func_code_string: #include <bits/stdc++.h>   using namespace std;   inline char gc() {     static char buf[100000], *p1 = buf, *p2 = buf;     return p1 == p2 && (p2 = (p1 = buf) + fread(buf, 1, 100000, stdin), p1 == p2)                ? EOF                : *p1++;   }   inline long long read() {     long long x = 0;     char ch = getchar();     bool positive = 1;     for (; !isdigit(ch); ch = getchar())       if (ch ==  - ) positive = 0;     for (; isdigit(ch); ch = getchar()) x = x * 10 + ch -  0 ;     return positive ? x : -x;   }   inline void write(long long a) {     if (a < 0) {       a = -a;       putchar( - );     }     if (a >= 10) write(a / 10);     putchar( 0  + a % 10);   }   inline void writeln(long long a) {     write(a);     puts(  );   }   inline void wri(long long a) {     write(a);     putchar(   );   }   long long t, l, r;   long long dp[35][2][2];   long long calc(long long x, long long y) {     if (x < 0 || y < 0) return 0;     memset(dp, 0, sizeof(dp));     dp[32][1][1] = 1;     for (long long i = 31; i >= 0; i--) {       for (int j = 0; j <= 1; j++) {         for (int k = 0; k <= 1; k++) {           long long nextj = (j && !((x >> i) & 1));           long long nextk = (k && !((y >> i) & 1));           dp[i][nextj][nextk] += dp[i + 1][j][k];           if (!j || ((x >> i) & 1)) dp[i][j][nextk] += dp[i + 1][j][k];           if (!k || ((y >> i) & 1)) dp[i][nextj][k] += dp[i + 1][j][k];         }       }     }     return dp[0][0][0] + dp[0][0][1] + dp[0][1][0] + dp[0][1][1];   }   int main() {     t = read();     while (t--) {       l = read(), r = read();       writeln(calc(r, r) - 2 * calc(l - 1, r) + calc(l - 1, l - 1));     }     return 0;   }   