Who did the composer of Music for Electric Metronomes study with?
Tomojiro Ikenouchi, Kishio Hirao, and John Cage
Music for Electric Metronomes
Music for Electric Metronomes is an avant-garde aleatoric composition written in 1960 by Japanese composer Toshi Ichiyanagi for any number of performers between three and eight.
 The piece involves the manipulation of electric metronomes, followed by various unspecified sounds and actions.
 It is a very theatrical piece, and reflects Ichiyanagi's affiliation with Fluxus, an experimental art movement from the sixties.
 The only true scored "instrument" is an electric metronome for each individual player, though the varying sounds and/or actions may involve many different instruments and objects at the discretion of the performer.
 Because the graphic notation of score (which is a series of dashes, lines, and numbers in an erratic pattern of connected paths) leaves a lot of room for personal interpretation and expression, each performance is unique, and almost certainly cannot be reproduced.
 There is no conductor for the performance.
 It has been recorded on the album "Toshi Ichiyanagi: 1960's & 1990's".
 In a review of a performance by the S.E.M. Ensemble in 1992 at the Paula Cooper Gallery, the music critic of "The New York Times", Alex Ross, described the piece as "merely a timid, spastic prelude to György Ligeti's monumental "Poème symphonique" for 100 metronomes".
Toshi Ichiyanagi
Toshi Ichiyanagi (一柳 慧 , Ichiyanagi Toshi , born 4 February 1933) is a Japanese composer of avant-garde music.
 He studied with Tomojiro Ikenouchi, Kishio Hirao, and John Cage.
Kunihiko Hashimoto
Kunihiko or "Qunihico" Hashimoto (橋本 國彦 , Hashimoto Kunihiko , September 14, 1904 – May 6, 1949) was a Japanese composer, violinist, conductor, and musical educator.
 He was born in the Hongo district of Tokyo.
 In 1923, he entered the Tokyo Music School (presently Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music) where he studied violin and conducting.
 In composition, he was largely self-taught, but later he would study that subject as a graduate student at the same school.
 Initially, he was active as a composer and arranger, but he soon made himself a name as an accomplished teacher, and in 1933 was appointed as professor at his alma mater.
 Some of his students who would go on to become distinguished composers in their own right were Akio Yashiro, Yasushi Akutagawa, Ikuma Dan, and Toshiro Mayuzumi.
 See: .
 Between 1934 and 1937, he visited Wien as a Japanese government scholar to study with Egon Wellesz.
 During this period, he was introduced to the likes of Alban Berg, Wilhelm Furtwängler, and Bruno Walter.
 Before returning, he also made a sojourn to Los Angeles, where he studied with Arnold Schoenberg.
 He died in Kamakura in 1949, 44 years of age, from gastric cancer. Municipal Conservatory of Guarulhos
The Municipal Conservatory of Guarulhos is a public educational institution of study and training of music, managed by the municipal government of the city of Guarulhos in the state of São Paulo in Brazil.
 The school provides courses in singing, clarinet, acoustic and electric bass guitar, flute, classical and popular percussion, piano, saxophone, trombone, trumpet, viola, guitar, violin, cello, electric guitar. William P. Malm
William Malm (b. March 6, 1928) is an American musicologist known for his studies of Japanese traditional music.
 As a composer, teacher, and scholar of Japanese music, Malm shaped the study of ethnomusicology in the United States.
 Malm authored the first major scholarly study on the history and instruments of Japanese music, "Japanese Music and Musical Instruments" (1959).
 He was a faculty member at the University of Michigan from 1960 to 1994.
 Malm served as President of the Society for Ethnomusicology from 1977 to 1979 and was named an Honorary Member of that organization in 2004.
 Malm was awarded the Fumio Koizumi Prize in 1992 for his contributions to the study of Japanese music.
 As the 2001 Charles Seeger Lecturer, Malm's address focused on the history and founding of ethnomusicology in the United States. Elbern Alkire
Elbern H. "Eddie" Alkire (December 6, 1907 – January 25, 1981) was America's most recognized performer, teacher, and innovator of the twentieth-century Hawaiian guitar.
 Born and raised in rural West Virginia Alkire utilized his skills as a guitarist and musician to become a teacher and composer for Oahu Music Company in October 1929 after having traveled to Pittsburgh to study electrical machines as an employee for a West Virginia coal company.
 He became music director for the Oahu Serenaders which performed on over 1000 coast-to-coast broadcasts for NBC and CBS that aired from Cleveland, Ohio during the first years of network radio.
 In 1934 Alkire started his own company in Easton, Pennsylvania to publish music and teach the guitar.
 He utilized his knowledge of electricity to create the first 10-string electric Hawaiian guitar and his music background to create new tunings that enabled him to play four-part harmonies and rapid melodic passages that became the hallmark of his new style of performance. D. J. Sparr
D. J. Sparr is an American composer and guitarist fluent in both classical and vernacular musical styles.
 He has performed with the Fondazione Arturo Toscanini, Eastman's "Musica Nova" Contemporary Music Ensemble, pop bands, and as a studio musician.
 D. J. premiered Michael Daugherty's electric guitar concerto with the Alabama Symphony in March, 2008.
 He was the classical guitar soloist for his own "Guitar Folio" with the University of Michigan Chamber Orchestra and recently performed Steve Reich's "Electric Counterpoint" to a packed house of over two-thousand at the Smithsonian Institution Hirshhorn Museum's "After Hours."
 He performs as a guest of Washington DC’s Great Noise Ensemble, which premiered his “General Electric”–a concerto grosso for rock band and chamber orchestra. Lauri Porra
Lauri Porra (born December 13, 1977) is a Finnish bassist and composer, best known for his work in Stratovarius and Sinergy.
 Lauri Porra is a fourth generation musician, and the great-grandson of famous Finnish composer Jean Sibelius.
 He started to study music at age 6 when he started to play cello in a local music school.
 In 1993 he switched to bass guitar and continued his studies in the Helsinki Pop Jazz Conservatory (1994–2004).
 Additionally he has taken lessons on piano, double bass, trumpet and male vocals.
 During 1997-1999 he sang with the renowned YL male choir performing for instance with the London Symphony Orchestra.
 He has released three instrumental solo albums.
 He has also composed music to numerous movies, tv-series and commercial spots.
 Lauri´s Entropia concerto for electric bass and orchestra was premiered by Lauri Porra and Lahti Symphony orchestra in 2015.
 In 2016 Lauri was nominated for HARPA nordic film composer music award.
 Lauri won the VOITTO-prize for the best advertisement music of the year in 2016 for his music in Visit Finland´s Polar Night Magic spot. Michael Nicolella
Michael Nicolella (born December 31, 1963 in Providence, RI) is an American classical guitarist and composer.
 Described as an iconoclast, he is known for his versatile, adventurous and eclectic approach to repertoire, including the incorporation of electric guitar into his concert programs and recordings.
 Nicolella's repertoire ranges from the Baroque to the present.
 His most recent recording is his own arrangement of the complete cello suites of Johann Sebastian Bach; while his past four recordings focused on contemporary music, including his own compositions, alongside those of Toru Takemitsu, Elliott Carter, Luciano Berio, Hans Werner Henze and Steve Reich.
 He has championed music by such emerging composers as Laurence Crane and Jacob ter Veldhuis and has premiered many works written for him by other composers, including: Joshua Kohl, (of the Degenerate Art Ensemble), David Mesler, Christopher DeLaurenti and John Fitz Rogers, who in 2001 wrote the forty-five-minute piece "Transit" for Nicolella, scored for electric guitar and computer generated sound.
 His own compositions include works for solo guitar, chamber music with guitar, a classical guitar concerto ("Guitar Concerto"), and an electric guitar concerto ("Ten Years Passed").
 His most recent major composition for soprano, guitar (electric and classical) and orchestra, "The Flame of the Blue Star of Twilight", was premiered by the Northwest Symphony Orchestra and soprano Alexandra Picard in April 2012.
 He has performed and collaborated with a wide range of groups and artists including: violinist Gil Shaham, rock singer Jon Anderson, best known for his work as lead vocalist in the progressive rock band Yes, broadway legends Bernadette Peters and Brian Stokes Mitchell, the Seattle Guitar Trio, jazz singer Johnaye Kendrick, classical music comedians Igudesman and Joo and is a frequent guest with the Seattle Symphony.
 Nicolella is a graduate of Yale University, Berklee College of Music and the Accademia Musicale Chigiana.
 He is currently based in Seattle, where he serves on the music faculty of Cornish College of the Arts.
 He is married to the painter Ann Gale. Marco Oppedisano
Marco Oppedisano (born November 20, 1971 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American guitarist and composer whose compositions focus on the innovative use of electric guitar in the genre of electroacoustic music.
 His musique concrète/acousmatic music compositions have utilized multitrack recording and extended performance techniques for electric guitar, nylon string guitar and electric bass.
 In addition to musique concrète, compositions by Oppedisano also consist of "live" electric guitar in combination with a fixed playback of various electronic, acoustic (specifically female voice courtesy of Kimberly Fiedelman) and sampled sounds.