   @discardableResult
   public func determine(error: Error) -> Bool
   {
-    return deferred?.determine(Outcome(error: error)) ?? false
+    return determine(Outcome(error: error))
   }
 
   /// Attempt to cancel the current operation, and report on whether cancellation happened successfully.

  @discardableResult
  public func cancel(_ reason: String = "") -> Bool
  {
    return determine(error: DeferredError.canceled(reason))
  }

  /// Change the state of our `Deferred` from `.waiting` to `.executing`

  @discardableResult
  public func determine(value: Value) -> Bool
  {
    return determine(Outcome(value: value))
  }

  /// Set our `Deferred` to an error and dispatch all notifications for execution.
