original_query: What were the characteristics of the Biedermeier era in early 19th-century Germany?
query: What were the characteristics of the Biedermeier era in early 19th-century Austria?
answer: The Biedermeier era (1815-1848) in Austria was characterized by growing urbanization and industrialization, leading to a new urban middle class.  Politically, it was a time of oppression following the Napoleonic Wars, causing a focus on domestic and non-political themes in literature and the arts.  Biedermeier writers were primarily middle-class, unlike the preceding Romantic era's mostly noble writers.