anchor.diff:  lacunarum Vauras & E. Larss.,Goniospora,Stellate,Stellate | Fingered,[9.5-13.8],[8-11.1],[1.1-1.5],"With about 14 to 16 prominent, narrowly conical and rounded nodules",Claviform,[26-40],[9-15],[4-4],Yes,Ventricose | Utriform | Fusiform | Metuloid,[38-76],[13-21],Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Ovoid | Pyriform | Clavate,[14-28],[7-16],Yes,Ventricose | Utriform | Fusiform | Metuloid,[54-84],[14-30],Yes,[4-5],n/a,Yes,Ventricose | Utriform | Fusiform | Metuloid,[40-80],[13-21],n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Ventricose | Utriform | Fusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Bare soil,Birch | poplar | Oak,[6-40],[6-40],Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Faintly,Clypeus,,,"Inocybe lacunarum is a rather characteristic species with its stellate spores. In the phylogenetical tree (Fig. 1) it comes out as a sister species to I. populea, described from Japan (Kobayashi & Courtecuisse 2000). According to the original description it is about the same size, and with rather similar structure and colour. However, in micro-morphology it is somewhat different. The spores are smaller, 8.0-13.5 x 6.5-11.0 microns, on average 9.3-11.3 x 7.5-9.4 microns and Q = 1.1-1.3. Furthermore, the nodules are not as regular as in I. lacunarum, but there are also some crown-shaped double nodules. Pleurocystidia are shorter and narrower, 34-60(-71) x 12-15(-19) microns, as also the caulocystidia at stipe apex, which are 28-48 x 12-17 microns. In addition, according to the drawings, there are no crystals on the cystidia (Kobayashi & Courtecuisse 2000, Kobayshi 2002).","Vauras, Jukka and Larsson, Ellen. Inocybe caprimulgi and I. lacunarum, two new nodulose-spored species from Fennoscandia. Karstenia 55: 1-18, 2015 (2016); p. 12-17",,,,
   lanatodisca Kauffman,Leiospora,Subreniform | Inequilaterally | Ellipsoidal,Obtuse,[9-11],[5.5-6.5],n/a,Smooth,Claviform,[28-35],[10-12],[2-4],Yes,Claviform | Subventricose | Cylindrical,[33-65],[14-20],No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Subventricose | Cylindrical,[28-50],[9-25],No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Needles,Pine | Spruce,[20-90],[20-90],Subbulbous,n/a,maculata,n/a,,,,"When writing the original description of I. lanatodisca. Kauffman must have had in hand unusually pale specimens (Smith, A. H. 1939. Certain species of Inocybe in the Herbarium of the University of Michigan. Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts Letters 24 : 93-106; p. 103) with more than the ordinary amount of white superficial layer on the pileal surface. This, in conjunction with his ambiguous description of the odor, has made his species rather difficult to recognize in the field. Actually, in our experience, I. lanatodisca is of widespread occurrence and often abundant locally, but it is usually much darker than "" pale ochraceous brownish "" or "" pale tawny "" (quotes from Kauffman 's description), and its odor is much more characteristic than merely "" nauseous "". The odor is complex, with three main components : green-corn, spermatic, and fragrant (sweet-aromatic). Usually the green-corn component is strongest when the specimen is collected, but fades subsequently, and the fragant component becomes more evident. The white superficial layer on the pileal surface varies considerably in amount from one collection to another, and is frequently absent altogether, giving the pileus a decidedly different appearance from that stressed in the original description. We cannot agree with Heim 's contention (Heim, R. 1931. Le genre Inocybe. Encyclopedie Mycologique I. P. Lechevalier & Fils, Paris. 429 p.; p. 197, 395) that I. lanatodisca is a synonym of I. maculata Boudier. Where the two species occur together they are readily distinguished. See the comments under I. maculata.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes I., Mycologia, vol. 60, 1968; p. 412-413",,,,
   lanatodisca var. phaeoderma (D.E. Stuntz) Grund & D.E. Stuntz,Leiospora,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,,,,See Inocybe armoricana Heim var. phaeoderma Stuntz,"Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes III., Mycologia, vol. 67, 1975; p. 30",,,,
  -langei R. Heim,Leiospora,Regular | Subamygdaliform,Obtuse,[6-8],[4-5],[1.4-1.8],Smooth,Claviform,[22-28],[7-10],[4-4],Yes,Claviform | Subutriform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Subutriform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,[45-70],[11-21],Yes,[1-2],n/a,Yes,Claviform | Subutriform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Calcareous soil,Oak | Willow | Alder | Poplar,[18-31],[18-31],Equal | Submarginate bulbous,n/a,n/a,Not distinctive | Spermatic,,,,"Easily recognised because of the combination of greyish lamellae and very small spores. Macroscopically it is not unlike I. trechispora (Berk.) P. Karst., which has, however, nodulose spores. Inocybe ochroalba Bruylants differs in having larger spores (on average more than 8.0 microns long) and broader cystidia; I. pelargonium Kuehner differs in having a different smell and whitish to cream lamellae. Inocybe langei has often been confused with I. hirtella Bres. var hirtella, e.g. by J. Lange (Fl. agar. dan. 3: 78. 1938), but the latter species has a more squamulose pileus, whitish lamellae, a different smell and slightly larger spores. Spores measurements as given by the Danish author are, however, often somewhat too small and this might explain Lange's misinterpretation.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 204-205",,,,
  +langei R. Heim,Leiospora,Regular | Subamygdaliform,Obtuse,[6-8],[4-5],[1.4-1.8],Smooth,Claviform,[22-28],[7-10],[4-4],Yes,Claviform | Subutriform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Subutriform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,[45-70],[11-21],Yes,[1-2],n/a,Yes,Claviform | Subutriform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Calcareous soil,Oak | Willow | Alder | Poplar,[18-31],[18-31],Equal | Submarginate bulbous,n/a,n/a,Not distinctive | Spermatic,Inocybe,,,"Easily recognised because of the combination of greyish lamellae and very small spores. Macroscopically it is not unlike I. trechispora (Berk.) P. Karst., which has, however, nodulose spores. Inocybe ochroalba Bruylants differs in having larger spores (on average more than 8.0 microns long) and broader cystidia; I. pelargonium Kuehner differs in having a different smell and whitish to cream lamellae. Inocybe langei has often been confused with I. hirtella Bres. var hirtella, e.g. by J. Lange (Fl. agar. dan. 3: 78. 1938), but the latter species has a more squamulose pileus, whitish lamellae, a different smell and slightly larger spores. Spores measurements as given by the Danish author are, however, often somewhat too small and this might explain Lange's misinterpretation.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 204-205",,,,
   "lapponica Kokkonen & Vauras, sp. nov.",Goniospora,Angular | Nodulose,Subconical | Conical,[8-11.8],[5.7-8],[1.2-1.7],Angular | With few nodules,Claviform,[21-46],[9-14],[2-4],Yes,Utriform | Lageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Utriform | Lageniform | Metuloid,[43-79],[10-27],Yes,[2-3.5],n/a,Yes,Claviform | Lageniform | Utriform | Cylindrical | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,[1-2],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Alluvial river | Lake shore forests,Birch | Willow,[10-25],[10-25],Not bulbous,n/a,n/a,Not distinctive,Clypeus,,,"Inocybe lapponica is a small northern species much resembling I. acuta and I. acutoides, but it is not restricted to Salix (see Comments relating to I. acutoides and the key for differential diagnosis). The most distinct difference from I. bufonia is that its spores have fewer nodules. The ITS sequences of I. lapponica specimens were identical except for one with a different base (Ruots. 1985 - GenBank JN580837) and one with a gap (Kallio 1962 - JN580838).","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 315-317",,,,
  -leiocephala D.E. Stuntz,Leiospora,Regular | Subamygdaliform,Obtuse | Subconical,[9-11],[5.5-6.5],[1.5-1.9],Smooth,Claviform,[26-37],[8-11],[4-4],Yes,Fusiform | Utriform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Pyriform | Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Utriform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,[45-82],[13-22],Yes,[2-3],n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Utriform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Spruce | Oak | Pine | Willow | Dryas octopetala,[9-30],[9-30],Submarginate bulbous,n/a,nitidiuscula,Spermatic,,,,"1) Inocybe leiocephala shows much resemblance to I. nitidiuscula (Britz.) Sacc., but the latter specie differs in being cortinate, having a different stipe covering and spores with a distinctly conical apex. 2) Inocybe tjallingiorum Kuyp. comes also close to I. leiocephala, but differs in having shorter cystidia and somewhat smaller spores. 3) The spore apex in I. leiocephala varies from almost obtuse to indistinctly conical. Variants with the latter character are occasionally met in the dunes of West Europe, and have been described by Bon (in Docs mycol. 14(53): 35. 1984) as var. subconicospora. However, intermediate cases do also occur and for that reason no taxonomic significance can be given to this character difference.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 190-192",,,,
  +leiocephala D.E. Stuntz,Leiospora,Regular | Subamygdaliform,Obtuse | Subconical,[9-11],[5.5-6.5],[1.5-1.9],Smooth,Claviform,[26-37],[8-11],[4-4],Yes,Fusiform | Utriform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Pyriform | Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Utriform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,[45-82],[13-22],Yes,[2-3],n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Utriform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Spruce | Oak | Pine | Willow | Dryas octopetala,[9-30],[9-30],Submarginate bulbous,n/a,nitidiuscula,Spermatic,Inocybe,,,"1) Inocybe leiocephala shows much resemblance to I. nitidiuscula (Britz.) Sacc., but the latter specie differs in being cortinate, having a different stipe covering and spores with a distinctly conical apex. 2) Inocybe tjallingiorum Kuyp. comes also close to I. leiocephala, but differs in having shorter cystidia and somewhat smaller spores. 3) The spore apex in I. leiocephala varies from almost obtuse to indistinctly conical. Variants with the latter character are occasionally met in the dunes of West Europe, and have been described by Bon (in Docs mycol. 14(53): 35. 1984) as var. subconicospora. However, intermediate cases do also occur and for that reason no taxonomic significance can be given to this character difference.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 190-192",,,,
   leptocystis G.F. Atk.,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Conical,[7.5-10],[4.5-6],[1.5-1.9],Smooth,Claviform,[24-30],[7-9],[4-4],Yes,Claviform | Subutriform,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Cylindrical,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Subutriform,[46-70],[10-19],No,[0.1-0.2],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Wet soil | Moist places,Conifers,[10-30],[10-30],Not bulbous,n/a,n/a,Faintly acidulous,Inocybe,,,n/a,"Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 111-112",,,,
   leptophylla G.F. Atk.,Goniospora,Ellipsoidal,Conical,[9.5-11],[7-10],n/a,15 or more prominent nodules evently distributed over the surface,Claviform-obpyriform,[22-31],[10-13],[4-4],Yes,Claviform | Obpyriform | Fusiform | Versiform,[30-38.5],[9-15],No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Versiform | Septate,[33-80],[6-16.5],No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Ground,Conifers,[10-15],[10-15],n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Clypeus,,,"Our collection corresponds in all particulars to the type. Boursier and Kuehner (Boursier, J. and Kuehner, R. 1928. Notes sur le genre Inocybe. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 44 : 170-189) and more recently, Enderle and Stangl (Enderle, M. and Stngl, J. 1980-1981. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Ulmer Pilzflora. Risspilze (Inocyben). Mitt. Vereins Math. Ulm. Heft 31, p. 152, 153, 156) have discussed the differences in interpretation of I. lanuginosa (Fr.) Kummer and associated taxa, including I. casimiri Velen. And I. leptophylla Atk. The latter two may actually be two names for the same fungus, but because neither of us has seen material of I. casimiri, we can only point out the possibility of synonymy.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes VII., Mycologia, vol. 75, 1983; p. 263-264",,,,
   longicystis G.F. Atk.,Goniospora,Oblong,Conical | Subconical,[8-10.5],[6.5-8],n/a,10 to 14 rather prominent nodules,Claviform,[28-35],[9-11],[4-4],Yes,Claviform | Metuloid,[80-110],[12-18],Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Ventricose | Cylindrical | Metuloid,[55-72],[15-27],Yes | Sparse | No,[0.5-0.7],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Fir | Conifers,[10-50],[10-50],Rounded,n/a,lanuginosa,n/a,Clypeus,,,"In 1947, through the kindness of the late Dr. H. M. Fitzpatrick, the second author was permitted to study the type of Inocybe longicystis. In the microscopical description given above, the measurements of spores, basidia, and pleurocystidia are taken from the type specimens, as are the drawings of spores and pleurocystidia in Fig. 5B. All other microscopical data are taken from the Nova Scotian collections (DG 1811). The macroscopic description is a composite one, of collections from Nova Scotia, Michigan, and Washington. If our data are compared to those given by Boursier and Kuehner (Boursier, J. and Kuehner, R. 1928. Notes sur le genre Inocybe. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 44 : 170-189; p. 179), and by Pearson (Pearson, A. A. 1946. New records and observations. III. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 29 : 191-210; p. 200), it is evident that I. longicystis is remarkably constant in its main features throughout its wide range. Although in appearance it somewhat resembles I. lanuginosa (Bull. ex Fr.) Kummer, it is amply distinct from that species in microscopical features, and in our opinion should not be attached to it as a form or variety (Heim, R. 1931. Le genre Inocybe. Encyclopedie Mycologique I. P. Lechevalier & Fils, Paris. 429 p.; p. 396).","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes I., Mycologia, vol. 60, 1968; p. 413-415",,,,
  
positive.code: bongardii var. pisciodora (Donadini & Riousset) Kuyper,Leiospora,Regular | Subphaseoliform,Obtuse,[12-16.7],[6.5-8.7],[1.7-2.1],Smooth,Claviform,[37-59],[10-14],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Utriform,[33-77],[8-22],No,[0.5-1.5],n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Utriform,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Oak | Spruce | Pine,[15-42],[15-42],Attenuate,n/a,n/a,Pelargonium | Fishy | Not distinctive,Inosperma,Cervicolores,,"1) Vernal variants from the Mediterranean Region are generally more robust than summer and autumnal variants from West and Central Europe. No taxonomic value can be given to this difference, however. 2) Mr J. C. Donadini affirmed in a letter that I. pisciodora cannot be considered an autonomous species, but is only an infraspecific taxon of I. bongardii. 3) Although nothing is known about the composition of the olfactory substances of var. bongardii and var. pisciodora, I consider it very likely that they are chemically much related. Young specimens of var. pisciodora often possess a mixture of a Pelargonium-smell and a smell of overripe pears. Both smells can also be observed in I. calamistrata (Fr. : Fr.) Gillet.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 41-42",,,,
  borealis M. Lange,Goniospora,Nodulose | Angular,Subconical | Conical,[7.2-10],[5-6.9],[1.3-1.9],Sometimes with a strongly protruding apical nodule,Claviform,[24-40],[9-13],[2-4],Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,[41-89],[12-26],Yes | No,[2.5-3],n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,[1-2],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Sandy soil,Spruce | Fir | Birch,[13-45],[13-45],Equal | Widening slightly downwards,n/a,n/a,Acidulous | Spermatic | Not distinctive,Clypeus,,,"Inocybe borealis is a variable species in many aspects. Our identifications of boreal collections, a subarctic collection, and I. heterochrominea are primarily based on ITS and LSU sequences, because the spores diverged so much from the I. borealis type. They were consistently smaller (except in KK141/03), paler, and more strongly nodulose. The Nordic ITS sequences were identical with the type sequence of I. borealis in two specimens (KK190/08 - GenBank JN580813, KK&JV27051F - JN580814), or deviated from the type by one gap (JV9244 - JN580815), by one common base in nine specimens (KK&JV26120F - JN580816), by one other base in JV15250F (JN580817), by one base and a gap of 12 bases (KK141/03 - JN580818), or by two bases (Heinonen 307-95 - JN580819). The I. heterochrominea type deviated from the I. borealis type by one base and a gap of one base, when 42 bases were lacking in the middle of the I. heterochrominea sequence and three loci with ambiguous bases were ignored. The LSU sequences of the type of I. borealis and a collection with one different base in ITS (KK&JV26120F - JN580889) diverged by one base as well. An arctic collection from Svalbard (Online Resource Fig. S3) resembled the Greenland type in its spores, the presence of velipellis (absent in the other collections), and identical ITS (in the phylogram, JN580820). These specimens thus seem to form their own group. They both also have dark brown pilei seemingly unlike most boreal collections (the colours may have changed in exsiccata). Still, the two boreal collections with the type ITS also have dark brown pilei (Online Resource Fig. S2), but in spores they resemble other boreal specimens rather than the type; thus forming an intermediate group. Overall, the strength of nodularity varies rather much among the boreal specimens, and rarely the spores are elongated (KK141/03) as in the type of Inocybe borealis. We were unable to find more distinct morphological boundaries between the specimens differing in ITS or between arctic and boreal/subarctic collections, and thus we tentatively determine them all to be the same very variable species. The observed morphological differences may have been caused by environment, or may be genetically intraspecific. The amount of velipellis, for example, often varies within species and seems to increase in arctic and alpine environments. The microscopic and macroscopic features of Inocybe heterochrominea agreed with our Nordic collections of I. borealis. Accordingly, we have reduced it to a synonym. The walls of the cystidia of the I. heterochrominea holotype (a piece of a pileus) seemed thinner than in the drawings of Grund and Stuntz (1983), and the spores did not seem quite as strongly nodulose. I. heterochrominea was described from mixed and conifer forests of Michigan, Nova Scotia, and Washington. In Finland, I. borealis grows in various habitats, and we assume Betula to be one host. Lange (1957) did not mention any plant species from the type site, but he described the vegetation and fungi of the northern slopes, for example, stating that Betula nana was the dominant shrub and Salix glauca was scattered. Inocybe acutoides is a closely related sibling species associated with Salix. See our comments regarding I. acutoides, and the diagnostic key.","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 309-312",,,,
  "boreocarelica Kokkonen & Vauras, sp. nov.",Goniospora,Strongly nodulose,Subconical | Conical,[7-10.1],[5-7.5],[1.2-1.7],Nodules usually small,Claviform,[24-38],[8-12],[4-4],Yes,Lageniform | Ellipsoid | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Metuloid,[45-82],[11-26],Yes,[2-4],n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Fusuform | Cylindrical | Claviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,[1-2],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Soil,Spruce | Birch | Alder | Heath forest mainly,[14-35],[14-35],Tapering | Roundish,n/a,n/a,Acidulous | Not distinctive,Clypeus,,,"Inocybe boreocarelica may be difficult to identify, but it is characterised by its reddish brown, flocculose stipe and rather small spores. It may resemble I. borealis both in morphology and habitat. Both sometimes have a yellow brown pileus cracked into scales at umbo, as observed in an old cemetery (Pitkamaki, Nurmes) where they grow near each other. However, the cystidial walls of I. boreocarelica are often distinctly thickened in the neck. Inocybe boreocarelica also resembles I. bufonia microscopically, but the spores of I. bufonia are more often elongated. I. bufonia differs more distinctly in its darker appearance and moister habitat. The ITS sequence of the Norwegian specimen deviated from the others by one base (GenBank JN580835).","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 314-315",,,,
  brevicystis Metrod ex Kuyper,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Obtuse | Subconical,[9-11],[5-6.5],[1.5-1.8],Smooth,Claviform,[27-36],[9-11],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,[31-51],[9-14],Yes,[1-2],n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Oak,[20-30],[20-30],Not bulbous,n/a,n/a,Subspermatic,,,,"The macroscopical description has been based on Metrod (in Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 72 : 126. 1956) and Reumaux (in Does mycol. 14 (54-55) : 5. 1984). 2) The rather short and narrow cystidia are indicative for I. brevicystis. Inocybe mycenoides Kuyp. posses the same cystidia, but that species differs in having a mycenoid habit and more yellow lamellae. Inocybe ochroalba Bruylants might show some macroscopical resemblance to I. brevicystis, but differs in cystidial characters and having a distinctly conical spore apex.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 212-213",,,,
  brunneolipes Grund & D.E. Stuntz,Leiospora,Inequilaterally | Amygdaliform,Obtuse | Subconical,[7-10],[4.5-6],n/a,Smooth,Claviform,[22-30],[8-10],[2-4],Yes,Fusoid | Claviform | Metuloid,[16-36],[9-15],Yes | No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusoid | Sublanceolate | Metuloid,[45-68],[11-19],Yes,[3-4],n/a,Yes,Fusoid | Sublanceolate | Metuloid,[45-90],[9-16],Yes | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusoid | Sublanceolate | Metuloid,[40-90],[10-22],Yes | No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Sandy soil,Conifers | Spruce | Fir,[20-35],[20-35],Equal,n/a,jacobi,Spermatic,,,," The distinctive features of this Inocybe are the smooth umbrinous pileus, paler brown pruinose stipe, smooth moderate-sized spores, and thick-walled, hyaline pleurocystidia. I. brunneolipes takes its place in a small group of similar taxa, that includes I. reducta J. Lange and I. descissa f. bisporigera J. Lange. The former differs from I. brunneolipes by smaller spores and bulbous-based stipe, the latter species is distinct by 2-spored basidia, with all spores 10-12(-13) x 5-6 micron, and in the smaller size and much more slender stipe. In the collection of I. brunneolipes from Washington 2-spored basidia predominate and most of the spores are 11-14 x 6-7 micron, whereas in the Nova Scotian collection 2-spored basidia are decidedly in the minority and the smaller spores predominate. In all other respects the specimens of the two collections are practically indistinguishable.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes II., Mycologia, vol. 62, 1970; p. 928-929",,,,
  brunneotomentosa Huijsman,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Subconical,[7.5-9.5],[4.5-5.5],[1.5-1.8],Smooth,Claviform,[23-29],[7-9],[4-4],Yes,Claviform | Cylindrical | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Cylindrical | Metuloid,[34-52],[14-23],Yes,[2-2.5],n/a,Yes,Claviform | Cylindrical | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Oak | Beech | Blue-beech,[15-40],[15-40],Equal,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,Inocybe,,,"The macroscopical description has been copied from Huijsman (in Persoonia) 9 : 473. 1978). Inocybe brunneotomentosa can be confused with two other species with a darkening stipe, viz. I. melanopus Stuntz and I. tenebrosa Quel. The former species has a rather pale ochraceous pileus, and differently-shapped, rather thin-walled pleurocystidia, whereas the latter species lacks a cortina and has the stipe covered with caulocystidia throughout.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 127-128",,,,
  "bufonia Kokkonen & Vauras, sp. nov.",Goniospora,Strongly nodulose,Subconical | Conical,[7.2-10.5],[5.3-7.5],[1.1-1.8],Nodules small to medium sized,Claviform,[24-42],[9-14],[2-4],Yes,Lageniform | Ellipsoid | Utriform | Metuloid,[60-78],[15-28],Yes | Sparse | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Ellipsoid | Utriform | Metuloid,[39-82],[9-26],Yes | Sparse | No,[2-3],n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Ellipsoid | Utriform | Metuloid,[70-116],n/a,Yes | No,[2-3],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Moist forests,Spruce,[14-40],[14-40],Equal | Widening slightly downwards | Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic | Not distinctive,Clypeus,,,"Typical Inocybe bufonia can be initially recognized by its dark, rather acutely umbonate pileus, pale stipe, and its growth in moist habitats. However, it has never been found in Salix thickets like I. acuta, from which it can be easily distinguished microscopically by its paler spores. Picea abies or Betula seems to be the host. The limits of variation of Inocybe bufonia were difficult to define. Two subgroups could be recognized. Subgroup 1 (four sequenced specimens - GenBank JN580825, JN580826, JN580827, JN580828) differed from ""the type group"" (nine sequenced specimens, insertion of a base in KK60/05 - JN280824) in more strongly nodulose spores (Fig. 6b), as well as by 6-8 bases and 1-2 insertions/ deletions in the ITS region. Subgroup 2 (five specimens - JN580830, JN580831, JN580832, JN580833, one from Canada on the basis of ITS1 - JN580829) differed from ""the type group"" solely by seven bases and 0-1 gap in the ITS (one specimen was an intermediate to the type on the basis of ambiguous bases in four loci). These subgroups deviated from each other by 3-7 bases and 0-2 insertions/deletions. All grew in moist habitats, but the pilei in the subgroups often seemed paler (Online Resource Figs. S6 and S7). Because we could not find more distinct differences between the groups, all are treated here as Inocybe bufonia. However, the subgroups have been excluded from the microscopic and macroscopic descriptions, and are listed below as additional specimens.","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 312-314",,,,
  
negative.code: C. Stipe at apex woolly-hairy, consisting of catenate hairs with cheilocystidioid terminal element. Lamellae narrow. Usually in coniferous forest. Variant D (conforming to I. fastigiata). (Intermediates between variant C and D occur not frequently in Northwestern Europe, less often in Central Europe).
  6) It seems likely that incipient speciation takes place in I. rimosa but that these variants are not yet sufficiently distinct to be worthy of formal recognition. The occurrence of specimens with intermediate characters probably indicates that genetic exchange betwwen those variants is still possible. Only I. arenicola (R. Heim) M. Bon, I. squamata J. Lange, and I. vinosistipitata Grund & Stuntz are sufficiently distinct in constant characters without intergradation to be worthy of specific rank. Hitherto no intermediates between I. rimosa and these three species have been encountered.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 61-68",,,,
  rimosoides Peck,Leiospora,Ellipsoid | Subreniform,Obtuse | Subconical,[7-11],[4.5-6.5],n/a,Smooth,Claviform,[26-35],[8-11],[4-4],Yes,Versiform | Septate,[38-110],[9-18],No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,[25-40],[8-10],No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Ground,Conifers | Hardwoods,[10-25],[10-25],Equal,n/a,n/a,Oily spermatic,,,,"Kauffman (loc. cit.) reports I. rimosoides as occuring along the eastern coast of the United States, and west to Michigan, but we find no record of its having been found in Canada. Our specimens are in the lower range of size given by Kauffman, and by Peck in the protolog, and the pileal color is a somewhat deeper yellow. In all other particulars, however, our collection agrees completely with both descriptions. The spores are slightly larger in our material than given by Kauffman, but are the same size as reported by Peck. However, the cystidia that were reported as clavate are superficially but distinctly variable when separated. In 1930 Bresadola (Bresadola, J. 1930. Iconographica Mycologia. Vol. 15. Plates 701-750. Mediolani) described I. fastigiata var. microsperma. The protolog indicates a taxon similar to I. rimosoides, but we have not been able to examine authentic material.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes VI., Mycologia, vol. 73, 1981; p. 665-667",,,,
  roseipes Malencon,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform | Amygdaliform,Conical,[8.5-10.5],[5-6.5],[1.6-1.8],Smooth,Claviform,[28-33],[8-10],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Subfusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | Sparse,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Subfusiform | Metuloid,[53-62],[12-17],Yes | Sparse,[2-3],n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Subfusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Subfusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Pine | Cedar,[20-40],[20-40],Equal | Broadened at base,n/a,n/a,Faint spermatic,Inocybe,,,"The macroscopical description of this species has been copied from Malancon & Bertault (Fl. Champ. sup. Maroc 1: 393-396. 1970). Macroscopically it resembles I. sindonia (Fr.) P. Karst., but it differs in having a conspicuous pinkish-reddish stipe, no cortina, and larger spores.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 213-215",,,,
  rosellicaularis Grund & D.E. Stuntz,Leiospora,Phaseoliform | Inequilaterally | Ellipsoidal,Obtuse | Subconical,[7-10],[4.5-5],n/a,Pronounced suprahilar dorsal depression,Claviform,[22-33],[8-10],[4-4],Yes,Versiform,[25-77],[9-22],No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Versiform,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Ground,Conifers | Hardwoods,[10-40],[10-40],Not bulbous,n/a,n/a,Oily spermatic,,,,"In section Rimosae (Earle) Singer there are several taxa with an incarnate stipe, but none with the other features that characterize I. rosellicaularis, i.e., dull red-brown pileus and spores 8-9 microns long. The combination of red-brown pileus and short spores is found in some of the Inocybes related to I. fastigiella Atk., but those species have the stipe some color other than incarnate.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes VII., Mycologia, vol. 75, 1983; p. 265-266",,,,
  rufuloides var. exilis Kuyper,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform | Indistinct submedian depression,Obtuse | Subconical,[12-16],[6.5-9],[1.7-2],Smooth,Claviform,n/a,n/a,[4-4],Yes,Fusiform | Claviform | Utriform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Claviform | Utriform | Metuloid,[50-67],[15-22],Yes,[1-2],n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Claviform | Utriform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,No,Caulocystidioid hairs,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Dune-sand | Calcareous,Frondose | Willow,[4-14],[4-14],Equal,n/a,n/a,Faint | Subspermatic,Inocybe,,,n/a,"Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 110-111",,,,
  rufuloides var. rufuloides Bon,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Obtuse,[10-13.5],[6-7.5],[1.6-2.1],Smooth,Claviform,[30-38],[9-12],[2-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Fusiform | Utriform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Fusiform | Utriform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,[42-74],[13-25],Yes,[1.5-2],n/a,Yes | No,Cylindrical | Claviform | Fusiform | Utriform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Dune-sand,Pine,[11-34],[11-34],Not bulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,Inocybe,,,"Bon (in Docs mycol. 14 (53) : 28. 1984) reported the spores to be (8.0)9.0-11.0(-13.0) x 5.0-6.5 microns. Upon reexamination of the holotype I found much larger spores, viz. 10.5-13.0 x 6.0-7.5 microns.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 109-110",,,,
  rupestris J. Favre,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Papilla,[8-11],[5-6],[1.5-1.9],Smooth,Claviform,[29-36],[7-9],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Metuloid,[49-66],[14-18],Yes,[2-3],n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Calcareous soil,Willow,[7-12],[7-12],Equal,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,Inocybe,,,The macroscopical description has been copied from Favre (1. c.). Easily recognised because of its cylindrical pleurocystidia and spores with an apical papilla.,"Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 128-129",,,,
  saliceticola Vauras & Kokkonen,Goniospora,Subangular,Conical | Subconical,[7.2-11.6],[5.1-7.9],[1.1-1.8],"With few, obtuse nodules",Claviform,[25-40],[9-14],[4-4],Yes,Ventricose | Claviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Ventricose | Claviform | Metuloid,[41-89],[12-23],Yes,[2.5-4.5],n/a,Yes,Ventricose | Claviform | Metuloid,[40-99],n/a,Yes | Sparse | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Ventricose | Claviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | Sparse | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Moist habitats,Willow | Birch | Alder,[7-40],[7-40],Equal | Slightly widening towards the base,[4.9-5.3],n/a,Weak | Fungoid,Clypeus,,,"The collections of Inocybe saliceticola date from late July to early October. At present, we know only localities from Finland and one locality from Sweden. In Finland, it has been collected from the eastern, southern and northern parts of the country, ranging from the hemiboreal to the northern boreal zone (Fig. 5). Most of the specimens were collected in the province of Pohjois Karjala, where the species is not rare in suitable habitats.","Vauras, Jukka & Kokkonen, Katri. Finnish records on the genus Inocybe. The new species Inocybe saliceticola. Karstenia 48: 57-67, 2009, pp. 57-67; p. 58-",,,,
  sambucina (Fr.) Quel.,Leiospora,Irregular in outline,Subconical,[7.5-10.5],[3.5-5],[1.8-2.6],Smooth,Claviform,[22-28],[7-9],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Fusiform | Subutriform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Fusiform | Subutriform | Metuloid,[40-74],[14-26],Yes,[2-3],n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Fusiform | Subutriform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,Caulocystidioid hairs,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Nutriment poor | Acid sand,Spruce | Pine | Oak | Beech,[26-45],[26-45],Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Slightly desagreable,Inocybe,,,n/a,"Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 175-176",,,,
  saponacea Kuyper,Leiospora,Regular | Subamygdaliform,Subobtuse,[7.5-9],[5-5.5],[1.4-1.7],Smooth,Claviform,[24-32],[8-10],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Subfusiform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Subfusiform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,[60-74],[12-18],Yes,[2-2.5],n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Subfusiform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Acid soil,Birch | Willow,n/a,n/a,Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Strong | Soapy,Inocybe,,,"A collection from Greenland (Lyngmarksfjeld, 19. VIII. 1967, Lange 67.400, C) almost certainly belongs to the same species, but is unfortunately without macroscopical annotations.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 195",,,,
  scabra (O.F. Muell.) Quel.,Leiospora,Inequilaterally | Amygdaliform,Conical | Subconical,[9-11],[5-6],n/a,Smooth,Claviform,[22-27],[9-10],[2-4],Yes,Ventricose | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Ventricose | Metuloid,[50-70],[12-27],Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Ventricose | Metuloid,[50-65],[13-15],Yes | No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil | Moss,Conifers | Spruce,[10-40],[10-40],Truncate,n/a,n/a,Aromatic | Transient spermatic,,,,"This Inocybe is distinguished by its uniformly dark brown pileus, paler brown stipe, sweet-aromatic odor, and non-rubescent context. Our material corresponds well enough to the description and illustration of Inocybe scabra given by Lange (Lange, J. 1938. Flora Agaricina Danica. Vol. III. Recato A/S Copenhagen. 96 p.; p. 71, pl. 111) to convince us that it is the same fungus. Whether or not the specific epithet is the correct one is, however, a different matter. Ever since the publication of Agricus scaber in Flora Danica, mycologists have held different opinions as to the exact agaric Mueller had in mind, and the application of the name has varied according to their different interpretations. If it is not possible for contemporary European agaricologists to reach a concensus, the name probably should no longer be used.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes II., Mycologia, vol. 62, 1970; p. 935-936",,,,
  semifulva Grund & D.E. Stuntz,Leiospora,Inequilaterally | Amygdaliform,Conical,[9-11],[4.5-5.5],n/a,Smooth,Claviform,[24-31],[8-10],[4-4],Yes,Metuloid,[45-71],[20-33],Yes | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,[27-40],[11-16.5],Yes,Cylindrical | Fusiform | Lageniform,[50-71],[13-21],Yes,[2-3.3],n/a,Yes,Versiform,[33-77],[11-15],Yes | No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Grass,Hardwoods | Conifers,[10-40],[10-40],Bulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,,,,"This Inocybe belongs to a group of species characterized by bicolorous pileus, incarnate stipe lacking dermatocaulocystidia at the base, possessing smooth spores, and thin-walled of thick-walled pleurocystidia. The best known species is Inocybe phaeodisca Kuehn. (Kuehner, R. 1955. Complement a la Flore Analytique. V. leiospores Cystidies. Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Oyonnax, Mem. Hors Ser. 1 : 1-95) which differs in having the stipe pallid externally but with incarnate context, and in having thin-walled pleurocystidia. The spores of the paratype collections are slightly, but not significantly, longer than those of the type, mostly 11 micron long as opposed to 10-10.5 micron. The sporocarps of the two western collections are longer than those of the Nova Scotian collections, with pilei 20-40 mm broad, stipes 40-90 x 4-9 mm ; these larger sizes are noted as extremes in the description of the type. In all other features the specimens of the four collections agree completely.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes VI., Mycologia, vol. 73, 1981; p. 659-661",,,,
  serotina Peck,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform | Suprahilar depression,Subobtuse | Subconical,[11.5-19],[6.5-9],[1.7-2.5],Smooth,Claviform,[30-46],[10-15],[2-4],Yes,Claviform | Balloon-shaped | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Spheropedunculate | Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Balloon-shaped | Metuloid,[42-80],[17-37],Yes,[2-3],n/a,Yes | No,Claviform | Balloon-shaped | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,Caulocystidioid hairs,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Moist places,Poplar | Willow | Pine | Ammophila arenaria,[31-44],[31-44],Equal | Subbulbous | Submarginate bulbous,n/a,n/a,Disagreeable sweetish | Strong,Inocybe,,,"1) Easily recognisable because of great spores, voluminous cystidia and specialised habitat. It could, however, be confused with some variants of I. inodora, but the latter species differs in having somewhat smaller spores with thinner wall, less broad cystidia, a more strongly rimulose pileus and in lacking a viscid velipellis. 2) Inocyba serotina is rather variable in several macroscopical characters. Stipe convering can be greatly different between the various collections, depending on the development and differentiation of the intermediate zone. Specimens with a bulbous stipe often possess caulocystidioid hairs almost all over, whereas specimens with an equal stipe can lack them alltogether. As intermediate cases also occur, no taxonomic significance can be attributed to this character, and I. psammophila M. Bon is therefore relegated to synonymy. The bulbous stipe can even seem to be marginate, as the outer side is covered with remnants of the (greasy) velipellis which is completely covered with grains of sand. 3) The development of the velipellis seems at least partly environmentally determined. Specimens growing in damp habitats have a more weakly developed velipellis, which causes a darker colour of the pileus (brown) without a persisting white centre. These variants, originally described as I. devoniensis, occur in dune valleys, associated with Salix repens, but do not deserve autonomous taxonomic status.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 167-169",,,,
  "silvae-herbaceae Kokkonen & Vauras, sp. nov.",Goniospora,Strongly nodulose | With somewhat hemispherical,Subconical | Conical,[7.2-10.4],[5.1-8],[1.2-1.7],"Medium sized to large nodules | Often a prominent hilar nodule, at times spores slightly bent",Claviform,[19-40],[8-12],[4-4],Yes,Lageniform | Fusiform | Clavate | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,[1-2],n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Fusiform | Clavate | Metuloid,[40-73],[11-20],Yes | No,[1-2],n/a,Yes,Multiform | Fusiform | Capitate | Subglobose | Cylindrical | Utriform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,No,[1-2],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Calcareous soil,Spruce,[10-43],[10-43],Equal | Subclavate,n/a,n/a,Spermatic | Acidulous,Clypeus,,,"Inocybe silvae-herbaceae can be easily confused with I. proximella. They both grow in spruce forests, preferring calcareous localities, sometimes sharing the site, and resemble each other in appearance and microscopic features. However, I. silvae-herbaceae is not as greyish as I. proximella, it has somewhat smaller spores, cheilocystidia with thinner walls, and perhaps the best distinguishing feature is the more variable caulocystidia. ITS sequencing shows that these fungi are not closely related. I. silvae-herbaceae can also be confused with the related I. amicta; see for comparison our comments about I. amicta. Compared with the type sequence, one collection deviated by a base and a gap (JV9200 - GenBank JN580853), three collections by an insertion of a base (KK&JV23073 - JN580854, Kytoevuori 93-146 - JN580855, Heinonen 353-94 - JN580857), and one collection by two gaps (JV4983 - JN580858), when loci with ambiguous bases were ignored. The type had one ambiguous base (T or G), and in that locus six specimens had base G and three had T (Kytoevuori 95-2143 in the phylogram - JN580856).","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 321-323",,,,
  similis Bres.,Leiospora,Regular,Obtuse,[11.5-17],[6.5-9],[1.4-2.2],Smooth,Claviform,[34-41],[10-13],[2-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Subutriform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Subutriform | Metuloid,[43-74],[14-22],Yes,[2-2.5],n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Subutriform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,No,Caulocystidioid hairs,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Calcareous soil,Willow | Poplar | Dryas octopetala,[20-35],[20-35],Equal | Subbulbous,n/a,vulpinella,Not distinctive | Spermatic,Inocybe,,,"1) The macroscopical description of this species has been copied from Huijsman (in Persoonia 9 : 476. 1978). 2) Inocybe similis resembles I. vulpinella Bruylants very much, and both species seem to have comparable habitat preferences. Inocybe similis differs not only in covering of stipe but also because the pleurocystidia are somewhat larger and less thick-walled, and the spores have an almost obtuse apex. In I. vulpinella the apex of spore is partly subapplanate, suggesting an affinity with goniosporous species as I. decipiens Bres. and I. dunensis P. D. Orton.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 107-108",,,,
  sindonia (Fr.) P. Karst.,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Subconical,[7-9.5],[4-5.5],[1.6-2],Smooth,Claviform,[26-34],[7-10],[2-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Fusiform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | Sparse,n/a,n/a,Yes,Pyriform | Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Fusiform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,[53-108],[10-18],Yes | Sparse,[3-3.5],n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Fusiform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Calcareous soil,Spruce | Pine | Beech | Oak | Birch | Basswood,[10-70],[10-70],Claviform | Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,Inocybe,,,"1) The correct nomenclature of this species has been questioned for a long time. According to Stangl & Veselsky (in Ceska Mykol. 28: 205. 1974) the name Agaricus sindonius must be considered a nomen dubium. They cited the opinion of Lundell (in Lundell & Nannfeldt, Fungi exs. succ. 47-48: 8. 1956) that A. sindonius could well refer to an unusually pale variant of Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.: Fr.) Maire because of its hollow stipe and subappendiculate cortina. However, both characters can (occasionally) be encountered in the taxon described above. And as this species is very common around Femsjoe, it seems very likely that it must have been described by Fries. As I cannot see any discrepancies between Frie's protologue of A. sindonius (Epicr.: 176. 1838) and the description above, the application of the epithet sindonius is necessary. Unfortunately, it means also the abandonment of the name I. kuehneri Stangl & Veselsky. Frie's wording makes clear that A. sindonius is only apparently superfluous, and the name is therefore not automatically typified with the type of A. pallidus Sow. (Art. 7.9). 2) Reumaux (in Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 100: 177. 1984) has subdivided this species in 7 varieties for which he provided a provisional key. However, none of these characters are sufficiently constant or clear-cut to allow taxonomic splitting, and these varieties are consequently reduced to insignificant variants. It seems that too much attention has been given to subtle differences in colour of stipe and degree of development of caulocystidioid hairs. 3) A collection from the Netherlands (prov. Friesland, Gaasterland, Oude Mirdum) consists of albinistic specimens. 4) Inocybe sindonia usually appears not before the second half of September and is one of the latest-fruiting Inocybes.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 177-180",,,,
  sororia Kauffman,Leiospora,Ellipsoid | Elongate-ellipsoid | Subinequilateral,Obtuse,[9-16],[5.5-8],n/a,Smooth,Claviform,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Ground,Hardwoods | Conifers,[20-70],[20-70],Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Green-corn | Not distinctive,,,,n/a,"Kauffman, Calvin Henry. North American Flora, vol. 10(4), The New York Botanical Garden, 1924; p. 259, no 100",,,,
  splendens var. phaeoleuca (Kuehner) Kuyper,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform | Amygdaliform | Suprahilar depression,Subconical,[8-11.5],[5-6.5],[1.4-1.9],Smooth,Claviform,[24-30],[8-11],[2-4],Yes,Fusiform | Utriform | Claviform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Spheropedunculate | Pyriform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Utriform | Claviform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,[49-78],[12-22],Yes,[2-2.5],n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Utriform | Claviform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Utriform | Claviform | Sublageniform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Calcereous sand | Loam,Beech | Oak | Blue-beech | Birch | Poplar | Alder | Willow | Pine,[12-46],[12-46],Equal | Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Faint | Pelargonium | Subspermatic | Spermatic,Inocybe,,,"Although the extreme variants of I. splendens, I. terrifera, and I. phaeoleuca are very different, they are united here as there are no microscopical differences between thse taxa, and the macroscopical differences are at least partly phenotypically determined. Besides, several locally adapted ecotypes have been found. Recognition on specific level would ultimately result in a rather large number of species, the majority of these with a local distribution, but such a taxonomy would hardly possess any predictive value. Considering the above, it appears unavoidable to accep only one species with two rather well-delimited varieties.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 215-216",,,,
  splendens var. splendens R. Heim,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform | Amygdaliform | Suprahilar depression,Subconical,[8-12],[5-7],[1.5-1.9],Smooth,Claviform,[25-38],[8-12],[4-4],Yes,Claviform | Fusiform | Utriform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Pyriform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Fusiform | Utriform | Metuloid,[49-82],[14-29],Yes,[2-3],n/a,Yes,Claviform | Fusiform | Utriform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Fusiform | Utriform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Calcereous sand | Clay,Beech | Oak | Basswood | Birch | Poplar | Alder | Willow,[23-78],[23-78],Equal | Submarginately | Marginately bulbous,n/a,n/a,Pelargonium | Spermatic,Inocybe,,,"Although the extreme variants of I. splendens, I. terrifera, and I. phaeoleuca are very different, they are united here as there are no microscopical differences between thse taxa, and the macroscopical differences are at least partly phenotypically determined. Besides, several locally adapted ecotypes have been found. Recognition on specific level would ultimately result in a rather large number of species, the majority of these with a local distribution, but such a taxonomy would hardly possess any predictive value. Considering the above, it appears unavoidable to accep only one species with two rather well-delimited varieties.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 215-216","1) The collection from France is characterised by the complete lack of pleurocystidia and the extreme scarcety of cheilocystidia. More material of this variant seems needed for a better evaluation of the relevance of this character state difference. 2) Inocybe splendens var. splendens is rather variable is outward aspect and in colour of the pileus. Specimens with a well-development subvicid velipellis are rather pale and bear conspicuous clods of earth, whereas specimens with a weakly developed, more innate velipellis are much darker (even to dark brown) and have a smooth pileus. The former type is expecially encountered on clayey soils and seems somewhat more xerophytic. This type probably consists of several locally adapted ecotypes. 3) Considering the rather robust specimens as depicted by Furrer-Ziogas (in Schweiz. Z. Pilzk. 43: pl. 1, f. 5-7, 1965) and Stangl (in Z. Pilzk. 37: pl. 7. 1971). I am convinced that their specimens refer to var. splendens, and not to var. phaeoleuca. Furrer-Ziogas (l.c.) also depicted clods of earth which is another indication of his misappliction. His statement that I. terrifera and I. phaeoleuca are extremely close and may probably not deserve specific rank, is correct.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 216-217",,
  squalida C. Kaufholtz-Couture nom. prov.,Goniospora,Subcylindrical | Subamygdaliform | Laceroid | Rectangle | Subrectangle,Conical | Subconical,[9.5-15.5],[5.8-7.1],[1.6-2.6],Angular | Nodulose,Claviform | Cylindrical,[31-35],[9.5-11],[4-4],Yes,Fusiform | Metuloid,[35.6-53.6],[15.6-21.3],Yes | Sparse,[1-4],n/a,Yes,Ellipsoid | Ovoid | Pyriform | Subcylindrical,[14-25],[6.1-11.4],Yes,Fusiform | Metuloid,[55.6-59.6],[16.1-22],Yes,[2-3.7],Ammonioca -,Yes,Fusiform | Cylindrical | Claviform | Metuloid,[38.5-45.6],[12-16.9],Yes,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,PDAB -,Sandy soil,Beech | Birch | Oak,[8-15],[8-15],Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,Clypeus,,,"Correspondence with B. Matheny and Thomas Kuyper. Both find similarities with Inocybe curvipes by microscopy, but the macromorphology is very different.","Kaufholtz-Couture, C. Taxonomy, macromorphological and microscopic descriptions, Fungiquebec, 2018; Collections examined : cKc0556; cKc0624; cKc0638; cKc0641",,,,
  squamata J.E. Lange,Leiospora,Subphaseoliform,Obtuse,[8.5-11],[5.5-7.5],[1.3-1.7],Smooth,Claviform,[30-37],[11-14],[2-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Subutriform,[30-66],[10-20],Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Subutriform,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Moist | Ground,Frondose | Poplar | Willow | Alder,[15-49],[15-49],Equal,n/a,n/a,Acidulous,Inosperma,Rimosae,,"Occasionally specimens with an almost smooth pileus are met. The hyphae in the centre of the pileipellis do not or hardly sclerify in these specimens, and for that reason the pileus does not break into apressed scales. This character seems to be only a phenotypic response to moisture. In one collection, viz. Kuyper 1662, both character variants were found. Specimens growing in sheltered conditions were relatively smooth, but specimens growing in exposed situation were distinctly appressedly scaly. No taxonomic status can therefore be accorded to those smooth variants. 2) Inocybe squamata, especialy its variant with a rather smooth pileus, cannot always easily be separated from the extremely variable I. rimosa (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm. The latter species, however, has a more prominent umbo, a more strongly radially rimose pileal covering, a different smell and somewhat larger spores. I did not yet meet trully intermediate collections, and for that reason I. squamata is considered an autonomous species.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 59-60",,,,
  squamosa Bres.,Leiospora,Amygdaliform,Conical,[8.5-10],[6.5-7.5],[1.2-1.5],Smooth,Claviform,[27-36],[9-12],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,[64-78],[14-21],Yes,[2-2.5],n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Terrestrial,n/a,[10-15],[10-15],Subequal,n/a,n/a,Not distinctive,Inocybe,,,Closely related to I. muricellata Bres. from which it maintly differs in remarkably broad spores. More material of I. squamosa seems necessary to assess its relationship to mediterranean variants of I. muricellata. The macroscopical description has been copied from Bresadola (l.c.).,"Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 201-202",,,,
  squarrosa Rea,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Subconical,[7.5-11.5],[5-6],[1.6-2.1],Smooth,Claviform,[23-31],[7-10],[4-4],Yes,Utriform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | Sparse,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Utriform | Metuloid,[42-73],[12-26],Yes | Sparse,[0.2-0.5],n/a,Yes | No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Marshy places,Willow | Alder,[3-22],[3-22],Equal,n/a,n/a,Subspermatic | Pelargonium,Inocybe,,,Judging from the description Inocybe griseoscabrosa (Peck) Earle (in Torreya 3 : 169. 1903) from North America comes close to I. squarrosa but differs in having a conspicuously white-fibrillose stipe and somewhat larger spores (10.0-13.0 x 5.5-6.5 microns).,"Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 132",,,,
  stangliana Kuyper,Leiospora,Regula | Subamygdaliform,Subobtuse | Subconical,[5.5-7],[4.5-5.5],[1.2-1.5],Smooth,Claviform,[22-27],[7-9],[4-4],Yes,Fusiform | Subutriform | Claviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Subutriform | Claviform | Metuloid,[41-53],[14-18],Yes,[2-2.5],n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Subutriform | Claviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Soil,Beech,[8-30],[8-30],Equal,n/a,n/a,Faint | Reminiscent of fruit,Inocybe,,,"I certainly do not describing new species based on the type-collection solely. However, I. stangliana is so distinctive in both macro- and microscopical characters that there can hardly be any doubt regarding its specific autonomy.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 213",,,,
  stuntzii Grund,Leiospora,Inequilaterally | Amygdaliform,Conical | Subconical,[7.5-10],[4.5-5.5],n/a,Smooth,Claviform,[27-33],[8-9],[4-4],Yes,Lageniform | Ventricose | Rostrate | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Ventricose | Rostrate | Metuloid,[50-77],[11-23],Yes | No,[3-4.5],n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Ventricose | Rostrate | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Moss,Conifers,[25-42],[25-42],Not bulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,,,,"The pileus with brown disc and margin with brown scales on a yellow ground color, the yellow stipe, and the thick-walled yellow cystidia distinguish this Inocybe. Because of the bright colors it has more the appearance of a Pholiota than of an Inocybe. It is a member of a stirps, composed mostly of as yet undescribed species, that includes two of Murrill's Inocybes from Florida, I. subeutheloides Murrill and I. parvispora Murrill. Both of these differ from I. stuntzii in the type of pileal cuticle and in having a pure white stipe, and I. parvispora differs further in its much smaller spores.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes III., Mycologia, vol. 67, 1975; p. 25-27",,,,
  subdestricta Kauffman,Leiospora,Inequilaterally | Amygdaliform,Conical,[9-12],[4.5-6],n/a,Smooth,Claviform,[23-30],[7.5-8],[4-4],Yes,Ventricose | Metuloid,[20-25],[7-10],Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Ventricose | Metuloid,[55-70],[16-28],Yes,[2-3.5],n/a,Yes,Claviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Conifers | Hardwoods,[20-25],[20-25],Equal,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,,,,"The brown, appressed-fibrillose pileus, incarnate, apically pruinose stipe, medium-sized spores, and thick-walled pleurocystidia are the distinguishing features of Inocybe subdestricta. In all these characteristics the species shows considerably more variation than is indicated by the description of the Nova Scotian specimens, drawn from a single collection. For instance, moderately thick-walled pleurocystidia like those of the Nova Scotian colection are not infrequently encountered, but the fusoid, thick-walled metuloids of the Michigan specimens, shown in Fig. 11A, are more characteristic of the species. The relationship of I. subdestricta to I. friesii Heim sensu Kuehner needds clarification. Judging from Kuehner's description (Kuehner, R. 1955. Complements a la Flore Analytique V. Inocybe leispores cystidies. Bull. Soc. Nat. D'Oyonnax, Mem. Hors ser. 1. Imprimerie Berthod, Bourg. 95 p.; 63 p.) the two species certainly are similar, but as neither of us has seen any authentic material of I. friesii we can do no more at present than point out the similarity.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes I., Mycologia, vol. 60, 1968; p. 422-423",,,,
  subexilis (Peck) Sacc.,Goniospora,Subtriangular,Conical,[6.5-10],[6-7],n/a,10 rather small but readily visible nodules,Claviform,[17.5-25],[8-10],[4-4],Yes,Ventricose | Metuloid,[45-66],[14-23],Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,[11-16.5],[4.5-10],Yes,Obclaviform | Ventricose | Metuloid,[40-55],[13-19],Yes,[2.5-3.5],n/a,Yes,Obclaviform | Ventricose | Metuloid,[46-57],[12-18],Yes | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Obclaviform | Ventricose | Metuloid,[38-51],[9-16.5],Yes | No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Ground,Conifers | Hardwoods,[10-11],[10-11],Not bulbous,n/a,n/a,n/a,Clypeus,,,n/a,"Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes V., Mycologia, vol. 72, 1980; p. 684-686",,,,
  