The "learning from mistakes league" rates 120 trusts outstanding or good, 78 with "significant concerns" and 32 with a "poor reporting culture".
Other measures include legal protection for staff who admit mistakes, and new medical examiners to review deaths.
A patient safety charity welcomed the moves but said it remained "concerned".
The first annual "learning from mistakes league" uses feedback from staff on their freedom to speak when things go wrong.
Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt, who is hosting a "global patient safety summit" in London on Wednesday and Thursday, said the changes were a step towards a "new era of openness".
He said health services must "unshackle ourselves from a quick-fix blame culture and acknowledge that sometimes bad mistakes can be made by good people".
The changes announced by Mr Hunt include:
Peter Walsh, chief executive of patient safety charity Action Against Medical Accidents, welcomed the initiatives but said he remained concerned about the "woeful inconsistency and often inadequate quality of NHS investigations into serious incidents".
He said there was "nothing" in Mr Hunt's announcement to reassure his organisation that urgent action would be taken to address the quality of local investigations.
James Titcombe, whose son Joshua died after failings in care, said the measures were "major steps that will help move the NHS towards the kind of true learning culture that other high-risk industries take for granted".
Labour's shadow health secretary Heidi Alexander said her party supported "any measures that will improve safety", but she added: "On Jeremy Hunt's watch, hospitals are overcrowded, understaffed and facing financial crisis."
Health trusts in England have been ranked by their ability to learn from mistakes, as part of several changes designed to improve patient safety.