original_query: When were the Livonians converted and how did it happen?
query: When were the Livonians converted to Christianity and how did it happen?
answer: The Livonians were largely converted to Christianity by 1206, following a campaign of forced Christianization led by Bishop Albert and the Order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword, beginning in the late 12th century.  This involved military conquest and forced baptism after battles.