)
doped in tetravalent Si or Ge
lattice giving p-type semicon-
ductor (b) Commonly used
schematic representation of
p-type material which shows
only the fixed core of the
substituent acceptor with
one effective additional
negative charge and its
associated hole Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
332
 EXAMPLE 14 2
for p-type semiconductor, the acceptor energy level EA is slightly above
the top EV of the valence band as shown in Fig