(ii) r > R:  In this case, the total charge enclosed by the Gaussian
spherical surface is zero since the atom is neutral Thus, from Gauss’s
law,
E (r) × 4 p  r 2 = 0  or  E (r) = 0;    r > R
At r = R, both cases give the same result: E = 0 SUMMARY
1 Electric and magnetic forces determine the properties of atoms,
molecules and bulk matter