ما هو التاثير الذي كان له الهجوم بشكل استراتيجي?
انخفاض بنسبة 20 في المائة في انتاج الطائرات
From November 1940 – February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. The next night, a large force hit Coventry. "Pathfinders" from 12 Kampfgruppe 100 (Bomb Group 100 or KGr 100) led 437 bombers from KG 1, KG 3, KG 26, KG 27, KG 55 and Lehrgeschwader 1 (1st Training Wing, or LG 1) which dropped 394 short tons (357 t) of high explosive, 56 short tons (51 t) of incendiaries, and 127 parachute mines. Other sources say 449 bombers and a total of 530 short tons (480 t) of bombs were dropped. The raid against Coventry was particularly devastating, and led to widespread use of the phrase "to conventrate". Over 10,000 incendiaries were dropped. Around 21 factories were seriously damaged in Coventry, and loss of public utilities stopped work at nine others, disrupting industrial output for several months. Only one bomber was lost, to anti-aircraft fire, despite the RAF flying 125 night sorties. No follow up raids were made, as OKL underestimated the British power of recovery (as Bomber Command would do over Germany from 1943–1945). The Germans were surprised by the success of the attack. The concentration had been achieved by accident. The strategic effect of the raid was a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production. من 1940 تشرين الثاني / نوفمبر الى شباط / فبراير 1941, قامت القوات الجوية الالمانية بتبديل الاستراتيجية و هاجمت المدن الصناعية الاخرى. وعلى وجه الخصوص, تم استهداف الاراضي الوسطى الغربية. في ليلة 13/14 تشرين الثاني / نوفمبر, 77 هو 111 s من kampfgeschwader 26 (جناح قاذفة 26, او كيلو 26) قصف لندن في حين 63 من كيلو 55 ضرب برمنغهام. في الليلة التالية, قوة كبيرة تضرب كوفنتري. الاستطلاعات من 12 لفص 100 (قنبلة مجموعة 100 او kgr 100) قاد 437 قاذفات من كيلو, كيلو 3, كيلو 26, كيلو 27, كيلو 55, كيلو 55 و lehrgeschwader 1 (جناح التدريب الاول, او lg 1) الذي اسقطت 394 طن قصير (357 t) من الانفجار العالي, 56 طن قصير (51 t) من الحارقة, و 127 من الالغام المظلة. وتقول مصادر اخرى ان 449 قاذفات القنابل وما مجموعها 530 طن قصير (480 t) من القنابل تم اسقاطها. كان الهجوم على كوفنتري مدمر بشكل خاص, مما ادى الى استخدام العبارة على نطاق واسع ل conventrate. تم اسقاط اكثر من 10,000 الحارقة. وقد تضرر نحو 21 مصنع في كوفنتري, وتوقفت فقدان المرافق العامة عن العمل في تسعة اخرين, مما ادى الى تعطيل الانتاج الصناعي لعدة اشهر. لم يكن هناك سوى مفجر واحد فقط, بسبب اطلاق النار المضاد للطائرة, على الرغم من الطيران الجوي 125 ليلة. ولم يتم متابعة الغارات, كما كان okl التقليل بالقوة البريطانية في التعافي (كما ستفعل قيادة قاذفة القنابل على المانيا من عام 1943-1945). و كانت الالمان من نجاح الهجوم. وقد تم تحقيق التركيز عن طريق الصدفة. وكان التاثير الاستراتيجي للهجوم انخفاض بنسبة 20 في المائة في انتاج الطائرات. Vom 1940 November bis 1941 Februar hat die Luftwaffe ihre Strategie verschoben und andere industrielle Städte angegriffen. Vor allem die West Midlands wurden gezielt. In der Nacht vom 13/14 November 77, 77 er 111 er von Kampfgeschwader 26 (26 Bomber Wing, oder KG 26) bombardiert London, während 63 von KG 55 Hit Birmingham. Die nächste Nacht, eine große Kraft hat Coventry getroffen. Pathfinder von 12 Kampfgruppe 100 (Bombe Gruppe 100 oder KGr 100) LED 437 Bomber aus KG 1, KG 3, KG 26, KG 27, KG 55 und Lehrgeschwader 1 (1 Training Wing, oder LG 1), die 394 kurze Tonnen (357 t) von hoher Sprengstoff, 56 kurze Tonnen (51 t) von Brandsätze, fallen lassen, und 127 Fallschirm-Minen. Andere Quellen sagen 449 Bomber und insgesamt 530 kurze Tonnen (480 t) von Bomben wurden fallen lassen. Der Angriff gegen Coventry war besonders verheerend und führte zu einer weit verbreiteten Verwendung des Satzes zu conventrate. Über 10,000 Brandsätze wurden fallengelassen. Rund 21 Fabriken wurden in Coventry schwer beschädigt, und der Verlust der öffentlichen Versorgungsunternehmen hat die Arbeit bei neun anderen gestoppt und die industrielle Produktion für mehrere Monate gestört. Nur ein Bomber ging verloren, zum Anti-Flugzeug-Feuer, trotz der RAF, die 125 Nacht-Einsätze flog. № folgen die Angriffe, da Göring die britische Kraft der Genesung unterschätzt hat (wie das Bomber Command über Deutschland ab 1943-1945 tun würde). Die Deutschen waren überrascht über den Erfolg des Angriffs. Die Konzentration war durch Zufall erreicht worden. Die strategische Wirkung des Angriffs war ein kurzer 20 Prozent Sprung in die Flugzeuge. नवंबर 1940-फरवरी 1941 से, लुफ़्तफ़ाफ़ा ने अपनी रणनीति स्थानांतरित कर दी और अन्य औद्योगिक शहरों पर हमला किया । विशेष रूप से, वेस्ट मिडलैंड्स को निशाना बनाया गया था । 13/14 नवंबर, 77 की रात को वह 111 एस के 26 (26 वें बमवर्षक विंग, या किलो 26) ने लंदन पर बमबारी की जबकि 63 किलो 55 से बर्मिंघम । अगली रात, एक बड़े बल ने कोवेंट्री को मारा । 12 kampfgruppe 100 से पाथफाइंडर (बम समूह 100 या kgr 100) एलईडी 437 बमवर्षक किलो से 1, किलो 3, किलो 26, किलो 27, किलो 55 और lehrgeschwader 1 (पहला प्रशिक्षण विंग, या एलजी 1) जिसने उच्च विस्फोटक, 56 छोटे टन (51 टी) की 394 छोटी टन (357 टी) को गिरा दिया, और 127 पैराशूट खानों. अन्य सूत्रों का कहना है कि 449 बमवर्षक और कुल 530 छोटे टन (480 टी) बम गिराए गए थे । कोवेंट्री के खिलाफ छापा विशेष रूप से विनाशकारी था, और वाक्यांश के लिए वाक्यांश का व्यापक उपयोग करने के लिए नेतृत्व किया । 10,000 से अधिक incendiaries को गिरा दिया गया था । लगभग 21 कारखानों को कोवेंट्री में गंभीर रूप से क्षतिग्रस्त कर दिया गया था, और सार्वजनिक उपयोगिताओं के नुकसान ने नौ अन्य लोगों पर काम बंद कर दिया, कई महीनों तक औद्योगिक उत्पादन को रोक दिया केवल एक ही बॉम्बर खो गया था, विमान विरोधी आग के लिए, 125 रात लिखने उड़ने के बावजूद । कोई फॉलो अप छापे नहीं किए गए, क्योंकि okl ने वसूली की ब्रिटिश शक्ति को कम कर दिया (जैसा कि 1943-1945 से जर्मनी पर बॉम्बर कमान करेगा) । हमले की सफलता से जर्मन हैरान थे । दुर्घटना से एकाग्रता की प्राप्ति हुई थी । छापे का रणनीतिक प्रभाव विमान उत्पादन में एक संक्षिप्त 20 प्रतिशत डुबकी था । Từ tháng 1940 năm 1940-tháng 1941 năm 1941, Luftwaffe đã chuyển chiến lược và tấn công các thành phố công nghiệp khác. Đặc biệt, West Midlands đã được nhắm mục tiêu. Vào đêm ngày 13/14 tháng 13/14 năm 77 Anh ta 111 s của Kampfgeschwader 26 (26 th Bomber Wing, hoặc kg 26) ném bom London trong khi 63 từ kg 55 đánh Birmingham. Đêm tiếp theo, một lực lượng lớn đánh Coventry. Pathfinders từ 12 Kampfgruppề 100 (bom nhóm 100 hoặc KGr 100) led 437 máy bay ném bom từ kg 1, kg 3, kg 26, kg 27, kg 55 và Lehrgeschwader 1 (cánh đào tạo đầu tiên, hoặc LG 1) mà giảm 394 tấn (357 t) của bùng nổ cao, 56 tấn ngắn (51 t) của incendiaries, và 127 mỏ dù. Các nguồn khác nói rằng 449 kẻ ném bom và tổng cộng 530 tấn ngắn (480 t) của bom đã bị đánh rơi. Cuộc tấn công chống lại Coventry đặc biệt bị phá hoại, và dẫn đến việc sử dụng phổ biến từ cụm từ này đến conventrate. Hơn 10,000 incendiaries đã bị đánh rơi. Xung quanh 21 nhà máy đã bị tổn thương nghiêm trọng ở Coventry, và mất các tiện ích công cộng ngừng hoạt động tại chín người khác, làm rối tung ra công nghiệp trong vài thẳng. Chỉ có một kẻ đánh bom đã bị mất, để chống lại máy bay, mặc dù RAF bay 125 đêm. № theo dõi các cuộc tấn công đã được thực hiện, khi OKL đánh giá thấp sức mạnh của người Anh (như Bomber Command sẽ làm cho Đức từ năm 1943-1945). Người Đức đã ngạc nhiên bởi sự thành công của cuộc tấn công. Sự tập trung đã bị tai nạn đạt được. Hiệu ứng chiến lược của cuộc tấn công là một đoạn ngắn 20 phần trăm nhúng trong sản xuất máy bay. 从1940年十一月至1941年二月, 德国空军改变了其战略, 并攻击了其他工业城市. 特别是, 西米德兰是目标. 77年十一月13/14日之夜, 他111岁的六月26 (第26架轰炸机翼, 或公斤26)轰炸伦敦, 63公斤从55公斤到伯明翰. 第二天晚上, 一支大部队击中考文垂. 先驱从12 kampfgruppe 100 (炸弹集团100或kgr 100)带领437架轰炸机从kg 1, kg 3, kg 26, kg 27, kg 55和lehrgeschwader 1 (第一个训练翼, 或lg 1), 掉了394吨(357 t)高爆炸, 56吨(51 t)的燃烧弹, 和127个降落伞地雷. 其他消息来源说, 449个轰炸机和总共530个短吨(480 t)的炸弹被扔掉. 对考文垂的突袭是特别毁灭性的, 导致了对conventrate的广泛使用. 超过10,000个燃烧弹被扔掉. 在考文垂大约有21家工厂被严重损坏, 公共事业损失在九个其他地方停止工作, 扰乱了工业产量几个月. 只有一个轰炸机失去了, 反飞机火灾, 尽管raf飞行了125夜间飞行. 没有后续行动, 因为okl低估了英国的复苏力量(因为轰炸机司令部将从1943-1945年起对德国做). 德国人对袭击的成功感到惊讶. 这种浓度是由意外导致的. 这次突袭的战略效果是在 飞机 生产 中 有 20 % 的 下降.
The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940. 随着战略轰炸的作用变得更重要, 在战争结束时, 美国在太平洋的战略空军的一个新的指挥是为了监督美国在西半球的所有战略轰炸, 美国陆军空军将军柯蒂斯·雷米. 日本工业生产下跌, 近一半的67个城市的建造地区被b-29轰炸袭击摧毁. 仅在1945年三月9-10日, 一场对东京的燃烧袭击造成的冲突中, 大约100,000人丧生. 雷米还监督了饥饿的行动, 在这种情况下, 日本的内陆水道被空气广泛开采, 这扰乱了剩余的日本沿海海上交通. 1945年七月26日, 美国总统哈里· s. 杜鲁门, 中国民族主义政府主席蒋介石和大不列颠温斯顿·丘吉尔总理发布了波 茨 坦 宣言, 其中概述了在波茨坦会议上商定的日本帝国的投降条件. 这最后通牒说, 如果日本不投降, 它将面临迅速和彻底的破坏. Aunque los críticos han culpado a Napoleón por varios errores tácticos anteriores a la batalla, también han elogiado su audacia por seleccionar una estrategia de campaña arriesgada, eligiendo invadir la península italiana desde el norte, cuando la gran mayoría de invasiones francesas vinieron de occidente, cerca o junto la costa. Como Chandler señala, Napoleón pasó casi un año sacando a los austriacos de Italia en su primera campaña; en 1800, le tomó sólo un mes para lograr el mismo objetivo. El estratega alemán y mariscal de campo Alfred von schlieffen concluyó que bonaparte no aniquila a su enemigo, pero lo eliminó y lo hizo inofensivo mientras [lograr] el objeto de la campaña: la conquista del norte de Italia. 满洲战略进攻行动开始于9 年 八月 1945 日, 苏联入侵了日本的满洲国, 是第二次世界大战的最后一次运动, 也是1945年苏联最大的一次. 经过近六年的和平后, 苏联和日本帝国之间恢复了敌对行动. 苏联在大陆上的收益是满洲国, yanping (内蒙古)和北朝鲜. 日本的关东军的快速失败被认为是日本投降和第二次世界大战结束的一个重要因素, 因为日本意识到苏联愿意和能够承担入侵其家园的代价, 在他们之后快速征服满洲和入侵南萨哈林岛. Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign; in 1800, it took him only a month to achieve the same goal. German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that "Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless" while "[attaining] the object of the campaign: the conquest of North Italy." In the early hours of 7 December (Hawaiian time), Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning, which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet, leaving eight American battleships out of action, 188 American aircraft destroyed, and 2,403 American citizens dead. At the time of the attack, the U.S. was not officially at war anywhere in the world, which means that the people killed or property destroyed at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese attack had a non-combatant status.[nb 11] The Japanese had gambled that the United States, when faced with such a sudden and massive blow, would agree to a negotiated settlement and allow Japan free rein in Asia. This gamble did not pay off. American losses were less serious than initially thought: The American aircraft carriers, which would prove to be more important than battleships, were at sea, and vital naval infrastructure (fuel oil tanks, shipyard facilities, and a power station), submarine base, and signals intelligence units were unscathed. Japan's fallback strategy, relying on a war of attrition to make the U.S. come to terms, was beyond the IJN's capabilities. 这场战争进入了一个新的阶段, 日本在suixian-zaoyang战役和长沙第一战中前所未有的失败. 在这些胜利之后, 中国民族主义部队在1940年初发起了大规模的反攻; 然而, 由于其军事工业能力低, 1940. 年三月下旬日本军队击退了它. 中国共产党在中国中部发起了一次进攻; 在报复中, 日本在被占领地区制定了三个刚刚政策(杀了所有人, 烧毁所有, 掠夺所有), 以减少共产主义者的人力和物质资源. 到1941年, 冲突已经成为一个僵局. 虽然日本占领了很多北部, 中部和沿海中国, 但民族主义政府已经在重庆的临时资本中撤退到内地, 而中国共产党仍然控制着陕西的基地地区. 此外, 日本对中国北部和中部的控制有点脆弱, 因为日本通常能够控制铁路和主要城市(点和线), 但在中国广阔的农村没有一个主要的军事或行政存在. 日本发现其对撤退和重组中国军队的侵略被中国西南地区的山地地形所阻碍, 而共产主义 者在中国北部和东部的日本前线组织了广泛的游击队和破坏者活动. Towards the end of the war as the role of strategic bombing became more important, a new command for the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific was created to oversee all U.S. strategic bombing in the hemisphere, under United States Army Air Forces General Curtis LeMay. Japanese industrial production plunged as nearly half of the built-up areas of 67 cities were destroyed by B-29 firebombing raids. On 9–10 March 1945 alone, about 100,000 people were killed in a conflagration caused by an incendiary attack on Tokyo. LeMay also oversaw Operation Starvation, in which the inland waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air, which disrupted the small amount of remaining Japanese coastal sea traffic. On 26 July 1945, the President of the United States Harry S. Truman, the President of the Nationalist Government of China Chiang Kai-shek and the Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill issued the Potsdam Declaration, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference. This ultimatum stated that, if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction." Ein Aspekt der wechselnden Haltung in Richtung Korea und ob man sich engagieren sollte, war Japan. Vor allem nach dem Fall von China zu den Kommunisten sahen die US-amerikanischen East Japan als das kritische Gegengewicht zu der Sowjetunion und China in der Region. Während es keine Politik der Vereinigten Staaten gab, die Südkorea direkt als nationales Interesse behandelt hat, hat seine Nähe zu Japan die Bedeutung von Südkorea erhöht. Said Kim: Die Anerkennung, dass die Sicherheit Japans einen nicht feindlichen Korea erforderte, führte direkt zu Präsident Truman Entscheidung, eingreifen zu können... Der wesentliche Punkt... ist, dass die amerikanische Antwort auf den nordkoreanischen Angriff aus Überlegungen resultierte der US-Politik in Richtung Japan. 到1805年八月, 拿破仑已经意识到, 战略局势已经从根本上改变了. 面对来自他的大陆敌人的潜在入侵, 他决定先罢工, 把他的军队的目光从英格兰频道转到莱茵河. 他的基本目标是摧毁在德国南部的孤立的奥地利军队, 在他们的俄罗斯盟友到达之前. 九月25日, 经过巨大的秘密和狂热的游行, 200,000名法国军队开始跨越莱茵河, 在260公里(160英里)的前面. 奥地利指挥官卡尔·麦克在斯瓦本的乌尔姆要塞聚集了奥地利军队的更大一部分. 拿破仑挥舞着他的部队到东南部, grande军进行了一个详细的迂回运动, 它将奥地利的位置包围乌尔姆演习完全惊讶麦克将军, 他迟到的理解他的军队已经被切断了. 经过一些微小的订婚, 最终在乌尔姆的战斗中, 麦克在意识到没有办法打破法国包围后终于投降了. 因为只是2000法国的伤亡, 拿破仑通过他的军队的快速游行设法抓获了总共60,000名奥地利士兵. 乌尔姆运动通常被视为一个战略杰作, 在19世纪晚期的schlieffen计划的发展中有影响力. 对法国来说, 这场在土地上壮观的胜利因皇家海军十月21日在特拉法加战役中取得的决定性胜利而恶化. 在特拉法加之后, 英国在拿破仑战争期间完全统治海洋.