تم النظر الى اصول المعمدان باعتبارها نتيجة من ماذا?
تقاليد العماد
Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or "Baptist successionism", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ. (1) وفي عام 17, وفي عام 2, تبين ان هذه الحركة تعود الى القرن التاسع عشر, وهي: (1) توافق الاراء العلمي الحديث على ان الحركة تتبع اصلها الى القرن التاسع عشر عن طريق الانفصاليين الانجليزي, (2) وجهة النظر بانها كانت نتيجة من تقاليد العماد, (3) وجهة النظر الابدية التي تفترض ان الايمان والممارسة المعمدان كان موجودا منذ زمن المسيح, و (4) وجهة النظر successionist, اومدانيمداني, والتي تجادل  ان الكنائسمداني في الواقع موجود في سلسلة غير متصلة منذ زمن المسيح. Der Täufer-Historiker Bruce Gourley skizziert vier Ansichten über die Herkunft der Täufer: (1) Der moderne wissenschaftliche Konsens, dass die Bewegung ihre Herkunft auf das 17 Jahrhundert über die englischen Separatisten, (2) die Ansicht, dass es ein Auswuchs von Täufer Traditionen, (3) die Dauer Ansicht, die dass der Täufer Glauben und Praxis existiert seit der Zeit Christi, und (4) der successionist Blick, oder Baptist successionism, der den Täufer argumentiert Die Kirchen existieren tatsächlich in einer ununterbrochenen Kette seit der Zeit Christi. El historiador bautista bruce gourley describe cuatro puntos de vista principales de los orígenes bautista: (1) el consenso académico moderno que el movimiento traza su origen al siglo 17 a través de los separatistas ingleses, (2) la vista de que era un fruto de las tradiciones anabaptista, (3) la vista perpetuidad que asume que la fe y la práctica bautista ha existido desde el tiempo de Cristo, y (4) la vista successionist, o bautista successionism, que sostiene  que las iglesias bautistas en realidad existió en una cadena ininterrumpida desde el tiempo de Cristo. Nhà sử học Báp-tít Bruce Gourley có bốn quan điểm chính của nguồn gốc Báp-tít: (1) sự đồng ý của liệu hiện đại rằng phong trào dấu hiệu nguồn gốc của nó đến thế kỷ 17 thông qua tiếng Anh Separatists, (2) khung cảnh mà nó là một Các truyền thống của các truyền thống Anabaptist, (3) quan điểm vĩnh viễn cho thấy rằng đức tin và thực hành đã tồn tại kể từ thời gian của Chúa Kitô, và (4) quan điểm successionist, hoặc Báp-tít successionism, mà tranh luận  những nhà thờ Baptist đó thực sự tồn tại trong một chuỗi không thể phá vỡ kể từ thời điểm của Chúa Kitô. 浸礼会历史学家bruce gourley概述了浸礼会起源的四个主要观点1)现代学术共识, 该运动通过英国分裂主义者(2)将其起源追溯到17世纪, 认为这是一个派传统的产物, (3)永恒的观点, 假定浸礼会的信仰和实践自基督的时代以来已经存在, (4)的观点, 或浸礼会successionism, 它争辩说浸礼会教堂实际上自基督时代以来, 存在于一个坚不可摧的链中.
اشترك المعمدانيين في مبدا ان معمودية لا ينبغي ان يتم الا للمؤمنين (معمودية المؤمن, بدلا من معمودية الرضع), وانه يجب القيام به عن طريق الغمر الكامل (بدلا من affusion او الرش). ومن بين المبادئ الاخرى ل الكنائس المعمدان كفاءة الروح (الحرية), والخلاص من خلال الايمان وحده, والكتاب المقدس وحده بوصفه قاعدة الايمان والممارسة, والاستقلالية للجماعة المحلية. يتعرف المعمدانيين على اثنين من المكاتب الوزاري, الكهنة وال شمامسة. تعتبر الكنائس المعمدان على نطاق واسع كنائس البروتستانتية, على الرغم من ان بعض المعمدانيين التنصل من هذه الهوية. Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23] Religious knowledge or "vision" was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the Buddhist fold. According to the Samaññaphala Sutta, this sort of vision arose for the Buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of "meditation" coupled with the perfection of "discipline" (Pali sīla; Skt. śīla). Some of the Buddha's meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day, but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of "transcendent wisdom" (Pali paññā; Skt. prajñā) was original.[web 18] Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought "the deathless" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire. A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today. Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line. Historisch gesehen liegen die Wurzeln des Buddhismus in der religiösen Gedanken des alten Indien in der zweiten Hälfte des ersten Jahrtausends v. Chr. Das war eine Zeit der sozialen und religiösen Turbulenzen, da es erhebliche Unzufriedenheit mit den Opfern und Ritualen von vedischen Brahmanismus gab.[Note 15] Es wurde von zahlreichen neuen asketische religiösen und philosophischen Gruppen und Lehren herausgefordert, die mit der Brahmanic-Tradition gebrochen wurden. und lehnte die Autorität der Veden und der Brahmanen ab.[Note 16] Diese Gruppen, deren Mitglieder als shramanas bekannt waren, waren eine Fortsetzung eines nicht-vedischen Strang des indischen Denkens, der sich von Indo-arischen Brahmanismus unterscheidet.[Anmerkung 17] Gelehrte haben Gründe, zu glauben, dass Ideen wie Samsara, Karma (im Sinne des Einflusses der Moral auf die Wiedergeburt), und Moksha in der shramanas entstanden sind, und später von der Brahmanen Orthodoxie adoptiert wurden.[Note 18][Note 19][Note 20][Note 21][Note 22][Note 23] Theo Tilmann Vetter, cốt lõi của đạo Phật sớm nhất là thực hành của dhyāna. Bronkhorst đồng ý rằng dhyāna là một phát minh Phật giáo, trong khi Norman ghi chú rằng cách của Phật để giải phóng [...] là do có nghĩa là thiền định thực hành. Discriminating insight vào transiency như một con đường riêng biệt để giải phóng là một sự phát triển sau này. In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse; he wrote that he thought "there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited", and that this also applied in nature. Darwin stated that some changes that were commonly attributed to use and disuse, such as the loss of functional wings in some island dwelling insects, might be produced by natural selection. In later editions of Origin, Darwin expanded the role attributed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations, but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors. However, one thing was clear: whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations, Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection. The observation that selection works in domestic animals is not destroyed by lack of understanding of the underlying hereditary mechanism. 1875 की सर्वोच्च परिषदों के लॉज़ेन कांग्रेस के दौरान एक विवाद ने एक प्रोटेस्टेंट पादरी द्वारा एक रिपोर्ट कमीशन करने के लिए ग्रैंड ओरिएंट डे फ्रांस को प्रेरित किया, जिसने यह निष्कर्ष निकाला कि freemasonry एक धर्म नहीं था, इसे धार्मिक विश्वास की आवश्यकता नहीं होनी चाहिए । नए संविधान पढ़ें, इसके सिद्धांत विवेक और मानव एकजुटता की पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता हैं, भगवान का अस्तित्व और आत्मा की अमरता को बाहर किया जा रहा है । यह संभव है कि इंग्लैंड के संयुक्त ग्रैंड लॉज की तत्काल आपत्तियां कम से कम कुछ समय में फ्रांस और ब्रिटेन के बीच राजनीतिक तनाव से प्रेरित थी । यह परिणाम इंग्लैंड के यूनाइटेड ग्रैंड लॉज द्वारा फ्रांस के ग्रैंड ओरिएंट की मान्यता की वापसी थी, एक स्थिति जो आज जारी है ।