article: Mr Munger said that high-frequency trading was "the functional equivalent of letting a lot of rats into a granary". The central thesis of Flash Boys, which is published, with an updated final chapter, in paperback this week, is that electronic trading has rigged the market against ordinary investors, particularly in America. Computer algorithms allow high-frequency trading (HFT) firms to "get ahead" of institutions investing on behalf of our pension funds and savings schemes. Because HFT firms execute deals in tiny fractions of seconds they are able to "front run" human traders who are buying stocks and make a small "skim" on the deal by pushing prices up or down. Although each "skim" is tiny, the overall effect, according to Mr Lewis, is that billions of dollars are being lost by investors to HFT firms which have inserted themselves into the market. This, Mr Lewis says, is tantamount to rigging the market. When his original book came out last year Entertainment Weekly said: "If you own stock you need to read Flash Boys - and then call your broker." I caught up with Mr Lewis yesterday during his short visit to Britain from his home in California. He told me that what was happening in America was a threat to markets in Europe and Asia. "It is inserting itself everywhere," he said. "High-frequency traders pay for an advanced look at [market] information so they are in an unfair position. They know the prices before the ordinary investors they are trading against. "If you can trade at light speed, you can make thousands and thousands of trades in a second. "It is offensive to me that you have essentially rich traders skimming off of middle class savers. Weaving that unfairness into the financial markets especially at a time when inequality is a problem seems crazy to me." Mr Lewis says the major question is how to structure markets for stocks and shares as well as bonds and currencies as computers slowly and inexorably take over from human traders. Martin Wheatley, the head of the markets watchdog the Financial Conduct Authority, has said that high-frequency trading now accounts for 30% of business on the UK equity market. In America it is higher. Mr Lewis says that it is unclear - certainly in the US at least - whether the regulators are going to do anything about what he says is such a major problem. One reason, he argues, is the "revolving door" between the Wall Street banks and firms engaged in high-frequency trading and the regulators themselves. A "cosy club" has grown up, he says. But, although that may be the case, Mr Lewis actually argues that the story of Flash Boys is one of hope. And that's because the main witness in his book, Brad Katsuyama, a trader at the Royal Bank of Canada, has set up an exchange called IEX which seeks to eliminate "predatory opportunities created by speed". Goldman Sachs, for example, has committed to IEX, and is the exchange's biggest source of orders. "There is a path through the market [to
summary: In his seminal work on the role of high-frequency traders in global stock markets, Michael Lewis quotes Charlie Munger, Warren Buffett's right hand man.