In what field of Biology was the "unorganised machine" concept mentioned?
theoretical biologist
Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing ( ; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist.
Unorganized machine
An unorganized machine is a concept mentioned in a 1948 report in which Alan Turing suggested that the infant human cortex was what he called an "unorganised machine".
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Mathematical and theoretical biology is an interdisciplinary scientific research field with a range of applications.
 The field is sometimes called mathematical biology or biomathematics to stress the mathematical side, or theoretical biology to stress the biological side.
 Theoretical biology focuses more on the development of theoretical principles for biology while mathematical biology focuses on the use of mathematical tools to study biological systems, even though the two terms are sometimes interchanged.
 Mathematical biology aims at the mathematical representation, treatment and modeling of biological processes, using techniques and tools of applied mathematics.
 It has both theoretical and practical applications in biological, biomedical and biotechnology research.
 Describing systems in a quantitative manner means their behavior can be better simulated, and hence properties can be predicted that might not be evident to the experimenter.
 This requires precise mathematical models. Chao Tang
Chao Tang (汤超) is a Chair Professor of Physics and Systems Biology at Peking University.
 He had his undergraduate training at the University of Science and Technology of China, and received a Ph.D. degree in Physics from the University of Chicago.
 In his early career, he worked on problems in statistical physics, dynamical system and complex systems.
 In 1987, along with Per Bak and Kurt Wiesenfeld, he proposed a concept and developed a theory for self organization in certain complex systems, which they coined self-organized criticality.
 The model they used to illustrate the idea is referred to as the Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld "sandpile" model.
 His current research interest is at the interface between physics and biology.
 Specifically, he focuses on systems biology and works on problems such as protein folding, cell cycle regulation, function-topology relationship in biological network and cell fate determination.
 He was a Professor at the University of California San Francisco before returning to China full-time in 2011.
 He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the founding director of the interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Biology at Peking University and the founding Co-Editor-in-Chief of the journal Quantitative Biology. Iranian Biology Olympiad
Iranian Biology Olympiad (IrBO) is an annual multistage competition for Iranian high school students of the age of 17-18 in the field of biology.
 The first Iranian Biology Olympiad was launched under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, Iran in 1999.
 Since then, the four winners of the national competitions participate regularly yearly in the International Biology Olympiad (IBO), in which IrBO is a regular member and participant.
 In Iranian Biology Olympiad individuals compete for their achievements in both theory and practice. Atal Pension Yojana
Atal Pension Yojana (previously known as Swavalamban Yojana) is a government-backed pension scheme in India targeted at the unorganised sector.
 It was originally mentioned in the 2015 Budget speech by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley in February 2015.
 It was formally launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 9 May in Kolkata.
 As of May 2015, only 11% of India's population has any kind of pension scheme, this scheme aims to increase the number. Raising Steam
Raising Steam is the 40th "Discworld" novel, written by Terry Pratchett.
 It was also the last one published before his death in 2015.
 Originally due to be published on 24 October 2013, it was pushed back to 7 November 2013 (and March 18, 2014 in the U.S.).
 It features the introduction of locomotives to the "Discworld" (a concept mentioned already in "Death's Domain"), and an entirely new character but it also stars Moist von Lipwig. Machine learning in bioinformatics
Machine learning, a subfield of computer science involving the development of algorithms that learn how to make predictions based on data, has a number of emerging applications in the field of bioinformatics.
 Bioinformatics deals with computational and mathematical approaches for understanding and processing biological data.
 Prior to the emergence of machine learning algorithms, bioinformatics algorithms had to be explicitly programmed by hand which, for problems such as protein structure prediction, proves extremely difficult.
 Machine learning techniques such as deep learning enable the algorithm to make use of automatic feature learning which means that based on the dataset alone, the algorithm can learn how to combine multiple features of the input data into a more abstract set of features from which to conduct further learning.
 This multi-layered approach to learning patterns in the input data allows such systems to make quite complex predictions when trained on large datasets.
 In recent years, the size and number of available biological datasets have skyrocketed, enabling bioinformatics researchers to make use of these machine learning systems.
 Machine learning has been applied to six main subfields of bioinformatics: genomics, proteomics, microarrays, systems biology, evolution, and text mining. Complex systems biology
Complex systems biology (CSB) is a branch or subfield of mathematical and theoretical biology concerned with complexity of both structure and function in biological organisms, as well as the emergence and evolution of organisms and species, with emphasis being placed on the complex interactions of, and within, bionetworks, and on the fundamental relations and relational patterns that are essential to life.
 CSB is thus a field of theoretical sciences aimed at discovering and modeling the relational patterns essential to life that has only a partial overlap with complex systems theory, and also with the systems approach to biology called systems biology; this is because the latter is restricted primarily to simplified models of biological organization and organisms, as well as to only a general consideration of philosophical or semantic questions related to complexity in biology.
 Moreover, a wide range of abstract theoretical complex systems are studied as a field of applied mathematics, with or without relevance to biology, chemistry or physics. Friday Harbor Laboratories
Friday Harbor Laboratories (FHL), is a marine biology field station of the University of Washington, located in Friday Harbor, San Juan Island, Washington, United States.
 FHL was founded in 1904 by University of Washington Zoology Professor Trevor Kincaid.
 Friday Harbor Labs is well known for its short (5 week long), intensive summer classes offered to competitive graduate students from around the world in various fields of marine biology and other marine sciences, including Marine Algae, Marine Invertebrate Zoology, Comparative Invertebrate Embryology, Marine Conservation Biology, Functional Morphology and Ecology of Marine Fishes, Invertebrate Larval Ecology, Experimental and Field Approaches in Biology and Paleontology, and other current topics in marine science and oceanography.
 The autumn and spring academic terms include courses designed for advanced undergraduates as well as graduate students; most spring and fall classes run 10 weeks and feature an original research component.
 In addition to serving students, Friday Harbor Laboratories has a small resident scientific staff and offers year-round laboratory, library, and housing accommodations for visiting researchers and their families.