What hormone produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons is released by chromaffin cells?
Epinephrine
Epinephrine
Epinephrine, also known as adrenalin or adrenaline, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.
 Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons.
 It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar.
 It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors.
 It is found in many animals and some single cell organisms.
 Napoleon Cybulski first isolated epinephrine in 1895.
Chromaffin cell
Chromaffin cells, also pheochromocytes, are neuroendocrine cells found mostly in the medulla of the adrenal glands in mammals.
 These cells serve a variety of functions such as serving as a response to stress, monitoring carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations in the body, maintenance of respiration and the regulation of blood pressure.
 They are in close proximity to pre-synaptic sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system, with which they communicate, and structurally they are similar to post-synaptic sympathetic neurons.
 In order to activate chromaffin cells, the splanchnic nerve of the sympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine, which then binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the adrenal medulla.
 This causes the release of catecholamines.
 The chromaffin cells release catecholamines: ~80% of Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and ~20% of Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) into systemic circulation for systemic effects on multiple organs (similarly to secretory neurones of the hypothalamus), and can also send paracrine signals.
 Hence they are called neuroendocrine cells.
Small intensely fluorescent cell
Small intensely fluorescent cells (SIF cells) are the interneurons of the sympathetic ganglia (postganglionic neurons) of the Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
 The neurotransmitter for these cells is dopamine.
 They are a neural crest derivative and share a common sympathoadrenal precursor cell with sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells (adrenal medulla). Neuroendocrine cell
Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (neurotransmitters released by nerve cells or neurosecretory cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release message molecules (hormones) to the blood.
 In this way they bring about an integration between the nervous system and the endocrine system, a process known as neuroendocrine integration.
 An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla (innermost part of the adrenal gland), which releases adrenaline to the blood.
 The adrenal medullary cells are controlled by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
 These cells are modified postganglionic neurons. Autonomic nerve fibers lead directly to them from the central nervous system.
 The adrenal medullary hormones are kept in vesicles much in the same way neurotransmitters are kept in neuronal vesicles.
 Hormonal effects can last up to ten times longer than those of neurotransmitters.
 Sympathetic nerve fiber impulses stimulate the release of adrenal medullary hormones.
 In this way the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and the medullary secretions function together. Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands (originating in the chromaffin cells), or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed to involute after birth, that secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly norepinephrine, plus epinephrine to a lesser extent.
 Extra-adrenal paragangliomas (often described as extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas) are closely related, though less common, tumors that originate in the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system and are named based upon the primary anatomical site of origin.
 The term is from Greek "phaios" "dark", "chroma" "color", "kytos" "cell", "-oma" "tumor". 11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione (11β-OHA4), also known as 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and androgen prohormone that is produced primarily, if not exclusively, in the adrenal glands.
 It is closely related to adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione; 11-KA4), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11-KDHT), which are also produced in the adrenal glands. 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone
11-Ketodihydrotestosterone (11-KDHT), also known as 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3,11-dione, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and androgen prohormone that is produced primarily, if not exclusively, in the adrenal glands.
 It is closely related to 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11β-KA4), adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione; 11-KA4), and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), which are also produced in the adrenal glands. Adrenal crisis
Adrenal crisis (also known as Addisonian crisis and acute adrenal insufficiency) is a medical emergency and potentially life-threatening situation requiring immediate emergency treatment.
 It is a constellation of symptoms that indicate severe adrenal insufficiency caused by insufficient levels of the hormone cortisol.
 This may be the result of either previously undiagnosed or untreated Addison's disease, a disease process suddenly affecting adrenal function (such as bleeding from the adrenal glands in Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome), suddenly stopping intake of glucocorticoids or an intercurrent problem (e.g. infection, trauma, in fact any form of physical or mental stress) in someone known to have Addison's disease or congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). ACTH stimulation test
The ACTH test (also called the cosyntropin, tetracosactide, or Synacthen test) is a medical test usually ordered and interpreted by endocrinologists to assess the functioning of the adrenal glands stress response by measuring the adrenal response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; corticotropin) or another corticotropic agent such as tetracosactide (cosyntropin, tetracosactrin; Synacthen) or alsactide (Synchrodyn).
 ACTH is a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and aldosterone. Aldosterone
Aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid hormone, is a steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.
 It is essential for sodium conservation in the kidney, salivary glands, sweat glands and colon.
 It plays a central role in the regulation of the plasma sodium (Na), the extracellular potassium (K) and arterial blood pressure.
 It does so mainly by acting on the mineralocorticoid receptors in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron.
 It influences the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium (from and into the tubular fluids, respectively) of the kidney, thereby indirectly influencing water retention or loss, blood pressure and blood volume.
 When dysregulated, aldosterone is pathogenic and contributes to the development and progression of cardiovascular and renal disease.
 Aldosterone has exactly the opposite function of the atrial natriuretic hormone secreted by the heart.