TOPIC 3: DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND THEIR IMPACT | HISTORY FORM 1
HANDCRAFT INDUSTRIES AND MINING IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA
Handcraft industries: Man used hands and skills to produce tools and weapons of these industries.
Industries is the place where raw materials are processed into finished goods e.g. cotton-cloth
Specialized handcraft industries in Africa include:
- Salt making industries
- iron working
- copper mining
- gold mining
- pottery making
- weaving industries
- bark –cloth industries
- canoe making industries.
Salt making industries
These are industries, which engaged in production of soil in pre-colonial Africa.
METHODS OF OBTAINING SALT
Obtaining salt from different reeds: Reeds were collected, dried and burned, the ashes would be filtered while the ashes remain liquid would be evaporated and residue would be used as salt.
Places: – Near Lake Victoria, Kyoga, and Albert, among Buganda and Bahaya tribes and among Mang’anja people near shores of Lake Nyasa.
Obtaining salt by boiling and evaporating method: Sea or ocean water put into pans and left to evaporate, the salt crystals would be collected and used as salt.
Places: around coastal areas.
Obtaining salt by mining under Neath rocks
Places: At Taghaza, Bilma around Lake Chad in western Sudan. Near lake Bangwela and river Luapala in central Africa.
Obtaining salt using water by fire: Spring water containing salt was boiled and finally salt was obtained. Places with salt; in Uvinza salt spring along river Malagarasi.
TRADE IN THE PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA
Trade is the process of buying and selling of goods and services between people. There was need to trade in order to get all things needed by the communities.
Trade tends to develop in any society where there is surplus production.
refers to the kind of trade, which is conducted within the same geographical area. In local trade, goods are exchanged between people living in the same geographical area, such as a town or village.
Local trade was not for profit making but just to obtain essential goods. i.e. pastoral communities like the Maasai needed vegetables and grains from cultivators like the Nyakyusa and the Chaga.
IMPACTS OF LOCAL TRADE
Local trade united people within the same area.
Communities obtained goods such as tools, weapons, foodstuffs and medical herbs.
Transport routes were improved.
Some important market centers emerged along the market routes.
Local trade encouraged communities to expand production.
Regional trade refers to trade conducted from one region to another (Trade conducted between two different geographical regions). Regional trade involved a wider variety of goods compared to local trade.
It was not for profit making. For example, regional trade was Trans Sahara trade, Long distance trade of East Africa and Central Africa. Regional trade in the pre-colonial Africa took place in 19th century.
The major societies which involved in long distance trade in East Africa were:
The Kamba were leading the long distance trade through northern route in the 19th century. They Kamba caravan brought ivory, guns, hides and beeswax from the interior. From the Coast they obtained cloth, salt, copper, cowrie’s shells and jewelers.
The Nyamwezi dominated the central route conducted trade between the interior of Tanganyika and the coast. The Nyamwezi sold slaves and ivory, hide rhinoceros horn.
The Yao traders got beads and cloth from Kilwa. They also captured and sold slaves from neighboring communities, Yao chiefs such as Mpanda, Mataka, Machemba and Mtalika dominated the Southern route during the long distance trade.
IMPACTS/ EFFECTS OF REGIONAL TRADE
Some traders became very rich. E.g. Mirambo and Isike.
The communities were able to obtain new commodities e.g. guns, clothes, beads, ivory, etc.
The rise of trade centers such as Saadans, Pangani, Bagamoyo, Tabora, Ujiji, etc.
The rise of trade routes.
The rise of powerful Empires/Kingdoms such as Nyamwezi.
New food crops such as maize, rice and cassava were introduced.
Spread of Islam by the Arabs to the interior Tabora and Ujiji.
The rise of inter-tribal wars in order to get slaves.
Many elephants were killed, as there was high demand of Ivory.
It led to depopulation and under development in some areas.
Slave raids caused insecurity and loss of innocent lives.
Foreigners used trade routes to reach to the interior.
Exploitation of African wealth by Europeans and Asians.
Decline of local industries in Africa.
LONG DISTANCE TRADE
Long distance trade was the trade carried out long distance as people/traders had to move for long distance going on exchanging goods with other societies.
The major aim was to get profit for example a salt traders was exchanged salt for hoes not because he wanted to use hoes but he wanted to resell them at a profit later.
TRANS SAHARAN TRADE
Trans Sahara trade was the trade conducted across the Sahara desert. It involved the people of Northern Africa and the people of Western Sudan.
This trade started long time ago between 3000BC to 2000BC.
It became important in the 1st century AD after the people of West Africa to discover the use of camel and led to formation of many trade routes.
The Trans Saharan trade was known as dumb trade because there was no common language, which was used. People who involved in the trade; West Africa; North Africa and Savannah Region.
MOVEMENT OF TRADERS
People (traders) organized themselves in groups known as CARAVANS.
Goods involved in the trade:
From West Africa
Kola nuts, gold, salt, foodstuffs, Ivory, clothes, gold, bee-wax, slaves and ostrich feathers goods.
From North Africa
salt and animal skin. Goods from Europe and Asia were cotton and silk cloth, swords, guns, metal pans, horses and Arabic books.
Western route- From Sijilmasa, Fez in Morocco passed through Taghaza, Taodeni, Walata, Audaghost, and Kumbi Saleh to Timbuktu.
Central route- This passed Tunis, Ghat, Ghamese, Kano, GAO and Hausa land
Eastern route – This began in Tripoli, Marzul and Bilma.
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE GROWTH OF THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE
Stability of the communities
Both North African and Western Sudan zone were politically stable. For example, leaders like Sundiata Keita and Mansa Musa collected taxes and established guides on trade routes.
Western Sudan provided goods needed by traders from Europe.
These goods included gold, ivory and slaves. Through trading Western Sudan exchanged her own commodities with goods from Western Europe and Asia. In turn, she got clothes, guns and other commodities.
The surplus production in Western Sudan
was adequate to sustain demand for products such as kola nuts and gold, hides, ivory slaves, whereas Taghaza produced enough salt to meet the needs in Western Sudan. The high production capacity in the region enhanced the growth of the Trans Saharan trade.
The use of camels for transport
suited the desert conditions and facilitated the development of the Trans-Saharan trade. These animals could not only carry more commodities than horses and human porters, but also endured desert conditions. Camels can survive without water for a longtime. This convenient means of transport strengthened the development of the Trans-Saharan trade.
Geographical location of the region
The location and climate favored the production of kola nuts and other foodstuffs that were needed in the community, especially the forest region to the south. The region of Western Sudan had no impassable forests because many areas were covered by short grassland. This enabled traders to cross the desert without fear or any difficulty.
The invention of a medium of exchange
contributed to the growth of the Trans Saharan trade. At the beginning, only the silent barter system of trade was practiced. Later on, cowrie shells were introduced as a convenient medium of exchange. This in turn facilitated the development of the Trans-Saharan trade.
Removal of language barrier
This was attained after Arabic language became the trader’s medium of communication. This in turn facilitated the trade by making communication between the traders easy.
Absence of competition for trading activities in the region
There were no regular ships that visited the coast of West Africa. As a result, what was produced from the forest zone was peacefully transported to North Africa through the Saharan desert.
EFFECTS OF THE TRANS SAHARAN TRADE IN AFRICA
It led to the growth of empires like Ghana, Mali etc
It increased development of Agriculture as agricultural products used in trade.
It led to the introduction of Arabic & Islamic religion cultures.
Formation of mixed races example half cast
Growth of town and cities e.g. Jenne, Timbuktu, GAO and Walata.
THE DECLINE OF THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE
By the second half of the nineteenth century, the volume of Trans-Saharan trade started to decline. A number of obstacles or problems have been identified to explain the decline.
Strong desert winds: The traders could not withstand the hazards of sand storms. Many abandoned the trade as a result.
Traders faced the danger of getting lost in the desert because the routes were not clear. Once traders got lost, they would wander in the desert for a long time and eventually die of thirst and starvation.
Desert robbers who made their living by stealing from trade caravans subjected traders to attacks. In the process, traders lost their lives and goods. This discouraged traders from participating effectively in the trade.
The extreme unfavorable climatic conditions to traders. The heat and high temperatures during the day and every low temperature at night due to the absence of cloud cover discouraged traders.
Traders faced the danger of highly poisonous desert creatures whose bites could result in death. These included snakes and scorpions.
Traders faced language difficulties. This hampered communication during trade. As such, “silent trade” had to be used initially.
The development of the Trans-Atlantic trade across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe: commodities like ivory and slaves were transported quickly to the coast of West Africa from where they were transported to Europe. Thus, the trade routes shifted from the Saharan desert to the Atlantic. Instead of the direct route to the North, they went via the coast of West Africa.
Commodities obtained from Western Sudan such as salt and gold faced competition from similar goods from other America cheaply. As result, the volume of Trans-Saharan trade decreased because Western Sudan could no longer claim a monopoly in production of certain commodities like salt and gold. In addition, gold from Zimbabwe via Sofala port by the Portuguese ended up in Europe.
The abolition of slave trade contributed to the decline of the Trans-Saharan trade. Slaves were the main item of trade. When slave trade was abolished, trade started to decline.
Shortage of water also led to the decline in trade. The oases in the Saharan desert provided water seasonally but they sometimes dried up. This made it difficult for the traders to cross the Saharan desert.
Wars: The war in Morocco and the one between Christians and Muslims disrupted the smooth running of the trade. The Moroccan invasion of western Sudan in 1591 AD disturbed the growth of the trade by taking gold at Wangara.
Finally, the Trans-Saharan trade collapsed in the 16th century. From this period onwards, West Africa witnessed the expansion of European occupation on the coast of West Africa.