anchor.diff:  aurora var. inodorata Grund & D.E. Stuntz,Leiospora,Inequilaterally |Amygdaliform |Subphaseoliform,Obtuse | Conical | Subconical,[10-14.5],[5.5-7],n/a,Smooth,Claviform,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Versiform | Claviform,[30-57],[8-22],No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Versiform | Claviform,[46-82],[10-20],No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Ground,Conifers | Hardwoods,[10-40],[10-40],Not bulbous,n/a,n/a,Not distinctive,"We do not know if the characteristic odor I. aurora var. aurora is a constant feature, so think it best to put these odorless specimens on record as a variety. In outward appearance as well as in microscopical features the two varieties are indistinguishable.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes VII., Mycologia, vol. 75, 1983; p. 257-259",,,,
   bongardii var. bongardii (Weinm.) Quel.,Leiospora,Subphaseoliform,Obtuse,[11-16.7],[6-9],[1.4-2.1],Smooth,Claviform,[39-51],[10-13],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform,[42-69],[10-18],No,[0.5-1.5],n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Calcareous soil,Beech | Oak | Blue-beech |Spruce | Hazel,[11-45],[11-45],Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Flowers | Pears | Not distinctive,Odourless variants are at the same time characterised by the (almost) lack of refractive hyphae in the hymenophoral trama and the not or only slightly reddening context.,"Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 40-41",,,,
   bongardii var. pisciodora (Donadini & Riousset) Kuyper,Leiospora,Regular | Subphaseoliform,Obtuse,[12-16.7],[6.5-8.7],[1.7-2.1],Smooth,Claviform,[37-59],[10-14],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Utriform,[33-77],[8-22],No,[0.5-1.5],n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Utriform,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Oak | Spruce | Pine,[15-42],[15-42],Attenuate,n/a,n/a,Pelargonium | Fishy | Not distinctive,"1) Vernal variants from the Mediterranean Region are generally more robust than summer and autumnal variants from West and Central Europe. No taxonomic value can be given to this difference, however. 2) Mr J. C. Donadini affirmed in a letter that I. pisciodora cannot be considered an autonomous species, but is only an infraspecific taxon of I. bongardii. 3) Although nothing is known about the composition of the olfactory substances of var. bongardii and var. pisciodora, I consider it very likely that they are chemically much related. Young specimens of var. pisciodora often possess a mixture of a Pelargonium-smell and a smell of overripe pears. Both smells can also be observed in I. calamistrata (Fr. : Fr.) Gillet.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 41-42",,,,
  -borealis M. Lange,Goniospora,Weakly to moderately nodulose or angular,Subconical | Conical,[7.2-10],[5-6.9],[1.3-1.9],Sometimes with a strongly protruding apical nodule,Claviform,[24-40],[9-13],[2-4],Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,[41-89],[12-26],Yes | No,[2.5-3],n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,[1-2],n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Sandy soil,Spruce | Fir | Birch,[13-45],[13-45],Equal | Widening slightly downwards,n/a,n/a,Acidulous | Spermatic | Not distinctive,"Inocybe borealis is a variable species in many aspects. Our identifications of boreal collections, a subarctic collection, and I. heterochrominea are primarily based on ITS and LSU sequences, because the spores diverged so much from the I. borealis type. They were consistently smaller (except in KK141/03), paler, and more strongly nodulose. The Nordic ITS sequences were identical with the type sequence of I. borealis in two specimens (KK190/08 - GenBank JN580813, KK&JV27051F - JN580814), or deviated from the type by one gap (JV9244 - JN580815), by one common base in nine specimens (KK&JV26120F - JN580816), by one other base in JV15250F (JN580817), by one base and a gap of 12 bases (KK141/03 - JN580818), or by two bases (Heinonen 307-95 - JN580819). The I. heterochrominea type deviated from the I. borealis type by one base and a gap of one base, when 42 bases were lacking in the middle of the I. heterochrominea sequence and three loci with ambiguous bases were ignored. The LSU sequences of the type of I. borealis and a collection with one different base in ITS (KK&JV26120F - JN580889) diverged by one base as well. An arctic collection from Svalbard (Online Resource Fig. S3) resembled the Greenland type in its spores, the presence of velipellis (absent in the other collections), and identical ITS (in the phylogram, JN580820). These specimens thus seem to form their own group. They both also have dark brown pilei seemingly unlike most boreal collections (the colours may have changed in exsiccata). Still, the two boreal collections with the type ITS also have dark brown pilei (Online Resource Fig. S2), but in spores they resemble other boreal specimens rather than the type; thus forming an intermediate group. Overall, the strength of nodularity varies rather much among the boreal specimens, and rarely the spores are elongated (KK141/03) as in the type of Inocybe borealis. We were unable to find more distinct morphological boundaries between the specimens differing in ITS or between arctic and boreal/subarctic collections, and thus we tentatively determine them all to be the same very variable species. The observed morphological differences may have been caused by environment, or may be genetically intraspecific. The amount of velipellis, for example, often varies within species and seems to increase in arctic and alpine environments. The microscopic and macroscopic features of Inocybe heterochrominea agreed with our Nordic collections of I. borealis. Accordingly, we have reduced it to a synonym. The walls of the cystidia of the I. heterochrominea holotype (a piece of a pileus) seemed thinner than in the drawings of Grund and Stuntz (1983), and the spores did not seem quite as strongly nodulose. I. heterochrominea was described from mixed and conifer forests of Michigan, Nova Scotia, and Washington. In Finland, I. borealis grows in various habitats, and we assume Betula to be one host. Lange (1957) did not mention any plant species from the type site, but he described the vegetation and fungi of the northern slopes, for example, stating that Betula nana was the dominant shrub and Salix glauca was scattered. Inocybe acutoides is a closely related sibling species associated with Salix. See our comments regarding I. acutoides, and the diagnostic key.","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 309-312",,,,
  -"boreocarelica Kokkonen & Vauras, sp. nov.",Goniospora,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 314-315",,,,
  +borealis M. Lange,Goniospora,Weakly to moderately nodulose or angular,Subconical | Conical,[7.2-10],[5-6.9],[1.3-1.9],Sometimes with a strongly protruding apical nodule,Claviform,[24-40],[9-13],[2-4],Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,[41-89],[12-26],Yes | No,[2.5-3],n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,[1-2],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Sandy soil,Spruce | Fir | Birch,[13-45],[13-45],Equal | Widening slightly downwards,n/a,n/a,Acidulous | Spermatic | Not distinctive,"Inocybe borealis is a variable species in many aspects. Our identifications of boreal collections, a subarctic collection, and I. heterochrominea are primarily based on ITS and LSU sequences, because the spores diverged so much from the I. borealis type. They were consistently smaller (except in KK141/03), paler, and more strongly nodulose. The Nordic ITS sequences were identical with the type sequence of I. borealis in two specimens (KK190/08 - GenBank JN580813, KK&JV27051F - JN580814), or deviated from the type by one gap (JV9244 - JN580815), by one common base in nine specimens (KK&JV26120F - JN580816), by one other base in JV15250F (JN580817), by one base and a gap of 12 bases (KK141/03 - JN580818), or by two bases (Heinonen 307-95 - JN580819). The I. heterochrominea type deviated from the I. borealis type by one base and a gap of one base, when 42 bases were lacking in the middle of the I. heterochrominea sequence and three loci with ambiguous bases were ignored. The LSU sequences of the type of I. borealis and a collection with one different base in ITS (KK&JV26120F - JN580889) diverged by one base as well. An arctic collection from Svalbard (Online Resource Fig. S3) resembled the Greenland type in its spores, the presence of velipellis (absent in the other collections), and identical ITS (in the phylogram, JN580820). These specimens thus seem to form their own group. They both also have dark brown pilei seemingly unlike most boreal collections (the colours may have changed in exsiccata). Still, the two boreal collections with the type ITS also have dark brown pilei (Online Resource Fig. S2), but in spores they resemble other boreal specimens rather than the type; thus forming an intermediate group. Overall, the strength of nodularity varies rather much among the boreal specimens, and rarely the spores are elongated (KK141/03) as in the type of Inocybe borealis. We were unable to find more distinct morphological boundaries between the specimens differing in ITS or between arctic and boreal/subarctic collections, and thus we tentatively determine them all to be the same very variable species. The observed morphological differences may have been caused by environment, or may be genetically intraspecific. The amount of velipellis, for example, often varies within species and seems to increase in arctic and alpine environments. The microscopic and macroscopic features of Inocybe heterochrominea agreed with our Nordic collections of I. borealis. Accordingly, we have reduced it to a synonym. The walls of the cystidia of the I. heterochrominea holotype (a piece of a pileus) seemed thinner than in the drawings of Grund and Stuntz (1983), and the spores did not seem quite as strongly nodulose. I. heterochrominea was described from mixed and conifer forests of Michigan, Nova Scotia, and Washington. In Finland, I. borealis grows in various habitats, and we assume Betula to be one host. Lange (1957) did not mention any plant species from the type site, but he described the vegetation and fungi of the northern slopes, for example, stating that Betula nana was the dominant shrub and Salix glauca was scattered. Inocybe acutoides is a closely related sibling species associated with Salix. See our comments regarding I. acutoides, and the diagnostic key.","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 309-312",,,,
  +"boreocarelica Kokkonen & Vauras, sp. nov.",Goniospora,Strongly nodulose,Subconical | Conical,[7-10.1],[5-7.5],[1.2-1.7],Nodules usually small,Claviform,[24-38],[8-12],[4-4],Yes,Lageniform | Ellipsoid | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Metuloid,[45-82],[11-26],Yes,[2-4],n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Fusuform | Cylindrical | Claviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,[1-2],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Soil,Spruce | Birch | Alder | Heath forest mainly,[14-35],[14-35],Tapering | Roundish,n/a,n/a,Acidulous | Not distinctive,"Inocybe boreocarelica may be difficult to identify, but it is characterised by its reddish brown, flocculose stipe and rather small spores. It may resemble I. borealis both in morphology and habitat. Both sometimes have a yellow brown pileus cracked into scales at umbo, as observed in an old cemetery (Pitkamaki, Nurmes) where they grow near each other. However, the cystidial walls of I. boreocarelica are often distinctly thickened in the neck. Inocybe boreocarelica also resembles I. bufonia microscopically, but the spores of I. bufonia are more often elongated. I. bufonia differs more distinctly in its darker appearance and moister habitat. The ITS sequence of the Norwegian specimen deviated from the others by one base (GenBank JN580835).","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 314-315",,,,
   brevicystis Metrod ex Kuyper,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Obtuse | Subconical,[9-11],[5-6.5],[1.5-1.8],Smooth,Claviform,[27-36],[9-11],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,[31-51],[9-14],Yes,[1-2],n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Claviform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Oak,[20-30],[20-30],Not bulbous,n/a,n/a,Subspermatic,"The macroscopical description has been based on Metrod (in Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 72 : 126. 1956) and Reumaux (in Does mycol. 14 (54-55) : 5. 1984). 2) The rather short and narrow cystidia are indicative for I. brevicystis. Inocybe mycenoides Kuyp. posses the same cystidia, but that species differs in having a mycenoid habit and more yellow lamellae. Inocybe ochroalba Bruylants might show some macroscopical resemblance to I. brevicystis, but differs in cystidial characters and having a distinctly conical spore apex.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 212-213",,,,
   brunneolipes Grund & D.E. Stuntz,Leiospora,Inequilaterally | Amygdaliform,Obtuse | Subconical,[7-10],[4.5-6],n/a,Smooth,Claviform,[22-30],[8-10],[2-4],Yes,Fusoid | Claviform | Metuloid,[16-36],[9-15],Yes | No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusoid | Sublanceolate | Metuloid,[45-68],[11-19],Yes,[3-4],n/a,Yes,Fusoid | Sublanceolate | Metuloid,[45-90],[9-16],Yes | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusoid | Sublanceolate | Metuloid,[40-90],[10-22],Yes | No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Sandy soil,Conifers | Spruce | Fir,[20-35],[20-35],Equal,n/a,jacobi,Spermatic," The distinctive features of this Inocybe are the smooth umbrinous pileus, paler brown pruinose stipe, smooth moderate-sized spores, and thick-walled, hyaline pleurocystidia. I. brunneolipes takes its place in a small group of similar taxa, that includes I. reducta J. Lange and I. descissa f. bisporigera J. Lange. The former differs from I. brunneolipes by smaller spores and bulbous-based stipe, the latter species is distinct by 2-spored basidia, with all spores 10-12(-13) x 5-6 micron, and in the smaller size and much more slender stipe. In the collection of I. brunneolipes from Washington 2-spored basidia predominate and most of the spores are 11-14 x 6-7 micron, whereas in the Nova Scotian collection 2-spored basidia are decidedly in the minority and the smaller spores predominate. In all other respects the specimens of the two collections are practically indistinguishable.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes II., Mycologia, vol. 62, 1970; p. 928-929",,,,
   brunneotomentosa Huijsman,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Subconical,[7.5-9.5],[4.5-5.5],[1.5-1.8],Smooth,Claviform,[23-29],[7-9],[4-4],Yes,Claviform | Cylindrical | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Cylindrical | Metuloid,[34-52],[14-23],Yes,[2-2.5],n/a,Yes,Claviform | Cylindrical | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Oak | Beech | Blue-beech,[15-40],[15-40],Equal,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,"The macroscopical description has been copied from Huijsman (in Persoonia) 9 : 473. 1978). Inocybe brunneotomentosa can be confused with two other species with a darkening stipe, viz. I. melanopus Stuntz and I. tenebrosa Quel. The former species has a rather pale ochraceous pileus, and differently-shapped, rather thin-walled pleurocystidia, whereas the latter species lacks a cortina and has the stipe covered with caulocystidia throughout.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 127-128",,,,
  -"bufonia Kokkonen & Vauras, sp. nov.",Goniospora,Strongly nodulose,Subconical | Conical,[7.2-10.5],[5.3-7.5],[1.1-1.8],Nodules small to medium sized,Claviform,[24-42],[9-14],[2-4],Yes,Lageniform | Ellipsoid | Utriform | Metuloid,[60-78],[15-28],Yes | Sparse | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Ellipsoid | Utriform | Metuloid,[39-82],[9-26],Yes | Sparse | No,[2-3],n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Ellipsoid | Utriform | Metuloid,[70-116],n/a,Yes | No,[2-3],n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Moist forests,Spruce,[14-40],[14-40],Equal | Widening slightly downwards | Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic | Not distinctive,"Typical Inocybe bufonia can be initially recognized by its dark, rather acutely umbonate pileus, pale stipe, and its growth in moist habitats. However, it has never been found in Salix thickets like I. acuta, from which it can be easily distinguished microscopically by its paler spores. Picea abies or Betula seems to be the host. The limits of variation of Inocybe bufonia were difficult to define. Two subgroups could be recognized. Subgroup 1 (four sequenced specimens - GenBank JN580825, JN580826, JN580827, JN580828) differed from ""the type group"" (nine sequenced specimens, insertion of a base in KK60/05 - JN280824) in more strongly nodulose spores (Fig. 6b), as well as by 6-8 bases and 1-2 insertions/ deletions in the ITS region. Subgroup 2 (five specimens - JN580830, JN580831, JN580832, JN580833, one from Canada on the basis of ITS1 - JN580829) differed from ""the type group"" solely by seven bases and 0-1 gap in the ITS (one specimen was an intermediate to the type on the basis of ambiguous bases in four loci). These subgroups deviated from each other by 3-7 bases and 0-2 insertions/deletions. All grew in moist habitats, but the pilei in the subgroups often seemed paler (Online Resource Figs. S6 and S7). Because we could not find more distinct differences between the groups, all are treated here as Inocybe bufonia. However, the subgroups have been excluded from the microscopic and macroscopic descriptions, and are listed below as additional specimens.","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 312-314",,,,
  +"bufonia Kokkonen & Vauras, sp. nov.",Goniospora,Strongly nodulose,Subconical | Conical,[7.2-10.5],[5.3-7.5],[1.1-1.8],Nodules small to medium sized,Claviform,[24-42],[9-14],[2-4],Yes,Lageniform | Ellipsoid | Utriform | Metuloid,[60-78],[15-28],Yes | Sparse | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Ellipsoid | Utriform | Metuloid,[39-82],[9-26],Yes | Sparse | No,[2-3],n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Ellipsoid | Utriform | Metuloid,[70-116],n/a,Yes | No,[2-3],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Moist forests,Spruce,[14-40],[14-40],Equal | Widening slightly downwards | Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic | Not distinctive,"Typical Inocybe bufonia can be initially recognized by its dark, rather acutely umbonate pileus, pale stipe, and its growth in moist habitats. However, it has never been found in Salix thickets like I. acuta, from which it can be easily distinguished microscopically by its paler spores. Picea abies or Betula seems to be the host. The limits of variation of Inocybe bufonia were difficult to define. Two subgroups could be recognized. Subgroup 1 (four sequenced specimens - GenBank JN580825, JN580826, JN580827, JN580828) differed from ""the type group"" (nine sequenced specimens, insertion of a base in KK60/05 - JN280824) in more strongly nodulose spores (Fig. 6b), as well as by 6-8 bases and 1-2 insertions/ deletions in the ITS region. Subgroup 2 (five specimens - JN580830, JN580831, JN580832, JN580833, one from Canada on the basis of ITS1 - JN580829) differed from ""the type group"" solely by seven bases and 0-1 gap in the ITS (one specimen was an intermediate to the type on the basis of ambiguous bases in four loci). These subgroups deviated from each other by 3-7 bases and 0-2 insertions/deletions. All grew in moist habitats, but the pilei in the subgroups often seemed paler (Online Resource Figs. S6 and S7). Because we could not find more distinct differences between the groups, all are treated here as Inocybe bufonia. However, the subgroups have been excluded from the microscopic and macroscopic descriptions, and are listed below as additional specimens.","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 312-314",,,,
   calamistrata (Fr.) Gillet,Leiospora,Subphaseoliform,Obtuse,[9.5-13.5],[5-6.5],[1.7-2.6],Smooth,Claviform,[30-41],[8-10],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical,[30-55],[7-12.5],No,[1-1.5],n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil | Nutriment poor,Willow | Alnus | Pine | Spruce,[10-40],[10-40],Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Faint | Fresh raw fish | Pine resin | Perlargonium | Acidulous,"A comparison between the protologues of Agarigus calamistratus Fr.: Fr. and A. hirsutus Lasch: Fr. suggests that both names refer to the same taxon; representative material from various parts of Europe did not give any reason to assume the existence of two different species or infraspecific taxa. Considering the variability in the smell of various collections of I. calamistrata, it seems likely that var. mucidiolens Grund & Stuntz in Mycologia 62 : 929 (1970) is only a minor variant without autonomous status. I did not study the type, however.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.","In its strong green-corn odor var. mucidiolens differs markedly from I. calamistrata var. calamistrata, which always smells like a mixture of fresh raw fish and pine resin. The two taxa are similar in other respects, both showing a certain amount of variability in such features as size, amount of green color in the stipe, and reddening of exposed context.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes II., Mycologia, vol. 62, 1970; p. 929-931",,
   calospora f. calospora Quel.,Goniospora,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
   calospora f. minor Kobayasi,Goniospora,Subglobose | Obtusely ellipsoid,Fingered | Spines | Echinulate,[6.4-9.4],[6-8.8],[1-1.3],Fingered | Spines,Claviform,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusiform,[30-35],[8.8-15],n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusiform,[30-35],[8.8-15],n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Ventricose,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Ventricose,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Ground,n/a,[12-18],[12-18],n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,"Kobayashi, Takahito. The taxonomic studies of the genus Inocybe, Beiheft 124, Nova Hedwigia, J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart, 2002, 255 p.; p. 68",Measurements of basidiospores exclude fingered or spines.,"Kaufholtz-Couture, C. Fungiquebec.",,
  
positive.code: Cauloparacystides : Yes;
  Habitat : Moist places, with Salix;
  Comments : See DistinctiveFeatures2","Kaufholtz-Couture, C. Fungiquebec, 2018."
  "acutoides Kokkonen & Vauras, sp. nov.",Goniospora,Angular | Nodulose | Quadrangular,Conical | Subconical,[7.5-11.7],[5-7.4],[1.2-1.9],A few obtuse nodules or angular | Protruding apical nodule,Claviform,[26-41],[9-13],[2-4],Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,[37-59],[16-24],Yes,[2-3.5],n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,[48-76],[13-28],Yes,[2-3],n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Inland shores | On alluvial lake or river shores,Willow,[9-42],[9-42],Rounded,n/a,n/a,Not distinctive | Slightly spermatic,"Inocybe acutoides can be recognized by its association with Salix and its paler, equal stipe and more obtuse umbo than I. acuta, which grows in similar habitats. Sometimes they share a site. However, the distribution of I. acutoides is concentrated in the northern boreal zone, whereas I. acuta has a wide distribution from France to the alpine zone of northern Fennoscandia. The most distinct microscopic differences from I. acuta are paler spores and frequent thin-walled cheilocystidia. These two species show clear divergence in their ITS; there were 98 base pair differences and 17 insertions/deletions (1-19 bases in length) between I. acuta and the holotype of I. acutoides. Inocybe borealis is close to I. acutoides in both microscopic features and in ITS. The holotypes differed only in 11 bases and 3 insertions/deletions (1-3 bases in length). Though I. borealis might grow in shore forests, it is not associated with Salix according to our observations. In addition, it looks somewhat different from I. acutoides; the pileus, for example, often has a yellow tinge. The most useful microscopic difference from I. acutoides seems to be the numerous thick-walled caulocystidia. Inocybe lapponica can be confused with I. acutoides in the northern boreal zone. These fungi resemble each other in both macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. However, the spores of I. lapponica usually lack prominent apical nodules and are more rarely elongated. I. lapponica also grows on shores, but is not restricted to Salix.","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 306-309",,,,
  adaequata (Britzelm.) Sacc.,Leiospora,Phaseoliform,Obtuse,[9-14],[5.5-7.5],[1.5-2.1],Smooth,Claviform,[29-44],[9-12],[2-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Subutriform,[26-70],[8-20],No,[0.5-1.5],n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Subutriform,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Calcareous soil,Oak | Beech | Chestnut | Hazel,[23-80],[23-80],Not bulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic | Green-corn,"1) This species does not contain muscarin (cf. Stijve & al. In Persoonia 12 : 469. 1985) and is considered the sole edible species of Inocybe. 2) For a long time mycologists have tried to subdivide this variable species into two taxa (Bresadola, Iconogr. mycol. 15 : pl. 724-725. 1930 ; Alesio, Iconogr. mycol. 29 : 126-129. 1980). The main differences used to separate these variants are habit of the basidiocarps and colours of the pileipellis. However, none of these characters is sufficiently reliable as frequently specimens with intermediate characters can be encountered. For that reason these variants are regarded here conspecific, and not even infraspecific status in occorded to them. 3) Distribution maps of this species have been published by Krieglsteiner (in Z. Mykol. 45 : 95. 1979, for the Federal Republic of Germany), Kreisel & al. (in Hercynia 17 : 242. 1980, for the German Democratic Republic), and Heinemann & Thoen (Distr. Fung. Belg. Lux. 1 : 61. 1982, for Belgium and Luxemburg).","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 45-47",,,,
  aeruginascens Babos,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Obtuse | Subconical,[7.5-10],[4-6],[1.5-2],Smooth,Claviform,[23-34],[7-10],[4-4],Yes,Fusiform | Subutriform | Subclaviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Subutriform | Subclaviform | Metuloid,[37-71],[12-24],Yes,[1.5-2],n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Subutriform | Subclaviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,Caulocystidioid hairs,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Sandy soil,Aspen | Willows,[10-44],[10-44],Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Disagreeable component | Soap,"1) This species lacks muscarine, but contains psilocybin in rather great amounts (Drewitz in Mykol. Mitt. 26 : 11. 1983 ; Stijve & al. In Persoonia 12 : 472. 1985). 2) Specimens from the Atlantic coast differ from the Hungarian collections in having somewhat larger spores and less thick-walled cystidia. But as both characters show some overlap, the collection from West Europe do not deserve an autonomous rank.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 129-130",,,,
  albodisca Peck,Goniospora,Irregularly polygonal | Subrectangle,Conical,[6.5-9],[4.5-6],n/a,7 to 9 rather small warts,Claviform,[20-38],[8-10],[4-4],Yes,Ventricose | Metuloid,[50-65],[14-20],Yes,[0.5-1.5],n/a,Yes,Claviform,[19-35],[5.5-9],Yes,Ventricose | Metuloid,[46-66],[13-20],Yes,[5-6.5],n/a,Yes,Sublageniform | Claviform | Metuloid,[50-70],[11-20],Yes | No,[0.5-1.5],n/a,Yes,Sublageniform | Claviform | Metuloid,[52-74],[8-20],Yes | No,[0.5-1.5],n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil,Hemlock | Birch | Beech | Maple | Aspen,[15-25],[15-25],Marginate bulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,"This is one of the commonest species along the Pacific Coast, less so apparently in the Atlantic coastal region. A comparaison of the western material (Stuntz, D. E. 1947. Studies in the Genus Inocybe. I. New and noteworthy species from Washington. Mycologia 39 : 21-55; p. 22) with the description given here will show how constant in macroscopic features is this widely distributed species. That it occurs in Europe is not difficult to ascertain (cf. 9, Pl. 116 D, and 1, Pl. 762), but there it has been known as Inocybe hiulca (Fr.) Karst. or I. grammata Quel. As it appears that there is neither a type collection for I. hiulca nor one for I. grammata, and there is one for I. albodisca, we prefer to use Peck's specific epithet until a neotype is declared.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes V., Mycologia, vol. 72, 1980; p. 670-671",,,,
  
negative.code: alnea Stangl,Goniospora,Little gibbose,Conical | Subconical,[8-11],[6.8-8],n/a,Angular | Nodulose,Claviform,[29-38],[9-12],[4-4],Yes,Lageniform | Fusiform | Metuloid,[42-70],[12-20],Yes | Sparse,[1.5-2],n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Fusiform | Subfusiform | Metuloid,[48-72],[13-21],Yes | Sparse,[1.5-2],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Subcylindrical | Metuloid,[43-70],[15-21],Yes | Sparse,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Soil | Ground,Alders,[10-30],[10-30],Marginate bulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,"Inocybe alnea possiede spore piu piccole e meno gibbose di Inocybe praetervisa, non raggiunge e finora mai la sua grandezza e stata notata solo sotto Alnus incana. Il giorno 14.08.1987 - MTB 7631, - abbiamo osservato ad Augsburg sotto un gruppo di ontani di ca. 15-20 anni su terreno fangoso misto di humus ed erba sei carpofori, fatto che comprova la sua presenza in parchi piccoli o vecchi con presenza di ontani.","Stangl, Johann. Guida alla determinazione dei funghi Vol. 3 ; Inocybe, Saturnia 1991, 437 p.; p. 236-237",,,,
  amblyspora Kuehner,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Obtuse | Subconical,[7.5-9.5],[4.5-5.5],[1.5-2],Smooth,Claviform,[22-28],[7-9],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Metuloid,[46-70],[12-18],Yes,[1-1.5],n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Ground,Frondose | Conifers,[25-62],[25-62],Marginate bulbous,n/a,oblectabilis,Subspermatic,"1) The macroscopical description has been copied from Kuehner (in Bull. Soc. Nat. Oyonnax 9 (Suppl.) : 18. 1955) and Malencon & Bertault (Fl. Champ. sup. Maroc 1 : 402. 1970). 2) Inocybe amblyspora resembles I. oblectabilis (Britz.) Sacc. very much in ots macroscopical characters radially rimulose pileus and smaller spores, I. pseudoreducta Stangl & Glowinski has broader cystidia with a thicker wall and a somewhat smaller bulb. The differences between I. amblyspora and I. pseudoreducta are rather small, however, and more material is needed for a better judgement about their taxonomic status. I failed to note any significant difference in the protologue of I. tristis Mal. & Bert. except for the well-developed velipellis, but this character rarely has taxonomic significance.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 188-189",,,,
  amethystina Kuyper,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Conical | Papilla,[8-11.5],[5-6.5],[1.5-2],Smooth,Claviform,[25-32],[8-10],[4-4],Yes,Sublageniform | Cylindrical | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Pyriform | Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Sublageniform | Cylindrical | Metuloid,[58-88],[14-21],Yes,[1-2],n/a,Yes,Sublageniform | Cylindrical | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,No,Caulocystidioid hairs,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Calcareous soil,Spruce | Pine | Birch | Oak | Basswods,[12-40],[12-40],Equal,n/a,n/a,Spermatic | Pelargonium,"1) Inocybe amethystina Kuyp. differs from I. phaeocomis (Pers.) Kuyp. in having a smoother pileus with reddish brown tinges, a smoother stipe without brown squamules, and pleurocystidia that are more distinctly (sub)lageniform. Inocybe pusio P. Karst. differs in having a distinctly pruinose stipe apex, a rimulose pileal margin and colourless pleurocystidia. 2) This species has been called I. obscuroides P.D. Orton, but a study of the type-collection of the latter species (in K) revealed that I. obscuroides is only a variant of I. phaeocomis. However, Orton (in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 43 : 276. 1960) was correct when he asserted that I. obscura sensu Konr. & M. was a misapplication, and that a second species besides I. phaeocomis exists with a more smooth pileus and stipe. 3) Inocybe obscura as described by Stuntz (in Mycologia 39 : 40. 1947) probably refers to I. amethystina. Stuntz too referred to the similarity with I. obscura var. purpurea R. Heim.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 135-138",,,,
  "amicta Kokkonen & Vauras, sp. nov.",Goniospora,Strongly nodulose,Subconical | Conical,[7.2-10.4],[5.5-7.6],[1.2-1.7],Nodules usually medium-sized to rather large,Claviform,[22-33],[9-12],[4-4],Yes,Lageniform | Utriform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,n/a,Yes,Lageniform | Utriform | Cylindrical | Fusiform | Metuloid,[42-74],[12-24],Yes,[2-3],n/a,Yes,Subfusiform | Cylindrical | Flexuose | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes | No,[1-2],n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,Sandy soil,Birch | Spruce | Pine,[11-38],[11-38],Round | Tapering,n/a,n/a,Spermatic | Acidulous | Not distinctive,"The most distinctive feature of Inocybe amicta is the white cover of the stipe. Otherwise, it can be macroscopically quite variable. The ITS sequences of five I. amicta specimens were otherwise identical (JR&JV7015 in the phylogram - GenBank JN580861), but there was a gap of three bases in the holotype sequence, and one different base in KK45/10 (JN580860). Inocybe amicta is closely related to I. silvae-herbaceae. The ITS sequences of the holotypes of these two species differed only by 14 bases and 4 insertions/deletions (1 base in length). These species also microscopically resemble each other. However, I. amicta typically has thicker walls in its hymenial cystidia with distinct thickenings at the neck, and does not have as multiform caulocystidia as I. silvae-herbaceae. Inocybe putilla Bres., which is a southern species in Finland and probably mycorrhizal with Quercus robur, resembles I. amicta, for example, in its pale stipe cover and some microscopic features (see Additional type studies, Fig. 33b). However, the ITS sequence of a typical Finnish I. putilla collection (Turku, Ruissalo, KK&JV23972, GenBank JN580862) deviated greatly from the I. amicta sequences.","Kokkonen, Katri; Vauras, Jukka. Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores, Mycol Progress (2012) 11:299-341; p. 323-325",,,,
  apiosmota Grund & D.E. Stuntz,Leiospora,Phaseoliform,Obtuse | Subconical,[10-14.5],[5.5-8],n/a,Smooth,Claviform,[38-47],[12-17],[2-4],Yes,Claviform,[40-50],[12-17],No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Fusoid,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Gravel | Humus | Swamp,Mixed,[20-35],[20-35],Equal,n/a,n/a,Pears,"As far as we are aware, there is only one other smooth-spored Inocybe lacking pleurocystidia with odor of ripe pears. This is I. bongardii (Weinm.) Quel., which differs from our species in its much paler colors, less scaly pileus, nonscaly stipe, and strongly rubescent flesh. In fact, I. apiosmota has much more the appearance of I. hirsuta (Lasch) Quel., or I. calamistrata (Fr.) Gill. than of I. bongardii.","Grund, D.W.; Stuntz, D.E. Nova Scotian Inocybes III., Mycologia, vol. 67, 1975; p. 21-22",,,,
  appendiculata Kuehner,Leiospora,Subamygdaliform,Subconical,[7.5-11.5],[5-6.5],[1.4-1.8],Smooth,Claviform,[24-35],[8-11],[4-4],Yes,Claviform | Metuloid,n/a,n/a,Yes,n/a,n/a,Yes,Pyriform | Claviform,n/a,n/a,Yes,Claviform | Metuloid,[33-58],[14-23],Yes,[1.5-2],n/a,No,Caulocystidioid hairs,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Ground,Spruce | Oak | Blue-beech,[6-40],[6-40],Not bulbous,n/a,n/a,Spermatic,"1) The thickness and the rigidity of the velipellis exert an important influence on the colour of the pileus and the appendiculate margin. Under exposed conditions the velipellis is rigid and at margin only slightly appenduculate-dentale. This character has been observed in the very rich collections from the Roggebotzand where also all transitions towards ""typical"" I. appendiculata have been found. No autonomous status can therefore be given to taxa such as I. ovoideicystis Metrod and I. pedemontana. 2) Inocybe ochroleuca J. Favre in Ergebn. Wiss. Unters. Schweiz. NatParks, N.F. 5 : 201 (1955) comes in its microscopical characters very close to I. appendiculata but seems macroscopically different, judging from Favre's description. It might be, however, only a depauperate variant of I. appendiculata. Additional collections of this taxon are necessary for a better assessment of its systematic status. 3) As I was unable to dertermine the dates of effective publication of I. appendiculata and I. piricystis, I have assumed that Kuehner publication appeared earlier than Favre's.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 75-77",,,,
  arenicola var. arenicola (R. Heim) Bon,Leiospora,Regular | Subphaseoliform,Obtuse | Subconical,[11.5-18],[6-9],[1.6-2.5],Smooth,Claviform,[33-50],[11-15],[4-4],Yes,Cylindrical | Subutriform | Flexuose,[42-105],[9-20],No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,Yes,Cylindrical | Subutriform | Flexuose,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,No,n/a,n/a,n/a,n/a,Dune-sand,Willow | Poplar | Pine,[24-68],[24-68],Subbulbous,n/a,n/a,Not distinctive,"1) The behaviour of the velipellis with age shows some variation. In some specimens it persists and consequently the pileus remains pure white ; in other specimens it is somewhat thinner and soon disappears from the outer half, and the pileus becomes pchraceous yellow with age. However, both variants occur together and probably represent only a phenotypical modification. 2) On rather moist places in the dunes, associated with Salix repens, occurs a variant of I. rimosa (Bull. : Fr.) Kumm. which differs from I. arenicola in being less robust, having a fulvous brown pileus under the velipellis, a more  distinctly flocculose stipe apex, and a rather strong smell. So far intermediates have not been found.","Kuyper, Thomas W. 1986. A revision of the genus Inocybe in Europe : I. subgenus inosperma and the smooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe, Rijksherbarium, Leiden, 247 p.; p. 56-57",,,,
  