Paying reverence to gods, Brahmanas, preceptors, and men of knowledge; purity, straightforwardness, life as Brahmakarin, and harmlessness, (this) is called the penance bodily. The speech which causes no sorrow, which is true, agreeable, and beneficial, and the study of the Vedas, (this) is called the penance vocal. Calmness of mind, mildness, taciturnity, selfrestraint, and purity of heart, this is called the penance mental.