original_query: What were the new Qing policies that led to the movement for independence in Outer Mongolia?
query: What were the new Qing policies that led to the movement for independence in Outer Mongolia?
answer: The new Qing policies, referred to as the "New Administration" or "New Policies", aimed at the cultural assimilation of Outer Mongolia.  This included abrogating prohibitions against Chinese settling in Outer Mongolia, Chinese and Mongols intermarrying, and Mongols using the Chinese language.  The plan also involved Chinese colonization of the frontier and reorganization of native governments, as well as the creation of a Mongolian army with half consisting of Mongolian herdsmen.  These actions were seen by Mongolians as a threat to their survival and sparked the movement for independence.