ما الذي كان يامل النظام الاقتصادي للدولة في تجنبها?
ظهور اضطراب اجتماعي
The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact. وقال ان العقل الاقتصادي العثماني يرتبط بشكل وثيق بالمفاهيم الاساسية للدولة والمجتمع في الشرق الاوسط حيث كان الهدف النهائي لدولة ما هو تعزيز وتوسيع قوة الحاكم, وطريقة الوصول اليها هي الحصول على موارد غنية من الايرادات من خلال جعل الطبقات المنتجة مزدهرة. وكان الهدف النهائي هو زيادة ايرادات الدولة دون ان يضر بالرخاء في المواضيع لمنع ظهور اضطراب اجتماعي وفي الحفاظ على التنظيم التقليدي للمجتمع على نحو سليم. Der osmanische wirtschaftliche Geist war eng mit den grundlegenden Konzepten von Staat und Gesellschaft im Nahen Osten verbunden, in denen das ultimative Ziel eines Staates Konsolidierung und Erweiterung der Macht des Herrschers war, und der Weg, um es zu erreichen, war, reiche Ressourcen der Einnahmen zu erhalten. indem sie die produktiven Klassen wohlhabend machen. Das Ziel war es, die staatlichen Einnahmen zu erhöhen, ohne den Wohlstand von Themen zu beschädigen, um die Entstehung der sozialen Störung zu verhindern und die traditionelle Organisation der Gesellschaft intakt zu halten. La mente económica otomana estaba estrechamente relacionada con los conceptos básicos de estado y la sociedad en el medio oriente en el que el objetivo final de un estado era la consolidación y extensión del poder del gobernante, y la manera de llegar a ella era obtener ricos recursos de ingresos haciendo que las clases productivas sean prósperas. El objetivo final era aumentar los ingresos del estado sin dañar la prosperidad de los sujetos para evitar la aparición de trastorno social y mantener intacta la organización tradicional de la sociedad. तुर्क आर्थिक मन मध्य पूर्व में राज्य और समाज की बुनियादी अवधारणाओं से बारीकी से संबंधित था जिसमें एक राज्य का अंतिम लक्ष्य शासक की शक्ति का समेकन और विस्तार था, और यह पहुँचने का रास्ता राजस्व के समृद्ध संसाधनों को प्राप्त करने के लिए था उत्पादक वर्ग को समृद्ध बना कर । अंतिम उद्देश्य सामाजिक विकार का उद्भव और समाज के पारंपरिक संगठन को बरकरार रखने के लिए विषयों की समृद्धि को नुकसान पहुंचाने के बिना राज्य राजस्व को बढ़ाने के लिए था । Tâm trí kinh tế Ottoman có liên quan đến các khái niệm cơ bản của tiểu bang và xã hội ở trung đông trong đó mục tiêu tối thượng của một tiểu bang đã được hợp nhất và mở rộng quyền lực của thước đo, và con đường để đạt được nó là để có được tài nguyên giàu có của doanh thu bằng cách tạo ra các lớp học hiệu quả thịnh vượng. Mục tiêu tối thượng là tăng doanh thu tiểu bang mà không làm tổn thương sự thịnh vượng của các môn để ngăn chặn sự xuất hiện của rối loạn xã hội và để giữ cho tổ chức truyền thống của xã hội nguyên vẹn. 奥斯曼的经济思想与中东的国家和社会的基本概念密切相关, 在中东, 一个国家的最终目标是巩固和扩展统治者的权力, 而达到它的方式是获得丰富的收入资源通过使富有成效的班级繁荣. 最终目标是增加国家收入, 而不破坏科目的繁荣, 防止社会 混乱 的 出现, 并保持社会的传统组织.
Es gibt auch eine weit verbreitete Ansicht [vage][wer?] dass viel mehr finanzielle Unterstützung, um die Schulden kontinuierlich zu decken oder noch höhere Haushaltsdefizite oder Schulden zu ermöglichen würde die Krise abschrecken, notwendige Reformen zu implementieren, um sie wieder zu erhalten Wettbewerbsfähigkeit.[Zitat benötigt] Es gab auch eine Zurückhaltung [Zitat] von finanziell stabilen Eurozone-Staaten wie Deutschland [Zitat erforderlich] um die No-Rettung-Klausel in den EU-Verträgen weiter zu umgehen und im allgemeinen die Last der Finanzierung zu übernehmen oder Garantie für die Schulden von finanziell instabilen oder ausfallende Eurozone-Ländern.[Zitat erforderlich] The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with a head tax used to hire laborers. The administration of the Grand Canal was made more efficient, and transport opened to private merchants. A system of monitoring grain prices eliminated severe shortages, and enabled the price of rice to rise slowly and smoothly through the 18th century. Wary of the power of wealthy merchants, Qing rulers limited their trading licenses and usually refused them permission to open new mines, except in poor areas. These restrictions on domestic resource exploration, as well as on foreign trade, are held by some scholars as a cause of the Great Divergence, by which the Western world overtook China economically. The creation of a modern industrial economy took place. With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act—the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbade every contract, scheme, deal, or conspiracy to restrain trade, though the phrase "restraint of trade" remained subjective. By the beginning of the 20th century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts. But the courts did protect the marketplace, declaring the Standard Oil group to be an "unreasonable" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911. It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors. Der Ökonom F. A. Hayek analysierte, wie die Rechtsstaatlichkeit für den freien Markt vorteilhaft sein könnte. Hayek hat vorgeschlagen, dass unter der Regel der Rechtsstaatlichkeit in der Lage wäre, kluge Investitionen und zukünftige Pläne mit einem gewissen Vertrauen in eine erfolgreiche Rückkehr von Investitionen zu machen, als er sagte: Im Rahmen der Rechtsstaatlichkeit wird die Regierung verhindert, individuelle Bemühungen durch Ad-hoc-Aktion zu vermeiden. Innerhalb der bekannten Regeln des Spiels ist das Individuum frei, um seine persönlichen Enden und Wünsche zu verfolgen, sicher, dass die Mächte der Regierung nicht bewusst genutzt werden, um seine Bemühungen zu vereiteln. There is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed] There has also been a reluctance[citation needed] of financially stable eurozone states like Germany[citation needed] to further circumvent the no-bailout clause in the EU contracts and to generally take on the burden of financing or guaranteeing the debts of financially unstable or defaulting eurozone countries.[citation needed] This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused. Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen by socialist managers were wrong, gluts or shortages would appear, signalling them to adjust the prices up or down, just as in a free market. Through such a trial and error, a socialist economy could mimic the efficiency of a free market system, while avoiding its many problems. Chi tiêu công cộng và đa dạng là, trong chính nó, vốn dĩ có nguy cơ cronyism, quả, và tham nhũng. Quy định phức tạp và tùy tiện, không giám sát chính thức thực hiện vấn đề về vấn đề. Đây là một cuộc tranh luận cho hóa và deregulation. Tuyến của hóa xem cuộc tranh luận như là lý tưởng. Cuộc tranh luận mà tham nhũng nhất thiết phải theo đuổi từ cơ hội là suy yếu bởi sự tồn tại của các quốc gia với thấp đến tham nhũng không tồn tại nhưng các ngành công cộng lớn, như các quốc gia Bắc Âu. Những quốc gia này ghi điểm cao trên sự dễ dàng của việc làm chỉ số doanh nghiệp, do tốt và thường xuyên theo quy định đơn giản, và có quy tắc luật pháp được thiết lập vững chắc. Do đó, do sự thiếu tham nhũng của họ ở vị trí đầu tiên, họ có thể chạy các ngành công cộng lớn mà không gây ra tham nhũng chính trị. Bằng chứng gần đây đã lấy đi cả kích thước của việc chi phí và sự phức tạp của các cơ quan vào tài khoản đã tìm thấy rằng mín zhǔ thu nhập cao với nhiều ngành tiểu bang khác nhau thực sự có mức độ tham nhũng cao hơn. According to Der Spiegel credits given to European governments were disguised as "swaps" and consequently did not get registered as debt. As Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives, a German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that "The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps," and "In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank." These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union. Das religiöse Gesetz konzentriert sich auf das ritualisierte System von Ehren und Opfer, das göttliche Segnungen brachte, nach dem Prinzip do ut des (ich gebe, dass du geben könntest). Ordentliche, respektvolle Religioten brachte soziale Harmonie und Wohlstand. Religiöse Vernachlässigung war eine Form des Atheismus: unreine Opfer und falsches Ritual waren Vitia (Fasiq-Fehler). Übermäßige Hingabe, Angst vor den Göttern und die missbräuchliche Nutzung oder die Suche nach göttlichen Wissen waren superstitio. Jede dieser moralischen Abweichungen könnte göttliche Wut verursachen (Ira DEORUM) und somit dem Staat schaden. Die offiziellen Götter des Staates wurden mit ihren rechtmäßigen Büros und Institutionen identifiziert, und Römer jeder Klasse wurden erwartet, um die grossherzig und den Schutz der sterblichen und göttlichen Vorgesetzten zu ehren. Die Teilnahme an öffentlichen Riten zeigte ein persönliches Engagement für ihre Gemeinschaft und ihre Werte.