Which early leader of the Haitian Revolution conducted a secret ceremony during which the first major slave insurrection was planned in 1791?
Dutty Boukman
Bois Caïman
Bois Caïman (Haitian Creole: "Bwa Kayiman" ) is the site of the Vodou ceremony during which the first major slave insurrection of the Haitian Revolution was planned.
 On the night of August 14, 1791, representative slaves from nearby plantations gathered to participate in a secret ceremony conducted in the woods by nearby Le Cap in the French colony of Saint-Domingue.
 Presided over by Dutty Boukman, a prominent slave leader and Vodou priest, the ceremony served as both a religious ritual and strategic meeting as conspirators met and planned a revolt against the ruling white planters of the colony's wealthy Northern Plain.
Dutty Boukman
Dutty Boukman (also known as Boukman Dutty) (died 7 November 1791) was an African man, enslaved in Jamaica and later in Haiti.
 He is considered both a maroon leader and Vodou hougan (priest) and was an early leader of the Haitian Revolution.
Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (1763–1813) was a French abolitionist and Jacobin before joining the Girondist party, which emerged in 1791.
 During the French Revolution, he controlled 7,000 French troops in Saint-Domingue during part of the Haitian Revolution.
 His official title was Civil Commissioner.
 From September 1792 to December 1795, he was the "de facto" ruler of Saint-Domingue's non-slave populace.
 Within a year of his appointment, his powers were considerably expanded by the Committee of Public Safety.
 He was recalled in 1795 largely due to the resurgence of conservative politics in France.
 Sonthonax believed that Saint-Domingue's whites were royalists or separatists, so he attacked the military power of the white settlers and by doing so alienated the colonial settlers from their government.
 Many "gens de couleur" (mixed-race residents of the colony) asserted that they could form the military backbone of Saint-Domingue if they were given rights, but Sonthonax rejected this view as outdated in the wake of the August 1791 slave uprising.
 He believed that Saint-Domingue would need ex-slave soldiers among the ranks of the colonial army if it was to survive.
 On August 1793, he proclaimed freedom for all slaves in the north province.
 His critics allege that he was forced into ending slavery in order to maintain his own power. Tacky's War
Tacky's War, or Tacky's Rebellion, was an uprising of Akan (then referred to as Coromantee) slaves that occurred in Jamaica from May to July 1760.
 It was the most significant slave rebellion in the Caribbean between the 1733 slave insurrection on St. John and the 1791 Haitian Revolution.
 According to Professor Trevor Burnard: "In terms of its shock to the imperial system, only the American Revolution surpassed Tacky's War in the eighteenth century." Toussaint Louverture
François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (] 20 May 1743 – 7 April 1803), also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution.
 His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in November 1791.
 He first fought for the Spanish against the French; then for France against Spain and Great Britain; and finally, for Saint-Domingue against Napoleonic France.
 He then helped transform the insurgency into a revolutionary movement, which by 1800 had turned Saint-Domingue, the most prosperous slave colony of the time, into the first free colonial society to have explicitly rejected race as the basis of social ranking. United States and the Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution provoked mixed reactions in the United States.
 In June 1793 when the Haitian people, led by Toussaint Louverture, overthrew the French colonial rule and declared themselves an independent colony, it made the neighboring United States uneasy.
 The slaves in Saint-Domingue’s were able to observe the growing disunity among the white colonists and themselves.
 They realized that they would need to seek an opportunity to stop the tyranny that was being placed upon them, thus they took a stand and revolted.
 The Haitian Revolution of 1804 impacted the United States of America, led by Thomas Jefferson, instilling fear of racial instability in the US, and the possible problematic effect the revolution could have on the early foreign relations and trade between the US and the new independent Haiti.
 Thomas Jefferson realized that the Haitian Revolution had the potential to cause an upheaval against slavery in the US not only by the slaves themselves, but by white abolitionists as well.
 Southern slaveholders feared that the revolt might spread from the island of Hispaniola to the slave plantations of the Southern United States.
 The primary goal of the US was to maintain social order in the country, so the United States attempted to suppress the Haitian Revolution.
 The US even went as far as to refuse acknowledgement of Haitian independence until 1862, which was during the heat of the North American civil war; coincidentally the main causal factor for the war between the states was slavery.
 The second major impact that the Haitian Revolution had on the United States was on early foreign relations and trade that had been conducted with Haiti.
 The United States had conducted trade and commerce with the Haitian island under French rule during the eighteenth century.
 Haiti was the main producer of the United States supply of sugar and coffee, and once the Haitian slave population had broken from slavery, the US was reluctant to continue trade with them in fear that they would upset the French and the Southern slaveholders.
 American merchants conducted a substantial trade with the plantations on Hispaniola (aka the French colony of Saint Domingue or Haiti).
 But there were anti-slavery advocates in northern cities who believed that consistency with the principles of the American Revolution — life, liberty and equality for all—demanded that the U.S. support the slave insurgents.
 An extremely beneficial aspect and real estate triumph that resulted from the Haitian Revolution and impacted the United States was the Louisiana Purchase.
 Once Napoleon had lost his control of the land holding in the Caribbean to the Haitian rebellion, he felt that the French territory in the southern part of the United States was useless to the French Empire.
 The US was only interested in the New Orleans area; however, the revolution enabled the sale of the entire territory west of the Mississippi River for around $15 million.
 This purchase more than doubled the United States’ territory. Georges Biassou
Georges Biassou (1741, Haiti – 1801, Saint Augustine, Florida) was an early leader of the 1791 slave rising in Saint-Domingue that began the Haitian Revolution.
 With Jean François and Jeannot, he was prophesied by the vodou priest, Dutty Boukman, to lead the revolution. Jeannot
Jeannot was a leader of the 1791 slave rising that began the Haitian Revolution.
 With Biassou and Jean François, he was prophesied by Dutty Boukman to lead the revolution, and fought with the Spanish royalists against the French Revolutionary authorities in colonial Haiti. The Black Jacobins
The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution is a 1938 book by Afro-Trinidadian historian C. L. R. James, a history of the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804.
 He went to Paris to research this work, where he met Haitian military historian Alfred Auguste Nemours.
 James's text places the revolution in the context of the French Revolution, and focuses on the leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture, who was born a slave but rose to prominence espousing the French Revolutionary ideals of liberty and equality.
 These ideals, which many French revolutionaries did not maintain consistently with regard to the black humanity of their colonial possessions, were embraced, according to James, with a greater purity by the persecuted blacks of Haiti; such ideals "meant far more to them than to any Frenchman." Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution (French: "Révolution haïtienne" ] ) was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation of Haiti.
 It began in 1791 and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence.
 It was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state, which was both free from slavery, and ruled by non-whites and former captives.
 With the recent increase in Haitian Revolutionary Studies, it is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of racism in the Atlantic World.