TEXT: Disclaimer:  The material that follows is intended solely to make for a more realistic gaming
  experience by providing some detail on the use of explosives.  The writers and posters take no
  responsibility for your stupid actions if you decide to try practical application.
  Explosives for Millenniums End
  Explosives and demolition work seem to occur fairly commonly in Millenniums End and there are
  not much in the way of rules or guidelines for their use.  What follows is a compilation of eight
  documents posted to the Millennium’s End mailing list some years ago.  Combined with Ryan
  Pendergast’s explosive damage rules, this should provide adequate information for most gamin
  situations.
  Explosives Pt.1
  We start with the basic types of explosives.
  Black Powder
      Black powder is a low explosive (changing from solid to gaseous state at the relatively low
  velocity of 400 m/s.  Black powder burns to produce 3,000 times it’s own volume of gas, and if
  contained, this will cause an explosion.  Uncontained it will simply burn.  Black powder is very
  sensitive to flame and spark, and does not require the use of a blasting cap or detonator.  Black
  powder is used in time fuses, some igniters and detonators, and quite commonly in improvised
  demolition devices like pipe bombs.
  Ammonium Nitrate (AN)
      AN is one of the least sensitive explosives, requiring a booster charge for proper detonation.
  AN prill (pellets) is manufactured for use in agriculture as a fertilizer, making it one of the most
  produced chemicals in the world.  AN prill (94%) can be can be mixed with fuel oil (6%) to form
  a free flowing, oxygen-balanced explosive mixture called ANFO.  Because of it’s low price,
  stability, and ease of use ANFO is a very common explosive in mining, quarrying, and
  construction.  AN is very hygroscopic (water absorbent) and must be stored in air tight containers
  to insure reliable detonation.  AN is used primarily in as a cratering charge, but as Oklahoma City
  showed, large quantities can be very destructive.
  Amatol
      Amatol is a mixture of ammonium nitrate (80%) and TNT (20%).  It has been used as a
  substitute for TNT in bursting charges and as a filler for bombs and bangalore torpedoes (older
  varieties).  Because it contains ammonium nitrate, the same precautions should be taken to keep it
  dry.  Because of the TNT in Amatol, a booster charge is not required.
  Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
      TNT is the most common military explosive and as such, it is used to rate other high explosives
  (more on this when we get to tables and game effects in later posts).  TNT is stable and is
  insensitive to shock, flame, spark, and heat.  It can be melted at 84-degrees C, and in this state can
  be poured into molds and shaped charges.  It is very shock sensitive when in a liquid state.  To
  detonate TNT, a blasting cap or detonator is required.
  
  Pentaerythrite Tetranintrate (PETN)
      PETN is highly sensitive and is one of the most powerful military explosives.  PETN is almost
  insoluble in water, making it a common base for  underwater demolition charges.  PETN is used
  in boosters, detonating cords, and some blasting caps.  It is also used in composite explosives,
  combining it’s high brisance (shattering effect) with the stability of other explosives (see Pentolite
  and M118).
  Cyclonite (RDX)
      RDX is highly sensitive and is one of the most powerful military explosives (a little less
  powerful then PETN).  It is used alone as the base charge for most military blasting caps.  When it
  is desensitized (don’t know how that is done), it is used as a subbooster, booster, bursting charge,
  and demolition charge.  The principal use of RDX is in composite explosives (see C-4).
  Tetryl
      Tetryl is used alone as a booster charge and a bursting and demolition charge in some
  composite explosives.  Tetryl is more sensitive and powerful than TNT.  However, Tetryl and
  composite explosives containing Tetryl are being replaced by RDX and PETN-based explosives
  which have increased power and brisance.
  Tetrytol
        Tetrytol is a composite explosive of  tetryl and TNT (75% tetryl and 25% TNT).  It is used
  boosters and demolition charges.  Tetrytol is more powerful and brisant than TNT and less
  sensitive than tetryl.
  Nitroglycerin
      Nitroglycerin is one of the most powerful high explosives.  It is comparable in force to RDX
  and PETN.  It is used as the explosive base for commercial dynamites.  Nitroglycerin is highly
  sensitive and is affected by extreme temperature.  Due to the sensitivity and the difficulty in
  handling nitroglycerin, it is not used in military explosives.
  Composite A3
      A3 is a composite explosive containing 91% RDX and 9% wax, which coats the RDX
  particles, desensitizing them, and acts as a binder.  A3 is used as a booster charge in some newer
  shaped charges and bangalore torpedoes.  It is also used as the main charge in high explosive
  plastic (HEP) projectiles.
  Composition B4
      B4 is a composite explosive containing 60% RDX, 39.5% TNT, and 0.5% calcium silicate.  It
  is used as the main charge in newer model bangalore torpedoes and shaped charges.
  Composition C4
      C4 is a composite explosive containing 91% RDX and 9% nonexplosive plasticizers.  The
  primary use of C4 is as a stand-alone explsoive.  It is highly brisant and is moldable over a wide
  range of temperatures (-70 to +170 degrees F).  This is the famous “plastic explosive,” looks,
  feels, and acts like putty – a gray-white material you can easily form and shape with your hands, in
  complete safety.  Detonation requires heat and pressure.  You can run an electrical charge
  
  through it (no bang), hit it with a hammer (no bang), burn it (no bang, but you will get a buzz
  from short exposure, prolonged exposure can be very harmful), but hit a burning chunk and
  BANG.
  Dynamite
    Dynamites are of two types – commercial and military.  Their composition and uses differ.
  Commercial Dynamite
      Commercial dynamites contain nitroglycerin plus varying combinations of absorbents,
  oxidizers, antacids, and freezing point depressants.  Dynamites vary greatly in strength and
  sensitivity depending upon, among other factors, the percentage of nitroglycerin they contain.
  Care must be taken in storage to keep the dynamite dry, and prevent the nitroglycerin from
  settling.  Uses include land clearing, cratering and ditching, quarrying, and general demolitions.
  Military Dynamite
      Military dynamite is a composite explosive that contains 75% RDX, 15% TNT, and 10%
  desensitizers and plasticizers.  Containing no nitroglycerin, military dynamite is more stable and
  safer to store and handle.
  Foreign Explosives
      All of my source books are American publications and thus give minimal coverage to foreign
  explosives.  Most western aligned countries will use American or equivalent explosives.  Eastern
  aligned countries use similar explosives, but also include such things as picric acid and guncotton.
  Picric acid is similar to TNT except that it corrodes metals and thus forms extremely sensitive
  compounds.  I could find next to nothing on guncotton except that it has not been used in
  America for decades.
  Explosives Pt.2
  While part one dealt with the different types of explosives, part two will deal with the actual
  production charges used by the US military and sold to most of their client countries.
  TNT Block Demolition Charge
      Military TNT is issued in ¼-pound cylinders, and ½-pound and 1-pound blocks.  All three
  charges have cardboard bodies and metal ends with threaded cap wells.  The ¼-pound charge is
  used primarily for training purposes.
  M112 Block Demolition Charge
      The M112 is one of the most common explosive charges in US service.  It consists of 1 ¼-
  pounds of C4 in a Mylar-film container with pressure-sensitive adhesive tape on one surface.  The
  odd weight can make calculating charges difficult.  Like most C4 products, the M112 can be cut
  and shaped to whatever size and shape desired.
  M118 Block Demolition Charge
      The M118 block demolition charge, or sheet explosive, is a block of four ½-pound sheets of
  flexible explosive packed in a plastic envelope.  The explosive sheet is usually PETN based and
  measures ¼”x3”x12”.  The M118 is designed as a cutting charge especially against steel targets.
  
  M186 Roll Demolition Charge
      The M186 is identical to the M118 demolition charge except the sheet explosive is in the form
  of a 50-foot roll on a plastic spool, rather then in sheet form.  There is approximately 1-pound of
  explosives per two feet of M186.  The M186 is most useful when a large quantity of steel needs
  to be cut, such as when taking out a bridge.
  Ammonium Nitrate Block Charge
      The An block charge is a watertight cylindrical metal container (7”Dx24”L) with approximately
  30-pounds of AN and a 10-pound TNT-based booster charge.  The 40-pound AN block charge
  was designed for cratering and ditching but can also be used in destroying buildings, fortifications,
  and bridge abutments.
  M1 Military Dynamite
      This is the military dynamite described in PT.1.  M1 military dynamite is packaged in ½-pound
  paraffin coated, cylindrical paper cartridges which have a nominal diameter of 1 ¼ inches and
  length of 8 inches.
  M183 Demolition Charge Assembly
      The M183 or satchel charge consists of sixteen M112 demolition blocks and four priming
  assemblies for a total explosive weight of 20 pounds.  The demolition blocks are packed into two
  bags, eight blocks per bag, and placed in an M85 canvas carrying case.  Each priming assembly
  consists of a 5-foot length of detonating cord with an RDX booster crimped to each end and a
  pair of M1 detonating cord clips for attaching the priming assembly to the detonating cord main
  line.  The M183 is used primarily in breaching obstacles or demolition of structures where large
  demolition charges are required.
  M1A2 Bangalore Torpedo Demolition Kit
      Each M1A2 kit consists of ten loading assemblies, or torpedoes.  The torpedoes are steel tubes
  5 feet long and 2 1/8-inches in diameter.  The main charge of each torpedo is B4 (10.5 pounds)
  capped at either end by a booster charge of A3 (1 pound total).  Nose cones and connecting
  sleeves are supplied with each kit, allowing the ten torpedoes to be assembled into one 50-foot
  tube and slid through an obstacle prior to detonation.  Bangalore torpedoes will clear a path 3-to-
  4 meters wide through barbed-wire entanglements, heavy undergrowth, and bamboo.  In minefield
  clearing, it will explode all A-P mines and most of the A-T mines in a narrow foot path,
  approximately 1 meter wide.  Many of the mines at the sides of the path, however, may be
  shocked into a sensitive state.  Thus extreme care is necessary in any further mine clearing.
  Explosive Earth Rod Kit
      The earth rod kit is a special explosives kit used to make holes 6 feet deep and several inches in
  diameter in earth or soft shale for demolitions or construction.  The kit comes packed in a large
  wood case and includes enough material to make 100 holes.  The primary component is the
  propelling charge M12, which is shaped much like a roll of toilet paper.  The M12 charge is
  placed on the ground with a 6 foot rod in the middle, held vertical by a small tripod.  When the
  M12 detonates it propels the rod deep into the ground.  The rod is removed and linear demolition
  charge is lowered into the narrow hole.  The linear charge creates a hole 1 ½-inches to 3-inches in
  diameter (dependent on the firmness of the ground).
  
  Safety Fuse
      The safety fuse consists of black powder tightly wrapped with several layers of fiber and
  waterproofing material.  The burning rate may vary for the same or different rolls from 30 to 45
  seconds per foot under different atmospheric and climatic conditions.  Test each roll prior to using
  in the area where the charge is to be placed.  Take particular precautions if used underwater, as
  the rate of burn is increased significantly.  The outside surface becomes brittle and cracks easily in
  arctic temperatures.  Safety fuse is packaged in 50-foot coils.
  M700 Time Fuse
      The M700 fuse is a dark green cord 0.2 inches in diameter with a plastic cover.  The cover is
  smooth and has single yellow bands around the outside at 12-inch intervals and double yellow
  bands at 5-foot intervals for easy measuring.  The burning rate is approximately 40 seconds per
  foot.  However, test the burn rate in the same way as the safety fuse.  The outside covering
  becomes brittle in arctic temperatures.  M700 is packaged in 50-foot coils.
  NOTE:  Safety fuse and M700 are fully interchangeable, and I can find nothing that recommends
  one over another.
  Detonating Cord
      Detonating cord is a core of RDX or PETN in a textile tube coated with a thin layer of asphalt.
  On top of this is an outer textile cover finished with a plastic coating.  It will transmit a detonating
  wave from one point to another as a rate between 20,000 and 24,000 feet per second.  Detonating
  cord is often called PrimaCord and is used to prime and detonate other explosive charges.  Alone
  it can also be used to breach light materials like small tree branches and wall board.  Ends of the
  detonating cord should be sealed with a waterproof sealing compound.  Avoid kinks or short
  bends in priming as they may sharply change the direction of detonation and cause a misfire.
  Type
  Class
  Minimum weight
  of explsoive core
  per 1,000 ft
  Nominal Diameter,
  inches
  Maximum wieght
  (lb) of finished
  cord per 1,000 ft
  Minimum breaking
  strength, lb
  I
  a
  5 lb PETN
  0.175
  14
  60
  I
  b
  6 lb PETN
  0.216
  19
  175
  I
  c
  6.4 lb PETN
  0.200
  18
  175
  I
  d
  7 lb PETN
  0.200
  19
  110
  I
  e
  7 lb PETN
  0.235
  22
  190
  I
  f
  12.5 lb PETN
  0.245
  26
  75
  I
  g
  12.5 lb PETN
  0.270
  33
  190
  I
  h
  14.5 lb PETN
  0.235
  29.5
  110
  I
  j
  6.4 lb PETN
  0.200
  18
  150
  II
  a
  7 lb RDX
  0.216
  19
  175
  II
  b
  8.5 lb RDX
  0.255
  22
  190
  Blasting Caps
      Blasting caps are used for detonating high explosives.  There are two types of blasting caps –
  electric and nonelectric.  Military blasting caps (M6 electric and M7 nonelectric) are used to
  detonate the less sensitive military explosives.  There main charges are about double that of the
  commercial No.8 blasting cap which is used to detonate the more sensitive commercial dynamite
  
  and tetryl.  Both military and commercial blasting caps are extremely sensitive and may explode
  unless handled carefully.  They should never be stored or transported with other explosives.
  Electric blasting caps are used when a source of electricity such as a blasting machine or battery,
  is available.  Military electric caps are instantaneous, while commercial can be either instantaneous
  or with delays ranging from 0.025 to 12 seconds.  Each M6 requires one and one-half amperes of
  electricity to detonate.  Nonelectric blasting caps may be initiated by a time or safety fuse, firing
  device, or detonating cord.  Nonelectric blasting caps should not be used underwater, as they are
  difficult to waterproof.
  M51 Blasting Cap Test Set
      The test set was developed for continuity testing of electrical firing circuits..  The set is a self-
  contained unit with a magnetotype impulse generator that generates a very small electrical charge
  (1/4 amperes) to test the circuit, but without any risk of detonating the explosive charges.
  M32/M34 Blasting Machine
      Blasting machines are used to detonate electric blasting caps (such as the M6).  Unlike the
  large T-handled plunger boxes of old, these machines are little larger then a stick deodorant and
  use a squeeze lever to generate the electric charge.  Two or three squeezes in rapid succession
  should fire the charges, but no more then five should be necessary.  The M32 is a 10-cap machine,
  producing an large enough elecrtic charge to fire 10 electric blasting caps connected in series. The
  M34 differs only in that it is a 50-cap machine, a black band around the base for identification.
  M122 Demolition Firing Device
      This device is the militaries main radio controlled detonation device consisting of two main
  components – transmitter and receiver.  The M122 is issued in sets of one transmitter and 10
  receivers in a form fitted case.  The receiver has line of sight range of 2 miles.  The receiver
  generates an electric charge large enough to fire up to 15 attached electric blasting caps.  The
  receiver is not directly attached to the explosives, so it can be recovered and reused.
  M10 Universal Explosive Device
      The M10 is a small high explosive charge (RDX based) in a metal body with a universal fuse
  adapter.  It is initiated by standard blasting cap.  The chief function of the M10 is the conversion
  of loaded projectiles and bombs to improvised demolition charges and the destruction of
  abandoned ammunition.
  M1 Concussion Detonator
      The M1 is a mechanical firing device actuated by the concussion wave of a nearby blast.  This
  allows the near simultaneous firing of several charges with out them being linked by wire or
  detonating cord.  The M1 is crimped directly to a nonelectric blasting cap and placed so that the
  receiving end faces the primary charge.  The effective range of the M1 varies depending on the
  range (and water depth for underwater use).
  
  M1 Detonating ranges
  In Water
  In Air
  Weight of initiating
  charge, pounds
  Depth of Water, ft
  Recommended Range
  99% probability of
  detonation, ft
  Recommended Range
  99% probability of
  detonation, ft
  0.5
  2
  10
  --
  0.5
  4
  50
  --
  0.5
  6
  80
  --
  0.5
  8
  80
  --
  2.5
  2
  20
  12.5
  2.5
  4
  80
  --
  2.5
  6
  90
  --
  2.5
  8
  150
  --
  5
  --
  --
  14.1
  10
  --
  --
  18.8
  15
  --
  --
  21.5
  20
  2
  20
  25.2
  20
  4
  80
  --
  20
  6
  180
  --
  20
  8
  160
  --
  M1A2/M2A1 Percussion Detonator
      The M1A2 and M2A1 are 5 inch long and ¼ inch diameter metal tubes which are firing
  assembly and delay charge and are used for short delay detonation (timing and safety fuse
  typically not being used in under 2 foot lengths for safety reasons).  They are crimped directly to a
  nonelectric blasting cap and differ only in that the M1A2 has a 15-second delay, and the M2A1
  has a 8-second delay.
  M60 Weatherproof Fuse Igniter
      This device is designed to ignite a time (or safety) fuse in all sorts of weather conditions, even
  underwater if properly waterproofed. When the pull ring is pulled, it releases the striker assembly,
  allowing the firing pin to drive against the primer, which ignites the fuse.
  Explosives Pt.3
  In the first two parts we discussed explosives in general and US military explosives in particular.
  Now it is table time.  Time to see the numbers and how one explosive compares to another.
  Name
  Principal Use
  Velocity of
  Detonation
  (meters/second)
  Relative
  Effectiveness as
  a breaching
  charge
  Water
  Resistance
  Black powder
  Time fuse
  400
  0.55
  Poor
  Ammonium nitrate
  Cratering charge
  2700
  0.42
  Poor
  Amatol
  Bursting charge
  4900
  1.17
  Poor
  
  Military dynamite m1
  Demolition charge
  6100
  0.92
  Fair
  Straight dynamite  40%
  Demolition charge
  4600
  0.65
  Good
  (commercial)         50%
  Demolition charge
  5500
  0.79
  Good
                                60%
  Demolition charge
  5800
  0.83
  Good
  Ammonia dynamite 40%
  Demolition charge
  2700
  0.41
  Poor
  (commercial)          50%
  Demolition charge
  3400
  0.46
  Poor
                                60%
  Demolition charge
  3700
  0.53
  Poor
  Gelatin dynamite    40%
  Demolition charge
  2400
  0.42
  Good
  (commercial)          50%
  Demolition charge
  2700
  0.47
  Good
                                60%
  Demolition charge
  4900
  0.76
  Good
  Detonating Cord
  Priming
  6100-7300
  --
  Excellent
  TNT
  Demolition charge
  6900
  1.00
  Excellent
  Tetrytol
  Demolition charge
  7000
  1.20
  Excellent
  Tetryl
  Booster charge
  7100
  1.25
  Excellent
  Pentolite
  Bursting charge
  7450
  --
  Excellent
  Nitroglycerin
  dynamite
  7700
  1.5
  Good
  Composite A3
  Booster charge
  8100
  --
  Good
  Composite B4
  Bursting charge
  7800
  1.35
  Excellent
  Composite C4
  Demolition charge
  8040
  1.34
  Excellent
  PETN
  Blasting caps,
  Demolition charges
  8300
  1.66
  Excellent
  RDX
  Composite
  explosives
  8350
  1.60
  Excellent
  M112
  Demolition charge
  8040
  1.34
  Excellent
  M118, M186
  Cutting charge
  7300
  1.14
  Excellent
  M2A1 Bangalore
  Clearing charge
  7800
  1.17
  Excellent
  TNT Demolition Charge
  Demolition charge
  6900
  1.00
  Excellent
  AN Demolition Charge
  Cratering charge
  3400
  .42
  Good
  Relative Effectiveness (RE) factor.  Explosives vary in detonating rate or velocity (meters per
  second), as well as other characteristics, such as density and energy production.  These
  characteristics determine their effectiveness for cutting, breaching, or cratering charges.  The
  amount of explosives used is adjusted by a relative effectiveness factor , which is based upon the
  shattering effect of the explosive in relation to that of TNT.
  NOTES:  Finding the velocity and RE factor of most explosives was quite challenging so I was
  unable to double check most of the numbers with multiple sources.  Most of the numbers come
  from US Army FM 5-25 Demolitions and Explosives so I think they are pretty accurate.
  Commercial dynamite is also available in 80% charges, but because of the difficulty in handling
  these charges FM 5-25 omitted them and I was unable to find another source.  (RE would be in
  the 1-1.2 range)
  A3 and Pentolite seem to be unsuitable as breaching charges as FM 5-25 does not assign them a
  RE value.
  Detonating cord contains insufficient explosive per length for use in breaching charges.
  
  Explosives Pt.4
  Now that we know the different explosives, it is time to look at putting them to work.  First by
  setting up charges.
  Crimping Caps
  One of the most dangerous tasks in explosives work is unfortunately also one of the most
  common, that of crimping blasting caps onto time fuse and detonating cord.  Blasting caps are one
  of the most pressure sensitive explosives and everyone has to be crimped onto a fuse or det cord
  to be useful.  The bottom quarter inch is the only area of the blasting cap where the crimp can be
  safely applied, otherwise there is a fair risk of detonation.  The currently accepted US Army
  process for crimping blasting caps is as follows;
  “After the blasting cap has been seated, grasp the fuse or cord between the thumb and third finger
  of one hand so that the fingers are touching the open end of the cap.  Place the forefinger over the
  closed end of the cap to hold it firmly against the end of the fuse or cord.  Apply slight pressure
  on the closed end of the cap with the forefinger.  Rest the crimpers on top of the thumb and third
  finger.  Place the second finger on top of the crimpers to secure them.  If using crimping pliers,
  fully close the pliers to complete the crimp.”
  When crimping blasting caps, make sure all other explosives are at least 2 meters away.  If
  crimping onto det cord, make sure the det cord is not linked to other charges.  If there is a
  detonation, you don’t want every other charge going off with it.
  Electric blasting caps do not requiring crimping as they come with 12 feet of wire already
  attached.  The disadvantage of electrical blasting caps, is the complexity of wiring circuits with
  multiple charges spread over a wide area.  Most of the time an electrical blasting cap will be used
  to initiate the main line, with all charges being detonated by det cord and nonelectric caps.
  What do you do, when you don’t have a blasting cap?  Six inches of detonating cord equals the
  explosive power, however, it will not detonate the explosives as reliably as a cap because its
  power output is not as concentrated.
  Main Line
  The main line, is a detonating cord line that links all of the explosive charges.  The main line is
  initiated by a blasting cap, either electric from a blasting machine or nonelectric from time fuse.
  Individual explosive charges are linked to the main line by branch lines which are tied into the
  main line by special clips or by a girth hitch with extra turn.  When only a couple of charges are on
  the firing circuit, it is not uncommon for the last charge to be primed straight from the main line.
  If more then four charges are linked to the main line, it is wise to use a Ring Main, in which case
  all charges should be primed from branch lines.
  A ring main is a main line that after branching from the last charge, loops back around and links to
  itself before the first charge.  The ring main makes the detonation of all charges more positive
  because the detonating wave approaches the branch lines from both directions.  Care must be
  taken to make sure the detonating cord does not cross over itself, one foot of clearance in all
  directions being a good distance.
  
  Dual Priming
  The risk of a bullet, fragment or unforeseen circumstance severing the main line is such that it is
  always advisable to dual prime.  Dual priming requires two duplicate main lines complete with
  independent initiation systems, main and branch lines.  Thus each charge is primed twice from
  different systems.  This process greatly increases the material necessary for demolition but almost
  eliminates the chances of full or partial failure of detonation.  Charges that utilize blasting cap
  wells, such as military dynamite and Ammonium Nitrate Demolition Charges, are only able to be
  directly primed by one blasting cap, thus for dual priming a 1-pound explosive charge with the
  second blasting cap is attached to the side of the main charge.  Dual priming can be electric or
  nonelectric, or a combination of both.  If both systems are nonelectric, the fuses should be as
  close to the same length as possible.  The expense and weight of the extra blasting caps and
  detonating cord, may make you opt against dual priming, but the first time you have a misfire or
  the main line is cut, you will be very glad you did
  Misfires
  In the rare event that you have followed all the proper steps in setting up the demolition circuit
  and there is a misfire, these are the steps to follow.
  Nonelectric misfire:  Initiate the second firing system if dual priming was used.  Wait 30 minutes
  (if possible) to insure the misfire is not the result of a defective powder train in the fuse (as a
  minimum safety measure, wait twice as long as the time fuse was supposed to burn).  If the
  charges are not tamped, do not move or disturb; lay a primed 1-pound charge at the side of the
  misfired charge and fire.  If the charge has no more than a foot of tamping, place a primed 2-
  pound charge on top of the tamping and fire.  If tamped more than a foot, remove the material
  with a nonmetallic tool until less than a foot of tamping remains, prime with a 2-pound charge
  and fire.
  Electric misfire:  Attempt to fire the charge with a different blasting machine or operator.  Initiate
  the second firing system if dual priming was used. Wait 30 minutes (if possible) to insure the
  charge is not burning.  Disconnect the blasting machine and insure the firing wires are shunted.
  Have the personnel who placed the charges recheck all the circuit connections.  Reattach the
  blasting machine and fire.
  Note:  With electric blasting caps, where there is no detonating cord to insure positive detonation,
  it is possible for the blasting cap to only partially fire.  Called a ‘fizzle’, this partial detonation is
  rarely enough to detonate the main charge, but can generate enough energy to cause the charge to
  burn.  Most military explosives will not detonate when burning, but they do become very sensitive
  to pressure, thus picking up a C4 charge, to investigate a misfire, that is burning internally could
  cause detonation.
  Premature Detonation
  Nonelectric:  Premature detonations are very rare with nonelectric firing systems.  Outside of
  operator stupidity the typical cause is time fuse with an irregular burn rate.  As long as the fuse
  is tested prior to use, this should not be much of a concern.
  Electric:  Electric blasting caps can be prematurely detonated by induced current from radio-
  frequency signals caused by operating radios, radar, microwave or television transmitters.
  Portable transmitters (like personal radios) should never be within 50 meters of electric blasting
  caps.  For higher power transmitters use the following table to determine minimum safe
  distance.
  
  Peak transmitter power
  Watts
  Minimum safe distance
  Meters
  0 - 30
  30
  30 - 50
  50
  50 - 100
  110
  100 - 250
  160
  250 - 500
  230
  500 - 1000
  305
  1000 - 3000
  480
  3000 - 5000
  610
  5000 - 20000
  915
  20000 - 50000
  1530
  50000 - 100000
  3050
  What are the chances, the blasting cap will prematurely detonate if you are within the minimum
  safe distance?  I could find no numbers, so the formula I use is guesswork.  For every 10% within
  the minimum safe distance there is a 1% chance per power bracket of premature detonation (ie. A
  30 watt transmitter has a 1% chance per 10% of safe range, a 50000 watt transmitter has an 11%
  chance per 10% of range).  In other words, if you have been assigned to destroy a large
  transmitter, don’t use an electric firing system, the results could be explosive.  (Sorry for the bad
  joke, it is late.)
  Explosives Pt.5
  We have looked at the different explosives, and now it is time to figure out how much explosives
  we will need to blowup a particular object.
  TIMBER-CUTTING CHARGES
  Type of explosives used:  Use dynamite or plastic explosives for tampered internal charges in
  boreholes.  The cartridge size of dynamite and ability to mold plastic explosives make them
  convenient to emplace .  Use a block explosive (TNT, tetrytol, and C4)for untamped external
  charges because they are easily tied or fastened tot he target.  Use plastic explosives or sheet
  explosives for untamped external ring charges because they are easily fastened to and molded
  around the target.
  Formula for tampered internal charge.
  P = 0.004 x D x D
  P = pounds of TNT required per tree
  D = diameter of tree or least dimension of dressed timber, in inches.
      Example:  For a 15-inch tree, P = 0.004 x 15 x 15 = 0.90 or 1 pound of TNT
  Internal Charge placement:  Place the charge in a borehole parallel to the greatest dimension of
  cross section, and tightly tamp it with moist earth.  If the charge is too large for one borehole,
  make two boreholes side by side in dimensional timber.  On round timber, make two boreholes at
  approximately right angles to each other, but do not intersect.  Tamp both boreholes and firefire
  the charges simultaneously.
  
  Formula for untamped external charges.
  P = 0.025 x D x D
  P = pounds of TNT required per tree
  D = diameter of tree or least dimension of dressed timber, in inches.
      Example:  For a 30-inch tree, P = 0.025 x 30 x 30 = 22.50 or 23 pounds TNT
  Concentrated external charge placement:  To be most destructive, concentrated charges should be
  rectangular, 1 or 2 inches thick, and about twice as wide as they are high.  Place charges as close
  as possible to the surface of the timber (it is often useful to notch the tree to form a flat surface
  which also holds the explosives in place.)  If the tree is not round and the direction of fall is of no
  concern, place the explosive on the widest face so that the cut will be through the least thickness.
  The tree will fall towards the side where the explosive is placed, unless influenced by lean or wind.
  Ring Charge Placement:  The ring charge is a band of explosives completely circling the tree.  The
  explosives band should be as wide as possible, at least ½ inch thick for small diameter trees and 1
  inch thick for medium- and large-diameter trees up to 30 inches in diameter (above 30 inches in
  diameter use either a concentrated external charge or internal charge).  Use this technique when
  the direction of fall is not a consideration, but the elimination of stumps is important.
  Formula for Abatis charges
  P = 0.002 x D x D
  P = pounds of TNT required per tree
  D = diameter of tree or least dimension of dressed timber, in inches.
  Placement of Abatis charges:  Charges for making fallen-tree obstacles are placed as a
  concentrated external charge in the same way as for timber cutting except that they are placed
  approximately 5 feet above ground.  The tree will fall toward the side where the explosive is
  placed unless influenced by lean or wind.  (Trees for Abatis charges should be at least 24 inches in
  diameter and the charged should be placed so that they fall at a 45-degree angle towards the
  enemy.)
  NOTE:  Wood varies considerably in strength.  In military deployments, a series of test shots are
  made to judge the strength of local wood.  This is impractical in most Blackeagle operations, so
  some research into local trees before deployment would be advisable.  For softer woods subtract
  10-20% of charge size, for hard woods increase the charge size by 10-20%.
  STEEL-CUTTING CHARGES
  Explosives used:  select steel-cutting charges for their cutting effect and adaptability to placement.
  Plastic explosives and sheet explosives are best because they have great cutting power, and can be
  easily molded into the grooves and angles of the target.  TNT, on the other hand, is adequate,
  generally available, and cast into blocks that can be readily assembled and fixed, but not molded to
  the target.
  
  Formulas for block explosive charges:
  A)  Compute charges to cut I-beams, built-up girders, steel plates, columns, and other structural
  steel sections using the following formula.
  P = 0.375 x A
  P = pound of TNT required per cut
  A = cross-section area, in square inches, of steel member to be cut
  B)  The following formula is recommended for the computation of block cutting charges for high-
  carbon and alloy steel, such as that found in machinery.
  P = D x D
  P = pounds of TNT per cut
  D = diameter or thickness, in inches, of section to be cut.
  C)  Use the following formula for round steel bars, such as concrete reinforcing rods, where the
  size makes charge placement difficult or impossible, and for chains, cables, and steel rods with a
  diameter of less than 2 inches (for round steel greater than 2 inches, use formula A).
  P = D
  P = pounds of TNT per cut
  D = diameter, in inches, of section to be cut.
  Formulas for Plastic and Sheet Explosives:
      Note:  Plastic and sheet explosives can be fitted to the target with little or no air gaps, and use
  calculation formulas that are based on the best charge configuration and shape, and not actual
  weight.  To find the weight of the charge, first calculate the charge dimensions using the following
  formulas and then compare with M118 dimensions to find the weight.
  1)  Use the following formula for ribbon charges.  If properly calculated and placed, the ribbon
  charge cuts steel with less explosives than standard charges.  It is effective on noncircular steel
  targets up to 3 inches thick.
  Charge thickness = ½ times steel thickness (minimum ½ inches of explosives)
  Charge width = 3 times the charge thickness
  Charge length = length of desired cut.
      Note:  Place the blasting cap in the middle of the ribbon charge
  2)  Use the following formula for saddle charges, to cut mild steel bars.  This steel-cutting method
  uses the destructive effect of the end split or cross fracture formed in the steel at the end of the
  charge, opposite the end where detonation was started.  Use this technique on round, square, or
  rectangular mild steel bars up to 8 inches square or 8 inches in diameter.  This method uses a
  charge cut in the shape of a triangle which lays across the target, thus the name, saddle charge.
  
  Thickness of charge = 1 inch (the thickness of a M112 C4 block)
  Base of charge = ½ circumference (or perimeter) of the target.
  Long axis of charge = circumference (or perimeter) of target.
      Note: The long axis of the charge is laid along the target, and place the blasting cap at the apex
  of the long axis.
  3)   Use the following formula for diamond-shaped charge, to cut hard steel bars.  The stress-
  wave method is a steel-cutting technique that employs the destructive effect of two colliding
  shock waves.  The shock waves are created from an explosive charge simultaneously detonated at
  opposite ends.  Use this technique on high-carbon steel and steel-alloy bars up to 8 inches in
  diameter or square in cross-section.  As the name implies, this charge is diamond shaped.
  Thickness of charge = 1 inch (the thickness of a m112 C4 block)
  Long axis of charge = circumference (or perimeter) of target
  Short axis of charge = ½ the circumference (or perimeter) of target
      Note:  Wrap the explosives completely around the target so the ends of the long axis touch.
  Blasting caps are placed at both ends of the short access and must be detonated simultaneously.
  Explosives Pt.6
  BREACHING CHARGES
  Type of explosives used:  TNT is the most commonly used breaching explosive because of it’s
  low cost and availability, but any explosive that lists a RE factor may be used.  The size and
  confinement of the explosives are more important because of the strength and bulk of the material
  to be breached.  The metal bars in reinforced concrete will not be cut by breaching charges, so if it
  is necessary to remove them, cutting charges will have to be used after the breaching charge.  For
  maximum effectiveness, place the explosives in the size of a flat square.  The thickness of the
  charge depends on the amount of explosives.
  < 5 pounds – 1 inch
  5 to < 40 pounds – 2 inches
  40 to < 300 pounds – 4 inches
  300 pound or more – 8 inches
  Calculation formula
  P = R x R x R x M x T
  P = pounds of TNT required
  R = breaching radius (in feet)
  M = Material Factor
  T = tamping factor
  Breaching Radius:  The breaching radius is the distance from the charge to the edge of the object
  to be breached.
  Material factor:  The following table gives values for various types and thickness of material.  if
  the type of material is questionable, always assume it is the stronger.  Always assume masonry is
  first-class unless stated otherwise.
  
  Material
  R
  M
  Earth
  All values
  0.07
  Poor masonry, shale, hardpan, good timber and earth
  < 5 feet
  0.32
  5 feet or more
  0.29
  Good masonry, concrete block, rock
  < 1 foot
  0.88
  1 to < 3 feet
  0.48
  3 to < 5 feet
  0.40
  5 to < 7 feet
  0.32
  7 feet or more
  0.27
  Dense concrete, first-class masonry
  < 1 foot
  1.14
  1 to < 3 feet
  0.62
  3 to <5 feet
  0.52
  5 to <7 feet
  0.41
  7 feet or more
  0.35
  Reinforced Concrete
  < 1 foot
  1.76
  1 to < 3 feet
  0.96
  3 to < 5 feet
  0.80
  5 to < 7 feet
  0.63
  7 feet or more
  0.54
  Tamping factor:  the following table gives  tamping factor (T) for various charge placements and
  tamping levels.  The charge should not be considered tamped unless a solid material (sand or dirt)
  is used, and of a thickness greater than the breaching radius.
  Tamping and placement
  C
  Explanation
  Center mass
  1.0
  The charge is placed equal distance from the sides of
  the target, and more then one breaching distance from
  top or base.
  Full Tamped
  1.0
  The charge is placed against to target more than one
  breaching distance from the base, and tamped in all
  direction by more than one breaching distance.
  Deep water
  1.0
  The charge is placed against the target more than one
  breaching distance from the base and underwater more
  than one breaching distance above the charge.
  Elevated untamped
  1.8
  The charge is placed against the target more than one
  breaching distance, and untamped (or tamped less than
  one breaching distance).
  Shallow water
  2.0
  The charge is placed against the target more than one
  breaching distance and underwater less than one
  breaching distance.
  Base tamped
  2.0
  The charge is placed at the base of the target and fully
  tamped.
  Base untamped
  2.8
  The charge is placed at the base of the target and
  untamped (or tamped less than one breaching radius).
  
  Note:  If the charge is not placed in direct contact with the target, the effects are greatly reduced
  (how much I cannot say for sure, but I use a 66% reduction in effectiveness, or three time the
  charge to do the same thing if not in direct contact.)
  Number of Charges:  The number of charges required to demolish a pier, slab, or wall is
  calculated from the following formula.
  N = W / 2R
  N = number of charges
  W = width of pier, slab, or wall (in feet)
  R= breaching radius (in feet)
  If the N < 1.25, use one charge; 1.25 to < 2.5, use two charges; if 2.5 or more, round to the
  nearest whole number.  The first charge is placed R distance from one side of the target, with the
  remainder of charges placed at a distance of 2R apart.
  Counterforce charge:  This special breaching technique is effective against comparatively small
  cubical or columnar concrete and masonry objects 4 feet or less in thickness and width.  The
  target must have at least three faces free or be freestanding.  If constructed of plastic explosives,
  properly placed and detonated, counterforce charges produce excellent results with a relatively
  small charge.  The effectiveness results from the simultaneous detonation of two charges placed
  directly oppsite each other and as near to the center of the target as possible.
  Charge calculation:  The counterforce charge requires 1 ½ pounds of plastic explosive per foot of
  thickness of the target. Round fractions to the next highest ½ foot before calculating the charge.
  Preparation and placement of the charges:  Divide the amount of plastic explosives in half and
  make two equal charges.  Place the two charges directly opposite each other.
  Priming:  The simultaneous detonation of both charges is required for best results.  For electrical
  detonation, use electrical blasting caps wired in series to the same circuit.  For nonelectric
  detonation, crimp nonelectric blasting caps to equal lengths of detonating cord.  Prime both
  charges at the center rear point.  Bring the free ends of the detonation cord together, and attach to
  detonation means (main detonating cord line or blasting cap linked to detonator).
  Explosives Pt.7
  For the most part, the use of cratering charges will be beyond the scope of most Millennium’s End
  games.  The large quantity of equipment, explosives, and time to prepare cratering charges would
  tax the capabilities of most ME cells.
          CRATERING CHARGES
  Selection of Explosives:  All military explosives can be used for cratering charges, but the 40-
  pound Ammonium Nitrate Demolition Charge is the primary choice.  Low velocity explosives are
  preferred over high velocity explosives for their greater ability of displacing soil and material.
  Preparing boreholes:  Boreholes are typically prepared by one of three methods; post hole augur,
  Explosive Earth Rod Kit (covered in Pt.2), or shaped charge. Hard-surfaced pavement must be
  
  breached before use of post hole augur or Earth Rod Kit.  Use a 1-pound charge of explosive per
  2 inches of pavement thickness, tamped with material twice as thick as the pavement.
      M2A4 Shaped Demolition Charge:  The fifteen pound M2A4 uses a booster of A3 and main
  charge of B4 for total of 11-1/2 pounds of explosives.  The cone liner is made of glass.  For
  maximum effectiveness, the M2A4 must be separated from the target, this ‘standoff’ distance
  allows the cone liner to be formed into to a narrow jet for maximum penetration.  The standard
  standoff for the M2A4 is 7 inches, but consult the table below for variation based on the material
  to be breached.
  M3A1 Shaped Demolition Charge:  The forty pound M2A4 uses a booster of A3 and main charge
  of B4 for total of 27-1/2 pounds of explosives.  The cone liner is made of metal.  For maximum
  effectiveness, the M2A4 must be separated from the target, this ‘standoff’ distance allows the
  cone liner to be formed into to a narrow jet for maximum penetration.  The standard standoff for
  the M2A4 is 15 inches, but consult the table below for variation based on the material to be
  breached.
  Material
  Specifications
  M2A4
  M3A1
  Armor Plate
  Penetration
  12 in
  20+ in
  Average diameter of hole
  1 ½ in
  2 ½ in
  Reinforced
  Maximum wall thickness that can be perforated
  36 in
  60 in
  concrete
  Depth of penetration on thick walls
  30 in
  60 in
  Average diameter of hole
  2 ¾ in
  3 ½ in
  Minimum diameter of hole
  2 in
  2 in
  10-in concrete
  Optimum standoff
  42 in
  60 in
  pavement with
  Minimum depth of penetration
  44 in
  71 in
  21-in rock base
  Maximum depth of penetration
  91 in
  109 in
  course
  Minimum diameter of hole
  1 ¾ in
  6 ¾ in
  3-in concrete
  Optimum standoff
  42 in
  --
  pavement with
  Minimum depth of penetration
  38 in
  --
  24-in rock base
  Maximum depth of penetration
  90 in
  --
  course
  Minimum diameter of hole
  3 ¾ in
  --
  Permafrost
  Depth of hole with normal standoff
  4 in
  7 in
  Diameter of hole with normal standoff
  30 in
  30 in
  Depth of hole with 30-in standoff
  72 in
  --
  Diameter of hole with 30-in standoff
  1 ½ - 6 in
  --
  Depth of hole with 50-in standoff
  --
  72 in
  Diameter of hole with 50-inch standoff
  --
  5 - 8 in
  Ice
  Depth of hole with 42-in standoff
  7 ft
  12+ ft
  Diameter of hole with 42-in standoff
  3 ½ in
  6 in
  Soil
  Depth of hole with 30-in standoff
  7 ft
  --
  Diameter of hole with 30-in standoff
  7 in
  --
  Depth of hole with 48-in standoff
  --
  7 ft
  Diameter of hole with 48-in standoff
  --
  14 ½ in
  Graveled road
  Depth of hole with 30-in standoff
  7 ft
  --
  Diameter of hole with 30in standoff
  7 in
  --
  Depth of hole with 60-in standoff
  --
  9 ft
  Diameter of hole with 60-in standoff
  --
  7 in
  
  Note:  Several hazards arise when creating boreholes with shaped charges.  First is the fact that
  the boreholes can become very hot from the shaped charge, possibly prematurely detonating
  charges placed within.  Secondly is that toxic fumes from the shaped charge can be trapped in the
  borehole, posing a risk to personnel placing the main charge.  A fifteen to twenty minute wait will
  allow the borehole to cool and the fumes to escape.  The process can be expedited with
  compressed air.
  M180 Cratering Demolition Kit:  This kit consists of a M2A4 shaped charge, a modified M57
  electric firing device, a warhead (40 pounds of B4), a rocket motor, a tripod assembly, and a
  demolition circuit.  The shaped charge, firing device, and warhead are permanently attached to the
  launch leg of the tripod.  For safety reasons the rocket motor and demolition circuit are packaged
  separately and connected to the other components at the time of use.  The kit weighs
  approximately 165 pounds.  When fired the rocket motor propels the warhead down the firing leg,
  activating the M57 which fires the M2A4 shaped charge.  The rocket motor drives the warhead
  down the borehole created by the M2A4  and detonates at the bottom.  This will create a crater 6-
  8 feet deep, and 15-20 feet in diameter.  Because of speed and ease of emplacement, the M180 is
  commonly used in the war on drugs for runway denial.  Multiple M180s can be fired together to
  produce an exceptionally large crater.
  Hasty road crater
  This method takes the least amount of time for construction, based on the number and depth of
  boreholes, and requires the least explosives, but produces the least effective barrier because of its
  depth and shape.  The method described forms a V-shaped crater approximately 6-7 feet deep and
  20 feet wide, extending approximately 8 feet beyond each end borehole.  The sides have slopes 25
  to 35 degrees.
  *  Dig all boreholes to the same depth (recommended at least 5 feet),  Space the holes 5 feet apart
  center to center across the road.
  *  Load the boreholes with 10 pounds of explosives per foot of depth (a single 40 pound AN
  charge in a 5 foot borehole will produce a satisfactory crater).
  *  Connect all charges to fire simultaneously.  Use a dual firing system (covered in Pt.7).
  *  Tamp all boreholes with appropriate material (tamping is critical in cratering charges, otherwise
  all of the explosive energy goes out the borehole and you don’t get a crater.)
  Deliberate Road Crater
  This method requires more time and explosives, but produces a more effective crater than the
  hasty method.  The crater produced is V-shaped, approximately 7-8 feet deep, 25-30 feet wide,
  with sides sloping 30-37 degrees.  The crater extends 8 feet beyond the end holes.  Boreholes are
  5 feet apart, center-to-center, in a line across the area to be cut.  The end holes are 7 feet deep,
  and the others are alternately 5 feet and 7 feet deep.  Do not place two 5 foot holes next to each
  other, double 7 foot holes to offset, placing the adjacent 7 foot holes close to the middle of the
  line.  Place 80 pounds of explosives in 7 foot holes and 40 pounds of explosives in the 5 foot
  holes.  Connect for simultaneous firing and tamp appropriately.
  Note:  For the most effective road crater, make the line of the crater at a 45 degree angle to
  direction of movement.
  
  Ditching charges
  Use this method of demolition for creating ditches to move water or as initial excavations for
  preparing a defense.  Military dynamite works good for this type of demolition, because individual
  charges are quite small, and dynamite creates a more vertically directed ditch.  The rule of thumb
  for ditching in average soil is to use 1 pound of explosives per cubic yard of earth to be removed.
  Charges are placed 18-24 inches apart in two parallel lines 24 inches apart, each charge
  approximately 30 inches deep.  This should create a ditch approximately 4 feet wide and 3 feet
  deep.  A second series of charges is placed in the base of the ditch 3 feet deep, 2 feet apart, and
  18 inches between the two lines of charges.  After the second firing the ditch should be 4 feet
  wide and 5-7 feet deep.
  Explosives Pt.8
  Everything we have discussed before, leads up to this, taking out the target.  This is the area
  where analysis of the particular target and desired level of destruction play a major role.  Every
  target is going to be different, requiring different amounts of explosives and placed differently to
  accomplish the same objective.  Thus the manuals give only basic guidelines, and even then they
  are far to lengthy to be covered here (FM 5-25 devotes 28 pages to just the basics of bridge
  demolition alone).  I have tried to cover the key points for a variety of targets, but unfortunately
  much of this work is left to the GM.
  Level of Destruction
  How much damage has to be done to the target to accomplish the mission goals?  Does the client
  want the target turned into scrap or only unusable by the enemy for a short period of time?  This
  is a critical consideration affecting how much explosives and how many charges are necessary (or
  if explosives are even necessary.)
  Partial Destruction:  Partial destruction renders the target unusable until repaired/replaced.
  When replacement is necessary, a significant portion of the original object are usable in the
  construction of the replacement.
  Complete Destruction:  Damage to the target is so extreme that no components can be
  used in the construction of the replacement.
  Bridges
  Bridges are hard to classify because they come in such a variety and are usually built on site to the
  needs of the location.  Some general principles follow;
  A) Give tension members priority because they are harder to repair than compression members.
  Tension members almost always require steel riveting or welding, while compression members
  can sometimes be replaced by cribbing.
  B)  Long steel members that require cutting in only one place to demolish the bridge should be
  further damaged to prevent their ready salvage by cutting or splicing (for complete destruction
  only).
  C)  If travel routes (roadways or canals) pass under the bridge, plan the demolitions so that any
  temporary piers that might be erected to repair the bridge will be located where they will block
  traffic.
  
  D)  If the distance from the base terrain to the bridge is great enough, the weight of the bridge can
  be used to assist in its destruction, reducing the amount of explosives needed.
  E)  If the bridge is to be cut at only one end, it should be the end opposite the enemy territory,
  requiring the enemy to cross the obstacle to repair the bridge.
  Simple-Span Fixed Bridge:  A simple-span fixed bridge is supported only at either end.  It is
  perhaps the most common type of fixed bridge.
  Partial Destruction - is difficult because any demolition will effect the entire span and may
  result in more than the desired damage to the abutments.  If the base terrain is close enough, cut
  both trusses at one end.  The bridge should come to a rest at an incline with the uncut end still on
  its abutment.
  Complete Destruction - 1) Cut both trusses in the middle.  This should buckle the trusses
  at both ends and damage the abutments.  2) If the bridge rests relatively close to a fast moving
  waterway, cut the upstream truss at both ends.  The water beating against the dropped section
  will twist the remaining truss from the abutment and pound the bridge to pieces.
  Continuous-Span Fixed Bridge:  These bridges are basically the same as above except the are
  supported by one or more intermediate piers.
  Partial Destruction - Cut the bridge midway between one abutment and the nearest pier.
  This will drop this small section, but should leave the remainder of the bridge intact for future use.
  Complete destruction - Cut the span on each side of all the intermediate piers.  The cuts
  should be at unequal distances from the pier so the sections will be unbalanced and fall, usually
  damaging the supporting piers in the process.
  Swing Bridges:  A continuous span that can be rotated on its central pier to provides clear
  passage for waterborne traffic.
  Partial Destruction - The easiest method is to open the bridge and disable the rotating
  mechanism.  This can be accomplished with little or no explosives and leaves the bridges in
  relatively good shape for future repair.
  Complete Destruction - Complete destruction can be accomplished as discussed under
  Continuous-Span Fixed Bridge.  Additional explosives should be used to destroy the rotating
  mechanism.
  Bascule Bridge:  The bascule bridge is more commonly referred to as a drawbridge.  There are
  one or two arms that will fold upward out of the way of waterborne traffic.  The bridge arms are
  usually balanced by couter weights (either above or below the bridge surface).
  Partial Destruction - This can be accomplished by cutting the moveable arm (usually at the
  mid point) or by opening the bridge and disabling the operating mechanism.
  Complete Destruction - This is accomplished by cutting the moveable arms (single arm
  bascule bridges should be cut in more than one location) and destroying the operating system.
  Virtical Lift bridges:  This type of bridge is characterized by a simple span that is raised between
  two towers, out of the path of water traffic.
  Partial Destruction - The lift span is often quite delicate making partial destruction
  challenging.  If continuous spans lead to the lift span, it is usually easier to cut one of these for
  
  partial destruction.  If not, cutting the vertical lift span in the middle will prevent traffic but rarely
  damages the lifting mechanism.
  Complete Destruction - 1) Cutting the counter weight cables will prevent the lift span
  from being raised, and the falling counter weights usually destroy the towers and the access
  leading to the lift span. 2)  Raise the lift span and cut it at one end, the dropping span should take
  out one of the towers.  3) With the lift span down, cut the two support towers.  With the counter
  weights near the top, the towers will crash down and if cut correctly take out the lift span and one
  access route.
  Pneumatic Float Bridge:  This is characterized by a rigid roadway supported by rubberized fabric
  made into airtight compartments and inflated with air.
  Partial Destruction - Cut the anchor cables and bridle lines (either with explosives or
  axes).  This will separate the bridge into sections and cause it to float away from the anchorage.
  Complete Destruction - Because of the large number of watertight compartments in each
  float, it can require large volumes of smallarms fire to sink them.  An easier way is with one turn
  of detonating cord around each float, which should be from a branch line.
  Rigid Pontoon Bridge:  Rigid pontoons are made from various materials such as wood, plastic
  and metal and are usually open.
  Partial Destruction - The same as for Pneumatic Float Bridges.
  Complete Destruction - Place a ½-pound charge on the upstream end of the bottom of
  each pontoon and detonate simultaneously.  If the current is fast enough, it will often overturn the
  bridge before sinking it.
  Roadways
  Partial destruction can be accomplished by cratering charges, dropping overpasses or trees
  onto the roadway, or collapsing abutments.  Trees are the least effective, but also require
  substantially less explosives then the other methods.
  Complete destruction of roadways is all but impossible, since almost any damage can be
  repaired.  The best that can be hoped for is that the enemy deems the damage to widespread and
  serious to justify repairs.
  Railroads
  The destruction of railroads with explosives should be done at vulnerable points such as curves,
  switches, frogs, and crossovers.  These areas can be destroyed with small amounts of explosives
  (typically only 1-2 pounds) and is called spot method.  Destroying straight sections is best
  accomplished by placing 1-pound charges on both tracks at 30-yard intervals, staggered from one
  side to the other.  This allows a 150-meter section of track to be destroyed with only 20-pounds
  of explosives.  To increase the destruction, cratering charges can be used to destroy the track bed.
  Railway and Highway Tunnels
  This is really beyond the scope of ME cells.  Hasty demolition requires huge quantities of
  explosives, often 10,000 pounds or more.  Even with prepared demolition chambers, it takes
  about 3000 pounds of explosives to destroy a tunnel.  The best option for ME cells is to use
  cratering charges at the tunnel portals to create slides.  ADMs are also effective at destroying
  tunnels, but hopefull no ME GM would allow their use.
  
  Airfields
  It is seldom possible to destroy an airfield completely because fo the great amount of explosives
  and time required.  Instead the different components of the airfield should be prioritized as to
  mission requirements and dealt with individually.  Runways and taxiways can be neutralized with
  cratering charges.  Fuel and munitions stockpiles can be easily destroyed with incendiaries and
  small explosive charges.  Buildings, communications, vehicles, and aircraft are covered below.
  Aircraft & Helicopters
  One charge large enough to turn an aircraft into scrap is an inefficient use of explosives.  More
  efficient use of explosives can be made by using smaller charges to destroy critical components.
  4-pound charges will destroy crankshafts, rotor hubs, and jet turbines.  1-pound charges will
  destroy instrument panels and electronics, control surfaces, engine components, and rupture fuel
  tanks.
  Vehicles
  Passenger cars con be completely destroyed by placing a 5-pound charge on the bottom of the
  engine close to the passenger compartment.  A 1-pound charge placed under the driver’s seat,
  electronically primed, and tied into the ignition system is a common form of assassination.
  Larger vehicles can be destroyed by 4-pound charges on the axles and drive train.  The engine can
  be destroyed by draining the oil and introducing sand or aluminum powder while the engine is
  running.  At full throttle this takes very little time.
  Armored vehicles by their very nature are difficult to destroy from the outside.  Shaped charges
  placed over critical components is the easiest way.  Small charges (5-pounds) can be used to jam
  the turret, destroy tires or break the track, and crack weapon barrels.  If access to the inside is
  possible the engine can be destroyed as above, fuel tanks ruptured, instruments and electronics
  destroyed.  Weapons can be destroyed with explosives and/or incendiaries.
  Storage Tanks
  Tanks filled with fuel or other combustibles are easiest to destroy with incendiaries.  Tanks filled
  with nonflammables or empty tanks are best destroyed with charges against their bases or around
  outflow pipes.  Full storage tanks can also be destroyed by an internal charge calculated on the
  basis of 1 pound of explosives per 100 cubic feet of capacity.  The storage medium acts as taming
  and amplifies the shock wave.  (Ever put an M80 in a gallon paint can?  Same thing.)
  Pipelines
  Destroying pipelines is rarely efficient because of the ease of repair.  If deemed to be necessary,
  the charges should be placed at junctions, valves, or corners.  Destroying the pipe at underground
  or elevated locations increases the difficulty of repairs,  If possible, pipes should be destroyed
  while under pressure.  The pressure of the transported medium, combined with the explosive
  energy wave often ruptures the pipe well outside the explosive radius.
  Communications
  Destroying telephone lines rarely has a long term effect, but in the short term it can be very
  disruptive.  If at all possible cuts should be made over natural obstacles such as rivers and recesses
  to increase the difficulty in repairing.  Poles should be cut with external tree cutting charges and
  
  then burned.  The telephone wire should be cut into small pieces to prevent it from being used in
  repairs.  Telephone wires can also be damaged or destroyed by burning.
  Transmitter towers can be dropped by cutting the support wires and using cutting charges at the
  base.  If possible the tower should be dropped onto the transmitter building, transmitter power
  source or anything else that needs to be destroyed and will further damage the tower.  Large
  towers should be cut into several pieces to prevent components from being used to make a
  smaller temporary tower.  Remember that electric detonators should not be used near
  transmitters.
  Transmitters and switchboards can be destroyed by manual means or small explosive charges.
  Power generators can be destroyed like engines (see vehicles) or with explosives.
  Buildings
  This is not the subtle implosion seen in civilian demolitions, where minimal collateral damage is
  the prime concern.  The goal is to drop the building as quickly and efficiently as possible.
  Masonry or concrete buildings:  Destroy masonry or concrete buildings by placing breaching
  charges on the inside and at the base of external charges.
  Wood or thin-walled buildings:  Destroy wooden-frame or thin-walled buildings by fire.  Another
  method is to close all doors and windows and explode on the ground floor a concentrated charge
  (dust initiator) equal to ¼ pound to 1-pound per cubic yard of volume.
  Dust initiator:  This device consists of an explosive charge (powdered TNT or C3; C4 will not
  properly mix with the explosives), an incendiary mix (two parts aluminum powder or magnesium
  powder to three parts of ferric oxide), and a suitable finely-divided organic material (dust) or a
  volatile fuel such as gasoline called a surround.  A 1-pound charge (1/2 explosives, ½
  incendiary mix), will effectively detonate up to 40-pounds of surround.  At detonation, the
  surround is distributed throughout the air within the target and ignited by the incendiary
  material.
  Steel-framed buildings:  Destroy buildings with steel frames by first breaching the concrete or
  masonry where necessary to expose the vital steel members and then cutting them with explosive
  charges.  Another method is the exposure of the building interior to extreme heat (1000 degrees
  Fahrenheit for 10 minutes); this will cause failure of the structural steel members.
  Concrete-beam and Curtain-wall buildings:  Destroy concrete-beam and curtain-wall buildings
  (constructed in such a way that the load is carried by reinforced-concrete beams and columns) by
  placing breaching charges inside the building at the base of the exterior wall and at the base of all
  intermediate columns on the ground floor.
  Dams
  Small earthen dams can be destroyed by placing cratering charges on the internal surface below
  the water line.  The water not only acts as tamping for the charge, but also causes further damage
  when it rushes in to fill the void created by the detonation.  Larger concrete dams are nearly
  impossible to destroy with conventional explosives (ADMs and specialized air delivered munitions
  
  will do the job).  Outflow gates and hydroelectric components of the dam can be disabled with
  explosives, though the size usually requires large quantities.
  Electric Power installations
  Care should be taken so that the destruction does not exceed tactical demands.  Destroy by
  cutting the windings of generators and motors, by placing and detonating a 2-pound charge inside
  the casings, or by pouring gasoline on the generators and lighting them.  Short out generators by
  using metal powders or shavings.  Break the shafts of motors and generators.  Burst boilers with
  cutting charges.
  Wells
  Eliminating the water supply of an area can be one of the most efficient ways of causing a force to
  leave an area.  Wells in soft soil are damaged beyond repair by charges that cut the lining.
  Destroy wells in rock and hard soil with little or no lining by exploding breaching charges 6 to 12
  feet from the edge of the well and deep enough to secure good tamping.  If time does not permit
  such preparation, explode a large charge halfway down and against the side of the well.
  Bunkers
  Bunkers aboveground, semi-buried, or underground are best destroyed by breaching the ceiling or
  cutting the structural members that support the roof.  Walls are usually to thick and reinforced to
  efficiently breach.
  
SOURCE: textdata/thevault/Millenniums End/Millennium's End Explosives.pdf