Sometimes desired programming cannot be provided because of private contractual network affiliation agreements between broadcast networks and local broadcast station affiliates. Most broadcast television stations' viewing areas extend far beyond the borders of their city of license, and in many cases extend beyond state borders. It identifies, for each state:
the number of television households in the state; the counties in the state assigned to DMAs for which the primary city is outside the state; the number of television households in those counties; the percentage of television households in the state that are located in DMAs for which the primary city is outside the state; and the full power broadcast television stations with city of license or transmitting location inside the state that are located in DMAs for which the primary city is outside the state. Under existing FCC rules, the licensee's explicit public interest obligation is limited to serving the needs of viewers within its city of license. Yet, in many cases, the population residing within the city of license is only a small proportion of the total population receiving the station's signal. For example, the licenses for the preponderance of stations serving the metropolitan New York City and Philadelphia areas are assigned to those cities, with very few licenses assigned to New Jersey, western Connecticut, or Delaware. As shown in Table 1 , 54.55% of the television households in Wyoming are located in television markets outside the state. If a cable system is located in a DMA in which the primary city is in another state, and most or all of the television stations in that DMA have city of license in the other state, then the broadcast television signals it must carry will be primarily or entirely from out of state. The Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act of 2004 (SHVERA) expanded the scope of in-state television signals that may be of local interest to subscribers that satellite operators are permitted (and, in the case of operators in Alaska and Hawaii, required) to offer subscribers. In addition to the signals of those broadcast television stations with city of license within the DMA in which the subscriber is located ("local-into-local" service), satellite operators may offer (subject to certain limitations) signals from outside the DMA if those signals are "significantly viewed" by those households in the subscriber's geographic area that only receive their broadcast signals over-the-air (not via cable or satellite). In addition, satellite operators may offer certain subscribers located in New Hampshire, Vermont, Mississippi, and Oregon certain in-state signals from outside the subscribers' DMA and must offer subscribers in Alaska and Hawaii certain in-state signals. This, in itself, provides broadcasters with some economic incentive to be responsive to the needs and interests of these viewers. Bills Introduced in the 110th Congress

To date, three bills that address cable and satellite carriage of local broadcast television station signals have been introduced in the 110 th Congress.
Most broadcast television stations' viewing areas extend far beyond the borders of their city of license, and in many cases extend beyond state borders. Under existing FCC rules, which are intended to foster "localism," the licensee's explicit public interest obligation is limited to serving the needs and interests of viewers within the city of license. Yet, in many cases, the population residing in the city of license is only a small proportion of the total population receiving the station's signal. Hundreds of thousands of television households in New Jersey (outside New York City and Philadelphia), Delaware (outside Philadelphia), western Connecticut (outside New York City), New Hampshire (outside Boston), Kansas (outside Kansas City, Missouri), Indiana (outside Chicago), Illinois (outside St. Louis), and Kentucky (outside Cincinnati) have little or no access to broadcast television stations with city of license in their own state. The same holds true for several rural states—including Idaho, Arkansas, and especially Wyoming, where 54.55% of television households are located in television markets outside the state. Although market forces often provide broadcasters the incentive to be responsive to their entire serving area, that is not always the case. This report provides, for each state, detailed county-by-county data on the percentage of television households located in television markets outside the state and whether there are any in-state stations serving those households.
The Nielsen Designated Market Areas (DMAs) also often extend beyond state borders. Local cable operators are required to carry the broadcast signals of television stations located in their DMA. If they are located in a DMA for which the primary city is in another state, and most or all of the television stations in that DMA have city of license in the other state, then the broadcast television signals they must carry will be primarily or entirely from out of state. In some cases, they may not be allowed to carry signals from within the state but outside the DMA to provide news or sports programming of special interest in their state because of network non-duplication, syndicated exclusivity, or sports programming blackout rules or because of private network affiliation contract agreements, or may be discouraged to do so because these signals do not qualify for the royalty-free permanent compulsory copyright license for local broadcast signals. The Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act of 2004 expanded the scope of in-state television signals that satellite operators are permitted (and in some cases required) to offer subscribers. In addition to the signals of those broadcast television stations with city of license within the DMA in which the subscriber is located ("local-into-local" service), satellite operators may offer (subject to certain restrictions) signals from outside the DMA if those signals are "significantly viewed" by those households in the subscriber's geographic area that only receive their broadcast signals over-the-air (not via cable or satellite). In addition, satellite operators may offer certain subscribers located in New Hampshire, Vermont, Mississippi, and Oregon certain in-state signals from outside the subscribers' DMA and must offer subscribers in Alaska and Hawaii certain in-state signals. This report will be updated as events warrant. To date, four bills on cable and satellite carriage of local broadcast television station signals have been introduced in the 110th Congress (S. 124, S. 760, H.R. 602, and H.R. 2821).