original_query: What are the ingredients present in a vaccine dose?
query: What are the ingredients present in a vaccine dose?
answer: Vaccine ingredients include the immunogen (active ingredient), which is present in tiny amounts (nanograms to micrograms).  Other ingredients are added to boost the immune response, ensure safety, aid storage, or are remnants from the manufacturing process. These can include adjuvants (like aluminum salts), preservatives (like thiomersal or phenol), stabilizers (sugars, amino acids, proteins), acidity regulators, and manufacturing residuals (formaldehyde, antibiotics, proteins from cell cultures). The volume of a dose depends on the administration route (oral, nasal, injection).