ما هي الفكرة الرئيسية التي اخذها المؤمنين الانجليزية من فلسفة كونت من كتاباته?
دين الانسانية
Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular Religion of Humanity (which worshiped the dead, since most humans who have ever lived are dead), complete with holidays and liturgy, modeled on the rituals of what was seen as a discredited and dilapidated Catholicism. Although Comte's English followers, like Eliot and Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity. Comte's austere vision of the universe, his injunction to "vivre pour altrui" ("live for others", from which comes the word "altruism"), and his idealisation of women inform the works of Victorian novelists and poets from George Eliot and Matthew Arnold to Thomas Hardy. اليوت ودارتها, التي ضم رفيقها جورج هنري لويس (كاتب سير غوته) والعالم الغاء عقوبة الاعدام وال نظرية الاجتماعي هاريت مارتينو, كانت تتاثر كثيرا بال الوضعية من اوغست كونت, الذي ترجم اليه مارتينو. وقد اقترح (كونت) في الالحادية اسس على المبادئ الانسانية - دين علماني للبشرية (والذي كان يعبد الموتى, لان معظم البشر الذين عاشوا في اي وقت مضى قد ماتوا), كاملة مع الاعياد وال القداس, على غرار طقوس ما كان ينظر اليه على انه كذي و الكاثوليكية متهالكة. على الرغم من ان اتباع كونت الانجليزية, مثل اليوت و مارتينو, في معظم ال ا ن رفض كامل مجموعة من نظمه, الا انهم يحبون فكرة دين الانسانية. رؤية كونت صارم ل الكون, وهو امرها الى الحياة من اجل الحياة من اجل الاخرين, والتي تاتي كلمة ايثار, وتهته من النساء ابلاغ اعمال الرواي والشعراء من جورج اليوت و ماثيو ارنولد الى توماس هاردي.. Eliot und ihr Kreis, der ihren Begleiter George Henry Lewes (der Biograph von Goethe) und die Abolitionist und soziale Theoretiker Harriet Martineau beinhaltete, wurden von der Positivismus von Auguste Comte, den Martineau übersetzt hatte, sehr beeinflusst. Comte hatte eine atheistische culte, die auf menschlichen Prinzipien gegründet wurde, vorgeschlagen - eine weltliche Religion der Menschheit (die die Toten verehrt hat, da die meisten Menschen, die jemals gelebt haben, tot sind), komplett mit Urlaub und Liturgie, die auf die Rituale von dem, was als diskreditiert und der marode Katholizismus. Obwohl die englischen Anhänger von Comte, wie Eliot und Martineau, zum größten Teil die volle düstere Palette seines Systems abgelehnt haben, gefiel ihnen die Idee einer Religion der Menschheit. Comte ' s strenge Vision des Universums, seine einstweilige Verfügung für vivre pour altrui (Leben für andere, von dem kommt das Wort Altruismus), und seine Idealisierung von Frauen informieren die Werke der viktorianischen Schriftsteller und Dichter von George Eliot und Matthew Arnold an Thomas Hardy. Eliot y su círculo, que incluyó a su compañero George Henry Lewes (el biógrafo de Goethe) y el abolicionista y teórico social harriet martineau, estaban muy influenciados por el positivismo de Auguste Comte, a quien martineau había traducido. Comte había propuesto un culte ateo fundado en los principios humanos - una religión secular de la humanidad (que adoró a los muertos, ya que la mayoría de los seres humanos que han vivido están muertos), completo con vacaciones y liturgia, modelado sobre los rituales de lo que fue visto como un desacreditado y el catolicismo ruinoso. Aunque los seguidores ingleses de comte, como eliot y martineau, en su mayor parte rechazaron la panoplia sombría completa de su sistema, les gustó la idea de una religión de la humanidad. la visión austera de comte del universo, su orden judicial para vivir altrui (vivir para otros, de la que viene la palabra altruismo), y su idealización de las mujeres informar a las obras de los novelistas y poetas victorianos de George Eliot y Matthew Arnold a Thomas Hardy. एलियट और उसका सर्कल, जिसने अपने साथी जॉर्ज हेनरी लेविस (गेटे के जीवनी लेखक) और उन्मूलनवादी और सामाजिक विचारक हैरिएट martineau को शामिल किया, अगस्टे काँत की: से बहुत प्रभावित थे, जिन्हें martineau ने अनुवाद किया था । काँत ने मानव सिद्धांतों पर स्थापित एक नास्तिक culte का प्रस्ताव किया था - मानवता का एक धर्मनिरपेक्ष धर्म (जो मृत को पूजा करता है, क्योंकि अधिकांश मनुष्य जो कभी भी मर चुके हैं), छुट्टियों और पूजा के साथ पूरा, जो एक बदनाम के रूप में देखा गया था के संस्कार पर मॉडलिंग किया और जीर्ण-शीर्ण कैथोलिक धर्म हालांकि काँत के अंग्रेजी अनुयायियों, जैसे एलियट और martineau, सबसे अधिक भाग के लिए अपने सिस्टम के पूर्ण उदास panoply को खारिज कर दिया, उन्हें मानवता के एक धर्म का विचार पसंद आया । काँत की सादगीपसन्द दृष्टि ब्रह्मांड की, उसकी निषेधाज्ञा विवरे को डालना (दूसरों के लिए लाइव, जिससे शब्द परोपकारिता है), और महिलाओं के उनके idealisation जॉर्ज एलियट और मैथ्यू अर्नोल्ड से थॉमस हार्डी के लिए विक्टोरियन उपन्यासकार और कवियों के कार्यों को सूचित करते हैं. Eliot và vòng tròn của cô ấy, người đã bao gồm bạn đồng hành George Henry Hollywood (người viết sách của Viện Goethe) và cái và thuyết Harriet Martineau, có nhiều ảnh hưởng bởi positivism của Auguste Comte, người mà Martineau đã dịch. Bá tước đã đề xuất một culte culte được thành lập trên các nguyên tắc của con người - một tôn giáo của nhân loại (mà thờ lạy người chết, vì hầu hết những người đã từng sống đã chết), hoàn thành với những ngày nghỉ và các nghi lễ, được mô phỏng trong các nghi lễ của những gì được nhìn thấy như và Công giáo khu. Mặc dù những người theo dõi tiếng Anh của Bá tước, như Eliot và Martineau, vì phần lớn bị từ chối toàn bộ những điều buồn tẻ trong hệ thống của anh ta, họ thích ý tưởng của một tôn giáo của nhân loại. Tầm nhìn của ông Bá tước của vũ trụ, lệnh lệnh của ông ấy cho vivre đổ altrui (sống cho những người khác, từ đó đến từ cả), và những người phụ nữ của ông ta thông báo với các tác phẩm của Victoria novelists và các nhà thơ từ George Eliot và Matthew Arnold đến Thomas Hardy. 艾略特和她的圈子, 包括她的同伴乔治·亨利·刘易斯(歌德的传记作者)和废除死刑的人和社会理论家harriet martineau, 受到了martineau的实证主义的影响, auguste已经翻译了孔德提出了一个基于人类原则的无神论culte-一个世俗的人类宗教(崇拜死去的人, 因为大多数曾经活过的人都死了), 完成了节日和礼拜仪式, 以被认为是一个声名狼藉的人的仪式为蓝本和破败的天主教. 虽然孔德的英国追随者, 像艾略特和马蒂诺, 大部分都拒绝了他的系统的完整的忧郁, 他们喜欢一个人类宗教的想法. 伯爵对宇宙的严酷愿景, 他的令人活倒的禁令(为他人而活, 从这一个词来看利他 主义)和他的女人的idealisation将乔治·艾略特和马修·阿诺德的维多利亚小说家...
The center of all mystical experience is, of course, Christ. English Dominicans sought to gain a full knowledge of Christ through an imitation of His life. English mystics of all types tended to focus on the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified. This led to a "progressive understanding of the meanings of Scripture--literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogical"—that was contained within the mystical journey itself. From these considerations of Scripture comes the simplest way to imitate Christ: an emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry becomes the most significant way to feel and have knowledge of God. 所有神秘经验的中心, 当然是基督. 英国多米尼加人试图通过模仿他的生活获得对基督的充分了解. 所有类型的英语神秘主义者都倾向于专注于基督生活中的事件所体现的道德价值观. 这导致了一个渐进理解圣经的含义--字面, 道德, 寓言和anagogical-这是在神秘旅程本身中包含的. 从这些对圣经的考虑来看, 模仿基督的最简单的方式是: 模仿耶稣在他的地球部展示的道德行动和态度, 成为了感受和了解上帝的最重要的方式. The Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God-given faculties, including the power of reason. That means that they are allowed to explore God's creation and, according to Genesis 2:15, make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way. Thus a cultural climate was created that greatly enhanced the development of the humanities and the sciences. Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers, in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ, are to follow God's commandments. Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code. In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Therefore, craftsmen, industrialists, and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. In this way, the economy, the sciences, and technology reinforced each other. The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors. The Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. This idea is also known as the "Protestant ethic thesis." सभी रहस्यमय अनुभव का केंद्र है, बेशक, मसीह । अंग्रेजी dominicans ने अपने जीवन की नकल के माध्यम से मसीह का पूरा ज्ञान प्राप्त करने की मांग की । सभी प्रकार के अंग्रेजी साधकों ने नैतिक मूल्यों पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया है कि मसीह के जीवन में घटनाओं का उदाहरण है । यह शास्त्र के अर्थ की एक प्रगतिशील समझ के लिए नेतृत्व किया -- शाब्दिक, नैतिक, रूपक, और अनग्यात्मक-यह रहस्यमय यात्रा के भीतर ही निहित था । शास्त्र के इन विचारों से मसीह की नकल करने का सबसे सरल तरीका आता है: नैतिक कार्यों और दृष्टिकोण का एक अनुकरण जो यीशु ने अपने सांसारिक मंत्रालय में प्रदर्शित किया है, उसे महसूस करने और भगवान के ज्ञान के लिए सबसे महत्वपूर्ण तरीका बन जाता है । Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicanism is sometimes considered to be independent from Protestantism.[b] The term derives from the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over into politics and warfare while still maintaining a true faith in God. For moderate Christians, this meant a return to simple Scripture. John Locke abandoned the corpus of theological commentary in favor of an "unprejudiced examination" of the Word of God alone. He determined the essence of Christianity to be a belief in Christ the redeemer and recommended avoiding more detailed debate. Thomas Jefferson in the Jefferson Bible went further; he dropped any passages dealing with miracles, visitations of angels, and the resurrection of Jesus after his death. He tried to extract the practical Christian moral code of the New Testament. The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability. John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions. In God's benevolent design, carnivores caused mercifully swift death, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism. All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all believers, the doctrine of justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by or with good works, and a belief in the Bible alone (rather than with Catholic tradition) as the highest authority in matters of faith and morals (sola scriptura). The "Five solae" summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day. The English concentrated on the spirit of the events of Christ's life, not the literality of events. They neither expected nor sought the appearance of the stigmata or any other physical manifestation. They wanted to create in themselves that environment that allowed Jesus to fulfill His divine mission, insofar as they were able. At the center of this environment was love: the love that Christ showed for humanity in becoming human. Christ's love reveals the mercy of God and His care for His creation. English Dominican mystics sought through this love to become images of God. Love led to spiritual growth that, in turn, reflected an increase in love for God and humanity. This increase in universal love allowed men's wills to conform to God's will, just as Christ's will submitted to the Father's will. Das Zentrum aller mystischen Erfahrungen ist natürlich Christus. Englische Dominikaner versuchten, ein volles Wissen über Christus durch eine Imitation seines Lebens zu gewinnen. Englische Mystiker aller Art neigen dazu, sich auf die moralischen Werte zu konzentrieren, die die Ereignisse in Christi Leben zeigen. Dies führte zu einem progressiven Verständnis der Bedeutungen der Schrift -- wörtlich, moralisch, allegorische und anagogical-das in der mystischen Reise selbst enthalten war. Aus diesen Überlegungen der Schrift kommt der einfachste Weg, um Christus zu imitieren: eine Emulation der moralischen Aktionen und Einstellungen, die Jesus in seinem irdischen Ministerium demonstriert hat, wird der wichtigste Weg, um sich zu fühlen und Wissen über Gott zu haben.