The winner of the 1946 Nobel Prize for Physics created what to seal a pressure chamber and compress its contents to high pressure?
Bridgman seal
Bridgman seal
A Bridgman seal, invented by and named after Percy Williams Bridgman, can be used to seal a pressure chamber and compress its contents to high pressures (up to 40,000 MPa), without the seal leaking and releasing the pressure
Percy Williams Bridgman
Percy Williams Bridgman (21 April 1882 – 20 August 1961) was an American physicist who won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the physics of high pressures.
 He also wrote extensively on the scientific method and on other aspects of the philosophy of science.
 The Bridgman effect is named for him.
Pressure exchanger
A pressure exchanger transfers pressure energy from a high pressure fluid stream to a low pressure fluid stream.
 Many industrial processes operate at elevated pressures and have high pressure waste streams.
 One way of providing a high pressure fluid to such a process is to transfer the waste pressure to a low pressure stream using a pressure exchanger. Evolution from Francis Turbine to Kaplan Turbine
Francis turbine converts energy at high pressure heads which are not easily available and hence a turbine was required to convert the energy at low pressure heads, given that the quantity of water was large enough.
 It was easy to convert high pressure heads to power easily but difficult to do so for low pressure heads.
 Therefore, an evolution took place that converted the Francis turbine to Kaplan turbine, which generated power at even low pressure heads efficiently. Anticyclogenesis
Anticyclogenesis is the development or strengthening of anticyclonic circulation in the atmosphere.
 It is the opposite of anticyclolysis, and has a cyclonic equivalent—cyclogenesis.
 Anticyclones are alternatively referred to as high pressure systems.
 High pressure areas form due to downward motion through the troposphere, the atmospheric layer where weather occurs.
 Preferred areas within a synoptic flow pattern in higher levels of the troposphere are beneath the western side of troughs.
 On weather maps, these areas show converging winds (isotachs), also known as confluence, or converging height lines near or above the level of non-divergence, which is near the 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up through the troposphere.
 On weather maps, high pressure centers are associated with the letter H. On constant pressure upper level charts, it is located within the highest height line contour. Hydrostatic seal
A Hydrostatic Seal is a non-contacting mechanical seal that operates under an equilibrium of forces.
 Unlike traditional hydrodynamic seals, Hydrostatic seals have two different pressure zones that are used to establish a balanced pressure zone between two seal faces.
 The two pressure system makes the seal unique because typical mechanical seals have one pressure zone that created causes a buildup of pressure that will eventually cause the seal to malfunction.
 After pressure has come to an equilibrium at the seal face, an incompressible fluid is then released between the two seal faces.
 The fluid creates a film around the seal face that acts as a lubricant and as a medium for the substance flowing through the seal.
 Hydrostatic seals have been used in the aircraft industry; however they have seen very little commercial use because there is minimal research about the seals. High pressure
High pressure in science and engineering is studying the effects of high pressure on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a diamond anvil cell, which can create high pressure.
 By high pressure it is usually meant pressures of thousands (kilobars) or millions (megabars) of times atmospheric pressure (about 1 bar or 100,000 Pa). Pressure bomb
A pressure bomb or pressure chamber or Scholander bomb is an instrument with which it is possible to measure the approximate water potential of plant tissues.
 A leaf attached to a stem is placed inside a sealed chamber and pressurized gas is added to the chamber slowly.
 As the pressure increases at some point sap will be forced out of the xylem and will be visible at the cut end of the stem.
 The pressure that is required to do so is equal and opposite to the water potential of the leaf.
 Pressure bombs are very durable and mechanically simple, which make them a popular alternative to traditional methods for taking field measurements. Transient (civil engineering)
In civil engineering, a transient is used to refer to any pressure wave that is short lived (i.e. not static pressure or pressure differential due to friction/minor loss in flow).
 The most common occurrence of this is called water hammer.
 In a pipe network, when a valve or pump is suddenly shut off, the water flowing in an adjacent pipe is suddenly forced to stop.
 A region of high pressure builds up immediately behind said valve or pump and a region of low pressure forms in front of it.
 The momentum of the water is suddenly transferred into the fitting and Newton's Third Law kicks in forming growing the high-pressure region of water as it all "piles up" in the pipe.
 This high pressure region then travels back along the pipe in the form of a wave.
 The border of the high-pressure zone is referred to as a pressure wave, or transient (which is apt as the general definition of a transient is something that only exists for a short period of time). Murnaghan equation of state
The Murnaghan equation of state is a relationship between the volume of a body and the pressure to which it is subjected.
 This is one of many state equations that have been used in earth sciences and shock physics to model the behavior of matter under conditions of high pressure.
 It owes its name to Francis D. Murnaghan who proposed it in 1944 to reflect material behavior under a pressure range as wide as possible to reflect an experimentally established fact: the more a solid is compressed, the more difficult it is to compress further.