Status of the Program in the Six Urban EZs

When we issued our December 1996 report, all six of the urban EZs had met the criteria defined in OBRA 1993, developed a strategic plan, signed an agreement with HUD and their respective states for implementing the program, signed an agreement with their states for obtaining the EZ/EC SSBG funds, drafted performance benchmarks, and established a governance structure. However, the EZs differed in their geographic size, population, and other demographic characteristics, reflecting the selection criteria. Subsequently, we surveyed 32 program participants, including those we had already interviewed, and asked them to indicate the extent to which a broad set of factors had helped or hindered the program’s implementation. Similarly, the following six factors were frequently identified by survey respondents as having constrained their efforts to plan and implement the EZ program: difficulty in selecting an appropriate governance board structure, the additional layer of bureaucracy created by the state government’s involvement, preexisting relationships among EZ stakeholders, pressure for quick results from the media, the lack of federal funding for initial administrative activities, and pressure for quick results from the public and private sectors. Program Evaluation Efforts Could Be Improved

From the beginning, the Congress and HUD have made evaluation plans an integral part of the EZ program. OBRA 1993 required that each EZ applicant identify in its strategic plan the baselines, methods, and benchmarks for measuring the success of its plan and vision. However, the measures being used generally described the amount of work that would be produced (outputs) rather than the results that were anticipated (outcomes). In addition, HUD and the EZs may not be able to describe the extent to which the program’s activities are helping to accomplish the program’s mission.
Why GAO Did This Study

Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Community (EZ/EC) program, focusing on: (1) the status of the program's implementation in the six urban empowerment zones, which are located along the east coast and in the mid-west regions of the United States; (2) the factors that program participants believe have either helped or hindered efforts to carry out the program; and (3) the plans for evaluating the program.

What GAO Found

GAO noted that: (1) all six of the urban EZs had met the criteria defined in the program's authorizing legislation, developed a strategic plan, signed an agreement with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and their respective states for implementing the program, signed an agreement with their states for obtaining funds, drafted performance benchmarks, and established a governance structure; (2) however, the EZs differed in their geographic and demographic characteristics, reflecting the selection criteria in the authorizing legislation; (3) many officials involved in implementing the program generally agreed on factors that had either helped or hindered their efforts; (4) for example, factors identified as helping the program's implementation included community representation within the governance structures and enhanced communication among stakeholders; (5) similarly, factors identified as hindering the program's implementation included preexisting relationships among EZ stakeholders and pressure for quick results; (6) from the beginning, the Congress and HUD made evaluation plans an integral part of the EZ program by requiring each community to identify in its strategic plan the baselines, methods, and benchmarks for measuring the success of its plan; and (7) however, the measures being used generally describe the amount of work that will be produced (outputs) rather than the results that are anticipated (outcomes).