انتاج الادوات الحجرية والسيطرة على النار تم دفعها ايضا من قبل ماذا?
الصيد
While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction, including mating behaviour, as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice. وفي حين انه من غير منازع ان البشر في وقت مبكر كانوا صيادي, فان اهمية ذلك في ظهور الجنس البشري مننسز السابقة, بما في ذلك انتاج الادوات الحجرية وفي نهاية المطاف السيطرة على النار, يتم التاكيد عليها في فرضية الصيد وفي النهاية السيطرة على النار. اكد في السيناريوهات التي تؤكد على omnivory والتفاعل الاجتماعي, بما في ذلك سلوك التزاوج, بوصفها ضرورية في ظهور الحداثة السلوكية الانسانية. مع تاسيس اللغة, والثقافة, والدين, اصبح الصيد موضوع القصص والخرافات, بالاضافة الى طقوس مثل الرقص والتضحية الحيوانية. Während es unbestritten ist, dass frühe Menschen Jäger waren, ist die Bedeutung dieses für die Entstehung der Homo-Gattung aus den früheren Australopithecines, einschließlich der Produktion von Stein-Werkzeugen und schließlich der Kontrolle des Feuers, in der Jagd-Hypothese und de-betont in Szenarien, die omnivory und soziale Interaktion, einschließlich Verpaarung, als unverzichtbar bei der Entstehung von menschlichen Verhalten. Mit der Gründung von Sprache, Kultur und Religion wurde die Jagd zu einem Thema von Geschichten und Mythen, sowie Rituale wie Tanz und Tier Opfer. Si bien es indiscutible que los humanos primeros eran cazadores, la importancia de esto para la aparición del género homo desde el antes anterior, incluyendo la producción de herramientas de piedra y eventualmente el control del fuego, se destacó en la hipótesis de caza y de-destacó en escenarios que estrés el estrés y la interacción social, incluyendo el comportamiento de apareamiento, como esencial en la aparición de la modernidad del comportamiento humano. con el establecimiento del lenguaje, la cultura y la religión, la caza se convirtió en un tema de historias y mitos, así como rituales como el baile y el sacrificio de animales. जबकि यह निर्विवाद है कि प्रारंभिक मनुष्य शिकारी थे, पहले australopithecines से होमो जीनस के उद्भव के लिए इसका महत्व, पत्थर उपकरण के उत्पादन और अंत में आग का नियंत्रण, शिकार परिकल्पना और डी में पर जोर दिया जाता है । उन परिदृश्यों में जोर दिया गया है कि तनाव omnivory और सामाजिक बातचीत, संभोग व्यवहार सहित, मानव व्यवहार आधुनिकता के उद्भव में आवश्यक है । भाषा, संस्कृति, और धर्म की स्थापना के साथ, शिकार कहानियों और मिथकों का एक विषय बन गया, साथ ही नृत्य और पशु बलिदान जैसे संस्कार । Trong khi đó không phải là những người đàn ông, những người là thợ săn, tầm quan trọng của điều này cho sự xuất hiện của chi Homo từ những Australopithecines trước đó, bao gồm việc sản xuất các công cụ đá và cuối cùng là sự kiểm soát của lửa, đang được emphasised trong giả thuyết săn bắn và de-emphasised trong các tình huống căng thẳng và tương tác xã hội, bao gồm hành vi giao phối, rất cần thiết trong sự xuất hiện của sự hiện diện hành vi của con người. Với thành lập ngôn ngữ, văn hóa, và tôn giáo, săn bắn trở thành chủ đề của những câu chuyện và lời đồn, cũng như các nghi lễ như khiêu vũ và hy sinh động vật. 虽然早期人类是猎人是无可争议的, 但这对于从早期的australopithecines出现的homo属, 包括制作石工具和最终控制火灾, 在狩猎 假设和de-在情景中强调, 压力和社会互动, 包括求偶行为, 是人类行为现代的出现必不可少的. 随着语言, 文化和宗教的建立, 狩猎成为故事和神话的主题, 以及舞蹈和动物牺牲等仪式.
Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. But what allowed forest clearance on a large scale was the polished stone axe above all other tools. Together with the adze, fashioning wood for shelter, structures and canoes for example, this enabled them to exploit their newly won farmland. 希腊战争是马其顿的菲和菲利普二世的军事发展的延续, 特别是他使用马其顿方阵, 一个密集的, 形成, 与重型同伴骑兵一起. 希腊化时期的军队与经典时期的军队不同, 主要是由专业士兵组成的, 以及他们在围攻战争中更大的专业化和技术能力. 希腊的军队比古典希腊更大, 依靠希腊雇佣军(misthophoroi; 男子付费)和非希腊士兵, 如thracians, 加拉太, 埃及人和伊朗人. 一些族裔群体因其在特定的战斗模式中的武术技能而闻名, 并被高度通缉, 包括tarantine骑兵, 克里特弓箭手, 岛具和雷色斯轻. 这一时期还看到了新的武器和部队类型的采用, 如thureophoroi和thorakitai, 使用椭圆形thureos盾牌, 与标枪和machaira剑战斗. 严重, 希-bactrians, 亚美尼亚和本都采用了重型装甲罐头和马弓箭手. 战争大象的使用也变得很常见. 塞琉古从mauryan帝国收到了印度战争大象, 并在ipsus的战斗中使用了它们. 他在普保持了500个核心的核心. 托勒密使用了较小的非洲 大 象. 这一时期的某些技术发明, 无论是阿拉伯或中国血统, 还是独特的欧洲创新, 都对政治和社会发展, 尤其是火药, 印刷媒体和指南针产生巨大影响. 向战斗领域介绍火药, 不仅影响到军事组织, 而且有助于推进国家国家. 古登堡的移动型印刷媒体不仅使改革成为可能, 而且也可能传播知识, 这将导致一个逐步更平等的社会. 指南针以及其他创新, 如跨工作人员, 水手的星盘, 以及造 船的进步, 使世界海洋的导航和殖民主义的早期阶段得以实现. 其他发明对日常生活有更大的影响, 如眼镜和体重驱动的时钟. 耶路撒冷寺庙的大门使用了由枯竭的烫金制成的科林斯青铜. 它在亚历山大最流行, 在那里, 炼金术被认为已经开始. 在古印度, 铜被用于综合医学科学阿育吠陀, 用于外科仪器和其他医疗设备. 古埃及人(~ 2400 bc)使用铜来消毒伤口和喝水, 后来还有头痛, 烧伤和痒. 巴 格 达 电池, 有铜气瓶焊接, 可追溯到248年至226年, 并像一个电电池, 导致人们相信这是第一个电池; 索赔没有得到核实. 新石器时代的人是熟练的农民, 制造了一系列必要的工具, 以照顾, 收获和加工作物(如镰刀刃和磨石)和食品生产(如陶器, 骨实现). 他们也是一系列其他类型的石头工具和装饰品的熟练制造商, 包括发射点, 珠和雕像. 但允许大规模森林清除的是抛光的石 斧, 高于所有其他工具. 与片一起, 为收容所, 结构和独木舟形成木材, 这使他们能够利用他们新赢的农田. Ashoka和ashoka的法令是[mauryan时报]的主要书面记录. 考古学, 这段时间落入了北黑抛光(nbpw)的时代. mauryan帝国基于一个现代和高效的经济和社会. 然而, 商品的销售受到政府的密切监管, 虽然在mauryan社会没有银行业, 但高利贷是习惯的. 发现了大量关于奴隶制的书面记录, 表明其流行程度. 在这段时间里, 一个称为兹钢的高质量钢是在印度南部开发的, 后来出口到中国和阿拉伯. नवपाषाण लोग कुशल किसान थे, फसलों (जैसे सिकल ब्लेड और पीसने वाले पत्थर) और खाद्य उत्पादन (जैसे मिट्टी के बर्तन, हड्डी उपकरण) के के, कटाई और प्रसंस्करण के लिए आवश्यक उपकरणों की एक श्रृंखला का निर्माण करते हुए । वे अन्य प्रकार के पत्थर उपकरण और आभूषणों की एक श्रृंखला के कुशल निर्माता भी थे, जिसमें प्रक्षेप्य अंक, मोती और statuettes शामिल थे । लेकिन एक बड़े पैमाने पर वन निकासी की अनुमति क्या थी, सभी अन्य उपकरणों के ऊपर पॉलिश पत्थर कुल्हाड़ी था । बसूला के साथ एक साथ, आश्रय, संरचनाओं और कैनो के लिए निर्माण के लिए लकड़ी, यह उन्हें अपने नए जीते खेत का शोषण करने के लिए सक्षम किया । The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times. Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by the government. Although there was no banking in the Mauryan society, usury was customary. A significant amount of written records on slavery are found, suggesting a prevalence thereof. During this period, a high quality steel called Wootz steel was developed in south India and was later exported to China and Arabia. Những cánh cổng của Đền thờ Jerusalem sử dụng đồng Corinth được tạo ra bởi của gilding. Nó phổ biến nhất ở Alexandria, nơi mà alchemy được nghĩ là đã bắt đầu. Ở Ấn Độ cổ, đồng được sử dụng trong khoa học y tế tổng hợp ayurveda cho các nhạc cụ phẫu thuật và các thiết bị y tế khác. Người Ai Cập cổ đại (~ 2400 TCN) đã sử dụng đồng cho vết thương và nước uống, và sau đó cho đau đầu, cháy, và ngứa. Pin Baghdad, với các xi lanh đồng hàn để dẫn đầu, ngày trở lại 248 BC đến quảng cáo 226 và giống như một di động Galvanic, người dẫn đầu để tin rằng đây là pin đầu tiên; sự khẳng định chưa được xác minh. Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries (misthophoroi; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry, Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. The use of war elephants also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire, and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus. He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia. The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant.