Thus, E and
DS at every point are parallel and the flux through each
element is E DS Summing over all DS, the flux through the
Gaussian surface is E × 4 p r 2 The charge enclosed is
s × 4 p R 2 By Gauss’s law
E × 4 p r 2 = 
2
0
4
R
εσ
π
Or,  
2
2
2
0
0
4
R
q
E
r
r
εσ
ε
=
=
π
where q  =  4 p R2 s is the total charge on the spherical shell