The 23-year-old has played nine league games for the Spireites this season, all as a substitute, but started two cup matches.
The 6ft 4ins former Ivory Coast Under-20 international has made 98 appearances in total for Chesterfield since joining them in January 2013.
Gnanduillet previously had loan spells at Tranmere and Oxford.
Stevenage have signed striker Armand Gnanduillet from League One side Chesterfield on a one-month loan.