The FCC's policies seek to encourage four distinct types of diversity in local broadcast media:
diversity of viewpoints, as reflected in the availability of media content reflecting a variety of perspectives; diversity of programming, as indicated by a variety of formats and content, including programming aimed at various minority and ethnic groups; outlet diversity, to ensure the presence of multiple independently owned media outlets within a geographic market; and minority and female ownership of broadcast media outlets. In addition to promoting diversity, the FCC aims, with its broadcast media ownership rules, to promote localism and competition by restricting the number of media outlets that a single entity may own or control within a geographic market and, in the case of broadcast television stations, nationwide. The National Association of Broadcasters, Nexstar Broadcasting Inc. (an operator of broadcast television stations), and Connoisseur Media (an operator of radio stations) filed petitions with the FCC requesting that the agency reconsider its 2016 decision by repealing and/or relaxing the media ownership rules, and adopting rules creating a new "incubator program" to enhance ownership diversity. In August 2018, the FCC issued rules governing a new incubator program. Parties, including the Prometheus Radio Project, have appealed these orders. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit is scheduled to hear arguments regarding the legal challenges to all of the FCC's recent broadcast media ownership rule changes. The FCC's next quadrennial media ownership review is scheduled to begin in 2018. News Consumption Trends

The debate over media ownership rules is occurring against the background of sweeping changes in news consumption patterns. Based on surveys conducted by Pew Research Center, the percentage of adults citing local broadcast television as a news source declined from 65% in 1996 to 37% in 2017. Consolidation Trends

As broadcast stations face competition for viewers' attention from other media outlets, and thereby financial pressures, some have sought to strengthen their bargaining relative to program suppliers (i.e., broadcast networks), advertisers, and/or programming distributors (i.e., cable and satellite operators) by consolidating. The extent to which such media consolidation can occur is directly related to the FCC media ownership and attribution rules in place at the time. UHF Discount

In 1985 the FCC adopted a rule that, for the purpose of applying its national ownership rule, discounted the number of television households reached within a DMA by stations operating in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band by half in measuring a station owner's reach. With the discount, a single entity that owns exclusively UHF stations could effectively reach 78% of U.S. television households, or double the current national ownership cap of 39% of U.S. television households. In December 2017, the FCC launched a new rulemaking proceeding to examine whether to modify or rescind the UHF discount and national ownership cap. Instead, it has either articulated its policy on an ad hoc basis in reviewing merger applications, or remained silent. Because Tribune already owned newspapers in those markets, it did not attempt to take control of the broadcast licenses in those markets in order to comply with the FCC's now-defunct rule prohibiting common ownership of newspapers and television stations within the same DMA (described in " Newspaper/Broadcast Cross-Ownership Rule "). Among their concerns was that Sinclair's proposed sale of Tribune's Chicago station WGN-TV could effectively be a "sham" transaction because (1) the proposed buyer had no previous experience in broadcasting, (2) the proposed buyer served as CEO of a company in which Sinclair's executive chairman had a controlling interest, (3) the proposed buyer would have purchased the station at a price that appeared to be significantly below market value, (4) Sinclair would have had an option to buy back the station in the future, (5) Sinclair would have owned most of WGN-TV's assets, and (6) pursuant to a number of agreements, Sinclair would have been responsible for many aspects of the station's operation. The FCC commissioners were silent, however, with respect to how, post-transaction, Sinclair's potential remote operation of four television stations within the Wilkes-Barre-Scranton-Hazleton, PA, television market might cause it to breach the national ownership cap. Gray does not own any stations in the market. The FCC initially adopted a TV duopoly rule in 1941, barring a single entity from owning two or more broadcast television stations that "would substantially serve the same area." Generally, the four broadcast networks covered by this definition are ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) aims, with its broadcast media ownership rules, to promote localism and competition by restricting the number of media outlets that a single entity may own or control within a geographic market and, in the case of broadcast television stations, nationwide. In addition, the FCC seeks to encourage diversity, including (1) the diversity of viewpoints, as reflected in the availability of media content reflecting a variety of perspectives; (2) diversity of programming, as indicated by a variety of formats and content; (3) outlet diversity, to ensure the presence of multiple independently owned media outlets within a geographic market; and (4) minority and female ownership of broadcast media outlets.
Two FCC media ownership rules have proven particularly controversial. Its national media ownership rule prohibits any entity from owning commercial television stations that reach more than 39% of U.S. households nationwide. Its "UHF discount" rule discounts by half the reach of a station broadcasting in the Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) band for the purpose of applying the national media ownership rule. In December 2017, the commission opened a rulemaking proceeding, seeking comments about whether it should modify or repeal the two rules. If the FCC retains the UHF discount, even if it maintains the 39% cap, a single entity could potentially reach 78% of U.S. households through its ownership of broadcast television stations.
An important issue with respect to the national ownership cap, which the FCC has not addressed in a rulemaking, is how the agency treats a situation in which a broadcaster manages, operates, or sells advertising for a television station owned by another. In some cases, the FCC has articulated its policy on an ad hoc basis in the context of merger reviews, while in other instances it has effectively consented to such arrangements through its silence. Thus, a single entity could comply with the national ownership cap while still influencing broadcast television stations it does not own, reaching more viewers than permitted under the cap. For example, in reviewing the now-cancelled proposed merger between Sinclair Broadcast Group and Tribune Media Company in 2018, FCC commissioners raised concerns that Sinclair's proposed sale of Tribune's Chicago station WGN-TV in order to comply with the national ownership cap could effectively be a "sham" transaction due to Sinclair's relationships with the proposed buyer. Nevertheless, neither Sinclair's application nor the FCC's order for a designated hearing addressed whether Sinclair's intention to operate four television stations owned by others within the Wilkes-Barre-Scranton-Hazleton, PA, television market might cause it to breach the national ownership cap.
In November 2017, acting in response to petitions from broadcast station licensees, the FCC repealed or relaxed several local media ownership rules. The repealed rules limited common ownership of broadcast television and radio stations within the same market, and of television stations and newspapers within the same market. The FCC also relaxed rules limiting common ownership of two top-four television stations (generally, ABC, CBS, FOX, and NBC stations) within the same market. In August 2018, the FCC issued rules governing a new "incubator" program designed to enhance ownership diversity. Parties, including the Prometheus Radio Project, have appealed these orders. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit is scheduled to hear arguments regarding the legal challenges to all of the FCC's recent broadcast media ownership rule changes. The FCC plans to launch its next quadrennial media ownership review later this year.
These regulatory changes are occurring against the background of significant changes in media consumption patterns. Based on surveys conducted by Pew Research Center, the percentage of adults citing local broadcast television as a news source declined from 65% in 1996 to 37% in 2016. As broadcast stations face competition for viewers' attention from other media outlets, and thereby financial pressures, some station owners have sought to strengthen their positions by consolidating. The extent to which such media consolidation can occur is directly related to the FCC media ownership and attribution rules in place at the time.