Paradoxes: Paradoxes are not possible. Most paradoxes 
  are prevented by the observer effect, which prevents the 
  same person from being in the same place with himself at 
  the same time. Any attempt to travel to a location and time 
  the character already inhabits will cause the transport to fail. 
  Generic Ancient NPCs 
  The time enforcer is most at home in ancient time periods, 
  having received specialized training with ancient weapons, 
  his brawn and natural combat skills allow him to adapt 
  readily to combat in an era where muscle and sinew and iron 
  are what separates those who live from those who die.
  Temporal Historian Low (Smart Hero 3/Temporal 
  Historian 2): CR 5; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d6+3 
  plus 2d6+2; HP 23; Mas 13; Init +0; Spd 30 ft; Defense 
  15, touch 12, ﬂatfooted 15 (+0 size, +0 Dex, +2 class, +3 
  equipment); BAB +2; Grap +1; Atk -1 melee (1d6+-1/19-20, 
  Spiked Club), or +0 ranged (1d6+0, Composite Shortbow w/ 
  Bronze Broad Arrow); FS 5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL 
  none; SV Fort +2, Ref +1, Will +7; AP 2; Rep +2; Str 8, Dex 
  10, Con 13, Int 16, Wis 14, Cha 12. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Diplomacy, Gather 
  Information) 
     Background: Progress Level 8 () 
     Skills: Bluff +6, Computer Use +11, Craft (electronic) 
  +11, Craft (mechanical) +11, Craft (structural) +11, 
  Diplomacy +7, Disable Device +9, Gather Information 
  +7, Investigate +8, Knowledge (History) +9, Knowledge 
  (Physical Sciences) +9, Knowledge (Technology) +12, 
  Read/Write Language +3 (Ancient Greek, Latin, Spanish), 
  Repair +9, Research +9, Speak Language +3 (Ancient 
  Greek, Latin, Spanish) 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency 
  (light), Combat Expertise, Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), 
  Futuristic Technology Expert (PL 7-9), Modern Technology 
  (PL 4-6), Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Smart Hero): Savant (Knowledge 
  [Technology]), Exploit Weakness 
     Talents (Temporal Historian): Superstition (Ancient), 
  Detailed Files (one PL) 
     Possessions: Bronze Chain Shirt, Spiked Club, Composite 
  Shortbow w/ Bronze Broad Arrow 
  Temporal Historian Medium (Smart Hero 3/Temporal 
  Historian 7): CR 10; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d6+6 
  plus 7d6+14; HP 56; Mas 14; Init +0; Spd 30 ft; Defense 
  16, touch 13, ﬂatfooted 16 (+0 size, +0 Dex, +3 class, +3 
  equipment); BAB +4; Grap +3; Atk +3 melee (1d8+-1, 
  Wrought Iron Flail), or +4 ranged (1d4+0/19-20, Light 
  Crossbow w/ Iron Armor Piercing Arrows); FS 5 ft by 5 ft; 
  Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +5, Ref +3, Will +9; AP 
  5; Rep +4; Str 8, Dex 10, Con 14, Int 16, Wis 14, Cha 12. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Diplomacy, Gather 
  Information) 
     Background: Progress Level 8 () 
     Skills: Bluff +6, Computer Use +16, Craft (electronic) 
  +16, Craft (mechanical) +16, Craft (structural) +16, 
  Decipher Script +8, Diplomacy +7, Disable Device +11, 
  Forgery +8, Gather Information +7, Investigate +13, 
  Knowledge (History) +14, Knowledge (Physical Sciences) 
  +9, Knowledge (Tactics) +8, Knowledge (Technology) +17, 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 33
  Temporal Mechanics
  Read/Write Language +5 (Ancient Greek, Latin, Mandarin, 
  Sanskrit, Spanish), Repair +9, Research +9, Speak 
  Language +5 (Ancient Greek, Latin, Mandarin, Sanskrit, 
  Spanish) 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Combat Expertise, Defensive Martial 
  Arts, Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), Futuristic Technology 
  Expert (PL 7-9), Modern Technology (PL 4-6), Modern 
  Technology Expert (PL 4-6), Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Smart Hero): Savant (Knowledge 
  [Technology]), Exploit Weakness 
     Talents (Temporal Historian): Superstition (Ancient), 
  Detailed Files (one PL), Scientiﬁc Expert (one time period), 
  Detailed Files (one time period), Superstition (Modern), 
  Scientiﬁc Expert (second time period), Achilles Heel, 
  Detailed Files (two time periods) 
     Possessions: Bronze Chain Shirt, Wrought Iron Flail, 
  Light Crossbow w/ Iron Armor Piercing Arrows 
  Temporal Historian High (Smart Hero 5/Temporal 
  Historian 10): CR 15; Medium-size humanoid; HD 5d6+10 
  plus 10d6+20; HP 83; Mas 14; Init +0; Spd 30 ft; Defense 
  18, touch 15, ﬂatfooted 18 (+0 size, +0 Dex, +5 class, +3 
  equipment); BAB +7; Grap +6; Atk +6 melee (1d8+-1, 
  Wrought Iron Flail), or +7 ranged (1d4+0/19-20, Light 
  Crossbow w/ Iron Armor Piercing Arrows); FS 5 ft by 5 ft; 
  Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +6, Ref +4, Will +12; AP 
  7; Rep +6; Str 8, Dex 10, Con 14, Int 16, Wis 14, Cha 12. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Diplomacy, Gather 
  Information) 
     Background: Progress Level 8 () 
     Skills: Bluff +9, Computer Use +19, Craft (electronic) 
  +19, Craft (mechanical) +19, Craft (structural) +19, 
  Decipher Script +11, Demolitions +8, Diplomacy +7, 
  Disable Device +14, Forgery +11, Gather Information +7, 
  Investigate +13, Knowledge (Earth and Life Sciences) +7, 
  Knowledge (History) +17, Knowledge (Physical Sciences) 
  +9, Knowledge (Tactics) +8, Knowledge (Technology) +22, 
  Navigate +8, Read/Write Language +10 (Ancient Greek, 
  Arabic, Blackfoot, German, Latin, Mandarin, Navaho, 
  Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish), Repair +12, Research +12, 
  Speak Language +10 (Ancient Greek, Arabic, Aramaic, 
  German, Latin, Mandarin, Navaho, Russian, Sanskrit, 
  Spanish) 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Combat Expertise, Defensive Martial 
  Arts, Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), Futuristic Technology 
  Expert (PL 7-9), Improved Trip, Modern Technology (PL 
  4-6), Modern Technology Expert (PL 4-6), Simple Weapons 
  Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Smart Hero): Savant (Knowledge 
  [Technology]), Exploit Weakness, Linguist 
     Talents (Temporal Historian): Superstition (Ancient), 
  Detailed Files (one PL), Scientiﬁc Expert (one time period), 
  Detailed Files (one time period), Superstition (Modern), 
  Scientiﬁc Expert (second time period), Achilles Heel, 
  Detailed Files (two time periods), Scientiﬁc Expert (all time 
  periods), Detailed Files (all time periods) 
     Possessions: Bronze Chain Shirt, Wrought Iron Flail, 
  Light Crossbow w/ Iron Armor Piercing Arrows
  Time Enforcer Low (Strong Hero 3/Time Enforcer 2): 
  CR 5; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d8+6 plus 2d10+4; 
  HP 35; Mas 15; Init +2; Spd 20 ft; Defense 19, touch 14, 
  ﬂatfooted 18 (+0 size, ++1 Dex, +3 class, +5 equipment); 
  BAB +4; Grap +6; Atk +7 melee (1d8+6/19-20, Longsword, 
  wrought iron), or +6 ranged (1d4+0/19-20, Heavy Crossbow 
  w/Iron Armor Piercing Arrows); FS 5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; 
  SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +6, Ref +5, Will +2; AP 2; Rep +0; 
  Str 14, Dex 14, Con 15, Int 10, Wis 12, Cha 8. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Drive, Knowledge 
  [Tactics]) 
     Background: Progress Level 6 () 
     Skills: Climb -1, Craft (structural) +3, Drive +6, Handle 
  Animal +2, Intimidate +2, Knowledge (Tactics) +6, Repair 
  +3, Ride +4, Survival +4 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Modern Technology (PL 4-6), Power 
  Attack, Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Strong Hero): Melee Smash, Improved Melee 
  Smash 
     Talents (Time Enforcer): Weapon Focus, Weapon 
  Specialization 
     Possessions: Chain Mail, Longsword, wrought iron, 
  Heavy Crossbow w/Iron Armor Piercing Arrows 
  Time Enforcer Medium (Strong Hero 3/Time Enforcer 
  7): CR 10; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d8+6 plus 
  7d10+14; HP 73; Mas 15; Init +2; Spd 20 ft; Defense 22, 
  touch 17, ﬂatfooted 21 (+0 size, ++1 Dex, +6 class, +5 
  equipment); BAB +8; Grap +10; Atk +11 melee (1d8+6/19-
  20, Longsword, wrought iron), or +10 ranged (1d4+0/19-20, 
  Heavy Crossbow w/Iron Armor Piercing Arrows); FS 5 ft by 
  5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +8, Ref +7, Will +4; 
  AP 5; Rep +2; Str 14, Dex 14, Con 15, Int 10, Wis 12, Cha 
  8. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Drive, Knowledge 
  [Tactics]) 
     Background: Progress Level 6 () 
     Skills: Climb +2, Craft (structural) +3, Demolitions 
  +3, Drive +9, Handle Animal +2, Intimidate +5, Jump -1, 
  Knowledge (History) +3, Knowledge (Tactics) +9, Repair 
  +7, Ride +4, Survival +4 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Armor Proﬁciency (powered), 
  Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), Modern Technology (PL 4-
  6), Modern Technology Expert (PL 4-6), Point Blank Shot, 
  Power Attack, Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 34
  Temporal Mechanics
     Talents (Strong Hero): Melee Smash, Improved Melee 
  Smash 
     Talents (Time Enforcer): Weapon Focus, Weapon 
  Specialization, Temporal Tactical Expert (one time period), 
  Weapon Focus (one PL), Temporal Tactical Expert (all time 
  periods) 
     Possessions: Chain Mail, Longsword, wrought iron, 
  Heavy Crossbow w/Iron Armor Piercing Arrows 
  Time Enforcer High (Strong Hero 3/Time Enforcer 10/
  Fast Hero 2): CR 15; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d8+9 
  plus 10d10+30 plus 2d8+6; HP 123; Mas 16; Init +2; Spd 
  20 ft; Defense 29, touch 21, ﬂatfooted 29 (+0 size, ++0 Dex, 
  +11 class, +8 equipment); BAB +11; Grap +13; Atk +14 
  melee (1d8+6/19-20, Longsword, Damascus Steel), or +14 
  ranged (1d4+2, Crossbow, Heavy); FS 5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 
  ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +10, Ref +10, Will +5; AP 7; Rep 
  +3; Str 14, Dex 14, Con 16, Int 10, Wis 13, Cha 8. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Drive, Knowledge 
  [Tactics]) 
     Background: Progress Level 6 () 
     Skills: Climb +3, Craft (mechanical) +4, Craft 
  (structural) +3, Demolitions +6, Drive +16, Handle Animal 
  +2, Intimidate +5, Jump -3, Knowledge (History) +3, 
  Knowledge (Tactics) +14, Repair +10, Ride +4, Survival +4 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (heavy), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (light), Armor Proﬁciency (medium), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (powered), Double Tap, Futuristic Technology 
  (PL 7-9), Futuristic Technology Expert (PL 7-9), Modern 
  Technology (PL 4-6), Modern Technology Expert (PL 4-
  6), Point Blank Shot, Power Attack, Precise Shot, Simple 
  Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Strong Hero): Melee Smash, Improved Melee 
  Smash 
     Talents (Time Enforcer): Weapon Focus, Weapon 
  Specialization, Temporal Tactical Expert (one time period), 
  Weapon Focus (one PL), Temporal Tactical Expert (all time 
  periods), Weapon Specialization (one PL), Weapon Focus 
  (one time period), Weapon Specialization (one time period) 
     Talents (Fast Hero): Evasion 
     Possessions: Plate Mail, Longsword, Damascus Steel, 
  Heavy Crossbow w/Iron Armor Piercing Arrows 
  Generic Modern NPCs
  At lower levels the time enforcer is somewhat at home 
  with modern weapons but takes penalty at lower levels. His 
  skills still allow him to adapt to the better weaponry and 
  at medium levels he is almost as much at home in modern 
  combat as he is in the ancient world. 
  Temporal Historian Low (Smart Hero 3/Temporal 
  Historian 2): CR 5; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d6+3 
  plus 2d6+2; HP 23; Mas 13; Init +0; Spd 30 ft; Defense 
  15, touch 12, ﬂatfooted 15 (+0 size, +0 Dex, +2 class, +3 
  equipment); BAB +2; Grap +1; Atk -1 melee (1d6+-1/19-
  20, Metal Baton), or +0 ranged (2d6+0, Colt Python); FS 
  5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +2, Ref +1, 
  Will +7; AP 2; Rep +2; Str 8, Dex 10, Con 13, Int 16, Wis 
  14, Cha 12. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Diplomacy, Gather 
  Information) 
     Background: Progress Level 8 () 
     Skills: Bluff +6, Computer Use +11, Craft (electronic) 
  +11, Craft (mechanical) +11, Craft (structural) +11, 
  Diplomacy +7, Disable Device +9, Gather Information 
  +7, Investigate +8, Knowledge (History) +9, Knowledge 
  (Physical Sciences) +9, Knowledge (Technology) +12, 
  Read/Write Language +3 (Ancient Greek, Latin, Spanish), 
  Repair +9, Research +9, Speak Language +3 (Ancient 
  Greek, Latin, Spanish) 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency 
  (light), Combat Expertise, Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), 
  Futuristic Technology Expert (PL 7-9), Modern Technology 
  (PL 4-6), Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Smart Hero): Savant (Knowledge 
  [Technology]), Exploit Weakness 
     Talents (Temporal Historian): Superstition (Ancient), 
  Detailed Files (one PL) 
     Possessions: Undercover Vest, Metal Baton, Colt Python 
  Temporal Historian Medium (Smart Hero 3/Temporal 
  Historian 7): CR 10; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d6+6 
  plus 7d6+14; HP 56; Mas 14; Init +0; Spd 25 ft; Defense 
  18, touch 13, ﬂatfooted 18 (+0 size, +0 Dex, +3 class, +5 
  equipment); BAB +4; Grap +3; Atk +3 melee (1d6+-1/19-
  20, Metal Baton), or +4 ranged (2d6+0, Beretta 93R); FS 
  5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +5, Ref +3, 
  Will +9; AP 5; Rep +4; Str 8, Dex 10, Con 14, Int 16, Wis 
  14, Cha 12. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Diplomacy, Gather 
  Information) 
     Background: Progress Level 8 () 
     Skills: Bluff +6, Computer Use +16, Craft (electronic) 
  +16, Craft (mechanical) +16, Craft (structural) +16, 
  Decipher Script +8, Diplomacy +7, Disable Device +11, 
  Forgery +8, Gather Information +7, Investigate +13, 
  Knowledge (History) +14, Knowledge (Physical Sciences) 
  +9, Knowledge (Tactics) +8, Knowledge (Technology) +17, 
  Read/Write Language +5 (Ancient Greek, Latin, Mandarin, 
  Sanskrit, Spanish), Repair +9, Research +9, Speak 
  Language +5 (Ancient Greek, Latin, Mandarin, Sanskrit, 
  Spanish) 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Combat Expertise, Defensive Martial 
  Arts, Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), Futuristic Technology 
  Expert (PL 7-9), Modern Technology (PL 4-6), Modern 
  Technology Expert (PL 4-6), Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Smart Hero): Savant (Knowledge 
  [Technology]), Exploit Weakness 
     Talents (Temporal Historian): Superstition (Ancient), 
  Detailed Files (one PL), Scientiﬁc Expert (one time period), 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 35
  Temporal Mechanics
  Detailed Files (one time period), Superstition (Modern), 
  Scientiﬁc Expert (second time period), Achilles Heel, 
  Detailed Files (two time periods) 
     Possessions: Light Duty Vest, Metal Baton, Beretta 93 
  Temporal Historian High (Smart Hero 5/Temporal 
  Historian 10): CR 15; Medium-size humanoid; HD 5d6+10 
  plus 10d6+20; HP 83; Mas 14; Init +0; Spd 30 ft; Defense 
  18, touch 15, ﬂatfooted 18 (+0 size, +0 Dex, +5 class, +5 
  equipment); BAB +7; Grap +6; Atk +6 melee (1d6-1/19-20, 
  Metal Baton), or +7 ranged (2d6+0/19-20, Beretta 93R); FS 
  5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +6, Ref +4, 
  Will +12; AP 7; Rep +6; Str 8, Dex 10, Con 14, Int 16, Wis 
  14, Cha 12. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Diplomacy, Gather 
  Information) 
     Background: Progress Level 8 () 
     Skills: Bluff +9, Computer Use +19, Craft (electronic) 
  +19, Craft (mechanical) +19, Craft (structural) +19, 
  Decipher Script +11, Demolitions +8, Diplomacy +7, 
  Disable Device +14, Forgery +11, Gather Information +7, 
  Investigate +13, Knowledge (Earth and Life Sciences) +7, 
  Knowledge (History) +17, Knowledge (Physical Sciences) 
  +9, Knowledge (Tactics) +8, Knowledge (Technology) +22, 
  Navigate +8, Read/Write Language +10 (Ancient Greek, 
  Arabic, Blackfoot, German, Latin, Mandarin, Navaho, 
  Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish), Repair +12, Research +12, 
  Speak Language +10 (Ancient Greek, Arabic, Aramaic, 
  German, Latin, Mandarin, Navaho, Russian, Sanskrit, 
  Spanish) 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Combat Expertise, Defensive Martial 
  Arts, Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), Futuristic Technology 
  Expert (PL 7-9), Improved Trip, Modern Technology (PL 
  4-6), Modern Technology Expert (PL 4-6), Simple Weapons 
  Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Smart Hero): Savant (Knowledge 
  [Technology]), Exploit Weakness, Linguist 
     Talents (Temporal Historian): Superstition (Ancient), 
  Detailed Files (one PL), Scientiﬁc Expert (one time period), 
  Detailed Files (one time period), Superstition (Modern), 
  Scientiﬁc Expert (second time period), Achilles Heel, 
  Detailed Files (two time periods), Scientiﬁc Expert (all time 
  periods), Detailed Files (all time periods) 
     Possessions:  Light Duty Vest, Metal Baton, Beretta 93 
  Time Enforcer Low (Strong Hero 3/Time Enforcer 2): 
  CR 5; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d8+6 plus 2d10+4; 
  HP 35; Mas 15; Init +2; Spd 25 ft; Defense 21, touch 15, 
  ﬂatfooted 19 (+0 size, +2 Dex, +3 class, +6 equipment); 
  BAB +4; Grap +6; Atk +6 melee (1d6+4/19-20, Metal 
  Baton), or +4 ranged (2d6`+0, Beretta 93R); FS 5 ft by 5 ft; 
  Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +6, Ref +5, Will +2; AP 
  2; Rep +0; Str 14, Dex 14, Con 15, Int 10, Wis 12, Cha 8. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Drive, Knowledge 
  [Tactics]) 
     Background: Progress Level 6 () 
     Skills: Climb +0, Craft (structural) +3, Drive +6, Handle 
  Animal +2, Intimidate +2, Knowledge (Tactics) +6, Repair 
  +3, Ride +4, Survival +4 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Modern Technology (PL 4-6), Power 
  Attack, Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Strong Hero): Melee Smash, Improved Melee 
  Smash 
     Talents (Time Enforcer): Weapon Focus, Weapon 
  Specialization 
     Possessions: Tactical Vest, Metal Baton, Beretta 93R 
  Time Enforcer Medium (Strong Hero 3/Time Enforcer 
  7): CR 10; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d8+6 plus 
  7d10+14; HP 73; Mas 15; Init +2; Spd 25 ft; Defense 
  23, touch 18, ﬂatfooted 21 (+0 size, +2 Dex, +6 class, +5 
  equipment); BAB +8; Grap +10; Atk +10 melee (1d6+4/19-
  20, Metal Baton), or +10 ranged (2d6+0, AK-47); FS 5 ft by 
  5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +8, Ref +7, Will +4; 
  AP 5; Rep +2; Str 14, Dex 14, Con 15, Int 10, Wis 12, Cha 
  8. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Drive, Knowledge 
  [Tactics]) 
     Background: Progress Level 6 () 
     Skills: Climb +3, Craft (structural) +3, Demolitions +3, 
  Drive +9, Handle Animal +2, Intimidate +5, Jump +0, 
  Knowledge (History) +3, Knowledge (Tactics) +9, Repair 
  +7, Ride +4, Survival +4 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Armor Proﬁciency (powered), 
  Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), Modern Technology (PL 4-
  6), Modern Technology Expert (PL 4-6), Point Blank Shot, 
  Power Attack, Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Strong Hero): Melee Smash, Improved Melee 
  Smash 
     Talents (Time Enforcer): Weapon Focus, Weapon 
  Specialization, Temporal Tactical Expert (one time period), 
  Weapon Focus (one PL), Temporal Tactical Expert (all time 
  periods) 
     Possessions: Tactical Vest, Metal Baton, AK-47 
  Time Enforcer High (Strong Hero 3/Time Enforcer 10/
  Fast Hero 2): CR 15; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d8+9 
  plus 10d10+30 plus 2d8+6; HP 123; Mas 16; Init +2; Spd 
  20 ft; Defense 30, touch 21, ﬂatfooted 30 (+0 size, ++0 Dex, 
  +11 class, +9 equipment); BAB +11; Grap +13; Atk +13 
  melee (1d6+4/19-20, Metal Baton), or +13 ranged (2d10+0, 
  HK G3); FS 5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort 
  +10, Ref +10, Will +5; AP 7; Rep +3; Str 14, Dex 14, Con 
  16, Int 10, Wis 13, Cha 8. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Drive, Knowledge 
  [Tactics]) 
     Background: Progress Level 6 () 
     Skills: Climb +3, Craft (mechanical) +4, Craft 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 36
  Temporal Mechanics
  (structural) +3, Demolitions +6, Drive +16, Handle Animal 
  +2, Intimidate +5, Jump -3, Knowledge (History) +3, 
  Knowledge (Tactics) +14, Repair +10, Ride +4, Survival +4 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (heavy), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (light), Armor Proﬁciency (medium), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (powered), Double Tap, Futuristic Technology 
  (PL 7-9), Futuristic Technology Expert (PL 7-9), Modern 
  Technology (PL 4-6), Modern Technology Expert (PL 4-
  6), Point Blank Shot, Power Attack, Precise Shot, Simple 
  Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Strong Hero): Melee Smash, Improved Melee 
  Smash 
     Talents (Time Enforcer): Weapon Focus, Weapon 
  Specialization, Temporal Tactical Expert (one time period), 
  Weapon Focus (one PL), Temporal Tactical Expert (all time 
  periods), Weapon Specialization (one PL), Weapon Focus 
  (one time period), Weapon Specialization (one time period) 
     Talents (Fast Hero): Evasion 
     Possessions: Forced Entry Unit, Metal Baton, HK G3
  Generic Futuristic NPCs
  At low and medium levels the time enforcer is limited in his 
  ability to operate in futuristic combat but at high levels his 
  mastery of futuristic weapons makes him a truly fearsome 
  combatant. 
  Temporal Historian Low (Smart Hero 3/Temporal 
  Historian 2): CR 5; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d6+3 
  plus 2d6+2; HP 23; Mas 13; Init +0; Spd 30 ft; Defense 
  15, touch 12, ﬂatfooted 15 (+0 size, +0 Dex, +2 class, +3 
  equipment); BAB +2; Grap +1; Atk +1 melee (2d8+-1/19-
  20, Concussion Rod), or +2 ranged (2d10+0, Plasma Pistol); 
  FS 5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +2, Ref 
  +1, Will +7; AP 2; Rep +2; Str 8, Dex 10, Con 13, Int 16, 
  Wis 14, Cha 12. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Diplomacy, Gather 
  Information) 
     Background: Progress Level 8 () 
     Skills: Bluff +6, Computer Use +11, Craft (electronic) 
  +11, Craft (mechanical) +11, Craft (structural) +11, 
  Diplomacy +7, Disable Device +9, Gather Information 
  +7, Investigate +8, Knowledge (History) +9, Knowledge 
  (Physical Sciences) +9, Knowledge (Technology) +12, 
  Read/Write Language +3 (Ancient Greek, Latin, Spanish), 
  Repair +9, Research +9, Speak Language +3 (Ancient 
  Greek, Latin, Spanish) 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency 
  (light), Combat Expertise, Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), 
  Futuristic Technology Expert (PL 7-9), Modern Technology 
  (PL 4-6), Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Smart Hero): Savant (Knowledge 
  [Technology]), Exploit Weakness 
     Talents (Temporal Historian): Superstition (Ancient), 
  Detailed Files (one PL) 
     Possessions: Undercover Vest, Concussion Rod, Plasma 
  Pistol 
  Temporal Historian Medium (Smart Hero 3/Temporal 
  Historian 7): CR 10; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d6+6 
  plus 7d6+14; HP 56; Mas 14; Init +0; Spd 30 ft; Defense 
  16, touch 13, ﬂatfooted 16 (+0 size, +0 Dex, +3 class, +3 
  equipment); BAB +4; Grap +3; Atk +3 melee (2d8+-1/19-
  20, Concussion Rod), or +4 ranged (2d10+0, Plasma Pistol); 
  FS 5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +5, Ref 
  +3, Will +9; AP 5; Rep +4; Str 8, Dex 10, Con 14, Int 16, 
  Wis 14, Cha 12. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Diplomacy, Gather 
  Information) 
     Background: Progress Level 8 () 
     Skills: Bluff +6, Computer Use +16, Craft (electronic) 
  +16, Craft (mechanical) +16, Craft (structural) +16, 
  Decipher Script +8, Diplomacy +7, Disable Device +11, 
  Forgery +8, Gather Information +7, Investigate +13, 
  Knowledge (History) +14, Knowledge (Physical Sciences) 
  +9, Knowledge (Tactics) +8, Knowledge (Technology) +17, 
  Read/Write Language +5 (Ancient Greek, Latin, Mandarin, 
  Sanskrit, Spanish), Repair +9, Research +9, Speak 
  Language +5 (Ancient Greek, Latin, Mandarin, Sanskrit, 
  Spanish) 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Combat Expertise, Defensive Martial 
  Arts, Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), Futuristic Technology 
  Expert (PL 7-9), Modern Technology (PL 4-6), Modern 
  Technology Expert (PL 4-6), Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Smart Hero): Savant (Knowledge 
  [Technology]), Exploit Weakness 
     Talents (Temporal Historian): Superstition (Ancient), 
  Detailed Files (one PL), Scientiﬁc Expert (one time period), 
  Detailed Files (one time period), Superstition (Modern), 
  Scientiﬁc Expert (second time period), Achilles Heel, 
  Detailed Files (two time periods) 
     Possessions: Undercover Vest, Concussion Rod, Plasma 
  Pistol 
  Temporal Historian High (Smart Hero 5/Temporal 
  Historian 10): CR 15; Medium-size humanoid; HD 5d6+10 
  plus 10d6+20; HP 83; Mas 14; Init +0; Spd 20 ft; Defense 
  19, touch 15, ﬂatfooted 19 (+0 size, +0 Dex, +5 class, +4 
  equipment); BAB +7; Grap +6; Atk +6 melee (2d8+-1, 
  Concussion Rod), or +7 ranged (2d10+0/19-20, Concussion 
  Riﬂe); FS 5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort 
  +6, Ref +4, Will +12; AP 7; Rep +6; Str 8, Dex 10, Con 14, 
  Int 16, Wis 14, Cha 12. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Diplomacy, Gather 
  Information) 
     Background: Progress Level 8 () 
     Skills: Bluff +9, Computer Use +19, Craft (electronic) 
  +19, Craft (mechanical) +19, Craft (structural) +19, 
  Decipher Script +11, Demolitions +8, Diplomacy +7, 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 37
  Temporal Mechanics
  Disable Device +14, Forgery +11, Gather Information +7, 
  Investigate +13, Knowledge (Earth and Life Sciences) +7, 
  Knowledge (History) +17, Knowledge (Physical Sciences) 
  +9, Knowledge (Tactics) +8, Knowledge (Technology) +22, 
  Navigate +8, Read/Write Language +10 (Ancient Greek, 
  Arabic, Blackfoot, German, Latin, Mandarin, Navaho, 
  Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish), Repair +12, Research +12, 
  Speak Language +10 (Ancient Greek, Arabic, Aramaic, 
  German, Latin, Mandarin, Navaho, Russian, Sanskrit, 
  Spanish) 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Combat Expertise, Defensive Martial 
  Arts, Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), Futuristic Technology 
  Expert (PL 7-9), Improved Trip, Modern Technology (PL 
  4-6), Modern Technology Expert (PL 4-6), Simple Weapons 
  Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Smart Hero): Savant (Knowledge 
  [Technology]), Exploit Weakness, Linguist 
     Talents (Temporal Historian): Superstition (Ancient), 
  Detailed Files (one PL), Scientiﬁc Expert (one time period), 
  Detailed Files (one time period), Superstition (Modern), 
  Scientiﬁc Expert (second time period), Achilles Heel, 
  Detailed Files (two time periods), Scientiﬁc Expert (all time 
  periods), Detailed Files (all time periods) 
     Possessions: Medium Combat Armor, Concussion Rod, 
  Concussion Riﬂe 
  Time Enforcer Low (Strong Hero 3/Time Enforcer 2): 
  CR 5; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d8+6 plus 2d10+4; 
  HP 35; Mas 15; Init +2; Spd 20 ft; Defense 21, touch 15, 
  ﬂatfooted 19 (+0 size, +2 Dex, +3 class, +6 equipment); 
  BAB +4; Grap +6; Atk +6 melee (2d6+4/19-20, High 
  Frequency Sword), or +4 ranged (3d8+0, Laser Riﬂe); FS 
  5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort +6, Ref +5, 
  Will +2; AP 2; Rep +0; Str 14, Dex 14, Con 15, Int 10, Wis 
  12, Cha 8. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Drive, Knowledge 
  [Tactics]) 
     Background: Progress Level 6 () 
     Skills: Climb +0, Craft (structural) +3, Drive +6, Handle 
  Animal +2, Intimidate +2, Knowledge (Tactics) +6, Repair 
  +3, Ride +4, Survival +4 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Modern Technology (PL 4-6), Power 
  Attack, Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Strong Hero): Melee Smash, Improved Melee 
  Smash 
     Talents (Time Enforcer): Weapon Focus, Weapon 
  Specialization 
     Possessions: Tactical Vest, High Frequency Sword, Laser 
  Riﬂe 
  Time Enforcer Medium (Strong Hero 3/Time Enforcer 
  7): CR 10; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d8+6 plus 
  7d10+14; HP 73; Mas 15; Init +2; Spd 25 ft; Defense 
  23, touch 18, ﬂatfooted 21 (+0 size, +2 Dex, +6 class, +5 
  equipment); BAB +8; Grap +10; Atk +10 melee (2d6+4/19-
  20, High Frequency Sword), or +10 ranged (3d8+0, Laser 
  Riﬂe); FS 5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort 
  +8, Ref +7, Will +4; AP 5; Rep +2; Str 14, Dex 14, Con 15, 
  Int 10, Wis 12, Cha 8. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Drive, Knowledge 
  [Tactics]) 
     Background: Progress Level 6 () 
     Skills: Climb +3, Craft (structural) +3, Demolitions +3, 
  Drive +9, Handle Animal +2, Intimidate +5, Jump +0, 
  Knowledge (History) +3, Knowledge (Tactics) +9, Repair 
  +7, Ride +4, Survival +4 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (light), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (medium), Armor Proﬁciency (powered), 
  Futuristic Technology (PL 7-9), Modern Technology (PL 4-
  6), Modern Technology Expert (PL 4-6), Point Blank Shot, 
  Power Attack, Simple Weapons Proﬁciency 
     Talents (Strong Hero): Melee Smash, Improved Melee 
  Smash 
     Talents (Time Enforcer): Weapon Focus, Weapon 
  Specialization, Temporal Tactical Expert (one time period), 
  Weapon Focus (one PL), Temporal Tactical Expert (all time 
  periods) 
     Possessions: Tactical Vest, High Frequency Sword, Laser 
  Riﬂe 
  Time Enforcer High (Strong Hero 3/Time Enforcer 10/
  Fast Hero 2): CR 15; Medium-size humanoid; HD 3d8+9 
  plus 10d10+30 plus 2d8+6; HP 123; Mas 16; Init +2; Spd 30 
  ft; Defense 30, touch 23, ﬂatfooted 28 (+0 size, +2 Dex, +11 
  class, +7 equipment); BAB +11; Grap +15; Atk +15 melee 
  (2d8+6/19-20, Beam Sword), or +13 ranged (3d10+0, Pulse 
  Riﬂe); FS 5 ft by 5 ft; Reach 5 ft; SQ ; AL none; SV Fort 
  +10, Ref +12, Will +5; AP 7; Rep +3; Str 14 (18 in Boost 
  Armor), Dex 14, Con 16, Int 10, Wis 13, Cha 8. 
     Occupation: Law Enforcement (Drive, Knowledge 
  [Tactics]) 
     Background: Progress Level 6 () 
     Skills: Climb +10, Craft (mechanical) +4, Craft 
  (structural) +3, Demolitions +6, Drive +16, Handle Animal 
  +2, Intimidate +5, Jump +4, Knowledge (History) +3, 
  Knowledge (Tactics) +14, Repair +10, Ride +4, Survival +4 
     Feats: Ancient Technology (PL 0-3), Ancient Technology 
  Expert (PL 0-3), Armor Proﬁciency (heavy), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (light), Armor Proﬁciency (medium), Armor 
  Proﬁciency (powered), Double Tap, Futuristic Technology 
  (PL 7-9), Futuristic Technology Expert (PL 7-9), Modern 
  Technology (PL 4-6), Modern Technology Expert (PL 4-
  6), Point Blank Shot, Power Attack, Precise Shot, Simple 
  Weapons Proﬁciency 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 38
  Temporal Mechanics
     Talents (Strong Hero): Melee Smash, Improved Melee 
  Smash 
     Talents (Time Enforcer): Weapon Focus, Weapon 
  Specialization, Temporal Tactical Expert (one time period), 
  Weapon Focus (one PL), Temporal Tactical Expert (all time 
  periods), Weapon Specialization (one PL), Weapon Focus 
  (one time period), Weapon Specialization (one time period) 
     Talents (Fast Hero): Evasion 
     Possessions: Boost Armor, Beam Sword, Pulse Riﬂe 
  NPCs
  Archimedes
  If statistics are needed for Archimedes use the high level 
  Temporal Historian NPC above, outﬁtted appropriately for 
  the current tech level.
  Adventure Hook: “Retrieval”—After capturing a TEA 
  gate (perhaps as a result of the time Gate War adventure 
  hook below), the Romans mount an expedition into the 
  future, capturing and retrieving Archimedes for his military 
  genius. The PCs must mount a rescue mission both to secure 
  the gate and to recover one of TEA’s most valuable agents. 
  Lon Vestrel
  If statistics are needed for Lon Vestrel use the high level 
  Time Enforcer NPC above, outﬁtted appropriate to the 
  current tech level.
  Adventure Hook: “Stranded”—While on a training 
  assignment with Lon Vestrel, the head of the TEA, the PCs’ 
  gate malfunctions, stranding them in the past. When their 
  training ofﬁcer is injured, the PCs must attempt to keep him 
  alive and return home, either by repairing the gate or ﬁnding 
  and using another gate. 
  Campaign Hooks
  Gate Wars
  The Fyr’Toll have decided to deny the TEA access to the 
  past by assaulting and destroying their gates. Agents are 
  stranded throughout the timeline in the early days of this 
  conﬂict; the PCs are TEA enforcement agents tasked with 
  securing and retaking gates throughout the timestream and 
  then going on the offensive, destroying Fyr`Toll gates. 
  Thousand Year Reich
  A new “night of long knives” has occurred, with the 
  mysterious assassinations of Franklin Roosevelt, Winston 
  Churchill, Joseph Stalin and even a (then) little-known 
  Senator from Missouri, Harry Truman. TEA ofﬁcials have 
  determined that agents of the Eternal Reich are behind these 
  murders and the PCs have been assigned to foil the killings. 
  The Gamemaster can either have a different team assigned 
  to each killing or send the PCs through time multiple 
  times (since they will be at a different location each time, 
  this is possible under the temporal mechanics of the Time 
  Enforcers Campaign Model). Thus this incursion could 
  serve for one adventure or several. For added temporal fun, 
  if the PCs go back several times, any Eternal Reich agents 
  who survive will also be sent back several times, allowing 
  the PCs to deal with short-term recurring villains as they 
  confront the same agents again and again.
  Root of  all evil
  During an unrelated mission into the past, the PCs see 
  several of their fellow TEA agents in a time period they 
  have no business being in. Unaware of any mission to this 
  period other than their own, the PCs further learn that the 
  agents are considered brilliant captains of industry and 
  have made themselves fabulously wealthy in a short period 
  of time. If they report these activities to their superiors 
  (or simply investigate on their own), the PCs will uncover 
  a wide-ranging plot by several of their fellow agents to 
  enrich themselves through the use of time travel. They will 
  then have to bring down their own friends, making several 
  enemies among their brothers and sisters in the TEA.
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Author’s note about this 
  timeline
  Many things that are stated as fact in this timeline are 
  hotly debated by modern scientists and historians. When 
  was the Big Bang, really? What event killed 90% of all life 
  on Earth 250 million years ago? Why did the dinosaurs 
  go extinct? These are questions to which science may 
  never know deﬁnitive answers, yet deﬁnitive answers 
  are given here. The reason for this is simple: in a time 
  travel game, it is presumed that someone could go look. 
  Feel free to substitute any explanation you choose, or 
  even no explanation for these events. But be prepared for 
  players who will expect to know the answers to age-old 
  conundrums—and who, if no answers are available, will 
  want to know “why not?” If the answer you provide is 
  “no one has visited that time period yet,” you still need 
  an answer—since your players might decide to go check 
  themselves!
  13.7 Billion Years Ago: Big Bang. Creation of the 
  universe.
  4.6 Billion Years Ago: Formation of Earth’s solar system.
  3.9 Billion Years Ago: Formation of Earth.
  3.5 Billion Years Ago: Bacterial life on Earth.
  2.5 Billion Years Ago: Cyanobacteria, the ﬁrst organisms 
  to use photosynthesis, appear. These organisms produce 
  oxygen as a byproduct and transform the Earth into the 
  oxygen-rich planet we know today. The appearance of 
  oxygen leads to the “oxygen catastrophe” as the substance 
  kills the majority of life on the planet Earth—lifeforms for 
  which oxygen is poisonous. 
  1 Billion Years Ago: The oldest known supercontinent, 
  Rodinia.
  750 Million Years Ago: Rodinia breaks up, forming 
  three large continents: Protolaurasia, Protogondwana, and 
  the Congo continental craton. (A craton is a section of 
  crust at least 500 million years old; cratons are usually not 
  independent continents but are found in the exterior of older 
  continents.) 
  Earth enters a severe period of ever-worsening glaciation.
  600 Million Years Ago: Multicellular life on Earth. 
  The Congo continental craton connects Protolaurasia to 
  Protogondwana, forming the short-lived supercontinent of 
  Pannotia. 
  580 Million Years Ago: “Snowball Earth:” glaciers 
  now cover the entire Earth, bringing photosynthesis to a 
  complete halt. Earth is a very dry, cold, blindingly white 
  planet during this period, with its internal temperature 
  allowing for the existence of water only beneath several 
  kilometers of ice.
  542 Million Years Ago: In the “Cambrian Explosion,” as 
  the Earth emerges from the “Snowball Earth” period, there 
  is an explosion of life leading to the rapid development of 
  diverse forms of animal life. Animal life ﬂourishes on Earth 
  during this period, and hard body parts (mostly shells) make 
  their ﬁrst appearance in the fossil record.
  540 Million Years Ago: Pannotia breaks up into the 
  continents of Laurentia (the craton at the heart of North 
  America), Baltica (the craton in northwest Eurasia), Siberia 
  (the craton at the heart of modern Siberia) and Gondwana 
  (modern Antarctica, South America, Madagascar, Africa, 
  India, Arabia, Australia and New Zealand).
  300 Million Years Ago: The supercontinent of Pangaea 
  is formed. Many of the mountain ranges formed during this 
  period are still in existence today, including the Appalachian 
  mountains of North America, the Ural mountains of Eurasia, 
  and the Atlas mountains of North Africa. The one ocean 
  surrounding Pangaea has been named Panthalassa. 
  252 Million Years Ago: Permian-Triassic extinction 
  event. The worst extinction event known to science, this 
  period sees 90% of all marine life and 70% of all land 
  vertebrates go extinct. At the end of this event, fungi are the 
  dominant form of terrestrial life. 
  Chapter III: 
  A Brief  History of  the World
  Adventures in Time: Snowball Earth
  Whether or not Earth was ever truly completely encased in ice is a subject of much debate in scientiﬁc circles. 
  Scientiﬁcally-inclined time travelers might want to visit this period to study the conditions for themselves. Even if the 
  planet is not entirely encased in ice, conditions are likely to be brutally harsh—closer to an alien planet than what is 
  normally thought of as Earth, especially if the PCs’ stay ends up being longer than planned (but what are the odds of 
  that?). 
  This period could also serve as a “gulag in time,” a nice place to send someone as a punishment, assuming you gave 
  them adequate supplies to survive. If someone were to arrive in this era unprotected from the elements, whether they 
  were forcibly sent back through time or simply stumbled upon it unprepared, they would likely die from exposure in 
  minutes.
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Science has advanced many theories as to the cause 
  of P-T extinction. Since time travelers could go see 
  for themselves, the following explanation is offered: a 
  supernova near Earth (“near” in this case meaning within 10 
  parsecs) releases a blast of gamma radiation that completely 
  destroys Earth’s ozone layer. The resulting direct exposure 
  of the Earth to the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation results in the 
  destruction of almost all life on Earth. 
  Note that this theory is simply offered as one possible 
  explanation. Feel free to insert your own—just decide what 
  happens, since chances are someone has gone and looked.
  245-202 Million Years Ago: The Triassic period sees new 
  life ﬂourishing in the wake of the P-T extinction. Dinosaurs 
  and reptiles begin to dominate life on both land and sea.
  200 Million Years Ago: Triassic-Jurassic extinction event 
  results in the death of 50% of all species on Earth. This 
  allows the dinosaurs, which had begun to appear in large 
  numbers during the Triassic period, to take their place as the 
  dominant form of life on land and sea. 
  200-146 Million Years Ago: Jurassic period, commonly 
  referred to as the “Age of Dinosaurs.” Dominant sea 
  life includes ﬁsh, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and marine 
  crocodiles. Dominant land species include Archosaurs, 
  large herbivorous sauropods, and predators including 
  Megalosaurs, Allosaurs and Ceratosaurs. Although birds 
  evolve near the end of the Jurassic period, the dominant 
  form of aerial life is the Pterosaur, which ﬁlls the ecological 
  niche occupied by modern birds. 
  180 Million Years Ago: Pangaea breaks up into two 
  supercontinents: Gondwana to the south and Laurasia to the 
  north (the latter composed of modern-day North America 
  and Europe and Asia).
  160 Million Years Ago: Africa breaks away from 
  Gondwana and begins to drift toward its current position. 
  146-65 Million Years Ago: Cretaceous period. In one 
  of the best examples of mutual evolution, ﬂowering plants 
  appear along with a new type of insect—the bee. Other 
  new types of insect, including ants, termites, butterﬂies, 
  aphids and grasshoppers, also appear. Many of these insects 
  bear a radical new trait that will help them compete in 
  the biosphere: social organization built on sterile worker 
  “castes.” Many modern trees, including ﬁgs and magnolias, 
  appear for the ﬁrst time. 
  Some older species of plants such as conifers continue 
  to thrive. Mammals—the ﬁrst monotremes, marsupials and 
  placental mammals—are common, though most are small 
  and rat-like. Dinosaurs are at their most varied and dominant 
  during this period; many of the most famous dinosaurs, 
  including the Tyrannosaurus Rex and the horned dinosaurs, 
  appear near the very end of the Age of Dinosaurs. 
  Avian life is dominated by Pterosaurs at the beginning of 
  the Jurassic, but is slowly taken over by birds. Throughout 
  the Jurassic period, Pterosaurs retreat into ever-more-
  specialized ecological niches.
  At sea plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs and crocodiles 
  continue to dominate alongside new life forms including 
  the Elasmosaur and Mosasaur. This period also sees the 
  appearance of rays, sharks and teleosts (modern ﬁsh). 
  125 Million Years Ago: India breaks away from 
  Gondwana and begins to drift toward its current position.
  80 Million Years Ago: New Zealand breaks away from 
  Gondwana and begins to drift toward its current position.
  65 Million Years Ago: Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction 
  event. A massive asteroid strikes Earth, breaking up as it 
  enters the atmosphere and impacting at several locations 
  around the globe. The largest piece, more than 10 km in 
  diameter, strikes off the Yucatan peninsula while other 
  pieces land in the North Sea, Alberta (Canada), Brazil and 
  the Ukraine. The Earth is covered in a cloud of thick dust 
  which blocks out the light of the sun and plunges the planet 
  into “nuclear winter”-type conditions. 
  All dinosaurs are rendered extinct by this event, as 
  are most birds and all large sea reptiles. Many types of 
  plants are also killed by the extended darkness blanketing 
  the Earth; this causes the almost total extinction of large 
  creatures dependant on plants for survival (which includes 
  both herbivores and the large carnivores that feed on them). 
  Insects, which could survive on stores of food or carrion, 
  and mammals, which at this time subsist largely on carrion 
  and insects, fare rather well during this mass extinction. The 
  stage is set for the advancement of mammals into advanced 
  creatures capable of ﬁlling every ecological niche… and 
  beyond that, eventually humanity.
  65-56 Million Years Ago: Paleocene epoch. Modern 
  plants and mammals begin to evolve, with the ﬁrst large 
  mammals (up to the size of a modern hippo) making their 
  appearance. With the extinction of the dinosaurs, mammals 
  begin to move into ecological niches once dominated by 
  their reptilian predecessors. The ﬁrst mammalian predators 
  appear during the Paleocene. Crocodiles during this time 
  grow quite large and are the apex predators throughout most 
  of the world. 
  Like mammals, birds undergo an explosion of adaptation 
  and diversiﬁcation during the Paleocene; cranes, hawks, 
  herons, pelicans, ducks, owls and woodpeckers all appear 
  for the ﬁrst time. Birds, like mammals, also adapt into 
  predators—large, ﬂightless “terror birds” grow large and 
  ferocious during this period, becoming important predators 
  in South America, where they are most commonly found. 
  The climate of the Paleocene is generally warm, and 
  temperatures continue to rise throughout the period. 
  Conditions at the poles are temperate and mild, while areas 
  further north and south are arid and the equator very hot and 
  humid. The continents continue to move slowly toward their 
  modern-day locations. North America, Europe and Asia still 
  form the supercontinent Laurasia, but Greenland begins 
  to pull away during this period. Gondwana to the south 
  continues to break up as Africa, South America, Antarctica 
  and Australia slowly drift further apart. The Western Interior 
  Seaway (see above) begins to slowly dry up during this 
  period, allowing new life to take hold in the interior of 
  modern North America.
  New plants, including the ﬁrst cactus and palm, appear 
  during this period. The majority of the planet is covered 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  in thick jungle and subtropical forests. The ice-free polar 
  regions are home to pine forests.
  56-34 Million Years Ago: Eocene epoch. Mammals 
  continue to diversify and by the end of this period have 
  adapted for almost every environment and ecological 
  niche. Many modern mammal types (among them primitive 
  whales) make their ﬁrst appearances. The ﬂora of this period 
  sees the emergence of grasses and the retreat of northern 
  pine as a cooling Antarctica is once again covered in 
  glaciers. 
  34-23 Million Years Ago: Oligocene epoch. This period 
  sees a ﬂurry of evolution and is a transitionary period 
  between the older tropical Earth and the emergence of 
  recognizable modern ecosystems. 
  23-5.3 Million Years Ago: Miocene epoch. Climate 
  worldwide is close to that of modern Earth, and both 
  mammals and birds shift toward their modern species and 
  ecological dispersal. Horses and mastodons experience 
  remarkable growth in the numbers of both species and 
  individuals. The ﬁrst primitive hominids appear, the earliest 
  direct ancestors of mankind and the great apes.
  5.3-1.8 Million Years Ago: Pliocene epoch. This period 
  sees the Earth’s cooling intensify from a recognizably 
  modern climate into Earth’s most recent ice age. The 
  Antarctic glaciation which began tens of millions of 
  years earlier expands and becomes year–round; the Arctic 
  glaciates as well. By the end of this epoch, glaciers have 
  advanced north and south into the mid-latitudes. 
  North and South America become linked by the Isthmus 
  of Panama, with severe consequences for world-wide 
  weather patterns and the ecosystems of both continents. 
  The linkage of the two continents allows predator mammals 
  to migrate south, causing the extinction of the marsupial 
  and avian predators unique to South America (including 
  the aforementioned “terror birds”). The linkage of the two 
  continents also accelerates the ice age, as warm ocean 
  currents can no longer circulate worldwide. This triggers a 
  substantial cooling of the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
  Africa’s collision with Europe creates the Mediterranean 
  Sea.  Severe glaciation lowers water levels enough to expose 
  a land bridge across the Bering Straits, allowing animals 
  from Russia and Asia to migrate to North America. 
  The fauna of this period are greatly impacted by these 
  temperature shifts. Tropical jungle is forced to retreat into 
  a narrow band around the equator, allowing deciduous 
  and coniferous forests to spread. Grasses also ﬂourish in 
  this new environment, spreading to every continent except 
  Antarctica. The drying of Earth’s climate causes deserts and 
  savannahs to appear in Asia and Africa. 
  This epoch also sees the appearance of the extinct 
  hominids Australopithecus Afarensis and Australopithecus 
  Africanus, two species that are directly related to Homo 
  Erectus.
  Herbivores begin to increase notably in size, and the 
  carnivores that hunt them follow suit. It is believed that the 
  enhanced ability of animals to migrate is the cause of this 
  increase in size; creatures are able to migrate by land from 
  the south of Africa all the way to South America thanks to 
  the Bering land bridge and the Isthmus of Panama. Bears 
  evolve into faster, more ferocious animals, radiating into 
  predatory niches of the ecology. This period also sees 
  the development of saber-toothed cats, along with a new 
  Pliocene predator that hunts in packs and is important today 
  as a domesticated animal: the dog. With the appearance of 
  predatory bears and the arrival of dogs alongside the cats 
  and hyenas of Africa, the hyena is forced to adapt away 
  from a predatory to a more scavenging role. 
  2.5 Million Years Ago: Homo Habilis and Homo Erectus 
  begin the development of human technology, making hand-
  axes, spears and other tools using techniques such as ﬂint-
  knapping.   
  1.6 Million through 10,000 Years Ago: Pleistocene 
  epoch. This ice age sees as much as 30% of the Earth 
  covered with glaciers. All of Canada and parts of America 
  (the Great Lakes region) are covered with glaciers. Glaciers 
  stretch south of Moscow in Russia. Extending from these 
  glaciers is an area of permafrost up to several hundred 
  kilometers further south (less in North America, far more in 
  Asia). Temperatures at the edge of the glaciers average -6 
  degrees C (21 degrees Fahrenheit), while temperatures at 
  the southern edge of the permafrost average 0 degrees C (32 
  degrees Fahrenheit). 
  South of these areas of bitter cold are massive freshwater 
  lakes fed by seasonal runoff. North America is dominated by 
  two massive lakes: Lake Agassiz and Lake Bonneville. Lake 
  Agassiz covers the center of North America in modern-
  day Manitoba, Western Ontario, Saskatchewan, northern 
  Minnesota and northern North Dakota; this body of water 
  contains more water than all the Great Lakes combined. 
  At its largest, it is larger than any lake in the modern world 
  and even larger than the Caspian Sea, measuring 440,000 
  square kilometers. It is survived by the modern-day Lake 
  Winnipeg. Lake Bonneville covers modern Utah and parts 
  of modern Idaho and Nevada. At one time Lake Bonneville 
  measures as much as 52,000 square kilometers, with a depth 
  of up to 300 meters. It is survived by Utah’s Great Salt 
  Lake. 
  Larger mammals ﬂourish during this epoch, but 
  eventually begin to go extinct. Species that fall into 
  extinction include mammoths, mastodons, saber-toothed 
  cats and ground sloths. Other species (including horses and 
  camels) survive but are eliminated from North America. 
  Beginnings of  Civilization
  At this point in our brief history of the world we shift gears 
  to the 12 millennia of humanity, and begin to count time 
  not in absolute terms as we have before, but in the modern 
  fashion. From this point on, we will be counting down from 
  10,000 Before the Common Era (BCE) and then up from the 
  Common Era (CE).  
  10,000 BCE (circa): Dire wolves, saber-tooth cats, giant 
  beavers, ground sloths, mammoths and American lions all 
  go extinct in North America.
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Glaciers retreat, causing large amounts of glaciated land 
  to become habitable once again.
  As sea levels rise, the Bering land bridge is ﬂooded once 
  again, separating North America from Asia. 
  Azilian tribesmen occupy Spain, France, Switzerland, 
  Belgium and Scotland. The Azilians craft stone harpoons 
  and tools as well as decorative pebbles. 
  Sami tribesmen occupy Sweden, Norway, Finland and 
  Russia. These tribes engage in hunting, ﬁshing and reindeer 
  herding.
  Magdalenian tribesmen occupy France, where they 
  hunt reindeer, red deer and horses for food. They leave 
  behind vivid cave paintings that survive to this day. The 
  Magdalenians also produce other types of art, including 
  elaborate bone, antler and ivory carvings and jewelry made 
  from sea shells and carnivore teeth.  (These items are 
  usually perforated and worn as necklaces.)
  In Japan, the earliest known pottery is in use by the 
  Jomon tribesmen near Honshu.
  In North America, tribesmen engage in big-game hunting 
  on a large scale.  They manufacture very ﬁne stone spears 
  and arrows (known as the Clovis Points); similar stone tool 
  manufacturing techniques are in use throughout the Great 
  Plains. 
  In the southwest United States, Folsom tribesmen ﬂourish. 
  In Australia, the ﬁrst depictions of humans in art appear. 
  In Mesopotamia, three or more language groups including 
  Sumerian and Semitic tribesmen ﬂourish. These tribes 
  collect wheat barley for the production of malt beer.
  Dogs ﬁrst domesticated.
  9,560 BCE: Atlantis sinks into the ocean. This Atlantic-
  based civilization was a military threat to the ancient 
  Greeks and ruled all the islands of the Atlantic, both those 
  off the coast of Africa and those in the Caribbean. For time 
  travelers, this mysterious land and its lost civilization are 
  prime points of interest. 
  9,000 BCE (circa): First stone structures built at Jericho. 
  In the ﬁrst evidence of true cultivation, Einkorn wheat is 
  grown in Northern Syria. 
  In Mesopotamia, the sheep is ﬁrst domesticated. 
  Mediterranean islands begin to be settled. 
  In the Sahara, a large and successful culture develops 
  ﬁnely-made spear and arrowheads and depicts in beautiful 
  rock art many species now extinct in the Sahara: the 
  elephant, giraffe, hippopotamus and rhinoceros.
  In North America, cultivation of grasses, squash, beans, 
  peppers and potatoes.  
  8,000 BCE (circa): Nomadic hunters have settled in 
  Britain in Scotland and Yorkshire. 
  Earliest known African engravings.
  There is some evidence that trade in tobacco 
  was occurring during this time between 
  Africa and South America (perhaps an 
  expeditionary group of time travelers 
  should verify this?).
  World population stands under 
  10,000,000. 
  7,500 BCE: Earliest known cemetery 
  in North America. 
  Manioc (also known as cassava), a tuber 
  that is a staple source of carbohydrates, is cultivated 
  along the Amazon basin.
  7,000 BCE: Farming spreads from Anatolia to 
  Southeast Europe. 
  6,500 BCE: Copper-smelting in Anatolia, 
  Southwest Asia. Metallic implements made of 
  copper are quickly alloyed with tin to create bronze, 
  marking the beginnings of PL 1 technology in the 
  Middle East.
  Cattle domesticated in the Sahara region of 
  North Africa.
  Rising sea levels separate the British Isles from 
  Europe.  
  6,200 BCE: Farming spreads to Sicily and Southern 
  Italy. 
  6,000 BCE: Nile Valley agriculture and pastoralism. 
  Farming spreads along the west coast of the 
  Mediterranean Sea. 
  Corn cultivated in Ecuador. 
  5,500 BCE: First irrigation system in the world at Choga 
  Mami, Mesopotamia. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Pottery produced by farmers in Central Europe.
  5,400 BCE: Agricultural villages in Central Europe begin 
  clearing forest to increase the amount of farmable land. 
  5,000 BCE: Copper in use in Mesopotamia. 
  Settlements along the Huang He (Yellow) River in China 
  develop rice agriculture and domesticate dogs and pigs.
  Agriculture and metallurgy (of both copper and gold) 
  spread to Western Europe. 
  4,500 BCE: Irrigation spreads to the Indus Valley, 
  allowing agriculture to support a much larger population. 
  First use of the sail in Mesopotamia. 
  Horse domesticated in Central Asia. 
  Cattle used as draft animals in Europe. 
  4,000 BCE: Plow ﬁrst used in Mesopotamia. 
  City planning in China, with distinct mercantile, 
  residential and craftsman areas.
  Use of the sail in Egypt.
  The Sahara begins desertiﬁcation; populations begin to 
  migrate out of the area. 
  Mining of important raw materials occurs across Europe, 
  with copper mined in Eastern Europe and ﬂint in Western 
  Europe. 
  3,800 BCE: Ditches used to defend towns in Europe. 
  3,650 BCE: Ox-drawn wagons in use in Central Russia—
  the ﬁrst evidence of wheeled vehicles.
  3,500 BCE: Emergence of city-states in Mesopotamia 
  (the great city-states of Uruk, Ur and Eridu), the Indus 
  Valley and China. Uruk is possibly the ﬁrst true city in 
  the world. One thing that early cities have in common is a 
  need for a strong defense; walls (typically made of stone or 
  rammed earth) and ditches form the bulwark of defense for 
  these early cities. 
  Trade also begins to increase during this period, and the 
  ﬁrst markets for luxury items are found. Social stratiﬁcation 
  begins to appear as well, with citizens of these ﬁrst cities 
  divided by “class” for the ﬁrst time. 
  Cotton is cultivated in Central America for ﬁshing nets, 
  clothing and other textiles. 
  Lama used as a pack animal in Peru. 
  3,300 BCE: First walled towns in Egypt: Hieraconpolus 
  and Naqada.
  3,250 BCE: Writing appears for the ﬁrst time in 
  Mesopotamia. 
  3,200 BCE: Wheeled vehicles in Sumeria. 
  Hieroglyphic writing in Egypt.
  Stone circles and rows of standing stones built throughout 
  Europe. 
  3,100 BCE: Upper Egypt united with Lower Egypt by 
  King Narmer, who becomes the ﬁrst Pharaoh. He founds the 
  city of Memphis as the capital of his new uniﬁed Egypt.  
  3,000 BCE: Rice farming spreads to Korea. 
  First evidence of jade working in China. 
  Chinese along the Yellow River develop the potter’s 
  wheel and are the most skilled pottery experts in the world 
  at this time. 
  Sheep and cattle domesticated in Northern China, water 
  buffalo domesticated in southern China, ﬁrst Chinese use of 
  the plow.
  1st-3rd dynasties rule Egypt. 
  A bristlecone pine germinates in the White Mountains of 
  Adventures in Time: “And the walls came crumbling down”—Jericho
  Situated on an east-west route north of the Dead Sea, Jericho has been continuously inhabited for as long as 11,000 
  years. This makes it an excellent destination and meeting area for time travelers, especially those unable to bring items 
  with them into the past and who need a known urban center at which to acquire supplies. 
  Even if Jericho is not used as a base of operations, there is another reason for time travelers to visit the ancient city. 
  In the 16th century BCE, Joshua brings down the city’s walls and conquers it, using rams’ horns blown by priests and 
  possibly the Ark of the Covenant to penetrate the walls. Time travelers might want to witness these events and determine 
  what really happened. They might also seek to acquire the Ark and the power it conveys.  
  Joshua’s attack on Jericho would be of particular import to one other group of time travelers: the Nazis. Were Nazis 
  to gain access to time travel technology or magic, this would be a likely destination; here they would not only have 
  a chance to steal one of the most valuable mystic artifacts of the ancient world (the Ark), but would also have an 
  opportunity to wipe out the Jewish people at one of their most vulnerable periods of history. In campaigns featuring time 
  traveling Nazis, this is a “hotspot” that would need to be defended by those who wish history to develop as it should. 
  The Invention of  Pottery
  Pottery is one of the most important PL 0 technological advances. The ability to store, cook and transport food in 
  sanitary and reusable containers is vital to the development of agriculture and trade. Pottery was developed at different 
  times around the world but always had a huge impact on a culture once discovered. Pottery appears at the following 
  times: 10000 BCE (Japan), 8500 BCE (China), 7500 BCE (Africa, including the Nile Valley and the Sahara), 6500 BCE 
  (South Asia), 5500 BCE (Central Europe), 2200 BCE (South America), and 1500 BCE (Central America).
  For the time traveler, pottery represents a valuable trade commodity. It can allow travelers to bribe local tribesman or 
  to trade discretely for necessities they cannot bring with them on their trips through time. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  California. Nicknamed “Prometheus” in the 20th century, 
  it is the longest-lived creature to inhabit the planet Earth, 
  living close to 5,000 years.
  First ziggurats built in Sumeria. 
  Medicine wheels begin to be built in North America.
  2,750 BCE: China enters the Bronze Age (PL 1).
  2,700 BCE: Silk weaving in China. 
  Another bristlecone pine tree germinates in the White 
  Mountains in California. It is still alive over 4,700 years 
  later, when it is nicknamed “Methuselah.” 
  2,650 BCE: Pyramid construction begins in Egypt; the 
  Step Pyramid of Zoser is built at Saqqara. 
  2,575 BCE: 4th-6th dynasties rule Egypt.
  2,540 BCE: The Great Pyramid of Giza (sometimes 
  called the Great Pyramid of Khufu) is constructed during the 
  reign of the 4th Dynasty Pharaoh Khufu. This is the largest 
  pyramid and the ﬁrst wonder of the ancient world to be 
  constructed; it is the only one of the Wonders still standing 
  today. 
  This pyramid takes approximately 20 years to construct 
  and is designed by an architect named Hemon, who was 
  Khufu’s relative, Master of Public Works and Vizier. It 
  stands with the other pyramids in the Giza Necropolis 
  outside modern-day Cairo.   
  2,500 BCE: The Mesopotamian city of Ur is a major 
  center of trade and craftsmanship. 
  Mesopotamian city of Elba begins trade with peoples 
  along the coast of the Mediterranean. 
  Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, cities in the Indus Valley, 
  have populations over 40,000. This marks a step forward 
  for the Indus Valley civilization, which enters the Bronze 
  Age (PL 1) and produces the ﬁrst woven cotton cloth in the 
  world. 
  Egyptian priests divide the day into 24 equal units. 
  Copper working reaches Britain.
  South American farmers discover techniques of 
  hybridization and selection, greatly improving crop yields 
  and allowing the growth of large, permanent settlements. 
  Many of these settlements begin to trade with their distant 
  neighbors, and long-distance trade soon extends throughout 
  South America. 
  2,400 BCE:  Akkadian Dynasty founded in Southern 
  Mesopotamia. 
  2,300 BCE: Sargon I, founder and ruler of the Southern 
  Mesopotamian city of Agade, unites the city-states of 
  Mesopotamia under his rule.
  Europe enters the Bronze Age (PL 1). 
  2,150 BCE: Floods cause famine in Egypt, leading to 
  instability in the government of the Egyptian Old Kingdom, 
  resulting in its collapse. Egypt falls under the sway of a 
  collection of powerful nobles, who rule for approximately 
  100 years.
  2,040 BCE: Egypt reunited under the Pharaohs of the 
  Middle Kingdom. A new capital is built at El-Lisht. 
  2,000 BCE: Indus Valley civilization collapses. 
  First Anatolian cities. 
  Founding of the Minoan civilization on the isle of Crete. 
  Palace of Knossos built. 
  Sailing ships begin to be used in the Aegean Sea.
  Stonehenge built.
  Farmers in Peru begin large-scale cultivation of corn.
  Early Inuit culture spreads from Siberia to Greenland, 
  employing small tools made of bone.
  1,965 BCE: Nubia conquered by Egypt.
  1,900 BCE: First Shang cities grow along the Yellow 
  River in China.
  1,800 BCE: The Near East sees an explosion of military 
  innovation with the development of the two-wheeled war 
  chariot and the battering ram.
  Shang Dynasty rules northeastern China.
  Horse introduced to Egypt. 
  1,783 BCE: Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt.  
  1,775 BCE: Palace of Zimri-Lim constructed in Mari 
  (modern Syria). This palace contains a temple of Ishtar and 
  over 25,000 clay tablets written in Akkadian.
  1,763 BCE: Hammurabi conquers all of Sumer and 
  Adventures in Time: Cradles of  Civilization
  For all practical purposes, civilization began in three places: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) along the Tigris and Euphrates 
  rivers, Pakistan in the Indus Valley, and North Africa along the Nile. Peaceful time explorers would certainly wish to 
  visit these areas and witness man’s ﬁrst attempts at agriculture, which lead in turn to his ability to remain sedentary, 
  build cities and have the leisure time to explore and understand the workings of the universe. 
  Other travelers might come to these regions with an agenda, wishing not to watch history unfold but to replace it 
  with something else. If settlers were somehow discouraged from cultivation in these areas—whether through a subtle 
  introduction of bacteria or poisons that make crops fail, or through more overt means that might be seen as the posturing 
  of angry gods—the world today would be almost unrecognizable.
  The reasons for wanting such a drastic change to civilization would depend on the group doing the changing. Perhaps 
  they plan to conquer the world at a time when mankind is still few in numbers and more intent on ﬁnding food than 
  mastering the planet. Environmentally conscious travelers might prefer a world in which humans are forced to live in 
  harmony with nature, hunting and gathering, numbering in the millions rather than the billions, never able to advance 
  technologically to a point where their actions could cause extinctions or threaten the ecological balance of Earth. 
  Of course, such a radical change is likely to backﬁre or at least form a serious paradox, since a world without 
  civilization would never create time travelers capable of going back and instigating the change in the ﬁrst place.  
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  founds the Babylonian Dynasty.
  1,759 BCE: Palace of Zimri-Lim sacked by Hammurabi. 
  1,750 BCE: Hammurabi writes his law code, the ﬁrst 
  legal code in the history of the world. 
  Minoans begin writing in Linear A.
  1,650 BCE: Anatolian city-states united as the Hittite 
  Empire. The city of Hattushash is the capital of this new 
  empire. 
  Indo-Aryans arrive in India from the Near East, bringing 
  with them their Vedic religion (the precursor to Hinduism) 
  as well as their powerful and fast two-wheeled war chariots.
  1,633 BCE: Egypt ruled by the Hyksos, an Asiatic 
  people. The Hyksos conquer Egypt with new weapons and 
  tactics revolving around their powerful war technologies: 
  the two-wheeled chariot, composite shortbow, bronze 
  helmets, and mail shirts. 
  Although the Hyksos possess military technologies 
  unknown to their Egyptian subjects, they quickly become 
  assimilated into the rich culture they have conquered. Soon 
  the Hyksos are using scarabs as symbols of ofﬁce and 
  worshipping the Egyptian god Set. 
  Deir-el-Medina, a city of craftsmen charged with the 
  building of royal tombs, is founded in Egypt. These 
  craftsmen are responsible for most of the tombs in the 
  Valley of Kings. At its peak, the city houses 110 artisans and 
  their families. 
  1,600 BCE: Kassites conquer Mesopotamia.
  Minoans begin writing in Linear B.
  Mycenae becomes the dominant power in the Aegean Sea 
  and on the Greek mainland. 
  1,595 BCE: Hittites sack Babylon.
  1,570 BCE: Egyptian rulers begin to be buried in the 
  Valley of the Kings.
  1,550 BCE: Indo-Aryans control all of northern India.  
  Founding of the Egyptian New Kingdom, with its capital 
  in Thebes. The Theban Pharaohs wage a sustained campaign 
  against the Hyksos invaders, and when the Hyksos are 
  ﬁnally overthrown the New Kingdom leadership attempts to 
  expunge all traces of their rule from monuments and ofﬁcial 
  records.
  1,500 BCE: Widespread warfare between Hittites 
  and Egyptians over control of the Levantine region (the 
  area between the Sinai and the Nile, including the Sinai 
  Peninsula). 
  1,450 BCE: Minoan palaces on Crete destroyed; 
  Mycenaeans take control of the island.
  1,417 BCE: Egyptian power and prestige at its high-water 
  mark during the reign of Amenophis III. 
  1,285 BCE: Hittites and Egyptians meet at the Battle 
  of Kadesh on the banks of the Orontes River (in modern 
  Syria). It is the largest military engagement involving 
  chariots in history and one of the great battles of the ancient 
  world, involving over 5,000 chariots and over 9,000 foot 
  soldiers. 
  Adventures in Time: The Battle of  Kadesh
  Needless to say, the time traveling historian would want to witness this gigantic battle to study the use of the chariot in 
  large-scale conﬂict. In the deserts of Syria Ramesses II and Muwatalli, both skilled generals, attempted to outwit and 
  outmaneuver each other with their fast, maneuverable vehicles in what must have been analogous to the tank battles 
  fought in the deserts of World War II. In fact the bloody stalemate was almost a fabulous victory—at one point Ramesses 
  nearly encircled his enemy, which would have led to a slaughter. The Hittites were able to retreat and preserve at least a 
  draw.
  For the time traveler whose interests are more (ahem) material, the silver tablet containing the peace treaty between 
  Egypt and the Hittites would be an utterly priceless artifact.
  Adventures in Time: The Assyrian Empire
  The Assyrians were a ruthless empire that used several military innovations and the political instability of the nations 
  around them to become a powerful force in the ancient world. 
  As Assyria grew in military might, its war machine consumed the patchwork of small, squabbling nations that 
  surrounded it; conquered nations were forced to pay tribute. Nations that were subjugated in this manner included Israel, 
  Judaea, Syria, Phoenicia and even parts of Egypt.
  Eventually the many states conquered by Assyria joined forces and destroyed their oppressors, sacking the cities of 
  Nineveh and Nimrud. 
  For the time traveler interested in historical research, Assyria would be a prime destination. Assyria was a unique and 
  aggressive military culture that mastered the use of heavy shock troops, combining heavy mail armor with the chariot. 
  The Assyrians were also skilled at siege warfare, a technique they used to bring resisting cities to heel during their 
  conquests. 
  For the time traveler interested in conquest, the Assyrians could make perfect muscle. Aggressive and militaristic, with 
  a few key technological advances and the advice of a savvy time-altering megalomaniac who knows the future, Assyria 
  might ascend to world domination rather than Rome. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  The Hittites had been pushing the Egyptians further 
  back for centuries, and the reign of Akhenaten had been 
  particularly bad for Egypt militarily. Ramesses I had begun 
  the long process of pushing the Hittites back, and now his 
  son Ramesses II was continuing that campaign. Ramesses II 
  commanded the Egyptian forces and Muwatalli the Hittite 
  forces. 
  Modern historians consider the Battle of Kadesh a draw, 
  but at the time both sides claimed victory. There were heavy 
  casualties on both sides, but neither was able to make any 
  territorial gains as a result of the battle. The loss of so many 
  forces affected the Egyptians and Hittites more internally 
  than externally, with unrest rising in both empires with the 
  diversion of troops usually assigned to maintain order. 
  Although other factors surely play their part, less than 
  100 years after the end of this battle—a battle that severely 
  weakened both sides—the Hittite and the Egyptian empires 
  collapse under the weight of internal unrest and foreign 
  invasion.
  1,258 BCE: A peace treaty is signed between Ramesses 
  II and the new Hittite king, Hattusili III. It is inscribed on 
  a silver tablet which has been lost. A Hittite clay copy and 
  an Egyptian papyrus copy have survived. This treaty is 
  regarded as one of the ﬁrst international peace treaties; a 
  copy hangs in the United Nations today. 
  1,200 BCE: Hittite Empire collapses. 
  Jews begin their Exodus from Egypt, eventually settling 
  in Palestine. 
  Olmec civilization emerges on the Yucatan Peninsula in 
  South America. This culture establishes large urban centers 
  and a continent-spanning trade network in luxuries such as 
  basalt, jade and obsidian.
  1,166 BCE: Death of Ramesses III, Egyptian’s last great 
  Pharaoh. The reign of Ramesses III was a difﬁcult one and 
  included mass migratory invasions by the “sea people” 
  of the type that would contribute to the fall of the Roman 
  Empire millennia later. Although Ramesses defeated many 
  of these invasions, the drain to his treasury produced an 
  inevitable decline in Egypt’s fortunes. Ramesses’ reign also 
  features the ﬁrst recorded labor strike in Egyptian history, as 
  the Pharaoh was unable to pay the food rations of the tomb 
  builders at Deir-el-Medina. 
  1,100 BCE: Collapse of Mycenaean control of the Greece 
  mainland. The vacuum created in Mediterranean sea trade 
  allows the Phoenicians to expand their sea trade operations. 
  1,070 BCE: Fall of Egyptian New Kingdom.
  1,000 BCE: Iron is in general use throughout Eurasia 
  (note that these cultures are still PL 1, though a late PL 1). 
  King David unites Israel and Judea, establishing the 
  capital of his new kingdom in Jerusalem. He brings with 
  him the most revered artifact of his people: the Ark of the 
  Covenant. 
  The Phoenicians become the major maritime power in 
  the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas. As well as spreading 
  trade throughout the region, they also spread their unique 
  language, which is based on alphabetic letters unlike the 
  pictograph and hieroglyph-based written languages of the 
  day. It is from Phoenician alphabetic writing that all modern 
  European languages descend. 
  Chinese bronze-working is elevated to a high level of 
  craftsmanship, the best in the entire world at this time.  
  Chinese innovations, including bronze-working techniques 
  and wet rice cultivation, begin to spread to Korea. 
  Iron-working spreads to Europe from the Near East. 
  Etruscans begin to settle in Italian peninsula. 
  Settlers in the Ohio river valley begin to develop the 
  distinctive Adena culture. 
  On the islands of Fiji, Samoa and Tonga, the culture of 
  Polynesia begins to emerge. 
  965 BCE: Solomon ascends to kingship of Israel. 
  951 BCE: Megiddo rises in importance, becoming a 
  center for the administration and defense of the kingdom of 
  Israel. 
  950 BCE: Foundation of Assyrian Empire. 
  945 BCE: Egypt erupts into civil war, dividing the once-
  mighty empire into a number of small, feuding states. 
  900 BCE: Indian culture begins to evolve; Hinduism 
  is shaped by the writings of early Vedas, Brahmanas and 
  Adventures in Time: Ancient Olympics
  The Olympics are ﬁrst known to have been held in 776 BCE (although they were almost certainly much older). This 
  expression of ancient Greek culture was considered so important that it is often used by historians as the beginning of 
  the classical Greek period. Its historical importance is comparable to that of the death of Alexander the Great in 323 
  BCE, which is typically considered to mark the end of the classic period.
  The Olympic games were also of enormous importance to the ancient Greeks themselves. At the time, Greece was 
  composed of a number of independent city-states that were not always at peace. Yet every four years, an Olympic Truce 
  was called, during which all differences were set aside in favor of this grand celebration of athletic achievement.
  The games also possessed religious signiﬁcance, being used to honor Zeus; an enormous statue of the god was built at 
  the site of the games in Olympia. The games paid special homage to the hero Pelops, a legendary charioteer. 
  The games were held every four years until 393 CE, when the Roman Emperor Theodosius banned the games as a 
  “pagan festival.”
  Witnessing the ancient games would be an obvious goal for both the time historian and the time tourist, but doing so is 
  not for the prudish time traveler—the athletes were all male, naked and oiled, as one of the purposes of the competition 
  was to celebrate the human body in all its beauty. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Upanishads. 
  850 BCE: Earliest Roman village on Palatine Hill. 
  The Chavin cult, involving the worship of part-animal, 
  part-human supernatural beings, reaches its height in Peru, 
  South America.
  814 BCE: Phoenicians establish a trading colony at 
  Carthage.
  800 BCE: Iron Age reaches the Celts of Britain and 
  Western Europe. 
  Greek-styled Etruscan city-states begin to grow in central 
  Italy. 
  Greece adopts Phoenician alphabet. 
  First evidence of written language in North America, 
  among the Zapotec in south-central Mexico.
  776 BCE: Athletics festival held in honor of Zeus at his 
  sanctuary in Olympia. This is the year traditionally marked 
  as the beginning of the classical Greek culture.
  771 BCE: Decline of central control of the Zhou 
  Dynasty in China. Eastern Zhou establishes its own capital, 
  beginning what Chinese historians refer to as the “Spring 
  and Autumn” period of Chinese history, during which China 
  is divided into two nominal state: Eastern Zhou and Western 
  Zhou. 
  753 BCE: Rome founded by the brothers Romulus and 
  Remus.
  750 BCE: Amos, a shepherd-turned-prophet native to 
  Israel, delivers his prophetic gospel.
  First evidence of Greek alphabet; ﬁrst appearances of the 
  The Iliad and The Odyssey are recorded. 
  747 BCE: Nubians control Egypt. 
  733 BCE: Corinth founds the colony of Syracuse; 
  beginnings of Greek colonies in the Mediterranean. 
  722 BCE: Israel conquered by Assyria, becomes an 
  Assyrian province. 
  705 BCE: Assyrian capital moved from Khorsabad to 
  Nineveh.
  700 BCE: Rise of Adena culture in Ohio valley, North 
  America. 
  Rise of great Greek city-states.  
  689 BCE: Babylon destroyed by Assyria. 
  671 BCE: Assyria captures Egyptian capital of Memphis. 
  670 BCE: Construction begins on the Temple of Artemis 
  at Ephesus. 
  669 BCE: Northern Egypt conquered by Assyria. 
  663 BCE: Assyrian Empire reaches its height with the 
  sack of the Egyptian city of Thebes. 
  660 BCE: Reign of Jimmu (whose name literally means 
  “divine might”), ﬁrst Emperor of Japan. 
  650 BCE: Introduction of iron-working to China. 
  616 BCE: Tarquin I, an Etruscan, becomes King of 
  Rome. 
  612 BCE: Assyrian cities of Nineveh and Nimrud sacked 
  by the Babylonian-Mede alliance. End of the Assyrian 
  Empire. 
  605 BCE: Nebuchadnezzar II ascends to the Babylonian 
  throne. 
  Lao-Tzu, traditional founder of Taoism and author of the 
  Dao De Jing, is born in Chu (today part of southern China). 
  600 BCE: Ball courts found in Olmec ruins.
  Aryans control Northern India, which is divided into 16 
  individual kingdoms. These kingdoms are often at war with 
  one another, and elephants are used in warfare for the ﬁrst 
  time. Hinduism develops in this tumultuous environment. 
  Eventually the kingdom of Magadha rises to prominence. 
  Babylon, ruled by Nebuchadnezzar II, completes 
  construction of the Hanging Gardens, one of the seven 
  wonders of the ancient world. 
  597 BCE: Jerusalem conquered by the Babylonian 
  Empire. 
  587 BCE: City of Jerusalem destroyed along with the 
  Temple of the Jews. The Jewish Babylonian exile begins. 
  569 BCE: Greek mathematician, philosopher and mystic 
  Pythagoras born on the island of Samos. He is the author 
  of the Pythagorean Theorem, one of the most famous and 
  important geometric theories of all time. 
  563 BCE: Buddha is born to noble parents. Forsaking 
  a life of wealth and ease, he instead chooses a life of 
  asceticism and contemplation. 
  559 BCE: Cyrus II, known to history as Cyrus the Great, 
  ascends to the throne of the Persian Empire in modern-day 
  Iran. 
  551 BCE: Birth of Confucius, the most important Chinese 
  Adventures in Time: Rome
  For the time traveler who isn’t content to simply observe history, but who wants to leave his mark on the human 
  timeline, 753 BCE has one and only one vacation spot: Rome. Destroying the city in its infancy would be a difﬁcult 
  way to change history, since Rome’s central location makes it a natural spot for a trading center. Still, if a bolt from the 
  heavens strikes the ground clean every time anyone tries to settle in the area, people will eventually get the message 
  that the gods do not desire a city to be built there. A future without Rome would likely be unrecognizable to a traveler 
  visiting the 20th century of “Rome-less” Earth.
  Of course, an easier solution for the would-be world conqueror might be to seize the site of the future city as your 
  own, using an upgraded Assyrian war machine (see the Assyria sidebar above) to dominate Italy and Greece. In this 
  manner, a conqueror could easily sweep through Europe as Julius Caesar would do centuries later, dominating the 
  continent much more decisively than historical Rome ever managed.
  For the time historian, this date also poses many unanswered questions. Who were Romulus and Remus? Did they 
  even exist? Was the city actually founded in this year, or had it been inhabited for some time? 
  
  Blood and Time
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  philosopher. 
  Zoroastrianism adopted as ofﬁcial religion of the Persian 
  Empire.
  550 BCE: Persia conquers the Medes. 
  The Temple of Artemis, one of the seven wonders of 
  the ancient world, is completed at Ephesus (modern-day 
  Turkey). The temple has taken 120 years to construct. 
  539 BCE: Cyrus II adds Babylon to the growing Persian 
  Empire without bloodshed. After his victory over Babylon, 
  Cyrus decrees that all Babylonians will be shown mercy, 
  granted freedom of religion and the right to choose their 
  own profession. He also frees all Babylonian slaves, 
  including the Jews in exile, who return to Israel. Cyrus’ 
  generosity is hailed for centuries as the model of royal 
  benevolence. 
  529 BCE: Death of Cyrus the Great.
  525 BCE: Persian Empire, now ruled by Cambyses II, 
  conquers Egypt. 
  525-456 BCE: Life of Aeschylus, one of the three great 
  Athenian tragedians and one of the greatest playwrights of 
  all time. He participated in the Battle of Marathon in 490 
  and in the Battle of Salamis in 480. One of his most famous 
  plays, The Persians, is about the Battle of Salamis and was 
  ﬁrst performed in 472, eight years after the battle. Aeschylus 
  wrote over 90 plays, only seven of which survive today. 
  Aeschylus’ epitaph was of his own composition, written 
  years before his death; it makes no mention of his literary 
  prowess, highlighting instead his military accomplishments 
  at Marathon. 
  521 BCE: Persian Empire reaches its zenith under King 
  Darius I. 
  520 BCE: Persian and Egyptian engineers complete 
  construction of a canal connecting the Nile River to the Red 
  Sea. 
  510 BCE: Romans depose the tyrannical King Tarquin, 
  expelling their Etruscan overseers and establishing the 
  Roman Republic. 
  Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus built in Rome. 
  505 BCE: The Greek city-state of Athens adopts a 
  democratic form of government.  
  500 BCE: Hebrews develop a seven-day week. 
  497-406 BCE: Life of Sophocles, one of the three great 
  Athenian tragedians and one of the greatest playwrights 
  ever to have lived. Author of 123 plays, he placed ﬁrst in 
  the annual competition at the Festival of Dionysus 20 times 
  and never placed lower than 2nd place. Of the 123 plays he 
  is reported to have written, only seven survive to the present 
  day. 
  Adventures in Time: Homer
  For the time traveling literary scholar and historian, one of the central mysteries of the ancient world waiting to be 
  answered revolves around Homer, the enigmatic poet credited with the composition of the epic poems The Iliad and The 
  Odyssey. He is also credited with numerous short works, including the Homeric Hymns (short poems written in praise of 
  the Greek gods), the Frog Mouse War (a comic “mini epic”), and the Theban cycle about Oedipus and his sons. 
  Homer as described in legend is a larger-than-life ﬁgure, a blind poet who is credited with virtually every important 
  literary work of the ancient Greek world. Historians have long doubted his historical existence, as the works attributed 
  to him appeared at widely varying points in the chronology of Greek culture. Of course, since these works were all 
  part of an older oral tradition, the fact that they were written down at different times reveals nothing of when they were 
  originally composed. And of course blind poets who compose great works in spite of their handicap are not unknown 
  (John Milton), and artists who produce a large amount of classic work are frequently the subject of skepticism even 
  when there is much more evidence for their existence than there is for Homer’s (William Shakespeare springs to mind 
  here). 
  So for the historian, the very existence of Homer would be a subject of interest. If he existed, chronicling his life 
  would add greatly to our understanding of the oral history of the era. If he did not, chronicling the development of the 
  rhapsodes, the epic poets who sung the Greek masterpieces of the oral tradition and who credited their work to the great 
  legend Homer, would also add greatly to the historical record. 
  For the literary scholar, the task is much larger and more daunting, though no less important. Regardless of authorship, 
  there were no doubt hundreds if not thousands of variations on the works of Greece’s oral-history period—all of which 
  were masterpieces in their own right that might shed new light on the imagery and subtext of the great written works 
  that came after. Furthermore, no one is even entirely sure how the epic poems were sung—so a single recording of 
  a great poet singing an epic in the original Greek would be a treasure of immense value to the literary community! 
  Also, it is estimated that as little as 10% of the Greek epic cycle has survived, either because the other 90% was never 
  recorded in writing or because the writings were lost. Some of what has come down to us, such as the Homeric Hymns, 
  is very incomplete. Each new work that is discovered would be a tremendous ﬁnd, one that would enhance the already 
  impressive cultural legacy of ancient Greece. 
  Of course, for the ﬁnancially motivated, the literary treasures noted above are treasures in a more practical, monetary 
  sense as well. Given the eagerness with which historians and scholars seek answers to the above questions, a properly 
  motivated time explorer could extract a “ﬁnder’s fee” for the discoveries (assuming time travel is well-known enough 
  that he would be believed). 
  
  Blood and Time
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  496 BCE: Romans defeat the Latins at Battle of Lake 
  Regillus. 
  490 BCE: Persia defeated by the Greeks at the Battle of 
  Marathon.
  486 BCE: Darius I is succeeded as emperor of the Persian 
  Empire by Xerxes, who launches a new invasion of Greece. 
  Persia is again defeated. 
  480-406 BCE: Life of Euripides, one of the three great 
  Athenian tragedians and one of the greatest playwrights of 
  all time. Euripides wrote 90 plays, of which 18 complete 
  manuscripts survive along with fragments of almost all the 
  others. More of his work survives than that of Aeschylus 
  and Sophocles combined, thanks to the chance survival of a 
  (severely damaged) manuscript of his complete works.
  448 BCE: City-state of Athens at its peak. Construction 
  of the Parthenon begins (completed in 432 BCE). 
  435 BCE: Phidias, one of the most famous sculptors of 
  the ancient world, completes his 40-foot tall statue of Zeus 
  at Olympia (ancient home of the Olympic Games). The 
  statue is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. This 
  magniﬁcent work of art was composed of several different 
  materials: the body of the god was carved from ivory; his 
  robes were made of gold; his throne of cedar. 
  431-404 BCE: Peloponnesian War between Athens and 
  Adventures in Time: Cyrus the 
  Great
  Cyrus the Great is one of the most inﬂuential rulers in the 
  history of the world, and is considered the second greatest 
  Emperor in the ancient world after Alexander the Great. 
  When he ascended to the throne of Persia in 559 BCE, his 
  kingdom was a vassal-state to the Medes. In less than 10 
  years Cyrus had conquered the Medes. 
  Whether or not Cyrus would have been content to rule 
  a united Iran is debatable, but fate forced his hand when 
  he learned of an alliance between Lydia, Babylon and 
  Egypt to destroy him. Such alliances had destroyed far 
  more powerful kingdoms than Persia, including the once-
  mighty Assyrian Empire. But Cyrus reacted faster than 
  his opponents anticipated and conquered Lydia before 
  the alliance was ready to act against him. Contrary to 
  the custom of the day, Cyrus did not kill King Croesus 
  but rather made him an advisor. This gained Cyrus a 
  reputation as a wise and merciful ruler, a reputation that 
  served him in good stead during the next phase of his 
  campaign: Babylon.  
  Cyrus then moved against Babylon, ruled at the time by 
  King Nabonidus. The Babylonian people were unhappy 
  with Nabonidus’ rule, as he was not interested in politics 
  or religion and had left the management of his empire to 
  corrupt underlings. Cyrus arrived at the Babylonian city 
  before its own king and was hailed a liberator rather than 
  a conqueror. 
  Upon his bloodless conquest of Babylon, Cyrus again 
  demonstrated his skill at diplomacy. He issued what 
  many scholars consider the ﬁrst human rights document 
  in the history of the world, guaranteeing the Babylonians 
  freedom of religion and choice of profession by royal 
  decree. 
  Cyrus then freed the Jews who had been living in 
  Babylonia in a state of slavery, placing only one royal 
  command on them in return for their freedom: that they 
  rebuild their Temple in Jerusalem. To assist them in this 
  task, he returned to them holy relics that had been stolen 
  from them by the Babylonians and even provided them 
  with a substantial sum of money with which to purchase 
  building supplies. 
  His treatment of the Jews was such that he is the only 
  non-Jew proclaimed a Messiah (divinely appointed king) 
  by the Jewish people. The Hebrew version of the name 
  Cyrus, Koresh, is a common street and family name in 
  Israel to this day in his honor.
  In many ways the reign of Cyrus and his successors 
  (especially Darius and Xerxes) ushered in the age of the 
  “super empire,” an empire composed of radically different 
  ethnicities, religions and languages. His tolerance of 
  religion and use of local governors (called satraps in the 
  Persian Empire) to run such a large empire efﬁciently were 
  used as the models for the empires of Alexander the Great 
  and the Roman Empire centuries later. 
  The Cyropaedia, Xenophon’s depiction of Cyrus’ 
  upbringing and education, remained an enormously 
  inﬂuential political treatises from the ancient world 
  through the Renaissance.
  For the time historian, much about Cyrus’ reign would 
  be of interest. Much of his life story as it is known 
  to history is clearly ﬁctional, such as the story of his 
  grandfather’s attempt to eliminate the young Cyrus, who 
  is then raised by a shepherd unable to carry out his order 
  to kill the boy. Xenophon’s account of the boy’s education, 
  though inﬂuential, is equally ﬁctional. Given Cyrus’ 
  accomplishments, however, his true life history would be 
  of great value to political and military historians. 
  Of course for those who would alter the course of 
  history, eliminating Cyrus might prevent the “age of 
  empires” from ever happening. The time traveler might 
  even have benign motivations for such an alteration of 
  history—perhaps hoping that a lack of super-empires 
  would prevent the wars that come from empire-building 
  and keep men like Alexander, Caesar or Napoleon from 
  slaughtering countless innocents.   
  Because of his role in freeing the Jews from Babylonian 
  captivity and the construction of the Second Temple of 
  Jerusalem, those wishing to alter religious history or 
  eliminate the Jews from history might seek to do so by 
  eliminating Cyrus, one of the greatest benefactors of the 
  Jewish people in the ancient world.
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Sparta.  
  410 BCE: The historian Xenophon is employed as a 
  mercenary in a Persian civil war. When the Persian leaders 
  of this force are killed, Xenophon is elected as one of its 
  leaders; he helps guide the 10,000 Greek mercenaries 
  through hostile territory to the Black Sea, where they 
  successfully sail back to Greece. Xenophon gives his 
  account of this harrowing journey in his book Anabasis (or 
  “The Expedition”).
  403-221 BCE: Warring States period in China. Chinese 
  warlords no longer claim any allegiance to the Zhou 
  Dynasty, calling themselves kings and ﬁghting amongst 
  themselves to consolidate power. Soon China is divided into 
  numerous small states: Yan, Zhongshan, Zhao, Wei, Qi, Lu, 
  Song, Qin, Han, Chu, Shu and Ba.
  400 BCE: Work on the two greatest epics of Sanskrit 
  literature, the Mahabharata and Ramayana, begins in India. 
  Carthage begins to dominate the Western Mediterranean. 
  399 BCE: Greek philosopher Socrates is sentenced to 
  death on a charge of “corrupting the youth of the city.”
  396 BCE: Rome conquers the Etruscan city of Veii. 
  390 BCE: Celts sack and burn city of Rome. 
  385 BCE: Plato returns to Athens and opens his 
  Academy. Within the next year he has composed his ﬁrst 
  major philosophical treatise, The Symposium.
  380 BCE: As part of the rebuilding of Rome the massive 
  Servian Wall is constructed, making an attack on the city 
  much more difﬁcult. 
  378 BCE: An uprising in Thebes forces Sparta to abandon 
  its garrison in that city. 
  370 BCE: Social reforms in Rome allow plebians 
  (commoners) to be elected Consul.
  362 BCE: Battle of Mantinea, in which Thebes defeats 
  the Spartans and becomes the dominant Greek city-state. 
  360 BCE: Crossbow dominates Chinese warfare. 
  359 BCE: Macedonian King Phillip II begins to extend 
  Macedonian territory. 
  358 BCE: Artaxerxes III ascends to throne of Persian 
  Empire. After quelling a revolt among his satraps, he 
  massacres his entire family to eliminate rivals. 
  356 BCE: The Qin kingdom of China begins to dominate 
  its rivals after its king Shang Yan introduces a number of 
  reforms, including a strong central government and a strict 
  penal code. 
  Birth of Phillip II’s son Alexander.
  351 BCE: Mausoleum of Maussollos, a marble 
  mausoleum for a Persian satrap, is completed in 
  Halicarnassus (modern-day Turkey). It is one of the seven 
  wonders of the ancient world. 
  346 BCE: Phillip II of Macedon enters into an uneasy 
  peace with Athens. 
  342 BCE: Egypt conquered by Persia. 
  338 BCE: Battle of Chaeronea. Phillip II conquers all of 
  Greece. 
  Artaxerxes III poisoned to death by his favorite eunuch. 
  Campania (a nation in southern Italy) annexed by Rome. 
  336 BCE: Phillip II assassinated, succeeded by his son 
  Alexander. 
  333 BCE: Battle of Issus. Persian Emperor Darius III 
  defeated by Alexander the Great.
  332 BCE: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, adding it 
  to the Macedonian Empire. 
  Stoic school of philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of 
  Cyprus. 
  331 BCE: Battle of Gaugamela. Crushing defeat 
  of Persian army by Alexander the Great. End of the 
  Achaemenid Persian Empire, the line of kings founded by 
  Cyrus the Great.
  Alexander the Great founds the city of Alexandria in 
  Northern Egypt. 
  330 BCE: Alexander sacks the Persian royal city of 
  Persepolis. Darius III is assassinated by his own people. 
  327 BCE: Alexander the Great conquers Bactria and 
  Sogdinia. 
  326 BCE: Alexander reaches Toxila but is forced to put 
  down a rebellion in his own forces. 
  325 BCE: The king of Qin proclaims himself king of all 
  China. 
  324 BCE: Alexander the Great arranges for 90 of his 
  Greek and Macedonian followers to marry daughters of 
  Medean and Persian nobility in an effort to secure his 
  conquest of the Persian Empire. 
  323 BCE: Death of Alexander the Great.
  321 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya achieves Indian 
  independence from Alexander’s forces following his death 
  and founds the Mauryan Empire. He signs a formal peace 
  treaty with the Seleucid Empire in 302. 
  318 BCE: The Kingdom of Qin attacks Szechuan. 
  315 BCE: The Song of Songs, also known as The Song of 
  Solomon and the Canticle of Canticles, appears in Palestine 
  for the ﬁrst time. It is one of the most celebrated cycles of 
  erotic love poems between a husband and wife ever written, 
  and is included in the Bible as The Song of Solomon. 
  The book is one of three books of the Bible attributed 
  to Solomon: The Song of Songs, representing the lust of 
  youth; Proverbs, representing the wisdom of the adult; and 
  Ecclesiastes, representing the cynicism of the old. 
  312 BCE: Seleucus gains control of Persia and most 
  of Asia Minor, quickly conquers Babylon and founds the 
  Seleucid Dynasty. 
  310 BCE: Carthage besieges Syracuse. After troops 
  from Sicily land at Carthage in response, the two powers 
  negotiate a peace treaty.
  304 BCE: Ptolemy I declares himself ruler of Egypt, 
  founding the Ptolemaic Dynasty. His heirs take Egyptian 
  noble titles along the lines of pharaohs and worship 
  Egyptian deities. 
  301 BCE: Antigonus defeated and killed by Seleucus 
  and Lysimachus at Ipsus. The Empire of Alexander is 
  divided into three separate kingdoms: the Antigonid Empire, 
  centered on Macedon; the Seleucid Empire, centered in 
  Mesopotamia; and the Ptolemaic Empire, centered in Egypt.
  300 BCE: Seleucus I founds the city of Antioch. 
  297 BCE: Having united the Indian sub-continent under 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  his rule, Chandragupta Maurya abdicates the throne in favor 
  of his son Bindusara. 
  294 BCE: Construction of the Colossus begins in Rhodes. 
  290 BCE: Euclid, an Alexandrian mathematician, sets out 
  the principles of geometry in Elements.
  287 BCE: Construction begins on the Great Wall of 
  China. 
  286 BCE: The Kingdom of Qin begins to expand in 
  China. 
  285 BCE: Ptolemy I abdicates rule of Egypt in favor of 
  his son.
  282 BCE: The Colossus of Rhodes—a 110 foot-high 
  bronze statue of the god Helios—is completed. The statue 
  is mounted on a 50-foot-high marble pedestal (it does not 
  straddle the mouth of the harbor as is commonly portrayed 
  in images and literature about the statue). It is one of the 
  seven wonders of the ancient world. 
  280 BCE: The Lighthouse of Alexandria is completed 
  during the reign of Ptolemy II on the tiny island of Pharos, 
  just off the coast of Egypt. The lighthouse is over 440 feet 
  tall and is one of the tallest buildings in the world. The 
  light from the tower can be seen 35 miles from shore. The 
  Lighthouse is one of the seven wonders of the ancient 
  world. 
  280-275 BCE: Pyrrhus sends Greek troops to southern 
  Italy to aid the Greek colonies there against Rome, but is 
  defeated. 
  273-232 BCE: Ashoka, the ﬁrst Buddhist monarch in the 
  world, rules over India.
  272 BCE: Tarentum, the most important Greek colony in 
  southern Italy, falls to the Romans. 
  Celts sack Delphi in Greece.
  264 BCE: Two Roman legions are sent to the 
  Carthaginian-held seaport of Messana in Sicily. This event 
  is the ﬁrst time Rome has sent its troops outside the Italian 
  peninsula, and marks the beginning of the First Punic War 
  between Rome and Carthage.
  First gladiatorial combat in Rome. 
  264-241 BCE: First Punic War between Rome and 
  Carthage. Fought for control of the island of Sicily, the First 
  Punic War is mostly a naval war, with both sides attempting 
  to blockade and capture the important ports of Sicily. 
  Although Hamilcar Barca (father of Hannibal) wins 
  many battles on the ground in Sicily, Rome wins the war 
  due to the development of their navy. The war ends with 
  Rome in control of Carthage’s important island bases in 
  the Mediterranean and a strong navy, making Rome the 
  dominant force in Mediterranean trade and sea power. 
  The First Punic War also marks a turning point for Rome, 
  as it seizes territory outside of Italy for the ﬁrst time. 
  260 BCE: Roman navy defeats Carthaginian navy at 
  Mylae.
  256 BCE: Romans victorious over Carthaginians in a 
  huge naval battle off the coast of Ecnomus.
  255 BCE: A Roman invasion of Carthage ends in defeat. 
  250 BCE: Shi Huangdi becomes ruler of the Kingdom of 
  Qin.
  237 BCE: Hamilcar Barca departs for Carthaginian 
  holdings in Spain with his 10-year-old son, Hannibal. 
  226 BCE: An earthquake at Rhodes causes the Colossus 
  Adventures in Time: Alexander the Great
  Alexander is a man who looms larger than life in the pages of history. To the modern world he is known as “Alexander 
  the Great;” in Persia during his lifetime he was known as “accursed Alexander” because of his conquest of the mighty 
  empire and the destruction of Persepolis; in Hindi he is known as “Sikandar,” a word often used as a synonym for 
  “gifted” or “skilled.” Before dying at the age of 33, Alexander managed to conquer Greece, Persia, Syria, Phoenicia, 
  Egypt and Babylon in 11 years. 
  The time historian would no doubt want to witness Alexander and the organization of his army and military affairs. 
  The military machine put in place by Alexander’s father Phillip II was undoubtedly formidable, with cavalry, archers, 
  siege engines, and the phalanx all used together in a classical military concept of combined arms. Phillip also instituted 
  army service as a full-time career. This allowed his phalanxes to drill regularly and perform complex maneuvers in the 
  heat of battle—techniques that were beyond those of most of the armies Alexander faced. 
  For those interested in cultural history, Alexander’s accomplishments are also of enormous interest. He brought Greek 
  culture and ideas into Africa, India and Asia and brought those cultures in turn back to Greece, creating a cosmopolitan 
  empire comprised of elements from many disparate cultures. The study of the spread of Greek ideas and the Greek 
  language throughout the world begins with Alexander.
  Others might wish to change history by assassinating Alexander before his conquests, though this would be a radical 
  and dangerous alteration to history. Other time travelers might prefer to hold Alexander’s empire intact after his death, 
  an achievement that would probably require technology from the future. Even if the rules of time travel used in the 
  campaign do not allow items to pass through time, a savvy time traveler could position himself as an advisor to one 
  of the generals who succeeded Alexander (such as Ptolemy) and use his knowledge of the future to allow that general 
  to hold Alexander’s empire together. Such an accomplishment would probably result in the replacement of Rome’s 
  inﬂuence on Europe with a Greek inﬂuence. Since the Roman Empire was largely a reconstitution of Alexander’s empire 
  in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, the time traveler who wished to eliminate Rome from history could do so by 
  preserving Alexander’s empire into the Common Era. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  to snap off at the knees, falling to the ground. Ptolemy III 
  offers to pay for the statue’s repair, but an oracle claims that 
  the cause of the earthquake was Helios’ displeasure with 
  the people of Rhodes and warns that attempting to undo 
  his punishment might make the god even more angry. The 
  statue’s remains are left where they fell, where they continue 
  to elicit awe and admiration from those who see them. 
  Naturalist Pliny the Elder remarks that most visitors 
  have trouble wrapping their arms around one of the statue’s 
  thumbs and that the ﬁngers are larger than most statues. 
  221 BCE: Another phase of construction on China’s 
  Great Wall.
  Shi Huangdi founds the Qin Dynasty, uniting all of China 
  under his rule.
  218 BCE: The Siege of Seguntum begins the Second 
  Punic War. Hannibal crosses the Alps and invades Italy with 
  20,000 footsoldiers, 6,000 cavalry and 38 elephants. 
  217 BCE: Hannibal defeats the Romans at Lake 
  Trasimene. 
  216 BCE: Hannibal defeats the Romans at Cannae. 
  215 BCE: Romans launch a counter-offensive in Spain. 
  211 BCE: As Hannibal marches on Rome, Capua and 
  Syracuse, Carthaginian allies fall to the Romans. Scipio 
  Africanus defeats the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal in 
  Spain. 
  210 BCE: The death of Shi Huangdi sparks revolts and 
  unrest in China as factions vie for control and power. The 
  Emperor himself is entombed with a vast army of 7,000 
  terra cotta warriors. 
  206 BCE: Fall of Qin Dynasty. Liu Bang declares himself 
  Emperor of all China, founding the Han Dynasty. 
  204 BCE: Scipio invades Africa; Hannibal is recalled 
  from Italy to defend the Carthaginian homeland.
  202 BCE: Battle of Zama. Scipio Africanus defeats 
  Hannibal, Carthage surrenders, and Hannibal goes into 
  exile. 
  200 BCE: Small communities begin to merge in the 
  Teotihuacán Valley of Mexico, worshipping the rain god 
  Tlaloc. 
  197 BCE: Rome defeats Macedon, stripping it of control 
  of Greece. The Romans then set Greece free and return 
  home, but take many priceless works of Greek art and 
  literature with them when they leave. 
  192-189 BCE: Rome at war with the Seleucid Empire, 
  winning victories at Thermopylae and Magnesia. 
  184 BCE: Marcus Porcius Cato the Elder decries the 
  decadence of Roman society. 
  183 BCE: On the verge of capture by the Romans, 
  Hannibal commits suicide rather than surrender. 
  179 BCE: Perseus succeeds Phillip V as king of Macedon 
  and raises a coalition to ﬁght against Rome, including pro-
  Macedonian factions inside Greece. 
  172-167 BCE: Third Macedonian War between Rome and 
  Macedon.
  168 BCE: Romans decisively defeat Macedonians at 
  Pydna and begin a wave of expansion into the Eastern 
  Mediterranean. 
  167 BCE: Romans declare the tiny Aegean island of 
  Delos to be a free port; the city becomes a pivotal trade link 
  between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean. 
  165 BCE: Judas Maccabaeus leads a revolt in Judea, 
  enters Jerusalem and puriﬁes the temple, reestablishing 
  Judaism. 
  First examinations given for selection of civil servants in 
  China. 
  149-146 BCE: Third Punic War. Rome becomes 
  entangled in a war between Numidia and Carthage. By the 
  end of this third conﬂict between Rome and Carthage, the 
  city of Carthage has been destroyed and the possessions 
  of Carthage in North Africa are added to the growing 
  Roman Empire. Rome creates the province of Africa from 
  Carthaginian holdings. 
  146 BCE: Mithradates the Great begins bringing together 
  the Parthian Empire from the remnants of the fallen 
  Seleucid Empire, gaining control of Media, Babylon and 
  Elam. In time the Parthians will grow to be the greatest 
  rivals of Rome in the Near East. 
  142 BCE: Jews liberate Jerusalem, making it their capital.
  136 BCE: Confucianism becomes the state religion of 
  China. 
  136-132 BCE: Roman slaves revolt in Sicily. 
  131-129 BCE: A slave revolt in Pergamum causes the 
  Roman Army to be dispatched; it takes two years for the 
  Romans to regain control. The event leads to the formation 
  of the province of Asia. 
  110 BCE: Silk Road opens across Central Asia.
  101 BCE: A second slave revolt in Sicily is put down by 
  the Roman Army. 
  100 BCE: Civil unrest among Rome’s nobility over a 
  series of social reforms, including a government subsidy 
  reducing the price of corn for Rome’s poorest citizens. 
  Indian inﬂuences (including Buddhism) spread to 
  Southeast Asia along trade routes.  
  The camel is introduced into the Sahara by the Romans. 
  91-89 BCE: Roman Social Wars. The conﬂict begins 
  when Marcus Livius Drusus, a liberal advocate of social 
  reforms, is assassinated. The resulting rebellion is put down, 
  but the Romans make many concessions to end the conﬂict, 
  including a grant of imperial citizenship to all residents of 
  the Italian peninsula. The Social War greatly changes the 
  landscape of Roman politics, creating many new citizens 
  with the right to vote in Roman elections (provided they are 
  physically present in the capital to vote). This leads to the 
  practice of candidates for Roman ofﬁce paying the expenses 
  of citizens traveling to the city to vote for them. 
  77 BCE: In an attempt to force through his liberal social 
  reforms, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus marches on Rome but is 
  defeated by Pompey. 
  73-71 BCE: Third Servile War (also known as the 
  gladiator war). A slave revolt led by the gladiator Spartacus 
  devastates southern Italy. 
  67 BCE: Pompey leads a successful campaign against 
  pirates in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. 
  66 BCE: Roman general Pompey vanquishes Mithradates 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  II.
  63 BCE: Pompey captures Jerusalem and annexes Judea 
  into the Roman Empire. 
  Cicero is elected consul. His ﬁrst act is to turn against 
  Catiline, a disaffected Roman noble attempting to overthrow 
  the Republic and make himself king. After much debate, the 
  Roman Senate agrees to execute the defeated Catiline.
  61 BCE: Julius Caesar forms a triumvirate with the rich 
  Crassus and the military hero Pompey.
  58-50 BCE: Julius Caesar’s Gallic conquests increase his 
  fame and add a great deal of territory to the Roman Empire.
  55 BCE: Invasion of Britain by Caesar.
  52 BCE: Gallic uprising led by Vercingetorix is put down 
  by Caesar, granting him even greater fame. 
  50 BCE: Teotihuacán is the largest city in the Americas 
  with a population of over 40,000. 
  49 BCE: Caesar crosses the Rubicon into Italy; Pompey 
  and his allies retreat to Greece. 
  48 BCE: Following his defeat at Pharsalus in Greece, 
  Pompey ﬂees to Egypt where he is put to death by Egyptian 
  King Ptolemy XIII.
  46 BCE: Roman colony of Carthage founded by Julius 
  Caesar on the ruins of the original city.
  Caesar appointed dictator. 
  44 BCE: Cleopatra murders Ptolemy XIV, her brother and 
  co-ruler of Egypt. 
  Adventures in Time: Spartacus
  Spartacus’ “revolt” began simply when he and 70 fellow 
  slaves attempted to escape the gladiatorial arena. They 
  managed to seize knives from the kitchen and made their 
  way to freedom. Runaway slaves soon swelled the size 
  of this small band to an army over 90,000 strong. The 
  ratio of slave to citizen was very high in Rome at that 
  time, making Spartacus a serious threat to the empire. The 
  longer he remained free, the more slaves would ﬂock to 
  his cause. 
  The ﬁrst attempt to destroy Spartacus’ rebellion was 
  by the Praetor Claudius, who attacked with 3,000 green 
  soldiers recruited from the countryside around the rebels. 
  They trapped Spartacus and his followers in the caldera 
  of Vesuvius, intending to starve them out. Spartacus and a 
  group of his soldiers used vines to climb down the rear of 
  the mountain and attacked Claudius from the rear, routing 
  his men. 
  Spartacus then defeated two more Roman legions before 
  his force bedded down for the winter, using the reprieve 
  to manufacture weapons and armor. By this time the size 
  of Spartacus’ force had grown even further, but did not 
  consist of only ﬁghting men; women and children had 
  joined the revolt as well. 
   When spring came Spartacus and his force began 
  to march north, intending to leave Italy and cross the 
  Alps into Gaul. By this time the Senate was so alarmed 
  that they sent four legions to stop Spartacus, led by two 
  consuls: Publicola and Lentulus. Spartacus divided his 
  forces to deal with this dual threat. The force under the 
  gladiator Crixus was defeated by Publicola, but the force 
  commanded by Spartacus defeated Lentulus’ two legions 
  and then defeated Publicola as well. Spartacus then 
  defeated a ﬁfth legion under the command of the governor 
  of Cisalpine Gaul (a Gallic territory on the Roman side of 
  the Alps) before preparing to leave Rome behind. 
  Spartacus was free to leave Rome at this point, but for 
  unknown reasons decided to turn back. Perhaps he sought 
  more plunder, or perhaps he sought to actually overthrow 
  the empire and install himself as king. At any rate, upon 
  returning to the south Spartacus continued his military 
  success, defeating two legions under the command 
  of Marcus Licinius Crassus. He ended another year’s 
  campaigning at the tip of the Italian boot, attempting to 
  negotiate with pirates for passage to Sicily. The situation 
  seemed grim enough that the Senate recalled Rome’s 
  two most successful military commanders, Pompey and 
  Lucullus.  
  But Crassus, one of the richest men in Rome, sought 
  to avenge the defeat by Spartacus on his own terms. He 
  used his tremendous wealth to raise eight legions. These 
  forces managed to kill Spartacus and break the will of his 
  renegade band, who surrendered soon afterwards. A small 
  force of 5,000 escaped capture and ﬂed north, perhaps 
  intending to follow the original plan and escape into Gaul; 
  they were met by Pompey, who was heading south to 
  assist Crassus. Pompey slaughtered them without mercy. 
  As many as 6,000 of Spartacus’ men were cruciﬁed 
  and left along the Appian Way. The bodies were never 
  removed and remained there for decades as a grisly 
  message to any who would consider rebellion against 
  Rome.  
  For the time traveler wishing to alter the history of the 
  Roman Empire, Spartacus provides another powerful 
  opportunity to alter the course of history as we know it. 
  Spartacus was a general of great prowess, able to defeat 
  the Romans time after time. With a little help he could 
  have easily overthrown the Empire.
  But this probably would not change history too much, 
  unless Spartacus was a very different type of leader than 
  Rome had historically. A better opportunity to change 
  history lies in Spartacus’ original plan of crossing the Alps 
  into Gaul. Had he done so, a Gaul under the control of 
  Spartacus could have proved a much tougher adversary 
  for Julius Caesar during his Gallic War in 20 years’ time. 
  This might effectively remove Caesar from history, either 
  through his death or by preventing him from being named 
  dictator for life. In either case, the rise of the true Roman 
  Empire and death of the Roman Republic under Octavian 
  would likely have not been possible, creating a much 
  smaller and possibly more humane Roman Republic.
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Julius Caesar murdered; Marc Antony takes control of 
  Rome. 
  43 BCE: Octavian appointed consul. A new triumvirate—
  Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus—rises to power in 
  Rome. The alliance is cemented by Antony’s marriage to 
  Octavian’s sister. 
  42 BCE: The Republicans (those who assassinated Caesar 
  to prevent his dictatorship) are defeated at the Battle of 
  Philippi. Brutus and Cassius commit suicide. 
  40 BCE: Herod becomes King of Judea, which remains a 
  loyal client-state of the Roman Empire under his rule. 
  Parthians invade Judea and capture Jerusalem.
  Peace treaty at Brundisium divides rule of Rome between 
  Octavian and Antony. 
  39-37 BCE: Marc Antony inﬂicts two crushing defeats on 
  the Parthians, leading to the recapture of Jerusalem. 
  37 BCE: Antony marries Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, in 
  Antioch.  
  32 BCE: Final breach of the treaty between Octavian and 
  Antony; both move to seize control of the empire. 
  31 BCE: Octavian defeats Antony at the Battle of Actium. 
  Egypt annexed by the Roman Empire. 
  30 BCE: Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide. 
  27 BCE: Octavian takes the name Augustus Caesar and 
  becomes the ﬁrst true Emperor of the Roman Empire. 
  25 BCE: In Sri Lanka, Buddhist canon is written down 
  for the ﬁrst time. 
  19 BCE: Herod rebuilds the Temple in Jerusalem. 
  14 BCE: Han Dynasty puts down a peasant revolt.
  12 BCE: Augustus adds Pontifex Maxiumus (the highest 
  Roman religious ofﬁce) to his list of titles and powers. 
  Worship of Augustus as a god spreads through the Roman 
  Empire. 
  4 BCE: Birth of Jesus Christ. 
  Death of Herod; Judea divided between his three sons. 
  4: Augustus Caesar adopts Tiberius and names him his 
  heir. 
  9: Three Roman legions wiped out by German barbarians. 
  The Roman border in Germany is pulled back to the Rhine. 
  14: Augustus Caesar dies, replaced as Emperor by 
  Tiberius. Tiberius adopts Germanicus as his heir. 
  17: Germanicus becomes a hero to Rome after winning a 
  great victory over the German barbarians.
  19: Germanicus dies in Syria at the order of Tiberius. 
  26: Tiberius retires to the island of Capri, leaving 
  control of the Empire to Sejanus, the corrupt captain of the 
  Praetorian Guard. (The Praetorian Guard forms the personal 
  bodyguard of the Roman Emperors.) 
  29: Cruciﬁxion of Christ.
  31: Sejanus is killed. 
  37-41: Gaius Caligula Emperor of Rome. His reign 
  is one of the most disastrous in Roman history, marked 
  by proﬂigate spending, unheard-of debauchery (a phrase 
  that really means something in the context of the Roman 
  Empire), and the murder of many of Caligula’s relatives. 
  41: Race riots break out in Alexandria between Jewish 
  and Greek residents. 
  Caligula is murdered by his Praetorian Guard. 
  41-54: Reign of Claudius as Roman Emperor. 
  47-57: Journeys of St. Paul. 
  48: Nobles from Gaul granted permission to run for the 
  Roman Senate. 
  52: Paul arrives in Greece and begins preaching and 
  ministering to the Greeks. 
  54: Claudius is poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Her son 
  Nero takes the throne of the Roman Empire. 
  57: An ambassador from Japan arrives in China. Japan 
  recognized by the government of China. 
  59: Nero orders his mother’s death. 
  60: Mark, one of the apostles of Jesus, writes an account 
  of the life of Christ. 
  61: A revolt by Boadicea against Roman rule of Britain, 
  begun the previous year, is crushed. 
  62: St. Paul’s execution ordered by Nero.  
  65: Buddhism spreads to China. 
  66-70: First Jewish revolt against Roman rule. 
  68: A massive ﬁre sweeps Rome. Nero blames the 
  Christians, sparking a widespread persecution of Christians 
  in the Roman Empire. Partially as a result of the ﬁre but also 
  due to his poor leadership and proﬂigate spending, support 
  for Nero collapses throughout the empire. Uprisings occur 
  in Gaul and Spain. Nero loses all inﬂuence over the Senate. 
  He commits suicide later this year. 
  69: Year of the Four Emperors. Widespread chaos as 
  various contenders ﬁght for the throne of the empire. Galba, 
  Otho and Vitellius all serve as Emperor and are all killed in 
  this year. Finally Vespasian assumes (and holds) the throne. 
  69-79: Reign of Roman Emperor Vespasian. 
  70: Jewish revolt crushed in an attack led by Vespasian. 
  Temple of Jerusalem destroyed. 
  73: Masada, a mountain stronghold and the last holdout of 
  the rebellious Jews, is ﬁnally taken by the Romans. 
  79: Mount Vesuvius erupts, destroying the cities of 
  Pompeii and Herculaneum. 
  79-81: Reign of Roman Emperor Titus. 
  80: Luke, an apostle of Jesus, writes an account of the life 
  of Christ. 
  81-96: Reign of Roman Emperor Domitian. At the end of 
  his rulership Domitian, a widely unpopular ruler, embarks 
  upon a reign of terror in an attempt to maintain power and is 
  assassinated. 
  96-98: Reign of Roman Emperor Nerva. 
  98-117: Reign of Roman Emperor Trajan. Trajan is the 
  ﬁrst non-Italian Roman Emperor, hailing instead from 
  Spain.  
  100: Alexandria is recognized as a center of Christian 
  scholarship and one of the earliest Christian bishoprics. 
  Temple of the Sun and Moon under construction in 
  Teotihuacán.
  Emergence of several important Amerindian cultures 
  in Southwest America, including the Anasaszi and the 
  Hohokam. 
  105: Paper invented in China.
  113: Trajan completes the magniﬁcent new Forum in 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Rome. 
  117-138: Reign of Roman Emperor Hadrian. 
  122: Hadrian’s Wall built in Britain. 
  132-135: Second Jewish Revolt led by Bar Cochba. 
  After this revolt the city of Jerusalem is razed and Aelia 
  Capitolina, a new Roman city where Jews are forbidden to 
  live, is built in its place. The Roman province of Judea is 
  renamed Syria Palestine. 
  This is the start of an even more extensive phase of 
  the Jewish Diaspora, with Jews geographically scattered 
  throughout the world after the loss of their homeland. Many 
  are sold into slavery throughout the Roman Empire.  
  138-161: Reign of Roman Emperor Antonius Pious. First 
  Roman embassies to China.
  161-180: Reign of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius. 
  177-180: Marcus Aurelius appoints his son Commodus 
  co-Emperor.
  180-192: Reign of Roman Emperor Commodus. 
  Commodus is the biological son of Marcus Aurelius, 
  ending a string of ﬁve emperors (the so-called “Five Good 
  Emperors”) who were all adopted as heirs by the current 
  emperor as a result of their achievements. 
  Unfortunately for the empire, Commodus is also insane. 
  He is extremely fond of gladiatorial combat, increases the 
  number and lavishness of the combats, and even competes 
  in the arena himself. After a ﬁre destroys a substantial 
  portion of the city of Rome, Commodus “re-founds” the city 
  and renames it Colonia Commodiana. He also renames the 
  Senate the Commodian Fortunate Senate and the army the 
  Commodian Army. The movie Gladiator is (very loosely) 
  based on his reign.  
  184: Revolt of the Yellow Turbans, a Taoist cult in China. 
  This is the opening event in the Chinese literary-historical 
  classic Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
  192: Emperor Commodus is strangled in his sleep, 
  plunging Rome into a civil war as four men vie for power. 
  193-211: Reign of Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. 
  196: Roman governor of Britain Clodius Albinus is 
  declared emperor by his men and crosses into Gaul.
  197: Battle of Lugdunum. Septimius defeats Clodius.  
  200: End of Chinese occupation of Korea; the Korean 
  kingdoms of Paekche, Koguryo and Silla grow. 
  The Mayan city of Tikal in Central America rises to 
  importance. 
  202: Romans issue an edict against Christianity. 
  220: Collapse of the Han Dynasty. China splits into three 
  kingdoms: Wu, Shu and Wei. 
  222: An anti-Christian pogrom in Rome results in the 
  murder of Pope Callistus. 
  235-285: Rome descends into a period of bloody military 
  anarchy that almost results in the disintegration of the 
  empire. During this ﬁfty-year period there are at least 20 
  Roman Emperors. Historians often refer to this period as 
  “the crisis of the 3rd century.”
  235: Raids by German barbarians on Roman outposts in 
  the upper Rhine and along the Black Forest. 
  238: Goths cross the Danube and begin raids in the 
  province of Moesia. Rather than confront them, Rome pays 
  them tribute to dissuade them from further raids. 
  253: Franks and Alemanni invade Gaul. 
  258: Alemanni and Seuvi conquer northern Italy. 
  267: Goths pillage Thrace, Macedonia and Greece. 
  271: Emperor Aurelian orders Rome’s fortiﬁcations 
  strengthened. New walls are built to defend the city from 
  attack.
  274: The god Mithra is admitted to the pantheon of the 
  Roman Empire. His secretive mystery cult, which bears 
  many similarities to Christianity, is popular among the 
  Roman military of the late empire. 
  277: Gaul is re-paciﬁed by Emperor Aurelian. 
  279: Jewish scholars in Tiberius issue a collection of 
  Jewish laws and legends known as the Talmud.
  285: Upon ascending to the throne of the Roman Empire, 
  Diocletian determines that one element contributing to the 
  widespread chaos that has engulfed the empire is its sheer 
  size. Each past emperor had absorbed into his sphere of 
  personal authority more and more of the powers once held 
  by various ofﬁces. These same emperors had also expanded 
  the size of the empire. Diocletian divides the Roman empire 
  in half, decreeing that there will be two co-emperors who 
  would each bear the title Augustus. Diocletian will be 
  Augustus of the Western Roman Empire while his trusted 
  friend Maximian will be Augustus of the Eastern Roman 
  Empire. 
  293: Establishment of the Roman Tetrarchy (literally 
  “rule of four”). Each Augustus appoints a Caesar below him 
  to aid in the administration of his half of the empire (and 
  also to provide a clear line of succession). 
  300: Armenia converts to Christianity and becomes the 
  ﬁrst nation in the world to embrace Christianity as its state 
  religion. 
  Kama Sutra (literally “Aphorisms of Love”) written by 
  Vatsyayana in India. 
  Settlement of Rapa Nui, also known as Easter Island. 
  304-439: Sixteen Kingdoms period in China. 
  305: Abdication of Emperor Diocletian. Maxentius placed 
  on the throne by the Praetorian Guard. 
  310: In Alexandria, a Greek mathematician named 
  Diophantus introduces the concept of algebra in his 
  Arithmetika. 
  311: Donatist schism in the Christian church in Africa. 
  Donatists hold that anyone who has sacriﬁced to a Roman 
  god must be expelled from the Christian church and may not 
  be readmitted under any circumstances. 
  312: Battle of Milvian Bridge. Constantine converts to 
  Christianity on the eve of battle and defeats Maxentius; he 
  becomes Augustus of the Western Roman Empire. 
  313: Constantine issues the Edict of Milan, granting 
  Romans freedom of religious observance. This ends the 
  long-standing state persecution of Christianity within the 
  Roman Empire.
  Licinus named Augustus of the Eastern Roman Empire. 
  318: Arius, a Christian priest of Alexandria, puts forth his 
  theory that Christ was not completely divine. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  320: Gupta Dynasty in India and the beginnings of India’s 
  golden age. 
  323: Beginnings of Christian monasticism in the deserts 
  of Egypt. 
  324: Constantine defeats Licinus, uniting the Roman 
  Empire once again under a single emperor. The capital of 
  the empire is moved to Byzantium, which is renamed Nova 
  Roma. The capital is popularly known by a different name, 
  Constantinople (“Constantine’s city”), the name by which it 
  is remembered today.  
  325: Constantine assembles the Council of Nicaea, the 
  ﬁrst ecumenical council of the bishops of the Christian 
  church. The purpose of the council is to resolve long-
  standing differences among bishops as to the speciﬁcs 
  of Christian doctrine, especially doctrines pertaining to 
  the nature of Christ. It establishes an ofﬁcial Christian 
  orthodoxy for the ﬁrst time.  
  329: St. Peter’s Basilica completed in Rome. 
  331: Constantine conﬁscates treasures from pagan 
  temples to pay for construction of new Christian churches 
  throughout the empire. The emperor himself begins to 
  vigorously and vocally promote Christianity. 
  335: Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Christianity’s holiest 
  shrine, consecrated in Jerusalem.
  337: Death of Constantine. The Roman Empire is divided 
  between his three sons. 
  340: Constans defeats his brother Aquileia in northern 
  Italy, uniting the Western Roman Empire under his rule. 
  350: Constans is murdered by one of his generals, 
  Magnentius, who assumes control over the Western Empire. 
  Stirrup invented in China. 
  Ulﬁlas, the ﬁrst Gothic Christian bishop, translates the 
  Bible into the tongue of his people. 
  353: Constantius II becomes sole emperor of the entire 
  Roman Empire. 
  355: The Alemanni, a Germanic barbarian tribe, wreaks 
  havoc in Gaul. 
  357: Julian is named Caesar by his brother Constantius. 
  He drives the Alemanni out of Gaul and back into 
  Germania, pushing them past the Rhine. 
  361: Julian becomes Roman Emperor. 
  362: Julian, a pagan, attempts to return the empire to 
  paganism. When Julian dies during an invasion of Persia 
  the following year, this brief pagan renaissance comes to an 
  abrupt end. 
  364: Roman Empire again divided, with Valentinian 
  ruling the west and Valens ruling the east. 
  368-369: Roman generals conduct a series of successful 
  campaigns against the Alemanni and the Visigoths along 
  the Rhine frontier, forcing them to capitulate and sign 
  unfavorable treaties. 
  369: Japanese establish a colony in South Korea. 
  370: Huns begin to invade Eastern Europe. 
  375: Huns defeat the Ostrogoths in the Ukraine. 
  376: Goths petition Emperor Valens for permission to 
  settle within the Roman Empire. 
  378: Visigoths commanded by Alaric defeat Valens at the 
  Battle of Adrianople. 
  381: Arianism is formally condemned by an ecumenical 
  council at Constantinople. 
  382: Roman capital moved to Milan. 
  383: Emperor Theodosius signs a peace treaty with 
  the Goths granting them land and autonomy in return for 
  military service. 
  384: Buddhism reaches Korea. 
  387: Foundation of the Northern Wei Dynasty by the 
  Toba (a Mongolian people). Beginnings of the north-south 
  division of China. 
  Maximus, a Roman governor of Britain, is proclaimed 
  emperor and mounts an invasion of Italy. He is defeated and 
  executed. 
  391: Theodosius makes Christianity the state religion of 
  the Roman Empire. All pagan religions are banned and their 
  rituals forbidden. 
  393: Invaders from Japan overrun the Silla and Paekche 
  kingdoms in Korea. 
  395: Death of Emperor Theodosius. Honorius, still a 
  child, is named Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 
  Alaric, leader of the Visigoths, seeks permission to settle 
  his people inside the Roman Empire. 
  400: Teotihuacán is the fourth largest city in the world, 
  with a population of 250,000.
  401: Visigoths, led by Alaric, invade northern Italy.
  402: Visigoths forced out of Italy by a Roman military 
  force led by the Vandal general Stilicho. 
  Roman capital moved to Ravenna. 
  404: The Latin translation of the Bible, the Vulgate, is 
  completed. 
  406: On December 31st hordes of Vandals, Alans and 
  Sueves cross a frozen Rhine and enter the Roman Empire. 
  407: Constantine III, Roman governor of Britain, is 
  declared emperor by his soldiers. He leaves Britain and 
  enters Gaul, which is being ravaged by barbarians. 
  408: Constantine pushes south; he now controls Britain, 
  Gaul and Spain. 
  409: Vandals, Sueves and Alans cross the Pyrenees.
  410: Visigoths, led by Alaric, capture Rome. 
  411: Constantine is captured by forces loyal to Emperor 
  Honorius. 
  414-418: Visigoths establish a new state in Narbonne, 
  expanding into Spain and Aquitaine.
  422: Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II agrees to pay 
  the Huns an annual tribute in return for peace. 
  429: Vandals invade North Africa from Spain.
  Angles, Saxons and Jutes expel Picts and Scots from 
  southern England, establishing territories for themselves.  
  430: During a siege of Hippo by the Vandals, St. 
  Augustine is killed. 
  431: Pope Celestine sends Palladius to Ireland to be its 
  ﬁrst bishop. 
  436: Last Roman soldiers leave Britain. 
  439: Carthage falls to the Vandals, who set up a sovereign 
  state in North Africa. 
  442: Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III signs 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  a treaty with the Vandals ceding Roman claims to all 
  territories in Africa to them. 
  444: Taoism named the state religion of the Northern Wei 
  Empire in China. 
  Attila becomes king of the Huns. 
  446: Rebellion of Buddhist monks against Taoist reforms. 
  Wei Emperor orders the execution of every Buddhist monk 
  in the empire. Soldiers delay carrying out these orders as 
  long as possible, allowing many monks to escape. 
  447: Attila crosses the Danube and invades Thrace, 
  forcing Rome to pay him a larger tribute. 
  450: Nazca culture, famous for drawing enormous lines 
  and ﬁgures in the desert, ﬂourishes in the Americas. 
  451: Attila the Hun invades Gaul. A combined force of 
  Roman and Gothic troops manages to defeat him. 
  452: Attila invades Italy, attacking the cities of Padua and 
  Verona before being persuaded to withdraw by Pope Leo. 
  Refugees from these attacks found the city of Vienna.  
  453: Death of Attila. Huns withdraw from Europe. 
  455: Vandals engage in wanton sacking, raping and 
  pillaging of Rome, giving the word “vandal” its modern 
  meaning. 
  468: Sicily conquered by the Vandals. 
  476: Romulus Augustus, child emperor of the Western 
  Roman Empire, is deposed by Odoacer who proclaims 
  himself “King of Italy.” This is the traditional date of the 
  end of the Western Roman Empire. 
  477: Buddhism becomes the state religion of China. 
  Huneric succeeds his father as king of the Vandals in 
  North Africa. A devout Arian Christian, Huneric embarks on 
  a campaign of bloody persecution against the Catholics. 
  478: First Shinto shrines in Japan. 
  492: Conquest of Italy by Ostrogothic king Theodoric. 
  500: The Hagha Dynasty comes to rule Ghana in Western 
  Africa. They grow rich from trade, using camels to transport 
  salt and gold across the Sahara to sell in North Africa. 
  The Bantu arrive in Southern Africa. 
  507: Visigoths defeated by the Franks and driven out of 
  Aquitaine. 
  526: Dionysius Exiguus proposes the AD system of 
  dating time from the birth of Christ. 
  527-565: Reign of Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian. 
  529: St. Benedict founds a monastery at Monte Cassino 
  and authors the Benedictine Rule to regulate monasticism. 
  533: The Byzantine Empire, as the Eastern Roman 
  Empire has come to be known, begins its re-conquest of the 
  Italian peninsula. 
  534: Byzantine forces led by General Belisarius conquer 
  the Vandal kingdom in North Africa. 
  Justinian releases the ﬁnal form of his Codex, a law code 
  for the entire Roman world. 
  535: Byzantine general Belisarius invades Italy from the 
  south. 
  536: Byzantines capture Rome. 
  537: The Hagia Sophia, the Church of the Holy Wisdom, 
  is remodeled and rededicated by Byzantine Emperor 
  Justinian I. The original was burned during riots ﬁve years 
  earlier.) 
  538: Buddhism spreads to Japan from Korea. 
  540: Byzantines capture Ravenna. 
  542: The bubonic plague, which has already killed 
  thousands in Constantinople, spreads to Italy. 
  550: Belisarius is recalled from Italy. The Ostrogoths 
  immediately retake Rome. 
  552: Battle of Busta Gallorum. Byzantines defeat the 
  Ostrogoths and kill their king, Totila. 
  553: Monks smuggle silkworms from China to 
  Constantinople. Beginnings of the Byzantine silk industry. 
  555: Byzantines complete and solidify their conquest 
  of Italy, repelling a Frankish invasion. They also control 
  southern Spain with a regional capital at Cordoba. 
  557: Hagia Sophia damaged in an earthquake. 
  567: Visigoths drive Byzantines from Western Spain.
  568: Lombards invade Italy. 
  570: Birth of the prophet Mohammed in Mecca. 
  573: Visigoths recapture Cordoba from the Byzantines in 
  Spain. 
  589: Council of Toledo declares Spain to be a Catholic 
  country. 
  592: In Japan, conﬂict between the Soga (who support 
  Buddhism) and the Mononobe (who support native pagan 
  deities) results in the execution of the emperor. 
  595: First recorded use of the decimal system among 
  Indian mathematicians. 
  597: Mission of St. Augustine to Britain. After converting 
  the king of Kent, he begins to convert other Anglo-Saxon 
  kings to Roman Christianity. 
  600: Mayan civilization at its height in South America. 
  First books printed in China. 
  602: Following a mutiny of the Byzantine army, the 
  centurion Phocas becomes emperor. 
  603: Italian Lombards convert to Roman Catholicism. 
  605: Chinese Emperor Yangdi expands and reorganizes 
  the system of civil service examinations. 
  610: Mohammed begins to preach in Mecca, calling for 
  an end to idol and demon worship and for the conversion of 
  the people to the one true god, Allah.
  Constantinople is attacked and Phocas is executed, 
  bringing the Byzantine Empire to the brink of collapse.  
  620: Chinese coins have been found in Africa dating to 
  this year, proving that trade and economic activity reached 
  from one side of the known world to the other. 
  622: The Hegira. Mohammed ﬂees to Medina with his 
  followers, marking the beginning of the Islamic era. 
  628: Mohammed and his followers make the pilgrimage 
  from Medina to Mecca. 
  630: Mohammad takes control of Mecca. 
  632-634: Death of Mohammed. Abu Bakr becomes 
  leader of the Muslims and begins an era of Arabic Muslim 
  expansion.  
  633: Muslims begin conquest of Syria and Mesopotamia. 
  634-644: Umar is Caliph of the Muslims. 
  636: Muslims rout the Byzantine army on the Yarmuk 
  river. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  637: Arab conquest of Mesopotamia complete. Arabs 
  defeat the Persians as well, gaining control of Jerusalem. 
  642: Arabs conquer Egypt, taking Alexandria, the last 
  Byzantine outpost in Egypt. They found a new Islamic 
  capital city, Cairo. 
  649: Arabs conquer Cyprus. 
  650: The Koran, the holy scriptures of Islam, established 
  in its current form. 
  Construction of sacred stone platforms begins on Easter 
  Island. 
  654: Arabs capture Rhodes and sell the remains of the 
  Colossus to a traveling salesman, who has the massive 
  bronze statue broken down and hauled away on 900 camels. 
  Pieces of the statue appear for sale at markets for many 
  years to come. 
  655: Arabs conquer Kabul and Kandahar. 
  Arabs defeat the Byzantine ﬂeet in a major naval 
  engagement. Arabic ﬂeet now controls the Eastern 
  Mediterranean. 
  657: Indian mathematician Brahmagupta introduces the 
  concept of zero, formulates rules for calculation. 
  661-750: Umayyad caliphate. Damascus is the center of 
  the Islamic world. 
  674-678: Arabs besiege Constantinople but are unable to 
  capture the city. 
  678: During the defense of Constantinople, the 
  Byzantines use a substance known as “Greek ﬁre” to break 
  the siege and force the Arabs to sign a peace treaty and 
  withdraw. The substance is made from sulphur, rock salt, 
  resin and petroleum. 
  680: Al-Husayn, the son of Ali (Mohammed’s son-in-
  law) is killed in battle. A dissenting group, the Shi’ites, 
  proclaims that the right to interpret the Koran belongs only 
  to the descendants of the Prophet; they proclaim Al-Husayn 
  a martyr.   
  685: The Umayyad proclaim that the right to interpret the 
  Koran belongs to the caliphate, forming the Sunni doctrine 
  of Muslim belief. 
  Buddhism becomes the state religion of Japan. 
  687: Isle of Wight is the last area of Anglo-Saxon Britain 
  to convert to Christianity. 
  Pepin II unites the Franks under his rule. 
  692: Dome of the Rock mosque completed in Jerusalem. 
  694: The Visigothic council ruling Toledo enslaves all 
  Jews living in Spain, conﬁscating their property. 
  696: First Arabic coinage. Arabic is the ofﬁcial language 
  of the Umayyad Empire. 
  697: Venice, which has become one of the world’s major 
  centers of trade, elects its ﬁrst mayor.
  698: Arabs take Carthage, the last Byzantine stronghold in 
  North Africa. They found the city of Tunis on the site where 
  Carthage once stood. 
  700: The ofﬁcial language of the Byzantine Empire is 
  changed from Latin to Greek. 
  North American tribal culture is transformed by 
  technological innovations such as the bow and arrow (North 
  and South American cultures are still PL 0 cultures, as they 
  will be until the arrival of explorers from the Old World). 
  Kingdom of Ghana in West Africa becomes more 
  powerful, dominating Saharan gold trade routes.
  701: Taiho code issued in Japan covering civil and 
  criminal law. 
  710-794: Japanese capital is located at Nara. 
  711: Arab forces cross the Strait of Gibraltar and quickly 
  conquer Visigothic Spain. They free the Jewish slaves there. 
  712: Arabs control Samarkand, which becomes an 
  important center for Islamic learning. 
  715: Upon the death of Pepin II, his illegitimate son 
  Charles Martel overcomes other contenders to become ruler 
  of the Franks. 
  716: Arabs conquer Lisbon. 
  717: An 80,000-man Arabic army besieges 
  Constantinople. 
  725: The Chinese empire is one of the most important 
  and powerful empires in the world. Chang’an, the Chinese 
  capital, is the largest city in the world. In addition, state-
  sponsored stud farms have placed as many as 250,000 
  horses at the military’s disposal. 
  Adventures in Time: Battle of  Tours
  The Battle of Tours was a watershed event in the history of two major world religions: Islam and Christianity. Prior to 
  their defeat by Charles “the Hammer,” the Islamic armies had met little resistance in Europe, nor were they likely to 
  encounter much, judging by their record of victories in North Africa and the Middle East.
  Even the mighty Byzantine Empire, arguably one of three major Old World empires in existence at the time (along 
  with China and Arabia), was often defeated by the Muslim armies, despite their superior technological achievements 
  (especially the mysterious substance known as “Greek ﬁre”).
  Charles Martel and his forces possessed no mysterious ﬂamethrowing cannons like the Byzantines did, nor did he 
  have the superior iron-working techniques and the powerful mounted forces of the Arabs. Yet at the end of the day it was 
  Martel who would stand victorious, and the Arabs would never advance past the Pyrenees into Europe. 
  For the time traveler, any alterations to this event could reshape history into something unrecognizable, perhaps with 
  Europe transformed into a collection of Muslim rather than Christian countries. With Europe added to the Arabic Empire 
  along with North Africa and the Middle East, the sun might never have set on the golden age of Islam. 
  An Arabic victory at Tours could in one fell swoop remove Roman Catholicism, the Protestant movement it spawned, 
  and one of history’s greatest leaders, Charlemagne, from the pages of history. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  On the Reckoning of Time published by Northumbrian 
  monk Bede, disseminating the AD system of time reckoning 
  throughout Europe. 
  726-843: Iconoclasm. In an effort to remove what he sees 
  as idolatry (the worship of images forbidden by the Second 
  Commandment) in the Byzantine Empire, Emperor Leo 
  III orders the removal of conspicuous images of religious 
  worship. 
  This policy meets with violent opposition from within the 
  Byzantine world as churches are defaced and great works of 
  religious art destroyed in an effort to expunge idolatry from 
  Christian society. This practice is also condemned by the 
  Pope in Rome, leading to a schism between the Eastern and 
  Western churches.
  731: Ecclesiastical History of the English People 
  published by Bede. 
  Pope Gregory III excommunicates all supporters of 
  iconoclasm. 
  732: Battle of Tours. Charles Martel and his Frankish 
  army defeat the Arab forces, halting their conquest of 
  Europe. 
  733: The imperial court in China employs over 17,000 
  civil servants. 
  739: Byzantine forces defeat Arabs at Akroinon. 
  741: Japanese government begins an ambitious program 
  of Buddhist temple construction throughout the nation. 
  742: Constantinople brieﬂy seized by opponents of 
  iconoclasm. Emperor Constantine V storms the capital and 
  regains control, then intensiﬁes his persecution of image-
  worshippers.
  Pepin III, the son of Charles Martel, has a son who 
  is named after his father. This son will become even 
  more famous than his father and grandfather and will be 
  remembered as Charles the Great or Charlemagne. 
  745: Arabs and Chinese battle in the Lake Balkhash 
  region. 
  An outbreak of bubonic plague in Constantinople spreads 
  through Europe. 
  747-750: Civil war in Arabia as the Abbasid seek to 
  overthrow the Umayyad.  
  750-1258: Abbasid Caliphate overthrows the Umayyad, 
  establishing the second great Islamic dynasty. 
  Arabs begin crossing the Sahara in large numbers to trade 
  in gold with Western African nations. 
  751: Chinese defeated by Arabs at Samarkand and the 
  Talas River. Islamic inﬂuence spreads through Central Asia. 
  Ravenna, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, falls to 
  the Lombards. 
  Pepin III takes the title of King. Although his ancestors 
  were the de facto rulers of the Franks, they kept the title 
  “Mayor of the Palace” while ruling from behind the scenes. 
  Pepin goes to Pope Zacharias and asks if he should have 
  the title of king, since he is the true ruler. The Pope agrees 
  that Pepin should rule in name if he rules in fact. With the 
  Pope’s blessing, Pepin calls an assembly of the leading men 
  in France, who vote him king. He is anointed by Archbishop 
  Boniface. In calling himself king, Pepin founds the 
  Carolingian Dynasty. In securing Papal consent for deposing 
  King Childeric, Pepin establishes a powerful precedent 
  which will at times lead to violence between the church and 
  nobility of Europe.   
  754: Under attack by the Lombards, Pope Stephen II 
  appeals to the Frankish King Pepin for aid. Not desiring war 
  with the Franks, the Lombards withdraw. 
  756: In response to continued Lombard aggression against 
  the Pope, Pepin invades Italy. He forces the Lombard king 
  to turn over vast holdings of land in southern Italy to the 
  Pope. 
  756-1031: Abd al-Rahman, an Umayyad prince, refuses 
  to submit to the Abbasid Caliph; he declares his holdings in 
  Spain, including the city of Cordoba, to be an independent 
  emirate. 
  759: Franks recapture Narbonne, removing Arab forces 
  from southern France.
  762: Baghdad becomes the capital of the Abbasid 
  Caliphate.
  768: Pepin III adds Aquitaine to his growing kingdom, 
  which he leaves to his sons Charlemagne and Carloman. 
  771: With the death of Carloman, Charlemagne is the sole 
  king of the Frankish kingdom. 
  772-802: Charlemagne conquers Saxony and converts 
  its inhabitants to Roman Catholicism, by the sword if 
  necessary. 
  774: Pope Hadrian requests aid from Charlemagne against 
  the Lombards. Charlemagne conquers northern Italy and 
  adds it to his growing empire. 
  778: Charlemagne’s forces invade Arabic Spain but meet 
  heavy resistance. During a Basque ambush, Charlemagne’s 
  general Roland is killed. 
  780: Suﬁsm, an Islamic form of ascetic mysticism, 
  appears in the Islamic world. 
  786: Harun al-Rashid becomes caliph and converts 
  Baghdad into a center of arts and learning. 
  789: First recorded Viking raid on England. 
  Charlemagne issues his “General Reminder,” a decree 
  admonishing all within his empire to do everything in their 
  power to advance learning and education. 
  790: Earliest recorded Viking raids in Western Europe. 
  Charlemagne creates a special province or “march” to 
  act as a buffer zone between his lands and those of Saracen 
  Spain. 
  794-1185: Heian Period in Japan. Japanese culture begins 
  to move gradually away from Chinese inﬂuence toward 
  something uniquely Japanese. The Japanese capital moved 
  from Nara to Kyoto. 
  800: Harun al-Rashid sends an embassy to the court of 
  Charlemagne. 
  Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope. 
  First use of bows and arrows in the Mississippi Valley of 
  North America. 
  807: In an effort to foster friendship between their two 
  empires. Harun al-Rashid agrees to Charlemagne’s demand 
  to secure the Christian holy places within his empire 
  (especially Jerusalem) and guarantee the safety of Christian 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  pilgrims. 
  809: With the death of Harun al-Rashid, the Abbasid 
  empire descends into civil war between his sons al-Amin 
  and al-Ma’mud. 
  811: After the deaths of two of his brothers, Louis is 
  named Charlemagne’s sole heir. 
  813: Al-Amin killed during a siege of Baghdad; his 
  brother al-Ma’mud becomes caliph. 
  814: Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as emperor. 
  832: Caliph al-Ma’mun builds a center of scholarship in 
  Baghdad at which to translate ancient Greek manuscripts 
  into Arabic.  
  833: Louis the Pious is deserted by his army and 
  imprisoned by his son Lothair. Loyalists rescue Louis the 
  following year and restore him as emperor. 
  840: Death of Louis the Pious. Lothair ascends to the 
  throne of a troubled empire, spending much of his time 
  putting down internal unrest. 
  841: Charles the Bald and Louis the German, the younger 
  brothers of Lothair, defeat him in battle.
  843: Treaty of Verdun divides Charlemagne’s realm 
  between the three heirs of Louis the Pious. Two of the new 
  kingdoms correspond to modern-day France and Germany. 
  The third kingdom consists of northern Italy and is ruled by 
  Louis the German, who also takes the title of Holy Roman 
  Emperor. 
  845: Vikings sack Paris and exact tribute from the Franks. 
  850: Beginnings of a second Arabic golden age. Scholars 
  in Baghdad begin translating the works of the great Greek 
  mathematicians and philosophers into Arabic. Arab 
  navigators, aided by a new Arab invention, the astrolabe, 
  travel to the south of China where they trade for rice, tea, 
  porcelain and brandy. 
  In Africa, the Citadel of Great Zimbabwe is built. 
  In Central Europe, Yiddish begins to develop among 
  Jews. 
  858-1160: Fujiwara clan comes to power in Japan. 
  860: City of Angkor Thom built in Cambodia. 
  866: Vikings take York, England. 
  868: First newspaper printed in China. 
  875: Charles the Bald crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 
  878-929: Arabic astronomer al-Battani advances the 
  science of astronomy through his celestial observations. 
  889: Fragmentation of the Frankish empire into smaller 
  political divisions in Western Europe. 
  900: Greenland discovered by Viking sailors. 
  The invention of the horse collar and harness in Europe 
  greatly increases the pulling capacity of horses. 
  918: Foundation of the Kingdom of Koryo (Korea). 
  919: Henry I elected King of the Eastern Franks (a region 
  hereafter called Germany). 
  928: The Cordoba emirate claims that his holdings are 
  an independent caliphate, while the Abbasid caliphates of 
  Baghdad fall more and more under the sway of the Persians.  
  936: Henry I of Germany is succeeded by his son Otto. 
  938: Mongols invade Northern China and establish a new 
  capital at Yanqing (later known as Peking and then Beijing). 
  940-1185: Taira revolt in Japan, a long bloody civil war.
  945: Persian Buwayhids capture Baghdad and begin to 
  rule the Arab empire. The caliph is allowed to remain in 
  power, but only as a ﬁgurehead. 
  955: Otto I of Germany defeats the Magyars and halts the 
  expansion of Hungary. 
  959: England united under King Edgar. 
  960: Major artistic renaissance in China during painting, 
  poetry and drama all reach new heights. 
  962: Otto I of Germany crowned Holy Roman Emperor; 
  he spends his later years in Italy. 
  963: The Book of the Fixed Stars, an Arabic astronomical 
  text by al-Suﬁ, contains the ﬁrst description of a nebula. 
  969: Gunpowder rockets ﬁrst used in combat in China. 
  970: Paper money introduced by the Chinese government. 
  974: Song Dynasty unites China, with its capital at 
  Luoyang. 
  975: Arithmetical notation is in widespread use, having 
  spread from Arabic lands. 
  977: Work begins in China on the Great Encyclopedia of 
  1000 Volumes.
  980-983: Emperor Otto I begins an unsuccessful 
  campaign against Arabs in Italy. 
  983: Canal locks invented in China during construction of 
  the Grand Canal. 
  986: Erik the Red begins exploration of Greenland. Three 
  trading colonies set up on Greenland. 
  987: Capetian Dynasty founded in France.  
  988: Vladimir of Kiev converts to Christianity. Founding 
  of the Orthodox Church in Russia. 
  990: Al Hakim Mosque built in Cairo. 
  1000: Arabic merchants set up trading outposts in 
  Ethiopia. Due to extensive trade with Africa, Islam begins to 
  spread south of the Sahara. 
  Hungary and Poland recognized as Christian states 
  by the Catholic Church. The Christian world—what is 
  becoming known as “Christendom”—continues to grow 
  as the dominant force in Europe while Islam’s inﬂuence 
  throughout the Middle East and Africa increases. 
  Leif Ericson, son of Erik the Red, sets sail from 
  Greenland and discovers North America. 
  Cree Indians in North America trade furs for grain with 
  southern tribes.
  The Iroquois, an Indian tribe in the northeast of North 
  America, live in agricultural villages growing beans and 
  corn. 
  Culture of the Mississippians centered on the Grand 
  Village. 
  Mayan civilization at its height in the Yucatan peninsula, 
  with a distinctive style of art and architecture as well 
  as sophisticated calendars and timekeeping based on 
  astronomical observations. 
  First stone statues carved on Easter Island. 
  1001: Tale of Genji, the world’s ﬁrst novel, is written by 
  Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu. 
  1002: Umayyad caliphate in Spain disintegrates into small 
  warring states. 
  
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  1005: Song China becomes subservient to the northern 
  kingdom of Liao, with its capital at Beijing. 
  1008: Desecration of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in 
  Jerusalem by Muslims. 
  1010: The Chinese nobility begins binding the feet of 
  girls.  
  Chess introduced to Europe from Asia. 
  Emergence of warrior bands, known as bushidan, in 
  Japan. 
  1014: Henry II becomes Holy Roman Emperor. 
  1019: Arabs attack Narbonne in Southern France. 
  1021: Epidemic of St. Vitus’ dance. 
  1027: Conrad II becomes Holy Roman Emperor. 
  1028: Saracen Castile conquered by Sancho III, King of 
  Navarre. 
  1031: Beginnings of Christian re-conquest of Spain. 
  1037: Ferdinand I claims rulership of Christian Spain.  
  1040-1057: Macbeth murders Duncan and becomes King 
  of Scotland. 
  1042-1066: Edward the Confessor ascends to throne of 
  England. 
  1045: Movable type printing invented in China. 
  1050: Astrolabe in widespread use, having been adopted 
  from its Arabic inventors. 
  Cahokia, with a population of over 10,000, is the center of 
  Mississippian culture in North America. Settlements in the 
  Mississippi valley begin to expand into true urban centers. 
  1052: Westminster Abbey built in London. 
  1057-1058: Malcolm brieﬂy assumes the Scottish throne 
  after murdering Macbeth. 
  1065: Earliest known stained glass at Augsburg cathedral, 
  Germany. 
  1066: Battle of Hastings; Norman conquest of England. 
  1068-1135: Life of Henry I, eventual King of England. 
  1072: William I, King of England, invades Scotland. 
  Normans seize control of Amalﬁ and Palermo, granting 
  them total control over central Mediterranean sea trade 
  routes. 
  1073: Gregory VII becomes Pope; he declares the 
  absolute authority of the papacy, even over Christian 
  kings. This begins a dispute between European royalty 
  (particularly the Holy Roman Emperor) and the papacy. 
  1077: Henry IV of Germany deposes the pope. When 
  he and his subjects are subsequently excommunicated, his 
  subjects rebel and Henry is forced to beg Pope Gregory VII 
  for absolution—wearing sackcloth to regain his kingdom.
  1079-1142: Life of Abelard, religious scholar and 
  philosopher. 
  1081: Venetians negotiate a trade treaty with 
  Constantinople. 
  1083-1084: Henry IV besieges Rome, forcing the 
  installation of an antipope, Clement III. The Normans 
  respond with a full-scale invasion of Italy which, while 
  forcing Henry to withdraw, causes massive devastation. 
  1085: Christian forces in Spain conquer Toledo, the most 
  powerful Saracen city yet re-conquered. 
  1086: The Domesday Book, a complete survey of English 
  land holdings and agricultural resources, is completed for 
  William I. 
  Minamoto clan assumes control of Japan. 
  1087: St. Paul’s Cathedral in London burns down. 
  Reconstruction begins almost immediately. 
  1090: The Shia Ismailis, better known to history as the 
  Assassins, appear in Syria and emerge as a major force in 
  the politics of northern Persia. 
  1091: Norman conquest of Sicily complete. Normans 
  establish a powerful and cultured court on the island. 
  1094: The warlord El-Cid conquers Valencia in Spain for 
  the Christians.
  Clement III deposed; Urban II takes the papacy. 
  1095: Urban II calls for a crusade to the Holy Lands of 
  Christianity, currently controlled by Muslims. 
  1096: First Crusade. Establishment of Latin kingdoms in 
  the Levant. Persecution of Jews by Christians increases as 
  well. 
  The introduction of cast iron to Europe is less than a 
  decade away, marking the beginnings of PL 2 technology 
  in Europe (China has been in PL 2 since approximately 500 
  BCE).
  1098: Crusaders take Antioch.
  1099: Crusaders take Jerusalem and rebuild the Church of 
  Holy Sepulcher.
  1100: Foundation of a Frankish feudal Kingdom of 
  Jerusalem by crusaders. 
  As a reward for providing free transportation to the 
  crusaders, Genoa, Pisa and Venice are granted exclusive 
  trading privileges with the Latin kingdoms of the Middle 
  East. 
  Publication of the Song of Roland, earliest of the epic 
  poems about Charlemagne. 
  Craftsmen’s guilds begin to spread throughout European 
  towns. 
  The Anasazi of southwestern North America build 
  fortiﬁed cliff dwellings in Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon. 
  1100-1135: Reign of Henry I as King of England. 
  1100-1600: Rise to prominence of Zimbabwe in South 
  Africa, centered on the stone city of Great Zimbabwe.  
  1109: Crusaders take Tripoli. 
  1109-1113: War between England and France. 
  1110: Earliest performance of a miracle play in England. 
  This is one of three medieval European dramatic forms, the 
  other two being the mystery play and the morality play. 
  1113: Foundation of the Knights of the Hospital of St. 
  John, better known as the Hospitallers, to care for pilgrims 
  traveling to the Holy Land.  
  1118: Foundation of the Knights of the Temple of 
  Solomon of Jerusalem (better known as the Knights 
  Templar) to protect pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land. 
  1120: Playing cards invented in China. 
  1123: A Venetian ﬂeet ﬁghting in support of the crusaders 
  defeats a Saracen ﬂeet off the coast of Ascalon, Egypt. 
  1124: Port of Tyre captured by crusaders. 
  1125: Appearance of traveling musicians known as 
  troubadours in France. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  1127: Seljuk governors of Syria and Mesopotamia begin a 
  counter-offensive against the crusaders. 
  1128: A Church council approves the Knights Templar. 
  1139: Civil war in England over a disputed royal 
  succession.
  1147-1148: A Second Crusade is attempted, beginning 
  with the siege of Damascus. This crusade ends in 
  humiliating defeat and the crusaders return home. 
  1150: University founded in Paris. 
  1151: Henry II becomes Count of Anjou in France. 
  1152: Eleanor of Aquitaine’s marriage to Louis VII is 
  annulled and she marries Henry II. 
  In Angkor Wat, the Khmer capital, the largest and most 
  magniﬁcent Hindu temple in Asia is constructed. 
  1154: Henry II becomes King of England. 
  1162-1227: Life of Genghis Khan. 
  1163-1169: Amalric, King of Jerusalem, makes ﬁve 
  attempts to capture Egypt.
  1167: Oxford University founded. 
  1169: Saladin becomes Vizier of Cairo. 
  1170: Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
  is killed by four knights at the order of Henry II, the 
  culmination of a long and tumultuous feud between the two. 
  Lancelot, a poem of courtly love by Chrétien de Troy, is 
  ﬁrst published. 
  1171: Saladin overthrows the caliphate of Egypt. As the 
  new Caliph, he restores Sunni Islam to his realm. 
  King Louis VII of France grants the river-merchants’ 
  guild a monopoly on river trade. 
  1174: Thirteen-year-old Baldwin IV succeeds Amalric as 
  King of Jerusalem. 
  Nur al-Din is succeeded as ruler of the Saracens by an 11-
  year-old. Saladin moves into the void created by a struggle 
  for power and occupies Damascus. 
  Construction of the “leaning tower” in Pisa. 
  1177: Saladin is defeated by Baldwin at Ramleh. 
  1179: The ruthless and ambitious Mayapan King Hunac 
  Ceel sacks and burns the Mayan city of Chichen Itza. 
  1180: Angkor empire in Cambodia at its height. 
  1183: Saladin becomes Sultan of Syria. 
  1185-1333: Kamakura Shogunate in Japan. 
  1187-1188: Saladin recaptures Jerusalem and inﬂicts 
  massive casualties on crusader armies. The crusader states 
  are soon reduced to small coastal strongholds. 
  1189-1199: Reign of King Richard Lion-heart. He spends 
  only ﬁve years of his reign in England (1194-1199). Of 
  his ten years in power, three are spent ﬁghting Saladin in 
  the Third Crusade and two as a prisoner of war awaiting 
  ransom. 
  1189-1192: Third Crusade, during which Richard the 
  Lion-hearted of England, with the help of the Knights 
  Templar and the Hospitallers, defeats Saladin on multiple 
  occasions. Rather than attempt to reform the Latin states, 
  Richard and Saladin conclude a treaty that leaves Jerusalem 
  under Saladin’s control but allows unarmed pilgrims to 
  safely visit the city. 
  1190: Teutonic Knights established for the defense of the 
  Holy Land. 
  1191: Zen Buddhism founded in Japan. 
  1192-1194: Richard the Lion-hearted held captive by 
  Duke Leopold until a sum of 150,000 marks is paid for his 
  release. 
  1193: The death of Saladin plunges his empire into civil 
  war. Of Saladin’s vast personal fortune, only 1 gold piece 
  and 47 silver pieces remain, the rest having been given to 
  the poor. 
  1199-1216: Reign of King John of England. 
  1200: Paris undergoes construction to improve the city. 
  The undertaking includes paving the streets for the ﬁrst 
  time. 
  1201: Tartars are crushed by Temujin. 
  King Phillip of France conﬁscates England’s French 
  holdings but his army is crushed by English forces under 
  King John, who restores the lands to British rule. 
  1203: Brittany revolts against King John. By the 
  following year, all of Brittany except the Channel Islands is 
  under French control. 
  1204: Death of Maimonides, Jewish lawyer and 
  philosopher in Cairo. 
  1206: Mongols united by Temujin, who is proclaimed 
  Genghis Khan. He issues the Great Yasa, the Mongol law 
  code, and embarks on a campaign of conquest in Central 
  Asia. 
  1207-1273: Life of the famed Suﬁ poet and mystic Jalal 
  ad-Din ar-Rumi, who reaches a state of transcendent ecstasy 
  by performing a circular dance during which he composes 
  his poetry and gains insight into the nature of God and 
  the universe. Because of this curious practice, he and his 
  followers are known as “whirling dervishes.”  
  1208: Genghis Khan conquers Turkestan. 
  1209: Pope Innocent III excommunicates King John of 
  England over a disputed nomination for the Archbishop of 
  Canterbury. 
  Cambridge University founded by unhappy Oxford 
  scholars. 
  1210: Pope Innocent III approves the formation of the 
  Franciscan Friars, led by St. Francis of Assisi. 
  1211: Mongols begin conquest of Northern China. 
  1212: The Children’s Crusade, led by 12-year-old Stephen 
  of Cloyes, leaves for Jerusalem from the south of France. 
  1213: Pope Innocent III calls for a ﬁfth crusade. 
  1214-1294: Life of Roger Bacon, English philosopher and 
  scientist. 
  1215: King John of England signs the Magna Carta.
  Mongols capture Beijing. 
  1216: King John succeeded as King of England by his 
  nine-year-old son, Henry. 
  1217: Crusaders arrive in Palestine for the Fifth Crusade. 
  1218: After attacks to the south, Korea declares itself a 
  vassal state to Genghis Khan’s Mongol Empire. Mongols 
  conquer Persia. 
  1219: In Egypt, the port city of Damietta falls to the 
  crusaders.
  1220: Fredrick II crowned Holy Roman Emperor after 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  agreeing to assist the Fifth Crusade. 
  First chapter of Dominican friars. 
  1221: Saladin’s successor Khalil offers the crusaders 
  Jerusalem in return for the port of Damietta. 
  1223: Mongols invade Russia. 
  1225: Fredrick II crowned King of Jerusalem. 
  1226-1502: The Golden Horde emerges as a powerful 
  Mongol nation in southern Russia. 
  1227: Death of Genghis Khan. 
  Jousting begins to grow in popularity as a sport among 
  European aristocrats. 
  1233: Inquisition established in Toulouse. 
  1235: Mongols construct the walled city of Karakorum, 
  possibly the empire’s ﬁrst ﬁxed capital. 
  1236: Mongols issue paper money.
  1238: Mongols invade Russia, capturing Vladimir, 
  Yaroslavl and Rostov.
  1239: Muslims from Central Asia entrusted to collect 
  taxes in Mongol-controlled China. 
  1240: An anonymous author writes The Secret History of 
  the Mongols, which relates the story of Genghis Khan. 
  Mongols capture Kiev.
  1245: The Assassins carry out spectacular murders in their 
  crusade to foment revolt against Islamic orthodoxy. Their 
  headquarters at this time is in Jahal Ansariyah, Syria. 
  1250: The Mali Empire rises to prominence, taking over 
  Saharan trade in gold, salt and other precious commodities.
  1255: Catholic Inquisition authorizes use of torture in 
  cases of heresy. 
  1258: Mongols sack Baghdad. Fall of the Abbasid 
  Caliphate. 
  Rebellious English lords, led by Simon de Montfort, 
  extract a series of concessions of royal power from Henry 
  III including the establishment of a parliament, which will 
  meet three times yearly. 
  1260: Civil war in the Mongol Empire in which Kublai 
  Khan and his brother, the grandsons of Genghis Khan, 
  struggle for rulership.
  1264: The Mongol civil war ends with Kublai Khan 
  proclaimed leader of the Golden Horde. 
  1266: Kublai establishes a new capital in Beijing, which 
  the Mongols call Khanbaliq. 
  1271-1295: Venetian explorer Marco Polo travels 
  throughout Asia, providing vivid accounts of China and the 
  court of Kublai Khan. 
  1274: First attempted invasion of Japan by the Mongol 
  Empire fails when the Mongol ships are destroyed in a 
  typhoon. 
  1275: Marco Polo visits Kublai Khan’s summer palace at 
  Xanadu. 
  1281: Second Mongol invasion of Japan fails when the 
  majority of the Mongol ﬂeet is again sunk by foul weather. 
  This leads to the Japanese legends of the kamikaze or 
  “divine wind,” which they believe is the gods’ refusal to 
  allow an invasion of the holy soil of Japan. 
  1284: Rebuilding of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London 
  completed. 
  First gold ducats minted in Venice. 
  1290: Jews expelled from England. 
  1292: Marco Polo escorts a Mongol princess to Hormuz. 
  1300-1924: Ottoman Empire founded by Osman I. 
  1303: An earthquake strikes Alexandria, severely 
  damaging the legendary Lighthouse there.
  Mongol army defeated in its attempt to conquer 
  Damascus. 
  English King Edward I completes his conquest of 
  Scotland.
  1304: Execution of Scottish nationalist leader William 
  Wallace. Beginning of the Scottish revolt led by Robert 
  Bruce. 
  1306: Hospitallers conquer the island of Rhodes and 
  make it their headquarters.
  1307: Dante begins writing his Divine Comedy. 
  1312: Knights Templar accused of heresy and dissolved 
  by Papal decree. Their property is given to the Hospitallers 
  by the church. 
  1312-1337: Reign of Mansa Musa, most celebrated King 
  of the Mali Empire. During his reign, Mali is the source 
  Adventures in Time: Marco Polo and Kublai Khan
  In early history, traveling through Asia was often a dangerous undertaking, especially for a foreigner. But by the 13th 
  century, such an undertaking was no longer so difﬁcult. The civil war that had engulfed the Mongol Empire was over 
  and Kublai Khan, the son of Genghis, now enforced such a ruthless peace throughout Asia that it was said a virgin with 
  a pot of gold on her head could cross from one end of Asia to the other without incident. 
  Into this environment came a brash young explorer, a Venetian named Marco Polo. He became a favorite of Kublai 
  Khan and was sent on diplomatic missions throughout India and Persia. Because of the stability imposed on the region 
  and the reluctance of anyone to harm an envoy of the khan, Marco Polo was allowed to travel throughout Asia for over 
  20 years. His vivid accounts of the many places he visited and of the court of Kublai Khan spurred further exploration of 
  Asia by the west.
  For a time traveler, perhaps the “mother lode” of exploration would be to accompany Polo on his travels. Of course 
  the explorer would have to take care not to impose himself on the expedition in any way, lest he change the history he 
  wishes to record. 
  For those seeking to change history, being a part of Polo’s expedition would provide the perfect cover for a Herculean 
  task: the assassination of Kublai Khan. This would likely render the histories of China, India and Japan unrecognizable.  
  
  Blood and Time
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  of over half the world’s gold and becomes famous for his 
  generosity, his patronship of Islam, and his support for 
  education and learning. 
  1313: First European cannon designed by Berthold 
  Schwarz. 
  1314: English defeated by the Scottish at Bannockburn. 
  1315: Habsburgs defeated by the Swiss at the Battle of 
  Morgarten. Although struggles will continue for the next 
  two centuries, this victory marks the beginning of true Swiss 
  independence. It is also where the exploits of the ﬁctional 
  marksman William Tell are set. 
  1317: Alchemy outlawed by the Roman Catholic Church. 
  1321: Death of Italian poet Dante. 
  1322: British parliament decrees that all laws must be 
  approved by parliament and the king. 
  1323: A second earthquake strikes Alexandria, rendering 
  the Lighthouse building unusable. 
  1324: Mansa Musa undertakes a pilgrimage to Mecca. 
  He is so generous with his vast personal wealth during this 
  journey that his travels destabilize the economies of entire 
  countries for decades. 
  1325: Mali captures Timbuktu; its empire controls vast 
  areas of the upper Niger region.
  Japanese develop No drama.
  Settlement of Tenochtitlan, center of the Aztec Empire.  
  1327: Murder of British King Edward II. 
  1330: The English longbow is the most powerful 
  handheld weapon in the world. 
  1332: British parliament divided into two houses. 
  1336-1573: Ashikaga Shogunate rules Japan. 
  1337-1453: Hundred Years’ War between England and 
  France. 
  1338: First cannons mounted on ships. 
  1340: Black Death (also known as the bubonic plague) 
  breaks out in Asia. 
  1347: Black Death reaches Baghdad and Constantinople. 
  The Black Death also touches Europe for the ﬁrst time this 
  year, striking the city of Kaffa. 
  Boccacchio begins writing his Decameron. 
  1348: Black Death reported in Britain, France, Spain, 
  Greece and North Africa. In some regions up to one-
  third of the population is killed, with the death toll 
  reaching a staggering 20 million. Europe, which had been 
  suffering from over-population prior to the plague, is now 
  underpopulated and the economic damage alone will take 
  over a century to reverse.  
  1350: Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight, one of the 
  greatest masterpieces of Middle English literature, is 
  composed by an unknown author around this time. 
  1351: Tennis becomes a popular sport in England. 
  1352: Black Death reaches Russia. 
  1353: Black Death returns to China. 
  1355: British King Edward III and his son Edward, 
  popularly known as the “Black Prince of Wales,” step 
  up their prosecution of war with France, scoring several 
  victories. 
  1356: British defeat the French at the Battle of Poitiers. 
  1360: The franc is introduced in France. 
  1361: Black Death returns to England. 
  1365: Aztec warriors employed as mercenaries by 
  Atzcapotzalco. 
  1368-1644: Ming Dynasty assumes control of China, 
  taking control of Beijing and driving out the Mongols who 
  had ruled there.
  1369: Geoffrey Chaucer writes the Book of the Duchess.  
  1370: Robin Hood emerges as a popular folk hero in 
  England. 
  1378: The Great Schism: rival popes in Rome and 
  Avignon. 
  1379: Introduction of the Poll Tax in England to help fund 
  the Hundred Years’ War. 
  1380: John Wycliffe translates the Bible into English for 
  the ﬁrst time.
  1381: Black Death returns to Egypt. 
  1386: Geoffrey Chaucer begins writing the Canterbury 
  Tales.
  1387: Medici Bank founded in Florence. 
  1396: Richard II marries Isabelle of France, sealing a 28-
  year peace treaty marking a lull in the Hundred Years’ War. 
  1400: Richard II assassinated, Henry IV assumes the 
  throne. 
  Portuguese develop the three-masted caravel, which 
  quickly becomes the dominant ship for long-distance trade. 
  1404: Ming China begins to trade with Japan. 
  1410: Italian inventor Brunelleschi invents the mechanical 
  clock using coiled springs. 
  The Incan Empire begins to expand and become more 
  socially stratiﬁed. 
  1413-1422: Reign of Henry V as King of England. 
  1413: Henry V ascends to English throne. He begins 
  building a ﬂeet, marking a return to armed hostilities in the 
  Hundred Years’ War. 
  1414: Medici become bankers for the papacy. 
  1415: Battle of Agincourt. Henry V achieves a major 
  victory over France largely due to the supremacy of the 
  English longbow. 
  1419: Henry V captures Rouen and controls most of 
  northern France. 
  Portuguese Prince Henry establishes his school of 
  navigation in Sagres. 
  1420: Ming capital moved to Beijing, the largest city in 
  the world. 
  Henry V marries Catherine of France to seal the Treaty of 
  Troyes. 
  1421: The patent is introduced in Italy.
  1429: Joan of Arc rises to prominence, inspiring French 
  troops in Orleans to break the British siege. She leads a 
  French reversal of English gains during the reign of Henry 
  V. 
  1430: Plate armor begins to replace chain mail.
  1431: Joan of Arc convicted of heresy and burned at the 
  stake. 
  1441: African slaves sold to Portugal. 
  1444: Portuguese reach Cape Verde. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  1445: Johannes Gutenberg introduces movable type 
  printing in Germany. 
  1450: Concave lens glasses invented to correct near-
  sightedness. 
  Gold used for tooth ﬁllings. 
  1452-1519: Life of Leonardo da Vinci.
  1455-1485: War of the Roses in Britain. 
  1456-1477: Reign of Vlad the Impaler in Romania. 
  1462-1505: Reign of Ivan III, commonly known as Ivan 
  the Great, in Russia,. 
  1467-1477: Warring States period in Japan. 
  1469: Marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of 
  Castile. Their kingdoms are merged to form the Kingdom of 
  Spain. 
  1470: Portuguese trading on the Gold Coast of Africa. 
  1476: William Caxton begins printing in London. 
  1476-1541: Life of Francisco Pizarro. 
  1480: The last remnants of the Lighthouse of Alexandria 
  on the island of Pharos are removed when Qaitbay, the 
  Sultan ruling Egypt, builds a fortress using the marble and 
  stone remnants of the Lighthouse. 
  Ferdinand and Isabella authorize the church to begin an 
  Inquisition to investigate heresy in Spain. 
  Leonardo da Vinci begins conducting experiments.
  1480-1521: Life of Ferdinand Magellan. 
  1483-1546: Life of Martin Luther. 
  1485-1547: Life of Hernan Cortes. 
  1486: Christopher Columbus convinces Queen Isabella 
  to ﬁnance his expedition to discover a western route to the 
  Indies. 
  The Malleus Maleﬁcarum, an encyclopedia of witchcraft, 
  indicates that the burning of witches at the stake is 
  becoming more common, and asserts that the Catholic 
  Church endorses the practice. 
  1491-1556: Life of St. Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the 
  Jesuits. 
  1492: Christopher Columbus explores the Bahamas, Cuba 
  and Hispaniola. 
  1495: Columbus orders the natives of Hispaniola to pay a 
  tribute to the King of Spain. 
  1496: Columbus establishes the ﬁrst Spanish settlement in 
  the Western hemisphere. 
  1498: Vasco de Gama discovers a sea route to India by 
  sailing around the Cape of Good Hope. 
  During his third voyage to the “New World,” Columbus 
  becomes the ﬁrst European to sight South America. 
  1499: Amerigo Vespucci explores South America. 
  Columbus’ poor administration of Hispaniola causes the 
  natives as well as the Spanish settlers there to revolt. 
  1500: During a voyage to India, Pedro Alvares Cabral 
  makes sight of Brazil. He detours to Brazil, then returns to 
  his original route and continues on to India.
  Pinzon discovers the mouth of the Amazon.  
  1502: Beginning of the reign of Montezuma II, last Aztec 
  emperor. 
  Peter Heinlein, a German locksmith, invents the 
  pocketwatch. 
  1507: A world map by Waldseemuller gives the name 
  America to the New World for the ﬁrst time, in honor of 
  Amerigo Vespucci. 
  1508: Pope Julius II grants Spain the right to build 
  churches in the New World. 
  Pope Julius II commissions Michelangelo to paint the 
  ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 
  1509-1547: Reign of Henry VIII as King of England. 
  1509: Spanish found San Juan, Puerto Rico, and begin 
  settling mainland Central America. 
  First Portuguese settlements in Brazil. 
  1510: Japanese pirates are the terror of the South China 
  seas. 
  1513: Niccolo Machiavelli writes The Prince. 
  Ponce de Leon explores Florida. 
  1514: Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus theorizes that the 
  sun, not the Earth, is the center of the solar system. 
  Natives in Spanish-held areas of the New World are 
  ordered to convert to Christianity or suffer enslavement or 
  death. 
  1515: Barbary pirates establish their ﬂeet at Algiers, 
  challenging Spanish control of the seas in the area. 
  City of Havana founded in Cuba by the Spanish. 
  1517: Cordoba explores Mexico. 
  1519: Hernan Cortes lands at Veracruz and marches on 
  the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan with his force of 500 men. 
  Montezuma surrenders without conﬂict. 
  1520: Death of Montezuma. 
  Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan winters 
  in South America, preparing to embark on a planned 
  circumnavigation of the world. He discovers the Straits of 
  Magellan.
  1522: Cortes is named ruler of New Spain (which will 
  eventually include Central America, Mexico and the 
  southwest United States). Under his direction the Spanish 
  build a new capital city, Mexico City, on the ruins of the 
  Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. 
  1525: Albert von Brandenburg declares Prussia to be a 
  Protestant state. 
  1526: Dominican friars arrive in Mexico to begin 
  converting the populace to Christianity. 
  1529: Pope refuses to annul Henry VIII’s marriage to 
  Catherine of Aragon. 
  1533: Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn and is 
  excommunicated.
  Francisco Pizarro captures the Incan capital of Cusco and 
  executes the Incan King Atahualpa. 
  1534: Henry VIII declares England a Protestant state.
  1535: Francisco Pizarro founds the city of Lima. 
  1536: Henry VIII merges Wales and England with the Act 
  of Union. 
  Henry VIII crushes a Catholic rebellion. 
  Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, is beheaded.
  1536-1540: Over 550 Catholic monasteries in England 
  are dissolved, their lands and possessions becoming the 
  property of Henry VIII. 
  1539-1543: Hernando de Soto leads an expedition 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  exploring the southeastern regions of North America. 
  1539: First printing press in the New World, in Mexico 
  City. 
  1541: Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River. 
  Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier begins preaching 
  Christianity in Mozambique. 
  1542: The Spanish explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo is 
  the ﬁrst European in California. 
  Francisco de Orellana, another Spanish explorer, sails the 
  length of the Amazon. 
  1543: A Portuguese ship wrecks off the coast of Japan. 
  1544: Fifty-two witches are burned in Denmark.
  1545: Discovery of a “mountain of silver” in the Andes 
  by Spanish explorers. One of the largest silver mines in 
  the world is opened at Potosi, and silver is soon the largest 
  Spanish export from South America. 
  1547: Michelangelo is commissioned to build St. Peter’s 
  Basilica in Rome. 
  1547-1553: Reign of King Edward VI of England. 
  Edward VI is the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, third 
  wife of King Henry VIII.  
  1547-1584: Reign of Ivan IV, the ﬁrst Russian ruler 
  to assume the title of Tsar (a Russian translation of the 
  word Caesar). Ivan IV is known in the west as Ivan the 
  Terrible. Russia’s ﬁrst truly autocratic ruler, he terrorizes the 
  populace using a secret police, a tactic that has unfortunately 
  been adopted by numerous Russian rulers since. 
  1548: Jesuits send missionaries to the Congo. 
  1549: Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier begins preaching 
  Christianity in Japan. 
  Henry VIII passes the Act of Uniformity to eliminate the 
  use of alternate (read: Catholic) bibles in English churches. 
  The Protestant Book of Common Prayer is to be used in all 
  English churches. 
  Portuguese capital of Bahia founded in Brazil. 
  1550: Slaves are now a more valuable African export than 
  gold. 
  1552: Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier dies of exhaustion 
  in Canton, China. 
  1553-1558: Reign of British Queen Mary I. A Catholic, 
  Mary restores Catholic bishops to their posts throughout 
  England, exacerbating the already tense religious situation 
  there. So many are executed for protesting this return to 
  Catholicism during her reign that she was (and still is) 
  popularly known as Bloody Mary. 
  1558-1603: Reign of British Queen Elizabeth I. 
  1560: Portuguese begin cultivating sugarcane in Brazil. 
  1562: Slaves begin to be shipped from Africa to the New 
  World. 
  1563: Approximately one person in four dies in London 
  from an outbreak of the Black Death. 
  1564-1593: Life of Christopher Marlowe. 
  1564-1616: Life of William Shakespeare. 
  1565: Ivan the Terrible begins his reign of terror in 
  Russia. 
  Spanish found St. Augustine, the ﬁrst European colony in 
  what will one day be the United States. 
  The Portuguese found the city of Rio de Janeiro. 
  1567: Oda Nobunaga begins to unify Japan under his rule, 
  bringing about an end of the Warring States period. 
  Adventures in Time: Queen Elizabeth
  One of the most beloved and successful monarchs in history, Queen Elizabeth I (also known as the “Virgin Queen,” 
  “Gloriana” and “Good Queen Bess”) transformed England from a minor military and economic power to one that 
  outshone the great nations of Europe despite its small size. 
  Elizabeth’s reign saw a rise in English exploratory achievements. Francis Drake became the ﬁrst Englishman to 
  circumnavigate the globe, and Sir Walter Raleigh initiated the English colonization of the New World. The British 
  colony (and later American state) Virginia was named in honor of Elizabeth, the “virgin queen.” On the economic 
  front, Elizabeth granted several important economic charters, the most important of which was to the British East India 
  Company.
  Her reign is, if anything, even better known for its cultural achievements, with William Shakespeare, Edmund 
  Spenser, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson and countless others making their cultural contributions during this period. 
  This period also saw the greatest leap forward in drama since the time of the Greater Dionysia some two millennia 
  earlier.
  For the historian, this period is a chance to witness the golden age of a culture of people conﬁdent that they can 
  achieve anything through military, scientiﬁc, and cultural superiority. These virtues are still present in English society 
  centuries into the future, as seen in England’s deﬁance of the Nazi war machine alone prior to America’s entry into 
  World War II. 
  Of course for the traveler wishing to leave his mark on history, these cultural traits might be undesirable. Would an 
  England without a “Good Queen Bess” be able to follow a second Queen—Victoria—to forge an empire on which the 
  sun would never set? Would a nation without the cultural legacy of Shakespeare be able to maintain its identity as bombs 
  and rockets rained down on it from the European mainland? 
  Accomplishments require stability. Only a prosperous people can look to other lands or within themselves to create 
  great works of art. An England ill-led might never achieve greatness, depriving it of the self-conﬁdence it would need 
  later in history. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  1570: The area around the Potosi silver mines has a 
  population of 120,000, making it as large as Paris. 
  Portuguese ships are granted the right to port and trade 
  from the ﬁshing village of Nagasaki in Japan. 
  Five American Indian tribes join together to form the 
  Iroquois Confederacy based in modern-day New York State. 
  Member nations are the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida 
  and Mohawk tribes. 
  1571: Pope Pious V orders the Inquisition to draft a list of 
  books that should be banned for heretical content. 
  1572: British sea captain Francis Drake begins to attack 
  Spanish ports and shipping in the Caribbean. 
  1572-1637: Life of Ben Jonson. 
  1577-1580: Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe.
  1579: During his voyage around the globe Francis Drake 
  discovers San Francisco Bay, which he claims for the 
  British. He calls the land beyond the bay “New Albion.” 
  1582: Oda Nobunaga is assassinated by one of his 
  retainers, a ronin named Akechi Mitsuhide. 
  1583-1584: The British establish colonies in 
  Newfoundland and Virginia in North America. 
  1586: Francis Drake begins another wave of privateer 
  attacks, forcing the city of Santo Domingo to pay a ransom, 
  and sacks the city of Cartagena in Columbia.
  1587: Toyotomi Hideyoshi, one of Nobunaga’s generals, 
  avenges his master’s murder, then continues the process of 
  unifying the country under one rule. 
  The worship of Christianity is forbidden in Japan; 
  Christians are ordered to leave the country. 
  Mary, Queen of Scots (not to be confused with Queen 
  Mary I) is executed by order of Queen Elizabeth for 
  conspiring to assist a Spanish invasion of England and to 
  assassinate the queen. 
  1589: Henry VI Parts 1, 2 and 3 are produced on 
  the London stage, the ﬁrst plays credited to William 
  Shakespeare. 
  1590: Hideyoshi completes the uniﬁcation of Japan and 
  establishes the capital of his Shogunate in Edo (modern 
  Tokyo). 
  1592: Japanese invade Korea. 
  1592: Shakespeare’s Richard III and The Comedy of 
  Errors written. 
  Thermometer invented by Galileo. 
  1593: Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus and The Taming of 
  the Shrew. 
  1594: Shakespeare’s Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love’s 
  Labor’s Lost and Romeo and Juliet. 
  1595: Shakespeare’s Richard II and A Midsummer Night’s 
  Dream. 
  1596: Shakespeare’s King John and The Merchant of 
  Venice.
  1597: Hideyoshi orders 26 Christians cruciﬁed outside 
  Nagasaki. 
  Dutch astronomer Tycho Brahe has recorded 777 stars. 
  Shakespeare’s Henry IV Parts 1 and 2.
  1598: Death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. 
  Shakespeare’s Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado About 
  Nothing, and Henry V.
  1599: Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar and As You Like It. 
  1600: After another round of civil war, Tokugawa Ieyasu 
  emerges as the Shogun of Japan.  
  British East India Company founded. 
  Shakespeare’s Hamlet. 
  1600-1868: Reign of Tokugawa Shogunate.
  1601: Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night and Troilus and 
  Cressida. 
  1602: Shakespeare’s All’s Well That Ends Well. 
  Foundation of the Dutch East India Company. 
  1603: Death of British Queen Elizabeth I. She is 
  succeeded by James VI of Scotland who unites the realms of 
  Scotland and England under his rule. 
  Tokugawa builds a massive castle in Edo
  Beginnings of Kabuki, a new Japanese dramatic tradition. 
  1604: Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure and Othello. 
  1605: Flintlock musket invented (this ofﬁcially begins PL 
  3 for weaponry and armor). 
  Adventures in Time: El Dorado
  The New World was a land of plenty, not only in arable land but also in precious metals. Finds like the Potosi silver 
  mine and the wealth of the conquered Aztecs left Europeans hungry for the next “big score.” Soon, an ancient South 
  American legend about a land with so much gold that its king was dusted in it daily spurred explorers’ imaginations, 
  inspiring them to venture further into this new, uncharted land. 
  From the 1500s well into the 17th century, explorers scoured South America looking for the lost city of gold, to no 
  avail. To the time traveler motivated by money, this provides a unique opportunity even in campaigns where changes 
  to the timeline are easy to produce. Since El Dorado was never discovered, a time traveler could use any means at his 
  disposal to ﬁnd the city and secure its treasure for himself. So long as no evidence was left behind for Spanish explorers, 
  history would be left unchanged. 
  Since the time traveler could follow legends and charts not only through space but time (moving backwards or 
  forwards in the time stream to whenever the city was easiest to ﬁnd), and since a futuristic explorer would have the 
  best equipment at his disposal, he could make faster, more thorough surveys of the jungle interior than his Spanish 
  counterparts. 
  All of this assumes the city exists at all. It could be a legend that draws time travelers on dangerous and fruitless 
  explorations of the jungle—just as it did the more primitive Spaniards, drawn to their destruction by a lust for riches. 
  
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  Shakespeare’s King Lear and Macbeth. 
  Spanish classic Don Quixote de la Mancha, by Miguel 
  Cervantes. 
  1606: Shakespeare’s Anthony and Cleopatra.
  Continent of Australia discovered by Portuguese 
  explorers. 
  1607: Shakespeare’s Coriolanus and Timon of Athens. 
  Jamestown, Virginia founded by John Smith. Later this 
  same year Smith is captured by Chief Powhatan, but is 
  saved by the pleadings of Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas. 
  1608: Telescope invented. 
  Shakespeare’s Pericles. 
  1609: Astronomia Nova, in which Kepler’s laws of 
  planetary motion are set forth, is written. 
  Shakespeare’s Cymbeline. 
  1610: Shakespeare’s Winter’s Tale. 
  1611: Shakespeare’s The Tempest. 
  A new edition of the Bible is authorized by King James. 
  This edition is still in print today, and still bears the name of 
  King James. 
  1612: The British East India Company begins to build 
  factories in India. 
  Shakespeare’s Henry VIII and Two Noble Kinsmen.
  Virginia colonies begin tobacco cultivation. 
  Over 10,000 African slaves are being exported to the New 
  World yearly by the Portuguese alone. 
  1613: Systematic colonization of Northern Ireland by 
  Protestants begins. 
  1614: First logarithmic tables. 
  Pocahontas marries Virginia settler John Rolfe; her name 
  is changed to Rebecca Rolfe. 
  1616: Galileo is arrested by the Inquisition.
  Death of William Shakespeare.
  Death of Miguel Cervantes. 
  1618: French secretary of state Richelieu is ordered into 
  exile. 
  Smallpox epidemic in New England. 
  1619: First African slaves exported to the British colony 
  at Jamestown, Virginia. 
  1620: The British ship Mayﬂower sets sail for Virginia. 
  Blown off course by foul weather, the settlers decide to 
  abandon their original plans and settle where they are, 
  founding the town of Plymouth and forming a government 
  under the Mayﬂower Compact. The natives, who are on 
  friendly terms with the colonists, call them yengeeze—
  possibly an attempt by non-English speakers to say the word 
  “English.” The settlers begin using the word themselves and 
  over time these northern settlers are commonly referred to 
  as “yankees.”  
  1621: With half their number dead of smallpox, the 
  Plymouth colonists celebrate a festival of thanksgiving, 
  a holiday still celebrated centuries later in honor of their 
  pioneering spirit. 
  1623: Establishment of New Hampshire colony in New 
  England. 
  1626: Salem is selected as the capital of the 
  Massachusetts colony. 
  1630: Dialogue on the World Systems, Galileo’s treatise 
  on the movement of the Earth around the sun, is written. 
  Foundation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The 
  colonial capital is moved from Salem to Boston. 
  1633: Galileo recants his heliocentric writings before the 
  Inquisition to avoid a death sentence. 
  1634: Lord Baltimore founds the British colony of 
  Maryland. 
  1635: British found the colony of Connecticut. 
  1636: Puritan John Harvard establishes the ﬁrst university 
  in the New World in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
  British colony of Rhode Island founded.
  1637: Connecticut colonists kill 500 Pequot Indians 
  as part of a growing conﬂict between the settlers and the 
  Pequot tribesmen. 
  1642: After being reprimanded by Parliament, British 
  King Charles declares war on his own parliament, sparking 
  a civil war. The war is fought between those loyal to 
  the King, known as the “Cavaliers,” and those loyal to 
  parliament, known as the “Roundheads.” 
  French colonists found Montreal. 
  1644: Oliver Cromwell, leader of the Roundheads, 
  crushes the Cavaliers at the Battle of Marston Moor. 
  1644-1646: Conﬂict between Virginia colonists and native 
  tribesmen. Chief Necotowance is forced to sue for peace 
  and formally acknowledges that all Native American lands 
  are held by the courtesy of the King of England. 
  1648: King Charles of Britain gains the support of 
  Scotland in his struggle against the Roundheads; Wales, 
  Kent and Essex all rise up in support of the king. 
  1649: Capture and execution of Charles I by the 
  Roundheads.
  1650: Cromwell’s army defeats the Scottish at the Battle 
  of Dunbar. 
  Dutch seize numerous Portuguese ports and become the 
  dominant trading power in Southeast Asia. 
  1651: Cromwell defeats the royalists at the Battle of 
  Worcester; Charles II ﬂees to France. 
  1653: Taj Mahal completed. 
  1653-1658: Oliver Cromwell rules England as Lord 
  Protector. 
  1654: An Irish archbishop calculates that the creation of 
  the Earth took place in the year 4004 BCE. 
  1656: Virginia colony extends suffrage to all free men 
  regardless of religion. 
  1657: Christiaan Huygens, a Dutch scientist, invents the 
  pendulum clock. 
  1659: War breaks out between Dutch settlers and African 
  tribesmen. The Dutch have allowed their soldiers to set up 
  private farms as boers on African land. 
  1660: Charles II restored to power in England. 
  1661-1715: Reign of French King Louis XIV. 
  1662: The Royal Adventurers are given a charter by 
  Charles II to the African trade. One of the chief enterprises 
  of this company is a rapid expansion of the slave trade. 
  1664: British seize the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, 
  which they rename New York. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Moliere’s play Tartuffe marks a golden age of French 
  satiric comedy. 
  1665: New Jersey colony founded. 
  Black Death kills 100,000 of London’s 400,000 residents. 
  1666: The Great Fire of London begins in a bakery and 
  soon consumes almost 14,000 buildings over the course of 
  four days. 
  1667: Hand grenade invented in France.
  Virginia colony decrees that slaves cannot gain their 
  freedom by converting to Christianity.  
  1668: Reﬂecting telescope invented by Isaac Newton. 
  1669: Racine’s Britannicus marks a leap forward for 
  French tragedy. 
  Ottoman ambassador to Paris introduces coffee to Europe. 
  1670: British colony of South Carolina founded. 
  Dom Perignon invents champagne. 
  British privateer Henry Morgan sacks Panama. 
  1673: Jolliet and Marquette explore the Mississippi and 
  Illinois rivers. 
  1675: Haiku poetry developed in Japan. 
  1679: Habeas Corpus introduced in the British courts, 
  making it illegal to detain anyone without a court hearing. 
  1682: British astronomer Edmund Halley observes the 
  comet that bears his name, Halley’s Comet. 
  Beginnings of Spanish colonization of Texas. 
  La Salle claims the coastal regions surrounding the 
  mouth of the Mississippi River for France, calling the area 
  Louisiana. 
  1682-1725: Reign of Russian Tsar Peter the Great, who 
  expands the size of Russia, turns it into a world power, and 
  moves the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg.  
  1685-1688: Reign of British King James II, who attempts 
  to revert the country back to Catholicism. 
  1685-1750: Life of Johann Sebastian Bach. 
  1685-1759: Life of George Frideric Handel. 
  1686: For the ﬁrst time a war is fought on both sides 
  of the Atlantic; the Iroquois and English ﬁght against the 
  French in America as a counterpart to the war between 
  England and France in Europe.  
  1687: Isaac Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, 
  which includes a full explanation of the law of gravity. 
  1688: James II ﬂees to France. He attempts to invade in 
  1689 but is killed in battle by William of Orange.  
  The Mennonites, a Protestant religious sect in America, 
  condemn the practice of slavery. 
  Beginning of a golden age of Japanese arts, especially the 
  kabuki puppet theater and ukiyo-e painting. 
  1689-1694: After decreeing that James II has ﬂed 
  England, parliament calls Queen Mary II and her co-ruler 
  of Scotland, William of Orange, to assume the crown of 
  England as well. The two rule England and Scotland as co-
  regents.
  1690: John Locke publishes Essays Concerning Human 
  Understanding, which contains the theories of empiricism 
  and liberal democracy. 
  Johann Christoph Denner invents the clarinet in Germany. 
  1692: Salem Witch Trials in Salem, Massachusetts. 
  1694-1702: Following the death of Mary II, William of 
  Orange rules England alone for the rest of his life. 
  1697-1732: Russia conquers Kamchatka and Siberia. 
  1698: Isaac Newton calculates the speed of sound. 
  London Stock Exchange founded. 
  1700: Golden age of German baroque music, including 
  the musical accomplishments of Handel and Bach. 
  British pirates establish a base at Madagascar. 
  Boston emerges as the primary entry port for American 
  slaves. 
  Judge Samuel Sewall publishes The Selling of Joseph, an 
  appeal for the abolition of slavery in America. 
  1702: Serfdom abolished in Denmark by royal decree of 
  Fredrick IV. 
  The Daily Courant, the ﬁrst daily newspaper in London, 
  begins publication. 
  1702-1713: War between French and English colonists in 
  North America. 
  1703: St. Petersburg founded in Russia. 
  British colony of Delaware founded in New England. 
  1704: Massacre of British colonists at Deerﬁeld, 
  Massachusetts by the French. 
  Publication of the Boston Newsletter, the ﬁrst weekly 
  newspaper in America, begins. 
  1706: Spain claims an interior region of America, which it 
  calls Colorado. 
  1707: The Act of Union permanently unites England and 
  Scotland, forming Great Britain. 
  1712: Last executions on charges of witchcraft in 
  England. 
  1714-1727: Reign of British King George I. 
  1714: The German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit devises 
  the temperature scale that bears his name. 
  1717: Handel composes Water Music to entertain King 
  George’s boating parties. 
  1718: Machine gun invented in England. 
  New Orleans founded by the French. 
  The Collegiate School of America changes its name to 
  Yale University in honor its benefactor Elihu Yale. 
  1719: Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe. 
  1720: Japan relaxes import restrictions, allowing books to 
  be imported from Europe, sparking advances in science and 
  medicine. 
  1721-1742: Robert Walpole, who serves in the cabinets 
  of British Kings George I and George II, is the ﬁrst Prime 
  Minister of Britain. 
  1721: Johann Sebastian Bach composes his Brandenburg 
  Concertos. 
  1725: Antonio Vivaldi composes The Four Seasons. 
  1726: Jonathan Swift writes Gulliver’s Travels. 
  1731: An ofﬁcial residence for British Prime Ministers is 
  constructed at 10 Downing Street. 
  1732: Conscription introduced in Prussia by Fredrick 
  William I, who soon has the fourth largest army in the 
  world. 
  Georgia, the last of the original 13 British colonies, is 
  founded. 
  
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Benjamin Franklin begins publication of the ﬁrst non-
  English newspaper in the British colonies, The Philadelphia 
  Zeitung. 
  1732-1809: Life of Joseph Haydn. 
  1732-1799: Life of George Washington. 
  1736: Rubber ﬁrst introduced from Central America. 
  1740-1786: Reign of Prussian King Fredrick II; 
  beginnings of the Prussian rise to dominance in Central 
  Europe. 
  1742: The Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius develops 
  the temperature scale that bears his name. 
  1747: James Lind, a British naval surgeon, proves that 
  citrus fruit prevents scurvy. 
  1748: Platinum introduced to Europe from South 
  America. 
  1750: Emergence of Wahhabi, a movement designed to 
  purify Islam, in Arabia. 
  1752: Lightning conductor invented by Benjamin 
  Franklin. 
  1753: British museum opens in London. 
  1754: Carbon dioxide discovered by Joseph Black. 
  King’s College in New York is founded by King George 
  II. Following the break between the British colonies in 
  America and the British Empire, the college is given the 
  name it bears today, Columbia University. 
  1754-1763: The French and Indian war is fought in 
  America and Canada between French and Indian forces on 
  one side and British colonial forces on the other. A young, 
  ambitious military ofﬁcer named George Washington ﬁrst 
  comes to prominence as a leader of British colonial military 
  forces. 
  1755: Regular transatlantic passenger trafﬁc between 
  Europe and America. 
  1756-1763: Seven Years’ War in Europe. This conﬂict 
  between Britain and France is another cross-Atlantic 
  conﬂict, mirroring the French and Indian War in America. 
  1756-1791: Life of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. 
  1756-1757: After British colonists are massacred in the 
  “Black Hole of Calcutta,” the British government gives 
  the East India Company license to conquer India. British 
  colonial forces led by Robert Clive quickly establish British 
  control of Bengal and from there, the rest of India. 
  1759: The ﬁrst accurate naval chronometers, invented 
  by John Harrison, allow navigators to correctly calculate 
  longitude. 
  1760: Britain now controls large portions of “French 
  America”—today known as Canada—as a result of their 
  success in the French and Indian war. 
  In revenge for Cherokee attacks on colonial settlements, 
  Cherokee hostages captured during the French and Indian 
  war are executed. 
  Boers begin settlement of South African interior. 
  1762: Du Contrat Social by Rousseau argues for 
  increased human rights and a more egalitarian society. 
  1762-1796: Reign of Russian Empress Catherine the 
  Great.
  1763: The Treaty of Paris concludes the disastrous Seven 
  Years’ War. In the treaty, the French cede all of Canada to 
  the British and all territory west of the Mississippi River 
  to the Spanish. The only American holding they keep is 
  the port of New Orleans. This treaty also cedes Florida to 
  England in return for Cuba (captured the previous year by 
  the British).
  A Native American rebellion led by Chief Pontiac 
  overruns many western British forts and settlements. 
  1764: Mozart composes his ﬁrst symphony at age eight. 
  The Sugar Act, imposed at least in part to pay for the 
  Seven Years’ War, causes James Otis to condemn British 
  “taxation without representation.” 
  1765: The Stamp Act inspires the slogan “taxation 
  without representation is tyranny” in the British colonies in 
  America. 
  1766: Bifocal spectacles invented by Benjamin Franklin. 
  1767: The Townsend Acts tax tea, paper and other imports 
  from the American colonies. Boston begins a boycott of 
  imports from Britain in response. 
  1769: Spanish settlers in Southern California found the 
  mission of San Diego. 
  1769-1821: Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. 
  1770: British parliament repeals all taxes on the colonies 
  except the tea tax.
  Five colonial settlers are shot at the Boston Massacre. 
  1770-1827: Life of Ludwig von Beethoven. 
  1771: First publication of the Encyclopedia Britannica. 
  1773: The British East India Company gains a monopoly 
  on the opium trade in Bengal. 
  At the “Boston Tea Party,” Boston militants destroy tea 
  shipments in a protest against British tax policies. 
  1775-1783: Beginnings of the American War of 
  Independence between the British colonies in America and 
  Great Britain. 
  1775: Common Sense by Thomas Paine is published. 
  An antislavery group is formed in Philadelphia by 
  Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush. 
  1776: American Declaration of Independence. 
  Two of the most inﬂuential books in history are published: 
  Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbons and 
  Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith. 
  1777: James Watt builds the ﬁrst true steam engine 
  (beginnings of PL 4). 
  1778: France enters the War of Independence as an 
  American ally.
  1780: Sumo wrestling becomes a popular sport in Japan. 
  The Mohawk tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy is brutally 
  suppressed in New York for aiding the British during the 
  War of Independence. 
  1781: Battle of Yorktown: defeat of the British forces 
  by the American Colonial Army commanded by General 
  George Washington. 
  1782: James Watt’s rotative steam engine revolutionizes 
  factories. 
  William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus. 
  1783: The Treaty of Paris concludes the War of 
  Independence between France, Britain and the United 
  
  Blood and Time
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  States, which is formally recognized by Britain and France 
  for the ﬁrst time.
  First manned hot air balloon ﬂight by the Montgolﬁer 
  brothers.  
  A new road surfacing technique using tar and gravel is 
  discovered by John Macadam. 
  1785: Marriage of Figaro by Mozart. 
  1788: First British settlement of Australia at Sydney and 
  the penal colony at Port Jackson. First arrival of convict 
  settlers to Australia. 
  1789: The British vessel Bounty is seized by mutineers, 
  who settle on Pitcairn Island. 
  1789-1797: George Washington becomes the ﬁrst 
  President of the United States. He establishes many 
  important precedents during his tenure of President that still 
  exist today, including the relinquishing of power after eight 
  years (two terms) in ofﬁce. 
  1789-1799: French Revolution. 
  1791: Vermont admitted to the United States. 
  1792: France declares war on Austria and Prussia. 
  Kentucky admitted to the United States.
  The dollar becomes the ofﬁcial currency of the United 
  States. 
  The steam-powered loom, invented by Edmund 
  Cartwright, revolutionizes the textile industry. 
  1793: Louis XVI, King of France, is executed by the 
  forces of the revolution. 
  The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney, begins the 
  industrialization of the cotton industry in the American 
  South. 
  1794: Battle of Brest: British navy defeats the French. 
  1796: Smallpox vaccine discovered by Edward Jenner. 
  1796-1804: White Lotus Rebellion in China. 
  1798: Battle of the Nile: British ﬂeet under Admiral 
  Nelson defeats the French. 
  1799: Discovery of the Rosetta stone. The stone contains 
  side-by-side texts in Greek and Egyptian hieroglyphs, 
  allowing the hieroglyphs to be deciphered for the ﬁrst time. 
  1799-1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes First Consul of 
  the French Republic. 
  1800: French revolutionary army invades Italy led by 
  Napoleon. 
  Electric battery invented by Alessandro Volta of Italy. 
  Washington D.C. becomes the capital of the United 
  States. 
  1801: Act of Union unites Britain and Ireland. 
  The British navy commanded by Admiral Nelson defeats 
  the Dutch ﬂeet at Copenhagen.
  The Union Jack becomes the ﬂag of Great Britain. 
  Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven.  
  1803: Britain declares war on France.
  British army adopts the fragmentation artillery shell, 
  invented by Henry Shrapnel. 
  Louisiana Purchase: France sells territory between the 
  Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United 
  States. 
  Ohio admitted to the United States. 
  1804: Napoleonic Code becomes the basis for the new 
  French legal system. 
  1804-1814: Dissolution of the French Republic by 
  Napoleon, who declares himself Napoleon I, Emperor of 
  France. 
  1805: Battle of Trafalgar: a British ﬂeet under Admiral 
  Nelson destroys a combined Spanish and French ﬂeet. 
  Nelson is killed during the ﬁghting. 
  Explorers Louis and Clark explore the land acquired in 
  the Louisiana Purchase and successfully cross America, 
  reaching the Paciﬁc Ocean. 
  1805: Japanese surgeon Seishu Hanaoka is the ﬁrst doctor 
  to use a general anesthetic.
  1806: Prussia defeated by Napoleon, who dissolves the 
  Holy Roman Empire and replaces it with the Confederation 
  of the Rhine. 
  1807: Serfdom abolished in Prussia.
  Slavery abolished in Great Britain. 
  1808: Beethoven’s 5th and 6th symphonies.
  Faust Part I by Goethe. 
  Importation of slaves into the Unites States banned. 
  1810: The Sandwich Islands (today known as Hawaii) are 
  united for the ﬁrst time by King Kamehameha I. 
  1810-1876: Widespread revolutions in South America. 
  As this period progresses, more and more Spanish and 
  Portuguese colonies gain independence; by 1876 all are self-
  governing. 
  1811: Frenchman Nicholas Appert invents canned food. 
  1812: Napoleon invades Russia. 
  Louisiana admitted to the United States. 
  The Brothers Grimm publish their fairy tales for the ﬁrst 
  time in Germany. 
  War of 1812: The United States wins several engagements 
  against the British navy, which is attempting to restrain 
  American naval power. The American army loses several 
  engagements to the British army; after an abortive American 
  attempt to invade Canada, Washington D.C. is sacked by the 
  British. 
  After sacking Washington, the British army attempts 
  to take Baltimore and is repulsed. During the naval 
  bombardment of Fort McHenry during this battle, American 
  lawyer Francis Scott Key writes a poem that will one day 
  provide the lyrics to the national anthem of the United 
  States, the “Star Spangled Banner.” 
  Cylinder printing press invented in Great Britain. 
  1813: Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. 
  Napoleon defeated at Leipzig by an alliance of British and 
  Prussian forces. 
  1814: Allies take Paris; Napoleon abdicates and is exiled 
  to Elba.
  Andrew Jackson, General of the Tennessee militia, 
  becomes a national hero after his successful defense of New 
  Orleans, a battle that will catapult him into the Presidency. 
  The War of 1812 ends with the Treaty of Ghent, which 
  effectively returns all lands seized to their original owners. 
  One bone of contention is the freeing by British forces of 
  American slaves captured during the conﬂict. The British 
  
  Blood and Time
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  see the slaves as men, while the Americans view them as 
  property to be returned. 
  1815: Napoleon escapes Elba and begins his “100 day 
  reign.” He is defeated later this year by the British and 
  Prussians at Waterloo; exiled to St. Helena, he dies in 1821. 
  The American economy booms—the end of the 
  Napoleonic War and the War of 1812 have made European 
  markets more open than they have been in years to 
  American cotton exports. 
  1816: Britain begins recruiting Gurkha soldiers from 
  Nepal for the ﬁrst time. 
  Indiana admitted to the United States. 
  The stethoscope is invented by French doctor Rene 
  Laennec. 
  1817: War between the United States and the Seminole 
  Indian tribe. 
  Mississippi admitted to the United States. 
  Work on the Erie Canal begins. 
  1818: King Shaka unites the Zulu under his rule.
  Illinois admitted to the United States. 
  A famine in Ireland causes more than 20,000 Irish to 
  immigrate to the United States. 
  Revolver patented in the United States. 
  Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is published.  
  1819: The Zulu, led by Shaka, are the dominant military 
  power in Central Africa. 
  Alabama admitted to the United States. 
  The Factory Act limits the hours that children may be 
  required to work in England. 
  1820: British settlers arrive in great numbers in Cape 
  Town, South Africa. 
  The Missouri Compromise limits slavery to the South and 
  decrees that there must be an equal number of “free” states 
  and “slave” states in the United States. 
  Maine admitted to the United States as a free state, 
  Missouri as a slave state. 
  Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott. 
  1821: British inventor Faraday invents the electric motor. 
  Czar Alexander of Russia proclaims the stretch of 
  territory from Alaska to Oregon to be Russian property and 
  closes Alaskan waters to foreign ships. 
  Venezuela, Peru, Mexico and El Salvador all declare 
  their independence and are recognized by the United States. 
  California joins the Republic of Mexico. 
  1822: Freed American slaves found the colony of Liberia 
  in Africa. 
  1822-1895: Life of Louis Pasteur.
  1823: Rugby is invented at the Rugby school in England. 
  1825: Joseph Smith founds the ﬁrst Mormon church in 
  New York state. 
  First passenger railroad built in Great Britain. 
  1827: George Ohm, a German physicist, introduces a new 
  law governing the ﬂow of electric current. 
  1828: Shaka Zulu is assassinated by his brother, who 
  proclaims himself king of the Zulu. 
  Andrew Jackson, a candidate for the ﬂedgling Democratic 
  Party, is elected President. 
  1829: British parliament passes an act authorizing the 
  formation of a metropolitan police force to keep the peace in 
  London. 
  Louis Braille invents a reading system for the blind in 
  Paris. 
  1830: Chinese census records a population of almost 395 
  million. 
  1831: British naturalist Charles Darwin sails to South 
  America, New Zealand and Australia aboard the HMS 
  Beagle.
  1832: Battle of Bad Axe River: Chief Black Hawk and his 
  tribe are massacred by US soldiers. 
  1833: Samuel Colt begins to mass-produce the revolver. 
  1834: Mechanical reaper built in the United States. 
  1836: Texas declares itself an independent republic. Five 
  thousand Mexican soldiers lay siege to the Alamo and take 
  it by force.
  California declares itself free from Mexican rule.
  Arkansas admitted to the United States. 
  1837-1901: Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain. 
  1837: President Andrew Jackson recognizes the Republic 
  of Texas.
  Federal soldiers defeat the Seminole at Lake Okeechobee 
  and seize Chief Osceola. 
  Peasant uprisings in Japan to protest lack of famine relief. 
  1838: Electric telegraph invented in Great Britain.
  First baseball game is played in Canada.  
  1838: Lin Zexu is appointed to deal with China’s growing 
  opium problem. 
  Oliver Twist, a serialized novel by Charles Dickens, 
  begins publication. 
  The daguerreotype, a forerunner to photography, is 
  invented. 
  1839: Scottish inventor Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents 
  the bicycle. 
  Lin Zexu forces foreign merchants to surrender their 
  supplies of opium.
  Charles Goodyear learns to vulcanize rubber. 
  1840: Opium War: British naval vessels begin shore 
  bombardment of Chinese cities after almost totally 
  destroying the Chinese military. 
  1841: Hong Kong is under British control. The British 
  stage an attack on Beijing supported by gunships that have 
  traveled up the Yangtze River. 
  Edgar Allen Poe publishes The Murders in the Rue 
  Morgue, popularizing a completely new brand of ﬁction: the 
  detective novel. 
  1842: The Treaty of Nanjing ends the Opium War. China 
  cedes control of Hong Kong to Britain and opens ﬁve ports 
  to international trade. 
  1843: China and Britain sign an agreement opening the 
  port of Shanghai to foreign trade. 
  Chinese emperor bans opium smoking. 
  Due to the success of his opera The Flying Dutchman, 
  Richard Wagner is given a conducting post in Dresden. 
  1844: Samuel Morse taps out the ﬁrst telegraph message 
  between Washington D.C. and Baltimore. 
  
  Blood and Time
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Joseph and Hiram Smith, the leaders of the Mormon 
  Church, are killed during a riot in Carthage, Illinois. 
  Brigham Young becomes the leader of the Mormon church. 
  The shogun of Japan refuses a demand by the king of the 
  Netherlands to open his country’s ports to foreign trade. 
  1845: Texas admitted to the United States, causing 
  Mexico to sever diplomatic ties. 
  1846: Mexican War: United States declares war on 
  Mexico. 
  The United States formally claims California.
  The United States drives Mexican forces out of New 
  Mexico.
  U.S. soldiers put down pro-Mexican demonstrations in 
  California. 
  American Commodore Biddle attempts to open trade 
  relations between Japan and the United States, but the 
  shogun refuses. 
  1847: United States forces gain control of Mexico City, 
  ending the Mexican War. 
  The Mormons, led by Brigham Young, found a settlement 
  on the shores of the Great Salt Lake. 
  Liberia declares its independence. 
  1848: The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and 
  Friedrich Engels is published. 
  Discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in California sparks 
  a wave of immigration from the Unites States as well as 
  Europe, Chile, Australia and China. 
  Mexico cedes Texas and California to the United States. 
  1850: British parliament grants Australia self-governance. 
  The Scarlet Letter by Nathanial Hawthorne is published. 
  1851: Moby Dick by Herman Melville is published. 
  Sewing machine invented in the United States. 
  1854: Commodore Matthew Perry convinces the Japanese 
  government to open the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate 
  to American trade. Within a year Britain and Russia are 
  also allowed to trade with Japan, though contact with the 
  populace is extremely limited. 
  1855: The Song of Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth 
  Longfellow is published. 
  1856: First commercial refrigeration unit built in the 
  United States.
  Sinn Fein founded in Ireland. 
  Steel mass production becomes possible with the 
  Bessemer furnace, invented in Great Britain. 
  1857: British seize the Persian port of Bushire.
  The ﬁrst passenger elevator is installed in a New York 
  City department store. 
  1858: Queen Victoria takes the title Empress of India. The 
  East India Company is dissolved. 
  1859: Origin of Species by Charles Darwin 
  published. The book immediately becomes a source of 
  controversy but is widely regarded as the most important 
  scientiﬁc work of the 19th century. 
  Abolitionist John Brown is hanged in Virginia on charges 
  of treason and conspiring with slaves. 
  France captures Saigon.
  First oil well drilled in the United States. 
  1861: Abraham Lincoln elected President of the United 
  States.
  1861-1863: Apache uprisings in the American southwest. 
  1861-1865: American Civil War: slave states secede from 
  the United States to form the Confederate States of America 
  (CSA). 
  1862-1864: Sioux uprisings in Minnesota and North 
  Dakota. 
  1862: Les Miserables by Victor Hugo is published in 
  France. 
  After a British merchant is killed by a samurai, the 
  Emperor of Japan orders the expulsion of all foreigners from 
  Japan. 
  1863: British naval vessels bombard the Japanese city of 
  Kagoshima. 
  First subway train, the British Underground. 
  1863-1866: Navajo uprisings in Arizona and New 
  Mexico. 
  Abraham Lincoln designates the last Thursday in 
  November as a national holiday: Thanksgiving Day. 
  1864: End of the Civil War. All seceding states reenter the 
  Union, and slavery is abolished throughout the re-formed 
  United States. 
  Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. 
  1864: Bombardment of Japanese cities by American, 
  British, French and Dutch naval vessels forces the Japanese 
  emperor to reopen the island to western trade. 
  1865: Austrian monk Gregor Mendel conducts 
  experiments showing how traits are passed along through 
  generations, formulating the basics of genetics. 
  1866: Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky is 
  published. 
  1867: Meiji Restoration: Tokugawa Keiki dissolves the 
  shogunate, restoring power to the emperor. 
  The United States purchases Alaska from Russia for 7.2 
  million dollars. 
  The typewriter invented in the United States. 
  Das Kapital by Karl Marx is published. 
  1868: Edo renamed Tokyo. 
  Little Women by Louisa May Alcott is published. 
  1869: United States builds world’s ﬁrst transcontinental 
  railroad. 
  War and Peace by Tolstoy is published. 
  Discovery of the Star of South Africa sparks a diamond 
  rush in South Africa. 
  Gold is discovered in South Africa, sparking a wave of 
  immigration. 
  1871: American reporter Henry Morton Stanley tracks 
  down famed British explorer David Livingstone in Central 
  Africa. He greets him with the famous phrase, “Dr. 
  Livingstone, I presume?” 
  Descent of Man by Charles Darwin is published. 
  1872: William “Boss” Tweed is arrested for fraud and 
  corruption in New York City. 
  1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone. 
  War erupts in the Black Hills between the Sioux and gold 
  prospectors. 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 74
  A Brief  History of  the World
  The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is 
  published. 
  1877-1888: Slaughter of the American bison is at its peak. 
  1877: Thomas Edison invents the phonograph. 
  1878: Internal combustion engine invented in Germany. 
  Thomas Edison founds the Edison Electric Light 
  Company after inventing the electric ﬁlament lamp.
  The world’s ﬁrst electric streetlights are constructed in 
  Britain.
  1881: First electric trains in Britain. 
  American President James Garﬁeld is assassinated. 
  A massive wave of immigration into America takes 
  place—1.3 million Germans and 400,000 Canadians, along 
  with nationals from many other countries, ﬂock to the 
  United States. 
  Outlaw William H. Bonny, popularly known as Billy the 
  Kid, is shot.
  Chief Sitting Bull, wanted by the authorities since the 
  Little Big Horn, surrenders to the authorities. 
  The assassination of Czar Alexander II in Russia spark 
  pogroms against Russian Jews. 
  France declares sovereignty over Viet Nam and occupies 
  Tonkin. 
  1882: A new law in England marks a major step forward 
  in women’s rights: the Married Women’s Property Act 
  allows women to own property independent of their 
  husbands after marriage. 
  Racial tensions escalate in Russia. Jews are expelled from 
  Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kharkov. These racial tensions 
  spark a wave of immigration by Russian Jews to the United 
  States. 
  1883: France and China, both of whom claim sovereignty 
  of Viet Nam, clash near Hanoi. 
  Over 30,000 are killed when the volcano of Krakatoa, 
  Java erupts.
  The Brooklyn Bridge linking New York and Brooklyn 
  opens to passenger trafﬁc. 
  1884: Invention of the ﬁrst practical and effective 
  machine gun.
  The Suffragettes, led by Susan B. Anthony, march on 
  Washington.
  Adventures in Time: Remember the Maine!
  The sinking of the Maine, an American warship moored at Havana, provided both the spark of the Spanish-American 
  War and its rallying cry, “Remember the Maine.” Though short, this war is integral to American history as it was 
  actually pursued for several different purposes, including the reduction of Spanish inﬂuence (and a corresponding 
  increase in American inﬂuence) in the Caribbean. The conﬂict also ﬁxed the national spotlight on Teddy Roosevelt, a 
  future American President.
  For these reasons, the destruction of the Maine is a historical event that almost has to happen. It is extremely likely 
  that the sinking of the Maine was an accident and not the result of sabotage. If this is the case, interloping time travelers 
  could inﬁltrate the team that builds the warship or its crew and prevent (or ensure) the structural problems that later lead 
  to its untimely (or timely, depending on your point of view) destruction. 
  When this happens, the PCs might be given a mission fraught with contradiction and more than a little moral 
  ambiguity: sabotaging the Maine and consigning 266 men to their deaths at the bottom of Havana Harbor, all to keep the 
  historical timeline on track.  
  1885: The Statue of Liberty arrives in America from 
  France. 
  Daimler and Benz invent the ﬁrst automobile.
  1886: Karl Benz patents his automobile design. 
  In America, 100,000 workers strike, seeking an eight-hour 
  workday. 
  Atlanta pharmacist Dr. Pemberton creates a soft drink he 
  names Coca-Cola. 
  1888: George Eastman creates his ﬁrst Kodak camera. 
  1889: Rise of labor in Europe: 30,000 London 
  dockworkers and 90,000 miners in Germany strike for better 
  working conditions. 
  Eiffel Tower completed in Paris. 
  Japan adopts a new constitution that establishes a 
  parliament. Governmental power is equally distributed 
  between this new parliament and the emperor.  
  1890: American soldiers massacre 350 Sioux at the Battle 
  of Wounded Knee, marking the last armed Native American 
  resistance to their forced removal to reservations. 
  Growing disagreements in the German government lead 
  Kaiser William II to call for the resignation of Chancellor 
  Bismarck. 
  Japan holds its ﬁrst general elections. 
  1891: French soldiers open ﬁre on striking workers, 
  killing nine. 
  Hedda Gabler by Henrik Ibsen is published.
  The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan 
  Doyle is published. 
  1892: An ever-increasing tide of immigration prompts 
  the construction of new facilities in Ellis Island to deal with 
  increased immigration. 
  1894: Japan seizes control of Korea, sparking war 
  between China and Japan. 
  1895: An increasingly modernized Japan imposes a 
  humiliating defeat on the Chinese and forces them to sign 
  the treaty of Shimonoseki, recognizing Japan’s control over 
  Korea, ceding control of Taiwan and Pescaderos, and paying 
  an indemnity of 200,000,000 Kuping taels. The treaty also 
  opens several Chinese ports to Japanese trading vessels.  
  Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio. 
  Motion picture projector invented independently by Louis 
  
  Blood and Time
  Page - 75
  A Brief  History of  the World
  and Auguste Lumiere in France and Thomas Edison in the 
  United States. 
  Irish dramatist Oscar Wilde is sentenced to two years’ 
  hard labor for sodomy. 
  1895-1898: Cuban War of Independence. Cuba engages in 
  a bloody armed struggle to free itself from Spain. This war 
  is brought to an end not with a victory for either side, but by 
  the outbreak of war between Spain and the United States. 
  1896: The discovery of gold in the Klondike region of 
  the Yukon leads 100,000 new residents to immigrate to the 
  Yukon in search of gold. 
  Revival of the Olympic Games begins in Athens, Greece. 
  1897: Theodore Herzl convenes the ﬁrst Zionist 
  conference in Switzerland to discuss the need for a Jewish 
  homeland. 
  1898: Britain signs a 99-year lease with China for Hong 
  Kong. 
  Spanish-American War. When the American warship 
  Maine explodes in the harbor of Havana, America blames 
  Spanish sabotage. America goes to war with Spain and gains 
  control over all Spanish possessions in the Caribbean. The 
  Treaty of Paris ofﬁcially ends the war and cedes Guam, the 
  Philippines and Puerto Rico to the United States in return 
  for 20 million dollars. Cuba becomes an independent nation.
  The war also brings Theodore Roosevelt, commander of 
  the 1st Volunteer Cavalry (popularly known as the “Rough 
  Riders”), to national prominence. 
  Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, Staten Island and 
  Manhattan merge into Greater New York City. 
  The Turn of the Screw by Henry James is published. 
  1899-1902: Boer War between the British and African 
  Boers. 
  1900: The Boxer Rebellion begins in China in response 
  to increasing Western inﬂuence and control over the country 
  that the local government seems unable or unwilling to stop. 
  Christian churches and Western embassies are among the 
  rebels’ ﬁrst targets. 
  The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud is 
  published. 
  Original Great Encyclopedia of 1000 Volumes destroyed 
  during the Boxer Rebellion. 
  Italy’s King Umberto is shot by an anarchist assassin. 
  1900-1910: Major wave of Italian immigration to the 
  United States. More than 2 million arrive during this period. 
  
  Blood and Time
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  A Brief  History of  the World
  Open Game License
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  versions of this License. You may use any authorized version of this License to 
  copy, modify and distribute any Open Game Content originally distributed under 
  any version of this License.
  10 Copy of this License: You MUST include a copy of this License with every 
  copy of the Open Game Content You Distribute.
  11. Use of Contributor Credits: You may not market or advertise the Open Game 
  Content using the name of any Contributor unless You have written permission 
  from the Contributor to do so.
  12 Inability to Comply: If it is impossible for You to comply with any of the 
  terms of this License with respect to some or all of the Open Game Content due 
  to statute, judicial order, or governmental regulation then You may not Use any 
  Open Game Material so affected.
  13 Termination: This License will terminate automatically if You fail to comply 
  with all terms herein and fail to cure such breach within 30 days of becoming 
  aware of the breach. All sublicenses shall survive the termination of this License.
  14 Reformation: If any provision of this License is held to be unenforceable, 
  such provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it 
  enforceable.
  15 COPYRIGHT NOTICE
  Open Game License v 1.0 Copyright 2000, Wizards of the Coast, Inc.
  Modern System Reference Document Copyright 2002, Wizards of the Coast, 
  Inc.; Authors Bill Slavicsek, Jeff Grubb, Rich Redman, Charles Ryan, based on 
  material by Jonathan Tweet, Monte Cook, Skip Williams, Richard Baker, Peter 
  Adkison, Bruce R. Cordell, John Tynes, Andy Collins, and JD Wiker.
  System Reference Document Copyright 2000-2004, Wizards of the Coast, Inc.: 
  Authors Jonathan Tweet, Monte Cook, Skip Williams, Bruce R. Cordell, based 
  on original material by E. Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson. 
  Blood and Time; Copyright 2006, RPGObjects; Author Charles Rice
  Open Gaming Content
  Designation of Product Identity: The following terms are designated as 
  product identity as outline in section 1(a) of the Open Gaming License: Blood 
  and Fist, Blood and Relics, Blood and Vigilance, Blood and Guts, Blood and 
  Time, Darwin’s World, Time Enforcement Agency Fyr’Toll, Eternal Reich.
  Designation of Open Gaming Content: The following sections of Blood and 
  Time is designated as open gaming content except for terms deﬁned as product 
  identity above.  All illustrations, pictures, and diagrams are Product identity and 
  property of RPGObjects™.
  Chapter 1: All the text in this chapter is open content.
  Chapter 2: The NPC statistical blocks are open content.  All other text is closed 
  content.
  Chapter 3: This entire chapter is closed content.
  
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