 			// show controller/layout/view stark
 			visible = true;
 			dispatchEvent(new Event('show_view'));
-/*			content.show();*/
 
 			// return reference to controller
 			return this;
 		}
 
-		// _show({ controller: 'home', action: 'show' }, 'appear', { duration: 1 });
+		// content = _show({ controller: 'home', action: 'show' }, 'appear', { duration: 1 });
 /*		options = new Hash({ duration: 1 }).update(options).update({ onComplete: after_hide, onCompleteParams: [ target ] });
 		this[effect](target, options);
-*/		public function _show (render_options:Object, effect:String, tween_options:Object = null) :void
+*/		public function _show (render_options:Object, effect:String = null, tween_options:Object = null) :*
 		{
 			render_options = new Hash({ controller: controller_name() }).update(render_options);
 			tween_options = new Hash({ duration: 1 }).update(tween_options);
 
 			// create new controller instance by name
-			content = controller(render_options.remove('controller'));
+			var content:* = controller(render_options.remove('controller'));
 			// invoke controller action via process method
 			var action:String = render_options.remove('action');
-			var f:Function = this[effect];
-			content.addEventListener('show_view', function (e:Object) :void
-			{
-				f(content, tween_options);
-			});
+
+			if (effect)
+			{
+				var f:Function = this[effect];
+				content.addEventListener('show_view', function (e:Object) :void
+				{
+					f(content, tween_options);
+				});
+			}
+
 			content.bounds = (_layout ? _layout.bounds : bounds);
 			content.process(action, render_options);
+
+			return content;
 		}
 
 

			// update options with reference to this controller
			options.controller = this;

			// render layout
/*			_layout = layout(options.remove('layout'), options);*/
/*			var layout_template:String = has_layout(options.remove('layout'));
			if (layout_template)
			{
				var layout_options:Hash = options.merge({ scrollRect: bounds });
				layout = new_view(('layouts/' + layout_template), layout_options);
			}
*/
			// render view/content
			var view_bounds:Rectangle = (_layout ? _layout.bounds : bounds);
			var view_options:Hash = options.merge({

			// default controller name
			if (! options.controller) options.controller = controller_name();
			ReactionController.redirect_to(options);
			if (_layout) hide(_layout);
			if (content) hide(content);
		}

		// layout('application')
