Agency R&D budgets are developed internally as part of each agency's overall budget development process. As Congress acts to complete the FY2019 appropriations process, it faces two overarching issues: the amount of the federal budget to be spent on federal R&D and the prioritization and allocation of the available funding. This report begins with a discussion of the overall level of President Trump's FY2019 R&D request, followed by analyses of the R&D funding request from a variety of perspectives and for selected multiagency R&D initiatives. 112-25 ) that were enacted on February 9, 2018, in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 ( P.L. 115-123 ). The new definition (experimental development) is used throughout this report for FY2017 and FY2019, except in the section " Department of Defense ." Subsequent to the release of the President's budget, Congress enacted the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 ( P.L. 115-141 ), appropriating full-year funding for FY2018, rendering the CR levels identified in the budget no longer relevant. Therefore, the analysis of government-wide R&D funding in this report preceding the individual agency analyses compares the President's request for FY2019 to the FY2017 level. As information about the agencies' FY2018 R&D levels becomes available, the agency sections of this report will be updated to reflect that information and to make comparisons to the President's FY2019 request; some agency sections have been updated. Under the new definition of R&D, and including the $12.9 billion proposed in the addendum, President Trump is proposing approximately $131.0 billion for R&D for FY2019, an increase of $5.7 billion above the FY2017 level (4.5%). Adjusted for inflation, the President's FY2019 R&D request represents a constant-dollar increase of 1.2% from the FY2017 actual level. Under President Trump's FY2019 budget request, eight federal agencies would receive more than 96% of total federal R&D funding: the Department of Defense, 48.4%; Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), primarily the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 20.9%; Department of Energy (DOE), 10.7%; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 9.0%; National Science Foundation (NSF), 3.5%; Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1.6%; Department of Commerce (DOC), 1.2%; and Veterans Affairs (VA), 1.1%. Excluding the $12.9 billion in R&D funding requested in the addendum, nearly every federal agency would see its R&D funding decrease under the President's FY2019 request compared to their FY2017 levels. President Trump's FY2019 budget is largely silent on funding levels for these efforts and whether any or all of the nonstatutory initiatives will continue. Some activities related to these initiatives are discussed in agency budget justifications and may be addressed in the agency analyses later in this report. Consequently, R&D data presented in the agency analyses in this report may differ from R&D data in the president's budget or otherwise provided by OMB. As of the date of this report, the House had completed action on six of the 12 regular appropriations bills; the Senate had completed action on nine of the bills. Division C of P.L. 115-245 provides for continuing appropriations for the agencies included in the remaining seven bills until "the enactment into law of an appropriation for any project or activity provided for in this Act; (2) the enactment into law of the applicable appropriations Act for fiscal year 2019 without any provision for such project or activity; or (3) December 7, 2018." This report will be updated as Congress takes additional actions to complete the FY2019 appropriations process. 6157 , as amended). 115-245 provides: 
the Army with $11.384 billion in RDT&E funding (base plus OCO/GWOT), $481 million (4.4%) above the FY2018 enacted level, $900 million (8.6%) above the request, $971 million (9.3%) above the House-passed levels, and $247 million (2.2%) above the Senate-passed level; 
the Navy with $18.678 billion in RDT&E funding (base plus OCO/GWOT), $440 million (2.4%) above the FY2018 enacted level, $29 million (0.2%) above the request, $852 million (4.8%) above the House-passed level, and $482 million (2.5%) below the Senate-passed level; 
the Air Force with $41.551 billion in RDT&E funding (base plus OCO/GWOT), $3.738 billion (9.9%) above the FY2018 enacted level, $1.059 billion (2.6%) above the request, $320 million (0.8%) above the House-passed level, and $367 million (0.9%) above the Senate-passed level; 
the Defense-wide account with $24.095 billion in RDT&E funding (base plus OCO/GWOT), $679 million (2.9%) above the FY2018 enacted level, $1.578 billion (7.0%) above the request, $1.365 billion (6.0%) above the House-passed level, and $350 million (1.4%) below the Senate-passed level; and
OTE with $381 million in RDT&E funding (base plus OCO/GWOT), $170 million (80.7%) above the FY2018 enacted level, $160 million (72.4%) above the request and the House-passed level, and equal to the Senate-passed level. Research . The President's request for R&D is 13.7% of NOAA's total discretionary budget request of $4.553 billion. U.S. Geological Survey

The USGS accounts for more than two-thirds of all DOI R&D funding. Because final FY2018 funding was not available at the time the FY2019 budget was prepared, requested R&D funding is compared to the FY2017 actual funding. 115-141 for FY2018, most of which have been included in previous fiscal year appropriations.
President Trump's budget request for FY2019 includes approximately $131.0 billion for research and development (R&D), of which $118.056 billion is included in the President's budget and an estimated additional $12.9 billion in nondefense discretionary R&D is requested as part of an addendum to the President's budget. The additional funding requested in the addendum followed enactment of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-123), which raised defense and nondefense discretionary spending caps for FY2018 and FY2019. In April 2018, the Administration issued amendments to the President's request, including language needed to clarify the funds requested in the addendum. Agencies appear to have included this proposed funding in their budget justifications, and this funding is included in the agency analyses in this report.
Final FY2018 funding had not been enacted at the time the President's FY2019 budget was prepared; therefore, the budget included the FY2017 actual funding levels, 2018 annualized continuing resolution (CR) levels, and the FY2019 request levels. Subsequent to the release of the President's budget, Congress enacted the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141), appropriating full-year funding for FY2018, rendering the CR levels identified in the budget no longer relevant. The analysis of government-wide R&D funding in this report preceding the individual agency analyses compares the President's request for FY2019 to the FY2017 level. As information about the agencies' FY2018 R&D levels becomes available, the agency sections of this report will be updated to reflect that information and to make comparisons to the President's FY2019 request; some agency sections have been updated. As of the date of this report, the House had completed action on 6 of the 12 regular appropriations bills; the Senate had completed action on 9; 5 had been enacted as law. Division C of P.L. 115-245 provides for continuing appropriations for the agencies included in the remaining seven bills until December 7, 2018. This report will be updated as Congress acts to complete the FY2019 appropriations process.
In FY2018, OMB adopted a change to the definition of development, applying a more narrow treatment it describes as "experimental development." This approach was intended to better harmonize the reporting of U.S. R&D funding data with the approach used by other nations. The new definition is used in this report. Under the new definition of R&D (applied to both FY2017 and FY2019 figures), and including the estimated $12.9 billion included in the budget addendum, President Trump is requesting approximately $131.0 billion for R&D for FY2019, an increase of $5.7 billion (4.5%) above the FY2017 level. OMB notes that under the previous definition, total federal R&D would be $38.7 billion higher, or approximately $170 billion. Adjusted for inflation, the President's FY2019 R&D request represents an increase of 1.2% above the FY2017 level.
Funding for R&D is largely concentrated among a few departments and agencies. In FY2017, eight federal agencies received 96.3% of total federal R&D funding, with the Department of Defense (39.3%) and the Department of Health and Human Services (27.3%) combined accounting for more than two-thirds of all federal R&D funding. President's Trump's FY2019 budget is largely silent on funding levels for a number of multiagency R&D initiatives. However, some activities supporting these initiatives are discussed in agency budget justifications and are reported in the agency analyses in this report.
The request represents the President's R&D priorities; Congress may opt to agree with none, part, or all of the request, and it may express different priorities through the appropriations process.
In recent years, Congress has completed the annual appropriations process after the start of the fiscal year. Failure to complete the process by the start of the fiscal year and the accompanying use of continuing resolutions can affect agencies' execution of their R&D budgets, including the delay or cancellation of planned R&D activities and the acquisition of R&D-related equipment.