	Introduction

This report is a chart book of selected immigration trends. Key immigration issues that Congress has considered i n recent years include increased border security and immigration enforcement, expanded employment eligibility verification, reforms to the system for legal temporary and permanent immigration, and options to address the millions of unauthorized aliens residing in the country. The report offers snapshots of time series data, using the most complete and consistent time series currently available for each statistic . The key findings and elements germane to the data depicted are summarized with the figures. For those who seek more complete analyses of the issues, the report cites Congressional Research Service (CRS) products that discuss the policies underlying the data presented in each figure. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which was first codified in 1952, contains the provisions detailing the requirements for admission (permanent and temporary) of foreign nationals, grounds for exclusion and removal of foreign nationals, document and entry-exit controls for U.S. citizens and foreign nationals, and eligibility rules for the naturalization of foreign nationals. Legal immigration encompasses permanent admissions (e.g., employment-based or family-based legal permanent residents (LPRs)) and temporary admissions (e.g., guest workers, foreign students). Immigration control encompasses an array of enforcement tools, policies, and practices to secure the border and to prevent and investigate violations of immigration laws. Historical Immigration Trends

Immigration to the United States was peaking at the beginning of the 20 th century. Immigration to the United States today has reached levels comparable to the early years of the 20 th century. Figure 2 illustrates that immigration over the last few decades of the 20 th century was not as dominated by three or four countries as it was earlier in the century. The total number of foreign-born residents in the United States is at the highest level in U.S. history. In the past 50 years, the number of foreign-born residents of the United States has gone from just under 10 million in 1960 to 42 million in 2014 ( Figure 3 ), a 338% increase. The foreign born represented 13.3% of the U.S. population in 2014, approaching a level not seen since the proportion of foreign-born residents reached 14.8% in 1910. In FY2013, about 991,000 aliens became LPRs ( Figure 5 ). Of this total, 65% entered on the basis of family ties. The pool of people who are potentially eligible to immigrate to the United States as LPRs each year typically exceeds the worldwide level set by the INA. Over half (56%) of the 4.6 million approved LPR visa petitions pending at the close of FY2015 were brothers and sisters of U.S. citizens ( Figure 7 ). Nonimmigrant visa issuances reached 9.9 million in FY2014. Generally speaking, all of the temporary employment-based visa categories have increased since FY1994, as Figure 11 illustrates. Although there was another dip during the recent recession, the temporary employment-based visas have increased each year since FY2010. More recently, prior removals/illegal presence has become the top single ground of inadmissibility, followed by labor certification. Border Security

Border Patrol apprehensions of foreign nationals between ports of entry fell to a 40-year low in FY2011 and then fluctuated more recently as Figure 17 shows. The number of employers enrolled in E-Verify grew from 5,900 in FY2005 to 617,000 by the end of FY2015. These data indicate that roughly 10% of U.S. employers were participating in E-Verify by the close of FY2015. Employers who engage in unlawful employment may be subject to civil and/or criminal penalties. A total of $16.3 million in administrative fines were imposed in FY2014—a figure that exceeds the level of total fines imposed cumulatively from FY1999 through FY2009. The number of criminal aliens removed from the United States has increased 137% over the past decade, from 73,298 in FY2001 to 198,394 in FY2013 ( Figure 22 ). Unauthorized Resident Aliens

The three main components of the unauthorized resident alien population are (1) aliens who enter the country surreptitiously without inspection, (2) aliens who overstay their nonimmigrant visas, and (3) aliens who are admitted on the basis of fraudulent documents. Estimates derived by the Pew Research Center using the March Supplement of the Current Population Survey (CPS) indicate that the unauthorized resident alien population rose from 8.6 million in 2000 to a peak of 12.2 million in 2007. The most recent OIS report estimated that 42% of the 11.4 million unauthorized residents in 2012 had entered from 2000 to 2010. Apprehensions of UAC, mainly at the Mexico-U.S. border, increased from 8,041 in FY2008 to a peak of 68,445 in FY2014, before declining to 39,970 in FY2015 ( Figure 24 ). Four countries account for almost all of the UAC cases (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico) and much of the recent increase has come from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.
This report is a chart book of selected immigration trends. Key immigration issues that Congress has considered in recent years include increased border security and immigration enforcement, expanded employment eligibility verification, reforms to the system for legal temporary and permanent immigration, and options to address the millions of unauthorized aliens residing in the country. The report offers snapshots of time series data, using the most complete and consistent time series currently available for each statistic. The key findings and elements germane to the data depicted are summarized with the figures. The summary offers the highlights of key immigration trends.
The United States has a history of receiving immigrants, and these foreign-born residents of the United States have come from all over the world.
Immigration to the United States today has reached annual levels comparable to the early years of the 20th century. Immigration over the last few decades of the 20th century was not as dominated by three or four countries as it was earlier in the century, and this pattern has continued into the 21st century. The absolute number of foreign-born residents in the United States is at its highest level in U.S. history, reaching 42.4 million in 2014. Foreign-born residents of the United States made up 13.3% of the U.S. population in 2014, approaching levels not seen since the proportion of foreign-born residents reached 14.8% in 1910.
Legal immigration encompasses permanent immigrant admissions (e.g., employment-based or family-based immigrants) and temporary nonimmigrant admissions (e.g., guest workers, foreign students). The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) contains the provisions detailing the requirements for admission (permanent and temporary) of foreign nationals and the eligibility rules for foreign nationals to become U.S. citizens.
In FY2013, about 991,000 aliens became U.S. legal permanent residents (LPRs). Of this total, 65% entered on the basis of family ties. The pool of people potentially eligible to immigrate to the United States as LPRs each year typically exceeds the worldwide level set by the INA. Most of the 4.6 million approved petitions pending at the close of FY2015 were for family members of U.S. citizens. After falling from 7.6 million in FY2001 to 5.0 million in FY2004, temporary visa issuances reached 9.9 million in FY2014. Generally, all of the temporary employment-based visa categories have increased since FY1994. Although there was a dip during the recent recession, the number of employment-based temporary visas increased each year between FY2010 and FY2014.
Immigration control encompasses an array of enforcement tools, policies, and practices to secure the border and to prevent and investigate violations of immigration laws. The INA specifies the grounds for exclusion and removal of foreign nationals as well as the documentary and entry-exit controls for U.S. citizens and foreign nationals.
U.S. State Department denials of petitions for LPR visas have increased in recent years, and prior removals from the United States or past illegal presence in the United States has become the leading ground of inadmissibility. U.S. Border Patrol apprehensions of foreign nationals between ports of entry fell to a 40-year low of 327,577 in FY2011 and were 337,117 in FY2015. The number of employers enrolled in the E-Verify employment eligibility verification system grew from 5,900 at the close of FY2005 to 617,000 by the end of FY2015. These data indicate that approximately 10% of U.S. employers were participating in E-Verify by the close of FY2015. A total of $16.3 million in administrative fines was imposed on employers who engaged in unlawful employment in FY2014—a figure that exceeds the level of total fines imposed over the entire period from FY1999 through FY2009. Formal removals grew from 30,039 in 1990 to 462,463 in FY2015. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) typically identifies many more potentially removable aliens than are ultimately placed in removal proceedings. The number of criminal aliens removed from the United States increased from 73,298 in FY2001 to 198,394 in FY2013.
The three main components of the unauthorized resident alien population are (1) aliens who enter the country surreptitiously without inspection, (2) aliens who overstay their nonimmigrant visas, and (3) aliens who are admitted on the basis of fraudulent documents.
Estimates indicate that the unauthorized resident alien population rose from 8.5 million in 2000 to 12.2 million in 2007, before leveling off at 11.3 million in 2014. The latest available estimates indicate that 42% of the 11.4 million unauthorized resident aliens in 2012 had entered from 2000 to 2010. Apprehensions of unaccompanied alien children, mainly at the Mexico-U.S. border, increased from about 8,000 in FY2008 to 68,000 in FY2014 before declining to 40,000 in FY2015. In the first four months of FY2016, such apprehensions reached about 20,000. Most of this recent increase has come from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.
For those who seek more complete analyses of the issues, this report cites Congressional Research Service (CRS) products that discuss the policies underlying the data presented in each of the figures.