كان الاكتشاف والمعرض امثلة على التركيز على اي نوع من الباحثين في الجامعة?
الانسانية
Although the initial focus of the humanist scholars in the university was the discovery, exposition and insertion of ancient texts and languages into the university, and the ideas of those texts into society generally, their influence was ultimately quite progressive. The emergence of classical texts brought new ideas and led to a more creative university climate (as the notable list of scholars above attests to). A focus on knowledge coming from self, from the human, has a direct implication for new forms of scholarship and instruction, and was the foundation for what is commonly known as the humanities. This disposition toward knowledge manifested in not simply the translation and propagation of ancient texts, but also their adaptation and expansion. For instance, Vesalius was imperative for advocating the use of Galen, but he also invigorated this text with experimentation, disagreements and further research. The propagation of these texts, especially within the universities, was greatly aided by the emergence of the printing press and the beginning of the use of the vernacular, which allowed for the printing of relatively large texts at reasonable prices. وعلى الرغم من ان التركيز الاولي ل علماء الانسانية في الجامعة كان اكتشاف ومعرض وادخال النصوص واللغات القديمة في الجامعة, وافكار تلك النصوص في المجتمع بشكل عام, الا ان تاثيرها كان في نهاية المطاف تدريجيا. وقد ادى ظهور النصوص الكلاسيكية الى افكار جديدة وادى الى المناخ الجامعي الاكثر ابداعا (كما تشهد القائمة البارزة من العلماء اعلاه). التركيز على المعرفة التي تاتي من الذات, من الانسان, لها تاثير مباشر على اشكال جديدة من المنح الدراسية والتعليم, وكان الاساس لما يعرف عادة باسم العلوم الانسانية. وهذا التصرف نحو المعرفة لا يظهر في مجرد ترجمة ونشر النصوص القديمة, بل ايضا تكييفها وتوسيعها. على سبيل المثال, كان من الضروري ان يدعواليوس الى استخدام غالين, ولكنه ايضا قام بنشر هذا النص بالتجارب وال الخلافات والمزيد من البحوث. وقد ساهم نشر هذه النصوص, وخاصة داخل الجامعات, بشكل كبير في ظهور الصحافة المطبوعة وبداية استخدام اللغة المحلية, مما يسمح بطبع النصوص الكبيرة نسبيا باسعار معقولة. Obwohl der erste Fokus der humanistischen Gelehrten in der Universität die Entdeckung, Exposition und Aufnahme von alten Texten und Sprachen in die Universität war, und die Ideen dieser Texte in die Gesellschaft generell, war ihr Einfluss letztlich ziemlich progressiv. Die Entstehung klassischer Texte brachte neue Ideen und führte zu einem mehr kreativen Uni (wie die bemerkenswerte Liste der Gelehrten oben bezeugt). Ein Fokus auf das Wissen, das von selbst, vom Menschen kommt, hat eine direkte Konsequenz für neue Formen von Stipendium und Unterricht, und war die Grundlage für das, was gemeinhin als die Geisteswissenschaften bekannt ist. Diese Disposition zum Wissen manifestiert sich in nicht nur der Übersetzung und Verbreitung von alten Texten, sondern auch deren Anpassung und Erweiterung. Vesalius war zum Beispiel unerlässlich, um den Einsatz von Galen zu fördern, aber er gestärkt auch diesen Text mit Experimenten, Meinungsverschiedenheiten und weiteren Forschung. Die Verbreitung dieser Texte, vor allem innerhalb der Universitäten, wurde durch die Entstehung von die Druck Presse und den Beginn der Verwendung der Umgangssprache sehr unterstützt, die für den Druck von relativ großen Texten zu günstigen Preisen erlaubt ist. Aunque el enfoque inicial de los eruditos humanistas en la universidad fue el descubrimiento, la exposición e inserción de textos y idiomas antiguos en la universidad, y las ideas de esos textos en la sociedad en general, su influencia fue en última instancia bastante progresiva. La aparición de textos clásicos trajo nuevas ideas y llevó a un clima universitario más creativo (como la lista notable de los estudiosos por encima de la testimonio). Un enfoque en el conocimiento que viene de sí mismo, del humano, tiene una implicación directa en las nuevas formas de beca e instrucción, y fue la base de lo que comúnmente se conoce como las humanidades. esta disposición hacia el conocimiento se manifestó en no simplemente la traducción y propagación de textos antiguos, sino también su adaptación y expansión. Por ejemplo, vesalio fue imperativo para abogar por el uso de galen, pero también fortaleció este texto con la experimentación, los desacuerdos y la investigación más. la propagación de estos textos, especialmente dentro de las universidades, fue muy favorecida por la aparición de la prensa de impresión y el comienzo del uso de la lengua albertano, que permitió la impresión de textos relativamente grandes a precios razonables. हालांकि विश्वविद्यालय में मानवतावादी विद्वानों का प्रारंभिक फोकस, विश्वविद्यालय में प्राचीन ग्रंथों और भाषाओं की खोज, प्रदर्शनी और सम्मिलन था, और उन ग्रंथों के विचारों को आमतौर पर समाज में, उनका प्रभाव अंततः काफी प्रगतिशील था । शास्त्रीय ग्रंथों के उद्भव ने नए विचारों को लाया और एक और रचनात्मक विश्वविद्यालय जलवायु के लिए नेतृत्व किया (रूप के ऊपर विद्वानों की उल्लेखनीय सूची के रूप में) । ज्ञान पर ध्यान केंद्रित करने के लिए, मानव से, छात्रवृत्ति और निर्देश के नए रूपों के लिए एक प्रत्यक्ष निहितार्थ है, और जो आमतौर पर मानविकी के रूप में जाना जाता है के लिए नींव थी । ज्ञान की दिशा में यह स्वभाव प्राचीन ग्रंथों का अनुवाद और प्रचार नहीं है, बल्कि उनका अनुकूलन और विस्तार भी है । उदाहरण के लिए, विसेलियस को galen के उपयोग की वकालत करने के लिए आवश्यक था, लेकिन उन्होंने इस पाठ को प्रयोग, असहमति और आगे अनुसंधान के साथ भी किया । इन ग्रंथों का प्रचार, विशेष रूप से विश्वविद्यालयों के भीतर, प्रिंटिंग प्रेस के उद्भव और स्थानीय भाषा के उपयोग की शुरुआत से बहुत सहायता मिली, जो उचित कीमतों पर अपेक्षाकृत बड़े ग्रंथों की छपाई के लिए अनुमति दी गई थी । Mặc dù sự tập trung ban đầu của các học giả nhà trong trường đại học là khám phá, trình bày và chèn các văn bản cổ đại và ngôn ngữ vào trường đại học, và ý tưởng của những văn bản này thành xã hội nói chung, ảnh hưởng của họ cuối cùng cũng khá tiến bộ. Sự xuất hiện của các văn bản cổ điển mang lại những ý tưởng mới và dẫn đến một khí hậu trường đại học sáng tạo hơn (như danh sách các học giả đáng chú ý trên attests đến). Một tập trung vào kiến thức đến từ bản thân, từ con người, có một ý kiến trực tiếp cho các hình thức học bổng và hướng dẫn mới, và là nền tảng cho những gì thường được biết đến như nhân văn. Tính năng này đối với kiến thức được thể hiện trong không đơn giản là bản dịch và truyền bá của văn bản cổ đại, nhưng cũng là sự chuyển thể và mở rộng của họ Ví dụ, Vesalius là bắt buộc để ủng hộ việc sử dụng Galen, nhưng anh ta cũng đã viết lại văn bản này với các thử nghiệm, bất đồng và nghiên cứu xa hơn. Sự lan truyền của những văn bản này, đặc biệt là trong các trường đại học, được hỗ trợ rất nhiều bởi sự xuất hiện của in ấn và sự khởi đầu của việc sử dụng của cái, mà được cho phép in các văn bản tương đối lớn với giá cả hợp lý. 虽然大学人文主义学者的最初重点是发现, 阐述和插入古代文本和语言进入大学, 以及这些文本的想法一般社会, 他们的影响最终是相当进步的. 经典文本的出现带来了新的想法, 并导致了一个更有创意的大学气候(正如上面的著名学者名单证明的). 专注于从自我, 从人类来的知识, 对新形式的奖学金和教学有直接的含义, 是通常被称为人文的基础. 这种对知识的态度不仅体现了古代文本的翻译和传播, 还体现了他们的适应和扩张. 例如, vesalius是倡导使用盖伦的必要条件, 但他也用实验, 分歧和进一步的研究振兴了这一文本. 这些文本的传播, 特别是在大学内, 受到了印刷 新闻的出现和使用白话的开始的大力帮助, 这允许以合理价格印刷相对较大的文本.
Slack (2003) vergleicht drei Gruppen, die die biologische Forschung in Yale während der Überschneidungen zwischen 1910 und 1970. durchgeführt haben. Yale erwies sich als eine Seite für diese Forschung. Die Führer dieser Gruppen waren Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, und G. Evelyn Hutchinson, und ihre Mitglieder umfassten sowohl Absolvent als auch erfahrene Wissenschaftler. Alle produzierten innovative Forschung, einschließlich der Eröffnung von neuen Unterfelder in Embryologie, Endokrinologie und Ökologie, bzw. über einen langen Zeitraum. Die Gruppe von Harrison hat gezeigt, dass sie eine klassische Research School war; Pickford und Hutchinson waren es nicht. Die Gruppe von Pickford war trotz ihres Mangels an Abteilungen oder institutioneller Position oder macht erfolgreich. Hutchinson und seine Absolvent-und Postgraduierten waren extrem produktiv, aber in vielfältigen Bereichen der Ökologie und nicht nur einem konzentrierten Bereich der Forschung oder der Verwendung eines Reihe von Forschung. Das Beispiel von Hutchinson zeigt, dass neue Modelle für Forschung benötigt werden, vor allem für diejenigen, die eine umfangreiche Feld beinhalten. Các nhà khoa học liên quan đến BYU đã tạo ra một số phát minh đáng chú ý. Philo T. Farnsworth, nhà phát minh của truyền hình điện tử, đã nhận được giáo dục của mình tại BYU, và sau đó trở lại làm nghiên cứu tổng hợp, nhận được bằng danh dự từ trường đại học. Harvey Fletcher, cũng là một cựu sinh viên của BYU, nhà phát minh của âm thanh thanh, đã tiếp tục thực hiện một thí nghiệm dầu nổi tiếng với Robert Millikan, và sau đó là sáng lập của trường đại học BYU H. Tracy Hall, nhà phát minh của người đàn ông-làm kim cương, để lại tướng điện năm 1955 và trở thành một giáo sư hóa học và Giám đốc Nghiên cứu tại BYU. Trong khi đó, anh ta đã phát minh ra một loại báo chí kim cương mới, báo chí tetrahedral. Trong thành tích sinh viên, các đội phòng thí nghiệm BYU quảng cáo đã giành chiến thắng cả 2007 và 2008 L ' Oréal thi đấu quốc gia, và sinh viên phát triển thuật toán từ Lasso được tìm thấy trong Adobe Photoshop. Trong học bổng uy tín, BYU đã sản xuất 10 học giả Rhodes, bốn học giả Gates trong sáu năm qua, và trong thập kỷ cuối cùng đã tuyên bố 41 học giả Fulbright và 3 học giả Jack Kent Cooke. Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Harvey Fletcher, also an alumnus of BYU, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU. While there, he invented a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press. In student achievements, BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Oréal National Brandstorm Competition, and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop. In prestigious scholarships, BYU has produced 10 Rhodes Scholars, four Gates Scholars in the last six years, and in the last decade has claimed 41 Fulbright scholars and 3 Jack Kent Cooke scholars. ब्यु से जुड़े वैज्ञानिकों ने कुछ उल्लेखनीय आविष्कारों का निर्माण किया है । फिलो टी. फार्न्सवर्थ, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक टेलीविजन के आविष्कारक, ब्यु में अपनी शिक्षा प्राप्त की, और बाद में संलयन अनुसंधान करने के लिए वापस आ गए, विश्वविद्यालय से मानद डिग्री प्राप्त करते हुए । हार्वे फ्लेचर, ब्यु के एक पूर्व छात्र, स्टीरियोफोनिक ध्वनि के आविष्कारक, रॉबर्ट मिल्लिकन के साथ अब प्रसिद्ध तेल-ड्रॉप प्रयोग को बाहर ले जाने के लिए चले गए, और बाद में engineering. कॉलेज ऑफ engineering. के संस्थापक डीन थे । एच. ट्रेसी हॉल, आदमी के आविष्कारक-हीरा बनाया, 1955 में जनरल इलेक्ट्रिक छोड़ दिया और ब्यु में रसायन विज्ञान के निदेशक और अनुसंधान निदेशक बन गए । वहाँ, उन्होंने एक नए प्रकार के डायमंड प्रेस, द tetrahedral प्रेस का आविष्कार किया । छात्र उपलब्धियों में, ब्यु विज्ञापन लैब टीमों ने 2007 और 2008 एल ' oréal राष्ट्रीय brandstorm प्रतियोगिता दोनों जीती, और छात्रों ने एडोब फोटोशॉप में पाए गए चुंबकीय lasso एल्गोरिथ्म का विकास किया । प्रतिष्ठित छात्रवृत्ति में, ब्यु ने पिछले छह वर्षों में 10 रोड्स विद्वानों, चार गेट्स विद्वानों का उत्पादन किया है, और पिछले दशक में 41 फुलब्राइट विद्वानों और 3 जैक केंट कुक विद्वानों का दावा किया है । Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both graduate students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, including the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have been a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's group was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional position or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include extensive field research. Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on Britain's North American colonies and, later, the American Republic. Within the natural sciences, Edinburgh's medical also led the way in chemistry, anatomy and pharmacology. In other parts of Europe, the universities and schools of France and most of Europe were bastions of traditionalism and were not hospitable to the Enlightenment. In France, the major exception was the medical university at Montpellier. وقد شهدت الفترة العديد من الابتكارات التقنية الهامة, مثل مبدا المنظور خطي الذي وجد في عملازات, ووصف لاحقا بواسطة برونيليسكي. كما تم تحقيق المزيد من الواقعية من خلال الدراسة العلمية ل علم التشريح, والتي دافع عنها الفنانين مثل دوناناتي. ويمكن ان ينظر الى هذا جيدا بشكل خاص في تمثالاته, مستوحاة من دراسة النماذج الكلاسيكية. مع تحول مركز الحركة الى روما, و توجت هذه الفترة الى عصر النهضة العليا الماجستير دا فينشي, مايكل انجلو, و روفييل. Virtually all faculty members at Washington University engage in academic research,[citation needed] offering opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students across the university's seven schools. Known for its interdisciplinarity and departmental collaboration, many of Washington University's research centers and institutes are collaborative efforts between many areas on campus.[citation needed] More than 60% of undergraduates are involved in faculty research across all areas; it is an institutional priority for undergraduates to be allowed to participate in advanced research. According to the Center for Measuring University Performance, it is considered to be one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation. A dedicated Office of Undergraduate Research is located on the Danforth Campus and serves as a resource to post research opportunities, advise students in finding appropriate positions matching their interests, publish undergraduate research journals, and award research grants to make it financially possible to perform research. Slack (2003) compara tres grupos que realizaron investigaciones biológicas en yale durante los períodos de superposición entre 1910 y 1970. Yale demostró ser importante como un sitio para esta investigación. Los líderes de estos grupos fueron ross granville Harrison, Grace e. Pickford, y g. Evelyn Hutchinson, y sus miembros incluyen a los estudiantes de posgrado y a los científicos más experimentados. Todas las investigaciones innovadoras producidas, incluyendo la apertura de nuevos subcampos en embriología, endocrinología y ecología, respectivamente, durante un largo período de tiempo. el grupo de Harrison se demuestra que ha sido una escuela de investigación clásica; Pickford 's y hutchinson' s no lo fueron. el grupo de pickford tuvo éxito a pesar de su falta de posición departamental o institucional o de poder. Hutchinson y sus estudiantes de posgrado y postgrado fueron extremadamente productivos, pero en diversas áreas de ecología en lugar de una zona enfocada de investigación o el uso de un conjunto de herramientas de investigación. El ejemplo de hutchinson muestra que se necesitan nuevos modelos para grupos de investigación, especialmente para aquellos que incluyen una amplia investigación de campo. 松懈(2003)比较了在1910年至1970. 年期间在耶鲁进行生物研究的三个团体, 耶鲁被证明是这项研究的一个网站. 这些团体的领导人是罗斯·加连威尔·哈里森, 格雷皮克福德, 和g. 伊芙琳·哈钦森, 他们的成员包括研究生和更多有经验的科学家. 所有的创新研究, 包括在胚胎学, 内分泌学和生态学上的新的分支在很长一段时间内开放. 哈里森的团体被证明是一个经典的研究学校; 皮克福德和哈钦森不是. 尽管她缺乏部门或机构的地位或权力, 皮克福德的团体成功了. 哈钦森和他的研究生和研究生是非常有成效的, 但在不 同 的 生态 领域, 而不是一个重点领域的研究或使用一套研究工具. 哈钦森的例子显示, 需要新的研究小组模型, 特别是对于那些包括广泛的实地研究的人来说.