TEXT: Title: The Klingon Dictionary (2nd edition)
  Author: Marc Okrand, 1992
  Published: New York: Pocket Books, Simon & Schuster Inc.
  [2000] Charset: ISO-5589-1, OCR-scanned from original. 
  [2000-10-19] Changed some commas (found with `grep ", [A-Z]"') to 
  periods.
  [2000-11-01] Added the Klingon-English dictionary section & front/back 
  cover.
  [2000-11-06] Added the English-Klingon dictionary section.
  [20020116] Changed some minor spelling errors.
  ]]
  [[front cover]]
          Including New Material from
        STAR TREK
  THE NEXT GENERATION®   and   STAR TREK VI!
                 STAR TREK
       THE OFFICIAL GUIDE TO KLINGON
             WORDS AND PHRASES
              By MARC OKRAND
                    THE
                  KLINGON
                DICTIONARY
             ENGLISH/KLINGON
             KLINGON/ENGLISH
  [[inside front cover]]
  0  76714 01000  0  74559
  ISBN 0-671-74559-X
  [[p.1]]
    {Learn to Speak Klingon Like a Native
      with Easy Phrases Like:}
    What do you want?            ---nuqneH
      (greeting)    (pronounced nook-NEKH)
    That is unfortunate.         ---Do'Ha'
                       (pronounced do-KHA)
    I don't understand.        ---jIyajbe'
                    (pronounced ji-YAJ-be)
    It's not my fault.   ---pIch vIghajbe'
              (pronounced pich vi-ghaj-BE)
    Beam me aboard!               ---HIjol
                      (pronounced khi-JOL)[[p.2]]
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  THE
  KLINGON
  DICTIONARY
  ENGLISH/KLINGON
  KLINGON/ENGLISH
  By MARC OKRAND
  Based on the Klingon language in
  STAR TREK® and
  STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION®
  POCKET BOOKS
  New York  London  Toronto  Sydney  Tokyo  Singapore[[p.4]]
  The sale of this book without its cover is unauthorized. If you 
  purchased
  this book without a cover, you should be aware that it was reported to
  the publisher as ``unsold and destroyed.'' Neither the author nor the
  publisher has received payment for the sale of this ``stripped book.''
  This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places and
  incidents are either products of the author's imagination or are
  used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual events or locales or
  persons, living or dead, is entirely coincidental.
  An <Original> publication of Pocket Books
  POCKET BOOKS, a division of Simon & Schuster Inc.
  1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020
  Copyright © 1985 by Paramount Pictures
  Addendum copyright © 1992 by Paramount Pictures. All rights reserved.
  STAR TREK is a Registered Trademark of Paramount Pictures.
  This book is published by Pocket Books, a division
  of Simon & Schuster Inc. under exclusive license from
  Paramount Pictures.
  All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce
  this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.
  For information address Pocket Books, 1230 Avenue
  of the Americas, New York, NY 10020
  ISBN: 0-671-74559-X
  First Pocket Books trade paperback printing January 1992
  14 13 12 11 10 9 8
  POCKET and colophon are registered trademarks of
  
  Simon & Schuster Inc,
  Printed in the U.S.A.[[p.5]]
  CONTENTS
    Introduction                                   9
    1. The Sounds of Klingon                       13
      1.1. Consonants                              13
      1.2. Vowels                                  16
      1.3. Stress                                  17
    2. Grammatical Sketch---Introduction           18
    3. Nouns                                       19
      3.1. Simple nouns                            19
      3.2. Complex nouns                           19
        3.2.1. Compound nouns                      19
        3.2.2. Verb plus -wI'                      19
        3.2.3. Other complex nouns                 20
      3.3. Suffixes                                20
        3.3.1. Type 1: Augmentative/diminutive     21
        3.3.2. Type 2: Number                      21
        3.3.3. Type 3: Qualification               24
        3.3.4. Type 4: Possession/specification    25
        3.3.5. Type 5: Syntactic markers           26
        3.3.6. Relative ordering of the suffixes   29
      3.4. The noun-noun construction              30[[p.6]]
    4. Verbs                                       32
      4.1. Pronominal prefixes                     32
        4.1.1. Basic prefixes                      32
        4.1.2. Imperative prefixes                 34
        4.1.3. Notational conventions              35
      4.2. Verb suffixes                           35
        4.2.1. Type 1: Oneself/one another         35
        4.2.2. Type 2: Volition/predisposition     36
        4.2.3. Type 3: Change                      37
        4.2.4. Type 4: Cause                       38
        4.2.5. Type 5: Indefinite subject/ability  38
        4.2.6. Type 6: Qualification               39
        4.2.7. Type 7: Aspect                      40
        4.2.8. Type 8: Honorific                   43
        4.2.9. Type 9: Syntactic markers           43
        4.2.10. Relative ordering of the suffixes  44
      4.3. Rovers                                  46
      4.4. Adjectives                              49
    5. Other Kinds of Words                        51
      5.1. Pronouns                                51
      5.2. Numbers                                 52
      5.3. Conjunctions                            55
      5.4. Adverbials                              55
      5.5. Exclamations                            57
      5.6. Names and address                       58
    6. Syntax                                      59
      6.1. Basic sentences                         59
      6.2. Complex sentences                       60
        6.2.1. Compound sentences                  61
        6.2.2. Subordinate clauses                 62
        6.2.3. Relative clauses                    63
        6.2.4. Purpose clauses                     64
        6.2.5. Sentences as objects                65
  
      6.3. ``To be''                               67
      6.4. Questions                               68
      6.5. Commands                                70
      6.6. Comparatives and superlatives           70[[p.7]]
    7. Clipped Klingon                             72
      7.1. Commands                                72
      7.2. Responses to commands, status reports   73
      7.3. Duress, excitement                      74
    Dictionary                                     75
      Introductory Remarks                         77
      Klingon-English                              80
      English-Klingon                              118
      Klingon affixes                              162
      English index to Klingon affixes             165
    Appendix: A Selected List of Useful Klingon
        Expressions                                169
    Addendum                                       173[[p.9]]
  INTRODUCTION
  Klingon is the official language of the Klingon Empire. For a
  long time, only a few non-Klingons were able to learn enough
  about the language to engage in a meaningful conversation
  with a Klingon. Recently, however, under the auspices of the
  Federation Scientific Research Council, a study has been
  undertaken to record and analyze the language and culture of
  the Klingons, with the ultimate goal of preparing an encyclo-
  pedia, as well as teaching materials. This dictionary repre-
  sents the initial results of that effort.
    The dictionary is divided into two main parts: grammatical
  sketch and dictionary proper.
    The grammatical sketch is intended to be an outline of
  Klingon grammar, not a complete description. Nevertheless,
  it should allow the reader to put Klingon words together in an
  acceptable manner. Many of the rules given in the grammati-
  cal sketch are those set down by Klingon grammarians. It
  should be remembered that even though the rules say ``al-
  ways'' and ``never,'' when Klingon is actually spoken these
  rules are sometimes broken. What the rules represent, in
  other words, is what Klingon grammarians agree on as the
  ``best'' Klingon.
    Because research is not yet completed, this dictionary is of
  necessity somewhat limited in scope. There are certainly
  more Klingon words than those listed here. Three groups of[[p.10]]
  words in particular are, for the most part, unrepresented:
  scientific terminology; words for native tools, customs, flora,
  and fauna; and vocabulary dealing with food. Terms associat-
  ed with the various sciences are the subject of a special study,
  and a report is currently being prepared. Klingon words for
  traditional tools and long-standing customs are difficult to
  translate into English. Native plants and animals are likewise
  difficult to comprehend at the present time. Such matters will
  be fully elucidated in the forthcoming <Klingon Encyclopedia.>
  Food words are missing due to limited resources: there have
  been problems recruiting staff interested in studying Klingon
  eating habits. Until that study is under way, it was thought
  inappropriate to present a list of words whose meanings are
  not properly understood.
    As more data are gathered the list of words will undoubted-
  
  ly grow. Even at this early stage, however, some patterns are
  emerging. For example, there are no words for greetings,
  such as <hello, how are you, good morning,> and so on. It seems
  apparent that such words and phrases simply do not exist in
  Klingon. When two Klingons meet each other (except in cases
  where military protocol determines behavior), if anything of
  an introductory nature is said, it is an expression that can best
  be translated as <What do you want?> Unlike most speakers of
  English, who begin conversations with greetings, inquiries
  about the state of health of the conversants, and remarks
  about the weather, Klingons tend to begin conversations by
  simply stating the main points.
    Although Klingons are proud of their language and fre-
  quently engage in long discussions about its expressiveness
  and beauty, they have found it impractical for communication
  outside the Klingon Empire. For intra- and intergalactic
  communication, the Klingon government, along with most
  other governments, has accepted English as the lingua franca.
  In general, only those Klingons of the upper classes (which
  include higher-level governmental and military officials) learn
  English. As a result, English has taken on two additional
  functions in Klingon society. First, it is used as a symbol of
  rank or status. Those Klingons who know English will use it
  among themselves to show off their erudition and make their
  place in society known to all who happen to be listening.
  Second, English is used when it is thought best to keep[[p.11]]
  servants, soldiers, or even the general populace uninformed.
  Thus, on a Klingon vessel, the commanding officer will often
  speak Klingon when giving orders to his crew, but choose
  English when having discussions with his officers. On the
  other hand, a Klingon officer may use Klingon in the presence
  of non-Klingons to prevent them from knowing what is going
  on. This use of Klingon seems to be quite effective.
    There are a number of dialects of Klingon. Only one of the
  dialects, that of the current Klingon emperor, is represented
  in this dictionary. When a Klingon emperor is replaced, for
  whatever reason, it has historically been the case that the next
  emperor speaks a different dialect. As a result, the new
  emperor's dialect becomes the official dialect. Those Kling-
  ons who do not speak the official dialect are considered
  either stupid or subversive, and are usually forced to undertake
  tasks that speakers of the official dialect find distasteful. Most
  Klingons try to be fluent in several dialects.
    Some dialects differ only slightly from the dialect of this
  dictionary. Differences tend to be in vocabulary (the word for
  <forehead,> for example, is different in almost every dialect)
  and in the pronunciation of a few sounds. On the other hand,
  some dialects differ significantly from the current official
  dialect, so much so that speakers of these dialects have a great
  deal of difficulty communicating with current Klingon official-
  dom. The student of Klingon is warned to check into the
  political situation of the Klingon Empire before trying to
  talk.
    There is a native writing system for Klingon (called {pIqaD})
  which seems to be well suited to the various dialects. This
  writing system is not yet well understood and is, therefore,
  not used in this dictionary. Instead, a transcription system
  based on the English alphabet has been devised. An article is
  being prepared for the <Klingon Encyclopedia> which will
  explain the details of {pIqaD.}
  
    In the grammatical sketch portion of this dictionary, as a
  notational convention, Klingon will be written in boldface
  type, and English translations will be written in italics:
  {tlhIngan} <Klingon.>
    The author would like to thank the Scientific Research
  Council for making funds available to carry out this research,
  as well as various members of the Federation Interlanguage[[p.12]]
  Institute who were quite helpful in criticizing earlier drafts of
  the dictionary. The author apologizes for any mistakes, and
  sincerely hopes that none of them leads to any unfortunate
  misunderstandings.
    Finally, a great deal of credit must be given to the Klingon
  informant who provided all of the data upon which this
  dictionary is based. Although a prisoner of the Federation, he
  worked long, hard hours to make his knowledge available to
  citizens of the Federation. Maltz, we thank you.[[p.13]]
  1. THE SOUNDS OF KLINGON
  It is difficult to describe accurately the sounds of the Klingon
  language without using complex phonological and anatomical
  terminology. What follows, therefore, is intended to give only
  a guide to pronunciation. The best way to learn to pronounce
  Klingon with no trace of a Terran or other accent is to become
  friends with a group of Klingons and spend a great deal of
  time socializing with them. Very few non-Klingons speak
  Klingon without an accent.
    The system of writing Klingon used in this dictionary has
  been developed so people who already know how to read
  English will have a minimum of difficulty approximating the
  sounds of Klingon words and sentences.
  1.1. Consonants
    {b} As in English <bronchitis> or <gazebo.> Some Klingons
  pronounce this sound as if it were {m} and {b} articulated almost
  simultaneously. Speakers of English can approximate
  this sound by saying <imbalance> without the initial <i> sound.
  A very small number of Klingons pronounce {b} as if it were {m.}
    {ch} As in English <chew> or <artichoke.>
    {D} This sound is close to English <d> in <dream> or <android,> but
  it is not quite the same. The English <d> sound is made by[[p.14]]
  touching the tip of the tongue to that part of the roof of the
  mouth just behind the upper teeth. Klingon {D} can best be
  approximated by English-speakers by touching the tip of the
  tongue to the roof of the mouth at a point about halfway
  between the teeth and the velum (or soft palate), that part of
  the roof of the mouth that is rather gooshy. As with Klingon
  {b,} some speakers pronounce {D} as if it were more like <nd,> and
  a distinct minority as if it were {n}---but, of course, with the
  tongue in the same position as for {D.}
    {gh} This is not like anything in English. It can be produced
  by putting the tongue in the same position it would be in to
  say English <g> as in <gobble,> but relaxing the tongue somewhat
  and humming. It is the same as Klingon {H} (see below), but
  with the vocal cords vibrating at the same time.
    {H} This is also not like anything in English, but it is just like
  <ch> in the name of the German composer <Bach> or in the
  
  Yiddish toast <l'chaim,> or the <j> in the Mexican city of <Tijuana>
  in <Baja California.> It is produced in the same way as Klingon
    {gh,} but is articulated with a very coarse, strong rasp. Unlike
  Klingon {gh,} the vocal cords do not vibrate in saying Klingon
  {H.}
    {j} As in English <junk;> never ever as in French <jour.>
    {l} As in English <lunge> or <alchemy.>
    {m} As in English <mud> or <pneumatic.> Those few Klingons
  who pronounce {b} as {m} would say Klingon {baH} <fire (a torpedo)>
  and {maH} <we> the same way, and have to memorize which word
  is spelled which way.
    {n} As in English <nectarine> or <sunspot.> Those Klingons who
  pronounce {D} more like {n} can easily articulate and hear the
  two sounds differently. Even a {D} that sounds like {n} is
  pronounced with the tongue in the Klingon {D} position, not in
  the English <d> position. Klingon {n} is produced with the tongue
  in the same position as English <d.>
    {ng} As in English <furlong;> never as in English <engulf.> The <g>
  is never pronounced as a separate sound. This sound never
  occurs at the beginning of an English word, but it does come
  at the beginning of a number of Klingon words. English-[[keep hyphen]]
  speakers may practice making this sound at the beginning of a
  word by saying English <dang it!,> then saying it again without
  the <da.>
    {p} As in English <parallax> or <opprobrium.> It is always[[p.15]]
  articulated with a strong puff or pop, never laxly. Speakers of
  English may want to exercise care to avoid discharging saliva
  while articulating this sound. It should be noted, however,
  that Klingons do not worry about this.
    {q} Similar to English <k> in <kumquat,> but not quite that. The
  tongue position for English <k> is like that for Klingon {gh} and
  {H.} To produce Klingon {q,} the main body of the tongue
  touches the roof of the mouth at a point farther back than it
  does for {gh} or {H.} Indeed, the tongue reaches for or touches
  the uvula (the meshy blob that dangles down from the back of
  the roof of the mouth), so articulating {q} approximates the
  sound of choking. The sound is usually accompanied by a
  slight puff of air. English speakers are reminded that Klingon
  {q} is never pronounced <kw> as in the beginning of English
  <quagmire.>
    {Q} This is like nothing particularly noteworthy in English.
  It is an overdone Klingon {q.} It is identical to {q} except that it is
  very guttural and raspy and strongly articulated, somewhat
  like a blend of Klingon {q} and {H.}
    {r} This is not like the <r> in American English, but it does
  resemble the <r> in some dialects of British English, as well as
  the <r> in many languages of Europe. It is lightly trilled or
  rolled.
    {S} This sound is halfway between English <s> and <sh,> as in
  <syringe> and <shuttlecock.> It is made with the tip of the tongue
  reaching toward that part of the roof of the mouth which it
  touches to produce Klingon {D.}
    {t} As in English <tarpaulin> or <critique.> It differs from Kling-
  on {D} in two ways: (1) like {p,} it is accompanied by a puff of air;
  and (2) the tongue touches a position on the roof of the
  mouth farther forward than that for {D.}
    {tlh} This sound does not occur in English, but it is very
  much like the final sound in <tetl,> the Aztec word for <egg,> if
  properly pronounced. To produce this sound, the tip of the
  tongue touches the same part of the roof of the mouth it
  
  touches for {t,} the sides of the tongue are lowered away from
  the side upper teeth, and air is forced through the space on
  both sides between tongue and teeth. The sound is produced
  with a great deal of friction, and the warning given in the
  description of Klingon {p} might be aptly repeated here.
    {v} As in English vulgar or demonstrative.[[p.16]]
    {w} Usually as in English <worrywart> or <cow.> On rare occa-
  sions, especially if the speaker is being rather deliberate, it is
  pronounced strongly, more like {Hw} or even {Huw.}
    {y} As in English <yodel> or <joy.>
    {'} The apostrophe indicates a sound which is frequently
  uttered, but not written, in English. It is a glottal stop, the
  slight catch in the throat between the two syllables of <uh-oh> or
  <unh-unh,> meaning ``no.'' When Klingon {'} comes at the end of
  a word, the vowel preceding the {'} is often repeated in a very
  soft whisper, as if an echo. Thus, Klingon {je'} <feed> almost
  sounds like {je'e,} where the articulation of the first {e} is
  abruptly cut off by the {',} and the second {e} is a barely audible
  whisper. When {'} follows {w} or {y} at the end of a word, there is
  often a whispered, echoed {u} or {I,} respectively. Occasionally
  the echo is quite audible, with a guttural sound like {gh}
  preceding the echoed vowel. For example, {yIlI'} <transmit
  it!> can sound more like {yIlI'ghI.} This extra-heavy echo is
  heard most often when the speaker is particularly excited or
  angry.
  1.2. Vowels
  There are five vowels in Klingon.
    {a} As in English <psalm;> never as in American English
  <crabapple.>
    {e} As in English <sensor.>
    {I} As English <i> in <misfit.> Once in a while, it is pronounced
  like <i> in <zucchini,> but this is very rare and it is not yet known
  exactly what circumstances account for it,
    {o} As in English <mosaic.>
    {u} As in English <gnu> or <prune;> never as in <but> or <cute.>
    Note that when a vowel is followed by {w} or {y,} the
  combination of letters may not represent the same sound it
  does in English spelling:
    KLINGON  RHYMES WITH ENGLISH  AS IN
      {aw}           <ow>           <cow>
      {ay}           <y>            <cry>
      {ey}           <ay>           <pay>[[p.17]]
      {Iy}           <ey>           <key>
      {oy}           <oy>           <toy>
    Klingon {uy} resembles <ooey> in English <gooey.> Klingon {ew}
  resembles nothing in English, but can be approximated by
  running Klingon {e} and {u} together. Likewise, Klingon {Iw} is {I}
  and {u} run together. No words in Klingon have {ow} or {uw.} If
  they did, they would be indistinguishable from words ending
  in {o} and {u,} respectively.
  1.3. Stress
  
  Each Klingon word of more than one syllable normally
  contains one stressed (or accented) syllable. The stressed
  syllable is pronounced at a slightly higher pitch and with a
  little more force than the nonstressed syllable(s).
    In a verb, the stressed syllable is usually the verb itself, as
  opposed to any prefix or suffix. If, however, a suffix ending
  with {'} is separated from the verb by at least one other suffix,
  both the verb and the suffix ending in {'} are stressed. In
  addition, if the meaning of any particular suffix is to be
  emphasized, the stress may shift to that syllable. Suffixes
  indicating negation or emphasis (section 4.3) are frequently
  stressed, as is the interrogative suffix (section 4.2.9).
    In a noun, the stressed syllable is usually the syllable right
  before the first noun suffix, or the final syllable if there is no
  suffix. If, however, a syllable ending in {'} is present, it is
  usually stressed instead. If there are two syllables in a row
  {'} both ending in {',} both are equally stressed.
    Finally, it should be noted that there are some words which
  seem to have variable stress patterns, with the stress some-
  times heard on one syllable and sometimes on another. This
  phenomenon is not yet understood. The rules given above do
  not account for this variability, but if they are followed, stress
  will wind up on acceptable syllables.
    In the system used to transcribe Klingon in this dictionary,
  stress is not indicated.[[p.18]]
  2. GRAMMATICAL SKETCH---INTRODUCTION
  It is not possible, in a brief guide such as this, to describe the
  grammar of Klingon completely. What follows is only a
  sketch or outline of Klingon grammar. Although a good many
  of the fine points are not covered, the sketch will allow the
  student of Klingon to figure out what a Klingon is saying and
  to respond in an intelligible, though somewhat brutish,
  manner. Most Klingons will never know the difference.
    There are three basic parts of speech in Klingon: <noun,>
  <verb,> and <everything else.>[[p.19]]
  3. NOUNS
  There are various types of nouns in Klingon.
  3.1. Simple nouns
  Simple nouns, like simple nouns in English, are simple words;
  for example, {DoS} <target> or {QIH} <destruction.>
  3.2. Complex nouns
  Complex nouns, on the other hand, are made up of more than
  one part.
  3.2.1. Compound nouns
  
  Compound nouns consist of two or three nouns in a row,
  much like English <earthworm> (<earth> plus <worm>) or <password>
  (<pass> plus <word>). For example, {jolpa'} <transportroom> consists
  of {jol} <transport beam> plus {pa'} <room.>
  3.2.2. Verb plus -wI'
  A second type of complex noun consists of a verb followed by
  a suffix meaning one who does or thing which does. The
  English suffix <-er> (as in <builder> ``one who builds'' or <toaster>
  ``thing which toasts'') is a rough equivalent. In Klingon, the[[p.20]]
  suffix is {-wI'.} It occurs, for example, in {baHwI'} <gunner,> which
  consists of the verb {baH} <fire (a torpedo)> plus {-wI'} <one who
  does.> Thus, {baHwI'} is literally ``one who fires [a torpedo].''
  Similarly, {So'wI'} <cloaking device> comes from the verb {So'}
  <cloak> plus {-wI'} <thing which does.> {So'wI'} is a ``thing which
  cloaks.''
  A noun formed by adding {-wI'} to a verb is a regular noun,
  so it may be used along with another noun to form a
  compound noun. For example, {tIjwI'ghom} <boarding party>
  comes from {tIjwI'} <boarder> plus {ghom} <group;> and {tIjwI'} comes
  from {tIj} <board> plus {-wI'.}
  3.2.3. Other complex nouns
  There are a good many nouns in Klingon which are two or,
  less frequently, three syllables long, but which are not
  complex nouns of the types described above. These nouns
  probably at one time were formed by combining simple
  nouns, but one or all of the nouns forming the complex noun
  are no longer in use, so it is not possible (without extensive
  etymological research) to know what the individual pieces
  mean.
    For example, {'ejDo'} means <starship.> The syllable {'ej} also
  occurs in {'ejyo'} <Starfleet.> There are, however, no known
  Klingon words {'ej, Do',} or {yo'} that have anything to do with
  Starfleet, starships, the Federation, or space vehicles of any
  kind. It is quite likely that {Do'} is an Old Klingon word for
  space vessel (the modern Klingon word is {Duj}) that is used
  nowhere except in the noun {'ejDo'.} Of course, without
  further study, that remains pure conjecture.
  3.3. Suffixes
  All nouns, whether simple or complex, may be followed by
  one or more suffixes. If there are two or more suffixes, the
  suffixes must occur in a specific order. Suffixes may be
  classified on the basis of their relative order after the noun.
  There are five types of suffixes (which, for convenience, will
  be numbered 1 through 5). Suffixes of Type 1 come right after
  the noun; suffixes of Type 2 come after those of Type 1;
  suffixes of Type 5 come last. This may be illustrated as
  follows:[[p.21]]
    NOUN--1--2--3--4--5
  
  Of course, if no suffix of Type 1 is used but a suffix of Type 2 is
  used, the Type 2 suffix comes right after the noun. If a suffix
  of Type 5 is the only suffix used, it comes right after the noun.
  Only when two or more suffixes are used does their order
  become apparent.
    There are at least two suffixes in each suffix type. Only one
  suffix of each type may be used at a time. That is, a noun
  cannot be followed by, for example, two or three Type 4
  suffixes.
    The members of each suffix type are as follows.
  3.3.1. Type 1: Augmentative/diminutive
    {-'a'} augmentative
    This suffix indicates that what the noun refers to is bigger,
  more important, or more powerful than it would be without
  the suffix.
      {SuS} <wind, breeze>  {SuS'a'} <strong wind>
      {Qagh} <mistake>      {Qagh'a'} <major blunder>
      {woQ} <power>         {woQ'a'} <ultimate power>
    {-Hom} diminutive
    This is the opposite of the augmentative suffix. It indicates
  that what the noun refers to is smaller, less important, or less
  powerful than it would be without the suffix.
      {SuS} <wind, breeze>  {SuSHom} <wisp of air>
      {roj} <peace>         {rojHom} <truce, temporary peace>
  3.3.2. Type 2: Number
  As in English, a singular noun in Klingon has no specific suffix
  indicating that it is singular: {nuH} <weapon> refers to a single
  weapon of any type. Unlike English, however, the lack of a
  specific suffix for plural does not always indicate that the noun
  is singular. In Klingon, a noun without a plural suffix may still
  refer to more than one entity The. plurality is indicated by a[[p.22]]
  pronoun, whether a verb prefix (see section 4.1) or a full word
  (section 5.1), or by context. For example, {yaS} officer may
  refer to a single officer or to a group of officers, depending on
  other words in the sentence or the context of the discussion.
    Compare:
      {yaS vImojpu'} <I became an officer.>
      {yaS DImojpu'} <We became officers.>
      {yaS jIH} <I am an officer.>
      {yaS maH} <We are officers.>
  In the first pair of sentences, the only difference is the verb
  prefix (here only partially described; see section 4.1): {vI-} <I,>
  {DI-} <we.> In the second pair, the pronouns are different: {jIH} <I,>
  {maH} <we.>
    Under certain circumstances, the only way to know wheth-
  
  er the noun refers to one or more than one entity is by
  context. Thus, {yaS mojpu'} can be translated either <he/she
  became an officer> or <they became officers.> Those taking part in
  any discussion in which this sentence is used would presum-
  ably already know whom is being talked about, so they would
  also know whether he or she or they is the correct meaning.
    Fortunately for students of Klingon, it is never incorrect to
  add a plural suffix to a noun referring to more than one entity,
  even in those cases where it is unnecessary to do so. Accord-
  ingly, both {yaS maH} and {yaSpu' maH} are correct, both
  meaning <we are officers> ({-pu'} is a plural suffix). On the other
  hand, a plural suffix cannot be added to a noun referring to
  only one thing, even if pronouns are present in the sentence.
  In Klingon, {yaSpu' jIH} <I am officers> is as incorrect as its
  English translation.
    There are three different plural suffixes in Klingon.
    {-pu'} <plural for beings capable of using language>
    This suffix can be used to indicate plurality for Klingons,
  Terrans, Romulans, Vulcans, and so on, but not for lower
  animals of any kind, plants, inanimate objects, electromag-
  netic or other beams or waves, etc.[[p.23]]
      {yaS} <officer>   {yaSpu'} <officers>
      {Duy} <emissary>  {Duypu'} <emissaries>
    {-Du'} <plural for body parts>
    This suffix is used when referring to body parts of those
  beings capable of using language as well as of any other
  animal.
      {qam} <foot>       {qamDu'} <feet>
      {tlhon} <nostril>  {tlhonDu'} <nostrils>
    {-mey} <plural, general usage>
    This suffix is used to mark the plural of any noun.
      {mID} <colony>  {mIDmey} <colonies>
      {yuQ} <planet>  {yuQmey} <planets>
    It can also be used with nouns referring to beings capable of
  using language (those nouns which take {-pu'}). When it is so
  used, it adds a notion of ``scattered all about'' to the meaning.
  Compare:
      {puq} <child>
      {puqpu'} <children>
      {puqmey} <children all over the place>
    The suffix {-mey} cannot be used with body parts. It should
  be noted, however, that Klingon poets often violate this
  grammatical rule in order to evoke particular moods in their
  poetry. Thus, forms such as {tlhonmey} <nostrils scattered all
  about> do occur. Until the subtle nuances of such constructions
  are firmly grasped, however, it is suggested that students of
  Klingon stick to the rules.
  
    Finally, some nouns in Klingon are inherently or always
  plural in meaning, and therefore never take plural suffixes.
      {ray'} <targets>[[p.24]]
      {cha} <torpedoes>
      {chuyDaH} <thrusters>
    The singular counterparts of such words are utterly dis-
  tinct:
      {DoS} <target>
      {peng} <torpedo>
      {vIj} <thruster>
    The singular forms may take the {-mey} suffix, but the
  meaning always carries the ``scattered all about'' connotation:
      {DoSmey} <targets scattered all about>
      {pengmey} <torpedoes all over the place>
    Inherently plural nouns are treated grammatically as singu-
  lar nouns in that singular pronouns are used to refer to them
  (sections 4.1, 5.1). For example, in the sentence {cha yIghuS}
  <Stand by torpedoes!> or <Get the torpedoes ready to be fired!> the
  verb prefix {yI-,} an imperative prefix used for singular objects,
  must be used even though the object ({cha} <torpedoes>) has a
  plural meaning.
  3.3.3. Type 3: Qualification
  Suffixes of this type indicate the speaker's attitude toward the
  noun, or how sure the speaker is that the noun is being used
  appropriately.
    {-qoq} <so-called>
    This suffix indicates that the noun is being used in a false or
  ironic fashion. Saying {rojqoq} <so-called peace,> rather than
  simply {roj} <peace,> indicates that the speaker does not really
  believe that peace is legitimate or likely to endure.
    {-Hey} <apparent>
    This suffix indicates that the speaker is pretty sure the
  object referred to by the noun is accurately described by the
  noun, but has some doubts. For example, if the scanner on a
  Klingon ship senses an object, and the officer reporting the
  presence of this object assumes, but is not yet sure, that the
  object is a vessel, he will probably refer to the object as
  {DujHey} <an apparent vessel,> rather than simply {Duj} <vessel.>
  [[p.25]]
    {-na'} <definite>
    This is the counterpart of {-Hey.} It indicates that there is no
  doubt in the speaker's mind as to the accuracy of his or her
  choice of words. Once the Klingon officer referred to above is
  sure that the object the scanner has found is a vessel, he might
  report the presence of {Dujna'} <a definite vessel, undoubtedly a
  
  vessel.>
  3.3.4. Type 4: Possession/specification
  Type 4 is the largest class of noun suffixes. It consists of all the
  possessive suffixes, plus suffixes which can be translated as
  English <this> and <that.>
    The possessive suffixes are:
    {-wIj} <my>             {-maj} <our>
    {-lIj} <your>           {-raj} <your (plural)>
    {-Daj} <his, her, its>  {-chaj} <their>
    Thus, {juH} <home> occurs in {juHwIj} <my home,> {juHlIj} <your
  home,> {juHchaj} <their home,> etc.
    When the noun being possessed refers to a being capable of
  using language, a special set of suffixes is used for first- and
  second-person possessors:
    {-wI'} <my>    {-ma'} <our>
    {-lI'} <your>  {-ra'} <your (plural)>
    These suffixes occur in, for example, {joHwI'} <my lord> and
  {puqlI'} <your child.> It is grammatically correct to use the
  regular possessive suffixes with nouns referring to beings
  capable of speech (as in {puqlIj} <your child>), but such con-
  structions are considered derogatory; {joHwIj} for <my lord>
  borders on the taboo. Students of Klingon should bear this
  in mind.
    To indicate that one noun is the possessor of another noun
  (e.g., <enemy's weapon>), no suffix is used. Instead, the two
  nouns are said in the order possessor-possessed: {jagh nuH}
  <enemy's weapon> (literally, <enemy weapon>). This construction
  is also used for phrases translated by <of the> in English, such as
  <weapon of the enemy.> (See also section 3.4.)[[p.26]]
    There are two suffixes indicating how close to the speaker
  the object referred to by the noun is.
    {-vam} <this>
    Like its English translation, this suffix indicates that the
  noun refers to an object which is nearby or which is the topic
  of the conversation.
      {nuHvam} <this weapon (near me as I speak)>
      {yuQvam} <this planet (that we've been talking about)>
  When used with a plural noun (one with a plural suffix or an
  inherently plural noun), {-vam} is translated <these.>
      {nuHmeyvam} <these weapons>
    {-vetlh} <that>
    This suffix indicates that the noun refers to an object which
  is not nearby or which is being brought up again as the topic
  of conversation.
  
      {nuHvetlh} <that weapon (over there)>
      {yuQvetlh} <that planet (as opposed to the one we were just
                 talking about)>
  When used with a plural noun, {-vetlh} is translated <those:>
      {nuHmeyvetlh} <those weapons>
    There is no Klingon equivalent for English <a, an, the.> In
  translating from Klingon to English, one must use context as
  a guide to when to use <a> or <an> and when <the.> In this book, <a> or
  <an> and <the> are used in translations to make the English sound
  more natural.
  3.3.5. Type 5: Syntactic markers
  These suffixes indicate something about the function of the
  noun in the sentence. As in English, subjects and objects are
  normally indicated by the position of the noun or nouns in
  the sentence. The following two English sentences have the
  same words, but the sentences have different meanings due to
  the order of the words:
    <Dogs chase cats.>
    <Cats chase dogs.>[[p.27]]
  Subjects and objects in Klingon are likewise indicated by
  word order. This is described in section 6.1.
    In other instances, English indicates the function of nouns
  in a sentence by adding words, particularly prepositions. In
  the following English sentence, the word <around> before
  <canaries> indicates that the canaries are neither chasing nor
  being chased:
    <Dogs chase cats around canaries.>
    Similarly, in Klingon, nouns which indicate something
  other than subject or object usually must have some special
  indication of exactly what their function is. Unlike English,
  this is accomplished by using suffixes.
    {-Daq} <locative>
    This suffix indicates that something is happening (or has
  happened or will happen) in the vicinity of the noun to which
  it is attached. It is normally translated by an English preposi-
  tion: <to, in, at, on.> The exact translation is determined by the
  meaning of the whole sentence. For example, {pa'Daq} is {pa'}
  <room> plus the suffix {-Daq.} It may occur in sentences such as
  the following:
      {pa'Daq jIHtaH} <I'm in the room.>
      {pa'Daq yIjaH} <Go to the room.>
  In the first sentence, {jIH} <I> is used in the sense of <I am> (see
  section 6.3), so <in> is the most reasonable translation of {-Daq.}
  In the second sentence, the verb is {jaH} <go,> so <to> makes the
  most sense as a translation of {-Daq.} An English preposition
  
  need not be part of the translation. Klingon {Dung} means <area
  above,> and {DungDaq} is <overhead,> literally something like ``at
  the area above.'' For further discussion on prepositional
  concepts, see section 3.4.
    It is worth noting at this point that the concepts expressed
  by the English adverbs <here, there,> and <everywhere> are
  expressed by nouns in Klingon: {naDev} <hereabouts,> {pa'} <there-
  abouts,> {Dat} <everywhere.> These words may perhaps be trans-
  lated more literally as ``area around here,'' ``area over there,''
  and ``all places,'' respectively. Unlike other nouns, these
  three words are never followed by the locative suffix. (Note[[p.28]]
  that {pa'} <thereabouts> and {pa'} <room> are identical in sound;
  {pa'Daq,} however, can mean only <in/to the room.>)
    There are a few verbs whose meanings include locative
  notions, such as {ghoS} <approach, proceed.> The locative suffix
  need not be used on nouns which are the objects of such
  verbs.
      {Duj ghoStaH} <It is approaching the ship.>
                    ({Duj} <ship, vessel,> {ghoStaH} <it is
                    approaching it>)
      {yuQ wIghoStaH} <We are proceeding toward the planet.>
                      ({yuQ} <planet,> {vIghoStaH} <we are
                      proceeding toward it>)
  If the locative suffix is used with such verbs, the resulting
  sentence is somewhat redundant, but not out-and-out wrong.
      {DujDaq ghoStaH} <It is approaching toward the ship.>
    {-vo'} <from>
    This suffix is similar to {-Daq} but is used only when action is
  in a direction away from the noun suffixed with {-vo'.}
      {pa'vo' yIjaH} <Leave the room!>
  A more literal translation of this sentence might be ``Go from
  the room.''
    {-mo'} <due to, because of>
    This suffix occurs in sentences such as:
      {SuSmo' joqtaH} <It is fluttering in the breeze.>
    The noun {SuSmo'} means <due to the breeze,> so the whole
  sentence is literally ``due to the breeze, it [a flag] is flutter-
  ing.''
    {-vaD} <for, intended for>
    This suffix indicates that the noun to which it is attached is
  in some way the beneficiary of the action, the person or thing
  for whom or for which the activity occurs.
      {Qu'vaD lI' De'vam} <This information is useful for
                          the mission.>[[p.29]]
  
  The noun {Qu'vaD} means <for the mission,> and in this sentence
  {-vaD} indicates that the information is intended to be used
  somehow for the mission under discussion.
    {-'e'} <topic>
    This suffix emphasizes that the noun to which it is attached
  is the topic of the sentence. In English, this is frequently
  accomplished by stressing the noun (saying it emphatically) or
  by special syntactic constructions.
      {lujpu' jIH'e'} <I, and only I, have failed.>[[lujpu'=>jIlujpu']]
                      <It is I who has failed.>
      {De''e' vItlhapnISpu'} <I needed to get the INFORMATION.>
                             <It was the information (and not
                             something else) that I needed.>
  Without the {'e',} these same sentences would have no noun[['e'=>-'e']]
  singled out for emphasis:
      {lujpu' jIH} <I have failed.>[[lujpu'=>jIlujpu']]
      {De' vItlhapnISpu'} <I needed to get the information.>
    For a further use of {-'e',} see section 6.3.
  3.3.6. Relative ordering of the suffixes
  As briefly illustrated in the discussion of {-vam} <this> and {-vetlh}
  <that> (section 3.3.4), when a noun is followed by more than
  one suffix, the suffixes must occur in the proper order,
  according to the classification just described. It is rare for a
  noun to be followed by five suffixes, but it does happen from
  time to time. Some examples of nouns with two or more
  suffixes follow. (Suffix types are indicated by numbers.)
      {QaghHommeyHeylIjmo'} <due to your apparent minor errors>
        {Qagh}  (noun)  <error>
        {-Hom}  (1)     <diminutive>
        {-mey}  (2)     <plural>
        {-Hey}  (3)     <apparent>
        {-lIj}  (4)     <your>
        {-mo'}  (5)     <due to>
      {pa'wIjDaq} <in my quarters>
        {pa'}   (noun)  <room>[[p.30]]
        {-wIj}  (4)     <my>
        {-Daq}  (5)     <locative>
      {Duypu'qoqchaj} <their so-called emissaries>
        {Duy}    (noun)  <emissary>
        {-pu'}   (2)     <plural>
        {-qoq}   (3)     <so-called>
        {-chaj}  (4)     <their>
      {qamDu'wIjDaq} <at my feet>
        {qam}   (noun)  <foot>
        {-Du'}  (2)     <plural>
        {-wIj}  (4)     <my>
  
        {-Daq}  (5)     <locative>
      {rojHom'e'} <the truce> (as topic)
        {roj}   (noun)  <peace>
        {-Hom}  (1)     <diminutive>
        {-'e'}  (5)     <topic>
    All examples of suffixes given so far show only simple
  nouns. Suffixes are attached to complex nouns (section 3.2) in
  exactly the same fashion.
      {DIvI'may'DujmeyDaq} <at/to the Federation battle cruisers>
        {DIvI'may'Duj}  (noun)  <Federation battlecruiser>
        {-mey}          (2)     <plural>
        {-Daq}          (5)     <locative>
      {baHwI'pu'vam} <these gunners>
        {baHwI'}  (noun)  <gunner>
        {-pu'}    (2)     <plural>
        {-vam}    (4)     <this>
  3.4. The noun-noun construction
  Some combinations of two (or more) nouns in a row are so
  common as to have become everyday words. These are the
  compound nouns (as discussed in section 3.2.1). In addition,
  it is possible to combine nouns in the manner of a compound
  noun to produce a new construct even if it is not a legitimate
  compound noun (``legitimate'' in the sense that it would be
  found in a dictionary).
    The translation of two nouns combined in this way, say[[p.31]]
  N1-N2 (that is, noun #1 followed by noun #2), would be <N2
  of the N1.> For example, {nuH} <weapon> and {pegh} <secret> combine
  to form {nuH pegh} <secret of the weapon.> An alternate transla-
  tion would be <N1's N2,> in this case, <the weapon's secret.> As
  discussed in section 3.3.4, this is the Klingon possessive
  construction for a noun possessed by another noun.
    When the noun-noun construction is used, only the second
  noun can take syntactic suffixes (Type 5). Both nouns,
  however, may take suffixes of the other four types. For
  example:
      {nuHvam pegh} <secret of this weapon>
        {nuH}   (noun)  <weapon>
        {-vam}  (4)     <this>
        {pegh}  (noun)  <secret>
      {jaghpu' yuQmeyDaq} <at/to the enemies' planets>
        {jagh}  (noun)  <enemy>
        {-pu'}  (2)     <plural>
        {yuQ}   (noun)  <planet>
        {-mey}  (2)     <plural>
        {-Daq}  (5)     <locative>
      {puqwI' qamDu'} <my child's feet>
        {puq}   (noun)  <child>
        {-wI'}  (4)     <my>
        {qam}   (noun)  <foot>
        {-Du}   (2)     <plural>
  
    English prepositional phrases are also rendered in Klingon
  by this noun-noun construction. Prepositional concepts such
  as above and below are actually nouns in Klingon, best
  translated as ``area above,'' ``area below,'' etc. The locative
  suffix (section 3.3.5) follows the second noun. For example:
      {nagh DungDaq} <above the rock>
        {nagh}  (noun)  <rock>
        {Dung}  (noun)  <area above>
        {-Daq}  (5)     <locative>
  More literally, this is ``at the area above the rock'' or ``at the
  rock's above-area.''[[p.32]]
  4. VERBS
  Klingon verbs are mostly monosyllabic forms which may
  be accompanied by several affixes. As with Klingon
  nouns, Klingon verbs may take suffixes falling into a number
  of types based on their relative position following the verb.
  There are nine types of verb suffixes. Unlike Klingon
  nouns, Klingon verbs may take prefixes. Thus, if suffix types
  are indicated as numbers, the structure of a Klingon verb
  is:
    PREFIX--VERB--1--2--3--4--5--6--7--8--9
  4.1. Pronominal prefixes
  Each Klingon verb begins with a single prefix that indicates
  who or what is performing the action described by the verb
  and, when relevant, who or what is the recipient of that
  action. In other words, Klingon verb prefixes indicate both
  the subject and the object of the sentence.
  4.1.1. Basic prefixes
  The basic set of prefixes can be presented in a chart. (In order
  to make the chart as clear as possible, some prefixes are
  repeated.)
    Note that both the subject and the object are combined[[p.33]]
    OBJECT         none   <me>   <you>  <him/> <us>   <you>  <them>
                                       <her/it>     <(plural)>
    SUBJECT
    <I>            {jI-}  --     {qa-}  {vI-}  --     {Sa-}  {vI-}
    <you>          {bI-}  {cho-} --     {Da-}  {ju-}  --     {Da-}
    <he/she/it>    0      {mu-}  {Du-}  0      {nu-}  {lI-}  0
    <we>           {ma-}  --     {pI-}  {wI-}  --     {re-}  {DI-}
    <you (plural)> {Su-}  {tu-}  --     {bo-}  {che-} --     {bo-}
    <they>         0      {mu-}  {nI-}  {lu-}  {nu-}  {lI-}  0
  
  into a single prefix. 0 in the chart means that the particular
  subject-object combinations are indicated by the absence of a
  prefix before the verb; -- in the chart notes subject-object
  combinations which cannot be expressed with the Klingon
  verb prefix system. For such meanings, suffixes (section 4.2.1)
  and/or pronouns (section 5.1) must be used.
    The prefixes in the first column of the chart (headed
  ``none'') are used when there is no object; that is, when the
  action of the verb affects only the subject (the ``doer''). The
  verb {Qong} <sleep> occurs with the pronominal prefixes as
  follows:
      {jIQong} <I sleep>
      {bIQong} <you sleep>
      {Qong} <he/she/it sleeps, they sleep>
      {maQong} <we sleep>
      {SuQong} <you (plural) sleep>
  In the case of {Qong} <he/she/it sleeps, they sleep,> the exact
  subject would be indicated elsewhere in the sentence or by
  context.
    This set of prefixes is also used when an object is possible,
  but unknown or vague. Thus, {jIyaj} <I understand> can be used[[p.34]]
  when the speaker understands things in general, knows what
  is going on, or understands what another speaker has just
  said. It cannot, however, be used for understanding a lan-
  guage or understanding a person. Similarly, {maSop} <we eat> can
  be used to indicate a general act of eating, but not if a specific
  food is mentioned.
    The remaining prefixes combine subject and object. Some
  of them are illustrated below, using the verb {legh} <see.>
      {qalegh} <I see you>           {cholegh} <you see me>
      {vIlegh} <I see him/her/it/    {mulegh} <he/she/it sees me,>
               them>                          <they see me>
      {Salegh} <I see you (plural)>  {tulegh} <you (plural) see me>
      {Dalegh} <you see him/her/     {Dulegh} <he/she/it sees you>
               it/them>
      {julegh} <you see us>          {pIlegh} <we see you>
      {legh} <he/she/it sees         {lulegh} <they see him/her/it>
             him/her/it/them,>
             <they see them>
  4.1.2 Imperative prefixes[[4.1.2=>4.1.2.]]
  A special set of prefixes is used for imperatives, that is, verbs
  giving commands. Commands can be given only to <you> or <you
  (plural).>
    OBJECT          none   <me>   <him/her/it>  <us>    <them>
    <you>           {yI-}  {HI-}  {yI-}         {gho-}  {tI-}
    <you (plural)>  {pe-}  {HI-}  {yI-}         {gho-}  {tI-}
    Note that, with one exception, the identical prefix is used
  regardless of whether the command is being given to one or
  
  more than one person. The single exception is when a
  command is given but there is no object. In such cases, a
  special prefix {pe-} is used to give a command to several people.
  Examples of the imperative prefixes follow. Exclamation
  points in the translation indicate that it is a command.
      {yIQong} <sleep!>          {peQong} <(you plural) sleep!>
      {HIqIp} <hit me!>          {ghoqIp} <hit us!>[[p.35]]
      {yIqIp} <hit him/her/it!>  {tIqIp} <hit them!>
    To indicate action directed against oneself in an imperative
  verb (e.g., <tell yourself>), the suffix {-egh} <oneself> is used along
  [[-egh=>-'egh]]
  with {yI-} or {pe-} (see section 4.2.1).
  4.1.3 Notational conventions[[4.1.3=>4.1.3.]]
  As a notational convention, prefixes indicating subject and
  object will be translated as <subject--object;> e.g., {qa-} <I--you,>
  {pI-} <we--them.> Imperative prefixes will be translated similarly,
  preceded by the word <imperative:> {tI-} <imperative: you--them.>
    Also, prefixes which can refer to male, female, inanimate,
  singular, and/or plural (e.g., {vI-} <I--him/her/it/them>) will be
  translated correctly, but usually without giving all the options
  (e.g., <I--him/her>). This convention will also be used when
  translating verbs containing these prefixes; e.g., {vIlegh} <I see
  him/her.>
  4.2. Verb suffixes
  There are nine types of verb suffixes.
  4.2.1. Type 1: Oneself/one another
    {-egh} <oneself>[[-egh=>-'egh]]
    This suffix is used to indicate that the action described by
  the verb affects the performer of the action, the subject. It is
  translated by English <self.> When this suffix is used, the prefix
  set indicating ``no object'' must also be used.
      {jIqIp'egh} <I hit myself> ({qIp} <hit>)
      {bIqIp'egh} <you hit yourself>
      {qIp'egh} <he/she hits himself/herself>
    It is also possible to use this suffix with imperative verbs.
  As with nonimperatives, the prefix indicating ``no object''
  must be used.
      {yIja''egh} <tell yourself!> ({ja'} <tell>)
      {peja''egh} <tell yourselves!>[[p.36]]
    {-chuq} <one another>
    This suffix is used only with plural subjects. It is translated
  
  <each other> or <one another.> The prefix set indicating ``no
  object'' is also used when this suffix is used.
      {maqIpchuq} <we hit each other> ({qIp} <hit>)
      {SuqIpchuq} <you (plural) hit each other>
      {qIpchuq} <they hit each other>
      {peqIpchuq} <hit each other!>
  4.2.2. Type 2: Volition/predisposition
  Suffixes of this type express how much choice the subject has
  about the action described or how predisposed the subject is
  to doing it.
    {-nIS} <need>
      {vIleghnIS} <I need to see him/her> ({legh} <see>)
      {bISopnIS} <you need to eat> ({Sop} <eat>)
    {-qang} <willing>
      {Heghqang} <he/she is willing to die> ({Hegh} <die>)
      {qaja'qang} <I am willing to tell you> ({ja'} <tell>)
    {-rup} <ready, prepared> (referring to beings)
      {Heghrup} <he/she is ready to die> ({Hegh} <die>)
      {qaleghrup} <I am ready to see you> ({legh} <see>)
      {nuja'rup} <they are prepared to tell us> ({ja'} <tell>)
    {-beH} <ready, set up> (referring to devices)
      {pojbeH} <(the device) is set up to analyze it> ({poj} <analyze>)
      {labbeH} <(the device) is ready to transmit data> ({lab}
               <transmit data>)
    There is, it should be noted, a verb {ghuS} which means <to be
  prepared to launch or project (something).> This verb never
  takes the suffix {-rup.} It is used primarily in reference to
  torpedoes---so much so that if the object is not specifically[[p.37]]
  stated, and context does not dictate otherwise, it is always
  assumed to be <torpedoes.> Accordingly, both of the following
  sentences mean <Be prepared to launch torpedoes!> or <Stand by
  on torpedoes!>
      {cha yIghuS}  ({cha} <torpedoes>)
      {yIghuS}
    The verb {ghuS} can also be used in reference to, among
  other things, rockets, missiles, and various kinds of energy
  beams (which, like torpedoes, go from one point to another).
  It is also used to describe the action of pulling back the elastic
  band of a slingshot. In most other instances of preparedness,
  however, {-rup} is required.
    {-vIp} <afraid>
      {choHoHvIp} <you are afraid to kill me> ({HoH} <kill>)
      {muqIpvIp} <they are afraid to hit us> ({qIp} <hit>)
  
    This suffix is rarely used with a prefix meaning <I> or <we.>
  Though it is grammatically correct, it is culturally taboo.
  4.2.3. Type 3: Change
  Suffixes of this type indicate that the action described by the
  verb involves a change of some kind from the state of affairs
  that existed before the action took place.
    {-choH} <change in state, change in direction>
      {maDo'choH} <we are becoming lucky, we are undergoing
                  a turn of luck> ({Do'} <be lucky>)
      {ghoSchoH} <he/she is beginning to go (somewhere)>
                 ({ghoS} <go>)
    The implication of the second example is that he or she was
  going either nowhere or somewhere else sometime before the
  phrase was uttered. Note that the translation of this suffix
  may be English <become> or <begin to.>
    {-qa'} <resume>
    Using this suffix implies that an action had been taking
  place, then it stopped, and then it began again.
      {vInejqa'} <I am resuming the search, I am searching for[[p.38]]
                 him/her again> ({nej} <search>)
  4.2.4. Type 4: Cause
    {-moH} <cause>
    Adding this suffix to a verb indicates that the subject is
  causing a change of condition or causing a new condition to
  come into existence.
      {tIjwI'ghom vIchenmoH} <I form a boarding party>
                             ({tIjwI'ghom} <boarding party,>
                             {chen} <take form, take shape>)
  This sentence might also be translated <I cause a boarding
  party to be formed.>
      {HIQoymoH} <let me hear (something)> ({Qoy} <hear>)
  More revealingly, this sentence could be translated <cause me
  to hear (something).> Note that this sentence would not be
  used in asking permission to hear; it is a direct command.
    Normally, the best English translation of a verb with {-moH}
  does not contain the word <cause.> For example, {chenmoH}
  <he/she makes, creates> could be translated <he/she causes to take
  shape> ({chen} <take form, take shape>), but this is an awkward
  English phrase.
  4.2.5. Type 5: Indefinite subject/ability
  
  The two suffixes of Type 5 have nothing much to do with each
  other except for both being Type 5. As a result, no verb
  occurs with both of these suffixes at the same time.
    {-lu'} <indefinite subject>
    This suffix is used to indicate that the subject is unknown,
  indefinite, and/or general. Since the subject is always the
  same (that is, it is always unstated), the pronominal prefixes
  (section 4.1.1) are used in a different way. Those prefixes
  which normally indicate first- or second-person subject and[[p.39]]
  third-person singular object ({vI-, Da-, wI-, bo-}) are used to
  indicate first- or second-person object. Thus, {vI-,} which
  normally means <I do something to him/her,> when in a verb
  with {-lu'} means <someone/something does something to me.>
  Similarly, the prefix {lu-,} which normally means <they do
  something to him/her,> becomes <someone/something does
  something to them.>
      {Daqawlu'} <someone/something remembers you>
                 ({qaw} <remember>)
      {wIleghlu'} <someone/something sees us> ({legh} <see>)
      {Soplu'} <someone/something eats it> ({Sop} <eat>)
    Verbs with {-lu'} are often translated into the English passive
  voice.
      {Daqawlu'} <you are remembered>
      {wIleghlu'} <we are seen>
      {Soplu'} <it is eaten>
    When used with the verb {tu'} <find, observe> and a third-[[keep 
  hyphen]]
  person singular subject pronoun (0), the resulting verb form
  {tu'lu'} <someone/something finds it> is often translated by En-
  glish <there is.>
      {naDev puqpu' tu'lu'} <there are children around here,
                            someone/something finds children
                            here> ({naDev} <hereabouts,> {puqpu'}
                            <children>)
    {-laH} <can, able>
      {jIQonglaH} <I can sleep> ({Qong} <sleep>)
      {choleghlaH} <you can see me> ({legh} <see>)
      {nuQaw'laH} <he/she can destroy us> ({Qaw'} <destroy>)
  4.2.6. Type 6: Qualification
  Type 3 noun suffixes, these suffixes show how sure the
  speaker is about what is being said.[[p.40]]
    {-chu'} <clearly, perfectly>
      {jIyajchu'} <I understand clearly> ({yaj} <understand>)
      {baHchu'} <he/she fired (the torpedo) perfectly> ({baH} <fire [a
                torpedo]>)
  
    {-bej} <certainly, undoubtedly>
      {chImbej} <it is undoubtedly empty> ({chIm} <be empty>)
      {nuSeHbej} <he/she is certainly controlling us> ({SeH} <con-
                 trol>)
    {-law'} <seemingly, apparently>
      {chImlaw'} <it appears to be empty> ({chIm} <be empty>)
      {nuSeHlaw'} <he/she seems to be controlling us> ({SeH} <con-
                  trol>)
    This suffix expresses any uncertainty on the speaker's part
  and may even be thought of as meaning <I think> or <I suspect.>
  Thus, the previous two sentences could be translated <I think
  it's empty, I suspect that he/she is controlling us.>
  4.2.7. Type 7: Aspect
  Klingon does not express tenses (past, present, future). These
  ideas come across from context or other words in the sentence
  (such as {wa'leS} <tomorrow>). The language does, however,
  indicate aspect: whether an action is completed or not yet
  completed, and whether an action is a single event or a
  continuing one.
    The absence of a Type 7 suffix usually means that the action
  is not completed and is not continuous (that is, it is not one of
  the things indicated by the Type 7 suffixes). Verbs with no
  Type 7 suffix are translated by the English simple present
  tense.
      {Dalegh} <you see him/her> ({legh} <see>)
      {qaja'} <I tell you> ({ja'} <tell>)
    When the context is appropriate, verbs without a Type 7
  suffix may be translated by the English future tense (<will>), but
  the real feeling of the Klingon is closer to English sentences
  such as <We fly tomorrow at dawn,> where the present-tense
  verb refers to an event in the future.[[p.41]]
    {-pu'} <perfective>
    This suffix indicates that an action is completed. It is often
  translated by the English present perfect (<have done some-
  thing>).
      {Daleghpu'} <you have seen it> ({legh} <see>)
      {vIneHpu'} <I wanted them> ({neH} <want>)
      {qaja'pu'} <I told you> ({ja'} <tell>)
    {-ta'} <accomplished, done>
    This suffix is similar to {-pu',} but it is used when an activity
  was deliberately undertaken, the implication being that some-
  one set out to do something and in fact did it. English
  translations seldom reveal the distinction.
      {vISuqta'} <I have acquired it> ({Suq} <get, acquire>)
  
      {luHoHta'} <they have killed him/her> ({HoH} <kill>)
  The second sentence above could not be used if the killing
  were the result of a general attack not intended to kill a
  specific person or if the killing were an accident. In such
  cases, {-pu'} would be used:
      {luHoHpu'} <they have killed him/her>
    The meaning of {-ta'} can also be indicated syntactically.
  That is, instead of using the suffix {-ta',} a special verbal
  construction can follow the verb which indicates the accom-
  plished action. This special verb is {rIn} <be finished, accom-
  plished,> and in this usage it always takes the suffix {-taH}
  <continuous> (see below) and the third-person pronominal
  prefix (0). The resulting construction, {rIntaH,} literally means
  <it continues to be finished> or <it remains accomplished.> It is
  used to indicate that the action denoted by the preceding verb
  is a fait accompli: it is done, and it cannot be undone.
      {luHoH rIntaH} <they have killed him/her> ({HoH} <kill>)
      {vIje' rIntaH} <I have purchased it> ({je'} <purchase>)
  The English translations of {rIntaH} and {-ta'} are usually the
  same. The notion of absolute finality implied by {rIntaH}
  seldom comes across.
    It should be noted that {rIntaH} is sometimes used for[[p.42]]
  dramatic effect, even in cases when the action could be
  undone.
    {-taH} <continuous>
    This suffix indicates that an action is ongoing.
      {nughoStaH} <it is approaching us> ({ghoS} <approach>)
      {yIghoStaH} <steady on course!, maintain this course!>
                  ({ghoS} <go, approach, proceed on a course>)
  Both of the above sentences suggest a continuing activity.
  The meaning of {-taH} can be seen clearly by comparing the
  following two commands:
      {yIjun} <execute an evasive maneuver!>
      {yIjuntaH} <take evasive action!>
  In the first case, the maneuver is to be executed once only. In
  the second, a series of evasive maneuvers is to be executed
  ---the action is to be continuous.
    {-lI'} <in progress>
    This suffix is similar to {-taH} <continuous> in that it indicates
  that an activity is ongoing. Unlike {-taH,} however, {-lI'} implies
  that the activity has a known goal or a definite stopping point.
  In other words, it suggests that progress is being made toward
  that goal.
      {chollI'} <it is getting closer>
                ({chol} <get close, come near>)
  
  This word would be used for, i.e., a missile approaching a
  target, when it is known that the missile has been aimed at
  that target. If a missile is getting closer, but its intended
  destination is not known, {choltaH} (with {-taH} <continuous>)
  would be more appropriate.
      {vIlI'lI'} <I am transmitting (the data)>
                 ({lI'} <transmit data to a place>)
  This word implies that data are in the process of being
  transmitted, but that there is a finite amount of data, so there
  will be a definite end to the transmission. The fact that the
  verb {lI'} and the suffix {-lI'} are identical in sound is purely
  coincidental, so far as can be determined.[[p.43]]
    The suffix {-taH} <continuous> can be used whether there is a
  know goal or not. {-lI',} on the other hand, can be used only
  when there is an implied goal. It is possible to consider {-lI'} a
  <continuous> counterpart of {-ta',} and {-taH} a <continuous> coun-
  terpart of {-pu'.}
  4.2.8. Type 8: Honorific
    {-neS} <honorific>
    There is but one suffix in this category. It is used to express
  extreme politeness or deference. It is used only in addressing
  a superior, someone of higher rank in the Klingon social,
  political, or military hierarchy. It is never required.
      {qaleghneS} <I am honored to see you> ({legh} <see>)
      {HIja'neS} <do me the honor of telling me> ({ja'} <tell>)
    This suffix is used rather infrequently by Klingons.
  4.2.9. Type 9: Syntactic markers
  Similar to Type 5 noun suffixes (section 3.3.5), these verb
  suffixes have to do with the verb's role in the sentence. The
  first six suffixes will be noted briefly here, but illustrated more
  completely in section 6.2.
    {-DI'} <as soon as, when>
      {DaSeHDI'} <as soon as you control if> ({SeH} <control>)
      {qara'DI'} <as soon as I command you> ({ra'} <command>)
    {-chugh} <if>
      {DaneHchugh} <if you want them> ({neH} <want>)
      {choja'chugh} <if you tell me> ({ja'} <tell>)
    {-pa'} <before>
      {choja'pa'} <before you tell me> ({ja'} <tell>)
      {qara'pa'} <before I command you> ({ra'} <command>)
    {-vIS} <while>
  
  This suffix is always used along with the Type 7 suffix
    {-taH} <continuous.>[[p.44]]
      {SutlhtaHvIS} <while they are negotiating> ({Sutlh} <negotiate>)
      {bIQongtaHvIS} <while you are sleeping> ({Qong} <sleep>)
    {-bogh} <which>
    This is the relative-clause marker. It is described in section
  6.2.3.
    {-meH} <for>
    This marks purpose clauses. See section 6.2.4.
    {-'a'} <interrogative>
    This suffix indicates that the sentence is a yes/no question;
  that is, a question which can be answered ``yes'' or ``no.'' (See
  also section 6.4.).
      {cholegh'a'} <do you see me?> ({legh} <see>)
      {yaj'a'} <does he/she understand?> ({yaj} <understand>)
    Questions of other types require special question words
  (section 6.4).
    {-wI'} <one who does, thing which does>
    This is the suffix described earlier (section 3.2.2) which
  turns verbs into nouns.
      {So'wI'} <cloaking device> ({So'} <cloak, hide>)
      {baHwI'} <gunner> ({baH} <fire [a torpedo]>)
      {joqwI'} <flag> ({joq} <flutter, wave>)
  4.2.10. Relative ordering of the suffixes
  As with nouns, when more than one suffix is used with a verb,
  they must occur in the correct order, according to their type.
  No more than one suffix of each type may occur at a time. No
  instances have been found of a verb followed by nine suffixes,
  but it is theoretically possible. A few examples should suffice
  to show ordering of the suffixes.
      {nuHotlhpu''a'} <have they scanned us?>
        {nu-}    (prefix)  <they--us>
        {Hotlh}  (verb)    <scan>[[p.45]]
        {-pu'}   (7)       <perfective>
        {-'a'}   (9)       <interrogative>
      {Qaw''eghpu'} <he/she destroyed himself/herself>
        0        (prefix)  <he/she>
        {Qaw'}   (verb)    <destroy>
        {-'egh}  (1)       <oneself>
        {-pu'}   (7)       <perfective>
  
      {wIchenmoHlaH} <we can create it>
        {wI-}   (prefix)  <we--it>
        {chen}  (verb)    <take form>
        {-moH}  (4)       <cause>
        {-laH}  (5)       <can, able>
      {Daqawlu'taH} <you are to be remembered>
        {Da-}   (prefix)  <you--him/her>
        {qaw}   (verb)    <remember>
        {-lu'}  (5)       <indefinite subject>
        {-taH}  (7)       <continuous>
      {vItlhapnISpu'} <I needed to take him/her>
        {vI-}    (prefix)  <I--him/her>
        {tlhap}  (verb)    <take>
        {-nIS}   (2)       <need>
        {-pu'}   (7)       <perfective>
      {HeghqangmoHlu'pu'} <it made him/her willing to die>
        0        (prefix) <he/she--him/her>
        {Hegh}   (verb)  <die>
        {-qang}  (2)     <willing>
        {-moH}   (4)     <cause>
        {-lu'}   (5)     <indefinite subject>
        {-pu'}   (7)     <perfective>
      {maghoSchoHmoHneS'a'} <may we execute a course (to some
                            place)?>
        {ma-}    (prefix)  <we>
        {ghoS}   (verb)    <proceed on a course>
        {-choH}  (3)       <change>
        {-moH}   (4)       <cause>
        {-neS}   (8)       <honorific>
        {-'a'}   (9)       <interrogative>[[p.46]]
  4.3. Rovers
  There is one additional set of verb suffixes which Klingon
  grammarians call {lengwI'mey} <rovers> (from {leng} <travel, roam,
  rove,> {-wI'} <thing which does,> {-mey} <plural>). Rovers are verb
  suffixes which do not have a fixed position in relation to the
  other suffixes following a verb but, instead, can come just
  about anywhere except following a Type 9 suffix. Their
  position is determined by the meaning intended. There are
  two types of rovers: the negative and the emphatic.
    {-be'} <not>
    This is the general suffix of negation, translated as English
  <not.> It follows the concept being negated.
      {vIlo'laHbe'} <they are useless to me, I cannot use them>
        {vI-}   (prefix)  <I--them>
        {lo'}   (verb)    <use>
        {-laH}  (5)       <can, able>
        {-be'}  (rover)   <not>
      {jISaHbe'} <I don't care (which of several courses of
                 action is followed)>
  
        {jI-}   (prefix) <I>
        {SaH}   (verb)   <care, be concerned about>
        {-be'}  (rover)  <not>
      {qay'be'} <it's not a problem, no problem (exclamation)>
        0       (prefix)  <it>
        {qay'}  (verb)    <be a problem, be a hassle>
        {-be'}  (rover)   <not>
    The roving nature of {-be'} is best illustrated in the following
  set of words.
      {choHoHvIp} <you are afraid to kill me>
      {choHoHvIpbe'} <you are not afraid to kill me>
      {choHoHbe'vIp} <you are afraid to not kill me>
        {cho-}  (prefix)  <you--me>
        {HoH}   (verb)    <kill>
        {-vIp}  (2)       <afraid>
        {-be'}  (rover)   <not>
  In the second word, the negated notion is <afraid> (that is, <not
  afraid>), and {-be'} follows {-vIp.} In the third word, the negated
  notion is <kill> (that is, <not kill>), so {-be'} follows {HoH.}[[p.47]]
    The suffix {-be'} cannot be used with imperative verbs. For
  imperatives, the following suffix is required.
    {-Qo'} <don't!, won't>
    This negative suffix is used in imperatives and to denote
  refusal.
      {yIja'Qo'} <don't tell him/her!>
        {yI-}   (prefix)  <imperative: you--him/her>
        {ja'}   (verb)    <tell>
        {-Qo'}  (rover)   <don't!>
      {choja'Qo'chugh} <if you won't tell me, if you refuse to tell me>
        {cho-}    (prefix)  <you--me>
        {ja'}     (verb)    <tell>
        {-Qo'}    (rover)   <won't>
        {-chugh}  (9)       <if>
      {HIHoHvIpQo'} <don't be afraid to kill me!>
        {HI-}   (prefix)  <imperative: you--me>
        {HoH}   (verb)    <kill>
        {-vIp}  (2)       <afraid>
        {-Qo'}  (rover)   <don't!>
    Unlike {-be',} the position of {-Qo'} does not change: it occurs
  last, unless followed by a Type 9 suffix. Nevertheless, it is
  considered a rover because it is the imperative counterpart to
  {-be'.}
    {-Ha'} <undo>
    This negative suffix implies not merely that something is
  not done (as does {-be'}), but that there is a change of state:
  something that was previously done is now undone. For
  convenience, it will here be translated as <undo,> but it is closer
  to the English prefixes <mis-, de-, dis-> (as in <misunderstand,
  
  demystify, disentangle>). It is also used if something is done
  wrongly. Unlike {-be', -Ha'} can be used in imperatives.
      {chenHa'moHlaH} <it can destroy them>
        0       (prefix)  <it--them>
        {chen}  (verb)    <take form>[[p.48]]
        {-Ha'}  (rover)   <undo>
        {-moH}  (4)       <cause>
        {-laH}  (5)       <can, able>
  This verb actually means something like it can cause them to
  undo their form.
      {yIchu'Ha'} <disengage it! (e.g., cloaking device)>
        {yI-}   (prefix)  <imperative: you--it>
        {chu'}  (verb)    <engage, activate>
        {-Ha'}  (rover)   <undo>
      {bIjatlhHa'chugh} <if you say the wrong thing>
        {bI-}     (prefix)  <you>
        {jatlh}   (verb)    <say>
        {-Ha'}    (rover)   <undo>
        {-chugh}  (9)       <if>
  This shows how {-Ha'} can be used in the sense of <wrongly.> The
  word might be translated as <if you misspeak.> Using {-be'} (that
  is, {bIjatlhbe'chugh}) would mean <if you don't speak.>
      {Do'Ha'} <it is unfortunate>
        0       (prefix)  <it>
        {-Do'}  (verb)    <be lucky, fortunate>[[-Do'=Do']]
        {-Ha'}  (rover)   <undo>
  The use of {-Ha'} in this sentence suggests a turn of luck from
  good to bad.
    It is interesting that {-Ha'} always occurs right after the verb.
  It is not known why Klingon grammarians insist on calling it a
  rover. It was felt best not to argue with Klingon tradition,
  however, so {-Ha'} is here classified as a rover.
    {-qu'} <emphatic>
    This suffix emphasizes or affirms whatever immediately
  precedes it.
      {yIHaghqu'} <study him/her well>[[Hagh=>HaD]]
        {yI-}   (prefix)  <imperative: you--him/her>
        {Hagh}  (verb)    <study>[[Hagh=>HaD]]
        {-qu'}  (rover)   <emphatic>
      {nuQaw'qu'be'} <they have not finished us off>
        {nu-}   (prefix)  <they--us>[[p.49]]
        {Qaw'}  (verb)    <destroy>
        {-qu'}  (rover)   <emphatic>
        {-be'}  (rover)   <not>
    The roving nature of {-qu'} can be seen in the following set:
      {pIHoHvIpbe'qu'} <we are NOT afraid to kill you>
      {pIHoHvIpqu'be'} <we are not AFRAID to kill you>
  
      {pIHoHqu'vIpbe'} <we are not afraid to KILL you>
        {pI-}   (prefix) <we--you>
        {HoH}   (verb)   <kill>
        {-vIp}  (2)      <afraid>
        {-be'}  (rover)  <not>
        {-qu'}  (rover)  <emphatic>
  The first word above might be used after an enemy chal-
  lenged the bravery of the speaker. The second might be
  followed by an explanation such as, ``We are not willing to kill
  you because we require your services.'' The third word would
  be used to emphasize killing, as opposed to some other form
  of punishment.
    The rover {-qu'} also follows verbs when they are used
  adjectivally (section 4.4).
  4.4 Adjectives[[4.4=>4.4.]]
  There are no adjectives as such in Klingon. Those notions
  expressed as adjectives in English (such as <big, tired>) are
  expressed by verbs in Klingon (<be big, be tired>). A verb
  expressing a state or quality can be used immediately follow-
  ing a noun to modify that noun.
      {puq Doy'} <tired child>
      {puq} <child>
      {Doy'} <be tired>
      {Dujmey tIn} <big ships>
      {Dujmey} <ships, vessels>
      {tIn} <be big>
    The rover {-qu'} <emphatic> (section 4.3) may follow verbs
  functioning adjectivally. In this usage, it is usually translated
  <very.>
      {Dujmey tInqu'} <very big ships>[[p.50]]
      {wanI' ramqu'} <a very unimportant event>
      {wanI'} <event, occurrence>
      {ram} <be trivial, unimportant>
    If a Type 5 noun suffix is used (section 3.3.5), it follows the
  verb, which, when used to modify the noun in this way, can
  have no other suffix except the rover {-qu'} <emphatic.> The Type
  5 noun suffix follows {-qu'.}
      {veng tInDaq} <in the big city>
      {veng} <city>
      {tIn} <be big>
      {-Daq} <locative>
      {veng tInqu'Daq} <in the very big city>[[p.51]]
  5. OTHER KINDS OF WORDS
  By far the bulk of Klingon words are nouns and verbs. There
  are a few others which, probably as an expedient, Klingon
  grammarians lump together in a group called {chuvmey}
  
  <leftovers.> It is possible to classify the {chuvmey} some-
  what.
  5.1. Pronouns
  In addition to possessive suffixes for nouns (section 3.3.4) and
  pronominal prefixes for verbs (section 4.1), there is a set of
  nine pronouns which are independent words.[[nine=>ten]]
      {jIH} <I, me>             {maH} <we, us>
      {soH} <you>               {tlhIH} <you (plural)>[[soH=>SoH]]
      {ghaH} <he/she, him/her>  {chaH} <they, them>
      {'oH} <it>                {bIH} <they, them>
      {'e'} <that>
      {net} <that>
    The pronoun {chaH} <they> is used when it refers to a group of
  beings capable of using language; otherwise, {bIH} <they> is used.
  The pronouns {'e'} and {net} are used only in special sentence
  constructions (see section 6.2.5).
    There is no grammatical gender in Klingon. Third-person[[p.52]]
  singular pronouns can be translated <he> or <she> as context
  dictates.
    Pronouns may be used as nouns, but only for emphasis or
  added clarity. They are not required. Thus, the following sets
  of sentences are all grammatically correct.
      {yaS vIlegh jIH} <I see the officers.>
      {yaS vIlegh}
      {jIH mulegh yaS} <The officer sees me.>
      {mulegh yaS}
      {ghaH vIlegh jIH} <I see him/her.>
      {ghaH vIlegh}
      {vIlegh jIH}
      {vIlegh}
      ({yaS} <officer,> {vIlegh} <I see him/her,> {mulegh} <he/she sees 
  me>)
    The final two sentences ({vIlegh jIH, vIlegh}) are in fact
  ambiguous. They could equally well mean <I see them.> (The
  verb prefix {vI-} is either <I--him/her> or <I--them.>) If context does
  not make it clear which meaning is intended, pronouns can be
  used:
      {ghaH vIlegh} <I see him/her.>
      {chaH vIlegh} <I see them.>
    Pronouns are not used in possessive constructions in the
  way nouns are; instead, the set of possessive noun suffixes is
  used (section 3.3.4).
    Finally, pronouns can be used as verbs, in the sense of ``I
  am,'' etc. (See section 6.3).
  5.2. Numbers
  Klingon originally had a ternary number system; that is, one
  
  based on three. Counting proceeded as follows: 1, 2, 3; 3+1,
  3+2, 3+3; 2×3+1, 2×3+2, 2×3+3; 3×3+1, 3×3+2,
  3×3+3; and then it got complicated. In accordance with
  the more accepted practice, the Klingon Empire sometime
  back adopted a decimal number system, one based on ten.[[p.53]]
  Though no one knows for sure, it is likely that this change
  was made more out of concern for understanding the scien-
  tific data of other civilizations than out of a spirit of cooper-
  ation.
    The Klingon numbers are:
      1 {wa'}    6 {jav}
      2 {cha'}   7 {Soch}
      3 {wej}    8 {chorgh}
      4 {loS}    9 {Hut}
      5 {vagh}   10 {wa'maH}
    Higher numbers are formed by adding special number-[[keep hyphen]]
  forming elements to the basic set of numbers (1--9). Thus,
  {wa'maH} <ten> consists of {wa'} <one> plus the number-forming
  element for <ten,> {maH.} Counting continues as follows:
      11  {wa'maH wa'}   (that is, <ten and one>)
      12  {wa'maH cha'}  (that is, <ten and two>)
      etc.
    Higher numbers are based on {maH} <ten,> {vatlh} <hundred,> and
  {SaD} or {SanID} <thousand.> Both {SaD} and {SanID} are equally
  correct for <thousand,> and both are used with roughly equal
  frequency. It is not known why this number alone has two
  variants.
      20     {cha'maH}                 (that is, <two tens>)
      30     {wejmaH}                  (that is, <three tens>)
      etc.
      100    {wa'vatlh}                (that is, <one hundred>)
      200    {cha'vatlh}               (that is, <two hundreds>)
      etc.
      1,000  {wa'SaD} or {wa'SanID}    (that is, <one thousand>)
      2,000  {cha'SaD} or {cha'SanID}  (that is, <two thousands>)
      etc.
    Numbers are combined as in English:
      5,347 {vaghSad wejvatlh loSmaH Soch} or[[vaghSad=>vaghSaD]][[p.54]]
      {vaghSanID wejvatlh loSmaH Soch}
      604 {javvatlh loS}
      31 {wejmaH wa'}
    Some of the number-forming elements for higher numbers
  are:
      ten thousand      {netlh}
      hundred thousand  {bIp}
      million           {'uy'}
    Zero is {pagh.}
  
    Numbers are used as nouns. As such, they may stand alone
  as subjects or objects or they may modify another noun.
      {mulegh cha'} <Two (of them) see me.>
                    ({mulegh} <they see me,> {cha'} <two>)
      {wa' yIHoH} <Kill one (of them)!>
                  ({wa'} <one,> {yIHoH} <kill him/her!>)
  The preceding sentence is grammatically correct even without
  the {wa'} because the prefix {yI-} indicates a singular object. The
  {wa',} therefore, is used for emphasis only.
    Numbers used as modifiers precede the noun they modify.
      {loS puqpu'} or {loS puq} <four children>
      {vaghmaH yuQmey} or {vaghmaH yuQ} <fifty planets>
  The plural suffixes ({-pu', -mey}) are not necessary when a
  number is used.
    When a number is used for numbering, as opposed to
  counting, it follows the noun. Compare:
      {DuS wa'} <torpedo tube number 1>
      {wa' DuS} <one torpedo tube>
    Ordinal numbers (<first, second,> etc.) are formed by adding
  {-DIch} to the numbers.
      {wa'DIch} <first>
      {cha'DIch} <second>
      {HutDIch} <ninth>
  Ordinal numbers follow the noun.
      {meb cha'DIch} <second guest>[[p.55]]
    Adding {-logh} to a number gives the notion of repetitions.
      {wa'logh} <once>
      {cha'logh} <twice>
      {Hutlogh} <nine times>
  These numbers function in the sentence as adverbials (section
  5.4).
  5.3. Conjunctions
  Conjunctions are of two types: those that join nouns together
  and those that join sentences together. The meanings of the
  two types of conjunctions, however, are the same:
      JOINING NOUNS  JOINING SENTENCES
        {je}           {'ej}            <and>
        {joq}          {qoj}            <and/or>
        {ghap}         {pagh}           <either/or>
    The conjunctions joining nouns come after the final noun.
      {DeS 'uS je} <an arm and a leg>
  
      {DeS 'uS joq} <an arm or a leg or both>
      {DeS 'eS ghap} <either an arm or a leg (but not both)>
    The noun conjunction {je} has an additional function: when it
  follows a verb, it means <also, too.>
      {qaleghpu' je} <I also saw you, I saw you too>
    As in English, the meaning of such sentences is ambiguous:
  <I and others saw you> or <I saw you and others.> The exact
  meaning is determined by context.
    In addition to the three listed above, there is one other
  sentence conjunction:
      {'ach} <but, nevertheless, however, even so>
  This word is sometimes shortened to {'a.}
    The conjunctions joining sentences occur between the
  sentences they join. For illustrations, see section 6.2.1.
  5.4. Adverbials
  These words usually come at the beginning of a sentence and
  describe the manner of the activity.[[p.56]]
      {batlh} <with honor, in an honored fashion>
      {bong} <by accident, accidentally, not intentionally>
      {chaq} <perhaps>
      {chIch} <on purpose, purposely>
      {DaH} <now>
      {Do'} <with luck, luckily>
      {loQ} <slightly, a little bit>
      {nom} <fast, quickly>
      {not} <never>
      {pay'} <suddenly>
      {pIj} <often>
      {QIt} <slowly>
      {reH} <always>
      {rut} <sometimes>
      {tugh} <soon>
      {vaj} <thus, in that case, so, accordingly, then>
      {wej} <not yet>
    Examples:
      {bong yaS vIHoHpu'} <I accidentally killed the officer.>
                          ({yaS} <officer,> {vIHoHpu'} <I killed
                          him/her>)
      {batlh Daqawlu'taH} <You will be remembered with honor.>
                          ({Daqawlu'taH} <somebody continues to
                          remember you>)
      {vaj Daleghpu'} <Then you have seen it.>
                      ({Daleghpu'} <you have seen it>)
      {wej vIlegh} <I don't see him/her yet>
                   ({vIlegh} <I see him/her>)
    One word fits somewhat awkwardly into this category:
    {neH} <only, merely, just>
  
  Unlike the other adverbials, it follows the verb which it
  modifies. The semantic effect is one of trivializing the action.
      {qama' vIqIppu' neH} <I merely hit the prisoner.>
                           ({qama'} <prisoner,> {vIqIppu'} <I hit him/
                           her>)
      {Duj yIQotlh neH} <Just disable the ship!>
                        ({Duj} <ship, vessel,> {yIQotlh} <disable it!>)
  [[p.57]]
  The use of {neH} in the preceding sentence implies that the ship
  is to be disabled, but not damaged further.
    Also unlike the other adverbials, {neH} can follow a noun. In
  such cases, it means <only, alone.>
      {yaS neH} <only the officer, the officer alone>
      {jonta' neH} <only the engine>
    Adverbials sometimes occur alone, functioning more or
  less as exclamations (section 5.5). For example:
      {nom} <Move fast! Move quickly!>
      {wej} <Don't do it yet!>
      {tugh} <Hurry up!>
  5.5 Exclamations[[5.5=>5.5.]]
  These expressions stand as sentences in their own right.
      {ghobe'} <No.> (response to a question)
      {Ha'} <Let's go! Come on!>
      {HIja'} or {HISlaH} <Yes.> (response to a question)
      {lu'} or {luq} <Yes. Okay. I will.>
      {maj} <Good.> (expressing satisfaction)
      {majQa'} <Very good. Well done.>
      {nuqneH} <What do you want?> (greeting)
      {pItlh} <Done!>
      {Qo'} <No. I won't. I refuse.>
      {SuH} or {Su'} <Ready!>
      {toH} <Well! So!>
      {wejpuH} <Charming.> (used only ironically)
      {'eH} <Ready!>
    {HIja'} and {HISlaH} <yes> seem to be used interchangeably.
    {SuH, Su',} and {'eH} all mean that the speaker is about to give
  a command. They are comparable to the ``Ready!'' at the
  beginning of a race: ``Ready! Set! Go!'' {SuH} and {Su',} but not
  {'eH,} can also be used to indicate that the speaker is ready to
  do something or that arrangements have been made for
  something to happen. Some speakers of Klingon pronounce
  {SuH} as if it were {SSS,} almost like the English expression for
  ``be quiet'': <shhh!>
    {pItlh} is used for <It's done! I've done it! I've finished! All
  done!> etc.[[p.58]]
    The expression {toH} is roughly equivalent to English <aha!>
    Also included in the category of exclamations are Klingon
  curses. Only three such curses have been noted to date.
  
      {QI'yaH} <*?!#@>
      {ghuy'cha'} <*@$%>
      {Qu'vatlh} <#*@!>
  5.6. Names and address
  Klingon names are frequently mispronounced by non-[[keep hypen]]
  Klingons. Furthermore, when written in the writing systems
  of other languages, they usually end up with spellings which
  only suggest their true pronunciation. For example, the
  Klingon sound {tlh} at the beginning of a word is almost always
  written <kl> by English speakers, presumably because the sound
  <tl> cannot occur at the beginning of an English word. Similarly,
  Klingon {Q} is often rendered <kr,> and Klingon {q} always comes
  out <k.>
    The following is a list of a few Klingon names along with
  their usual English spellings.
      {mara}     <Mara>
      {matlh}    <Maltz>
      {qeng}     <Kang>
      {qeylIS}   <Kahless>
      {qolotlh}  <Koloth>
      {qor}      <Kor>
      {qoreQ}    <Korax>
      {QaS}      <Kras>
      {Qel}      <Krell>
      {Qugh}     <Kruge>
      {torgh}    <Torg>
      {valQIS}   <Valkris>
    Names may be used in direct address (that is, calling
  somebody by name) at the beginning or end of the sentence.
  Other words in direct address (such as {qaH} <sir,> {joHwI'} <my
  lord>) are used similarly.
      {torgh HIghoS} <Torg, come here!> ({HIghoS} <pro-
                     ceed toward me!>)
      {lu' qaH} <Yes, sir!>[[p.59]]
  6. SYNTAX
  As in any language, Klingon sentences range from the very
  simple and straightforward to the very complex and convo-
  luted. What follows here are the mere basics of Klingon
  sentence structure. This information should provide a good
  foundation so that students of Klingon can converse properly,
  though not eloquently, while learning more about the lan-
  guage.
  6.1. Basic sentences
  The basic structure of a Klingon sentence is:
      OBJECT--VERB--SUBJECT
  
  This the reverse of the order in English, so care should be
  taken to avoid interpreting sentences backward. The subject
  is the person or thing doing the action described by the verb;
  The object is the recipient of that action.
    The importance of word order can be seen by comparing
  the following sentences.
      {puq legh yaS} <The officer sees the child.>
      {yaS legh puq} <The child sees the officer.>
  In both sentences, the words are identical: {puq} <child,> {legh}
  [[p.60]]
  <he/she sees him/her,> {yaS} <officer.> The only way to know who is
  seeing whom is by the order of the words in the sentence. The
  verb {legh} is preceded by the prefix 0 <he/she--him/her.>
    When the subject and/or object is first or second person,
  the prefix on the verb must be the proper one.
      {puq vIlegh jIH} <I see the child.>
                       ({vIlegh} <I see him/her>)
      {jIH mulegh puq} <The child sees me.>
                       ({mulegh} <he/she sees me>)
  Actually, the first- and second-person pronouns are seldom
  used in sentences of this type (though they can, as here, be
  used for emphasis), so the following sentences illustrate more
  commonly occurring sentence types.
      {puq vIlegh} <I see the child.>
      {mulegh puq} <The child sees me.>
    Imperative sentences (commands) follow the same rules.
      {So'wI' yIchu'} <Engage the cloaking device!>
                      ({So'wI'} <cloaking device,>
                      {yIchu'} <engage it!>)
      {DoS yIbuS} <Concentrate on the target!>
                  ({DoS} <target,> {yIbuS} <concentrate on it!>)
      {yaSpu' tIHoH} <Kill the officers!>
                     ({yaSpu'} <officers,> {tIHoH} <kill them!>)
    Any noun in the sentence indicating something other than
  subject or object comes first, before the object noun. Such
  nouns usually end in a Type 5 noun suffix (section 3.3.5).
      {pa'Daq yaS vIleghpu'} <I saw the officer in the room.>
                             ({pa'Daq} <in the room,>
                             {yaS} <officer,> {vIleghpu'} <I saw him/
                             her>)
    Other examples of this construction are given in section
  3.3.5.
  6.2. Complex sentences
  A few of the more common types of more elaborate Klingon
  sentences will be illustrated.[[p.61]]
  
  6.2.1. Compound sentences
  Two sentences may be joined together to form a longer
  compound sentence. Both sentences must be able to stand
  alone as properly formed sentences. When combined, they
  simply come one after the other, joined by a conjunction (see
  section 5.3).
      {jISoptaH 'ej QongtaH} <I am eating, and he/she is
                             sleeping.>
      {jISoptaH 'ach QongtaH} <I am eating, but he/she is
                              sleeping.>
      {bISoptaH qoj bItlhutlhtaH} <You are eating and/or
                                  you are drinking.>
      {bISoptaH pagh bItlhutlhtaH} <You are either eating or else
                                   you are drinking.>
    When the subject of both of the joined sentences is
  the same, the English translation may be reduced to a less
  choppy form, but Klingon does not allow this shortening.
  The pronominal prefix must be used with both verbs.
  Thus, the final two sentences above may be translated
  <You are eating and/or drinking; You are either eating or
  drinking.>
    When a noun (as opposed to simply a verbal prefix)
  indicates subject and/or object, there are some options in
  Klingon. In its fullest form, a Klingon sentence repeats the
  noun:
      {yaS legh puq 'ej yaS qIp puq}
        ({yaS} <officer,> {puq} <child,> {legh} <he/she sees
        him/her,> {qIp} <he/she hits him/her>)
        <The child sees the officer and the child hits
        the officer.>
          or
        <The child sees the officer and hits the officer.>
          or
        <The child sees and hits the officer.>
  It is possible, however, to use pronouns rather than nouns in
  the second of the joined sentences.[[p.62]]
      {yaS legh puq 'ej ghaH qIp ghaH} ({ghaH} <he/she>)
        <The child sees the officer and he/she hits him/her.>
          or
        <The child sees the officer and hits him/her.>
  If the context is clear, even the pronoun may be left out.
      {yaS vIlegh 'ej vIqIp} ({vI-} <I--him/her>)
        <I see the officer and I hit him/her.>
          or
        <I see the officer and hit him/her.>
          or
        <I see and hit the officer.>
  6.2.2. Subordinate clauses
  
  Klingon verbs ending in Type 9 suffixes (other than {-'a'}
  <interrogative> and {-wI'} <one who does, one which does>) always
  occur in sentences with another verb. Hence, they are verbs
  in subordinate clauses.
         {cha yIbaH qara'DI'}
      or {qara'DI' cha yIbaH} <Fire the torpedoes at my com-
                              mand!>
    The two parts of this sentence are {cha yIbaH} <fire the
  torpedoes!> and {qara'DI'} <when I command you> or <as soon as I
  command you.> {-DI'} is a Type 9 suffix meaning <as soon as,
  when,> so {qara'DI'} must occur as part of a larger sentence.
  Note that the order of the two parts of the sentence is
  variable.
    A few further examples should make the use of subordinate
  clauses clear.
         {bIjatlhHa'chugh qaHoH}
      or {qaHoH bIjatlhHa'chugh} <If you say the wrong thing,
                                 I will kill you.>
                                 ({bIjatlhHa'chugh} <if you
                                 misspeak,> {qaHoH} <I kill
                                 you>)
  Note that although the English translation uses the word <will,>
  there is no marker for future in Klingon. The unsuffixed verb
  {HoH} <kill> is neutral as to time: since the person being[[p.63]]
  addressed is being given a chance to speak, that person must
  still be alive. Thus, the killing must take place in the future.
         {SutlhtaHvIS chaH DIHIvpu'}
      or {DIHIvpu' SutlhtaHvIS chaH} <While they were
                                     negotiating we
                                     attacked them.>
                                     ({SutlhtaHvIS} <while
                                     they are negotiating,>
                                     {chaH} <they,> {DIHIvpu'}
                                     <we attacked them>)
  The notion of <were negotiating,> rather than <are negotiating,>
  comes from the suffix {-pu'} <perfective> attached to the verb {HIv}
  <attack.> A translation such as <While they are negotiating we
  attacked them> makes little sense in English and misrepresents
  the meaning of the Klingon sentence.
  6.2.3. Relative clauses
  Relative clauses are translated into English as phrases begin-
  ning with <who, which, where,> and, most commonly, <that.> Like
  adjectives, they describe nouns: <the dog which is running, the
  cat that is sleeping, the child who is playing, the restaurant
  where we ate.> The noun modified by a relative clause is the
  head noun.
    In Klingon, the verb in the relative clause ends with the
  Type 9 suffix {-bogh,} which will, for convenience, be translated
  <which.>
    Whether the head noun follows or precedes the relative
  clause depends on its relationship to that clause. Compare the
  
  following:
      {qIppu'bogh yaS} <officer who hit him/her>
      {yaS qIppu'bogh} <officer whom he/she hit>
  In both phrases, the relative clause is {qIppu'bogh} ({qIp} <hit,>
  {-pu'} <perfective,> {-bogh} <which>), and the head noun is {yaS}
  <officer.> In the first phrase, {yaS} is the subject of the verb {qIp}
  (the officer is doing the hitting), so it follows {qIppu'bogh,} just
  as all subjects follow the verb. In the second phrase, {yaS} is the
  [[p.64]]
  object (the officer is getting hit), so it precedes {qIppu'bogh,}
  just as all objects precede the verb.
    The whole construction (relative clause plus head noun), as
  a unit, is used in a sentence as a noun. Accordingly, this
  construction follows or precedes the verb of the sentence,
  depending on whether it is the subject or object.
      {qIppu'bogh yaS vIlegh} <I see the officer who hit
                              him/her.>
  The entire relative construction {qIppu'bogh yaS} <officer who
  hit him/her> is the object of the verb {vIlegh} <I see him/her,> so it
  precedes the verb.
      {mulegh qIppu'bogh yaS} <The officer who hit him/her
                              sees me.>
  Here, {qIppu'bogh yaS} is the subject of the verb {mulegh} <he/she
  sees me,> so it follows the verb.
    This pattern is also followed when the head noun is the
  object of the verb in the relative clause, such as {yaS
  qIppu'bogh} <officer whom he/she hit.>
      {yaS qIppu'bogh vIlegh} <I see the officer whom he/she
                              hit.>
      {mulegh yaS qIppu'bogh} <The officer whom he/she hit
                              sees me.>
    In the English translation, the relative pronouns (<that,
  which,> etc.) may often be omitted: <I see the officer he/she hit,
  the officer he/she hit sees me.> In Klingon, however, {-bogh} is
  mandatory.
  6.2.4. Purpose clauses
  If an action is being done in order to accomplish something,
  or for the purpose of accomplishing something, the verb
  describing what is to be accomplished ends with the Type 9
  suffix {-meH,} which may be translated <for, for the purpose of,
  in order to.> The purpose clause always precedes the noun or
  verb whose purpose it is describing.
      {ja'chuqmeH rojHom neH jaghla'} <The enemy commander[[jaghla'=>jagh 
  la']]
                                      wishes a truce (in order)
                                      to confer.>[[p.65]]
  The phrase {ja'chuqmeH rojHom} <a truce (in order) to confer> is
  
  the object of the verb {neH} <he/she wants it;> the subject is
  {jaghla'} <enemy commander.> The object is a noun {rojHom} <truce>
  [[jaghla'=>jagh la']]
  preceded by the purpose clause {ja'chuqmeH} <for the purpose
  of conferring> or <in order to confer.> (The verb is made up of {ja'}
  <tell,> {-chuq} <each other;> thus, <confer> is <tell each other.>)
      {jagh luHoHmeH jagh lunejtaH} <They are searching for
                                    the enemy in order to
                                    kill him/her.>
  Here the purpose clause is {jagh luHoHmeH} <in order for them
  to kill the enemy,> which is made up of the object noun {jagh}
  <enemy> preceding the verb {luHoHmeH} <in order for them to kill
  him/her> ({lu-} <they--him/her,> {HoH} <kill,> {-meH} <for>). It 
  describes
  the purpose of the verb {lunejtaH} <they are searching for
  him/her> ({lu-} <they--him/her,> {nej} <seek, search for,> {-taH} 
  <continu-
  ous>). Note that, just as in compound sentences, the object
  noun {jagh} <enemy> occurs before each verb for which it is the
  object. Thus, somewhat more literally, the sentence may be
  translated <In order to kill the enemy, they are searching for the
  enemy.>
    Furthermore, just as in compound sentences, the second of
  two identical nouns may be replaced by a pronoun or, if the
  context, is clear, left out altogether.
      {jagh luHoHmeH ghaH lunejtaH}
      {jagh luHoHmeH lunejtaH} <They are searching for the
                               enemy in order to kill
                               him/her.>
  6.2.5. Sentences as objects
  Klingon has two special pronouns, {'e'} and {net,} which refer to
  the previous sentence as a whole. They are used primarily,
  not exclusively, with verbs of thinking or observation
  (such as <know, see>). They are always treated as the object
  verb, and the verb always takes a prefix indicating
  a third-person singular object. What is a single sentence
  in English is often two sentences in Klingon. {net} is used
  only under special circumstances (see page 66), but {'e'} is
  common. Several examples should make the use of {'e'}
  clear.[[p.66]]
      {qama'pu' DIHoH 'e' luSov} <They know we kill prisoners.>
  This sentence is actually two: (1) {qama'pu' DIHoH} <We kill
  prisoners> ({qama'pu'} <prisoners,> {DIHoH} we <kill them>); (2) {'e'
  luSov} <They know that> ({'e'} <that,> {luSov} <they know it>). The
  pronoun {'e'} refers to the previous sentence, <We kill prisoners.>
      {yaS qIppu' 'e' vIlegh} <I saw him/her hit the officers.>
  The two sentences here are: (1) {yaS qIppu'} <He/she hit the
  officer;> (2) {'e' vIlegh} <I see that> ({vIlegh} <I see it>). The 
  construc-
  tion might equally well be translated as <I saw that he/she hit
  
  the officer.> Note that the verb in the second sentence, {vIlegh} <I
  see it,> is neutral as to time. The past tense of the translation
  <(I saw...)> comes from the verb in the first sentence, {qIppu'}
  <he/she hit him/her> ({-pu'} <perfective>). In complex sentences of
  this type, the second verb never takes an aspect suffix (section
  4.2.7).
    When the verb of the second sentence has a third-person
  subject (that is, the pronominal prefix is 0) but the intended
  meaning is <one> or <someone,> rather than <he, she, it,> or <they,> 
  {net}
  is used instead of {'e'.}
      {qama'pu' DIHoH net Sov} <One knows we kill  prisoners.>
  As above, the first sentence here is {qama'pu' DIHoH} <We kill
  prisoners.> The second sentence is {net Sov} <One knows that.>
  The full construction implies that it is common knowledge
  that the group to which the speaker belongs kills prisoners.
      {Qu'vaD lI' net tu'bej} <One certainly finds it useful for
                              the mission.>
  The first part of this example is {Qu'vaD lI'} <It is useful for the
  mission> ({Qu'vaD} <for the mission,> {lI'} <it is useful>). The second
  part is {net tu'bej} <One certainly finds that> or <One certainly
  observes that.> The full construction might also be translated
  <One will certainly observe that it is useful to the mission.> Note
  that although the word <will> makes a more flowing translation,
  there is nothing in the Klingon sentence indicating future
  tense.
    When the verb of the second sentence is {neH} <want,> neither[[p.67]]
  {'e'} nor {net} is used, but the construction is otherwise identical
  to that just described.
      {jIQong vIneH} <I want to sleep.>
      ({jIQong} <I sleep,> {vIneH} <I want it>)
      {qalegh vIneH} <I want to see you.>
      ({qalegh} <I see you,> {vIneH} <I want it>)
      {Dalegh vIneH} <I want you to see him/her.>
      ({Dalegh} <you see him/her,> {vIneH} <I want it>)
      {qama'pu' vIjonta' vIneH} <I wanted to capture prisoners.>
  In this final example, the first part is {qama'pu' vIjonta'} <I
  captured prisoners> ({qama'pu'} <prisoners,> {vIjonta'} <I captured
  them>). Note once again that the aspect marker (in this case,
  {-ta'} <accomplished>) goes with the first verb only; the second
  verb, {vIneH} <I want it,> is neutral as to time. The past tense of
  the translation <(I wanted...)> comes from the aspect marker
  on the first verb.
    Similarly, with verbs of saying (<say, tell, ask,> etc.), {'e'} and
  {net} are not used. The two phrases simply follow one another,
  in either order.
         {qaja'pu' HIqaghQo'}
  
      or {HIqaghQo' qaja'pu'} <I told you not to interrupt me.>
  This is literally <I told you, ``Don't interrupt me!''> or <``Don't
  interrupt me'' I told you> ({qaja'pu'} <I told you,> {HIqaghQo'} <don't
  interrupt me!>). An aspect marker (here, {-pu'} <perfective>) may
  always be attached to the verb of saying, regardless of
  whether it is the first or second verb.
    Finally, the use of {rIntaH} to indicate that an action is
  accomplished (section 4.2.7) is another example of the two-[[keep 
  hyphen]]
  verb (or two-sentence) construction.
  6.3. ``To be''
  There is no verb corresponding to English <to be> in Klingon.
  On the other hand, all pronouns (section 5.1) can be used as
  verbs, in the sense of <I am, you are,> etc.
      {tlhIngan jIH} <I am a Klingon.>[[p.68]]
      {yaS SoH} <You are an officer.>
      {puqpu' chaH} <They are children.>
    The pronoun always follows the noun.
    Similarly, there is no verb corresponding to <to be> in the
  sense of ``to be at a place.'' Again, the pronouns are used,
  followed, where appropriate, by verbal suffixes.
      {pa'wIjDaq jIHtaH} <I am in my quarters.>
                         ({pa'wIjDaq} <in my room,> {jIH} <I,>
                         {-taH} <continuous>)
    In the above examples, the subjects are pronouns. If the
  subject is a noun, it follows the third-person pronoun ({ghaH}
  <he/she,> {'oH} <it,> {chaH} <they,> {bIH} <they>) and takes the {-'e'} 
  <topic>
  suffix (see section 3.3.5).
      {puqpu' chaH qama'pu' 'e'} <The prisoners are children.>[[qama'pu' 
  'e'=>qama'pu''e']]
      {pa'DajDaq ghaHtaH la''e'} <The commander is in his
                                 quarters.>
  These sentences might also be translated <As for the prisoners,
  they are children; As for the commander, he is in his quarters.>
  6.4. Questions
  There are two types of questions: those which may be
  answered ``yes'' or ``no,'' and those which require explana-
  tions as answers.
    Yes/no questions are formed with the Type 9 suffix {-'a'}
  added to the verb. Examples are given in section 4.2.9.
    Appropriate answers to yes/no questions are:
      {HIja'} or {HISlaH} <yes>
      {ghobe'} <no>
  
    The other type of question contains a question word:
      {chay'} <how?>
      {ghorgh} <when?>
      {nuq} <what?>
      {nuqDaq} <where?>[[p.69]]
      {qatlh} <why?>
      {'ar} <how many? how much?>
      {'Iv} <who?>
    For {'Iv} <who?> and {nuq} <what?> the question word fits into the
  sentence in the position that would be occupied by the
  answer. For example:
      {yaS legh 'Iv} <Who sees the officer?>
      {'Iv legh yaS} <Whom does the officer see?>
  In the first question, it is the subject which is being asked
  about, so {'Iv} <who?> goes in the subject position, following the
  verb {legh} <he/she sees him/her.> In the second case, the object is
  being questioned, so the question word goes in the object
  position, before the verb.
    Similarly with {nuq} <what?:>
      {Duj ghoStaH nuq} <What is coming toward the ship?>
                        ({Duj} <ship, vessel,> {ghoStaH} <it is
                        proceeding toward it>)
      {nuq legh yaS} <What does the officer see?>
    Both {'Iv} and {nuq} are treated as nouns as far as the
  pronominal prefixes are concerned. That is, they are consid-
  ered third person.
      {nughoStaH nuq} <What is coming toward us?> ({nughoStaH} <it
                    is proceeding toward us>)
      {nuq Dalegh} <What do you see?> ({Dalegh} <you see it>)
    The word for <where?,> {nuqDaq,} is actually {nuq} <what?>
  followed by the suffix {-Daq} <locative> (see section 3.3.5). As
  would any locative phrase (see section 6.1), it comes at the
  beginning of the sentence.
      {nuqDaq So'taH yaS} <Where is the officer hiding?>
                          ({So'taH} <he/she is hiding>)
    Three other question words likewise occur at the beginning
  of the sentence.[[p.70]]
      {ghorgh Haw'pu' yaS} <When did the officer flee?>
                           ({Haw'pu'} <he/she has fled>)
      {qatlh Haw'pu' yaS} <Why did the officer flee?>
      {chay' Haw'pu' yaS} <How did the officer flee?>
    Note also:
      {chay' jura'} <What are your orders?>
  This is actually {chay'} <how?,> {jura'} <you command us;> thus,
  <How do you command us?>
    The question word {chay'} <how?> may be used as a one-word
  
  sentence meaning <How did this happen? What happened?
  What the---?>
    Finally, {'ar} <how many? how much?> follows the noun to
  which it refers. It can never follow a noun with a plural suffix
  ({-pu', -mey, -Du';} see section 3.3.2).
      {Haw'pu' yaS 'ar} <How many officers fled?>
                        ({Haw'pu'} <they fled,> {yaS} <officer>)
      {nIn 'ar wIghaj} <How much fuel do we have?>
                       ({nIn} <fuel,> {wIghaj} we <have it>)
  6.5. Commands
  Commands are given with appropriate imperative prefixes.
  See sections 4.1.2, 4.3.
  6.6. Comparatives and superlatives
  The idea of something being more or greater than something
  else (comparative) is expressed by means of a construction
  which can be represented by the following formula:
    A Q {law'} B Q {puS}
  In this formula, A and B are the two things being compared
  and Q is the quality which is being measured. The two
  Klingon words in the formula are {law'} <be many> and {puS} <be
  few.> Thus, it says <A's Q is many, B's Q is few> or <A has more Q
  than B has> or <A is Q-er than B.>
    Any verb expressing a quality or condition may fit into the
  Q slot.[[p.71]]
      {la' jaq law' yaS jaq puS} <The commander is bolder than
                                 the officer.>
                                 ({la'} <commander,> {jaq} <be bold,> 
  {yaS}
                                 <officer>)
    To express the superlative, that something is the most or
  the greatest of all, the noun {Hoch} <all> is used in the B position:
      {la' jaq law' Hoch jaq puS} <The commander is boldest
                                  of all.>
  In comparative and superlative constructions, the verb of
  quality ({jaq} <be bold> in the sentences above) must be said
  twice.[[p.72]]
  7. CLIPPED KLINGON
  The preceding grammatical sketch describes ``proper''
  Klingon, that is, Klingon as it is taught in Klingon schools or
  to non-Klingons. In actual day-to-day use, however, spoken
  Klingon may vary somewhat from its ``proper'' form, usually
  by leaving some elements out. This abbreviated form of
  speaking, called Clipped Klingon by Klingon grammarians, is
  heard quite frequently in military contexts where quick
  
  ---rather than eloquent---communication is deemed a virtue.
  Probably for similar reasons, Clipped Klingon is used quite
  extensively in all walks of Klingon life.
    Some of the features of Clipped Klingon are described
  below.
  7.1. Commands
  In giving commands, the imperative prefix (section 4.1.2)
  may be left off, leaving the bare verb.
      Proper Klingon: {yIbaH} <Fire (the torpedoes)!>
      Clipped Klingon: {baH}
      Proper Klingon: {wIy yIcha'} <Show the tactical display!>
      Clipped Klingon: {wIy cha'}
        ({wIy} <tactical display on monitor,> {cha'} <show, project>)
      Proper Klingon: {He chu' yIghoS} <Follow a new course!>[[p.73]]
      Clipped Klingon: {He chu' ghoS}
        ({He} <course,> {chu'} <be new,> {ghoS} <follow a course>)
    When the object noun is critical, and what is to be done
  with that noun is obvious (or should be obvious) to the
  listener, that noun itself may serve as the command.
      Proper Klingon: {chuyDaH yIlaQ} <Fire the thrusters!>
      Clipped Klingon: {chuyDaH} <Thrusters!>
        ({chuyDaH} <thrusters,> {laQ} <fire, energize>)
      Proper Klingon: {HaSta yIcha'} <Show the visual display!>
      Clipped Klingon: {HaSta} <Visual (display)!>
        ({HaSta} <visual display on monitor,> {cha'} <show,
        project>)
    Finally, other grammatical markers, particularly noun suf-
  fixes, may be left out of commands.
      Proper Klingon: {jolpa'Daq yIjaH} <Go to the transport room!>
      Clipped Klingon: {jolpa' yIjaH}
        ({jolpa'} <transport room,> {-Daq} <locative,> {jaH} <go>)
    It is not common, when noun suffixes are chopped, for the
  imperative prefix on the verb to be dropped as well.
  7.2. Responses to commands, status reports
  Responses to commands and status reports are also prone to
  clipping.
      Proper Klingon: {So'wI' vIchu'ta'} <I have engaged the cloak-
                      ing device.>
      Proper Klingon: {So'wI' chu'lu'ta'} <The cloaking device
                      has been engaged.>
      Clipped Klingon: {So'wI' chu'ta'} <Cloaking device engaged.>
        ({So'wI'} <cloaking device,> {vIchu'ta'} <I have engaged it,>
        {chu'lu'ta'} <it has been engaged>)
  
    In the preceding example, the clipped form can correspond
  to either a dropping of the prefix {vI-} <I--it> or the suffix {-lu'}
  <indefinite subject.>
      Proper Klingon: {jIyajchu'} <I understand clearly.>
      Clipped Klingon: {yajchu'} <Understood clearly.>
        ({yaj} <understand,> {-chu'} <clearly, perfectly>)[[p.74]]
    In this final example, the clipped form, lacking the pronom-
  inal prefix {jI-} <I,> is a likely response to a question in clipped
  form, such as {yaj'a'} <Understood?> (compare Proper Klingon
  {bIyaj'a'} <Do you understand?>).
  7.3. Duress, excitement
  When in a situation of great danger or when immediate action
  may be necessary, a Klingon is apt to drop pronominal
  prefixes. This clipped form is also common when a Klingon is
  excited for some reason.
      Proper Klingon: {qama'pu' vIjonta' vIneH} <I wanted to
                      capture prisoners.>
      Clipped Klingon: {qama'pu' jonta' neH} <Wanted prisoners!>
        ({qama'pu'} <prisoners,> {vIjonta'} <I captured them,> {vIneH} <I
        want them>)
    In context, it would be clear that the speaker is the one
  doing the wanting (and capturing), even though the pronomi-
  nal prefix {vI-} <I--them> is missing.[[p.75]]
  DICTIONARY[[p.77]]
  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
  This dictionary contains four parts: (1) Klingon to English,
  (2) English to Klingon, (3) list of apexes in Klingon alpha-
  betical order, (4) list of affixes in English alphabetical
  order.
    Klingon alphabetical order is as follows:
      {a, b, ch, D, e, gh, H, I, j, l, m, n, ng,
      o, p, q, Q, r, S, t, tlh, u, v, w, y, '}
  Note that {ch, gh, ng,} and {tlh} are considered separate letters.
  Thus the syllable {no} would precede the syllable {nga} in the
  Klingon list.
    Each Klingon word is tagged as to type (noun, verb, etc.).
  This tag occurs at the end of the English translation. The
  abbreviations used to indicate word types are:
      adv   adverbial      (section 5.4)
      conj  conjunction    (section 5.3)
      excl  exclamation    (section 5.5)
      n     noun           (section 3)
      num   number         (section 5.2)
      pro   pronoun        (section 5.1)
      ques  question word  (section 6.4)
  
      v     verb           (section 4)[[p.78]]
    In looking through the dictionary, it will be noticed that
  there are a number of noun/verb pairs; that is, the same word
  is both a noun and a verb. Futhermore, there are some words
  [[Futhermore=>Furthermore]]
  which are identical in form (and nearly identical in meaning)
  to some suffixes (for example, {laH} is a noun meaning <accom-
  plishment> and {-laH} is a verb suffix meaning <can, able>).
    There are also a number of Klingon synonyms; that is two
  Klingon words with identical meanings (for example, {joh, jaw}[[joh=>
  joH]]
  <lord,> {chetvI', DuS} <torpedo tube>). Occasionally one member of
  such a synonym set can be analyzed. Thus, {baHwI'} <gunner>
  consists of the verb {baH} <fire (a torpedo)> plus the suffix {-wI'}
  <one who does something.> The other word for <gunner,> {matha',}
  [[matha'=>matHa']]
  remains impervious to analysis. Sometimes one member of a
  set may be partially analyzed. For example, {jonta'} <engine>
  begins with {jon,} which is also found in {jonwI'} <engineer,> and
  ends with {ta',} which also occurs in {mIqta'} <machinery.> The
  other members of these synonym sets, {QuQ} <engine> and {jo'}
  <machinery,> cannont be further analyzed. (It is likely that[[cannont=>
  cannot]]
  there are sets of synonyms with three or more members, but
  none has been found to date.)
    It has not yet been possible to determine how, or whether,
  the synonyms are used differentially. Perhaps there is a
  suggestion of Klingon social structure hidden here, for many
  of the synonym sets are words relating to military or govern-
  mental rank (such as {yaS, 'utlh} <officer>). On the other hand,
  some of the pairings are words referring to mechanics or
  engineering (such as <engine> and <torpedo tube,> as illustrated
  above). Perhaps a more thorough understanding of Klingon
  technology would reveal that there is indeed a difference in
  meaning among members of each set. Despite the current
  incomplete understanding of synonyms, the student of
  Klingon can be relatively assured that no major social blunder
  will be committed by choosing one rather than the other
  member of a synonym set.
    These various pairings (noun/verb, word/suffix, synonym
  sets) are of great historical interest, for they surely indicate
  something about earlier stages of the language. Unfortunate-
  ly, a linguistic history of Klingon is beyond the scope of the
  present work.
    For ease of reference, English entries in the English-[[p.79]]
  Klingon section of this dictionary begin with the word that the
  user would most likely be looking for, even though this may at
  times be grammatically incorrect. This first word is, when
  appropriate, followed by the correct translation. For exam-
  ple, English adjectives (e.g., <bold>) correspond to Klingon
  verbs, most accurately translated using the English verb <to be>
  (e.g., <be bold>). All such words are entered with the adjective
  first, followed by the accurate translation (e.g., <bold, be
  bold>). Similarly, when a Klingon word is translated into an
  English phrase (e.g., <have a headache>), the first word in the
  English entry is the key word in the phrase, followed by the
  proper translation (e.g., <headache, have a headache>).[[p.80]]
  
  KLINGON-ENGLISH
  bach
  shoot (v)
  bach
  shot (n)
  baH
  fire (torpedo, rocket, missile) (v)
  baHwI'
  gunner (n)
  bang
  love, one who is loved (n)
  baS
  metal (n)
  batlh
  honor (n)
  batlh
  honored, with honor (adv)
  bav
  orbit (v)
  ba'
  sit (v)
  bech
  suffer (v)
  begh
  deflectors (n)
  beH
  rifle (n)
  bej
  watch (v)
  bel
  be pleased (v)
  bel
  pleasure (n)
  belHa'
  be displeased (v)
  ben
  years ago (n)
  bep
  agony (n)
  bep
  complain, object, gripe (v)
  beq
  crew, crewman (n)
  bergh
  be irritable (v)
  be'
  female, woman (n)[[p.81]]
  be'Hom
  girl (n)
  be'nal
  wife (n)
  be'nI'
  sister (n)
  bID
  half (n)
  bIghHa'
  prison, jail (n)
  bIH
  they, them (incapable of language)
    (pro)
  bIng
  area below, area under (n)
  bIp
  hundred thousand (num)
  bIQ
  water (n)
  bIQtIq
  river (n)
  bIQ'a'
  ocean (n)
  bIr
  be cold (v)
  bIt
  be nervous, uneasy (v)
  bIv
  break (rules) (v)
  bobcho'
  module (n)
  boch
  shine, be shiny (v)
  bogh
  be born (v)
  boH
  be impatient (v)
  boj
  nag (v)
  bong
  accidentally, by accident (adv)
  boq
  alliance (n)
  boQ
  aide (n)
  boQ
  assist (v)
  boQDu'
  aide-de-camp (n)
  bortaS
  revenge (n)
  boS
  collect (v)
  bot
  prevent, block, prohibit (v)
  botlh
  center, middle (n)
  bov
  era (n)
  bo'DIj
  court (n)
  buD
  be lazy (v)
  bup
  quit (v)
  buQ
  threaten (v)
  burgh
  stomach (n)
  
  buS
  concentrate on, focus on, think
    only about (v)
  butlh
  dirt under fingernails (n)
  buv
  classification (n)
  buv
  classify (v)
  bu'
  sergeant (n)[[p.82]]
  cha
  torpedoes (n)
  chach
  emergency (n)
  chagh
  drop (v)
  chaH
  they, them (capable of using lan-
    guage) (pro)
  chal
  sky (n)
  chamwI'
  technician (n)
  chap
  back (of hand) (n)
  chaq
  perhaps (adv)
  chargh
  conquer (v)
  chav
  achieve (v)
  chav
  achievement (n)
  chaw'
  allow, permit (v)
  chay'
  how? (ques)
  cha'
  show, display (picture) (v)
  cha'
  two (num)
  cha'DIch
  second (num)
  cha'Hu'
  day before yesterday (n)
  cha'leS
  day after tomorrow (n)
  cha'logh
  twice (adv)
  cha'puj
  dilithium (n)
  cha'pujqut
  dilithium crystal (n)
  chech
  be drunk, intoxicated (v)
  chegh
  return (v)
  cheH
  defect (v)
  chel
  add (v)
  chen
  build up, take form (v)
  chep
  prosper, be prosperous (v)
  cher
  establish, set up (v)
  chergh
  tolerate (v)
  chetvI'
  torpedo tube (n)
  chev
  separate (v)
  che'
  rule, reign, run (v)
  chIch
  purposely, on purpose, intentionally
    (adv)
  chID
  admit (v)
  chIj
  navigate (v)
  chIjwI'
  navigator (n)
  chIm
  be empty, deserted, uninhabited (v)
  chIp
  cut, trim (hair) (v)[[p.83]]
  chIrgh
  temple (structure) (n)
  chIS
  be white (v)
  choH
  alter, change (v)
  choH
  change (n)
  chol
  close in, get closer, come nearer (v)
  choljaH
  ponytail holder (n)
  chom
  bartender (n)
  chong
  be vertical (v)
  chop
  bite (v)
  choq
  preserve (v)
  chor
  belly (n)
  chorgh
  eight (num)
  chorghDIch
  eighth (num)
  
  choS
  desert (v)
  choS
  twilight (n)
  chot
  murder (v)
  chovnatlh
  specimen (n)
  chuch
  ice (n)
  chun
  be innocent (v)
  chunDab
  meteor (n)
  chung
  accelerate (v)
  chup
  recommend, suggest (v)
  chuq
  range, distance (n)
  chuQun
  nobility (n)
  chuS
  be noisy (v)
  chut
  law (n)
  chuv
  be left over (v)
  chuvmey
  leftovers (grammatical term) (n)
  chuyDaH
  thrusters (n)
  chu'
  be new (v)
  chu'
  engage, activate (a device) (v)
  Dach
  be absent (v)
  DaH
  now (adv)
  Daj
  be interesting (v)
  Dal
  be boring (v)
  Dan
  occupy (military term) (v)
  Dap
  nonsense (n)
  Daq
  eavesdrop (v)
  DaQ
  ponytail (n)[[p.84]]
  DaS
  boot (n)
  DaSpu'
  boot spike (n)
  Dat
  everywhere (n)
  Daw'
  revolt (v)
  Daw'
  revolt, revolution (n)
  Da'
  corporal (rank) (n)
  Deb
  desert (n)
  Dech
  surround (v)
  Degh
  helm (n)
  DeghwI'
  helmsman (n)
  Dej
  collapse (v)
  Del
  describe (v)
  DenIb
  Denebia (n)
  DenIbngan
  Denebian (n)
  DenIb Qatlh
  Denebian slime devil (n)
  Dep
  being (nonhumanoid) (n)
  DeQ
  credit (monetary unit) (n)
  DeS
  arm (body part) (n)
  Dev
  lead, guide (v)
  De'
  data, information (n)
  De'wI'
  computer (n)
  DIb
  privilege (n)
  DIch
  certainty (n)
  DIl
  pay for (v)
  DIlyum
  trillium (n)
  DIng
  spin (v)
  DIp
  noun (n)
  DIr
  skin (n)
  DIS
  cave (n)
  DIS
  confess (v)
  DIS
  year (Klingon) (n)
  DIv
  be guilty (v)
  DIvI'
  federation, organization (n)
  
  DIvI'may'Duj
  Federation battle cruiser (n)
  Do
  velocity (n)
  Doch
  be rude (v)
  Doch
  thing (n)
  Dogh
  be foolish, silly (v)
  Doghjey
  unconditional surrender (n)
  DoH
  back away from, back off, get away
    from (v)[[p.85]]
  Doj
  be impressive (v)
  Dol
  entity (n)
  Dom
  radan (crude dilithium crystal) (n)
  Don
  be parallel, go parallel to (v)
  Dop
  side (n)
  Doq
  be orange, red (v)
  DoQ
  claim (territory) (v)
  Dor
  escort (v)
  DoS
  target (n)
  Dotlh
  status (n)
  Doy'
  be tired (v)
  Doy'yuS
  Troyius (n)
  Do'
  be fortunate, lucky (v)
  Do'
  luckily, with luck (adv)
  Dub
  back (of body) (n)
  Dub
  improve (v)
  DuD
  mix (v)
  Dugh
  be vigilant (v)
  DuH
  be possible (v)
  DuH
  possibility, option (n)
  Duj
  instincts (n)
  Duj
  ship, vessel (n)
  Dum
  nap (v)
  Dun
  be wonderful, great (v)
  Dung
  area above, area overhead (n)
  Dup
  strategy (n)
  DuQ
  stab (v)
  DuS
  torpedo tube (n)
  DuSaQ
  school (n)
  Duv
  advance (v)
  Duy
  agent, emissary (n)
  Duy'
  be defective (v)
  Duy'
  defect (n)
  Du'
  farm (n)
  ghagh
  gargle (v)
  ghaH
  he, she, him, her (pro)
  ghaj
  have, possess (v)
  ghap
  or, either/or (joining nouns) (conj)
  ghaq
  contribute (v)[[p.86]]
  ghar
  conduct diplomacy (v)
  ghar
  diplomacy (n)
  ghargh
  serpent, worm (n)
  gharwI'
  diplomat (n)
  ghatlh
  dominate (v)
  ghegh
  be rough (v)
  ghem
  midnight snack (n)
  ghIb
  consent (v)
  ghIch
  nose (n)
  ghIgh
  necklace (n)
  ghIH
  be messy, sloppy (v)
  ghIj
  scare (v)
  
  ghIm
  exile (v)
  ghIpDIj
  court-martial (v)
  ghIQ
  vacation, take a vacation (v)
  ghIr
  descend (v)
  ghItlh
  manuscript (n)
  ghItlh
  write (v)
  gho
  circle (n)
  ghob
  ethics (n)
  ghobe'
  no (answer to a question) (excl)
  ghoch
  destination (n)
  ghoD
  stuff (v)
  ghogh
  voice (n)
  ghoH
  argue, dispute (v)
  ghoj
  learn (v)
  ghojmoH
  teach, instruct (v)
  ghojwI'
  student (n)
  ghol
  opponent, adversary (n)
  ghom
  group, party (n)
  ghom
  meet, encounter, assemble, rendez-
    vous (v)
  ghomHa'
  scatter, disperse (v)
  ghom'a'
  crowd (n)
  ghong
  abuse (n)
  ghong
  abuse (v)
  ghop
  hand (n)
  ghopDap
  asteroid (n)
  ghoq
  spy (v)
  ghoqwI'
  spy (n)
  ghor
  break (v)[[p.87]]
  ghor
  surface (of a planet) (n)
  ghorgh
  when? (ques)
  ghoS
  approach, go away from, proceed,
    come, follow (a course) (v)
  ghoS
  thrust (v)
  ghot
  person (humanoid) (n)
  ghov
  recognize (v)
  gho'
  step on (v)
  gho'Do
  sublight speed (n)
  ghu
  baby (n)
  ghuH
  alert (n)
  ghuH
  prepare for, be alerted to (v)
  ghuHmoH
  alert, warn (v)
  ghum
  alarm (n)
  ghum
  alarm, sound an alarm (v)
  ghun
  program (a computer) (v)
  ghung
  be hungry (v)
  ghup
  swallow (v)
  ghur
  increase (v)
  ghuS
  be prepared, ready (to launch) (v)
  ghu'
  situation (n)
  Hab
  be smooth (v)
  HablI'
  data transceiving device (n)
  Hach
  be developed (e.g., civilization) (v)
  HaD
  study (v)
  Hagh
  laugh (v)
  Haj
  dread (v)
  Hal
  source (n)
  HanDogh
  nacelle (n)
  Hap
  matter (n)
  
  Haq
  surgery (n)
  HaQchor
  saccharin (n)
  Har
  believe (v)
  HaSta
  visual display (n)
  Hat
  be illegal (v)
  Hat
  temperature (n)
  Hatlh
  country, countryside (n)
  Haw'
  flee, get out (v)
  Hay'
  duel (v)
  Ha'
  let's go, come on (excl)[[p.88]]
  Ha'DIbaH
  animal (n)
  He
  course, route (n)
  Hech
  intend, mean to (v)
  HeD
  retreat (v)
  HeDon
  parallel course (n)
  Hegh
  die (v)
  HeghmoH
  be fatal (v)
  HeH
  edge (n)
  Hej
  rob (v)
  Hem
  be proud (v)
  HeQ
  comply (v)
  Hergh
  medicine (n)
  HeS
  commit a crime (v)
  HeS
  crime (n)
  HeSwI'
  criminal (n)
  Hev
  receive (v)
  He'
  smell, emit odor (v)
  He'So'
  stink (v)
  HIch
  handgun (n)
  HIchDal
  airlock (n)
  HIDjolev
  menu (n)
  HIgh
  fight dirty (v)
  HIja'
  yes, true (answer to yes/no question)
    (excl)
  HIp
  uniform (n)
  HIq
  liquor (n)
  HISlaH
  yes, true (answer to yes/no question)
    (excl)
  HIv
  attack (v)
  HIvje'
  glass (tumbler) (n)
  HI'
  dictator (n)
  HI'tuy
  dictatorship (n)
  Hob
  yawn (v)
  Hoch
  everyone, all, everything (n)
  HoD
  captain (n)
  Hogh
  week (Klingon) (n)
  HoH
  kill (v)
  HoH'egh
  commit suicide (v)
  Hoj
  be cautious (v)
  Hol
  language (n)
  Hom
  bone (n)[[p.89]]
  Hon
  doubt (v)
  Hong
  impulse power (n)
  Hop
  be remote, far (v)
  Hoq
  expedition (n)
  Hoqra'
  tricorder (n)
  HoS
  be strong (v)
  HoS
  strength, energy, power (n)
  HoSchem
  energy field (n)
  HoSDo'
  energy beings (n)
  
  HoSghaj
  be powerful (v)
  Hot
  touch, feel (v)
  Hotlh
  project, put on (screen) (v)
  Hotlh
  scan (v)
  HotlhwI'
  scanner (n)
  Hov
  star (n)
  Hovtay'
  star system (n)
  Hoy'
  congratulate (v)
  Ho'
  admire (v)
  Ho'
  tooth (n)
  Ho''oy'
  toothache (n)
  Hu
  zoo (n)
  Hub
  defend (v)
  Hub
  defense (n)
  Huch
  money (n)
  HuD
  mountain, hill (n)
  Hugh
  throat (n)
  Huj
  be strange (v)
  Huj
  charge (up) (v)
  Hum
  be sticky (v)
  Human
  human (n)
  Hung
  security (n)
  Hup
  punish (v)
  Huq
  transact (v)
  Hur
  outside (n)
  Hurgh
  be dark (v)
  Hurgh
  pickle (cucumber) (n)
  HuS
  hang (v)
  Hut
  nine (num)
  HutDIch
  ninth (num)
  Huv
  be clear, not obstructed (v)
  Huy'
  eyebrow (n)[[p.90]]
  Hu'
  days ago (n)
  Hu'
  get up (v)
  jab
  serve (food) (v)
  jabbI'ID
  data transmission (n)
  jach
  scream, cry out, shout, yell (v)
  jagh
  enemy (n)
  jaH
  go (v)
  jaj
  day (from dawn to dawn) (n)
  jajlo'
  dawn (n)
  jan
  device (n)
  jang
  answer, reply (v)
  jaq
  be bold (v)
  jar
  month (Klingon) (n)
  jat
  tongue (n)
  jatlh
  say (v)
  jav
  six (num)
  javDIch
  sixth (num)
  jaw
  chat (v)
  jaw
  lord (n)
  ja'
  tell, report (v)
  ja'chuq
  discuss, confer (v)
  je
  also, and (joining nouns) (conj)
  jech
  disguise (v)
  jegh
  surrender, give up (v)
  jeH
  be absentminded (v)
  jej
  be sharp (v)
  jen
  be high (v)
  
  jeQ
  be self-confident (v)
  jeS
  participate (v)
  jev
  storm (v)
  jey
  defeat (v)
  je'
  buy, purchase (v)
  je'
  feed (someone else) (v)
  jIb
  hair (on head) (n)
  jIH
  I, me (pro)
  jIH
  viewing screen (n)
  jIj
  cooperate (v)
  jIl
  neighbor (n)
  jInmol
  project (n)
  jIp
  penalty (n)[[p.91]]
  jIv
  be ignorant (v)
  jo
  resources (n)
  joch
  be harmful (v)
  joD
  stoop (v)
  joH
  lord (n)
  joj
  area between (n)
  jojlu'
  consul (n)
  jol
  beam (aboard) (v)
  jol
  transport beam (n)
  jolpa'
  transport room (n)
  jolvoy'
  transporter ionizer unit (n)
  jon
  capture (v)
  jonta'
  engine (n)
  jonwI'
  engineer (n)
  joq
  flap, flutter, wave (v)
  joq
  or, and/or (joining nouns) (conj)
  joqwI'
  flag (n)
  jor
  explode (v)
  jorwI'
  explosive (n)
  joS
  gossip (v)
  joS
  rumor, gossip (n)
  jot
  be calm (v)
  jotHa'
  be uneasy (v)
  jotlh
  take down (v)
  joy'
  torture (v)
  jo'
  machinery (n)
  jub
  be immortal (v)
  jubbe'
  be mortal (v)
  juH
  home (n)
  jum
  be odd (v)
  jun
  evade, take evasive action (v)
  jup
  friend (n)
  juS
  overtake, pass (v)
  juv
  measure (v)
  lab
  transmit data (away from a place) (v)
  lach
  exaggerate (v)
  laD
  read (v)
  laH
  ability (n)
  laj
  accept (v)
  laj
  acceptance (n)[[p.92]]
  lalDan
  religion (n)
  lam
  be dirty (v)
  lam
  dirt (n)
  lan
  place (v)
  lang
  be thin (v)
  laQ
  fire, energize (e.g., thrusters) (v)
  
  largh
  smell, sense odors (v)
  laSvargh
  factory (n)
  law'
  be many (v)
  lay'
  promise (v)
  la'
  commander (n)
  legh
  see (v)
  leH
  maintain (v)
  leH
  maintenance (n)
  lel
  get out, take out (v)
  leng
  roam, travel, rove (v)
  leng
  trip, voyage (n)
  lengwI'
  rover (grammatical term) (n)
  leQ
  switch (n)
  leS
  days from now (n)
  leS
  rest, relax (v)
  leSpoH
  shore leave (n)
  let
  be hard (like a rock) (v)
  le'
  be special, exceptional (v)
  lIgh
  ride (v)
  lIH
  introduce (v)
  lIj
  forget (v)
  lIm
  panic (v)
  lInDab
  espionage (n)
  lIng
  produce (v)
  lIq
  round up (v)
  lIS
  adjust (v)
  lIy
  comet (n)
  lI'
  be useful (v)
  lI'
  transmit data (to a place) (v)
  lob
  obey (v)
  lobHa'
  disobey (v)
  loch
  mustache (n)
  loD
  male, man (n)
  loDHom
  boy (n)
  loDnal
  husband (n)[[p.93]]
  loDnI'
  brother (n)
  logh
  space (n)
  loH
  administer (v)
  loH
  administration (n)
  loj
  be all gone (v)
  lojmIt
  door, gate (n)
  lolSeHcha
  attitude-control thrusters (n)
  lom
  corpse (n)
  lon
  abandon (v)
  lop
  celebrate (v)
  loQ
  slightly, a little bit (adv)
  loS
  four (num)
  loS
  wait (for) (v)
  loSDIch
  fourth (num)
  loSpev
  quadrotriticale (n)
  lot
  catastrophe (n)
  lotlh
  rebel (v)
  lotlhwI'
  rebel (n)
  loy
  guess (v)
  lo'
  use (v)
  lo'laH
  be valuable (v)
  lo'laHbe'
  be worthless (v)
  luch
  equipment, gear (n)
  lugh
  be right, correct (v)
  luH
  yank (v)
  
  luj
  fail (v)
  lulIgh
  refuge (n)
  lum
  postpone, procrastinate (v)
  lup
  second (of time) (n)
  lup
  transport (v)
  luq
  yes, okay, I will (excl)
  lur
  pupil (of eye) (n)
  lurDech
  tradition (n)
  lut
  story (n)
  lutlh
  be primitive (v)
  lu'
  yes, okay, I will (excl)
  mab
  treaty (n)
  mach
  be small (v)
  magh
  betray (v)
  maghwI'
  traitor (n)[[p.94]]
  maH
  ten (number-forming element) (num)
  maH
  we, us (pro)
  maj
  good (expressing satisfaction) (excl)
  majQa'
  well done, very good (excl)
  malja'
  business (n)
  mang
  soldier (n)
  mangghom
  army (n)
  maq
  proclaim (v)
  maS
  moon (n)
  maS
  prefer (v)
  maSwov
  moonlight (n)
  matHa'
  gunner (n)
  mavjop
  paper clip (n)
  maw
  offend (v)
  maw'
  be crazy (v)
  may
  be fair (v)
  may'
  battle (n)
  may'Duj
  battle cruiser (n)
  may'morgh
  battle array (n)
  ma'
  accommodate (v)
  meb
  guest (n)
  mech
  trade (v)
  megh
  lunch (n)
  meH
  bridge (of a ship) (n)
  mem
  catalog (n)
  mep
  plastic (n)
  meq
  reason (n)
  meq
  reason (v)
  meQ
  burn (v)
  mer
  surprise (v)
  mev
  stop, cease (v)
  mIch
  sector, zone (n)
  mID
  colony (n)
  mIgh
  be evil (v)
  mIm
  delay (v)
  mIn
  eye (n)
  mIp
  be rich (v)
  mIqta'
  machinery (n)
  mIr
  chain (n)
  mIS
  be confused, mixed up (v)
  mIS
  confusion (n)[[p.95]]
  mISmoH
  confuse (v)
  mIv
  helmet (n)
  mIy
  brag (v)
  
  mI'
  number (n)
  mob
  be alone (v)
  moch
  superior (n)
  moD
  hurry (v)
  mogh
  be frustrated (v)
  moH
  be ugly (v)
  moHaq
  prefix (n)
  moj
  become (v)
  mojaq
  suffix (n)
  mol
  bury (v)
  mol
  grave (n)
  mon
  capital (of a place) (n)
  mong
  neck (n)
  mongDech
  collar (n)
  mop
  robe (n)
  moQ
  sphere (n)
  moS
  compromise (v)
  motlh
  be usual (v)
  motlhbe'
  be unusual (v)
  moy'bI'
  slingshot (n)
  mo'
  cage (n)
  mub
  be legal (v)
  much
  present (v)
  much
  presentation (n)
  muD
  atmosphere (n)
  mugh
  translate (v)
  mughato'
  mugato (n)
  mughwI'
  translator (n)
  muH
  execute, put to death (v)
  muj
  be wrong (v)
  mul
  be stubborn (v)
  mung
  origin (n)
  mup
  impact, strike (v)
  muS
  hate, detest (v)
  mut
  be selfish (v)
  mut
  species (n)
  muv
  join (v)
  mu'
  word (n)[[p.96]]
  mu'ghom
  dictionary (n)
  mu'tay'
  vocabulary (n)
  mu'tlhegh
  sentence (n)
  nab
  plan (v)
  nach
  head (n)
  naDev
  here, hereabouts (n)
  nagh
  rock, stone (n)
  naj
  dream (v)
  nap
  be simple (v)
  nargh
  appear (v)
  naS
  be vicious (v)
  nav
  paper (n)
  nawlogh
  squadron (n)
  naw'
  access (v)
  nay
  marry (wife does this) (v)
  nay'
  course, dish (at a meal) (n)
  nech
  be lateral, move laterally (v)
  negh
  soldiers (n)
  neH
  only, merely, just (adv)
  neH
  want (v)
  neHmaH
  neutral zone (n)
  
  nej
  look for, seek, search for (v)
  nem
  years from now (n)
  nep
  lie, fib (v)
  net
  that (previous topic) (pro)
  netlh
  ten thousand (num)
  ne'
  yeoman (n)
  nIb
  be identical (v)
  nIch
  ammunition (n)
  nID
  attempt, try (v)
  nIH
  right (side) (n)
  nIH
  steal (v)
  nIHwI'
  thief (n)
  nIj
  leak (v)
  nIn
  fuel (n)
  nIQ
  breakfast (n)
  nIS
  hinder, interfere (v)
  nItlh
  finger (n)
  nIv
  be superior (v)[[p.97]]
  nIvnav
  pajamas (n)
  nI'
  be long, lengthy (duration) (v)
  nob
  gift (n)
  nob
  give (v)
  noch
  sensor (n)
  noD
  retaliate (v)
  nogh
  writhe (v)
  noH
  judge, estimate (v)
  noj
  lend (v)
  nol
  funeral (n)
  nom
  fast, quickly (adv)
  non
  be rotten (v)
  nong
  be passionate (v)
  nop
  omit (v)
  noSvagh
  deodorant (n)
  not
  never (adv)
  nov
  alien, foreigner (n)
  nov
  be foreign, alien (v)
  noy
  be famous, well known (v)
  no'
  ancestors (n)
  nub
  be suspect (v)
  nubwI'
  predecessor (n)
  nuch
  coward (n)
  nuD
  examine (v)
  nugh
  society (n)
  nuH
  weapon (n)
  nuHHom
  small arms (n)
  nuj
  mouth (n)
  num
  promote (v)
  nung
  precede (v)
  nup
  decrease (v)
  nural
  Neural (n)
  nuralngan
  Neuralese (n)
  nuq
  what? (ques)
  nuqDaq
  where? (ques)
  nuqneH
  what do you want? (greeting) (excl)
  nuQ
  annoy, bother (v)
  nur
  dignity (n)
  nuS
  ridicule (v)
  nuv
  person (humanoid) (n)[[p.98]]
  ngab
  disappear, vanish (v)
  
  ngach
  debate (v)
  ngan
  inhabitant (n)
  ngaq
  support (military term) (n)
  ngaS
  contain (have inside) (v)
  ngat
  gunpowder (n)
  ngav
  writer's cramp (n)
  ngeb
  be counterfeit, false, fake (v)
  ngech
  valley (n)
  ngeD
  be easy (v)
  ngeH
  send (v)
  ngej
  infect (v)
  ngem
  forest, woods (n)
  ngeng
  lake (n)
  ngep
  override (v)
  nger
  theory (n)
  ngev
  sell (v)
  nge'
  take away (v)
  ngIl
  dare (v)
  ngIm
  be putrid (v)
  ngIp
  borrow (v)
  ngIv
  patrol (v)
  ngoD
  fact (n)
  ngoH
  smear (v)
  ngoj
  be restless (v)
  ngong
  experiment (n)
  ngong
  experiment (v)
  ngoq
  code (n)
  ngoQ
  goal (n)
  ngor
  cheat (v)
  ngoS
  dissolve (v)
  ngotlh
  be fanatical (v)
  ngoy'
  be responsible (v)
  ngo'
  be old (not new) (v)
  ngup
  cape (clothing) (n)
  ngu'
  identify (v)
  pab
  follow (rules) (v)
  pab
  grammar (n)
  pagh
  nothing, none (n)[[p.99]]
  pagh
  or, either/or (joining sentences) (conj)
  pagh
  zero (num)
  paH
  gown (n)
  paj
  resign (v)
  paq
  book (n)
  paQDI'norgh
  teachings (n)
  par
  dislike (v)
  parHa'
  like (v)
  paSlogh
  socks (n)
  pat
  system (n)
  pav
  be urgent (v)
  paw
  arrive (v)
  paw'
  collide (v)
  pay
  regret (v)
  pay'
  suddenly (adv)
  pa'
  room (n)
  pa'
  there, over there, thereabouts (n)
  peD
  snow (v)
  pegh
  keep something secret (v)
  pegh
  secret (n)
  pej
  demolish (v)
  
  pem
  daytime (n)
  pemjep
  midday (n)
  peng
  torpedo (n)
  pep
  raise (v)
  per
  label (n)
  per
  label (v)
  pey
  acid (n)
  pe'
  cut (v)
  pIch
  blame (v)
  pIch
  fault, blame (n)
  pIgh
  ruins (n)
  pIH
  expect (v)
  pIH
  be suspicious (v)
  pIj
  often (adv)
  pIm
  be different (v)
  pIn
  boss (n)
  pIp
  spine (n)
  pIqaD
  Klingon writing system (n)
  pItlh
  done (excl)[[p.100]]
  pIv
  be healthy (v)
  pIvghor
  warp drive (n)
  pIvlob
  warp factor (n)[TKD K-E]
  pI'
  be fat (v)
  po
  morning (n)
  pob
  hair (on body) (n)
  poch
  plant (v)
  poD
  be clipped (v)
  pogh
  glove (n)
  poH
  period of time (n)
  poH
  time (v)
  poj
  analysis (n)
  poj
  analyze (v)
  pol
  keep, save (v)
  pom
  dysentery (n)
  pon
  persuade, convince (v)
  pong
  name (n)
  pong
  name, call (v)
  poq
  indigestion (n)
  poQ
  demand, require (v)
  porgh
  body (n)
  poS
  be open, opened (v)
  poS
  left (side) (n)
  poSmoH
  open (v)
  potlh
  consequential thing, something
    important (n)
  pov
  afternoon (n)
  pov
  be excellent (v)
  po'
  be expert, skilled (v)
  pub
  boil (v)
  puch
  toilet (n)
  puchpa'
  washroom (n)
  pugh
  dregs (n)
  puH
  land (n)
  puj
  be weak (v)
  pujmoH
  weaken (v)
  pujwI'
  weakling (n)
  pum
  accusation (n)
  pum
  accuse (v)
  pum
  fall (v)
  pung
  mercy (n)[[p.101]]
  
  pup
  be perfect, exact (v)
  pup
  kick (v)
  puq
  child, offspring (n)
  puqbe'
  daughter (n)
  puqloD
  son (n)
  puQ
  be fed up (v)
  puS
  be few, be several, be a handful (v)
  puS
  sight (with gunsight) (v)
  puv
  fly (v)
  puy
  wreck (v)
  puyjaq
  nova (n)
  pu'
  phaser (n)
  pu'beH
  phaser rifle (n)
  pu'beq
  phaser crew (n)
  pu'DaH
  phaser banks (n)
  pu'HIch
  phaser pistol (n)
  qab
  be bad (v)
  qab
  face (n)
  qach
  building, structure (n)
  qagh
  interrupt (v)
  qaH
  sir (n)
  qal
  be corrupt (v)
  qalmoH
  corrupt (v)
  qam
  foot (n)
  qama'
  prisoner (n)
  qan
  be old (not young) (v)
  qap
  insist (v)
  qaS
  occur, happen (v)
  qat
  wrap (v)
  qatlh
  why? (ques)
  qaw
  remember (v)
  qawHaq
  memory banks (n)
  qawmoH
  remind (v)
  qay'
  be a problem, be a hassle (v)
  qa'vam
  Genesis (n)
  qech
  idea (n)
  qeD
  vacate (v)
  qeH
  resent (v)
  qej
  be grouchy, mean (v)
  qelI'qam
  kellicam (n)[[p.102]]
  qem
  bring (v)
  qempa'
  ancestor (n)
  qeng
  carry, convey (v)
  qep
  meeting (n)
  qeq
  drill (military) (n)
  qeq
  practice, train, prepare (v)
  qeS
  advice (n)
  qeS
  advise (v)
  qet
  run, jog (v)
  qetlh
  be dull, uninteresting (v)
  qev
  crowd (v)
  qevaS
  kevas (n)
  qevpob
  cheek (n)
  qIb
  galaxy (n)
  qIbHeS
  galactic rim (n)
  qIch
  condemn (v)
  qIgh
  shortcut (n)
  qIH
  meet (for the first time) (v)
  qIj
  be black (v)
  
  qIl
  cancel (v)
  qIm
  pay attention, concentrate (v)
  qImHa'
  disregard (v)
  qIp
  hit (with hand, fist, implement) (v)
  qIQ
  mutiny (v)
  qIv
  knee (n)
  qI'
  sign (a treaty) (v)
  qoch
  partner (n)
  qogh
  belt (n)
  qoH
  fool (n)
  qoj
  cliff (n)
  qoj
  or, and/or (joining sentences) (conj)
  qon
  record (v)
  qop
  arrest (v)
  qoq
  robot (n)
  qor
  scavenge (v)
  qorDu'
  family (n)
  qotlh
  tickle (v)
  qoS
  birthday (n)
  qoy'
  plead, beg (v)
  qub
  be rare (v)
  quch
  kidnap (v)[[p.103]]
  qugh
  cruise (v)
  quHvaj
  dandruff (n)
  qul
  fire (n)
  qum
  govern (v)
  qum
  government (n)
  qun
  history (n)
  qun
  scold (v)
  qup
  elder (n)
  quprIp
  Council of Elders (n)
  quq
  happen simultaneously (v)
  qur
  be greedy (v)
  quS
  chair (n)
  qut
  crystal (geologic formation) (n)
  qu'
  be fierce (v)
  Qab
  theragen (n)
  QaD
  be dry (v)
  Qagh
  error, mistake (n)
  Qagh
  err, be mistaken, make a mistake (v)
  QaH
  help, aid (v)
  Qam
  stand (v)
  Qan
  protect (v)
  Qap
  work, function, succeed (v)
  Qapla'
  success (n)
  QaQ
  be good (v)
  Qargh
  fissure (n)
  QaS
  troops (n)
  Qat
  be popular (v)
  Qatlh
  be difficult (v)
  Qav
  be final, last (v)
  Qaw'
  destroy (n)[[(n)=>(v)]]
  Qay
  transfer (v)
  Qay'
  blow one's top (v)
  Qa'
  type of animal (n)
  Qeb
  ring (for finger) (n)
  QeD
  science (n)
  QeDpIn
  science officer (n)
  QeH
  anger (n)
  
  QeH
  be angry, mad (v)
  Qel
  doctor, physician (n)
  Qey
  be tight (v)
  QeyHa'
  be loose (v)[[p.104]]
  QeyHa'moH
  loosen (v)
  QeymoH
  tighten (v)
  Qe'
  restaurant (n)
  QIghpej
  Klingon agonizer (n)
  QIb
  shadow (n)
  QIch
  speech (vocal sounds) (n)
  QID
  wound (v)
  QIH
  damage, cause damage (v)
  QIH
  damage, destruction (n)
  QIj
  explain (v)
  QIp
  be stupid (v)
  QIt
  slowly (adv)
  QIv
  be inferior (v)
  QI'
  military (n)
  Qob
  be dangerous (v)
  Qob
  danger (n)
  Qoch
  disagree (v)
  Qochbe'
  agree (v)
  QoD
  maneuver (engines) (v)
  Qogh
  type of animal (n)
  Qoj
  make war (v)
  Qom
  experience an earthquake or tremor (v)
  QonoS
  journal, log (n)
  Qong
  sleep (v)
  Qop
  be worn out (v)
  QopmoH
  wear out (v)
  Qorgh
  take care of, care for (v)
  QoS
  be sorry (v)
  Qot
  lie, recline (v)
  Qotlh
  disable (v)
  Qoy
  hear (v)
  Qo'
  no, I won't, I refuse (excl)
  Qub
  think (v)
  Quch
  be happy (v)
  Quch
  forehead (n)
  QuchHa'
  be unhappy (v)
  QuD
  insurrection (n)
  Qugh
  disaster (n)
  Quj
  game (n)
  Quj
  play a game (v)
  Qul
  research (v)[[p.105]]
  Qum
  communicate (v)
  QumpIn
  communications officer (n)
  QumwI'
  communicator, communications
    device (n)
  Qup
  be young (v)
  QuQ
  engine (n)
  QuS
  conspiracy (n)
  QuS
  conspire (v)
  Qut
  be vulgar (v)
  Quv
  coordinates (n)
  Qu'
  duty, quest, mission, task, chore (n)
  raD
  force, compel (v)
  ragh
  decay (v)
  ral
  be violent (v)
  
  ram
  be trivial, trifling, unimportant (v)
  ram
  night (n)
  ramjep
  midnight (n)
  rap
  be the same (v)
  rar
  connect (v)
  raQ
  camp (military term) (n)
  raQpo'
  passenger (n)
  ratlh
  remain (v)
  rav
  floor (n)
  ray'
  targets (n)
  ra'
  order, command (v)
  ra'wI'
  commander (n)
  reghuluS
  Regulus (n)
  reghuluSngan
  Regulan (n)
  reghuluS
    'Iwghargh
  Regulan bloodworm (n)
  reH
  always (adv)
  reH
  play (v)
  rejmorgh
  worrywart (n)[TKD K-E]
  rep
  hour (n)
  retlh
  area beside, area next to (n)
  rewbe'
  citizen (n)
  rIgh
  be lame (v)
  rIH
  energize (v)
  rIHwI'
  energizer (n)
  rIn
  be accomplished, finished (v)[[p.106]]
  rIp
  council, assembly (n)[TKD K-E]
  rIQ
  be injured (v)
  rIQmoH
  injure (v)
  rIvSo'
  embassy (n)
  rIymuS
  Remus (n)
  ro
  trunk (of body) (n)
  roghvaH
  population (n)
  roj
  make peace (v)
  roj
  peace (n)
  rojHom
  truce (n)
  rojmab
  peace treaty (n)
  rol
  beard (n)
  rom
  accord (n)
  romuluS
  Romulus (n)
  romuluSngan
  Romulan (n)
  rop
  be sick, ill (v)
  rop
  disease (n)
  ropyaH
  infirmary (n)
  roQ
  put down (v)
  ror
  be fat (v)
  rotlh
  be tough (v)
  ro'
  fist (n)
  rugh
  antimatter (n)
  ruQ
  control manually, by hand (v)
  rup
  fine, tax (v)
  rur
  resemble (v)
  rut
  sometimes (adv)
  ruv
  justice (n)
  ru'
  be temporary (v)
  Sab
  decline, deteriorate (v)
  Sach
  expand (v)
  SaD
  thousand (num)
  Sagh
  be serious (v)
  
  SaH
  be present (not absent) (v)
  SaH
  care (about), be concerned (about) (v)
  Saj
  pet (n)
  Sal
  ascend (v)
  San
  fate (n)
  SanID
  thousand (num)
  Sang
  obliterate (v)[[p.107]]
  Sap
  volunteer (v)
  Saq
  land (v)
  Saqghom
  landing party (n)
  SaQ
  cry (v)
  Sar
  be varied, various (v)
  Sar
  variety (n)
  Satlh
  agriculture (n)
  SaS
  be horizontal (v)
  Saw
  marry (husband does this) (v)
  Say'
  be clean (v)
  Sa'
  general (rank) (n)
  Segh
  race (type, sort, class) (n)
  SeH
  control (v)
  SeHlaw
  control panel (n)
  Seng
  cause trouble (v)
  Seng
  trouble (n)
  Sep
  breed (v)
  Sep
  region (n)
  Seq
  fault (seismic) (n)
  Ser
  progress (n)
  SermanyuQ
  Sherman's Planet (n)
  SeS
  steam (n)
  Sev
  bandage (n)
  Sev
  contain (an enemy) (v)
  Sey
  be excited (v)
  SeymoH
  excite (v)
  Se'
  frequency (radio) (n)
  SIbDoH
  satellite (n)
  SIch
  reach (v)
  SID
  patient (n)
  SIgh
  influence (v)
  SIH
  bend (v)
  SIj
  slit (v)
  SIm
  calculate (v)
  SIp
  gas (n)
  SIQ
  endure, bear (v)
  SIS
  rain (v)
  SIv
  wonder (v)
  Soch
  seven (num)
  SochDIch
  seventh (num)
  SoD
  flood (n)[[p.108]]
  SoD
  flood (v)
  SoH
  you (pro)
  Sol
  quarrel (v)
  Som
  hull (n)
  Somraw
  muscle (n)
  Son
  relieve (v)
  Sop
  eat (v)
  SoQ
  be closed, shut (v)
  SoQ
  speech, lecture, address (n)
  SoQmoH
  close, shut (v)
  Sor
  tree (n)
  Sorgh
  sabotage (v)
  
  SoS
  mother (n)
  SoSnI'
  grandmother (n)
  Sot
  be distressed, be in distress (v)
  Sotlaw'
  distress call (n)
  Sov
  know (v)
  Soy'
  be clumsy (v)
  So'
  hide, cloak (v)
  So'wI'
  cloaking device (n)
  Sub
  be solid (v)
  Such
  visit (v)
  SuD
  be green, blue, yellow (v)
  SuH
  ready, standing by (excl)
  Suj
  disturb (v)
  Sun
  discipline (n)
  Sung
  native (n)
  Sup
  jump (v)
  Sup
  resource (n)
  Suq
  acquire, obtain, get (v)
  SuQ
  be toxic (v)
  Surchem
  force field (n)
  Surgh
  skin (v)
  SuS
  wind, breeze (n)
  Sut
  clothing (n)
  Sutlh
  negotiate (v)
  Suv
  fight (v)
  Suy
  merchant (n)
  SuyDuj
  merchant ship (n)
  Su'
  ready, standing by (excl)[[p.109]]
  ta
  record (n)
  tach
  bar, saloon, cocktail lounge (n)
  taD
  be frozen (v)
  taDmoH
  freeze (v)
  taH
  be at a negative angle (v)
  taj
  knife, dagger (n)
  tam
  be quiet (v)
  tam
  exchange, substitute (v)
  tammoH
  silence (v)
  taQ
  be weird (v)
  taQbang
  exhaust (n)
  tar
  poison (n)
  taS
  solution (liquid) (n)
  tat
  ion (n)
  tay
  be civilized (v)
  taymoH
  civilize (v)
  tayqeq
  civilization (n)
  tay'
  be together (v)
  ta'
  accomplish (v)
  ta'
  accomplishment (n)
  ta'
  emperor (n)
  teb
  fill (v)
  teblaw'
  jurisdiction (n)
  teH
  be true (v)
  tej
  scientist (n)
  tel
  wing (n)
  telun Hovtay'
  Tellun Star System (n)
  tem
  deny (v)
  ten
  embark (v)
  tengchaH
  space station (n)
  tep
  cargo (n)
  
  tepqengwI'
  cargo carrier (n)
  teq
  remove, take off (v)
  tera'
  Earth (n)
  tera'ngan
  Terran, Earther (n)
  tet
  melt (v)
  tev
  prize (n)
  tey'
  confide (v)
  tI
  vegetation (n)
  tIch
  insult (v)[[p.110]]
  tIgh
  custom (n)
  tIH
  ray (n)
  tIj
  board, go aboard (v)
  tIn
  be big (v)
  tIq
  be long, lengthy (of an object) (v)
  tIq
  heart (n)
  tIQ
  be ancient (v)
  tIr
  grain (n)
  tIS
  be light (weight) (v)
  tIv
  enjoy (v)
  tI'
  fix, repair (v)
  tob
  prove (v)
  toch
  palm (of hand) (n)
  toD
  save, rescue (v)
  togh
  count (v)
  toH
  so, well (excl)
  toj
  deceive, trick (v)
  tongDuj
  freighter (n)
  toplIn
  topaline (n)
  toq
  be inhabited (v)
  tor
  kneel (v)
  toS
  climb (v)
  toy'
  serve (a master) (v)
  toy'wI'
  servant (n)
  to'
  tactics (n)
  tuch
  forbid (v)
  tugh
  soon (adv)
  tuH
  be ashamed (v)
  tuH
  maneuver (military term) (n)
  tuHmoH
  shame (v)
  tuj
  be hot (v)
  tuj
  heat (n)
  tul
  hope (v)
  tum
  agency (n)
  tun
  be soft (v)
  tung
  discourage (v)
  tungHa'
  encourage (v)
  tup
  minute (of time) (n)
  tuQ
  wear (clothes) (v)
  tuQDoq
  mind sifter (Klingon psychic probe) (n)
  tuQHa'moH
  undress (v)[[p.111]]
  tuQmoH
  put on (clothes) (v)
  tut
  column (n)
  tuv
  be patient (v)
  tu'
  discover, find, observe, notice (v)
  tlhab
  be free, independent (v)
  tlhab
  freedom, independence (n)
  tlhap
  take (v)
  tlhaq
  chronometer (n)
  tlhaQ
  be funny (v)
  
  tlha'
  chase, follow (v)
  tlheD
  depart (v)
  tlhegh
  line, rope (n)
  tlhej
  accompany (v)
  tlhetlh
  progress (v)
  tlhe'
  turn (v)
  tlhIb
  be incompetent (v)
  tlhIch
  smoke (n)
  tlhIH
  you (plural) (pro)
  tlhIl
  mine (v)
  tlhIl
  mineral (n)
  tlhIlwI'
  miner (n)
  tlhIngan
  Klingon (n)
  tlhIngan wo'
  Klingon Empire (n)
  tlhIv
  be insubordinate (v)
  tlhob
  ask (v)
  tlhoch
  contradict (v)
  tlhogh
  marriage (n)
  tlhoj
  realize (v)
  tlhol
  be raw, unprocessed (v)
  tlhon
  nostril (n)
  tlhong
  barter, bargain (v)
  tlhoQ
  conglomeration (n)
  tlhov
  wheeze (v)
  tlhuch
  exhaust (v)
  tlhuH
  breath (n)
  tlhuH
  breathe (v)
  tlhup
  whisper (v)
  tlhutlh
  drink (v)
  tlhu'
  be tempted (v)
  tlhu'moH
  tempt (v)[[p.112]]
  vagh
  five (num)
  vaghDIch
  fifth (num)
  vaH
  holster (n)
  vaj
  so, then, thus, in that case (adv)
  val
  be clever, smart, intelligent (v)
  van
  salute (v)
  vang
  act, take action (v)
  vaQ
  be aggressive (v)
  vatlh
  hundred (num)
  vatlhvI'
  percent (n)
  vav
  father (n)
  vavnI'
  grandfather (n)
  vay'
  somebody, something, anybody,
    anything (n)
  veH
  boundary (n)
  vem
  wake up, cease sleeping (v)
  vemmoH
  wake (someone) up (v)
  veng
  city (n)
  vengHom
  village (n)
  veQ
  garbage (n)
  veQDuj
  garbage scow (n)
  vergh
  dock (n)
  vergh
  dock (v)
  veS
  war (n)
  vetlh
  cockroach (n)
  vIj
  thruster (n)
  vIng
  whine (v)
  vIt
  tell the truth (v)
  
  vI'
  accumulate (v)
  voDleH
  emperor (n)
  vogh
  somewhere (n)
  voHDajbo'
  ransom (n)
  volchaH
  shoulder (n)
  vong
  hypnotize (v)
  voq
  trust, have faith in (v)
  voqHa'
  distrust (v)
  voQ
  choke (v)
  vor
  cure (v)
  vo'
  propel (v)
  vub
  hostage (n)
  vuD
  opinion (n)[[p.113]]
  vul
  be unconscious (v)
  vulqan
  Vulcan (planet) (n)
  vulqangan
  Vulcan (person) (n)
  vum
  work, toil (v)
  vup
  pity (v)
  vuQ
  fascinate (v)
  vuS
  limit (v)
  vut
  cook (v)
  vutpa'
  galley (n)
  vuv
  respect (v)
  vu'
  manage (v)
  vu'wI'
  manager (n)
  wam
  hunt (v)
  wanI'
  phenomenon, event, occurrence (n)
  waq
  shoe (n)
  waQ
  obstruct (v)
  watlh
  be pure (v)
  wav
  divide (v)
  waw'
  base (military term) (n)
  wa'
  one (num)
  wa'DIch
  first (num)
  wa'Hu'
  yesterday (n)
  wa'leS
  tomorrow (n)
  wa'logh
  once (adv)
  wa'maH
  ten (num)
  wa'maHDIch
  tenth (num)
  web
  be disgraced (v)
  wegh
  confine (v)
  weH
  raid (v)
  wej
  not yet (adv)
  wej
  three (num)
  wejDIch
  third (num)
  wejpuH
  charming (used only ironically) (excl)
  wem
  violate (v)
  wem
  violation (n)
  wep
  jacket, coat (n)
  wew
  glow (v)
  wIb
  be sour (v)
  wIch
  myth (n)
  wIgh
  genius (n)[[p.114]]
  wIH
  be ruthless (v)
  wIj
  farm (v)
  wIv
  choice (n)
  wIv
  choose, select (v)
  wIy
  tactical display (n)
  woD
  throw away (v)
  
  woH
  pick up (v)
  woQ
  authority, political power (n)
  woS
  chin (n)
  wot
  verb (n)
  wov
  be light, bright (v)
  wo'
  empire (n)
  wuq
  decide (v)
  wuQ
  have a headache (v)
  wuS
  lip (n)
  wutlh
  underground (n)
  wuv
  depend on, rely on (v)
  ya
  tactical officer (n)
  yab
  mind, brain (n)
  yach
  pet, stroke (v)
  yaD
  toe (n)
  yaH
  duty station, station (n)
  yaj
  understand (v)
  yajHa'
  misinterpret (v)
  yap
  be enough, sufficient (v)
  yaS
  officer (n)
  yav
  ground (n)
  yay
  victory, triumph (n)
  yay'
  be shocked, dumbfounded (v)
  yej
  assembly, council (n)
  yem
  sin (v)
  yep
  be careful (v)
  yepHa'
  be careless (v)
  yev
  pause (v)
  yIb
  vent (n)
  yIH
  tribble (n)
  yIn
  life (n)
  yIn
  live (v)
  yInroH
  life signs (n)
  yIntagh
  life-support system (n)[[p.115]]
  yIQ
  be wet (v)
  yIt
  walk (v)
  yIv
  chew (v)
  yIvbeH
  tunic (n)
  yob
  harvest (v)
  yoD
  shield (n)
  yoD
  shield (v)
  yoH
  be brave (v)
  yoj
  judgment (n)
  yol
  conflict (n)
  yon
  be satisfied (v)
  yonmoH
  satisfy (v)
  yong
  get in (v)
  yopwaH
  pants (n)
  yoq
  humanoid (n)
  yoS
  district, area (n)
  yot
  invade (v)
  yot
  invasion (n)
  yotlh
  field (of land) (n)
  yov
  charge (military term) (v)
  yoy
  be upside down (v)
  yo'
  fleet (of ships) (n)
  yuch
  chocolate (n)
  yuD
  be dishonest (v)
  yuDHa'
  be honest (v)
  
  yupma'
  festival (n)
  yuQ
  planet (n)
  yuQHom
  planetoid (n)
  yuQjIjQa'
  United Federation of Planets (n)
  yuv
  push (v)
  yu'
  question, interrogate (v)
  yu'egh
  wave (n)
  'a
  but, nevertheless, even so, however
    (conj)
  'ach
  but, nevertheless, even so, however
    (conj)
  'aD
  vein (n)
  'ang
  show, reveal (v)
  'ar
  how many? how much? (ques)
  'argh
  worsen (v)[[p.116]]
  'av
  guard (v)
  'avwI'
  guard (n)
  'aw'
  sting (v)
  'ay'
  section (n)
  'eb
  opportunity (n)
  'eH
  ready (excl)
  'ej
  and (joining sentences) (conj)
  'ejDo'
  starship, starship class (n)
  'ejyo'
  Starfleet (n)
  'ejyo'waw'
  star base (n)
  'el
  enter, go in (v)
  'elaS
  Elas (n)
  'eng
  cloud (n)
  'er
  type of animal (n)
  'et
  fore (n)
  'etlh
  sword (n)
  'e'
  that (previous topic) (pro)
  'IH
  be beautiful, handsome (v)
  'Ij
  listen (v)
  'Il
  be sincere (v)
  'Ip
  oath (n)
  'Ip
  vow, swear (v)
  'IQ
  be sad (v)
  'ISjaH
  calendar (n)
  'It
  be depressed (v)
  'Itlh
  be advanced, highly developed (v)
  'Iv
  altitude (n)
  'Iv
  who? (ques)
  'Iw
  blood (n)
  'och
  tunnel (n)
  'ogh
  invent, devise (v)
  'oH
  it (pro)
  'oj
  be thirsty (v)
  'ol
  verify (v)
  'ong
  be cunning, sly (v)
  'orghen
  Organia (n)
  'orghen rojmab
  Organian Peace Treaty (n)
  'orghengan
  Organian (n)
  'oS
  represent (v)
  'oSwI'
  emissary (n)
  'ov
  compete (v)[[p.117]]
  'oy'
  ache, hurt, be sore (v)
  'oy'
  ache, pain, sore (n)
  'o'
  aft (n)
  
  'ugh
  be heavy (v)
  'uH
  have a hangover, be hung over (v)
  'um
  be qualified (v)
  'uQ
  dinner (n)
  'urmang
  treason (n)
  'uS
  leg (n)
  'ut
  be essential, necessary (v)
  'utlh
  officer (n)
  'uy
  press down (v)
  'uy'
  million (num)
  'u'
  universe (n)[[p.118]]
  ENGLISH-KLINGON
  abandon (v)
  lon
  ability (n)
  laH
  area, area above (n)
  Dung
  absent, be absent (v)
  Dach
  absentminded, be absent-
  jeH
    minded (v)
  abuse (n)
  ghong
  abuse (v)
  ghong
  accelerate (v)
  chung
  accept (v)
  laj
  acceptance (n)
  laj
  access (n)
  naw'
  accidentally, by accident (adv)
  bong
  accommodate (v)
  ma'
  accompany (n)
  tlhej[[(n)=>(v)]]
  accomplish (v)
  ta'
  accomplished, be accomplished,
  rIn
    finished (v)
  accomplishment (n)
  ta'
  accord (n)
  rom
  accumulate (v)
  vI'
  accusation (n)
  pum
  accuse (v)
  pum
  ache (n)
  'oy'[[p.119]]
  ache (v)
  'oy'
  achieve (v)
  chav
  achievement (n)
  chav
  acid (n)
  pey
  acquire (v)
  Suq
  act, take action (v)
  vang
  activate (a device) (v)
  chu'
  add (v)
  chel
  address, speech, lecture (n)
  SoQ
  adjust (v)
  lIS
  administer (v)
  loH
  administration (n)
  loH
  admire (v)
  Ho'
  admit (v)
  chID
  advance (v)
  Duv
  advanced, be advanced,
  'Itlh
    highly developed (v)
  adversary (n)
  ghol
  advice (n)
  qeS
  advise (v)
  qeS
  aft (n)
  'o'
  
  afternoon (n)
  pov
  agency (n)
  tum
  agent (n)
  Duy
  aggressive, be aggressive (v)
  vaQ
  agonizer, Klingon agonizer (n)
  QIghpej
  agony (n)
  bep
  agree (v)
  Qochbe'
  agriculture (n)
  Satlh
  aid (v)
  QaH
  aide (n)
  boQ
  aide-de-camp (n)
  boQDu'
  airlock (n)
  HIchDal
  alarm (n)
  ghum
  alarm, sound an alarm (v)
  ghum
  alert (n)
  ghuH
  alert (v)
  ghuHmoH
  alerted, be alerted to (v)
  ghuH
  alien (n)
  nov
  all (n)
  Hoch[[p.120]]
  all gone, be all gone (v)
  loj
  alliance (n)
  boq
  allow (v)
  chaw'
  alone, be alone (v)
  mob
  also (conj)
  je
  alter (v)
  choH
  altitude (n)
  'Iv
  always (adv)
  reH
  ammunition (n)
  nIch
  analysis (n)
  poj
  analyze (v)
  poj
  ancestor (n)
  qempa'
  ancestors (n)
  no'
  ancient, be ancient (v)
  tIQ
  and (joining nouns) (conj)
  je
  and (joining sentences) (conj)
  'ej
  anger (n)
  QeH
  angry, be angry (v)
  QeH
  animal (n)
  Ha'DIbaH
  animal: different types
  'er, Qogh, Qa'
    of animals (n)
  annoy (v)
  nuQ
  answer (v)
  jang
  antimatter (n)
  rugh
  anyone (n)
  vay'
  appear (v)
  nargh
  approach (v)
  ghoS
  area, district (n)
  yoS
  argue (v)
  ghoH
  arm (body part) (n)
  DeS
  arms (small) (n)
  nuHHom
  army (n)
  mangghom
  arrest (v)
  qop
  arrive (v)
  paw
  ascend (v)
  Sal
  ashamed, be ashamed (v)
  tuH
  ask (v)
  tlhob
  assemble, meet (v)
  ghom
  assembly (n)
  yej
  assist (v)
  boQ[[p.121]]
  asteroid (n)
  ghopDap
  
  atmosphere (n)
  muD
  attack (v)
  HIv
  attempt (v)
  nID
  attention, pay attention (v)
  qIm
  attitude-control thrusters (n)
  lolSeHcha
  authority (n)
  woQ
  baby (n)
  ghu
  back (of body) (n)
  Dub
  back (of hand) (n)
  chap
  back away from, back off (v)
  DoH
  bad, be bad (v)
  qab
  bandage (n)
  Sev
  bar, saloon, cocktail lounge (n)
  tach
  bartender (n)
  chom
  barter (v)
  tlhong
  base (military term) (n)
  waw'
  battle (n)
  may'
  battle array (n)
  may'morgh
  battle cruiser (n)
  may'Duj
  beam (aboard) (v)
  jol
  beam, transport beam (n)
  jol
  bear, endure (v)
  SIQ
  beard (n)
  rol
  beautiful, be beautiful (v)
  'IH
  become (v)
  moj
  beg, plead (v)
  qoy'
  being (nonhumanoid) (n)
  Dep
  believe (v)
  Har
  belly (n)
  chor
  below, area below (n)
  bIng
  belt (n)
  qogh
  bend (v)
  SIH
  beside, area beside (n)
  retlh
  betray (v)
  magh
  between, area between (n)
  joj
  big, be big (v)
  tIn
  birthday (n)
  qoS[[p.122]]
  bite (v)
  chop
  black, be black (v)
  qIj
  blame (n)
  pIch
  blame (v)
  pIch
  block, prevent (v)
  bot
  blood (n)
  'Iw
  blow one's top (v)
  Qay'
  blue, be blue, green, yellow (v)
  SuD
  board, go aboard (v)
  tIj
  body (n)
  porgh
  boil (v)
  pub
  bold, be bold (v)
  jaq
  bone (n)
  Hom
  book (n)
  paq
  boot (n)
  DaS
  boot spike (n)
  DaSpu'
  boring, be boring (v)
  Dal
  born, be born (v)
  bogh
  borrow (v)
  ngIp
  boss (n)
  pIn
  bother (v)
  nuQ
  boundary (n)
  veH
  
  boy (n)
  loDHom
  brag (v)
  mIy
  brain, mind (n)
  yab
  brave, be brave (v)
  yoH
  break (v)
  ghor
  break (rules) (v)
  bIv
  breakfast (n)
  nIQ
  breath (n)
  tlhuH
  breathe (v)
  tlhuH
  breed (v)
  Sep
  breeze (n)
  SuS
  bridge (of a ship) (n)
  meH
  bright, be bright, be light (v)
  wov
  bring (v)
  qem
  brother (n)
  loDnI'
  build up, take form (v)
  chen
  building (n)
  qach
  burn (v)
  meQ
  bury (v)
  mol[[p.123]]
  business (n)
  malja'
  but (conj)
  'ach, 'a
  buy (v)
  je'
  cage (n)
  mo'
  calculate (v)
  SIm
  calendar (n)
  'ISjaH
  call, name (v)
  pong
  calm, be calm (v)
  jot
  camp (military term) (n)
  raQ
  cancel (v)
  qIl
  cape (clothing) (n)
  ngup
  capital (of a place) (n)
  mon
  captain (n)
  HoD
  capture (v)
  jon
  care for, take care of (v)
  Qorgh
  care (about), be concerned
  SaH
    (about) (v)
  careful, be careful (v)
  yep
  careless, be careless (v)
  yepHa'
  cargo (n)
  tep
  cargo carrier (n)
  tepqengwI'
  carry (v)
  qeng
  catalog (n)
  mem
  catastrophe (n)
  lot
  cautious, be cautious (v)
  Hoj
  cave (n)
  DIS
  cease, stop (v)
  mev
  celebrate (v)
  lop
  center (n)
  botlh
  certainty (n)
  DIch
  chain (n)
  mIr
  chair (n)
  quS
  change (n)
  choH
  change (v)
  choH
  charge (military term) (v)
  yov
  charge (up) (v)
  Huj
  charming (used only
  wejpuH
    ironically) (excl)
  chase, follow (v)
  tlha'
  chat (v)
  jaw[[p.124]]
  
  cheat (v)
  ngor
  cheek (n)
  qevpob
  chew (v)
  yIv
  child, offspring (n)
  puq
  chin (n)
  woS
  chocolate (n)
  yuch
  choice (n)
  wIv
  choke (v)
  voQ
  choose (v)
  wIv
  chore, task (n)
  Qu'
  chronometer (n)
  tlhaq
  circle (n)
  gho
  citizen (n)
  rewbe'
  city (n)
  veng
  civilization (n)
  tayqeq
  civilize (v)
  taymoH
  civilized, be civilized (v)
  tay
  claim (territory) (v)
  DoQ
  classification (n)
  buv
  classify (v)
  buv
  clean, be clean (v)
  Say'
  clear, be clear, not obstructed (v)
  Huv
  clever, be clever (v)
  val
  cliff (n)
  qoj
  climb (v)
  toS
  clip (v)
  poDmoH
  clipped, be clipped (v)
  poD
  cloak, hide (v)
  So'
  cloaking device (n)
  So'wI'
  close in, get closer, come nearer (v) chol
  close, shut (v)
  SoQmoH
  closed, be closed, be shut (v)
  SoQ
  clothing (n)
  Sut
  cloud (n)
  'eng
  clumsy, be clumsy (v)
  Soy'
  coat (n)
  wep
  cockroach (n)
  vetlh
  cocktail lounge, bar (n)
  tach
  code (n)
  ngoq
  cold, be cold (v)
  bIr[[p.125]]
  collapse (v)
  Dej
  collar (n)
  mongDech
  collect (v)
  boS
  collide (v)
  paw'
  colony (n)
  mID
  column (n)
  tut
  come (v)
  ghoS
  come on (excl)
  Ha'
  comet (n)
  lIy
  command (v)
  ra'
  commander (n)
  la', ra'wI'
  commit a crime (v)
  HeS
  communicate (v)
  Qum
  communications officer (n)
  QumpIn
  communicator, communi-
  QumwI'
    cations device (n)
  compel (v)
  raD
  compete (v)
  'ov
  complain (v)
  bep
  comply (v)
  HeQ
  
  compromise (v)
  moS
  computer (n)
  De'wI'
  concentrate (v)
  qIm
  concentrate on, focus on,
  buS
    think only about (v)
  concern, be concerned (about),
  SaH
    care (about) (v)
  condemn (v)
  qIch
  confer (v)
  ja'chuq
  confess (v)
  DIS
  confide (v)
  tey'
  confine (v)
  wegh
  conflict (n)
  yol
  confuse (v)
  mISmoH
  confused, be confused (v)
  mIS
  confusion (n)
  mIS
  conglomeration (n)
  tlhoQ
  congratulate (v)
  Hoy'
  connect (v)
  rar
  conquer (v)
  chargh[[p.126]]
  consent (v)
  ghIb
  consequential thing, some-
  potlh
    thing important (n)
  conspiracy (n)
  QuS
  conspire (v)
  QuS
  consul (n)
  jojlu'
  contain (an enemy) (v)
  Sev
  contain (have inside) (v)
  ngaS
  contradict (v)
  tlhoch
  contribute (v)
  ghaq
  control (v)
  SeH
  control panel (n)
  SeHlaw
  convey (v)
  qeng
  convince (v)
  pon
  cook (v)
  vut
  cooperate (v)
  yeq
  coordinates (n)
  Quv
  corporal (rank) (n)
  Da'
  corpse (n)
  lom
  correct, be correct (v)
  lugh
  corrupt (v)
  qalmoH
  corrupt, be corrupt (v)
  qal
  council (n)
  yej
  Council of Elders (n)
  quprIp
  count (v)
  togh
  counterfeit, be counterfeit (v)
  ngeb
  country, countryside (n)
  Hatlh
  course, dish (at a meal) (n)
  nay'
  course, route (n)
  He
  court (n)
  bo'DIj
  court-martial (v)
  ghIpDIj
  coward (n)
  nuch
  crazy, be crazy (v)
  maw'
  credit (monetary unit) (n)
  DeQ
  crew, crewman (n)
  beq
  crime (n)
  HeS
  criminal (n)
  HeSwI'
  crowd (n)
  ghom'a'
  crowd (v)
  qev
  cruise (v)
  qugh[[p.127]]
  
  cry (v)
  SaQ
  cry out, shout, scream (v)
  jach
  crystal (geologic formation) (n)
  qut
  cunning, be cunning (v)
  'ong
  cure (v)
  vor
  custom (n)
  tIgh
  cut (v)
  pe'
  cut, trim (hair) (v)
  chIp
  dagger, knife (n)
  taj
  damage (n)
  QIH
  damage, cause damage (v)
  QIH
  dandruff (n)
  quHvaj
  danger (n)
  Qob
  dangerous, be dangerous (v)
  Qob
  dare (v)
  ngIl
  dark, be dark (v)
  Hurgh
  data (n)
  De'
  data transceiving device (n)
  HablI'
  data transmission (n)
  jabbI'ID
  daughter (n)
  puqbe'
  dawn (n)
  jajlo'
  day (from dawn to dawn) (n)
  jaj
  day after tomorrow (n)
  cha'leS
  day before yesterday (n)
  cha'Hu'
  days ago (n)
  Hu'
  days from now (n)
  leS
  daytime (n)
  pem
  debate (v)
  ngach
  decay (v)
  ragh
  deceive (v)
  toj
  decide (v)
  wuq
  decline, deteriorate (v)
  Sab
  decrease (v)
  nup
  defeat (v)
  jey
  defect (n)
  Duy'
  defect (v)
  cheH
  defective, be defective (v)
  Duy'
  defend (v)
  Hub
  defense (n)
  Hub[[p.128]]
  deflectors (n)
  begh
  delay (v)
  mIm
  demand (v)
  poQ
  demolish (v)
  pej
  Denebia (n)
  DenIbya'
  Denebian (n)
  DenIbya'ngan
  Denebian slime devil (n)
  DenIbya' Qatlh
  deny (v)
  tem
  deodorant (n)
  noSvagh
  depart (v)
  tlheD
  depend on (v)
  wuv
  depressed, be depressed (v)
  'It
  descend (v)
  ghIr
  describe (v)
  Del
  desert (n)
  Deb
  desert (v)
  choS
  deserted, be deserted,
  chIm
    empty, uninhabited (v)
  destination (n)
  ghoch
  destroy (n)
  Qaw'[[(n)=>(v)]]
  
  destruction (n)
  QIH
  deteriorate (v)
  Sab
  detest (v)
  muS
  developed, be developed
  Hach
    (e.g., civilization) (v)
  device (n)
  jan
  devise, invent (v)
  'ogh
  dictator (n)
  HI'
  dictatorship (n)
  HI'tuy
  dictionary (n)
  mu'ghom
  die (v)
  Hegh
  different, be different (v)
  pIm
  difficult, be difficult (v)
  Qatlh
  dignity (n)
  nur
  dilithium (n)
  cha'puj
  dilithium crystal (n)
  cha'pujqut
  dinner (n)
  'uQ
  diplomacy (n)
  ghar
  diplomacy, conduct diplomacy (v)
  ghar
  diplomat (n)
  gharwI'
  dirt (n)
  lam[[p.129]]
  dirt under fingernails (n)
  butlh
  dirty, be dirty (v)
  lam
  disable (v)
  Qotlh
  disagree (v)
  Qoch
  disappear (v)
  ngab
  disaster (n)
  Qugh
  discipline (n)
  Sun
  discourage (v)
  tung
  discover (v)
  tu'
  discuss (v)
  ja'chuq
  disease (n)
  rop
  disgraced, be disgraced (v)
  web
  disguise (v)
  jech
  dish, course (food) (n)
  nay'
  dishonest, be dishonest (v)
  yuD
  dislike (v)
  par
  disobey (v)
  lobHa'
  disperse, scatter (v)
  ghomHa'
  display, show (picture) (v)
  cha'
  displeased, be displeased (v)
  belHa'
  dispute (v)
  ghoH
  disregard (v)
  qImHa'
  dissolve (v)
  ngoS
  distance, range (n)
  chuq
  distress call (n)
  Sotlaw'
  distressed, be in distress (v)
  Sot
  district, area (n)
  yoS
  distrust (v)
  voqHa'
  disturb (v)
  Suj
  divide (v)
  wav
  dock (n)
  vergh
  dock (v)
  vergh
  doctor, physician (n)
  Qel
  dominate (v)
  ghatlh
  done (excl)
  pItlh
  door, gate (n)
  lojmIt
  doubt (v)
  Hon
  dread (v)
  Haj
  dream (v)
  naj
  
  dregs (n)
  pugh
  drill (military) (n)
  qeq[[p.130]]
  drink (v)
  tlhutlh
  drool (v)
  bol
  drop (v)
  chagh
  drunk, be drunk, intoxicated (v)
  chech
  dry, be dry (v)
  QaD
  duel (v)
  Hay'
  dull, be dull, uninteresting (v)
  qetlh
  dumbfounded, be dumb-
  yay'
    founded, uninteresting, shocked (v)
  duty (n)
  Qu'
  duty station, station (n)
  yaH
  dysentery (n)
  pom
  Earth (n)
  tera'
  Earther, Terran (n)
  tera'ngan
  earthquake, experience an
  Qom
    earthquake or tremor (v)
  easy, be easy (v)
  ngeD
  eat (v)
  Sop
  eavesdrop (v)
  Daq
  edge (n)
  HeH
  eight (num)
  chorgh
  eighth (num)
  chorghDIch
  Elas (n)
  'elaS
  elder (n)
  qup
  embark (v)
  ten
  embassy (n)
  rIvSo'
  emergency (n)
  chach
  emissary (n)
  Duy, 'oSwI'
  emperor (n)
  ta', voDleH
  empire (n)
  wo'
  empty, be empty, deserted,
  chIm
    uninhabited (v)
  encounter, meet (v)
  ghom
  encourage (v)
  tungHa'
  endure, bear (v)
  SIQ
  enemy (n)
  jagh
  energize (v)
  rIH
  energize, fire (e.g., thrusters) (v)
  laQ
  energizer (n)
  rIHwI'[[p.131]]
  energy beings (n)
  HoSDo'
  energy field (n)
  HoSchem
  energy, power (n)
  HoS
  engage, activate (a device) (v)
  chu'
  engine (n)
  jonta', QuQ
  engineer (n)
  jonwI'
  enjoy (v)
  tIv
  enough, be enough, be
  yap
    sufficient (v)
  enter, go in (v)
  'el
  entity (n)
  Dol
  equipment, gear (n)
  luch
  era (n)
  bov
  err, make a mistake (v)
  Qagh
  error, mistake (n)
  Qagh
  escort (v)
  Dor
  espionage (n)
  lInDab
  essential, be essential,
  'ut
  
    necessary (v)
  establish, set up (v)
  cher
  estimate, judge (v)
  noH
  ethics (n)
  ghob
  evade, take evasive action (v)
  jun
  even so (conj)
  'ach, 'a
  event, occurrence,
  wanI'
    phenomenon (n)
  everyone, everything (n)
  Hoch
  everywhere (n)
  Dat
  evil, be evil (v)
  mIgh
  exact, be exact, perfect (v)
  pup
  exaggerate (v)
  lach
  examine (v)
  nuD
  excellent, be excellent (v)
  pov
  exceptional, be exceptional,
  le'
    special (v)
  exchange, substitute (v)
  tam
  excite (v)
  SeymoH
  excited, be excited (v)
  Sey
  execute, put to death (v)
  muH
  exhaust (n)
  taQbang[[p.132]]
  exhaust (v)
  tlhuch
  exile (v)
  ghIm
  expand (v)
  Sach
  expect (v)
  pIH
  expedition (n)
  Hoq
  experiment (n)
  ngong
  experiment (v)
  ngong
  expert, be expert, skilled (v)
  po'
  explain (v)
  QIj
  explode (v)
  jor
  explosive (n)
  jorwI'
  eye (n)
  mIn
  eyebrow (n)
  Huy'
  face (n)
  qab
  fact (n)
  ngoD
  factory (n)
  laSvargh
  fail (v)
  luj
  fair, be fair (v)
  may
  trust, have faith in (v)
  voq
  fake, be fake (v)
  ngeb
  fall (v)
  pum
  false, be false (v)
  ngeb
  family (n)
  qorDu'
  famous, be famous, well known (v)
  noy
  fanatical, be fanatical (v)
  ngotlh
  far, be far, be remote (v)
  Hop
  farm (n)
  Du'
  farm (v)
  wIj
  fascinate (v)
  vuQ
  fast, quickly (adv)
  nom
  be fat (v)
  pI', ror
  fatal, be fatal (v)
  HeghmoH
  fate (n)
  San
  father (n)
  vav
  fault (seismic) (n)
  Seq
  fault, blame (n)
  pIch
  fed up, be fed up (v)
  puQ
  
  Federation (n)
  DIvI'
  Federation battle cruiser (n)
  DIvI'may'Duj[[p.133]]
  feed (someone else) (v)
  je'
  feel, touch (v)
  Hot
  female, woman (n)
  be'
  festival (n)
  yupma'
  few, be few, be several, be
  puS
    a handful (v)
  fib, lie (v)
  nep
  field (of land) (n)
  yotlh
  fierce, be fierce (v)
  qu'
  fifth (num)
  vaghDIch
  fight (v)
  Suv
  fight dirty (v)
  HIgh
  fill (v)
  teb
  final, be final, last (v)
  Qav
  find (v)
  tu'
  fine, tax (v)
  rup
  finger (n)
  nItlh
  finished, be finished,
  rIn
    accomplished (v)
  fire (n)
  qul
  fire (torpedo, rocket, missile) (v)
  baH
  fire, energize (e.g., thrusters) (v)
  laQ
  first (num)
  wa'DIch
  fissure (n)
  Qargh
  fist (n)
  ro'
  five (num)
  vagh
  fix, repair (v)
  tI'
  flag (n)
  joqwI'
  flap, flutter, wave (v)
  joq
  flee, get out (v)
  Haw'
  fleet (of ships) (n)
  yo'
  flood (n)
  SoD
  flood (v)
  SoD
  floor (n)
  rav
  flutter, flap, wave (v)
  joq
  fly (v)
  puv
  focus on, concentrate on,
  buS
    think only about (v)
  follow (a course) (v)
  ghoS
  follow (rules) (v)
  pab[[p.134]]
  follow, chase (v)
  tlha'
  fool (n)
  qoH
  foolish, be foolish,
  Dogh
    silly (v)
  foot (n)
  qam
  forbid (v)
  tuch
  force (v)
  raD
  force field (n)
  Surchem
  fore (n)
  'et
  forehead (n)
  Quch
  foreign, be foreign, alien (v)
  nov
  foreigner (n)
  nov
  forest, woods (n)
  ngem
  forget (v)
  lIj
  fortunate, be fortunate, lucky (v)
  Do'
  four (num)
  loS
  fourth (num)
  loSDIch
  free, be free, independent (v)
  tlhab
  
  freedom, independence (n)
  tlhab
  freeze (v)
  taDmoH
  freighter (n)
  tongDuj
  frequency (radio) (n)
  Se'
  friend (n)
  jup
  frozen, be frozen (v)
  taD
  frustrated, be frustrated (v)
  mogh
  fuel (n)
  nIn
  function, work, succeed (v)
  Qap
  funeral (n)
  nol
  funny, be funny (v)
  tlhaQ
  galactic rim (n)
  qIbHeS
  galaxy (n)
  qIb
  galley (n)
  vutpa'
  game (n)
  Quj
  garbage (n)
  veQ
  garbage scow (n)
  veQDuj
  gargle (v)
  ghagh
  gas (n)
  SIp
  gate (n)
  lojmIt
  gear, equipment (n)
  luch
  general (rank) (n)
  Sa'[[p.135]]
  Genesis (n)
  qa'vam
  genius (n)
  wIgh
  get (v)
  Suq
  get away from (v)
  DoH
  get in (v)
  yong
  get out, flee (v)
  Haw'
  get out, take out (v)
  lel
  get up (v)
  Hu'
  gift (n)
  nob
  girl (n)
  be'Hom
  give (v)
  nob
  give up, surrender (v)
  jegh
  glass (tumbler) (n)
  HIvje'
  glove (n)
  pogh
  glow (v)
  wew
  go (v)
  jaH
  go aboard (v)
  tIj
  go away from (v)
  ghoS
  go in (v)
  'el
  goal (n)
  ngoQ
  good (expressing satisfaction) (excl) maj
  good, be good (v)
  QaQ
  good, very good, well done
  majQa'
    (excl)
  gossip (v)
  joS
  gossip, rumor (n)
  joS
  govern (v)
  qum
  government (n)
  qum
  gown (n)
  paH
  grain (n)
  tIr
  grammar (n)
  pab
  grandfather (n)
  vavnI'
  grandmother (n)
  SoSnI'
  grave (n)
  mol
  great, be great, wonderful (v)
  Dun
  greedy, be greedy (v)
  qur
  green, be green, blue, yellow (v)
  SuD
  
  gripe (v)
  bep
  grouchy, be grouchy, mean (v)
  qej
  ground (n)
  yav
  group (n)
  ghom[[p.136]]
  guard (n)
  'avwI'
  guard (v)
  'av
  guess (v)
  loy
  guest (n)
  meb
  guide, lead (v)
  Dev
  guilty, be guilty (v)
  DIv
  gun, handgun (n)
  HIch
  gunner (n)
  baHwI',
  matHa'
  gunpowder (n)
  ngat
  hair (on body) (n)
  pob
  hair (on head) (n)
  jIb
  half (n)
  bID
  hand (n)
  ghop
  handful, be a handful, be few (v)
  puS
  handgun (n)
  HIch
  handsome, be handsome (v)
  'IH
  hang (v)
  HuS
  hangover, have a hangover,
  'uH
    be hung over (v)
  happen, occur (v)
  qaS
  happy, be happy (v)
  Quch
  hard, be hard (like a rock) (v)
  let
  harmful, be harmful (v)
  joch
  harvest (v)
  yob
  hassle, be a hassle, be a
  qay'
    problem (v)
  hate, detest (v)
  muS
  have, possess (v)
  ghaj
  he, she, him, her (pro)
  ghaH
  head (n)
  nach
  headache, have a headache (v)
  wuQ
  healthy, be healthy (v)
  pIv
  hear (v)
  Qoy
  heart (n)
  tIq
  heat (n)
  tuj
  heavy, be heavy (v)
  'ugh
  helm (n)
  Degh
  helmet (n)
  mIv[[p.137]]
  helmsman (n)
  DeghwI'
  help, aid (v)
  QaH
  her, him, she, he (pro)
  ghaH
  here, hereabouts (n)
  naDev
  hide (v)
  So'
  high, be high (v)
  jen
  hill, mountain (n)
  HuD
  him, her, he, she (pro)
  ghaH
  hinder, interfere (v)
  nIS
  history (n)
  qun
  hit (with hand, fist, implement) (v)
  qIp
  holster (n)
  vaH
  home (n)
  juH
  honest, be honest (v)
  yuDHa'
  honor (n)
  batlh
  honored, with honor (adv)
  batlh
  
  hope (v)
  tul
  horizontal, be horizontal (v)
  SaS
  hostage (n)
  vub
  hot, be hot (v)
  tuj
  hour (n)
  rep
  how many? (ques)
  'ar
  how much? (ques)
  'ar
  how? (ques)
  chay'
  however (conj)
  'ach, 'a
  hull (n)
  Som
  human (n)
  Human
  humanoid (n)
  yoq
  hundred (num)
  vatlh
  hundred thousand (num)
  bIp
  hungry, be hungry (v)
  ghung
  hunt (v)
  wam
  hurry (v)
  moD
  hurt (n)
  'oy'
  hurt (v)
  'oy'
  husband (n)
  loDnal
  hypnotize (v)
  vong
  I, me (pro)
  jIH
  ice (n)
  chuch[[p.138]]
  idea (n)
  qech
  identical, be identical (v)
  nIb
  identify (v)
  ngu'
  ignorant, be ignorant (v)
  jIv
  ill, be ill, sick (v)
  rop
  illegal, be illegal (v)
  Hat
  immortal, be immortal (v)
  jub
  impact, strike (v)
  mup
  impatient, be impatient (v)
  boH
  important thing, something
  potlh
    important (n)
  impressive, be impressive (v)
  Doj
  improve (v)
  Dub
  impulse power (n)
  Hong
  in that case, then, thus, so (adv)
  vaj
  incompetent, be incompetent (v)
  tlhIb
  increase (v)
  ghur
  independence, freedom (n)
  tlhab
  independent, be independent,
  tlhab
    free (v)
  indigestion (n)
  poq
  infect (v)
  ngej
  inferior, be inferior (v)
  QIv
  infirmary (n)
  ropyaH
  influence (v)
  SIgh
  information (n)
  De'
  inhabitant (n)
  ngan
  inhabited, be inhabited (v)
  toq
  injure (v)
  rIQmoH
  injured, be injured (v)
  rIQ
  innocent, be innocent (v)
  chun
  insist (v)
  qap
  instincts (n)
  Duj
  instruct, teach (v)
  ghojmoH
  insubordinate, be insubor-
  tlhIv
    dinate (v)
  
  insult (v)
  tIch
  insurrection (n)
  QuD
  intelligent, be intelligent (v)
  val
  intend, mean to (v)
  Hech
  intentionally, on purpose (adv)
  chIch[[p.139]]
  interesting, be interesting (v)
  Daj
  interfere (v)
  nIS
  interrogate (v)
  yu'
  interrupt (v)
  qagh
  intoxicated, be intoxicated,
  chech
    drunk (v)
  introduce (v)
  lIH
  invade (v)
  yot
  invasion (n)
  yot
  invent, devise (v)
  'ogh
  ion (n)
  tat
  irritable, be irritable (v)
  bergh
  it (pro)
  'oH
  jacket, coat (n)
  wep
  jail (n)
  bIghHa'
  jog, run (v)
  qet
  join (v)
  muv
  journal, log (n)
  QonoS
  judge, estimate (v)
  noH
  judgment (n)
  yoj
  jump (v)
  Sup
  jurisdiction (n)
  teblaw'
  just, only, merely,  (adv)
  neH
  justice (n)
  ruv
  keep, save (v)
  pol
  kellicam (n)
  quelI'qam[[quelI'qam=>qelI'qam]]
  kevas (n)
  qevaS
  kick (v)
  pup
  kidnap (v)
  quch
  kill (v)
  HoH
  Klingon (n)
  tlhIngan
  Klingon Empire (n)
  tlhIngan wo'
  Klingon writing system (n)
  pIqaD
  knee (n)
  qIv
  kneel (v)
  tor
  knife (n)
  taj
  know (v)
  Sov
  label (n)
  per[[p.140]]
  label (v)
  per
  lake (n)
  ngeng
  lame, be lame (v)
  rIgh
  land (n)
  puH
  land (v)
  Saq
  landing party (n)
  Saqghom
  language (n)
  Hol
  last, be last, final (v)
  Qav
  lateral, be lateral, move
  nech
    laterally (v)
  laugh (v)
  Hagh
  law (n)
  chut
  lazy, be lazy (v)
  buD
  lead, guide (v)
  Dev
  
  leak (v)
  nIj
  learn (v)
  ghoj
  lecture, speech (n)
  SoQ
  left (side) (n)
  poS
  left over, be left over (v)
  chuv
  leftovers (grammatical term) (n)
  chuvmey
  leg (n)
  'uS
  legal, be legal (v)
  mub
  lend (v)
  noj
  let's go (excl)
  Ha'
  lie, fib (v)
  nep
  lie, recline (v)
  Qot
  life (n)
  yIn
  life signs (n)
  yInroH
  life-support system (n)
  yIntagh
  light, be light, bright (v)
  wov
  light (weight), be light (v)
  tIS
  like (v)
  parHa'
  limit (v)
  vuS
  line, rope (n)
  tlhegh
  lip (n)
  wuS
  liquor (n)
  HIq
  listen (v)
  'Ij
  live (v)
  yIn
  log, journal (n)
  QonoS
  long, be long, lengthy
  nI'
    (duration) (v)[[p.141]]
  long, be long, lengthy (of an
  tIq
    object) (v)
  look for, seek, search for (v)
  nej
  loose, be loose (v)
  QeyHa'
  loosen (v)
  QeyHa'moH
  lord (n)
  jaw, joH
  love, one who is loved (n)
  bang
  luckily, with luck (adv)
  Do'
  lucky, be lucky, fortunate,  (v)
  Do'
  lunch (n)
  megh
  machinery (n)
  jo', mIqta'
  mad, be mad (v)
  QeH
  maintain (v)
  leH
  maintenance (n)
  leH
  male, man (n)
  loD
  man (n)
  loD
  manage (v)
  vu'
  manager (n)
  vu'wI'
  maneuver (engines) (v)
  QoD
  maneuver (military term) (n)
  tuH
  manual, control manually, by
  ruQ
    hand (v)
  manuscript (n)
  ghItlh
  many, be many, numerous (v)
  law'
  marriage (n)
  tlhogh
  marry (husband does this) (v)
  Saw
  marry (wife does this) (v)
  nay
  matter (n)
  Hap
  me, I (pro)
  jIH
  mean, be mean (v)
  qej
  mean to, intend (v)
  Hech
  measure (v)
  juv
  
  medicine (n)
  Hergh
  meet (for the first time) (v)
  qIH
  meet, encounter, assemble (v)
  ghom
  meeting (n)
  qep
  melt (v)
  tet
  memory banks (n)
  qawHaq
  menu (n)
  HIDjolev
  merchant (n)
  Suy[[p.142]]
  merchant ship (n)
  SuyDuj
  mercy (n)
  pung
  merely, just, only (adv)
  neH
  messy, be messy, sloppy (v)
  ghIH
  metal (n)
  baS
  meteor (n)
  chunDab
  midday (n)
  pemjep
  middle, center (n)
  botlh
  midnight (n)
  ramjep
  midnight snack (n)
  ghem
  military (n)
  QI'
  million (num)
  'uy'
  mind, brain (n)
  yab
  mind sifter (Klingon psychic
  tuQDoq
    probe) (n)
  mine (v)
  tlhIl
  miner (n)
  tlhIlwI'
  mineral (n)
  tlhIl
  minute (of time) (n)
  tup
  misinterpret (v)
  yajHa'
  mission, quest, duty (n)
  Qu'
  mistake, err, be mistaken,
  Qagh
    make a mistake (v)
  mistake, error (n)
  Qagh
  mix (v)
  DuD
  mixed up, be mixed up, be con-
  mIS
    fused (v)
  module (n)
  bobcho'
  money (n)
  Huch
  month (Klingon) (n)
  jar
  moon (n)
  maS
  moonlight (n)
  maSwov
  morning (n)
  po
  mortal, be mortal (v)
  jubbe'
  mother (n)
  SoS
  mountain, hill (n)
  HuD
  mouth (n)
  nuj
  mugato (n)
  mughato'
  murder (v)
  chot
  muscle (n)
  Somraw
  mustache (n)
  loch[[p.143]]
  mutiny (v)
  qIQ
  myth (n)
  wIch
  nacelle (n)
  HanDogh
  nag (v)
  boj
  name (n)
  pong
  name (v)
  pong
  nap (v)
  Dum
  native (n)
  Sung
  navigate (v)
  chIj
  navigator (n)
  chIjwI'
  necessary, be necessary,
  'ut
  
    essential (v)
  neck (n)
  mong
  necklace (n)
  ghIgh
  negative (angle), be at a
  taH
    negative angle (v)
  negotiate (v)
  Sutlh
  neighbor (n)
  jIl
  nervous, be nervous (v)
  bIt
  Neural (n)
  nural
  Neuralese (n)
  nuralngan
  neutral zone (n)
  neHmaH
  never (adv)
  not
  nevertheless (conj)
  'ach, 'a
  new, be new (v)
  chu'
  next to, area next to (n)
  retlh
  night (n)
  ram
  nine (num)
  Hut
  ninth (num)
  HutDIch
  no (answer to a question) (excl)
  ghobe'
  no, I won't, I refuse (excl)
  Qo'
  nobility (n)
  chuQun
  noisy, be noisy (v)
  chuS
  nothing, none (n)
  pagh
  nonsense (n)
  Dap
  nose (n)
  ghIch
  nostril (n)
  tlhon
  not yet (adv)
  wej
  nothing, none (n)
  pagh
  notice (v)
  tu'
  noun (n)
  DIp[[p.144]]
  nova (n)
  puyjaq
  now (adv)
  DaH
  number (n)
  mI'
  numerous, be numerous (v)
  law'
  oath (n)
  'Ip
  obey (v)
  lob
  object (v)
  bep
  obliterate (v)
  Sang
  observe (v)
  tu'
  obstruct (v)
  waQ
  obtain (v)
  Suq
  occupy (military term) (v)
  Dan
  occur, happen (v)
  qaS
  occurrence, event,
  wanI'
    phenomenon (n)
  ocean (n)
  bIQ'a'
  odd, be odd (v)
  jum
  offend (v)
  maw
  officer (n)
  yaS, 'utlh
  offspring, child (n)
  puq
  often (adv)
  pIj
  okay, yes, I will (excl)
  luq, lu'
  old, be old (not new) (v)
  ngo'
  old, be old (not young) (v)
  qan
  omit (v)
  nop
  once (adv)
  wa'logh
  one (num)
  wa'
  only, merely, just (adv)
  neH
  onward, go onward, proceed (v)
  ghoS
  
  open (v)
  poSmoH
  open, be open, opened (v)
  poS
  opinion (n)
  vuD
  opponent, adversary (n)
  ghol
  opportunity (n)
  'eb
  option, possibility (n)
  DuH
  or, and/or (joining nouns) (conj)
  joq
  or, and/or (joining sentences)
  qoj
    (conj)
  or, either/or (joining nouns)
  ghap
    (conj)[[p.145]]
  or, either/or (joining sen-
  pagh
    tences) (conj)
  orange, be orange, red (v)
  Doq
  orbit (v)
  bav
  order, command (v)
  ra'
  Organia (n)
  'orghenya'
  Organian (n)
  'orghenya'ngan
  Organian Peace Treaty (n)
  'orghenya'
  rojmab
  organization, federation (n)
  DIvI'
  origin (n)
  mung
  outside (n)
  Hur
  overhead, area overhead (n)
  Dung
  override (v)
  ngep
  overtake, pass (v)
  juS
  pain (n)
  'oy'
  pajamas (n)
  nIvnav
  palm (of hand) (n)
  toch
  panic (v)
  lIm
  pants (n)
  yopwaH
  paper (n)
  nav
  paper clip (n)
  mavjop
  parallel, be parallel, go
  Don
    parallel to (v)
  parallel course (n)
  HeDon
  participate (v)
  jeS
  partner (n)
  qoch
  party, group (n)
  ghom
  pass (v)
  juS
  passenger (n)
  raQpo'
  passionate, be passionate
  nong
    (v)
  patient (n)
  SID
  patient, be patient (v)
  tuv
  patrol (v)
  ngIv
  pay attention (v)
  qIm
  pause (v)
  yev
  pay for (v)
  DIl
  peace (n)
  roj
  peace, make peace (v)
  roj[[p.146]]
  peace treaty (n)
  rojmab
  penalty (n)
  jIp
  percent (n)
  vatlhvI'
  perfect, be perfect, exact (v)
  pup
  perhaps (adv)
  chaq
  permit (n)
  chaw'
  allow, permit (v)
  chaw'
  person (humanoid) (n)
  ghot, nuv
  
  persuade (v)
  pon
  pet (n)
  Saj
  pet, stroke (v)
  yach
  phaser (n)
  pu'
  phaser banks (n)
  pu'DaH
  phaser crew (n)
  pu'beq
  phaser pistol (n)
  pu'HIch
  phaser rifle (n)
  pu'beH
  phenomenon, event,
  wanI'
     occurrence (n)
  physician, doctor (n)
  Qel
  pick up (v)
  woH
  pickle (cucumber) (n)
  Hurgh
  pity (v)
  vup
  place (v)
  lan
  plan (v)
  nab
  planet (n)
  yuQ
  planetoid (n)
  yuQHom
  plant (v)
  poch
  plastic (n)
  mep
  play (v)
  reH
  play a game (v)
  Quj
  plead, beg (v)
  qoy'
  pleased, be pleased (v)
  bel
  pleasure (n)
  bel
  poison (n)
  tar
  ponytail (n)
  DaQ
  ponytail holder (n)
  choljaH
  popular, be popular (v)
  Qat
  population (n)
  roghvaH
  possess, have (v)
  ghaj
  possibility, option (n)
  DuH
  possible, be possible (v)
  DuH[[p.147]]
  postpone (v)
  lum
  power (political) (n)
  woQ
  power, energy (n)
  HoS
  powerful, be powerful (v)
  HoSghaj
  practice, train, prepare (v)
  qeq
  precede (v)
  nung
  predecessor (n)
  nubwI'
  prefer (v)
  maS
  prefix (n)
  moHaq
  prepare for, be alerted to (v)
  ghuH
  prepare, train, practice (v)
  qeq
  prepared, be prepared (to
  ghuS
    launch) (v)
  present (v)
  much
  present, be present (not
  SaH
    absent) (v)
  presentation (n)
  much
  preserve (v)
  choq
  press down (v)
  'uy
  prevent, block (v)
  bot
  primitive, be primitive (v)
  lutlh
  prison, jail (n)
  bIghHa'
  prisoner (n)
  qama'
  privilege (n)
  DIb
  prize (n)
  tev
  problem, be a problem, be
  qay'
    a hassle (v)
  
  proceed on a course, go
  ghoS
    onward (v)
  proclaim (v)
  maq
  procrastinate (v)
  lum
  produce (v)
  lIng
  program (a computer) (v)
  ghun
  progress (n)
  Ser
  progress (v)
  tlhetlh
  prohibit (v)
  bot
  project (n)
  jInmol
  project, put on (screen) (v)
  Hotlh
  promise (v)
  lay'
  promote (v)
  num
  propel (v)
  vo'[[p.148]]
  prosper, be prosperous (v)
  chep
  protect (v)
  Qan
  proud, be proud (v)
  Hem
  prove (v)
  tob
  punish (v)
  Hup
  pupil (of eye) (n)
  lur
  purchase (v)
  je'
  pure, be pure (v)
  watlh
  purposely, on purpose,
  chIch
    intentionally (adv)
  push (v)
  yuv
  put down (v)
  roQ
  put on (clothes) (v)
  tuQmoH
  put on (screen), project (v)
  Hotlh
  putrid, be putrid (v)
  ngIm
  quadrotriticale (n)
  loSpev
  qualified, be qualified (v)
  'um
  quarrel (v)
  Sol
  quest (n)
  Qu'
  question, interrogate (v)
  yu'
  quickly (adv)
  nom
  quiet, be quiet (v)
  tam
  quit (v)
  bup
  race (type, sort, class) (n)
  Segh
  radan (crude dilithium
  Dom
    crystal) (n)
  raid (v)
  weH
  rain (v)
  SIS
  raise (v)
  pep
  range, distance (n)
  chuq
  ransom (n)
  voHDajbo'
  rare, be rare (v)
  qub
  raw, be raw, unprocessed (v)
  tlhol
  ray (n)
  tIH
  reach (v)
  SIch
  read (v)
  laD
  ready (excl)
  'eH
  ready, standing by (excl)
  SuH, Su'
  realize (v)
  tlhoj[[p.149]]
  reason (n)
  meq
  reason (v)
  meq
  rebel (n)
  lotlhwI'
  rebel (v)
  lotlh
  receive (v)
  Hev
  
  recline, lie (v)
  Qot
  recognize (v)
  ghov
  recommend, suggest (v)
  chup
  record (n)
  ta
  record (v)
  qon
  red, be red, orange (v)
  Doq
  refuge (n)
  lulIgh
  refuse, I refuse (excl)
  Qo'
  region (n)
  Sep
  regret (v)
  pay
  Regulan (n)
  reghuluSngan
  Regulan bloodworm (n)
  reghuluS 'Iwghargh
  Regulus (n)
  reghuluS
  reign, rule (v)
  che'
  relax, rest (v)
  leS
  relieve (v)
  Son
  religion (n)
  lalDan
  rely on (v)
  wuv
  remain (v)
  ratlh
  remember (v)
  qaw
  remind (v)
  qawmoH
  remote, be remote, far (v)
  Hop
  remove, take off (v)
  teq
  Remus (n)
  rIymuS
  rendezvous (v)
  ghom
  repair (v)
  tI'
  reply (v)
  jang
  report, tell (v)
  ja'
  represent (v)
  'oS
  require (v)
  poQ
  rescue (v)
  toD
  research (v)
  Qul
  resemble (v)
  rur
  resent (v)
  qeH
  resign (v)
  paj
  resource (n)
  Sup[[p.150]]
  resources (n)
  jo
  respect (v)
  vuv
  responsible, be responsible (v)
  ngoy'
  rest, relax (v)
  leS
  restaurant (n)
  Qe'
  restless, be restless (v)
  ngoj
  retaliate (v)
  noD
  retreat (v)
  HeD
  return (v)
  chegh
  reveal, show (v)
  'ang
  revenge (n)
  bortaS
  revolt (v)
  Daw'
  revolt, revolution (n)
  Daw'
  rich, be rich (v)
  mIp
  ride (v)
  lIgh
  ridicule (v)
  nuS
  rifle (n)
  beH
  right (side) (n)
  nIH
  right, be right, correct (v)
  lugh
  ring (for finger) (n)
  Qeb
  river (n)
  bIQtIq
  roam, travel, rove (v)
  leng
  rob (v)
  Hej
  robe (n)
  mop
  
  robot (n)
  qoq
  rock, stone (n)
  nagh
  Romulan (n)
  romuluSngan
  Romulus (n)
  romuluS
  room (n)
  pa'
  rope, line (n)
  tlhegh
  rotten, be rotten (v)
  non
  rough, be rough (v)
  ghegh
  round up (v)
  lIq
  route, course (n)
  He
  rove, roam, travel (v)
  leng
  rover (grammatical term) (n)
  lengwI'
  rude, be rude (v)
  Doch
  ruins (n)
  pIgh
  rule, reign, run (v)
  che'
  rumor, gossip (n)
  joS
  run, jog (v)
  qet[[p.151]]
  run, rule (v)
  che'
  ruthless, be ruthless (v)
  wIH
  sabotage (v)
  Sorgh
  saccharin (n)
  HaQchor
  sad, be sad (v)
  'IQ
  saloon, bar (n)
  tach
  salute (v)
  van
  same, be the same (v)
  rap
  satellite (n)
  SIbDoH
  satisfied, be satisfied (v)
  yon
  satisfy (v)
  yonmoH
  save, keep (v)
  pol
  save, rescue (v)
  toD
  scan (v)
  Hotlh
  scanner (n)
  HotlhwI'
  scare (v)
  ghIj
  scatter, disperse (v)
  ghomHa'
  scavenge (v)
  qor
  school (n)
  DuSaQ
  science (n)
  QeD
  science officer (n)
  QeDpIn
  scientist (n)
  tej
  scold (v)
  qun
  scream, cry out, shout (v)
  jach
  screen, viewing screen (n)
  jIH
  search for, seek, look for (v)
  nej
  second (num)
  cha'DIch
  second (of time) (n)
  lup
  secret (n)
  pegh
  secret, keep something secret (v)
  pegh
  section (n)
  'ay'
  sector, zone (n)
  mIch
  security (n)
  Hung
  see (v)
  legh
  seek, search for (v)
  nej
  select (v)
  wIv
  self-confident, be self-confident (v) jeQ
  selfish, be selfish (v)
  mut
  sell (v)
  ngev
  send (v)
  ngeH[[p.152]]
  sensor (n)
  noch
  sentence (n)
  mu'tlhegh
  
  separate (v)
  chev
  sergeant (n)
  bu'
  serious, be serious (v)
  Sagh
  serpent, worm (n)
  ghargh
  servant (n)
  toy'wI'
  serve (a master) (v)
  toy'
  serve (food) (v)
  jab
  set up, establish (v)
  cher
  seven (num)
  Soch
  seventh (num)
  SochDIch
  several, be several (v)
  puS
  shadow (n)
  QIb
  shame (v)
  tuHmoH
  sharp, be sharp (v)
  jej
  she, he, her, him (pro)
  ghaH
  Sherman's Planet (n)
  SermanyuQ
  shield (n)
  yoD
  shield (v)
  yoD
  shine, be shiny (v)
  boch
  ship, vessel (n)
  Duj
  shocked, be shocked, dumbfounded
  yay'
    (v)
  shoe (n)
  waq
  shoot (v)
  bach
  shore leave (n)
  leSpoH
  shortcut (n)
  qIgh
  shot (n)
  bach
  shoulder (n)
  volchaH
  shout, scream, cry out (v)
  jach
  show, display (picture) (v)
  cha'
  show, reveal (v)
  'ang
  shut (v)
  SoQmoH
  shut, be shut (v)
  SoQ
  sick, be sick, ill (v)
  rop
  side (n)
  Dop
  sight (with gunsight) (v)
  puS
  sign (a treaty) (v)
  qI'
  silence (v)
  tammoH
  silly, be silly (v)
  Dogh[[p.153]]
  simple, be simple (v)
  nap
  simultaneous, happen simultaneously
  quq
    (v)
  sin (v)
  yem
  sincere, be sincere (v)
  'Il
  sir (n)
  qaH
  sister (n)
  be'nI'
  sit (v)
  ba'
  situation (n)
  ghu'
  six (num)
  jav
  sixth (num)
  javDIch
  skilled, be skilled (v)
  po'
  skin (n)
  DIr
  skin (v)
  Surgh
  sky (n)
  chal
  sleep (v)
  Qong
  slightly, a little bit (adv)
  loQ
  slingshot (n)
  moy'bI'
  slit (v)
  SIj
  sloppy, be sloppy, messy (v)
  ghIH
  slowly (adv)
  QIt
  
  sly, be sly (v)
  'ong
  small, be small (v)
  mach
  smart, be smart (v)
  val
  smear (v)
  ngoH
  smell, emit odor (v)
  He'
  smell, sense odors (v)
  largh
  smoke (n)
  tlhIch
  smooth, be smooth (v)
  Hab
  snow (v)
  peD
  so, then, thus, in that case (adv)
  vaj
  so, well (excl)
  toH
  society (n)
  nugh
  socks (n)
  paSlogh
  soft, be soft (v)
  tun
  soldier (n)
  mang
  soldiers (n)
  negh
  solid, be solid (v)
  Sub
  solution (liquid) (n)
  taS
  somebody, something, anybody,
  vay'
    anything (n)[[p.154]]
  sometimes (adv)
  rut
  somewhere (n)
  vogh
  son (n)
  puqloD
  soon (adv)
  tugh
  sore (n)
  'oy'
  sore, be sore (v)
  'oy'
  sorry, be sorry (v)
  QoS
  sour, be sour (v)
  wIb
  source (n)
  Hal
  space (n)
  logh
  space station (n)
  tengchaH
  speak (v)
  jatlh
  special, be special, exceptional (v)
  le'
  species (n)
  mut
  specimen (n)
  chovnatlh
  speech (vocal sounds) (n)
  QIch
  speech, lecture, address (n)
  SoQ
  sphere (n)
  moQ
  spin (v)
  DIng
  spine (n)
  pIp
  spy (n)
  ghoqwI'
  spy (v)
  ghoq
  squadron (n)
  nawlogh
  stab (v)
  DuQ
  stand (v)
  Qam
  standing by, ready (excl)
  SuH, Su'
  star (n)
  Hov
  star base (n)
  'ejyo'waw'
  star system (n)
  Hovtay'
  Starfleet (n)
  'ejyo'
  starship, starship class (n)
  'ejDo'
  station, duty station (n)
  yaH
  status (n)
  Dotlh
  steal (v)
  nIH
  steam (n)
  SeS
  step on (v)
  gho'
  sticky, be sticky (v)
  Hum
  sting (v)
  'aw'
  stink (v)
  He'So'
  stomach (n)
  burgh
  
  stone, rock (n)
  nagh[[p.155]]
  stoop (v)
  joD
  stop, cease (v)
  mev
  storm (v)
  jev
  story (n)
  lut
  strange, be strange (v)
  Huj
  strategy (n)
  Dup
  strength (n)
  HoS
  strike, impact (v)
  mup
  stroke, pet (v)
  yach
  strong, be strong (v)
  HoS
  structure, building (n)
  qach
  stubborn, be stubborn (v)
  mul
  student (n)
  ghojwI'
  study (v)
  HaD
  stuff (v)
  ghoD
  stupid, be stupid (v)
  QIp
  sublight speed (n)
  gho'Do
  substitute (v)
  tam
  succeed, work, function (v)
  Qap
  success (n)
  Qapla'
  suddenly (adv)
  pay'
  suffer (v)
  bech
  sufficient, be sufficient (v)
  yap
  suffix (n)
  mojaQ
  suggest, recommend (v)
  chup
  suicide, commit suicide (v)
  HoH'egh
  superior (n)
  moch
  superior, be superior (v)
  nIv
  support (military term) (n)
  ngaq
  surface (of a planet) (n)
  ghor
  surgery (n)
  Haq
  surprise (v)
  mer
  surrender, give up (v)
  jegh
  surround (v)
  Dech
  suspect, be suspect (v)
  nub
  suspicious, be suspicious (v)
  pIH
  swallow (v)
  ghup
  swear, vow (v)
  'Ip
  switch (n)
  leQ
  sword (n)
  'etlh
  system (n)
  pat[[p.156]]
  tactical display (n)
  wIy
  tactical officer (n)
  ya
  tactics (n)
  to'
  take (v)
  tlhap
  take action (v)
  vang
  take away (v)
  nge'
  take care of, care for (v)
  Qorgh
  take down (v)
  jotlh
  take form, build up (v)
  chen
  take off, remove (v)
  teq
  take out, get out (v)
  lel
  target (n)
  DoS
  targets (n)
  ray'
  task, chore (n)
  Qu'
  tax (v)
  rup
  teach, instruct (v)
  ghojmoH
  teachings (n)
  paQDI'norgh
  
  technician (n)
  chamwI'
  tell, report (v)
  ja'
  Tellun Star System (n)
  telun Hovtay'
  temperature (n)
  Hat
  temple (structure) (n)
  chIrgh
  temporary, be temporary (v)
  ru'
  tempt (v)
  tlhu'moH
  tempted, be tempted (v)
  tlhu'
  ten (combining form) (num)
  maH
  ten (num)
  wa'maH
  ten thousand (num)
  netlh
  tenth (num)
  wa'maHDIch
  Terran (n)
  tera'ngan
  that (previous topic) (pro)
  'e', net
  them, they (capable of using language)chaH
    (pro)
  them, they (incapable of language)
  bIH
    (pro)
  then, thus, in that case, so (adv)
  vaj
  theory (n)
  nger
  theragen (n)
  Qab
  there, over there, thereabouts (n)
  pa'
  they, them (capable of using language)chaH
    (pro)[[p.157]]
  they, them (incapable of language)
  bIH
    (pro)
  thief (n)
  nIHwI'
  thin, be thin (v)
  lang
  thing (n)
  Doch
  think (v)
  Qub
  think only about, concentrate on,
  buS
    focus on (v)
  third (num)
  wejDIch
  thirsty, be thirsty (v)
  'oj
  thousand (num)
  SaD, SanID
  threaten (v)
  buQ
  three (num)
  wej
  throat (n)
  Hugh
  throw away (v)
  woD
  thrust (v)
  ghoS
  thruster (n)
  vIj
  thrusters (n)
  chuyDaH
  thus, so, in that case (adv)
  vaj
  tickle (v)
  qotlh
  tight, be tight (v)
  Qey
  tighten (v)
  QeymoH
  time (v)
  poH
  time, period of time (n)
  poH
  tired, be tired (v)
  Doy'
  toe (n)
  yaD
  together, be together (v)
  tay'
  toilet (n)
  puch
  tolerate (v)
  chergh
  tomorrow (n)
  wa'leS
  tongue (n)
  jat
  tooth (n)
  Ho'
  toothache (n)
  Ho''oy'
  topaline (n)
  toplIn
  torpedo (n)
  peng
  torpedoes (n)
  cha
  
  torpedo tube (n)
  chetvI', DuS
  torture (v)
  joy'
  touch, feel (v)
  Hot
  tough, be tough (v)
  rotlh
  toxic, be toxic (v)
  SuQ[[p.158]]
  trade (v)
  mech
  tradition (n)
  lurDech
  train, prepare (v)
  qeq
  traitor (n)
  maghwI'
  transact (v)
  Huq
  transceiving device (for data) (n)
  HablI'
  transfer (v)
  Qay
  translate (v)
  mugh
  translator (n)
  mughwI'
  transmission (of data) (n)
  jabbI'ID
  transmit data (to a place) (v)
  lI'
  transmit data (away from a place) (v) lab
  transport (v)
  lup
  transport beam (n)
  jol
  transport room (n)
  jolpa'
  transporter ionizer unit (n)
  jolvoy'
  travel, roam (v)
  leng
  treason (n)
  'urmang
  treaty (n)
  mab
  tree (n)
  Sor
  tremor, experience a tremor (v)
  Qom
  tribble (n)
  yIH
  trick (v)
  toj
  tricorder (n)
  Hoqra'
  trifling, be trifling, trivial,
  ram
    unimportant (v)
  trillium (n)
  DIlyum
  trim (hair) (v)
  chIp
  trip (n)
  leng
  triumph, victory (n)
  yay
  trivial, be trivial, trifling,
  ram
    unimportant (v)
  troops (n)
  QaS
  trouble (n)
  Seng
  trouble, cause trouble (v)
  Seng
  Troyius (n)
  Doy'yuS
  truce (n)
  rojHom
  true, be true (v)
  teH
  trunk (of body) (n)
  ro
  trust, have faith in (v)
  voq
  truth, tell the truth (v)
  vIt[[p.159]]
  try (v)
  nID
  tube, torpedo tube (n)
  chetvI', DuS
  tunic (n)
  yIvbeH
  tunnel (n)
  'och
  turn (v)
  tlhe'
  twice (adv)
  cha'logh
  twilight (n)
  choS
  two (num)
  cha'
  ugly, be ugly (v)
  moH
  unconditional surrender (n)
  Doghjey
  unconscious, be unconscious (v)
  vul
  under, area under (n)
  bIng
  underground (n)
  wutlh
  
  understand (v)
  yaj
  undress (v)
  tuQHa'moH
  uneasy, be uneasy (v)
  bIt, jotHa'
  unhappy, be unhappy (v)
  QuchHa'
  uniform (n)
  HIp
  unimportant, be unimportant,
  ram
    trivial (v)
  uninhabited, be uninhabited, empty,
  chIm
    deserted (v)
  uninteresting, be uninteresting (v)
  qetlh
  United Federation of Planets (n)
  yuQjIjDIvI'
  universe (n)
  'u'
  unprocessed, be unprocessed, raw (v)
  tlhol
  unusual, be unusual (v)
  motlhbe'
  upside down, be upside down (v)
  yoy
  urgent, be urgent (v)
  pav
  us, we (pro)
  maH
  use (v)
  lo'
  useful, be useful (v)
  lI'
  usual, be usual (v)
  motlh
  vacate (v)
  qeD
  vacation, take a vacation (v)
  ghIQ
  valley (n)
  ngech
  valuable, be valuable (v)
  lo'laH
  vanish (v)
  ngab
  variety (n)
  Sar[[p.160]]
  various, be varied (v)
  Sar
  vegetation (n)
  tI
  vein (n)
  'aD
  velocity (n)
  Do
  vent (n)
  yIb
  verb (n)
  wot
  verify (v)
  'ol
  vertical, be vertical (v)
  chong
  vessel, ship (n)
  Duj
  vicious, be vicious (v)
  naS
  victory, triumph (n)
  yay
  viewing screen (n)
  jIH
  violent, be violent (v)
  ral
  visit (v)
  Such
  visual display (n)
  HaSta
  vocabulary (n)
  mu'tay'
  voice (n)
  ghogh
  volunteer (v)
  Sap
  vow, swear (v)
  'Ip
  voyage (n)
  leng
  Vulcan (person) (n)
  vulqangan
  Vulcan (planet) (n)
  vulqan
  vulgar, be vulgar (v)
  Qut
  wait (for) (v)
  loS
  wake (someone) up (v)
  vemmoH
  wake up, cease sleeping (v)
  vem
  walk (v)
  yIt
  want (v)
  neH
  war (n)
  veS
  warn (v)
  ghuHmoH
  warp drive (n)
  pIvghor
  washroom (n)
  puchpa'
  
  watch (v)
  bej
  water (n)
  bIQ
  wave, flap, flutter (v)
  joq
  we, us (pro)
  maH
  weak, be weak (v)
  puj
  weapon (n)
  nuH
  wear (clothes) (v)
  tuQ
  week (Klingon) (n)
  Hogh[[p.161]]
  well done, very good (excl)
  majQa'
  well, so (excl)
  toH
  what do you want? (greeting) (excl)
  nuqneH
  what? (ques)
  nuq
  when? (ques)
  ghorgh
  where? (ques)
  nuqDaq
  white, be white (v)
  chIS
  who? (ques)
  'Iv
  why? (ques)
  qatlh
  wife (n)
  be'nal
  wind, breeze (n)
  SuS
  woman (n)
  be'
  won't, I won't, I refuse (excl)
  Qo'
  wonderful, be wonderful, great (v)
  Dun
  woods, forest (n)
  ngem
  word (n)
  mu'
  work, function (v)
  Qap
  work, toil (v)
  vum
  worm, serpent (n)
  ghargh
  worsen (v)
  'argh
  worthless, be worthless (v)
  lo'laHbe'
  write (v)
  ghItlh
  writing system, Klingon writing
    system (n)
  pIqaD
  yawn (v)
  Hob
  year (Klingon) (n)
  DIS
  years ago (n)
  ben
  years from now (n)
  nem
  yellow, be yellow, blue, green (v)
  SuD
  yes, okay, I will (excl)
  luq, lu'
  yes, true (answer to yes/no question) HIja', HISlaH
    (excl)
  yesterday (n)
  wa'Hu'
  you (plural) (pro)
  tlhIH
  you (pro)
  SoH
  young, be young (v)
  Qup
  zero (num)
  pagh
  zone, sector (n)
  mIch[[p.162]]
  KLINGON AFFIXES
  1. Noun suffixes
  Numbers indicate suffix type.
      -chaj   4  their
      -Daj    4  his/her
      -Daq    5  locative
  
      -Du'    2  plural (body part)
      -Hey    3  apparent
      -Hom    1  diminutive
      -lIj    4  your
      -II'    4  your (noun capable of using language)
      -maj    4  our
      -ma'    4  our (noun capable of using language)
      -mey    2  plural (general)
      -mo'    5  due to
      -na'    3  definite
      -pu'    2  plural (beings capable of using language)
      -qoq    3  so-called
      -raj    4  your (plural)
      -ra'    4  your (plural) (noun capable of using language)
      -vaD    5  for
      -vam    4  this[[p.163]]
      -vetlh  4  that
      -vo'    5  from
      -wIj    4  my
      -wI'    4  my (noun capable of using language)
      -'a'    1  augmentative
      -'e'    5  topic
  2. Pronominal prefixes
      0     he/she/it (no object), he/she/it--him/her/it/them, they
            (no object), they--them
      bI-   you (no object)
      bo-   you (plural)--him/her/it/them
      che-  you (plural)--us
      cho-  you--me
      Da-   you--him/her/it/them
      DI-   we--them
      Du-   he/she/it--you
      gho-  imperative: you--us, you (plural)--us
      HI-   imperative: you--me, you (plural)--me
      jI-   I (no object)
      ju-   you--us
      lI-   he/she/it--you (plural), they--you (plural)
      lu-   they--him/her/it
      ma-   we (no object)
      mu-   he/she/it--me, they--me
      nI-   they--you
      nu-   he/she/it--us, they--us
      pe-   imperative: you (plural) (no object)
      pI-   we--you
      qa-   I--you
      re-   we--you (plural)
      Sa-   I--you (plural)
      Su-   you (plural) (no object)
      tI-   imperative: you--them, you (plural)--them
      tu-   you (plural)--me
      vI-   we--him/her/it
      wI-   I--him/her/it/them
      yI-   imperative: you (no object), you--him/her/it, you
            (plural)--him/her/it[[p.164]]
  3. Verb suffixes
  
  Numbers indicate suffix type; R stands for rover.
      -beH    2  ready, set up (referring to devices)
      -bej    6  certainly, undoubtedly
      -be'    R  not
      -bogh   9  which (relative-clause marker)
      -choH   3  change
      -chugh  9  if
      -chuq   1  one another
      -chu'   6  clearly, perfectly
      -DI'    9  as soon as, when
      -Ha'    R  undo
      -laH    5  can, able
      -law'   6  seems, apparently
      -lI'    7  in progress
      -lu'    5  indefinite subject
      -meH    9  for (purpose-clause marker)
      -moH    4  cause
      -neS    8  honorific
      -nIS    2  need
      -pa'    9  before
      -pu'    7  perfective
      -qang   2  willing
      -qa'    3  do again, resume
      -qu'    R  emphatic
      -Qo'    R  don't!, won't
      -rup    2  ready, prepared (referring to beings)
      -taH    7  continuous
      -ta'    7  accomplished, done
      -vIp    2  afraid
      -vIS    9  while
      -wI'    9  one who is, one who does, thing which does
      -'a'    9  interrogative
      -'egh   1  oneself
  4. Special number suffixes
      -DIch forms ordinal numbers (<first, second,> etc.)
      -logh forms <once, twice, three times,> etc.[[p.165]]
  ENGLISH INDEX TO KLINGON AFFIXES
  1. Noun suffixes
  Numbers indicate suffix type.
      apparent                                        -Hey    3
      augmentative                                    -'a'    1
      definite                                        -na'    3
      diminutive                                      -Hom    1
      due to                                          -mo'    5
      for                                             -vaD    5
      from                                            -vo'    5
      his/her                                         -Daj    4
      locative                                        -Daq    5
      my                                              -wIj    4
      my (noun capable of using language)             -wI'    4
  
      our                                             -maj    4
      our (noun capable of using language)            -ma'    4
      plural (beings capable of using language)       -pu'    2
      plural (body part)                              -Du'    2
      plural (general)                                -mey    2
      so-called                                       -qoq    3
      that                                            -vetlh  4
      their                                           -chaj   4
      this                                            -vam    4[[p.166]]
      topic                                           -'e'    5
      your                                            -lIj    4
      your (noun capable of using language)           -II'    4
      your (plural)                                   -raj    4
      your (plural) (noun capable of using language)  -ra'    4
  2. Pronominal prefixes
      he/she/it (no object)                  0
      he/she/it--him/her/it/them             0
      he/she/it--me                          mu-
      he/she/it--us                          nu-
      he/she/it--you                         Du-
      he/she/it--you (plural)                lI-
      I (no object)                          jI-
      I--him/her/it/them                     vI-
      I--you                                 qa-
      I--you (plural)                        Sa-
      they (no object)                       0
      they--him/her/it                       lu-
      they--me                               mu-
      they--them                             0
      they--us                               nu-
      they--you                              nI-
      they--you (plural)                     lI-
      we (no object)                         ma-
      we--him/her/it                         wI-
      we--them                               DI-
      we--you                                pI-
      we--you (plural)                       re-
      you (no object)                        bI-
      you--him/her/it/them                   Da-
      you--me                                cho-
      you--us                                ju-
      you (plural) (no object)               Su-
      you (plural)--him/her/it/them          bo-
      you (plural)--me                       tu-
      you (plural)--us                       che-
      imperative: you (no object)            yI-
      imperative: you--him/her/it            yI-[[p.167]]
      imperative: you--me                    HI-
      imperative: you--them                  tI-
      imperative: you--us                    gho-
      imperative: you (plural) (no  object)  pe-
      imperative: you (plural)--him/her/it   yI-
      imperative: you (plural)--me           HI-
      imperative: you (plural)--them         tI-
      imperative: you (plural)--us           gho-
  
  3. Verb suffixes
  Numbers indicate suffix type; R stands for rover.
      able                              -laH    5
      accomplished                      -ta'    7
      afraid                            -vIp    2
      apparently                        -law'   6
      as soon as                        -DI'    9
      before                            -pa'    g
      can                               -laH    5
      cause                             -moH    4
      certainly                         -bej    6
      change                            -choH   3
      clearly                           -chu'   6
      continuous                        -taH    7
      do again                          -qa'    3
      don't!                            -Qo'    R
      done                              -ta'    7
      emphatic                          -qu'    R
      for (purpose-clause marker)       -meH    9
      honorific                         -neS    8
      if                                -chugh  9
      in progress                       -lI'    7
      indefinite subject                -lu'    5
      interrogatlve                     -'a'    9
      need                              -nIS    2
      not                               -be'    R
      one another                       -chuq   1
      one who is, one who does          -wI'    9
      oneself                           -'egh   1
      perfective                        -pu'    7[[p.168]]
      perfectly                         -chu'   6
      prepared (referring to beings)    -rup    2
      progress, in progress             -lI'    7
      ready (referring to beings)       -rup    2
      ready (referring to devices)      -beH    2
      resume                            -qa'    3
      seems                             -law'   6
      set up (referring to devices)     -beH    2
      thing which is, thing which does  -wI'    9
      undo                              -Ha'    R
      undoubtedly                       -bej    6
      when                              -DI'    9
      which (relative clause-marker)    -bogh   9
      while                             -vIS    9
      willing                           -qang   2
      won't                             -Qo'    R
  4. Special number suffixes
      ordinal numbers (<first, second,> etc.)  -DIch
      <once, twice, three times,> etc.         -logh[[p.169]]
  APPENDIX
  A Selected List of Useful Klingon Expressions
  
  For those who want to make an attempt at speaking Klingon
  without reading the grammatical description of the language,
  a rough pronunciation for each expression is given as a guide.
  The letters can be read with their normal English values, with
  the followng special conventions:
      <a>   as in    <pa>
      <e>   as in    <pet>
      <i>   as in    <pit>
      <o>   as in    <go>
      <oo>  as in    <soon>
      <ow>  as in    <cow>
      <y>   as in    <cry (when used as a vowel)>
      <kh>  as <ch> in German <Bach> or Scottish <loch>
      <gh>  as a softer <kh,> with humming (or voicing) at the
            same time
    In words of more than one syllabe, stressed syllables are
  written in all capital letters.
    Those who follow the rough pronunciation without learn-
  ing the proper Klingon pronunciation described in section 1
  of this dictionary should be aware that they will be speaking
  with a strong Terran accent.[[p.170]]
  ENGLISH                        KLINGON                     ROUGH
                                                               
  PRONUNCIATION
  Yes.                           HIja' <or> HISlaH           khi-JA <or> 
  khish-LAKH
  No.                            ghobe'                      gho-BE
  I've done it! I've finished!   pItlh                       pitl
  Well! Aha!                     toH                         tokh
  How did this happen?           chay'                       chy
    What's going on?
  I don't understand.            jIyajbe'                    ji-YAJ-be
  I don't care.                  jISaHbe'                    ji-SHAKH-be
  No problem!                    qay'be'                     ky-BE
  Do you speak Klingon?          tlhIngan Hol Dajatlh'a'     TLIngan khol 
  Da-jatl-A
  I cannot speak Klingon.        tlhIngan Hol vIjatlhlaHbe'  TLIngan khol
                                                               vi-JATL-
  lakh-BE
  Where is a good                nuqDaq 'oH Qe' QaQ'e'       NOOK-dak okh 
  kkhe
    restaurant?                                                KKHAKKH-e
  Where is the bathroom?         nuqDaq 'oH puchpa''e'       NOOK-dak okh
                                                               pooch-PA-e
  How much fuel do we            nIn 'ar wIghaj              nin ar wi-
  GHAJ
    have left?
  I won't (do it)!               Qo'                         kkho
  Feed him!                      yIje'                       yi-JE
  You are right.                 bIlugh                      bi-LOOGH
  You are wrong.                 bIlughbe'                   bi-loogh-BE
  Am I disturbing you?           qaSuj'a'                    ka-shooj-A
  It's not my fault.             pIch vIghajbe'              pich vi-ghaj-
  BE
  My chronometer has             tlhaqwIj chu'Ha'lu'pu'      TLAK-wij
    stopped.                                                   choo-KHA-
  
  loo-poo
  The engine is overheating.     tujqu'choH QuQ              tooj-KOO-
  chokh
                                                               kkhookkh
  Where can I get my shoes       nuqDaq waqwIj               NOOK-dak WAK-
  wij
    cleaned?                       vIlamHa'choHmoH             vi-lam-KHA-
  chokh-mokh
  Will it hurt?                  'oy''a'                     oy-A
  Beam me aboard.                HIjol                       khi-JOL
  Activate the transport         jol yIchu'                  jol yi-CHOO
    beam!
  Surrender or die!              bIjeghbe'chugh vaj          bi-jegh-BE-
  choogh vaj
                                   bIHegh                      bi-KHEGH
  We will meet in the            tachDaq maghom              TACH-dak ma-
  GHOM
    cocktail lounge.
  Your nose is shiny.            boch ghIchraj               boch GHICH-
  raj[[p.171]]
  Always trust your instincts.   Duj tIvoqtaH                dooj ti-VOK-
  takh
  There are Klingons             naDev tlhInganpu' tu'lu'    na-DEV 
  tlingan-POO
    around here.                                               TOO-loo
  Don't tell him/her!            yIja'Qo'                    yi-ja-KKHO
  Come here!                     HIghoS                      khi-GHOSH
  Go to jail.                    bIghHa'Daq yIghoS           bigh-KHA-dak 
  yi-GHOSH
  Put him on screen.             yIHotlh                     yi-KHOTL
  That is unfortunate.           Do'Ha'                      do-KHA
  Understood. I understand.      jIyaj                       ji-YAJ
  Success!                       Qapla'                      kkhap-LA
  You will be remembered         batlh Daqawlu'taH           batl da-KOW-
  loo-takh
    with honor.
  Animal!                        Ha'DIbaH                    KHA-di-bakh
  There's nothing                naDev qaS wanI' ramqu'      na-DEV kash 
  wa-NI
    happening here.                                            ram-KOO
  (Is that) understood?          yaj'a'                      yaj-A
  Your ship is a garbage         veQDuj 'oH DujlIj'e'        vekkh-DOOJ 
  okh
    scow.                                                      DOOJ-lij-E
  I have a headache.             jIwuQ                       ji-WOOKKH
  Hurry up!                      tugh                        toogh
  Very good! Well done!          majQa'                      maj-KKHA
  What do you want?              nuqneH                      nook-NEKH
    (greeting)
  Okay.                          lu' <or> luq                loo <or> look
  When will the water be         ghorgh tujchoHpu' bIQ       ghorgh TOOJ-
  chokh-poo
    hot?                                                       bikkh
  Is this seat taken?            quSDaQ ba' lu''a'           KOOSH-dak BA-
  loo-a[[quSDaQ ba' lu''a'=>quSDaq ba'lu''a']]
  I can't find my                QumwI'wIj vItu'laHbe'       kkhoom-WI-wij
    communicator.                                              vi-TOO-
  lakh-BE
  This helmet suits you.         Du'IHchoHmoH mIv vam        doo-IKH-
  chokh-mohk [[mIv vam=>mIvvam]]
  
                                                               MIV-vam
  You need a rest.               bIleSnIS                    bi-LESH-nish
  Pay now!                       DaH yIDIl                   dakh yi-DIL
  Four thousand throats          qaStaHvIS wa' ram loS       KASH-takh-
  vish wa ram[[loS=>loSSaD]]
    may be cut in one night        SaD Hugh SIjlaH             losh shad 
  khoogh[[SaD=>]]
    by a running man.              qetbogh loD                 SHIJ-lakh 
  KET-bogh
                                                               lod
  Revenge is a dish which is     bortaS bIr jablu'DI'reH     bor-TAS bir 
  JAB-loo-DI[[jablu'DI'reH=>jablu'DI' reH]]
    best served cold.              QaQqu' nay'                 rekh 
  kkhakkh-KOO ny
  How much do you want           Dochvetlh DIlmeH Huch       DOCH-vetl 
  DIL-mekh
    for that?                      'ar DaneH                   khooch ar 
  da-NEKH[[p.172]]
  I'm lost.                      jIHtaHbogh naDev            JIKH-takh-
  bogh na-DEV
                                 vISovbe'                      vi-shov-BE
  I can't eat that.              Dochvetlh vISoplaHbe'       DOCH-vetl
                                                               vi-SHOP-
  lakh-BE
  I can't drink that.            Dochvetlh vItlhutlhlaHbe'   DOCH-vetl
                                                               vi-TLOOTL-
  lakh-BE
  Go away!                       naDev vo' yIghoS            na-dev-VO yi-
  GHOSH[[naDev vo'=>naDevvo']]
  What do I do with this?        chay' Dochvam vIlo'         chy DOCH-vam 
  vi-LO
    (i.e., How do I use
    this?)
  What do I do with this?        nuqDaq Dochvam vIlan        NOOK-dak 
  DOCH-vam
    (i.e., Where do I put                                      vi-LAN
    this?)
  I've never seen him/her        not vIleghpu'               not vi-LEGH-
  poo
    before.
  I didn't do it.                vIta'pu'be'                 vi-TA-poo-BE
  I wasn't there.                pa' jIHpu'be'               pa JIKH-poo-
  BE
  You look terrible. (i.e., You  bIpIvHa'law'                bi-piv-KHA-
  law
    seem unhealthy.)
  You look terrible. (i.e.,      bImoHqu'                    bi-mokh-KOO
    You're very ugly.)
  You lie.                       bInep                       bi-NEP
  Be quiet! (i.e., Become        yItamchoH                   yi-TAM-chokh
    quiet!)
  Be quiet! (i.e., Don't         yIjatlhQo'                  yi-jatl-KKHO
    speak!)
  Be quiet! (i.e., Stop          bIjatlh 'e' yImev           bi-JATL e yi-
  MEV
    speaking!)
  Where do I sleep?              nuqDaq jIQong               NOOK-dak ji-
  KKHONG
  Does it bite?                  chop'a'                     chop-A
  Will you read my               ghItlh vIghItlhta'bogh      ghitl vi-
  
  GHITL-ta-bogh
    manuscript?                    DalaD'a'                    da-lad-A
  Where do you keep the          nuqDaq yuch Dapol           NOOK-dak 
  yooch
    chocolate?                                                 da-POL
  [[p.173]]
  INTRODUCTION TO THE
  ADDENDUM
  The original edition of this dictionary was never intended to
  contain a complete description of the Klingon language, but
  only an outline of some of its more important grammatical
  features and a representative sample of its vocabulary. Since
  its appearance, study of the language has continued and a
  great deal more has been learned. Unfortunately, due to a
  number of factors, including the recession currently affect-
  ing most of this sector as well as recent political changes,
  research funds have become more difficult to come by,
  delaying the completion of analysis of the language. Indeed,
  work has been stalled on a number of worthwhile projects,
  including the <Klingon Encyclopedia> and the <Romulan
  Chrestomathy.> Nevertheless, enough new information has
  been gleaned about Klingon that adding an addendum to
  the dictionary, even a brief one, seems beneficial.
    In this addendum, the section-numbering system used in
  the main body of the dictionary is employed so that cross
  references may be easily made.
    Once again, the author would like to thank the Federation
  Scientific Research Council for its support of this project,
  and, more importantly, would like to give credit to those
  who really make this effort possible: the increasing number
  of Klingons who are eager to share their language and
  culture with the rest of us. {taHjaj boq.}[[p.174]]
  3. NOUNS
  3.3.1. Type 1: Noun Suffixes: Augmentative/diminutive
  {-oy} <endearment>
    This is an infrequently used, but nonetheless very inter-
  esting noun suffix. It is a very peculiar suffix because it is the
  only suffix that begins with a vowel rather than a consonant.
  (Though there are no examples, it is suspected that for those
  few nouns which end in a vowel, {'} is inserted before this
  suffix.) The suffix usually follows a noun referring to a
  relative (<mother, father,> etc.), but it could also follow a noun
  for an animal, especially a pet, and means that the speaker is
  particularly fond of whatever the noun refers to. It is
  strongly suggested that non-native speakers of Klingon
  avoid this suffix unless they know what they are getting into.
      {vav} <father>     {vavoy} <daddy>
      {be'nI'} <sister>  {be'nI'oy} <sis>[[p.175]]
  
  4. VERBS
  4.2.6. Type 6: Verb Suffixes: Qualification
    {-ba'} <obviously>
    This suffix is used when the speaker thinks that his or her
  assertion should be obvious to the listener. Nevertheless,
  there is still room for doubt; the suffix does not imply as
  strong a conviction as {-bej} <certainly.>
      {nepwI' Daba'} <he/she is obviously lying> ({nepwI'} <liar,>
                     {Da} <act in the manner of, behave as>)
  4.2.9. Type 9: Verb Suffixes: Syntactic markers
    {-mo'} <because>
  This suffix is identical to the Type 5 noun suffix {-mo'} and
  has the same meaning, <due to, because of.>
      {bIganmo'} <because you are old> ({gan} <be old>)[[gan=>qan]]
      {Heghpu'mo' yaS} <because the officer died> ({Hegh} <die,>
                       {yaS} <officer>)
    {-jaj} <may>
    This suffix is used to express a desire or wish on the part of
  the speaker that something take place in the future. When it[[p.176]]
  is used, there is never a Type 7 aspect suffix. {-jaj} is often
  translated with <may> or <let,> and it is particularly useful when
  placing a curse or making a toast.
      {jaghpu'lI' DaghIjjaj} <may you scare your enemies>
                             ({jaghpu'lI'} <your enemies,> {ghIj} <scare>)
      {tlhonchaj chIljaj} <may they lose their nostrils>
                          ({tlhonchaj} <their nostrils,> {chIl} <lose>)
    {-ghach} <nominalizer>
    In Klingon, there are many instances of nouns and verbs
  being identical in form (e.g., {ta'} <accomplishment, accom-
  plish>). It is not known if all verbs can be used as nouns, but it
  is known that verbs ending in suffixes (such as {-Ha'} <undo> in
  {lobHa'} <disobey>) can never be nouns. The Type 9 suffix
  {-ghach,} however, can be attached to such verbs in order to
  form nouns. Compare the following sets:
      {lo'} <use> (noun) ({lo'} <use, make use of>)
      {lo'laHghach} <value> ({lo'laH} <be valuable>)
      {lo'laHbe'ghach} <worthlessness> ({lo'laHbe'} <be worthless>)
      {naD} <commendation> ({naD} <commend>)
      {naDHa'ghach} <discommendation>
      ({naDHa'} <discommend>)
      {naDqa'gha'ch} <re-commendation> ({naDqa'} <commend>[[gha'ch=>
  ghach]]
  
      <again>)[[p.177]]
  5. OTHER KINDS OF WORDS
  5.4. Adverbials
  The list of adverbials given in the original dictionary can be
  expanded by the addition of the following:
      {ghaytan} <likely>
      {jaS} <differently>
      {nIteb} <alone, acting alone, on one's own>
      {pe'vIl} <forcefully>
      {SIbI'} <immediately>
    The earlier belief that adverbials come only at the begin-
  ning of sentences turns out to be not quite accurate. For a
  more correct description, see Section 6.7.
    There is a second word (in addition to {neH} <only, merely>)
  which fits into this category despite its very peculiar behav-
  ior:
      {jay'} <intensely>
  This word not only intensifies whatever is being said, it
  turns the whole phrase into an invective. Alone among the
  adverbials, {jay'} always comes at the end of the sentence.
      {qaStaH nuq jay'} <What the #$*@ is happening?>
                        ({qaStaH} <it is occurring,> {nuq} <what?>)
  [[p.178]]
      {mIch 'elpu' jay'} <They've entered the #$%@ sector!>
                         ({mIch} <sector,> {'elpu'} <they've entered it>)
  5.5 Exclamations[[5.5=>5.5.]]
  As it turns out, cursing is a one art among Klingons. There
  are many more curses than those three listed in the earlier
  edition of the dictionary. It is not always clear how to use
  the curses, but some are certainly epithetical (used for
  name-calling), while others seem to have a more general
  application. A few additional curses are listed below.
      <Epithets>      <General invective>
      {petaQ}         {va}
      {toDSaH}        {ghay'cha'}
      {taHqeq}        {baQa'}
      {yIntagh}       {Hu'tegh}
      {Qovpatlh}
    The invective {va} is actually just a shortened form of
  {Qu'vatlh.} Note also that the adverbial {jay'} <intensely> is
  invective in force (Section 5.4.).[[p.179]]
  
  6. SYNTAX
  6.4. Questions
  Tag questions (ending a statement with a question such as
  ``right?'' or ``isn't that so?'') are formed by using the verb {gar}
  [[gar=>qar]]
  <be accurate> plus the suffix {-'a'} <interrogative.> This word either
  follows the verb or else comes at the end of the sentence.
  Both of the following are correct:
      {De' Sov qar'a' HoD}
      {De' Sov HoD qar'a'} <The captain knows the>
                           <information, right?> ({De'}
                           <information,> {Sov} <he/she knows it,>
                           {HoD} <captain>)
  6.7. Placement of adverbial elements
  It was earlier thought that all adverbials (except {neH} <only>)
  come at the beginning of the sentence. This is frequently the
  case, but what is really going on is that the adverbial
  precedes the object-verb-noun construction. It is possible
  for an element of another type to precede the adverb. Most
  commonly, this is a time element (a noun or phrase meaning
  <today, at six o'clock,> etc.).
      {DaHjaj nom Soppu'} <Today they ate quickly> ({DaHjaj}
                          <today,> {nom} <quickly,> {Soppu'} <they>
                          <ate>)[[p.180]]
    The adverbial may actually follow the object noun (but
  still precede the verb) when the object noun is topicalized by
  means of the noun suffix {-'e'} (see Section 3.3.5.).
      {HaqwI' 'e' DaH yISam} <Find the SURGEON now!>[[HaqwI' 'e'=>
  HaqwI''e']]
                             ({HaqwI'} <surgeon,> {DaH} <now,>
                             {yISam} <find him/her!>)
  6.8. Indirect objects
  While the object of the verb is the recipient of the action, the
  indirect object may be considered the beneficiary. In a
  Klingon sentence, the indirect object precedes the object
  and is suffixed with the Type 5 noun suffix {-vaD} <for, intended
  for.> The suffix may be attached to either a noun or a
  pronoun.
      {yaSvaD taj nobpu' qama'} <The prisoner gave the officer>
                                <the knife> ({yaS} <officer,> {taj}
                                <knife,> {nobpu'} <gave,> {qama'}
                                <prisoner>)
      {chaHvaD Soj qem yaS} <The officer brings them food>
                            ({chaH} <they,> {Soj} <food,> {qem}
                            <bring,> {yaS} <officer>)[[p.181]]
  
  KLINGON-ENGLISH
  bagh
  tie (v)
  beQ
  be flat (v)
  betleH
  type of hand weapon (n)
  bIj
  punish (v)
  bIj
  punishment (n)
  bIreQtagh 
  bregit lung (n)
  boQ
  aid, assistance (n)
  chab
  pie, tart, dumpling (n)
  chIl
  lose, misplace (v)
  chov
  assess, evaluate (v)
  cho'
  succession (n)
  cho'
  succeed (to authority) (v)
  chuS'ugh
  type of musical instrument (n)
  chu'wI'
  trigger (n)
  Da
  behave as, act in the manner of (v)
  DaHjaj
  today (n)
  Daj
  test inconclusively (v)
  Daq
  site, location (n)
  Dargh
  tea (n)
  Degh
  medal, emblem, symbol, insignia (n)
  DI
  litter, rubble, debris (n)
  DoD
  mark (in coordinates) (n)
  DungluQ
  noon (n)
  Duy'a'
  ambassador (n)
  ghaytan
  likely (adv)[[p.182]]
  ghew
  bug, cootie (n)
  ghe''or
  netherworld
    (where dishonored go) (n)
  ghoch
  track, track down (v)
  ghojmoq
  nurse, nanny, governess (n)
  ghuv
  recruit (n)
  Haqtaj
  scalpel (n)
  HaqwI'
  surgeon (n)
  Ha'DIbaH
  meat, animal (n)
  Hegh
  death (n)
  Hergh QaywI',
  hypo, pneumatic hypo (n)
    HerghwI'
  HIj
  deliver, transport goods (v)
  HoH
  killing (n)
  jaS
  differently (adv)
  jatlh
  say (v)
  jay'
  intensely (invective) (adv)
  ja'chuq
  succession ritual (ancient) (n)
  jech
  disguise, costume (n)
  jey
  itinerary (n)
  jIH
  monitor (v)
  jogh
  quadrant (n)
  juHqo'
  home world (n)
  lagh
  ensign (n)
  lagh
  take apart, disassemble (v)
  latlh
  additional one, other one (n)
  la'quv
  Supreme Commander (n)
  la''a'
  commandant (n)
  len
  recess, break (n)
  LeSSov
  foresight (n)[[LeSSov=>leSSov]]
  lIngwI'
  generator (n)
  lo'
  use (n)
  
  lupDujHom
  shuttlecraft (n)
  lurgh
  direction (spatial) (n)
  mangHom
  cadet (n)
  matlh
  be loyal (v)
  mej
  leave, depart (v)
  meqba'
  legal proceeding, type of (n)
  mIw
  procedure, process (n)
  morgh
  protest (v)
  mun
  intervene (v)[[p.183]]
  muvmoH
  recruit (v)
  muvtay
  initiation (n)
  nab
  plan, procedure (n)
  naD
  praise, commend, approve (v)
  naD
  commendation (n)
  naDHa'
  discommend, disapprove (v)
  naDHa'ghach
  discommendation (n)
  naH 
  fruit, vegetable (n)
  naQ
  be full, whole, entire (v)
  naQ
  cain, staff (n)
  nargh
  escape (v)
  nejwI'
  probe (n)
  nenghep
  Age of Ascension (n)
  nentay
  Rite of Ascension (n)
  nImbuS wej
  Nimbus III (n)
  nIS
  disrupt, interfere with (v)
  nIteb
  alone, acting alone (adv)
  nItlhpach
  fingernail (n)
  noH
  war (n)
  notlh
  be obsolete (v)
  nuHmey
  arsenal (n)
  nuqjatlh
  what did you say?
    huh? what? (excl)
  ngeHbej
  cosmos (n)
  ngoch
  policy (n)
  pach
  claw (n)
  patlh
  rank (military, governmental) (n)
  peHghep
  Age of Inclusion (n)
  peQ
  magnetism (n)
  peQ chem
  magnetic field (n)
  pe'vIl
  forcefully, by force (adv)
  pIn'a'
  master (n)
  pIpyuS
  pipius (n)
  pIw
  odor (n)
  pop
  reward (n)
  potlh
  be important (v)
  qaD
  challenge (n)
  qaD
  challenge (v)
  qagh
  serpent worm (as food) (n)
  qaq
  be preferable (v)
  qar
  be accurate (v)[[p.184]]
  qawHaq
  data banks (singular) (n)
  qel
  consider, take into account (v)
  qIt
  be possible (v)
  qo'
  world, realm (n)
  qughDuj
  cruiser (n)
  qumwI'
  governor (n)
  qutluch
  type of hand weapon (n)
  quv
  honor (n)
  quv
  be honored (v)
  quvmoH
  honor (v)
  
  QaH
  help (n)
  Qang
  chancellor (n)
  QI'tomer
  Khitomer (n)
  QI'tu'
  Paradise (n)
  Qol
  beam away (v)
  Qo'
  no, I disagree (excl)
  Qo'noS
  Kronos (n)
  ra'ghomquv
  High Command (n)
  rI'
  hail (v)
  rI'Se'
  hailing frequency (n)
  ro'qegh'Iwchab
  rokeg blood pie (n)
  ruch
  proceed, go ahead, do it (v)
  rura' pente'
  Rura Penthe (n)
  ruStay
  bonding ritual (n)
  Sam
  locate, seek and find (v)
  sIbI'
  immediately (adv)[[sIbI'=>SIbI']]
  Sogh
  lieutenant (n)
  Soj
  food (n)
  SonchIy
  death ritual (for a leader) (n)
  Sov
  knowledge (n)
  SuD
  gamble, take a chance,
    take a risk (v)
  Sugh
  install (in office) (v)
  SuvwI'
  warrior (n)
  tagh
  lung (n)
  tagh
  begin a process, initiate (v)
  taH
  continue, go on, endure (v)
  targh
  targ (n)
  tay
  ceremony, rite, ritual (n)
  tob
  test conclusively, prove (v)
  toD
  rescue (n)[[p.185]]
  toDuj
  courage, bravery (n)
  toQDuj
  Bird of Prey (vessel) (n)
  totlh
  commodore (n)
  toy'wI''a'
  slave (n)
  tlham
  gravity (n)
  tlhIj
  apologize (v)
  tlhIlHal 
  mine (n)
  tlhIngan Hubbeq
  Klingon Defense Force (n)
  tlhob
  request, ask, plead (v)
  tlho'
  appreciation, gratitude (n)
  tlho'
  thank (v)
  vaj
  warrior (n)
  van
  salute, tribute (n)
  van'a'
  award (n)
  vaq
  mock (v)
  vaS
  hall, assembly hall (n)
  vaS'a'
  Great Hall (n)
  veH tIn
  Great Barrier (n)
  veqlargh
  devil, demon, Fek'lhr (n)
  verengan
  Ferengi (n)
  veSDuj
  warship (n)
  vID
  be belligerent (v)
  vIH
  move, be in motion (v)
  vIt
  truth (n)
  vI'
  sharpshooting,
    marksmanship (n)
  weQ
  candle (n)
  woj
  radiation (n)
  woj choHwI'
  reactor (n)
  
  wuq
  decide upon (v)
  yagh
  organism (n)
  yaH
  be taken away (v)
  yejquv
  High Council (n)
  'aH
  paraphernalia (n)
  'aj
  admiral (n)
  'ech
  brigadier (n)
  'evnagh
  subspace (n)
  'oD
  arbitrate, mediate (v)
  'otlh
  photon (n)
  'oy'naQ
  painstick (n)[[p.186]]
  ENGLISH-KLINGON
  accurate, be accurate (v)
  qar
  act in the manner of, behave as (v)
  Da
  additional one, other one (n)
  latlh
  admiral (n)
  'aj
  Age of Ascension (n)
  nenghep
  Age of Inclusion (n)
  peHghep
  aid, assistance (n)
  boQ
  alone, acting alone (adv)
  nIteb
  ambassador (n)
  Duy'a'
  apologize (v)
  tlhIj
  appreciation, gratitude (n)
  tlho'
  approve, commend, praise (v)
  naD
  arbitrate, mediate (v)
  'oD
  arsenal (n)
  nuHmey
  assess, evaluate (v)
  chov
  award (n)
  van'a'
  beam away (v)
  Qol
  begin a process, initiate (v)
  tagh
  behave as, act in the manner of (v)
  Da
  belligerent, be belligerent (v) 
  vID
  Bird of Prey (vessel) (n)
  toQDuj
  bonding ritual (n)
  ruStay
  break, recess (n)
  len
  bregit lung (n)
  bIreQtagh
  brigadier (n)
  'ech[[p.187]]
  bug, cootie (n)
  ghew
  cadet (n)
  mangHom
  cain, staff (n)
  naQ
  candle (n)
  weQ
  ceremony, rite, ritual (n)
  tay
  challenge (v)
  qaD
  challenge (n)
  qaD
  chance, take a chance, gamble (v)
  SuD
  chancellor (n)
  Qang
  claw (n)
  pach
  commandant (n)
  la''a'
  commend, approve, praise (v)
  naD
  commendation (n)
  naD
  commodore (n)
  totlh
  complete, be complete, whole (v)
  naQ
  consider, take into account (v)
  qel
  continue, go on, endure (v)
  taH
  cosmos (n)
  ngeHbej
  costume, disguise (n)
  jech
  courage, bravery (n)
  toDuj
  
  cruiser (n)
  qughDuj
  data banks (singular) (n)
  qawHaq
  death (n)
  Hegh
  death ritual (for a leader) (n)
  SonchIy
  debris, litter, rubble (n)
  DI
  decide upon (v)
  wuq
  deliver, transport goods (v)
  HIj
  devil, demon, Fek'lhr (n)
  veqlargh
  differently (adv)
  jaS
  direction (spatial) (n)
  lurgh
  disassemble, take apart (v)
  lagh
  discommend, disapprove (v)
  naDHa'
  discommendation (n)
  naDHa'ghach
  disguise, costume (n)
  jech
  disrupt, interfere with (v)
  nIS
  emblem, symbol,
  Degh
    medal, insignia (n)
  endure, continue, go on (v)
  taH
  ensign (n)
  lagh
  escape (v)
  nargh
  evaluate, assess (v)
  chov[[p.188]]
  Ferengi (n)
  verengan
  fingernail (n)
  nItlhpach
  flat, be flat (v)
  beQ
  food (n)
  Soj
  forcefully, by force (adv)
  pe'vIl
  foresight (n)
  leSSov
  fruit, vegetable (n)
  naH
  full, be full, whole, entire (v) 
  naQ
  gamble, take a chance,
  SuD
    take a risk (v)
  generator (n)
  lIngwI'
  governess, nurse, nanny (n)
  ghojmoq
  governor (n)
  qumwI'
  gratitude, appreciation (n)
  tlho'
  gravity (n)
  tlham
  Great Hall (n)
  vaS'a'
  Great Barrier (n)
  veH tIn
  hail (v)
  rI'
  hailing frequency (n)
  rI'Se'
  hall, assembly hall (n)
  vaS
  help (n)
  QaH
  High Council (n)
  yejquv
  High Command (n)
  ra'ghomquv
  home world (n)
  juHqo'
  honor (n)
  quv
  honor (v)
  quvmoH
  honored, be honored (v)
  quv
  hypo, pneumatic
  Hergh QaywI',
    hypo (n)
    HerghwI'
  immediately (adv)
  sIbI'[[sIbI'=>SIbI']]
  important, be important (v) 
  potlh
  initiate proceedings,
  tagh
    begin process (v)
  initiation (n)
  muvtay
  install (in office) (v)
  Sugh
  intensely (invective) (adv)
  jay'
  interfere with, disrupt (v)
  nIS
  intervene (v)
  mun
  itinerary (n)
  jey
  
  Khitomer (n)
  QI'tomer
  killing (n)
  HoH[[p.189]]
  Klingon Defense Force (n)
  tlhIngan Hubbeq
  knowledge (n)
  Sov
  Kronos (n)
  Qo'noS
  leave, depart (v)
  mej
  legal proceeding, type of (n)
  meqba'
  lieutenant (n)
  Sogh
  likely (adv)
  ghaytan
  litter, rubble, debris (n)
  DI
  locate, seek and find (v)
  Sam
  location, site (n)
  Daq
  lose, misplace (v)
  chIl
  loyal, be loyal (v)
  matlh
  lung (n)
  tagh
  magnetic field (n)
  peQ chem
  magnetism (n)
  peQ
  mark (in coordinates) (n)
  DoD
  marksmanship,
  vI'
    sharpshooting (n)
  master (n)
  pIn'a'
  meat, animal (n)
  Ha'DIbaH
  medal, emblem,
  Degh
    symbol, insignia (n)
  mediate, arbitrate (v)
  'oD
  mine (n)
  tlhIlHal
  mock (v)
  vaq
  monitor (v)
  jIH
  move, be in motion (v)
  vIH
  musical instrument, type of (n)
  chuS'ugh
  netherworld
  ghe''or
    (where dishonored go) (n)
  Nimbus III (n)
  nImbuS wej
  no, I disagree (excl)
  Qo'
  noon (n)
  DungluQ
  nurse, nanny, governess (n)
  ghojmoq
  obsolete, be obsolete (v)
  notlh
  odor (n)
  pIw
  organism (n)
  yagh
  other one, additional one (n)
  latlh
  painstick (n)
  'oy'naQ
  Paradise (n)
  QI'tu'
  paraphernalia (n)
  'aH[[p.190]]
  photon (n)
  'otlh
  pie, tart, dumpling (n)
  chab
  pipius (n)
  pIpyuS
  plan, procedure (n)
  nab
  policy (n)
  ngoch
  possible, be possible (v)
  qIt
  praise, commend, approve (v)
  naD
  preferable, be preferable (v)
  qaq
  probe (n)
  nejwI'
  procedure, process (n)
  mIw
  proceed, go ahead, do it (v)
  ruch
  protest (v)
  morgh
  punish (v)
  bIj
  punishment (n)
  bIj
  quadrant (n)
  jogh
  radiation (n)
  woj
  rank (military, governmental) (n)
  patlh
  
  reactor (n)
  woj choHwI'
  realm, world (n)
  qo'
  recess, break (n)
  len
  recruit (n)
  ghuv
  recruit (v)
  muvmoH
  request, ask, plead (v)
  tlhob
  rescue (n)
  toD
  reward (n)
  pop
  risk, take a risk, take a chance (v)
  SuD
  rite, ritual, ceremony (n)
  tay
  Rite of Ascension (n)
  nentay
  rokeg blood pie (n)
  ro'qegh'Iwchab
  Rura Penthe (n)
  rura' pente'
  salute, tribute (n)
  van
  say (v)
  jatlh
  scalpel (n)
  Haqtaj
  seek and find, locate (v)
  Sam
  serpent worm (as food) (n)
  qagh
  sharpshooting, marksmanship (n)
  vI'
  shuttlecraft (n)
  lupDujHom
  site, location (n)
  Daq
  slave (n)
  toy'wI''a'
  subspace (n)
  'evnagh
  succeed (to authority) (v)
  cho'[[p.191]]
  succession (n)
  cho'
  succession ritual (ancient) (n)
  ja'chuq
  Supreme Commander (n)
  la'quv
  surgeon (n)
  HaqwI'
  take apart, disassemble (v)
  lagh
  taken away, be taken away (v)
  yaH
  targ (n)
  targh
  tart, pie, dumpling (n)
  chab
  tea (n)
  Dargh
  test conclusively, prove (v)
  tob
  test inconclusively (v)
  Daj
  thank (v)
  tlho'
  tie (v)
  bagh
  today (n)
  DaHjaj
  track, track down (v)
  ghoch
  traitor (n)
  'urwI'
  transport goods, deliver (v)
  HIj
  treason, commit treason (v)
  'ur
  tribute, salute (n)
  van
  trigger (n)
  chu'wI'
  truth (n)
  vIt
  use (n)
  lo'
  vegetable, fruit (n)
  naH
  war (n)
  noH
  warrior (n)
  SuvwI', vaj
  warship (n)
  veSDuj
  weapon:
  qutluch, betleH
    types of hand weapons (n)
  what did you say?
  nuqjatlh
    huh? what? (excl)
  whole, be whole, full, entire (v)
  naQ
  world, realm (n)
  qo'[[p.192]]
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SOURCE: textdata/thevault/Star Trek RPG/novels/Trek Nonfiction & Reference/Reference Materials/Languages/Klingon/Franchise - The Klingon Dictionary.pdf