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1
1305-1308
2 K = 270 95 K 1 00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by 0 40 K
1
1306-1309
95 K 1 00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by 0 40 K The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5
1
1307-1310
00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by 0 40 K The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5 12 K kg mol–1
1
1308-1311
40 K The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5 12 K kg mol–1 Find the molar mass of the solute
1
1309-1312
The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5 12 K kg mol–1 Find the molar mass of the solute Substituting the values of various terms involved in equation (1
1
1310-1313
12 K kg mol–1 Find the molar mass of the solute Substituting the values of various terms involved in equation (1 36) we get, M2 = 1 1 5
1
1311-1314
Find the molar mass of the solute Substituting the values of various terms involved in equation (1 36) we get, M2 = 1 1 5 12 K kg mol × 1
1
1312-1315
Substituting the values of various terms involved in equation (1 36) we get, M2 = 1 1 5 12 K kg mol × 1 00 g × 1000 g kg 0
1
1313-1316
36) we get, M2 = 1 1 5 12 K kg mol × 1 00 g × 1000 g kg 0 40 × 50 g   = 256 g mol-1 Thus, molar mass of the solute = 256 g mol-1 Example 1
1
1314-1317
12 K kg mol × 1 00 g × 1000 g kg 0 40 × 50 g   = 256 g mol-1 Thus, molar mass of the solute = 256 g mol-1 Example 1 9 Example 1
1
1315-1318
00 g × 1000 g kg 0 40 × 50 g   = 256 g mol-1 Thus, molar mass of the solute = 256 g mol-1 Example 1 9 Example 1 9 Example 1
1
1316-1319
40 × 50 g   = 256 g mol-1 Thus, molar mass of the solute = 256 g mol-1 Example 1 9 Example 1 9 Example 1 9 Example 1
1
1317-1320
9 Example 1 9 Example 1 9 Example 1 9 Example 1
1
1318-1321
9 Example 1 9 Example 1 9 Example 1 9 Example 1
1
1319-1322
9 Example 1 9 Example 1 9 Example 1 10 Example 1
1
1320-1323
9 Example 1 9 Example 1 10 Example 1 10 Example 1
1
1321-1324
9 Example 1 10 Example 1 10 Example 1 10 Example 1
1
1322-1325
10 Example 1 10 Example 1 10 Example 1 10 Example 1
1
1323-1326
10 Example 1 10 Example 1 10 Example 1 10 There are many phenomena which we observe in nature or at home
1
1324-1327
10 Example 1 10 Example 1 10 There are many phenomena which we observe in nature or at home For example, raw mangoes shrivel when pickled in brine (salt water); wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water, blood cells collapse when suspended in saline water, etc
1
1325-1328
10 Example 1 10 There are many phenomena which we observe in nature or at home For example, raw mangoes shrivel when pickled in brine (salt water); wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water, blood cells collapse when suspended in saline water, etc If we look into these processes we find one thing common in all, that is, all these substances are bound by membranes
1
1326-1329
10 There are many phenomena which we observe in nature or at home For example, raw mangoes shrivel when pickled in brine (salt water); wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water, blood cells collapse when suspended in saline water, etc If we look into these processes we find one thing common in all, that is, all these substances are bound by membranes These membranes can be of animal or vegetable origin and these occur naturally such as pig’s bladder or parchment or can be synthetic such as cellophane
1
1327-1330
For example, raw mangoes shrivel when pickled in brine (salt water); wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water, blood cells collapse when suspended in saline water, etc If we look into these processes we find one thing common in all, that is, all these substances are bound by membranes These membranes can be of animal or vegetable origin and these occur naturally such as pig’s bladder or parchment or can be synthetic such as cellophane These membranes appear to be continuous sheets or films, yet they contain a network of submicroscopic holes or pores
1
1328-1331
If we look into these processes we find one thing common in all, that is, all these substances are bound by membranes These membranes can be of animal or vegetable origin and these occur naturally such as pig’s bladder or parchment or can be synthetic such as cellophane These membranes appear to be continuous sheets or films, yet they contain a network of submicroscopic holes or pores Small solvent Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution 1
1
1329-1332
These membranes can be of animal or vegetable origin and these occur naturally such as pig’s bladder or parchment or can be synthetic such as cellophane These membranes appear to be continuous sheets or films, yet they contain a network of submicroscopic holes or pores Small solvent Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution 1 6
1
1330-1333
These membranes appear to be continuous sheets or films, yet they contain a network of submicroscopic holes or pores Small solvent Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution 1 6 4 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure Rationalised 2023-24 21 Solutions molecules, like water, can pass through these holes but the passage of bigger molecules like solute is hindered
1
1331-1334
Small solvent Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution 1 6 4 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure Rationalised 2023-24 21 Solutions molecules, like water, can pass through these holes but the passage of bigger molecules like solute is hindered Membranes having this kind of properties are known as semipermeable membranes (SPM)
1
1332-1335
6 4 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure Rationalised 2023-24 21 Solutions molecules, like water, can pass through these holes but the passage of bigger molecules like solute is hindered Membranes having this kind of properties are known as semipermeable membranes (SPM) Assume that only solvent molecules can pass through these semi- permeable membranes
1
1333-1336
4 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure Rationalised 2023-24 21 Solutions molecules, like water, can pass through these holes but the passage of bigger molecules like solute is hindered Membranes having this kind of properties are known as semipermeable membranes (SPM) Assume that only solvent molecules can pass through these semi- permeable membranes If this membrane is placed between the solvent and solution as shown in Fig
1
1334-1337
Membranes having this kind of properties are known as semipermeable membranes (SPM) Assume that only solvent molecules can pass through these semi- permeable membranes If this membrane is placed between the solvent and solution as shown in Fig 1
1
1335-1338
Assume that only solvent molecules can pass through these semi- permeable membranes If this membrane is placed between the solvent and solution as shown in Fig 1 9, the solvent molecules will flow through the membrane from pure solvent to the solution
1
1336-1339
If this membrane is placed between the solvent and solution as shown in Fig 1 9, the solvent molecules will flow through the membrane from pure solvent to the solution This process of flow of the solvent is called osmosis
1
1337-1340
1 9, the solvent molecules will flow through the membrane from pure solvent to the solution This process of flow of the solvent is called osmosis The flow will continue till the equilibrium is attained
1
1338-1341
9, the solvent molecules will flow through the membrane from pure solvent to the solution This process of flow of the solvent is called osmosis The flow will continue till the equilibrium is attained The flow of the solvent from its side to solution side across a semipermeable membrane can be stopped if some extra pressure is applied on the solution
1
1339-1342
This process of flow of the solvent is called osmosis The flow will continue till the equilibrium is attained The flow of the solvent from its side to solution side across a semipermeable membrane can be stopped if some extra pressure is applied on the solution This pressure that just stops the flow of solvent is called osmotic pressure of the solution
1
1340-1343
The flow will continue till the equilibrium is attained The flow of the solvent from its side to solution side across a semipermeable membrane can be stopped if some extra pressure is applied on the solution This pressure that just stops the flow of solvent is called osmotic pressure of the solution The flow of solvent from dilute solution to the concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane is due to osmosis
1
1341-1344
The flow of the solvent from its side to solution side across a semipermeable membrane can be stopped if some extra pressure is applied on the solution This pressure that just stops the flow of solvent is called osmotic pressure of the solution The flow of solvent from dilute solution to the concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane is due to osmosis The important point to be kept in mind is that solvent molecules always flow from lower concentration to higher concentration of solution
1
1342-1345
This pressure that just stops the flow of solvent is called osmotic pressure of the solution The flow of solvent from dilute solution to the concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane is due to osmosis The important point to be kept in mind is that solvent molecules always flow from lower concentration to higher concentration of solution The osmotic pressure has been found to depend on the concentration of the solution
1
1343-1346
The flow of solvent from dilute solution to the concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane is due to osmosis The important point to be kept in mind is that solvent molecules always flow from lower concentration to higher concentration of solution The osmotic pressure has been found to depend on the concentration of the solution The osmotic pressure of a solution is the excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent osmosis, i
1
1344-1347
The important point to be kept in mind is that solvent molecules always flow from lower concentration to higher concentration of solution The osmotic pressure has been found to depend on the concentration of the solution The osmotic pressure of a solution is the excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent osmosis, i e
1
1345-1348
The osmotic pressure has been found to depend on the concentration of the solution The osmotic pressure of a solution is the excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent osmosis, i e , to stop the passage of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane into the solution
1
1346-1349
The osmotic pressure of a solution is the excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent osmosis, i e , to stop the passage of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane into the solution This is illustrated in Fig
1
1347-1350
e , to stop the passage of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane into the solution This is illustrated in Fig 1
1
1348-1351
, to stop the passage of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane into the solution This is illustrated in Fig 1 10
1
1349-1352
This is illustrated in Fig 1 10 Osmotic pressure is a colligative property as it depends on the number of solute molecules and not on their identity
1
1350-1353
1 10 Osmotic pressure is a colligative property as it depends on the number of solute molecules and not on their identity For dilute solutions, it has been found experimentally that osmotic pressure is proportional to the molarity, C of the solution at a given temperature T
1
1351-1354
10 Osmotic pressure is a colligative property as it depends on the number of solute molecules and not on their identity For dilute solutions, it has been found experimentally that osmotic pressure is proportional to the molarity, C of the solution at a given temperature T Thus: P = C R T (1
1
1352-1355
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property as it depends on the number of solute molecules and not on their identity For dilute solutions, it has been found experimentally that osmotic pressure is proportional to the molarity, C of the solution at a given temperature T Thus: P = C R T (1 39) Here P is the osmotic pressure and R is the gas constant
1
1353-1356
For dilute solutions, it has been found experimentally that osmotic pressure is proportional to the molarity, C of the solution at a given temperature T Thus: P = C R T (1 39) Here P is the osmotic pressure and R is the gas constant P = (n2 /V) R T (1
1
1354-1357
Thus: P = C R T (1 39) Here P is the osmotic pressure and R is the gas constant P = (n2 /V) R T (1 40) Here V is volume of a solution in litres containing n2 moles of solute
1
1355-1358
39) Here P is the osmotic pressure and R is the gas constant P = (n2 /V) R T (1 40) Here V is volume of a solution in litres containing n2 moles of solute If w2 grams of solute, of molar mass, M2 is present in the solution, then n2 = w2 / M2 and we can write, P V = 2 2 w MR T (1
1
1356-1359
P = (n2 /V) R T (1 40) Here V is volume of a solution in litres containing n2 moles of solute If w2 grams of solute, of molar mass, M2 is present in the solution, then n2 = w2 / M2 and we can write, P V = 2 2 w MR T (1 41) or M2 = ∏ w2 R T V (1
1
1357-1360
40) Here V is volume of a solution in litres containing n2 moles of solute If w2 grams of solute, of molar mass, M2 is present in the solution, then n2 = w2 / M2 and we can write, P V = 2 2 w MR T (1 41) or M2 = ∏ w2 R T V (1 42) Thus, knowing the quantities w2, T, P and V we can calculate the molar mass of the solute
1
1358-1361
If w2 grams of solute, of molar mass, M2 is present in the solution, then n2 = w2 / M2 and we can write, P V = 2 2 w MR T (1 41) or M2 = ∏ w2 R T V (1 42) Thus, knowing the quantities w2, T, P and V we can calculate the molar mass of the solute Measurement of osmotic pressure provides another method of determining molar masses of solutes
1
1359-1362
41) or M2 = ∏ w2 R T V (1 42) Thus, knowing the quantities w2, T, P and V we can calculate the molar mass of the solute Measurement of osmotic pressure provides another method of determining molar masses of solutes This method is widely used to determine molar masses of proteins, polymers and other Fig
1
1360-1363
42) Thus, knowing the quantities w2, T, P and V we can calculate the molar mass of the solute Measurement of osmotic pressure provides another method of determining molar masses of solutes This method is widely used to determine molar masses of proteins, polymers and other Fig 1
1
1361-1364
Measurement of osmotic pressure provides another method of determining molar masses of solutes This method is widely used to determine molar masses of proteins, polymers and other Fig 1 10: The excess pressure equal to the osmotic pressure must be applied on the solution side to prevent osmosis
1
1362-1365
This method is widely used to determine molar masses of proteins, polymers and other Fig 1 10: The excess pressure equal to the osmotic pressure must be applied on the solution side to prevent osmosis Rationalised 2023-24 22 Chemistry macromolecules
1
1363-1366
1 10: The excess pressure equal to the osmotic pressure must be applied on the solution side to prevent osmosis Rationalised 2023-24 22 Chemistry macromolecules The osmotic pressure method has the advantage over other methods as pressure measurement is around the room temperature and the molarity of the solution is used instead of molality
1
1364-1367
10: The excess pressure equal to the osmotic pressure must be applied on the solution side to prevent osmosis Rationalised 2023-24 22 Chemistry macromolecules The osmotic pressure method has the advantage over other methods as pressure measurement is around the room temperature and the molarity of the solution is used instead of molality As compared to other colligative properties, its magnitude is large even for very dilute solutions
1
1365-1368
Rationalised 2023-24 22 Chemistry macromolecules The osmotic pressure method has the advantage over other methods as pressure measurement is around the room temperature and the molarity of the solution is used instead of molality As compared to other colligative properties, its magnitude is large even for very dilute solutions The technique of osmotic pressure for determination of molar mass of solutes is particularly useful for biomolecules as they are generally not stable at higher temperatures and polymers have poor solubility
1
1366-1369
The osmotic pressure method has the advantage over other methods as pressure measurement is around the room temperature and the molarity of the solution is used instead of molality As compared to other colligative properties, its magnitude is large even for very dilute solutions The technique of osmotic pressure for determination of molar mass of solutes is particularly useful for biomolecules as they are generally not stable at higher temperatures and polymers have poor solubility Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions
1
1367-1370
As compared to other colligative properties, its magnitude is large even for very dilute solutions The technique of osmotic pressure for determination of molar mass of solutes is particularly useful for biomolecules as they are generally not stable at higher temperatures and polymers have poor solubility Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions When such solutions are separated by semipermeable membrane no osmosis occurs between them
1
1368-1371
The technique of osmotic pressure for determination of molar mass of solutes is particularly useful for biomolecules as they are generally not stable at higher temperatures and polymers have poor solubility Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions When such solutions are separated by semipermeable membrane no osmosis occurs between them For example, the osmotic pressure associated with the fluid inside the blood cell is equivalent to that of 0
1
1369-1372
Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions When such solutions are separated by semipermeable membrane no osmosis occurs between them For example, the osmotic pressure associated with the fluid inside the blood cell is equivalent to that of 0 9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride solution, called normal saline solution and it is safe to inject intravenously
1
1370-1373
When such solutions are separated by semipermeable membrane no osmosis occurs between them For example, the osmotic pressure associated with the fluid inside the blood cell is equivalent to that of 0 9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride solution, called normal saline solution and it is safe to inject intravenously On the other hand, if we place the cells in a solution containing more than 0
1
1371-1374
For example, the osmotic pressure associated with the fluid inside the blood cell is equivalent to that of 0 9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride solution, called normal saline solution and it is safe to inject intravenously On the other hand, if we place the cells in a solution containing more than 0 9% (mass/ volume) sodium chloride, water will flow out of the cells and they would shrink
1
1372-1375
9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride solution, called normal saline solution and it is safe to inject intravenously On the other hand, if we place the cells in a solution containing more than 0 9% (mass/ volume) sodium chloride, water will flow out of the cells and they would shrink Such a solution is called hypertonic
1
1373-1376
On the other hand, if we place the cells in a solution containing more than 0 9% (mass/ volume) sodium chloride, water will flow out of the cells and they would shrink Such a solution is called hypertonic If the salt concentration is less than 0
1
1374-1377
9% (mass/ volume) sodium chloride, water will flow out of the cells and they would shrink Such a solution is called hypertonic If the salt concentration is less than 0 9% (mass/volume), the solution is said to be hypotonic
1
1375-1378
Such a solution is called hypertonic If the salt concentration is less than 0 9% (mass/volume), the solution is said to be hypotonic In this case, water will flow into the cells if placed in this solution and they would swell
1
1376-1379
If the salt concentration is less than 0 9% (mass/volume), the solution is said to be hypotonic In this case, water will flow into the cells if placed in this solution and they would swell 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1
1
1377-1380
9% (mass/volume), the solution is said to be hypotonic In this case, water will flow into the cells if placed in this solution and they would swell 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1 26 g of the protein
1
1378-1381
In this case, water will flow into the cells if placed in this solution and they would swell 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1 26 g of the protein The osmotic pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found to be 2
1
1379-1382
200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1 26 g of the protein The osmotic pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found to be 2 57 × 10-3 bar
1
1380-1383
26 g of the protein The osmotic pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found to be 2 57 × 10-3 bar Calculate the molar mass of the protein
1
1381-1384
The osmotic pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found to be 2 57 × 10-3 bar Calculate the molar mass of the protein The various quantities known to us are as follows: P = 2
1
1382-1385
57 × 10-3 bar Calculate the molar mass of the protein The various quantities known to us are as follows: P = 2 57 × 10–3 bar, V = 200 cm3 = 0
1
1383-1386
Calculate the molar mass of the protein The various quantities known to us are as follows: P = 2 57 × 10–3 bar, V = 200 cm3 = 0 200 litre T = 300 K R = 0
1
1384-1387
The various quantities known to us are as follows: P = 2 57 × 10–3 bar, V = 200 cm3 = 0 200 litre T = 300 K R = 0 083 L bar mol-1 K-1 Substituting these values in equation (2
1
1385-1388
57 × 10–3 bar, V = 200 cm3 = 0 200 litre T = 300 K R = 0 083 L bar mol-1 K-1 Substituting these values in equation (2 42) we get M2 = 1 1 3 1
1
1386-1389
200 litre T = 300 K R = 0 083 L bar mol-1 K-1 Substituting these values in equation (2 42) we get M2 = 1 1 3 1 26 g × 0
1
1387-1390
083 L bar mol-1 K-1 Substituting these values in equation (2 42) we get M2 = 1 1 3 1 26 g × 0 083 L bar K mol × 300 K 2
1
1388-1391
42) we get M2 = 1 1 3 1 26 g × 0 083 L bar K mol × 300 K 2 57×10 bar × 0
1
1389-1392
26 g × 0 083 L bar K mol × 300 K 2 57×10 bar × 0 200 L    = 61,022 g mol-1 Example 1
1
1390-1393
083 L bar K mol × 300 K 2 57×10 bar × 0 200 L    = 61,022 g mol-1 Example 1 11 Example 1
1
1391-1394
57×10 bar × 0 200 L    = 61,022 g mol-1 Example 1 11 Example 1 11 Example 1
1
1392-1395
200 L    = 61,022 g mol-1 Example 1 11 Example 1 11 Example 1 11 Example 1
1
1393-1396
11 Example 1 11 Example 1 11 Example 1 11 Example 1
1
1394-1397
11 Example 1 11 Example 1 11 Example 1 11 Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution The phenomena mentioned in the beginning of this section can be explained on the basis of osmosis
1
1395-1398
11 Example 1 11 Example 1 11 Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution The phenomena mentioned in the beginning of this section can be explained on the basis of osmosis A raw mango placed in concentrated salt solution loses water via osmosis and shrivel into pickle
1
1396-1399
11 Example 1 11 Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution The phenomena mentioned in the beginning of this section can be explained on the basis of osmosis A raw mango placed in concentrated salt solution loses water via osmosis and shrivel into pickle Wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water
1
1397-1400
11 Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution The phenomena mentioned in the beginning of this section can be explained on the basis of osmosis A raw mango placed in concentrated salt solution loses water via osmosis and shrivel into pickle Wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water A carrot that has become limp because of water loss into the atmosphere can be placed into the water making it firm once again
1
1398-1401
A raw mango placed in concentrated salt solution loses water via osmosis and shrivel into pickle Wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water A carrot that has become limp because of water loss into the atmosphere can be placed into the water making it firm once again Water will move into its cells through osmosis
1
1399-1402
Wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water A carrot that has become limp because of water loss into the atmosphere can be placed into the water making it firm once again Water will move into its cells through osmosis When placed in water containing less than 0
1
1400-1403
A carrot that has become limp because of water loss into the atmosphere can be placed into the water making it firm once again Water will move into its cells through osmosis When placed in water containing less than 0 9% (mass/ volume) salt, blood cells swell due to flow of water in them by osmosis
1
1401-1404
Water will move into its cells through osmosis When placed in water containing less than 0 9% (mass/ volume) salt, blood cells swell due to flow of water in them by osmosis People taking a lot of salt or salty food experience water retention in tissue cells and intercellular spaces because of osmosis
1
1402-1405
When placed in water containing less than 0 9% (mass/ volume) salt, blood cells swell due to flow of water in them by osmosis People taking a lot of salt or salty food experience water retention in tissue cells and intercellular spaces because of osmosis The resulting Rationalised 2023-24 23 Solutions puffiness or swelling is called edema
1
1403-1406
9% (mass/ volume) salt, blood cells swell due to flow of water in them by osmosis People taking a lot of salt or salty food experience water retention in tissue cells and intercellular spaces because of osmosis The resulting Rationalised 2023-24 23 Solutions puffiness or swelling is called edema Water movement from soil into plant roots and subsequently into upper portion of the plant is partly due to osmosis
1
1404-1407
People taking a lot of salt or salty food experience water retention in tissue cells and intercellular spaces because of osmosis The resulting Rationalised 2023-24 23 Solutions puffiness or swelling is called edema Water movement from soil into plant roots and subsequently into upper portion of the plant is partly due to osmosis The preservation of meat by salting and of fruits by adding sugar protects against bacterial action