func_code_string: #include <bits/stdc++.h>   using namespace std;   int dp[100006][2];   int main(void) {     string s;     cin >> s;     int len = s.size();     memset(dp, -1, sizeof(dp));     dp[0][0] = 0;     dp[0][1] = 0;     for (int i = 1; i <= len; ++i) {       dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][1] + (bool)islower(s[i - 1]);       dp[i][0] = min(dp[i - 1][0], dp[i - 1][1]) + (bool)isupper(s[i - 1]);     }     cout << min(dp[len][0], dp[len][1]);     return 0;   }   