What were the names of the directors of the first movie exhibited in the Ottoman Empire?
Auguste and Louis Lumière
L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat
L'arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat (translated from French into English as The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station, Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat (US) and The Arrival of the Mail Train, and in the United Kingdom the film is known as Train Pulling into a Station) is an 1895 French short black-and-white silent documentary film directed and produced by Auguste and Louis Lumière.
 Contrary to myth, it was not shown at the Lumières' first public film screening on 28 December 1895 in Paris, France: the programme of ten films shown that day makes no mention of it.
 Its first public showing took place in January 1896.
Cinema of Turkey
Yeşilçam (literally means "The Green Pine" in Turkish language) (] ) is the sobriquet that refers to the Turkish film art and industry.
 It is an important part of Turkish culture, and has flourished over the years, delivering entertainment to audiences in Turkey, expatriates across Europe, and more recently prospering in the Arab world and in rare cases, the United States.
 The first movie exhibited in the Ottoman Empire was the Lumiere Brothers' 1895 film, "L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat", which was shown in Istanbul in 1896.
 The first Turkish-made film was a documentary entitled "Ayastefanos'taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı" ("Demolition of the Russian Monument at San Stefano"), directed by Fuat Uzkınay and completed in 1914.
 The first narrative film, Sedat Simavi's "The Spy", was released in 1917.
 Turkey's first sound film was shown in 1931.
Armenian resistance during the Armenian Genocide
The Armenian resistance is a name given to the military and political activities of the Armenians under the Armenian political parties of Henchak, Armenakan, Dashnaktsutiun against the Ottoman Empire during World War I, considered a struggle for freedom and resistance to the Armenian Genocide by the Armenian combatants, but high treason by the Ottoman Empire.
 These Armenian national organizations established Armenian fedayeen (Armenian: Ֆէտայի ) generally referred to as Armenian irregular units and the Russian Empire formed Armenian volunteer units, which recruited Ottoman Armenians from behind the Ottoman lines, to help the Russian Caucasus Army against the Ottoman Empire.
 During this period the Siege of Van on April 20, 1915, and consequent establishment of the Administration for Western Armenia were significant events.
 The Ottoman Minister of Interior Mehmed Talat Pasha considered the Armenian population a fifth column within the Empire, blaming the rise of the Armenian national liberation movement for the overall unrest inside the Empire in his that ended with arrests in Red Sunday. Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)
The Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602) was dispatched by the Persian Shah Abbas I in 1599 to obtain an alliance against the Ottoman Empire.
 The Persians had then been at war with the Ottoman Empire for more than a century, and so decided to try to obtain European help against the Ottomans.
 Besides the territorial antagonism of the Ottoman and Persian realms, there was also strong religious antagonism, as the Persians proclaimed Shiism against the Ottoman Empire's Sunnism.
 The objective of the mission was to establish a European–Persian alliance against the Ottoman Turks.
 These Persian efforts at rapprochement with Europe followed the Persian defeat against the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590). Ottoman casualties of World War I
Ottoman casualties of World War I covers the civilian and military casualties of the Ottoman Empire.
 Ottoman Empire's casualties were enormous regardless of the method used in the calculations.
 The military casualties were published in the book "", but the post-war partitioning of the Ottoman Empire made the estimation of the total civilian casualties harder.
 Also, it was not a novelty in world history to see from time to time people forced to move from one region to another, be it in the form of refugees, of population transfer, or of search for political asylum, but World War I and its aftermath caused migrations at unprecedented large scales, including the Ottoman Empire citizens. Ottoman decline thesis
The Ottoman decline thesis or Ottoman decline paradigm (Turkish: "Osmanlı Gerileme Tezi" ) refers to a now-obsolete historical narrative which had once been used to explain the history of the Ottoman Empire.
 According to the Decline Thesis, following a golden age associated with the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566), the empire gradually entered into a period of all-encompassing stagnation and decline from which it was never able to recover, lasting until the empire's dissolution in 1923.
 This thesis was used throughout most of the twentieth century as the basis of both Western and Republican Turkish understanding of Ottoman history.
 However, by 1978, historians had begun to reexamine the fundamental assumptions of the Decline Thesis.
 After the publication of numerous new studies throughout the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, and the reexamination of Ottoman history through the use of previously untapped sources and methodologies, academic historians of the Ottoman Empire achieved a consensus that the entire notion of Ottoman decline was a myth – that in fact, the Ottoman Empire did not stagnate or decline at all, but rather continued to be a vigorous and dynamic state long after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent.
 The Decline Thesis has been criticized as "teleological," "regressive," "Orientalist," "simplistic," and "one-dimensional," and described as "a concept which has no place in historical analysis."
 Scholars have thus "learned better than to discuss [it]." Background of the Greek War of Independence
The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the subsequent fall of the successor states of the Eastern Roman Empire marked the end of Byzantine sovereignty.
 Since then, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Balkans and Anatolia, although there were some exceptions: the Ionian Islands were under British rule, and Ottoman authority was challenged in mountainous areas, such as Agrafa, Sfakia, Souli, Himara and the Mani Peninsula.
 Orthodox Christians were granted some political rights under Ottoman rule, but they were considered inferior subjects.
 The majority of Greeks were called "rayas" by the Turks, a name that referred to the large mass of subjects in the Ottoman ruling class.
 Meanwhile, Greek intellectuals and humanists who had migrated west before or during the Ottoman invasions began to compose orations and treatises calling for the liberation of their homeland.
 In 1463, Demetrius Chalcondyles called on Venice and “"all of the Latins"” to aid the Greeks against the Ottomans, he composed orations and treatises calling for the liberation of Greece from what he called “the abominable, monstrous, and impious barbarian Turks.”
 In the 17th century, Greek scholar Leonardos Philaras spent much of his career in persuading Western European intellectuals to support Greek independence.
 However, Greece was to remain under Ottoman rule for several more centuries.
 In the 18th and 19th century, as revolutionary nationalism grew across Europe—including the Balkans (due, in large part, to the influence of the French Revolution)—the Ottoman Empire's power declined and Greek nationalism began to assert itself, with the Greek cause beginning to draw support not only from the large Greek merchant diaspora in both Western Europe and Russia but also from Western European Philhellenes.
 This Greek movement for independence, was not only the first movement of national character in Eastern Europe, but also the first one in a non-Christian environment, like the Ottoman Empire. Partition of the Ottoman Empire
The partition of the Ottoman Empire (Armistice of Mudros, 30 October 1918 – Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate, 1 November 1922) was a political event that occurred after World War I and the occupation of Constantinople by British, French and Italian troops in November 1918.
 The partitioning was planned in several agreements made by the Allies early in the course of World War I, notably the Sykes-Picot Agreement.
 As world war loomed, the Ottoman Empire sought protection but was rejected by Britain, France, and Russia, and finally formed the Ottoman–German Alliance.
 The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states.
 The Ottoman Empire had been the leading Islamic state in geopolitical, cultural and ideological terms.
 The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire led to the rise in the Middle East of Western powers such as Britain and France and brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.
 Resistance to the influence of these powers came from the Turkish national movement but did not become widespread in the post-Ottoman states until after World War II. Ottoman family law
A part of Muslim sharia law that was prominent during the Ottoman Empire is family law.
 This law relates to marriage, children, and divorce.
 Family law falls under the category of private law in the Ottoman Empire.
 Family and inheritance law was at the very center of Ottoman law, and thus was least affected by the penetration of foreign law.
 Family law also had a significant role in establishing the gender roles in Islamic society in the Ottoman Empire.
 During the Tanzimat Period in the Ottoman Empire with the Empire's new focus on bureaucracy, they began to collect information on the families living under their rule including births, marriages, and deaths. Abdulmejid I
Abdülmecid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد اول "‘Abdü’l-Mecīd-i evvel"; 23/25 April 182325 June 1861), also known as Abdulmejid and similar spellings, was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839.
 His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories.
 Abdulmejid wanted to encourage Ottomanism among the secessionist subject nations and stop the rise of nationalist movements within the empire, but failed to succeed despite trying to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society with new laws and reforms.
 He tried to forge alliances with the major powers of Western Europe, namely the United Kingdom and France, who fought alongside the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War against Russia.
 In the following Congress of Paris on 30 March 1856, the Ottoman Empire was officially included among the European family of nations.
 Abdulmejid's biggest achievement was the announcement and application of the Tanzimat "(reorganization)" reforms which were prepared by his father and effectively started the modernization of the Ottoman Empire in 1839.
 For this achievement, one of the Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire, the March of Abdulmejid, was named after him.