Federal climate change science programs  were reorganized in 2001 and 2002. With respect to federal research, OMB, in annual reports and testimony  before the Congress, reported climate change funding for 1993 through  2004 using four categories:    Technology, which includes the research, development, and deployment  of technologies and processes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or  increase energy efficiency. OMB reports also indicated that 12 of the 14 federal agencies receiving  funding for climate change programs in 2004 received more funding in that  year than they had in 1993, but again, unexplained modifications in the  reports’ contents limit the comparability of agencies’ funding data, making  it difficult to determine whether funding increased as OMB reported. Reported Federal Climate Change Funding Increased for Three of the Four Funding Categories, but Data May Not Be Comparable Over Time

We found that federal funding for climate change, as reported by OMB,  increased from $2.35 billion in 1993 to $5.09 billion in 2004 (117 percent),  or from $3.28 billion to $5.09 billion (55 percent) after adjusting for  inflation, and reported funding increased for three of the four categories  between 1993 and 2004. However, changes in reporting methods limit the  comparability of funding data over time, and therefore it was unclear  whether total funding actually increased as OMB reported. We were  unable to compare changes in the fourth category–climate-related tax  expenditures–because OMB reported estimates for proposed but not  existing tax expenditures from 1993 to 2004. OMB and  CCSP generally presented consistent climate change science funding totals  from 1993 through 2004. However, it is unclear whether funding changed as OMB reported  because of, among other things, unexplained changes in what was defined  as climate change funding. Reported funding for the Department of Energy  (DOE), the agency with the most reported climate-related funding in 2004,  increased from $963 million to $2.52 billion (162 percent), or from $1.34  billion to $2.52 billion (88 percent) after adjusting for inflation. DOE and  NASA accounted for 81 percent of the reported increase in funding from  1993 through 2004. However, because agency funding totals are composed  of individual accounts, changes in the reports’ contents, such as the  unexplained addition of accounts to the technology category, limit the  comparability of agencies’ funding data over time, making it difficult to  determine if these are real or definitional increases. Some Climate Leaders and Climate VISION Participants Have Not Completed Program Steps as Soon as Expected, and Neither Agency Had a Written Policy For Dealing with Such Participants

EPA and DOE expect participants in their voluntary emissions reduction  programs to complete a number of actions; however, participants’  progress toward completing those actions, as well as the agencies’ efforts  to track accomplishments, varied. Both Agencies Had Estimated Their Programs’ Coverage and Were Working to Estimate Their Impact, But It Will Be Difficult to Attribute Specific Emissions Reductions From These Programs

EPA and DOE both estimated the share of total U.S. greenhouse gas  emissions attributable to participants in their respective programs and  were working to develop an estimate of the programs’ impacts. First, there is considerable overlap between these two programs  and other voluntary programs. Second, it  will be difficult to determine how much of a firm’s or trade group’s  emissions reductions can be attributed to its participation in the program  because the level of a participant’s emissions in the absence of the  program is unknown.
Why GAO Did This Study

The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) reports on federal funding for climate research and to develop technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, among other things. The Climate Change Science Program (CCSP), which coordinates many agencies' activities, also reports on science funding. The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Climate Leaders and the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Climate VISION programs aim to reduce such emissions through voluntary industry efforts. This testimony is based on GAO's August 2005 report Climate Change: Federal Reports on Climate Change Funding Should Be Clearer and More Complete (GAO-05-461) and its April 2006 report Climate Change: EPA and DOE Should Do More to Encourage Progress Under Two Voluntary Programs (GAO-06-97), which addressed (1) reported changes in federal climate change funding and (2) the status and progress of two federal voluntary climate programs.

What GAO Found

Federal funding for climate change, as reported by OMB, increased from $2.35 billion in 1993 to $5.09 billion in 2004 (117 percent), or from $3.28 billion to $5.09 billion (55 percent) after adjusting for inflation. OMB reports show that, during this period, funding increased for technology, science, and--before adjusting for inflation--international assistance. CCSP, which reports only science funding, generally presented totals that were consistent with OMB's, but provided more detail. However, changes in reporting methods used by both OMB and CCSP limit the comparability of funding data over time, and therefore it was unclear whether total funding actually increased as reported. Furthermore, we were unable to compare changes in the fourth category (climate-related tax expenditures), because from 1993 to 2004 OMB reported estimates for proposed but not existing tax expenditures. With regard to individual agencies' funding, OMB reported that 12 of the 14 agencies receiving funding for climate change programs in 2004 received more funding in that year than they had in 1993, but it is unclear whether funding changed as OMB reported because of unexplained changes in what was defined as climate change funding. Reported funding for DOE, the agency with the most reported climate-related funding in 2004, increased from $963 million to $2.52 billion (162 percent), or from $1.34 billion to $2.52 billion (88 percent) after adjusting for inflation. DOE and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration accounted for 81 percent of the reported increase in funding from 1993 through 2004. However, because agency funding totals are composed of individual accounts, changes in the reports' contents, such as the unexplained addition of accounts to the technology category, limit the comparability of agencies' funding data over time, making it difficult to determine if these are real or definitional increases. EPA and DOE expected participants in their voluntary climate programs to complete several program steps within general time frames, but participants' progress in completing those steps within the time frames was mixed. Furthermore, DOE did not have a system for tracking groups' progress in completing program steps, and neither DOE nor EPA had a written policy specifying the consequences for participants not proceeding as expected. In addition, EPA and DOE had both estimated the share of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions attributable to participants in their respective programs and were working through an interagency process to quantify emissions reductions attributable to their programs. However, determining reductions attributable to each program will be challenging because of the overlap between these programs and other voluntary programs and because it is difficult to determine how much of a participant's emissions reductions can be attributed to its participation in the program, since the participant's emissions in the absence of the program cannot be known.