article: The animals cup their mouths when they produce kiss squeaks - alarm calls that often signify a predator is nearby. Researchers have now studied the acoustics of these "hand-modified kiss squeaks" and shown that the animals sound bigger and "more impressive" when they use their hands in the call. The findings are published in the Journal of Experimental Biology. If the orangutans do this deliberately - knowing it exaggerates their size - the researchers think it may be a glimpse of an early precursor to language; an animal intentionally changing a sound it makes and, in turn, changing its meaning. This same team of scientists - from the Netherlands, Belgium and the UK - first noticed that the apes changed their kiss squeaks with their hands back in 2009. But that change they spotted was very subtly different, so the team decided to analyse it in much more depth, to understand exactly what effect it had on the orangutan's voice. Lead researcher Bart de Boer from the University of Brussels, an expert in bioacoustics, worked out that the animals' hands were creating what he called a "a cylindrical extension of the lips". "This has the same effect as lengthening the sound box of a musical instrument," he explained, "so you get resonance of the lower pitches". In short, this makes a kiss squeak sound like it is coming from the puckered lips of a bigger orangutan. "So they aren't doing this for nothing," said Dr de Boer, "It makes them sound more impressive." Dr de Boer's main scientific interest is the evolution of speech. By applying detailed acoustic examination of the sounds these great apes produce, he says that researchers are gradually piecing together the puzzle of how language developed. But, he said, "there is still a lot to be found out". "It's unlikely that they're [making themselves sound bigger by accident], but it's still possible," Dr de Boer cautioned. Wild orangutans can be tricky to spot and study, so one research team is listening for their voices instead - using microphones in the forest to locate the animals. Brigitte Spillmann from the University of Zurich has developed a way to triangulate male orangutan "long calls" - a call often used to attract a mate - to work out their positions. "Long calls can be heard up to 1km away, [so they're] a good candidate for this type of monitoring," says Ms Spillmann. "With acoustic monitoring we know where, when and often who called or counter-called in the forest. "This could help to improve our understanding of orangutans' social organisation and in particular their long-distance communication system." Dr Wendy Erb, an anthropologist from Rutgers University in New Jersey pointed out that non-human apes' gestural signals are thought to be more likely precursors to language because they are "more flexible and intentional" than vocal sounds. And the use of gestures in apes is well known. Recently, a team from the University of St Andrews published a study that attempted to translate the many gestures wild chimpanzees use. But, as Dr Erb pointed out,
summary: Orangutans use their hands to alter their voices and make themselves sound bigger, say scientists.