These reimbursements were for treatment at IHS-funded  facilities of patients who were eligible for Medicare and Medicaid, in  addition to IHS health care. IHS HIV/AIDS Prevention Services Generally Were Available, but Varied Across Areas

IHS area officials reported that HIV/AIDS prevention services were  generally available in all 12 areas. Testing services were also available in every IHS area,  though the type and extent of the services varied. HIV/AIDS Education Was Provided in All Areas

Officials from IHS area offices reported that HIV/AIDS education services  were offered in all 12 areas. Other Prevention Services Were Provided

In addition to HIV testing and education services, IHS officials described  some other services that were provided as part of their HIV/AIDS  prevention activities. Some IHS Facilities Provided HIV/AIDS Treatment Services, but Most American Indians and Alaska Natives Received Services from Outside Providers for a Variety of Reasons

While some IHS facilities offered HIV/AIDS treatment services, area  officials reported that most patients received treatment from providers at  facilities outside of IHS. While  other facilities provided limited HIV/AIDS treatment, most relied on  outside providers, such as Ryan White-funded facilities or local hospitals. Five IHS Facilities Regularly Treated Patients with HIV/AIDS

Of the more than 45 IHS-funded hospitals, officials from IHS headquarters  and facilities identified 5 hospitals that regularly treated patients with  HIV/AIDS. According to IHS headquarters, 3 facilities have committed the  most resources to sustaining HIV/AIDS treatment services: the Alaska  Native Medical Center in the Alaska area, the Gallup Indian Medical  Center in the Navajo area, and the HIV Center of Excellence at the  Phoenix Indian Medical Center in the Phoenix area. Some patients who  receive HIV/AIDS treatment outside of IHS may continue to receive other  types of health care from IHS-funded facilities. For example, one IHS  official reported that these patients might see a specialist quarterly or once  a year for their HIV/AIDS treatment services and an IHS provider for  routine care. Other health concerns. Some American Indians and Alaska Natives with HIV/AIDS May Not Access or Continue Treatment

IHS area officials and facility providers noted that some American Indians  and Alaska Natives with HIV/AIDS may not access or continue care, even  if treatment is available, for reasons such as concerns about  confidentiality and lack of transportation. IHS Has HIV/AIDS Outreach and Planning, Capacity Building, and Surveillance Initiatives

IHS has undertaken outreach and planning, capacity building, and  surveillance initiatives related to HIV/AIDS. These initiatives are overseen  by national and area-level officials. IHS has also carried out several  initiatives aimed at building the capacity of its providers to offer  HIV/AIDS-related prevention and treatment services, such as training of  health care providers and implementation of an HIV-related data system. Additionally, IHS has undertaken initiatives related to improving the  surveillance of HIV/AIDS in the American Indian and Alaska Native  population by developing a prenatal HIV screening measure and an early  detection surveillance system. Outreach and Planning Initiatives

IHS has undertaken several outreach and planning initiatives, including an  HIV/AIDS program Web site, an HIV listserv, and a national HIV/AIDS  administrative work plan. We received written comments from HHS. HHS substantially  agreed with the findings of our report and offered technical comments to  provide additional information or clarify specific findings, which we  incorporated as appropriate. We are sending copies of this report to the Secretary of Health and Human  Services.
Why GAO Did This Study

American Indians and Alaska Natives have the third highest rate of HIV/AIDS diagnosis in the United States. They are also more likely than individuals with HIV/AIDS from other racial and ethnic groups to receive treatment at later stages of the disease and have shorter life spans. The Indian Health Service (IHS), located within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), provides health care services, including HIV/AIDS treatment, to eligible American Indians and Alaska Natives. IHS patients with HIV/AIDS may also receive care through other sources depending on their access to private health insurance or their eligibility for other federal health care programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid. GAO examined the extent to which IHS provided (1) HIV/AIDS prevention services and (2) HIV/AIDS treatment services. GAO also examined (3) what other HIV/AIDS-related initiatives IHS has undertaken. GAO reviewed documents and interviewed officials from IHS headquarters, area offices, and IHS-funded facilities, as well as advocacy groups. We also conducted site visits in two IHS areas.

What GAO Found

HIV/AIDS prevention services were generally available from IHS, but these services varied across the 12 IHS areas. HIV/AIDS education was provided in all areas in a variety of settings, such as IHS-funded facilities, schools, and health fairs. In addition to education, IHS offered HIV testing services in all areas; however, the type and extent of services varied. In addition, some IHS officials described other services that were provided as part of their HIV/AIDS prevention activities, such as condom distribution. According to IHS officials, HIV/AIDS treatment services, while offered at some IHS facilities, were generally received outside of IHS. Five IHS-funded hospitals, such as the Phoenix Indian Medical Center in Arizona, regularly treated patients. Although some other IHS facilities provided limited treatment services, most relied on outside providers. For example, IHS patients with HIV/AIDS might see a specialist outside of IHS every 3 months for their HIV/AIDS treatment services and an IHS provider for other routine care. IHS officials reported that most IHS facilities did not provide treatment services because they had few American Indian or Alaska Native patients known to have HIV/AIDS, had limited resources, focused on other health concerns, or their providers had limited training or experience treating the disease. Additionally, some patients may not access or continue treatment from IHS or outside providers due to concerns about confidentiality and lack of transportation to distant facilities. IHS has undertaken outreach and planning, capacity building, and surveillance initiatives related to HIV/AIDS. These initiatives are overseen by national and area-level IHS officials. The outreach and planning initiatives include an HIV/AIDS Web site and the development of a national HIV/AIDS administrative work plan. IHS has also undertaken several initiatives aimed at building the capacity of providers to offer HIV/AIDS-related prevention and treatment services, such as training of health care providers and implementation of an HIV/AIDS-related data system that can send providers reminders when patients with HIV/AIDS need care. Finally, IHS has undertaken initiatives related to improving the surveillance of HIV/AIDS in the American Indian and Alaska Native population by developing a prenatal HIV screening measure and an early detection surveillance system. GAO received written comments from HHS on a draft of this report. HHS substantially agreed with the findings of this report. HHS also offered technical comments to provide additional information or clarify specific findings, which we incorporated as appropriate.