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9607_20 | The war continues for many days. Rama's army is now getting the advantage as many great demons are getting defeated. Ravana then sends his brother Kumbakharna - a giant demon to wreak havoc on Rama. Rama's army tends to retreat which prompts Vibhishan to change tactics. He says Rama must come out from behind and fight in battle. Rama then confronts the giant Kumbakharna. He then goes into battle ahead of him and kills him. Rama however gets lifted up and falls over the giant, wounding him. Rama gets up and clenches his arm. Lakshman helps Rama with his wounds and guides him back to camp. |
9607_21 | Rama gets his wound healed and is in the camp. Ravana's son Indrajeet then hatches a plan to devastate and kill Rama. He flies over in a chariot to Rama and calls him a coward. Rama runs out and looks at the chariot. He can see the demon along with Sita. Sita calls for help making Rama uneasy. Indrajeet then holds a sword against Sita making Rama beg to stop. Indrajeet stabs Sita which kills her. Rama collapses and cries. While Rama is down in tears, Indrajeet shoots an arrow at Rama but Lakshman steps in and takes the arrow. Indrajeet injures another soldier called Jambavan who tried to protect Rama. Indrajeet warns Rama to host a funeral for his family before he kills him. |
9607_22 | While in camp, Rama is informed that all the herbs have gone. This depresses Rama even more as he now faces the challenge of losing his brother. Vibhishan tells him to stay strong as his tears can make him lose the war. He explains the Sita he saw was just an illusion and that Lakshman's wounds aren't that serious. Jambavan awakens and tells Rama that there are herbs in the Himalayas that can heal them (Sanjeevani). Hanuman then tells Rama to rest and he brings back a mountain full of herbs. The herbs heal Lakshman and give Rama joy.
Lakshman and a few soldiers head towards Lanka. He confronts Indrajeet who escapes. After killing many demons, Lakshman chases Indrajeet. He takes over his flying chariot and they engage in combat. Lakshman expertly disarms Indrajeet and kicks him over the chariot. Hanging on, Lakshman aims an arrow at Indrajeet. He however lets go and kills himself. |
9607_23 | Ravana is in deep anger after the death of his son. He threatens to kill Sita as she is so devoted to Rama. But Ravana's grandfather stops him and begs him to release Sita. Ravana then joins the battle.
The Battle between Rama and Ravana
Ravana enters the battlefield and is armed with a ferocious sword and strong armor. Rama faces Ravana with a sword but keeps his attire of old clothes and long hair. Rama calls out Ravana saying this battle will end it all and Rama will fight until Ravana is defeated. Ravana replies that he will kill Rama and calls out to fight. Rama then arms himself to fight against him. Rama's companions spectate the fight. |
9607_24 | Both warriors engage in battle. Their swords repeatedly collide and they both create offensive attacks. Ravana then uses the strength of the sword to push Rama into the air and make him fall on the ground. Rama gets hurt, he gets up and tries to stab Ravana but gets countered and attacked. Rama retains a defensive position and gets slammed to a wall. Ravana tries to slash Rama but he falls out the way. Ravana tries again but Rama jumps and cuts Ravana's sword. He then beheads Ravana. After an exhausting and hard fight, Rama's companions are glad Rama is safe. But Ravana's head begins to grow, however, Rama reacts quickly and cuts it with more force. Certain he has killed Ravana, he thinks about Sita. |
9607_25 | But to his shock, Ravana's whole body increases in size, and 10 heads form with 6 arms. Rama looks up in fear. Ravan then looks down at the fearful Rama and is threatening to kill him. Along with Rama, Sita and everyone else fear for Rama's life. Ravana summons a bow with an explosive arrow and fires it at Rama. Rama tries to run away but the arrow explodes. Rama gets launched up into the air and wounded harshly. He lands on the ground with intense pain. Sita looks at her wounded husband in fear. Ravana then summons a spear of fire and throws it at Rama, who is struggling to get up. A ring of fire encircles the wounded Rama. Rama prays and a chakra is presented which puts out the fire. Ravana then grabs Rama and crushes him. He then throws Rama onto a wall with great force. Rama then falls down landing very harshly and in great pain. Ravana laughs at the extremely wounded Rama who is struggling to live. |
9607_26 | Rama lies on the ground covered in wounds, his long black hair flowing on his weak body and his clothes are damaged just like him. Sita and Lakshman look at the dying Rama in sorrow. Rama then realizes Sita's freedom is at stake and crawls towards the distant chakra. Every movement he takes his pain increases. After a long time of painful movements, his wounded hand touches the chakra and recites some mantra. While Ravana is telling the dying Rama to give up, Rama is saved as the chakra grows bigger. With the last effort of excruciating pain, Rama throws the chakra at Ravana which kills him. Ravana's body crashes into the wall behind the wounded Rama. The chakra clears the air and Rama gets up.
Rama and Sita reunited |
9607_27 | With the battle over, flowers grow on the battlefield signifying the end of evil and victory of good due to the sacrifice Rama has made. The heavily wounded Rama is relieved his fighting is over and addresses both armies. His army looks at Rama and is in sorrow to see him in this state. Rama then requests the soldiers of Lanka to reside in peace under Vibhishan's rule.
Rama then gets his many wounds healed. After a long period of healing, Rama sees Sita. Sita is very sad to see her husband nearly die on the battlefield and feels guilty. Rama then hugs Sita and consoles her. He is assuring Sita, his health is fine and that he was prepared to fight for her. Sita consoles Rama after a 4-year separation and a very painful fight. Rama bids farewell to his army and returns to Ayodhya with Sita and Lakshman.
Voice cast
Original English version |
9607_28 | Nikhil Kapoor - Rama
Rael Padmasee - Sita
Uday Mathan - Ravana
Mishal Varma - Lakshmana
Noel Godin - Hanuman
Bulbul Mukherjee - Dasharatha
Madhulika Varma - Kaikeyi
Rahul Bose - Bharata
Pearl Padamsee - Manthara
Bhargava Krishna - Kumbhakarna
Shagufta Jaffrey - Surpanakha
Easo Vivin Mathew - Indrajit
Denzil Smith - Sugreeva
Cyrus Broacha - Angada
Dodo Bhujwala - Additional Voices
Rohan Arthur - Additional Voices
Avi Shroff - Additional Voices
Salome Parikh - Additional Voices
Farid Saboonchi - Additional Voices
Leeya Mehta - Additional Voices
Hindi Dub Version
Shatrughan Sinha - Narrator
Arun Govil - Rama
Namrata Sawhney - Sita
Shakti Singh - Lakshmana
Adarsh Gautam - Bharata
Dilip Sinha - Hanuman
Amrish Puri - Ravana
Harjeet Walia - Dasharatha
Sava- Kaikeyi
Manju Bhatia- Manthara
Rakesh Vidua - Jatayu
Umesh Sharma - Jambavan
Raj Joshi - Sugreeva
Pradeep Shukla - Kumbhakarna |
9607_29 | English Dub Version (Prince of Light)
James Earl Jones - Narrator
Bryan Cranston - Rama
Edie Mirman - Sita
Tom Wyner - Ravana
Richard Cansino - Lakshmana
Michael Sorich - Hanuman
Mike Reynolds - Dasharatha
Mari Devon - Kaikeyi
Simon Prescott - Kumbhakarna
Barbara Goodson - Shurpanakha
Catherine Battistone - Tataka
Tony Pope - Vishvamitra
Kirk Thornton - Indrajit
Steve Bulen - Sugreeva / Prahasta
Eddie Frierson - Angada / Maricha
Jeff Winkless - Jambavan
Michael McConnohie - Vibhishana |
9607_30 | Production |
9607_31 | In 1983, while working on "The Ramayana Relics" a documentary film about excavations by Dr. B. B. Lal near Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh (India) Yugo Sako came to know about the story of Ramayana. He liked the story of the Ramayana so much that he researched deeper into the topic and went on to read 10 versions of Ramayana in Japanese. After reading the Ramayana he wanted to adapt it into animation as he didn't think a live-action movie could capture the true essence of Ramayana,"Because Ram is God, I felt it was best to depict him in animation, rather than by an actor."Yugo Sako wanted to remain true to the original epic so he came to India and met with scholars, archaeologists, historians and started working out on the details, during this he met Ram Mohan and collaborated with him on the film. The story was simplified to a great extent in order to appeal to the international audience. TEM Co., Ltd. financed the production and a new production studio Nippon Ramayana Film Co., Ltd. was |
9607_32 | set up and the principal animation of the film began in 1990 with 450 artists on board. Indian animators guided their Japanese teammates with Indian customs and traditions depicted in the film like how dhotis are worn and how the children receive blessings from their elders.. |
9607_33 | Krishna Shah got involved in the production later in 1993 for The Prince of Light: The Legend of Ramayana.
The film is remastered in 4K HD and it's been set to release on 2022. |
9607_34 | Controversies |
9607_35 | The Indian Express misinterpreted Yugo Sako's "The Ramayana Relics" documentary and published that he was making a new Ramayana. Soon thereafter, a protest letter based on the misunderstanding from the Vishva Hindu Parishad was received by the Japanese Embassy in Delhi, which said that no foreigners could arbitrarily cinematize Ramayana because it was the great national heritage of India. After the misconceptions were cleared, Yugo Sako proposed the idea of an animated Ramayana to the VHP and the government. He told them that animation was a serious art form in Japan and it would help bring the Ramayana to a wider global audience. The Government agreed initially, but later declined his proposal for a bi-nation collaboration, saying the Ramayana is a very sensitive subject and cannot be portrayed as a cartoon. Also, the fact that the movie was being made at the height of the Ayodhya dispute, added to the controversy and axed the prospects of producing it in India. With no choice and |
9607_36 | support left, the movie was ultimately produced in Japan with nearly 450 artists from both nations contributing to its creation. |
9607_37 | Music
There are different songs for the Original English Version (sung in Sanskrit) and the Hindi Dub version (sung in Hindi), both are listed below. The lyrics are written by Vasant Dev (Sanskrit) and P.K. Mishra (Hindi).
English Version Soundtrack (Sanskrit)
Hindi Version Soundtrack (Hindi)
References
External links
Official Website of "The Prince of Light" - Archive.org (The site was closed in 2009.)
Yugo Sako's Ramayan Odyssey at Beliefnet
Prince of Light at Academy Of Motion Picture Arts And Sciences database
1992 anime films
1990s adventure drama films
Animated adventure films
Animated drama films
Animated romance films
Fantasy adventure films
Films set in ancient India
Films set in the Middle Ages
Indian animated speculative fiction films
Indian epic films
Indian films
Japanese animated fantasy films
Japanese films
Hindu mythological films
Animated films based on Ramayana
Anime in India
1992 drama films
1992 films |
9608_0 | Christopher Gilbert Pérez (born August 14, 1969) is an American guitarist, songwriter and author best known as lead guitarist for the Tejano band Selena y Los Dinos. He married the frontwoman of the group, Selena, on April 2, 1992. Pérez grew up in San Antonio, Texas as one of two children of Gilbert Pérez and Carmen Medina. In 1986, he joined Shelly Lares' band. By the late 1980s, Pérez was respected among Tejano musicians for his guitar skills. This caught A.B. Quintanilla's attention; at the time, Quintanilla was seeking another guitarist for the band he produced, Selena y Los Dinos. Between one and two years after Pérez joined the band, he and Selena began a personal relationship.
Selena's father, Abraham Quintanilla, forced them to end their relationship because he felt Pérez's image might damage Selena's career. They ignored his threats to disband the group, and continued their relationship. Quintanilla Jr. fired Pérez from the band, forbidding Selena to go with him. |
9608_1 | During the early 1990s, Pérez was arrested for driving under the influence in San Antonio, but was released without charge. Within months of his first arrest, Pérez was involved in a trashed-hotel-room incident; he and two members of Selena y Los Dinos were intoxicated and began wrestling in a room, breaking the door and punching holes in the walls. On March 31, 1995, Selena was shot and killed by her former friend and former manager of her boutiques, Yolanda Saldívar. Selena's murder greatly devastated Pérez, who began abusing drugs and alcohol. |
9608_2 | Pérez formed the Chris Pérez Band and began writing songs for their debut album. They signed with Hollywood Records and released their first album, Resurrection, which won a Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album. The band disbanded after their second album, Una Noche Mas (2002), was released. Pérez continued in the music business and often played with his brother-in-law A.B.'s groups, the Kumbia Kings and the Kumbia All Starz. He left both groups and formed another band (the Chris Pérez Project, which included Puerto Rican singer Angel Ferrer) in 2010. In 2012, Pérez wrote a book about his relationship with Selena, entitled To Selena, with Love.
Early life
Christopher Pérez was born on August 14, 1969, in San Antonio, Texas to Gilbert Pérez, a computer programmer, and Carmen Medina. He is of Mexican-American ancestry. Perez's parents divorced in 1974, when he was four years old. His mother remarried in 1978. |
9608_3 | Pérez learned to play the French horn in middle school and joined his school's concert band with his mother's support. He decided to teach himself to play electric guitar despite his mother's disapproval due to the negative stereotypes associated with the rock-and-roll world. Pérez's favorite musicians were Van Halen, Mötley Crüe, Def Leppard, Kiss, the Scorpions, Ozzy Osbourne and Iron Maiden. He also grew to admire Ricky Martin during the 1990s. Many of his guitar solos are inspired by Carlos Santana. |
9608_4 | Pérez wanted to run away to Los Angeles, California to start a rock band when he was seventeen. At the time he shared an apartment with his father and worked at a library. Pérez was asked by Tony Lares to join his cousin Shelly Lares' band in 1986. Lares told Pérez that Shelly performed Tejano music—a mixture of traditional Mexican folk music, polkas and country music sung in Spanish or English. Pérez disliked Tejano music and wrote in To Selena, With Love that he joined Shelly's band with "foot-dragging resistance" because this job paid more than working at the library. He became Shelly's musical director after Tony left the group, and co-wrote three songs for Shelly's debut album in 1989. His guitar playing received a positive reception from the band and its fans. Around this time he also formed a rock band with two friends and planned to leave Shelly's band.
Career |
9608_5 | 1989–1995: Selena y Los Dinos and legal problems
Roger Garcia, lead guitarist for Selena y Los Dinos, married and left the music business in 1989. The group's bassist, A.B. Quintanilla III, had heard good things about Pérez from other Tejano groups. He and other band members went to watch Pérez rehearse with Shelly. Quintanilla invited Chris to one of Selena's performances, and asked if he was interested in playing with Selena y Los Dinos. Pérez accepted, basing his decision on Los Dinos's sound, which was more "hip and sophisticated" than other Tejano bands, and he hoped to learn more about musical arrangement from A.B., whose work he admired. |
9608_6 | Pérez auditioned for the group's manager, A.B.'s father Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. Abraham initially disliked Pérez's rocker image and insisted that he change his appearance for the band. The elder Quintanilla feared that allowing Pérez in the group might affect his daughter Selena's "perfect image" and ruin her career. A.B. convinced his father to accept Pérez, and encouraged Pérez to explore different musical genres and mold their sounds to his own tastes. He and A.B became close friends occasionally collaborated on writing songs for Selena's next recording. Pérez, like Selena, knew little Spanish, and lead keyboardist Ricky Vela tutored him. |
9608_7 | In November 1990, Pérez was arrested for driving under the influence and speeding in San Antonio, Texas. A police officer became involved in an altercation with his cousin, and Pérez came to his cousin's aid. After the brawl, police handcuffed Pérez and his cousin, but freed their friend, telling him to "run, don't walk" and to "not even turn around". When Pérez was booked, police reported that they initiated a high-speed chase and were following his car. Pérez reported that the officers were lying, but decided not to pursue the matter because it would be "[his] word against theirs." He was released without charges, but told Selena and Abraham about his run-in with the police. They appreciated being informed and this helped gain their trust. |
9608_8 | Several months after his arrest, he was sharing a hotel room with two road crew members of Selena y Los Dinos when the two brothers, who were intoxicated, began wrestling. Pérez was also drunk and joined in the rough horseplay. One brother knocked the door off its hinges, and holes in the wall were found inside the room. Pérez decided to sleep at home instead of at the hotel. Abraham fired the brothers from the band the next morning, but to Pérez's surprise, Abraham accepted his apology and he was allowed to remain in the band. While Selena initially ended their relationship over the incident, she later forgave him. |
9608_9 | Relationship with Selena
In 1989 Pérez and A.B. wrote Selena's Coca-Cola commercial jingle. After the company accepted the lyrics and Selena filmed the commercial, A.B. treated the band to a vacation in Acapulco, Mexico. During the trip Pérez realized he was attracted to Selena although he had a girlfriend in San Antonio. Pérez thought it best for both of them if he tried to distance himself from her, but found it difficult and decided to try building a relationship with her. They expressed their feelings for each other at a Pizza Hut restaurant, and shortly afterwards became a couple. They hid their relationship from her father out of fear that Abraham would try to break them up. This stressed Selena, who did not want to hide her feelings. |
9608_10 | Suzette ended up reporting the relationship to Abraham, who took Pérez off the bus and informed him that it was over. The couple continued their relationship secretly despite Abraham's disapproval. Selena took hope from the fact that her mother Marcella approved of their courtship, until one day when Abraham stopped the tour bus and went to the back where Pérez and Selena were sitting. He shouted that their relationship was over and Selena screamed back at him. Pérez tried to calm them both down, but joined in the argument after Abraham insulted him by calling him a "cancer in my family." Finally Abraham threatened to disband the group if they did not break up. Intimidated, Selena and Pérez backed off. Abraham fired him from the band and prevented Selena from running off with him, leaving Selena both extremely devastated and heartbroken. |
9608_11 | After Pérez was fired from the band, he moved back in with his father and began playing music wherever he could. He wrote that "free of that nerve-racking situation with her father and the other members of Los Dinos, I started enjoying my life again." Selena, however, suffered from their separation and the two tried to keep in touch while she was touring. On the morning of April 2, 1992, Selena pounded on his hotel-room door. She forced her way in and began to cry, saying she could not go on without him. Selena wanted to get married that day, but Pérez argued it was not the right thing to do at the moment. Selena insisted her father would never accept their relationship, and would not attend any wedding they planned. Pérez agreed and they eloped in Nueces County, Texas. |
9608_12 | Selena was sure her father would leave them alone if they were married, and they could be together openly. They planned to keep the elopement a secret until she found the right moment to reveal her marriage, but the media announced their elopement over the radio within hours of the marriage ceremony. Selena's family tried to track her down. Abraham did not take the news well, and alienated himself for a time. Selena and Pérez moved into an apartment in Corpus Christi until Abraham approached them, apologized, accepted the marriage and Pérez back into the band. |
9608_13 | Pérez became a fully accepted member of the Quintanilla family after the marriage, and Abraham asked Pérez to write songs for a rock band he was managing after he opened a recording studio, Q-Productions, in late 1993. That collaboration resulted in a posthumous recording for Selena when the lead vocalist for that rock group, Nando "Guerro" Dominguez, went to Selena's house to begin a recording. Pérez was ending the recording session several hours later when Selena asked to record Dominguez's demo. Her version of the song was unreleased until 2004, when it was added to her posthumous compilation album Momentos Intimos as "Puede Ser". A.B. wrote "Ya No", the last recording for Selena's studio album Amor Prohibido (1994). He wanted to turn it into a rock song and asked for Pérez's assistance.
1995–1998: After Selena, remarriage and fatherhood |
9608_14 | In spring 1995, Abraham found out that Yolanda Saldívar, who managed Selena's boutiques and fan club, was embezzling money. They held a meeting in early March, with Saldívar denying she had anything to do with fiscal discrepancies in checks that were found written in her name. Selena tried to repair her friendship with Saldívar despite her father's warnings. On March 30, 1995, Selena and Pérez met with Saldívar at a motel to recover missing financial papers for tax purposes. When Selena and Pérez arrived home she found that Saldivar did not give her the correct documents. She phoned Saldívar, who tried to convince Selena to return to her motel room alone. Pérez insisted that it was too late, and he did not want Selena driving alone at night. Selena then agreed to meet with Saldivar the next morning. |
9608_15 | On March 31, Selena woke up early to meet Saldívar at the motel where she was staying. She met with Saldívar, who delayed the transfer of papers with a story about having been raped in Mexico. Selena took Saldívar to a local hospital, where doctors found no evidence of rape. When they returned to the motel room, Selena ended their four-year working relationship. As Selena turned to leave, Saldívar reached into her purse, pulled out a Taurus Model 85 .38 caliber revolver, pointed it at Selena and pulled the trigger. The bullet entered Selena's right shoulder blade from the back, piercing a major artery running from her heart and exiting from just below her right collarbone. She ran to the motel lobby and collapsed to the floor. As the motel employees gathered round, she named Saldívar as her assailant. Selena was transferred to a nearby hospital, where doctors found the damage irreparable. She was pronounced dead within the hour. |
9608_16 | Pérez could not eat for two days after his wife's murder. In his book he says that when he could not sleep he began abusing alcohol and other drugs, and went into seclusion. Family members noticed he was rapidly losing weight. Chris felt guilty for not protecting Selena from Saldívar.
In 1996, he moved out of his Corpus Christi house and back in with his father in San Antonio. John Garza introduced him to Venessa Villanueva, and after getting to know each other they became a couple in 1998. In 2001, Pérez married Villanueva and they had two children, a boy Noah and a girl Cassie.
Although it was rumored that Villanueva did not want to divorce, and wanted to try and work things out in their relationship, the couple finally decided their relationship was irreconcilable. They filed for divorce in 2008. Despite getting married again and having 2 children, Pérez has since remained in touch with the Quintanillas following Selena's death. |
9608_17 | 1999–2010: Chris Pérez Band, Kumbia Kings and Kumbia All Starz |
9608_18 | Pérez's friend, John Garza moved in with him six months after Selena's death. They began writing music, which Pérez found healing. In 1998 he formed a rock band with Garza, Rudy Martinez (former member of La Mafia) on bass, former Selena y Los Dinos keyboardist Joe Ojeda and Jesse Esquivel on drums. The band's name (the Chris Pérez Band) was chosen by Garza, Martinez, Ojeda and Esquivel. Chris preferred the name Cinco Souls, but the other band members wanted to utilize his "reluctant celebrity." The band was signed to Hollywood Records, and went to A&M Studios (now Henson Studios) in Los Angeles to begin recording their debut album. Pérez wrote the song "Best I Can" to explore his feelings about losing Selena and his struggle to continue without her. The song was not planned for the album, for fear that listeners would think he included the track for commercial reasons, but Hollywood Records and the band convinced him to include it on the album after hearing the demo. |
9608_19 | "Another Day" (about devotion to Selena) was included on the album. Ojeda wrote "Solo Tu", a romantic ballad which Pérez changed into a rock song. Resurrection was released on May 18, 1999, and won the 2000 Grammy Award for Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album. The record company released two promotional singles (one English and one Spanish: the title track and the ballad "Por Que Tu Fuiste") to radio stations with intent to appeal to both audiences. The Los Angeles Times wrote that the album was "upbeat and danceable, the lyrics speak almost uniformly of loss, anger, violence and abandonment". The Chris Pérez Band was the opening act for Mexican band Mana. In March 2000, Pérez began preparing for his second studio album; On April 16, the band released its second and final album, Una Noche Más, before breaking up. Pérez joined his brother-in-law A.B.'s band, the Kumbia All Starz, in 2006 and left it in 2010 to form his own band. On April 7, 2005, Los Dinos |
9608_20 | reunited at the Selena ¡VIVE! tribute concert. |
9608_21 | 2010–present: The Chris Pérez Project, To Selena, With Love, Blue Mariachi Productions
In 2010, Pérez formed a new group (the Chris Pérez Project) with Puerto Rican singer Angel Ferrer, releasing "Todo es Diferente".
In March 2012 Pérez published To Selena, With Love, which described their relationship and struggles. He had been reluctant to write the book, saying that fans asked him to write it. He did not seek the approval of the Quintanilla family to write To Selena, With Love and did not disclose the project in fear of their reaction. He approached Abraham after the book was finished. Abraham approved of it. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Pérez said writing To Selena, With Love helped him "move forward". The book was praised by critics and fans. To Selena, With Love dispelled the rumor that Selena was pregnant when she died (which had appeared in media reports after her death). |
9608_22 | In November 2016, Pérez announced that a made-for-television miniseries would be made from his book. This prompted Abraham to file a lawsuit against him since it violated an estate properties agreement originally signed between him and the family two months after Selena’s death in 1995. The lawsuit also sparked a bitter dispute between the family and Pérez, who in September 2020, went on Instagram and publicly accused the Quintanilla family of erasing his legacy with Selena. Suzette posted a rebuttal shortly thereafter and Perez later apologized. The case was settled in September 2021.
In August 2021 Pérez's label Blue Mariachi Productions signed its first act, ZEUS. El Mero Necio alias Carlton Zeus. |
9608_23 | Personality and musical influences |
9608_24 | According to The Dallas Morning News, Hollywood.com, Justice for Selena, They Died Too Young and Selena: Como La Flor, Pérez is a shy person. He was the antithesis of Abraham Quintanilla's "clean-cut, nice kids" in his early career as a guitarist for Selena y Los Dinos, a rebellious rocker and a "long-haired tough guy". In an interview with the Corpus Christi Caller-Times, he admitted discomfort at being an entertainer. Until the release of his book, he had kept quiet about his personal life and shied away from media attention. Carlos Valdez, the District Attorney who prosecuted Yolanda Saldívar, described Pérez as "shy and uncomfortable when in the spotlight", and this was echoed by the Corpus Christi Caller-Times. His inability to talk about himself when interviewed was also discussed in Valdez' book. Valdez said the music business was not work for Pérez, who enjoyed being a guitarist and called it his "reason for [his] existence". Valdez considers him "honest, sincere, and |
9608_25 | someone who could be trusted and believed [in]." |
9608_26 | Leila Cobo of Billboard magazine believed his musical styles included contemporary cumbia music, reminiscent of music produced by A.B., R&B, rap and funk music. Chuck Taylor, a Billboard editor, called The Chris Pérez Project debut album a "lot of classic rock elements". David Cazares of the Sun Sentinel called Pérez' debut album "average rock" music. The San Antonio Express-News said that Resurrection was a fusion of "pop rock grooves and Tejano soul". Pérez is known for tapping into Latin genres, such as cumbia and Latin rock.
In the 1997 biopic-film, Selena, Pérez was portrayed by Jon Seda while actor Jesse Posey portrayed him in Selena: The Series.
Discography
Selena y Los Dinos
Ven Conmigo (1990)
Entre a Mi Mundo (1992)
Selena Live! (1993)
Amor Prohibido (1994)
Dreaming of You (1995)
Chris Pérez Band
Resurrection (1999)
Una Noche Más (2002) |
9608_27 | Kumbia Kings
Amor, Familia y Respeto (1999)
Shhh! (2001)
All Mixed Up: Los Remixes (2002)
4 (2003)
Los Remixes 2.0 (2004)
Fuego (2004)
Kumbia Kings Live (2006)
Kumbia All Starz
Ayer Fue Kumbia Kings, Hoy Es Kumbia All Starz (2006)
Planeta Kumbia (2008)
La Vida de un Genio (2010)
Published works
To Selena, With Love (2012)
References
Bibliography
External links
Chris Perez on Grammy Awards
Chris Pérez at VH1.com |
9608_28 | 1969 births
20th-century American writers
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American writers
American musicians of Mexican descent
American male singers
American male guitarists
American rock guitarists
American rock songwriters
American male songwriters
American male writers
Capitol Records artists
Cumbia musicians
Grammy Award winners
Guitarists from Texas
Hispanic and Latino American musicians
Hollywood Records artists
Kumbia All Starz members
Kumbia Kings members
Living people
Lead guitarists
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
Musicians from San Antonio
Rock en Español musicians
Singers from Texas
Selena y Los Dinos members
Songwriters from Texas
Tejano pop musicians |
9609_0 | Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include Basin and Range eruptions in California, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming and Oregon, as well as those of the Long Valley Caldera geological province and the Yellowstone hotspot.
Volcanic fields
Some of the volcanic fields within the Basin and Range Province: Northwestern Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, Central Nevada, the Great Basin, Southwestern Nevada, the Mojave Desert, and the Long Valley Caldera region. Named ones include: Coso Volcanic Field, Mono Lake Volcanic Field, Marysvale Volcanic Field, San Juan volcanic field, Indian Peak, Central Colorado volcanic field, Jemez volcanic lineament, Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, Santa Rosa-Calico, and Boot Heel volcanic field. |
9609_1 | Geological features
Many geological features in Western United States have a Northeastern orientation, the North American craton motion has the same orientation as well. For example: the Trans-Challis fault zone, Idaho; the Snake River in Oregon; the Garlock Fault, California; the Colorado River in Utah; the Colorado Mineral Belt; Crater Flat-Reveille Range-Lunar Crater lineament, the Northwestern Nevada volcanic field; the San Juan caldera cluster, Colorado; the Socorro-Magdalena caldera cluster, New Mexico; Jemez volcanic lineament (Raton hotspot trail); and the Yellowstone hotspot trail. But the Yellowstone hotspot trail was modified through faults and extension. |
9609_2 | Geology
Prior to the Eocene Epoch (55.8 ± 0.2 to 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma) the convergence rate of the Farallon and North American Plates was fast and the angle of subduction was shallow. During the Eocene the Farallon Plate subduction-associated compressive forces of the Laramide orogeny ended, plate interactions changed from orthogonal compression to oblique strike-slip, and volcanism in the Basin and Range Province flared up. It is suggested that this plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 Ma, at which time it was completely consumed and volcanic activity ceased, in part. Olivine basalt from the oceanic ridge erupted around 17 Ma and extension began. The extension resulted in roughly north-south-trending faults, the Great Basin, the Walker trough, the Owens graben, and the Rio Grande rift, for instance.
List of large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province |
9609_3 | The large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include:
Long Valley Caldera; Mono County, California, USA; 758.9 ± 1.8 ka; VEI 7; of Bishop Tuff.
Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.15 Ma; VEI 7; around of the Tshirege formation, Upper Bandelier eruption.
Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.47 Ma (Lower Bandelier eruption, the Otawi).
Yellowstone hotspot (?), Lake Owyhee volcanic fields; 15.0 to 15.5 Ma.
Yellowstone hotspot (?), Northwest Nevada volcanic field, Virgin Valley, High Rock, Hog Ranch, and unnamed calderas; West of the Pine Forest Range, Nevada; 15.5 to 16.5 Ma; Tuffs: Idaho Canyon, Ashdown, Summit Lake, and Soldier Meadow.
Columbia River Basalt Province: Yellowstone hotspot releases a huge pulse of volcanic activity, the first eruptions were near the Oregon-Idaho-Washington border. Columbia River and Steens flood basalts, Pueblo Mountains, Steens Mountain, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; most vigorous eruptions were from 14 to 17 Ma. |
9609_4 | Columbia River flood basalts,
Steens flood basalts,
Mount Belknap Caldera (), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 19 Ma; of tephra (Joe Lott member).
Big John Caldera (), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 22 Ma; of Delano Peak Tuff member.
Monroe Peak Caldera (), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 23 Ma; of Osiris Tuff.
Lake City calderas ( wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 23.1 Ma; of Sunshine Peak Tuff.
Turkey Creek Caldera ( wide), Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona; 25 Ma; of Rhyolite Canyon Formation.
Lake City calderas ( wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 25.9 Ma; of tephra.
Questa Caldera ( wide), Questa-Latir volcanic locus, Questa, New Mexico; 26 Ma, of Amalia Tuff.
Creede Caldera ( wide), San Juan Mountains, Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.7 Ma; less than of Snowshoe Mountain Tuff. |
9609_5 | San Luis caldera complex ( wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.8 Ma, of Nelson Mountain Tuff.
San Luis caldera complex ( wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.9 Ma, of Cebola Creek Tuff.
San Luis caldera complex ( wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27 Ma, of Rat Creek Tuff.
Three Creeks Caldera ( wide), Marysvale Volcanic Field, Cove Fort-Sulphurdale area, southwestern Utah; 27 Ma; of Three Creeks Tuff Member of the Bullion Canyon Volcanics.
South River Caldera, Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.1 Ma, more than of Wason Park Tuff.
Central San Juan Caldera (concealed), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.2 Ma, of Blue Creek Tuff.
Bachelor Caldera (), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.35 Ma; of Carpenter Ridge Tuff.
Silverton Caldera ( wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.6 Ma, of Crystal Lake Tuff. |
9609_6 | La Garita Caldera (), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; VEI 8; more than of Fish Canyon Tuff was blasted out in a major single eruption about 27.8 Ma.
San Juan Caldera (), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28 Ma; more than of Sapinero Mesa Tuff.
Uncompahgre Caldera (), Uncompahgre National Forest, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.1 Ma; more than of Dillon/Sapinero Mesa Tuffs.
Lost Lake Caldera ( wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.2 Ma, of Blue Mesa Tuff.
Platoro calderas, San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 28.2 Ma; of Chiquito Peak Tuff.
Central San Juan Caldera (concealed), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.3 Ma; of Masonic Park Tuff.
Ute Creek Caldera, Central Colorado volcanic field, Colorado; 28.3 Ma; of Ute Ridge Tuff. |
9609_7 | List of Rupelian calderas
The Rupelian age/stage (Paleogene period/system, Oligocene epoch/series) spans the time between 33.9 ±0.1 Ma and 28.4 ±0.1 Ma (million years ago).
Bursum Caldera (size: 40 x 30 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, New Mexico; 28.5 Ma ±0.5; of Bloodgood Canyon Tuff.
Bursum Caldera (size: 40 x 30 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, New Mexico; 28.5 Ma ±0.5; of Apache Springs Tuff.
San Juan Caldera (size: 24 x 22 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.5 Ma; of tephra.
Summitville Caldera (size: 12 x 8 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.5 Ma; of Ojito Creek/ La Jadero Tuffs.
Mount Hope (size: 15 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 29 Ma; of Masonic Park Tuff.
Around White Rock caldera (size: 50 km North-South), White Rock Mountains, Great Basin, Nevada; 29.02 Ma ±0.04; of Lund Tuff.
Ute Creek (size: 8 km wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 29 Ma; of Ute Ridge Tuff. |
9609_8 | Platoro calderas (size: 12 x 18 km), San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 29.5 Ma; of Black Mountain Tuff.
Indian Peak, Eastern Nevada; 29.5 Ma; more than of Wah Wah Springs Tuff.
Platoro calderas (size: 18 x 22 km), San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 30 Ma; of La Jara Canyon Tuff.
Goodsight-Cedar Hills volcano-tectonic depression (Bell Top Formation), south-central New Mexico; 30.5 Ma ±1.5, of tephra (Bell Top Formation).
William's Ridge, Central Nevada; 31.4 Ma; of Windous Butte Tuff.
North Pass Caldera, Cochetopa Hills, Central Colorado volcanic field; 32.25 Ma; of Saguache Creek Tuff.
Organ Caldera (size: 16 km wide), Organ Mountains, New Mexico; 32 Ma, of Cueva Soledad Rhyolite.
Chinati Caldera (size: 30 x 20 km), Chinati Mountains, Texas; 32.5 Ma ±0.5, of Mitchel Mesa Rhyolite.
Bonanza (size: 12 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 32.5 Ma, more than of Bonanza Tuff. |
9609_9 | Cowboy Rim (size: 26 x 18 km), Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 33 Ma, of Gillespie Tuff.
Emory Caldera (size: 25 x 55 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, City of Rocks State Park; 33 Ma; VEI 8; of Kneeling Nun Tuff.
Socorro Caldera (size: 25 x 35 km), Rio Grande rift, Socorro, New Mexico; 33 Ma, of Hells Mesa Rhyolite.
Marshall Creek, Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 33.7 Ma; more than of Thorn Ranch Tuff.
Mount Aetna (size: 10 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 33.81 Ma, of Badger Creek Tuff.
Grizzly Peak Caldera (size: 12 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 34.31 Ma; of Grizzly Peak Rhyolite.
Juniper Caldera (size: 25 km), Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 35 Ma; of Oak Creek Tuff.
Mount Princeton (eroded), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 35.3 Ma ±0.6; more than of Wall Mountain Tuff. |
9609_10 | Davis Mountains, Texas; 35.35 Ma ±0.6; of tuffs of Wild Cherry, Lavas of Casket Mountain.
Davis Mountains, Texas; 35.61 Ma ±0.09; of Barrel Springs Formation and ash flow tuff.
Quitman Caldera (size: 15 x 10 km), Quitman Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas; 36 Ma; of Square Peak Volcanics.
Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.2 Ma ±0.6; of Mafic lavas.
Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.33 Ma ±0.13; of tephra (Paisano Volcano).
Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.51 Ma ±0.05; of Adobe Canyon and Limpia Formations.
Davis Mountains (fissures), Texas; 36.82 Ma ±0.08; of Flood rhyolites, rhyolite domes, and Gomez Tuff.
Muir Caldera (size: 26 x 18 km wide), Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 37 Ma; of Woodhaul Canyon tephra.
Infernito Caldera (size: 12 km wide), Trans-Pecos, Texas; 37.5 Ma ±0.5; of Buckshot Tuff.
Thomas Caldera (size: 16 x 25 km wide), Delta, Utah; 39 Ma; of Mount Laird Tuff.
Twin Peaks Caldera (size: 20 km), Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 45 Ma, of Challis Creek Tuff. |
9609_11 | Van Horn cauldron complex (size: 34 x 48 km), Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 46 Ma ±0.6; unknown amount of Elis Creek Tuff.
Silver Bell Caldera (size: 8 km wide), Arizona; 55.8 Ma; unknown amount of Mount Laird Tuff.
Silver Bell Caldera (size: 8 km wide), Arizona; 68 Ma; of Lithic Tuff.
Tucson Mountain Caldera (size: 25 km wide), Tucson Mountains, Arizona; 73 Ma; of Cat Mountain Tuff. |
9609_12 | References
Sources
Columbia River Basalt Province-sources
Web citations:
Peter W. Lipman – sources
Maps
Overview map at Basin and Range Province.
Map of the Basin and Range Province
Map: Thelin and Pike (1991), Landforms of the conterminous United States – A digital shaded-relief portrayal, USGS Map I-2206
Global Positioning System (GPS) Time Series
Great Basin/Nevada
Supplemental material: Columbia River Basalt Group, eruptive loci
Great Basin/Utah
Colorado
New Mexico
Mogollon-Datil volcanic field
citing from
Basin and Range Province
Volcanism
large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
Calderas of the United States
Volcanic fields of the western United States
Cenozoic volcanism
Prehistoric volcanic events
Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
Volcanic eruptions in the United States |
9610_0 | The nematodes ( or ; ) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Taxonomically, they are classified along with insects and other moulting animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike flatworms, have tubular digestive systems with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but their sister phylum Nematomorpha has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum. |
9610_1 | Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over time. A 2013 survey of animal biodiversity published in the mega journal Zootaxa puts this figure at over 25,000. Estimates of the total number of extant species are subject to even greater variation. A widely referenced article published in 1993 estimated there may be over 1 million species of nematode. A subsequent publication challenged this claim, estimating the figure to be at least 40,000 species. Although the highest estimates (up to 100 million species) have since been deprecated, estimates supported by rarefaction curves, together with the use of DNA barcoding and the increasing acknowledgment of widespread cryptic species among nematodes, have placed the figure closer to 1 million species. |
9610_2 | Nematodes have successfully adapted to nearly every ecosystem: from marine (salt) to fresh water, soils, from the polar regions to the tropics, as well as the highest to the lowest of elevations (including mountains). They are ubiquitous in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments, where they often outnumber other animals in both individual and species counts, and are found in locations as diverse as mountains, deserts, and oceanic trenches. They are found in every part of the earth's lithosphere, even at great depths, below the surface of the Earth in gold mines in South Africa. They represent 90% of all animals on the ocean floor. In total, 4.4 × 1020 nematodes inhabit the Earth's topsoil, or approximately 60 billion for each human, with the highest densities observed in tundra and boreal forests. Their numerical dominance, often exceeding a million individuals per square meter and accounting for about 80% of all individual animals on earth, their diversity of lifecycles, |
9610_3 | and their presence at various trophic levels point to an important role in many ecosystems. They have been shown to play crucial roles in polar ecosystems. The roughly 2,271 genera are placed in 256 families. The many parasitic forms include pathogens in most plants and animals. A third of the genera occur as parasites of vertebrates; about 35 nematode species occur in humans. |
9610_4 | Nathan Cobb, a nematologist, described the ubiquity of nematodes on Earth thus:In short, if all the matter in the universe except the nematodes were swept away, our world would still be dimly recognizable, and if, as disembodied spirits, we could then investigate it, we should find its mountains, hills, vales, rivers, lakes, and oceans represented by a film of nematodes. The location of towns would be decipherable since, for every massing of human beings, there would be a corresponding massing of certain nematodes. Trees would still stand in ghostly rows representing our streets and highways. The location of the various plants and animals would still be decipherable, and, had we sufficient knowledge, in many cases even their species could be determined by an examination of their erstwhile nematode parasites. |
9610_5 | Etymology
The word nematode comes from the Modern Latin compound of nemat- "thread" (from Greek nema, genitive nematos "thread," from stem of nein "to spin"; see needle) + -odes "like, of the nature of" (see -oid).
Taxonomy and systematics
History
In 1758, Linnaeus described some nematode genera (e.g., Ascaris), then included in the Vermes.
The name of the group Nematoda, informally called "nematodes", came from Nematoidea, originally defined by Karl Rudolphi (1808), from Ancient Greek νῆμα (nêma, nêmatos, 'thread') and -eiδἠς (-eidēs, 'species'). It was treated as family Nematodes by Burmeister (1837).
At its origin, the "Nematoidea" erroneously included Nematodes and Nematomorpha, attributed by von Siebold (1843). Along with Acanthocephala, Trematoda, and Cestoidea, it formed the obsolete group Entozoa, created by Rudolphi (1808). They were also classed along with Acanthocephala in the obsolete phylum Nemathelminthes by Gegenbaur (1859). |
9610_6 | In 1861, K. M. Diesing treated the group as order Nematoda. In 1877, the taxon Nematoidea, including the family Gordiidae (horsehair worms), was promoted to the rank of phylum by Ray Lankester. The first clear distinction between the nemas and gordiids was realized by Vejdovsky when he named a group to contain the horsehair worms the order Nematomorpha. In 1919, Nathan Cobb proposed that nematodes should be recognized alone as a phylum. He argued they should be called "nema" in English rather than "nematodes" and defined the taxon Nemates (later emended as Nemata, Latin plural of nema), listing Nematoidea sensu restricto as a synonym. |
9610_7 | However, in 1910, Grobben proposed the phylum Aschelminthes and the nematodes were included in as class Nematoda along with class Rotifera, class Gastrotricha, class Kinorhyncha, class Priapulida, and class Nematomorpha (The phylum was later revived and modified by Libbie Henrietta Hyman in 1951 as Pseudoceolomata, but remained similar). In 1932, Potts elevated the class Nematoda to the level of phylum, leaving the name the same. Despite Potts' classification being equivalent to Cobbs', both names have been used (and are still used today) and Nematode became a popular term in zoological science.
Since Cobb was the first to include nematodes in a particular phylum separated from Nematomorpha, some researchers consider the valid taxon name to be Nemates or Nemata, rather than Nematoda, because of the zoological rule that gives priority to the first used term in case of synonyms. |
9610_8 | Phylogeny
The phylogenetic relationships of the nematodes and their close relatives among the protostomian Metazoa are unresolved. Traditionally, they were held to be a lineage of their own, but in the 1990s, they were proposed to form the group Ecdysozoa together with moulting animals, such as arthropods. The identity of the closest living relatives of the Nematoda has always been considered to be well resolved. Morphological characters and molecular phylogenies agree with placement of the roundworms as a sister taxon to the parasitic Nematomorpha; together, they make up the Nematoida. Along with the Scalidophora (formerly Cephalorhyncha), the Nematoida form the clade Cycloneuralia, but much disagreement occurs both between and among the available morphological and molecular data. The Cycloneuralia or the Introverta—depending on the validity of the former—are often ranked as a superphylum. |
9610_9 | Nematode systematics
Due to the lack of knowledge regarding many nematodes, their systematics is contentious. An early and influential classification was proposed by Chitwood and Chitwood—later revised by Chitwood—who divided the phylum into two classes—Aphasmidia and Phasmidia. These were later renamed Adenophorea (gland bearers) and Secernentea (secretors), respectively. The Secernentea share several characteristics, including the presence of phasmids, a pair of sensory organs located in the lateral posterior region, and this was used as the basis for this division. This scheme was adhered to in many later classifications, though the Adenophorea were not in a uniform group.
Initial studies of incomplete DNA sequences suggested the existence of five clades:
Dorylaimida
Enoplia
Spirurina
Tylenchina
Rhabditina |
9610_10 | The Secernentea seem to be a natural group of close relatives, while the "Adenophorea" appear to be a paraphyletic assemblage of roundworms that retain a good number of ancestral traits. The old Enoplia do not seem to be monophyletic, either, but do contain two distinct lineages. The old group "Chromadoria" seems to be another paraphyletic assemblage, with the Monhysterida representing a very ancient minor group of nematodes. Among the Secernentea, the Diplogasteria may need to be united with the Rhabditia, while the Tylenchia might be paraphyletic with the Rhabditia.
The understanding of roundworm systematics and phylogeny as of 2002 is summarised below:
Phylum Nematoda
Basal order Monhysterida
Class Dorylaimida
Class Enoplea
Class Secernentea
Subclass Diplogasteria (disputed)
Subclass Rhabditia (paraphyletic?)
Subclass Spiruria
Subclass Tylenchia (disputed)
"Chromadorea" assemblage |
9610_11 | Later work has suggested the presence of 12 clades. The Secernentea—a group that includes virtually all major animal and plant 'nematode' parasites—apparently arose from within the Adenophorea.
In 2019, a study identified one conserved signature indel (CSI) found exclusively in members of the phylum Nematoda through comparative genetic analyses. The CSI consists of a single amino acid insertion within a conserved region of a Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory factor protein NRFL-1 and is a molecular marker that distinguishes the phylum from other species.
A major effort by a collaborative wiki called 959 Nematode Genomes is underway to improve the systematics of this phylum.
An analysis of the mitochondrial DNA suggests that the following groupings are valid
subclass Dorylaimia
orders Rhabditida, Trichinellida and Mermithida
suborder Rhabditina
infraorders Spiruromorpha and Oxyuridomorpha
Anatomy |
9610_12 | Nematodes are very small, slender worms: typically about 5 to 100 µm thick, and 0.1 to 2.5 mm long. The smallest nematodes are microscopic, while free-living species can reach as much as , and some parasitic species are larger still, reaching over in length. The body is often ornamented with ridges, rings, bristles, or other distinctive structures.
The head of a nematode is relatively distinct. Whereas the rest of the body is bilaterally symmetrical, the head is radially symmetrical, with sensory bristles and, in many cases, solid 'head-shields' radiating outwards around the mouth. The mouth has either three or six lips, which often bear a series of teeth on their inner edges. An adhesive 'caudal gland' is often found at the tip of the tail. |
9610_13 | The epidermis is either a syncytium or a single layer of cells, and is covered by a thick collagenous cuticle. The cuticle is often of a complex structure and may have two or three distinct layers. Underneath the epidermis lies a layer of longitudinal muscle cells. The relatively rigid cuticle works with the muscles to create a hydroskeleton, as nematodes lack circumferential muscles. Projections run from the inner surface of muscle cells towards the nerve cords; this is a unique arrangement in the animal kingdom, in which nerve cells normally extend fibers into the muscles rather than vice versa.
Digestive system
The oral cavity is lined with cuticle, which is often strengthened with structures, such as ridges, especially in carnivorous species, which may bear a number of teeth. The mouth often includes a sharp stylet, which the animal can thrust into its prey. In some species, the stylet is hollow and can be used to suck liquids from plants or animals. |
9610_14 | The oral cavity opens into a muscular, sucking pharynx, also lined with cuticle. Digestive glands are found in this region of the gut, producing enzymes that start to break down the food. In stylet-bearing species, these may even be injected into the prey.
No stomach is present, with the pharynx connecting directly to a muscleless intestine that forms the main length of the gut. This produces further enzymes, and also absorbs nutrients through its single-cell-thick lining. The last portion of the intestine is lined by cuticle, forming a rectum, which expels waste through the anus just below and in front of the tip of the tail. The movement of food through the digestive system is the result of the body movements of the worm. The intestine has valves or sphincters at either end to help control the movement of food through the body. |
9610_15 | Excretory system
Nitrogenous waste is excreted in the form of ammonia through the body wall, and is not associated with any specific organs. However, the structures for excreting salt to maintain osmoregulation are typically more complex.
In many marine nematodes, one or two unicellular 'renette glands' excrete salt through a pore on the underside of the animal, close to the pharynx. In most other nematodes, these specialized cells have been replaced by an organ consisting of two parallel ducts connected by a single transverse duct. This transverse duct opens into a common canal that runs to the excretory pore.
Nervous system |
9610_16 | Four peripheral nerves run along the length of the body on the dorsal, ventral, and lateral surfaces. Each nerve lies within a cord of connective tissue lying beneath the cuticle and between the muscle cells. The ventral nerve is the largest, and has a double structure forward of the excretory pore. The dorsal nerve is responsible for motor control, while the lateral nerves are sensory, and the ventral combines both functions.
The nervous system is also the only place in the nematode body that contains cilia, which are all nonmotile and with a sensory function.
At the anterior end of the animal, the nerves branch from a dense, circular nerve (nerve ring) round surrounding the pharynx, and serving as the brain. Smaller nerves run forward from the ring to supply the sensory organs of the head. |
9610_17 | The bodies of nematodes are covered in numerous sensory bristles and papillae that together provide a sense of touch. Behind the sensory bristles on the head lie two small pits, or 'amphids'. These are well supplied with nerve cells and are probably chemoreception organs. A few aquatic nematodes possess what appear to be pigmented eye-spots, but whether or not these are actually sensory in nature is unclear.
Reproduction |
9610_18 | Most nematode species are dioecious, with separate male and female individuals, though some, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, are androdioecious, consisting of hermaphrodites and rare males. Both sexes possess one or two tubular gonads. In males, the sperm are produced at the end of the gonad and migrate along its length as they mature. The testis opens into a relatively wide seminal vesicle and then during intercourse into a glandular and muscular ejaculatory duct associated with the vas deferens and cloaca. In females, the ovaries each open into an oviduct (in hermaphrodites, the eggs enter a spermatheca first) and then a glandular uterus. The uteri both open into a common vulva/vagina, usually located in the middle of the morphologically ventral surface. |
9610_19 | Reproduction is usually sexual, though hermaphrodites are capable of self-fertilization. Males are usually smaller than females or hermaphrodites (often much smaller) and often have a characteristically bent or fan-shaped tail. During copulation, one or more chitinized spicules move out of the cloaca and are inserted into the genital pore of the female. Amoeboid sperm crawl along the spicule into the female worm. Nematode sperm is thought to be the only eukaryotic cell without the globular protein G-actin.
Eggs may be embryonated or unembryonated when passed by the female, meaning their fertilized eggs may not yet be developed. A few species are known to be ovoviviparous. The eggs are protected by an outer shell, secreted by the uterus. In free-living roundworms, the eggs hatch into larvae, which appear essentially identical to the adults, except for an underdeveloped reproductive system; in parasitic roundworms, the lifecycle is often much more complicated. |
9610_20 | Nematodes as a whole possess a wide range of modes of reproduction. Some nematodes, such as Heterorhabditis spp., undergo a process called endotokia matricida: intrauterine birth causing maternal death. Some nematodes are hermaphroditic, and keep their self-fertilized eggs inside the uterus until they hatch. The juvenile nematodes then ingest the parent nematode. This process is significantly promoted in environments with a low food supply.
The nematode model species C. elegans, C. briggsae, and Pristionchus pacificus, among other species, exhibit androdioecy, which is otherwise very rare among animals. The single genus Meloidogyne (root-knot nematodes) exhibits a range of reproductive modes, including sexual reproduction, facultative sexuality (in which most, but not all, generations reproduce asexually), and both meiotic and mitotic parthenogenesis. |
9610_21 | The genus Mesorhabditis exhibits an unusual form of parthenogenesis, in which sperm-producing males copulate with females, but the sperm do not fuse with the ovum. Contact with the sperm is essential for the ovum to begin dividing, but because no fusion of the cells occurs, the male contributes no genetic material to the offspring, which are essentially clones of the female. |
9610_22 | Free-living species
Different free-living species feed on materials as varied as bacteria, algae, fungi, small animals, fecal matter, dead organisms, and living tissues. Free-living marine nematodes are important and abundant members of the meiobenthos. They play an important role in the decomposition process, aid in recycling of nutrients in marine environments, and are sensitive to changes in the environment caused by pollution. One roundworm of note, C. elegans, lives in the soil and has found much use as a model organism. C. elegans has had its entire genome sequenced, the developmental fate of every cell determined, and every neuron mapped.
Parasitic species |
9610_23 | Nematodes that commonly parasitise humans include ascarids (Ascaris), filarias, hookworms, pinworms (Enterobius), and whipworms (Trichuris trichiura). The species Trichinella spiralis, commonly known as the 'trichina worm', occurs in rats, pigs, bears, and humans, and is responsible for the disease trichinosis. Baylisascaris usually infests wild animals, but can be deadly to humans, as well. Dirofilaria immitis is known for causing heartworm disease by inhabiting the hearts, arteries, and lungs of dogs and some cats. Haemonchus contortus is one of the most abundant infectious agents in sheep around the world, causing great economic damage to sheep. In contrast, entomopathogenic nematodes parasitize insects and are mostly considered beneficial by humans, but some attack beneficial insects. |
9610_24 | One form of nematode is entirely dependent upon fig wasps, which are the sole source of fig fertilization. They prey upon the wasps, riding them from the ripe fig of the wasp's birth to the fig flower of its death, where they kill the wasp, and their offspring await the birth of the next generation of wasps as the fig ripens.
A newly discovered parasitic tetradonematid nematode, Myrmeconema neotropicum, apparently induces fruit mimicry in the tropical ant Cephalotes atratus. Infected ants develop bright red gasters (abdomens), tend to be more sluggish, and walk with their gasters in a conspicuous elevated position. These changes likely cause frugivorous birds to confuse the infected ants for berries, and eat them. Parasite eggs passed in the bird's feces are subsequently collected by foraging C. atratus and are fed to their larvae, thus completing the lifecycle of M. neotropicum. |
9610_25 | Similarly, multiple varieties of nematodes have been found in the abdominal cavities of the primitively social sweat bee, Lasioglossum zephyrus. Inside the female body, the nematode hinders ovarian development and renders the bee less active, thus less effective in pollen collection. |
9610_26 | Plant-parasitic nematodes include several groups causing severe crop losses, taking 10% of crops worldwide every year. The most common genera are Aphelenchoides (foliar nematodes), Ditylenchus, Globodera (potato cyst nematodes), Heterodera (soybean cyst nematodes), Longidorus, Meloidogyne (root-knot nematodes), Nacobbus, Pratylenchus (lesion nematodes), Trichodorus, and Xiphinema (dagger nematodes). Several phytoparasitic nematode species cause histological damages to roots, including the formation of visible galls (e.g. by root-knot nematodes), which are useful characters for their diagnostic in the field. Some nematode species transmit plant viruses through their feeding activity on roots. One of them is Xiphinema index, vector of grapevine fanleaf virus, an important disease of grapes, another one is Xiphinema diversicaudatum, vector of arabis mosaic virus. |
9610_27 | Other nematodes attack bark and forest trees. The most important representative of this group is Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode, present in Asia and America and recently discovered in Europe.
Agriculture and horticulture
Depending on its species, a nematode may be beneficial or detrimental to plant health. From agricultural and horticulture perspectives, the two categories of nematodes are the predatory ones, which kill garden pests such as cutworms and corn earworm moths, and the pest nematodes, such as the root-knot nematode, which attack plants, and those that act as vectors spreading plant viruses between crop plants. Plant-parasitic nematodes are often known as eelworms and attack leaves and buds. Predatory nematodes can be bred by soaking a specific recipe of leaves and other detritus in water, in a dark, cool place, and can even be purchased as an organic form of pest control. |
9610_28 | Rotations of plants with nematode-resistant species or varieties is one means of managing parasitic nematode infestations. For example, marigolds, grown over one or more seasons (the effect is cumulative), can be used to control nematodes. Another is treatment with natural antagonists such as the fungus Gliocladium roseum. Chitosan, a natural biocontrol, elicits plant defense responses to destroy parasitic cyst nematodes on roots of soybean, corn, sugar beet, potato, and tomato crops without harming beneficial nematodes in the soil. Soil steaming is an efficient method to kill nematodes before planting a crop, but indiscriminately eliminates both harmful and beneficial soil fauna. |
9610_29 | The golden nematode Globodera rostochiensis is a particularly harmful variety of nematode pest that has resulted in quarantines and crop failures worldwide. CSIRO has found a 13- to 14-fold reduction of nematode population densities in plots having Indian mustard Brassica juncea green manure or seed meal in the soil.
Epidemiology
A number of intestinal nematodes cause diseases affecting human beings, including ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm disease. Filarial nematodes cause filariases.
Soil ecosystems
About 90% of nematodes reside in the top 15 cm (6") of soil. Nematodes do not decompose organic matter, but, instead, are parasitic and free-living organisms that feed on living material. Nematodes can effectively regulate bacterial population and community composition—they may eat up to 5,000 bacteria per minute. Also, nematodes can play an important role in the nitrogen cycle by way of nitrogen mineralization. |
9610_30 | One group of carnivorous fungi, the nematophagous fungi, are predators of soil nematodes. They set enticements for the nematodes in the form of lassos or adhesive structures.
Survivability
Nematode worms (C. elegans), part of an ongoing research project conducted on the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia mission STS-107, survived the re-entry breakup. It is believed to be the first known life form to survive a virtually unprotected atmospheric descent to Earth's surface. In a research project published in 2012, it was found that the Antarctic Nematodes (P. davidi) was able to withstand intracellular freezing depending on how well it was fed. When compared between fed and starved nematodes, the survival rate increased in the fed group and decreased in the starved group.
See also
: A helminth infection of humans caused by the dog or cat roundworm, Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati
References
Further reading
[in Russian].
External links |
9610_31 | Harper Adams University College Nematology Research
Nematodes/roundworms of man
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/phyla/ecdysozoa/nematoda.html
European Society of Nematologists
Nematode.net: Repository of parasitic nematode sequences.
http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914155908/http://www.nematodes.org/
NeMys World free-living Marine Nematodes database
Nematode Virtual Library
International Federation of Nematology Societies
Society of Nematologists
Australasian Association of Nematologists
Research on nematodes and longevity
Nematode on BBC
Nematode worms in an aquarium
Phylum Nematoda – nematodes on the UF / *IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Articles containing video clips
Nematoida
Composting
Garden pests
Organic gardening
Pest control
Ediacaran first appearances
Extremophiles
Cosmopolitan animals |
9611_0 | Visitor, in English and Welsh law, is an academic or ecclesiastical title.
Visitor or Visitors may also refer to:
Geography
Visitor (mountain), a mountain in eastern Montenegro
Lake Visitor, a mountain lake in eastern Montenegro
Literature
Visitor (novel), a novel by C. J. Cherryh
The Visitor (Applegate novel), an Animorphs novel by K. A. Applegate
The Visitors (novel), a novel by Clifford D. Simak
Visitors (Card novel), a novel by Orson Scott Card
The Visitor (Child novel)
Visitors (Buffy novel)
The Visitors (play), a play by Joe Orton
Visitors (play), a play by Barney Norris
The Visitor (short story), a 1965 short story by Roald Dahl
The Visitor, a novel by Sheri S. Tepper
The Visitor, a novella by Maeve Brennan
The Visitor, a Valiant Comics title |
9611_1 | Film
The Visitor (1974 film), an Italian comedy film
The Visitor (1979 film), a thriller by Giulio Paradisi
The Visitor (2002 film), an Australian film by Dan Castle
The Visitor (2007 feature film), a feature film by Thomas McCarthy
The Visitor (2007 short film), a short film by Dave Smith
The Visitor (2008 film), a Finnish film
The Visitor (2015 film), a Turkish film
The Visitors (1972 film), a drama by Elia Kazan
The Visitors (1988 film), a 1988 Swedish horror film
The Visitors, a 1993 French comedy film also known as Les Visiteurs
The Visitors, the working title of the 2014 film Extraterrestrial
Visitor (2021 film), a Spanish-Catalan film
Visitors (2003 film), an Australian horror film
Visitors (2013 film), an American documentary film |
9611_2 | Television
The Visitor (TV series), an American series
"The Visitor" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)
"Visitor" (Smallville)
Visitors (V science fiction franchise), a fictional alien race
The Whispers (TV series) or The Visitors, a 2015 American TV series
Návštěvníci (TV series) or The Visitors, a Czechoslovak series
"The Visitor", a Ben 10 episode
"The Visitors", a Monty Python's Flying Circus sketch
Music
The Visitors (opera), an opera by Carlos Chávez
Bands
Visitor (band), a UK-based electronic music group
The Visitors (Australian band), a rock band formed in 1978 in Sydney
The Visitors (American band), a rock band formed in 1997 in Little Rock, Arkansas
Visitors, a French rock music project produced in the 1970s by Jean-Pierre Massiera
Albums |
9611_3 | The Visitors (ABBA album) (1981)
The Visitor (Arena album) (1998)
The Visitor (Mick Fleetwood album) (1981)
Visitor (album), an album by onelinedrawing
The Visitor (Jim O'Rourke album)
The Visitor (UFO album) (2009)
The Visitors (The Visitors album) (1983)
The Visitor (Neil Young album) (2017)
Visitors, a 1977 album by Automatic Man
Songs
"Visitors" (song), a 1985 song by Koto
"The Visitors" (song), a song by ABBA
"The Visitor", a song by the Black Heart Procession from Amore del Tropico
"The Visitor", a song by IU from her 2019 EP Love Poem
Video games
The Visitor, a Fortnite: Battle Royale character that was the primary start of the Season 4 "Launch Off!" event and the Season X "The End" event.
Other uses
The Visitor (newspaper), a Morecambe newspaper
The Visitors (installation), a 2012 installation and video art piece by Ragnar Kjartansson
People with the surname
Nana Visitor (born 1957), American actress |
9611_4 | See also
Apostolic visitor, in the Roman Catholic Church, a representative of the Pope assigned to perform a canonical visitation
Board of visitors, one of several alternative terms for a board of directors
Canonical visitation
Health visitor, a nurse working in community health in the UK
Prison visitor, a person who visits prisons to befriend prisoners and monitor their welfare
Provincial episcopal visitor, a Church of England bishop assigned to minister to clergy, laity and parishes who do not accept the ministry of women priests
Quinquennial Visit Ad Limina
Unique visitor, a statistic describing a unit of traffic to a website
Visiting scholar
Visitor health insurance
Visitor management
Visitor pattern, a software design pattern
Visitor visa |
9612_0 | The de Havilland Vampire is a British jet fighter which was developed and manufactured by the de Havilland Aircraft Company. It was the second jet fighter to be operated by the RAF, after the Gloster Meteor, and the first to be powered by a single jet engine.
Development of the Vampire as an experimental aircraft began in 1941 during the Second World War, to exploit the revolutionary innovation of jet propulsion. From the company's design studies, it was decided to use a single-engine, twin-boom aircraft, powered by the Halford H.1 turbojet (later produced as the Goblin). Aside from its propulsion system and twin-boom configuration, it was a relatively conventional aircraft. In May 1944 it was decided to produce the aircraft as an interceptor for the Royal Air Force (RAF). In 1946 the Vampire entered operational service with the RAF, only months after the war had ended. |
9612_1 | The Vampire quickly proved to be effective and was adopted as a replacement of wartime piston-engined fighter aircraft. During its early service it accomplished several aviation firsts and achieved various records, such as being the first jet aircraft to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The Vampire remained in front-line RAF service until 1953 when its transfer began to secondary roles such as ground attack and pilot training, for which specialist variants were produced. The RAF retired the Vampire in 1966 when its final role of advanced trainer was filled by the Folland Gnat. The Royal Navy had also adapted the type as the Sea Vampire, a navalised variant suitable for operations from aircraft carriers. It was the service's first jet fighter. |
9612_2 | The Vampire was exported to many nations and was operated worldwide in numerous theatres and climates. Several countries used the type in combat including the Suez Crisis, the Malayan Emergency and the Rhodesian Bush War. By the end of production, almost 3,300 Vampires had been manufactured, a quarter of these having been manufactured under licence abroad. de Havilland pursued the further development of the type; major derivatives produced include the DH.115, a specialised dual-seat trainer and the more advanced DH.112 Venom, a refined variant for ground attack and night-fighter operations.
Development |
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