The federal government owns roughly 640 million acres, about 28% of the 2.27 billion acres of land in the United States. Four agencies administer about 610 million acres (95%) of this land: the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and National Park Service (NPS) in the Department of the Interior (DOI), and the Forest Service (FS) in the Department of Agriculture. The total amount of money the federal government spends managing federal lands is not readily available. Federal land ownership began when the original 13 states ceded title to more than 40% of their "western" lands (237 million acres between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River) to the central government between 1781 and 1802. What Is the Authority for the Federal Government to Manage Land, and What Are the Constitutional Limitations on That Authority? The Property Clause of the U.S. Constitution, Article IV, Section 3, Clause 2, gives Congress authority over the lands, territories, or other property of the United States. This provision provides Congress broad authority to manage the lands owned by the federal government, including authority to dispose of those lands. When Congress exercises its authority over federal land, the federal legislation necessarily overrides conflicting state laws under the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution, Article VI, Clause 2. For example, Congress has to a large extent left management of wildlife on most federal lands to the states as a traditional area of state concern, although certain wildlife-related statutes have been enacted (for example, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) and the Endangered Species Act (ESA)). In some cases, however, statutes give federal agencies authority to delegate or assign responsibility for aspects of federal land management. Although Congress has ultimate authority over federal lands under the Property Clause, states have legal authority to manage federal lands within their borders to the extent that Congress has chosen to give them such authority. States can obtain authority to own and manage federal lands within their borders only by federal, not state, law. These states have considered a variety of measures, including the following: 
to provide for or express support for transfer to states of federal lands or of certain categories of federal lands (e.g., agricultural lands); to establish interstate compacts to secure the transfer of federal land; to create task forces or commissions to examine federal land transfer issues; to govern state management of transferred lands; to assert management authority, or concurrent jurisdiction, over federal lands; to allow state management of federal lands under long-term lease arrangements; to authorize states to carry out certain activities on federal lands (e.g., forest, rangeland, and watershed restoration); and to allow local governments to declare and demand abatement of specified poor resource conditions on federal lands. Efforts by a state to claim control of federal lands within its borders are likely to run afoul of the Constitution. Have There Been Past Efforts to Transfer Ownership and Management of Federal Lands to States? One of the most concerted efforts occurred in the late 1970s and early 1980s and became known as the Sagebrush Rebellion. As with current, similar efforts, a primary goal was more state and local control over lands and resources. The extent of federal land ownership is a policy choice for Congress. Recent Congresses have considered, and in some cases enacted, bills related to acquisition and disposal of land.
The federal government owns roughly 640 million acres of land, about 28% of the 2.27 billion acres in the United States. This land is managed by numerous agencies, but four agencies administer about 95% of federal land, with somewhat differing management emphases. These agencies are the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and National Park Service (NPS) in the Department of the Interior (DOI), and the Forest Service (FS) in the Department of Agriculture. Most federal land is in the West, including Alaska. The total amount of money the federal government spends managing land is not readily available. However, the appropriations for the four major land management agencies totaled $15.47 billion for FY2016.
Federal land ownership began when the original 13 states ceded title to more than 40% of their "western" lands to the central government. Subsequently, the federal government acquired lands from foreign countries through purchases and treaties. The Property Clause of the U.S. Constitution, Article IV, Section 3, Clause 2, gives Congress authority over the lands, territories, or other property of the United States. This provision provides Congress broad authority over lands owned by the federal government. The U.S. Supreme Court has described this power as "without limitations." When Congress exercises its authority over federal land, federal law overrides conflicting state laws under the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution, Article VI, Clause 2.
States can obtain authority to own and manage federal lands within their borders only by federal, not state, law. Congress's broad authority over federal lands includes the authority to dispose of lands, and Congress can choose to transfer ownership of federal land to states.
States have legal authority to manage federal lands within their borders to the extent Congress has given them such authority. As an example, Congress has to a large extent allowed states to exercise management authority over wildlife as a traditional area of state concern. Congress could give states authority to manage certain other activities, resources, or other aspects of federal lands. Congress also could give federal agencies authority to delegate or assign responsibility for aspects of federal land management to states or other partners.
Currently, some states are seeking more state and local control over federal lands and resources. Accordingly, some are considering measures to provide for or express support for the transfer of federal lands to states, to establish task forces or commissions to examine federal land transfer issues, and to assert management authority over federal lands. A collection of efforts from the late 1970s and early 1980s, known as the Sagebrush Rebellion, sought to foster divestiture of federal lands. However, this effort did not succeed. State efforts to claim control of federal lands, without express approval of Congress, are likely to run afoul of the Constitution.
Opinions differ about the extent to which the federal government should own and manage land, and whether Congress should transfer some degree of ownership and management of land to states. These are policy choices for Congress. Recent Congresses have considered, and in some cases enacted, measures related to disposal, acquisition, and management of federal lands. A variety of bills sought to provide for ownership and management of particular parcels by states, individuals, and other entities. At the same time, diverse proposals sought to provide for acquisition of lands for federal ownership and management. Still other proposals focused on establishing or amending agency authorities to dispose of or acquire land.