func_code_string: #include <bits/stdc++.h>   using namespace std;   template <class T>   inline bool read(T &x) {     int c = getchar();     int sgn = 1;     while (~c && c< 0  | c>  9 ) {       if (c ==  - ) sgn = -1;       c = getchar();     }     for (x = 0; ~c &&  0  <= c && c <=  9 ; c = getchar()) x = x * 10 + c -  0 ;     x *= sgn;     return ~c;   }   const long long N = 100005;   const long long MOD = 1e9 + 7;   long long dp[N][2];   string str;   long long n;   long long solve(long long pos, long long c) {     if (pos >= n) return 0;     if (dp[pos][c] != -1) return dp[pos][c];     long long x = n;     if (c == 1) {       x = solve(pos + 1, 1) + (str[pos] >  Z );       x = min(x, solve(pos + 1, 0) + (str[pos] <  a ));     } else {       x = min(x, solve(pos + 1, 0) + (str[pos] <  a ));     }     return dp[pos][c] = x;   }   int main() {     memset(dp, -1, sizeof(dp));     cin >> str;     n = str.size();     cout << solve(0, 1) << endl;   }   