	Introduction

More than 4 billion incandescent light bulbs (technically referred to as "lamps") are in use in the United States. The basic technology in these bulbs has not changed substantially in the past 125 years, despite the fact that they convert less than 10% of the energy they use into light. Improving light bulb performance can reduce overall U.S. energy use. As much as 20% of the electricity consumed in the United States is used for lighting homes, offices, stores, factories, and outdoor spaces. Lighting represents about 14% of all U.S. residential electricity use. In the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA, P.L. 110-140 ), Congress imposed higher efficiency standards for manufacturers and importers of general use, screw-base light bulbs commonly used in residential fixtures, beginning on January 1, 2012. EISA did not ban incandescent light bulbs. Instead, the law mandated that bulbs manufactured or imported after phase-in dates specified in the bill meet higher efficiency standards—about 25%-30% more efficient on average. Energy-efficient alternatives such as compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs) and light emitting diodes (LEDs) are expected to gain a larger U.S. market share after EISA is implemented, but government estimates project that incandescent bulbs will be widely available, and widely used, for years to come (see Figure 1 ). U.S. and foreign manufacturers have developed higher-efficiency halogen incandescent bulbs, available at many U.S. retailers, which meet the law's minimum standards for electricity savings. Consumers also have expressed concerns about possible lack of access to affordable light bulbs. Some companies shut down domestic incandescent bulb factories rather than retool machinery to make more efficient products. On December 23, 2011, President Barack H. Obama signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 ( P.L. 112-74 ). Title III provided FY2012 appropriations for DOE, including identical language to the Burgess amendment that bars the use of any FY2012 DOE funds to enforce the standards. The EISA provisions remain in effect. Major lighting industry executives argue that outright repeal of the lighting provisions of EISA could undercut energy conservation efforts as well as efforts to manufacture next-generation products such as LEDs, where U.S. companies have a technological edge. Indeed, the standards are taking effect at a time when the lighting industry is undergoing another, revolutionary change. LEDs are not only more energy-efficient—most exceeding standards in EISA—but they allow the industry to devise integrated fixtures that can be specially programmed to emit differing colors and types of light for various needs. The LED industry already is the fastest-growing part of the global lighting market, propelled by technological breakthroughs and higher demand spurred in part by energy-efficiency laws in the United States and other nations. Some analysts project that LEDs could make up about half the global lighting market by 2020. The Obama Administration opposed efforts to repeal EISA, noting that the industry has invested to prepare for the new standards and to develop next-generation lighting. Most CFLs and LEDs already meet that standard. Most of the incandescent and CFL bulbs used in the United States are imported. Solid-state lighting, a semiconductor-based technology that coverts electrical energy into light, is already the fastest-growing part of the global lighting industry and is expected by some analysts to make up one-third of the U.S. lighting market, on a unit basis, and three-fourths of the market, on a revenue basis, by 2015. China and other countries are offering tax breaks and other incentives to lure existing companies. LED manufacturing.
More than 4 billion incandescent light bulbs (sometimes referred to as "lamps") are in use in the United States. The basic technology in these bulbs has not changed substantially in the past 125 years, despite the fact that they convert less than 10% of their energy input into light. Improving light bulb performance can reduce overall U.S. energy use. About 20% of electricity consumed in the United States is used for lighting homes, offices, stores, factories, and outdoor spaces. Lighting represents about 14% of residential electricity use.
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA, P.L. 110-140) imposed higher efficiency standards for manufacturers and importers of general use, screw-base light bulbs commonly used in residential fixtures, that began January 1, 2012. EISA did not ban incandescent light bulbs. Instead, the law mandated that bulbs manufactured or imported after phase-in dates specified in the bill meet higher efficiency standards—about 25%-30% more efficient on average. The law allows industry to determine which products best meet those requirements. On December 23, 2011, President Barack H. Obama signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 (P.L. 112-74). Title III of the law provided FY2012 appropriations for the Department of Energy (DOE), including language barring use of any DOE funds to enforce the lighting standards. That prohibition remains in effect.
Lawmakers have cited several reasons for efforts to delay or repeal the law, including consumer concerns about lack of access to affordable incandescent light bulbs, and reports that companies have shut down incandescent bulb factories because they could not afford to retool to make more efficient products. While DOE predicts that energy-efficient alternatives such as compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) will gain a larger U.S. market share after EISA is implemented, it also forecasts that incandescent bulbs will be widely available, and widely used, for years to come. U.S. and foreign manufacturers have developed higher-efficiency halogen incandescent bulbs, available at retailers, that meet the law's minimum standards for 25%-30% electricity savings (compared to 75%-80% savings from CFLs and LEDs) and are competitive in price.
The Obama Administration and major lighting companies oppose efforts to repeal the 2007 law, noting that the industry has invested billions of dollars to prepare for the new standards and develop next-generation lighting. The new light bulb standards are taking effect at a time when the lighting industry, due to advances in LED products that often exceed EISA standards, is undergoing the most sweeping technological changes in decades. The LED industry is producing not just more efficient bulbs, but integrated fixtures that can be specially programmed to emit differing colors and types of light and have other potential applications.
DOE has been funding solid state lighting research projects to bolster the LED industry, which is already the fastest-growing part of the global lighting market. Some analysts project that LEDs will make up at least half the global lighting market by 2020, driven by technical breakthroughs and enhanced demand from energy-efficiency laws in the United States and other nations. Some lighting executives argue that repealing EISA could undercut LED manufacturing efforts, where U.S. companies have a technological edge. The vast majority of the incandescent and CFL light bulbs Americans now use are imported from China and Mexico. China and other countries are investing heavily in LED production.