What leader, born in Pella in 356 BC, conquered the army of Darius III in 331 BC?
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας , "Aléxandros ho Mégas" ), was a king ("basileus") of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.
 He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of twenty.
 He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and he created one of the largest empires of the ancient world by the age of thirty, stretching from Greece to northwestern India.
 He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders.
Battle of Gaugamela
The Battle of Gaugamela ( ; Greek: Γαυγάμηλα ), also called the Battle of Arbela (Greek: Ἄρβηλα ), was the decisive battle of Alexander the Great's invasion of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
 In 331 BC Alexander's army of the Hellenic League met the Persian army of Darius III near Gaugamela, close to the modern city of Dohuk (Iraqi Kurdistan).
 Even though heavily outnumbered, Alexander emerged victorious due to his army's superior tactics and his deft employment of light infantry.
 It was a decisive victory for the Hellenic League and led to the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.
Erigyius
Erigyius (in Greek Eριγυιoς; died 328 BC), a Mytilenaean, son of Larichus, was an officer in Alexander the Great's army.
 He had been driven into banishment by Philip II, king of Macedon, because of his faithful attachment to Alexander, and returned when the latter came to the throne in 336 BC.
 At the battle of Gaugamela, 331 BC, he commanded the cavalry of the allies, as he did also when Alexander set out from Ecbatana in pursuit of Darius III, 330 BC.
 In the same year Erigyius was entrusted with the command of one of the three divisions with which Alexander invaded Hyrcania, and he was, too, among the generals sent against Satibarzanes, whom he slew in battle with his own hand.
 In 329 BC, together with Craterus and Hephaestion, and by the assistance of Aristander the soothsayer, he endeavoured to dissuade Alexander from crossing the Jaxartes river against the Scythians.
 In 328 BC he fell in battle against the Bactrian fugitives. Tomb of Darius I
The tomb of Darius I (Darius the Great) is one of the four tombs of Achaemenid kings at the historical site of Naqsh-e Rustam located about 12 km northwest of Persepolis, Iran.
 They are all at a considerable height above the ground.
 One of the tombs is explicitly identified by an accompanying inscription to be the tomb of Darius I (c. 522–486 BC) .
 The other three tombs are believed to be those of Xerxes I (c. 486–465 BC) , Artaxerxes I (c. 465–424 BC) , and Darius II (c. 423–404 BC) .
 The fifth tomb (incomplete) might be that of Artaxerxes III or the last Achaemenid king, Darius III (c. 336–330 BC) .
 The tombs were looted following the conquest of the Achaemenid empire by Alexander the Great. Grabos
Grabos (Latin: "Grabus" ; ruled c. 358–356 BC) was the king of the Grabaei, a minor tribe in Illyria, located somewhere in what is today the northern half of Albania.
 According to Hammond, Grabos belonged to the royal house of the Grabaei, although the tribe may have been incorporated into the Taulantii realm of which Grabos became king.
 Hammond believes that Grabus, the Taulantii ruler, was his ancestor.
 After Philip II of Macedon defeated Bardylis (358 BC), the Grabaei under Grabos became the strongest state in Illyria.
 Philip II had killed 7,000 Illyrians in a great victory and annexed the territory up to Lake Ohrid.
 Very soon after the presumed alliance between the Chalkidians (Paeonian king Lyppeius and Thracian king Cetriporis) and Grabos in Athens in midsummer 356 BC, Grabos was defeated by Macedonian general Parmenion.
 The said alliance was found in a fragment at Olynthus, in unfinished state and thrown into a riverbed suggesting that it was never ratified.
 No more is heard of him. Phrataphernes
Phrataphernes (in Greek Φραταφέρνης; lived 4th century BC) was a Persian who held the government of Parthia and Hyrcania, under the king Darius III Codomannus, and joined that monarch with the contingents from the provinces subject to his rule, shortly before the battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC.
 He afterwards accompanied the king on his flight into Hyrcania, but, after the death of Darius, surrendered voluntarily to Alexander the Great, by whom he was kindly received, and appears to have been shortly after reinstated in his satrapy.
 At least he is termed by Arrian satrap of Parthia, during the advance of Alexander against Bessus, when he was detached by the king, together with Erigyius and Caranus to crush the revolt of Satibarzanes, in Aria (329 BC).
 He rejoined the king at Zariaspa in 328 BC.
 The next winter (328–327 BC), during the stay of Alexander at Nautaca, Phrataphernes was again despatched to reduce the disobedient satrap of the Mardi and Tapuri, Autophradates, a service which he successfully performed, and brought the rebel as a captive to the king, by whom he was subsequently put to death.
 He rejoined Alexander in India, shortly after the defeat of Porus, but he seems to have again returned to his satrapy, from whence we find him sending his son Pharasmanes with a large train of camels and beasts of burden, laden with provisions for the supply of the army during the toilsome march through Gedrosia. Gaius Valerius Potitus
Gaius Valerius Potitus, or Caius Valerius Potitus Flaccus, was consul with M. Claudius Marcellus in 331 BC and was aedile in 329 BC.
 His father was Caius Valerius Potitus ("Tribuni militum consulari potestate" in 370 BC) and his brother was Lucius Valerius Potitus ("magister equitum" in 331 BC). Spike strip
A spike strip (also known as traffic spikes, tire shredders, one-way traffic treadles, stingers, stop sticks, a stinger in police slang, and formally known as a tire deflation device) is a device used to impede or stop the movement of wheeled vehicles by puncturing their tires. Generally, the strip is composed of a collection of 35 to 75 mm (1.5 to 3 inches) long metal barbs, teeth or spikes pointing upward.
 The spikes are designed to puncture and flatten tires when a vehicle is driven over them; they may be detachable, with new spikes fitted to the strip after use.
 The spikes may be hollow or solid; hollow ones are designed to detach and become embedded in the tires, allowing air to escape at a steady rate to reduce the risk of the driver losing control and crashing.
 One type was co-invented by Donald Kilgrow, a retired Utah Highway Patrol trooper, along with a design engineer.
 They are historically a development of the caltrop, anti-cavalry and anti-personnel versions being used as early as 331 BC by Darius III against Alexander the Great at the Battle of Gaugamela in Persia. Ariarathes I of Cappadocia
Ariarathes I (Ancient Greek: Ἀριαράθης "Ariaráthēs"; died 322 BC) was the satrap of the Satrapy of Cappadocia under the Achaemenid Empire from 350 BC to 331 BC, and the King of Cappadocia from 331 BC until his death in 322 BC. Arses of Persia
Artaxerxes (Artaxšacā) IV Arses (Persian: اردشيرچهارم‎ ‎ ) (Old Persian: ), was king of Persia between 338 BC and 336 BC.
 He was the youngest son of King Artaxerxes III and Atossa and was not expected to succeed to the throne of Persia.
 His unexpected rise to the throne came in 338 BC as a result of the murder of his father and most of his family by Bagoas, the powerful Vizier of Persia who had recently fallen into disfavor with Artaxerxes.
 Bagoas sought to remain in office by replacing Artaxerxes with his son Arses (Artaxerxes IV), whom he thought easier to control.
 Arses remained little more than a puppet-king during the two years of his reign, while Bagoas acted as the real power behind the throne.
 Eventually, disgruntled by this state of affairs and possibly influenced by the nobles of the Royal Court, who generally held Bagoas in contempt, Arses started planning Bagoas' murder.
 The Vizier again acted first in order to protect himself and managed to poison Arses.
 Bagoas then raised a cousin of Arses to the throne as King Darius III of Persia.
 A major concern for Persia during this King's short reign were hostilities on the western borders with Macedonia under Kings Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great.
 This became a war of conquest by Alexander during the reign of Arses' successor Darius III.