Olde English Bulldogge and Mudi are examples of breeds of what animal?
dog
Mudi
The Mudi (in Hungarian, the plural form of mudi is "mudik") is a herding dog breed from Hungary.
 It is closely related to the Puli and Pumi, from which it was separated in the 1930s.
 Today, the Mudi is bred for work, sport, companionship, and show.
 They continue to be used in herding, as well as participating in a variety of dog sports.
Olde English Bulldogge
The Olde English Bulldogge is a recently created American dog breed.
 In the 1970s David Leavitt created a true-breeding lineage as a re-creation of the healthier working bulldog from early nineteenth century England.
 Using a breeding scheme developed for cattle, Leavitt crossed English bulldogs, American Bulldogs, American Pit Bull Terriers and Bull Mastiffs.
 The result was an athletic breed that looks similar to the bulldogs of 1820 but also has a friendly temperament.
Collings (surname)
Collings is an Olde English surname with two possible origins.
 One is from the Norse name which in Olde English became 'Cola', meaning swarthy or dark.
 The second possibility is that it comes from 'Coll', a diminutive of Nicholas, meaning 'victory of the people'. Arapawa goat
One of the rarest goat breeds in the world, the New Zealand Arapawa goat is, according to the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, critically close to extinction.
 A small, dual-purpose animal that was found isolated on the island of Arapawa in the Marlborough Sounds of New Zealand, there is evidence to support the belief that the Arapawa goats are direct descendants of the now extinct "Olde English" breed.
 In 1773 Captain James Cook released two goats on Arapawa Island’s East Bay, and on a subsequent trip in 1777 he gave another pair to a Māori chief in nearby Ship Cove.
 A few decades later in 1839 a visitor to the whaling settlement on Arapawa Island wrote in his diary that it "swarmed" with goats. Leavitt Bulldog
The Leavitt Bulldog is a late 20th-century re-creation of the now extinct Old English Bulldog, the original bulldog breed which existed around the 19th century Regency era, about 1820.
 In contrast to English bulldogs of modern times, depictions of the breed from nearly two centuries earlier showed healthier, more agile dogs, with working ability.
 Unlike the 19th century breed however, the Leavitt Bulldog has a placid temperament.
 It is one of several breeds developed in order to overcome the genetic problems in the English Bulldog breed.
 The Leavitt Bulldog was developed by breeder David Leavitt which he originally named the Olde English Bulldogge.
 Leavitt has since disassociated himself with this name for the breed and set up the Leavitt Bulldog as its name due to many later OEB litters losing many of the qualities of his original OEB litter.
 David Leavitt's "Leavitt Bulldogs" were purebred from the earlier Olde English Bulldogge stock.
 Regardless of this, the original name has been adopted by the United Kennel Club whose breed standard is adopted as of 1 January 2014.
 The Leavitt Bulldog was mentioned in the documentary "Pedigree Dogs Exposed – Three Years On" as a suggested healthier alternative to the English Bulldog. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a strategy wherein samples of animal genetic materials are preserved cryogenically.
 Animal genetic resources, as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, are "those animal species that are used, or may be used, for the production of food and agriculture, and the populations within each of them.
 These populations within each species can be classified as wild and feral populations, landraces and primary populations, standardised breeds, selected lines, varieties, strains and any conserved genetic material; all of which are currently categorized as Breeds."
 Genetic materials that are typically cryogenically preserved include sperm, oocytes, embryos and somatic cells.
 Cryogenic facilities are called gene banks and can vary greatly in size usually according to the economic resources available.
 They must be able to facilitate germplasm collection, processing, freezing, and long term storage, all in a hygienic and organized manner.
 Gene banks must maintain a precise database and make information and genetic resources accessible to properly facilitate cryoconservation.
 Cryoconservation is an "ex situ" conservation strategy that often coexists alongside "in situ" conservation to protect and preserve livestock genetics.
 Cryoconservation of livestock genetic resources is primarily done in order to preserve the genetics of populations of interest, such as indigenous breeds, also known as local or minor breeds.
 Material may be stored because individuals shared specific genes and phenotypes that may be of value or have potential value for researchers or breeders.
 Therefore, one of the main goals remains preserving the gene pool of local breeds that may be threatened.
 Indigenous livestock genetics are commonly threatened by factors such as globalization, modernization, changes in production systems, inappropriate introduction of major breeds, genetic drift, inbreeding, crossbreeding, climate change, natural disasters, disease, cultural changes, and urbanization.
 Indigenous livestock are critical to sustainable agricultural development and food security, due to their: adaptation to environment and endemic diseases, indispensable part in local production systems, social and cultural significance, and importance to local rural economies.
 The genetic resources of minor breeds have value to the local farmers, consumers of the products, private companies and investors interested in crossbreeding, breed associations, governments, those conducting research and development, and non-governmental organizations.
 Therefore, efforts have been made by national governments and non-governmental organizations, such as the Livestock Conservancy, to encourage conservation of livestock genetics through cryoconservation, as well as through other "ex situ" and "in situ" strategies.
 Cryogenic specimens of livestock genetic resources can be preserved and used for extended periods of time.
 This advantage makes cryoconservation beneficial particularly for threatened breeds who have low breed populations.
 Cryogenically preserved specimens can be used to revive breeds that are endangered or extinct, for breed improvement, crossbreeding, research and development.
 However, cryoconservation can be an expensive strategy and requires long term hygienic and economic commitment for germplasms to remain viable.
 Cryoconservation can also face unique challenges based on the species, as some species have a reduced survival rate of frozen germplasm. Keen (surname)
Keen is an English surname.
 It is either of Anglo-Saxon origin, and a nickname surname for someone who is brave, or from the Middle English or Olde English personal name 'Kene', which means king.
 Alternatively, it can be a variation of the Irish surname O'Cahan. Ye olde
"Ye olde" is a pseudo-Early Modern English stock prefix, used anachronistically, suggestive of a Merry England, Deep England or "old, as in Medieval old" feel.
 A typical example would be "Ye Olde English Pubbe" or similar names of theme pubs. Sykes (disambiguation)
"SYKES" (rhymes with "likes") - is a notable surname that may be either a topographical name from residence by a "rivulet," or a locational name from "Syke," a minor place in the Rochdale county borough of Lancashire.
 The derivation is from the Olde English pre 7th Century ["sic"], rivulet, stream, water-course.
 Topographical surnames were among the earliest created since both natural and man-made features in the landscape provided easily recognizable distinguishing names in the small communities of the Middle Ages.
 Locational names were originally given to those former inhabitants who left their birthplace to settle elsewhere, and were best identified by their former village name.
 Early examples of the surname include: Roger del Sik (Norfolk, 1212); Richard del Sikes (Yorkshire, 1309); and Richard in le Syche (Staffordshire, 1332).
 A notable bearer of the name was Sir Mark Masterman Sykes, third baronet (1771 - 1823) M.P., York, 1801 - 1820, and a book-collector of renown.
 His library contained several early manuscripts and specimens of 15th Century printing.
 A Coat of Arms granted to the Sykes family depicts a black chevron between three sykes or fountains on a silver shield, the Crest being a demi triton issuant from reeds, blowing a shell, and wreathed about the temple with like reeds all proper.
 The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Ralph de Sich, which was dated 1166, in the "Pipe Rolls of Norfolk", during the reign of King Henry 11, known as "The Builder of Churches:" 1154 - 1189.
 Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation.
 In England this was known as Poll Tax.
 Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling (source: the internet surname database). Ashman
Ashman is an English surname of Anglo-Saxon origin.
 It is derived from the Middle English personal name "Asheman", and also a byname form of "qescman" meaning "seaman" or "pirate", a compound of the Olde English "aesc" (boat made of) ash, plus "mann", man.
 It can also be a topographical name for someone who lived near a prominent ash tree.
 Notable people with the surname include: